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The VP of Sales Operations will manage and provide strategic direction to the Sales Operations function in support of our broader sales organization. The ideal candidate will possess a broad understanding of enterprise SaaS sales & be an expert at managing a world-class deal desk. They will also have expertise in system implementation and process refinements that directly impact sales business and operations functions. They will be data-driven, detail-oriented, customer-focused, and intellectually curious. They’ll thrive in a highly dynamic environment while implementing the necessary processes and tools to advance best practices for our organization. A growth mindset and strong people development focus to; build, nurture and support a talented and rapidly evolving Sales Ops organization. Highly collaborative and inclusive leadership style, able to work together with adjacent teams, senior leaders and Execs to drive the business forward together as one team. Planning & Forecasting: Work with the CCO & regional sales leadership to design the field quota/coverage model, drive the annual business planning process which includes defining coverage model, setting and deploying quotas and managing critical sales initiatives. Deal Desk Management: Support field sales on pricing, deal structuring, product configuration, and business terms to drive agreement closure, including end-to-end deal review process and ensuring compliance with published sales and business approval policies. Execution: Manage day-to-day operational tasks, including but not limited to Salesforce.com database quality and optimization of sales execution workflow. Improve processes and increase efficiencies for the sales organization as well as for the sales operations group. Establish processes, sales policies, business requirements, and data governance to ensure accurate forecasting. Identify and execute on pipeline and sales efficiency initiatives. Sales Compensation: Help develop and manage variable compensation plan, including understanding sales behaviors and gathering field input. Contribute to managing bonus structures and spiffs. Sales Enablement: Provide vision, guidance, resources to the Sales Enablement team to optimize effectiveness of the Sales team.

The Police Chief in Syracuse is voicing his support for Senator Joe Donnelly's legislation proposed to combat heroin use and prescription drug abuse. Chief Tony Ciriello, who also serves as President of Indiana Association of Chiefs of Police, says the entire group supports this bill as a way to reduce or eliminate the abuse and illegal sales of these drugs and the associated crimes. The bill calls for a task force comprised of prescribers, pharmacists and others from the medical community to develop best practices in the prescribing of pain medication. It would also authorize a prescription drug monitoring program for law enforcement and health officials to take in data related to prescriptions for controlled substances.

Teachers and Subs For substitute teachers we need as little as a few hours notice but of course prefer as much time as possible to best fit your needs. We will send you a teacher that reflects the rate you are looking to pay, plus transportation costs. An invoice will be sent at the end of the week. You will ONLY be charged if you use our teachers, there are NO subscription fees of any kind. We also provide full time teachers for your entire dance season. This works exactly like using our subs except that we are obligated to make sure that the slot is ALWAYS filled. If in the unlikely event our teacher is sick we will provide a substitute of equal or greater skill level for the same rate per hour. Master Classes and Workshops We provide workshops for your studio in one or multiple dance styles. Let us do all the scheduling and provide your kids with a fun and exciting day with professionals currently working in the business. Professional dancers for your Nutcracker or other performances Dance temp can provide you with NYC principal dancers to help make your Nutcracker, Spring performance or any other performance stand out. Our stable of performers are well versed in classical choreography and can fill the following roles: - Sugar Plum - Snow Queen - Act two soloist roles - Spanish, Arabian, Chinese, Russian, etc... We can also provide professional dancers in ALL disciplines for any type of performance. Competition Choreography Looking for a change this year for your competition choreography? The best way is to bring in a guest choreographer! We have the best choreographers who specialize in competition numbers and know exactly what the judges are looking for. Most of them have been dance captains on various productions and in touring companies and are currently judges themselves for many prestigious competition/conventions. Our stable of talented teachers can lend a professional eye to your performance piece in any style or discipline. We also provide cleaning of already complete numbers.

Getting Tested for HIV Here are some common questions and answers about HIV testing. AIDS Action delivers HIV testing and counseling services within our targeted prevention programs. - Why Is HIV Testing Important? - How Do HIV Tests Work? - What Are the Different Possible Results of HIV Tests, and What Do They Mean? - What Are Some Important Testing Terms? - What Are the Different Types of HIV Tests? - Who Should Get Tested for HIV? - When Should Someone Get an HIV Test? Testing is the only way to know your status when it comes to HIV. Many people who are infected with HIV don’t have symptoms. While testing may sound and feel scary – so does not knowing! These days, it’s pretty simple to get an HIV test at your doctor’s office or at a specialized HIV counseling and testing location. If you don’t know where to go for a test you can find updated testing sites at hivtest.cdc.gov. When HIV enters the body, the immune system responds by producing antibodies – substances that recognize germs (such as viruses or bacteria) or cancer cells and mobilize the body to fight them. Unfortunately, the antibodies that the body makes in response to HIV cannot effectively control the virus. However, the presence of HIV antibodies is an indication that a person has been infected with the virus. HIV antibody tests are designed to detect HIV antibodies rather than the HIV virus itself. In contrast, HIV antigen tests detect parts of the virus that trigger the body to produce antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction tests, typically called PCR tests for short, detect the genetic material of HIV itself. The most common HIV tests detect HIV infection in a sample of blood. Some tests can also detect HIV in urine, fluid from the mouth, or a scraping from inside the cheek. Although it takes a few days to get the results of some HIV tests, rapid HIV tests can give results within an hour – sometimes as little as 10 to 20 minutes. A positive (reactive) test result means that the test has found some evidence of HIV infection – HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material, depending on the type of test. A negative (nonreactive) test result means that no evidence of HIV infection has been found. Occasionally, a person will get an indeterminate or inconclusive test result, which means that the test result is unclear. When a person gets an indeterminate result, the test should be repeated. If the second test also has an indeterminate result, then other types of tests may be performed to provide a clearer result. Any positive HIV test result must be followed up by another test – called a confirmatory test – to confirm the positive result. It can take a few days to a few weeks to get the results of a confirmatory test. Before considering different HIV tests in more detail, it is useful to define several important testing terms. The window period of an HIV test is the amount of time from when a person is first infected with the virus to the appearance of detectable evidence of their HIV infection, such as HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material. Most people develop detectable HIV antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks after becoming infected; the average time is 25 days. According to CDC, 97% of persons develop antibodies in the first 3 months after becoming infected with HIV, although in very rare cases, it may take up to 6 months to develop HIV antibodies. The sensitivity of an HIV test refers to the test's ability to detect what it is looking for, such as HIV antibodies. For example, a highly sensitive HIV antibody test will nearly always detect HIV antibodies if they are present. Such a test will have very few false-negative results. The specificity of an HIV test refers to the test's ability to eliminate findings that are similar to, but not, what it is looking for. For example, a highly specific HIV antibody test does a very good job distinguishing HIV antibodies from other substances that are somewhat similar to HIV antibodies. Such a test will have very few false-positive results. The accuracy of an HIV test reflects both the test's sensitivity and specificity. For example, a highly accurate HIV antibody test is one that has both high sensitivity and specificity in detecting HIV antibodies. Such a test will have very few false-positive and very few false-negative results. As mentioned earlier, there are a number of different types of HIV tests. These include: Standard (Conventional) HIV Antibody Test This is also often called ELISA (short for "enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay") or EIA (short for "enzyme immunoassay"). In the standard HIV antibody test, a blood sample is drawn and then sent to a laboratory for testing. Results are usually available in 2 to 10 business days. Western Blot Test This antibody test may be used to confirm HIV infection in persons who have a positive result on an EIA. The Western blot can rule out false-positive results by distinguishing HIV antibodies from other antibodies that may react to the EIA. Results of Western blot tests are usually available in a few days to a few weeks. Antibody tests using an EIA, followed up with a Western blot, as needed, have about a 99.5% accuracy. This antibody test may also be used to confirm HIV infection in persons who have a positive result on an EIA. It is more sensitive, more specific, faster, and less expensive than the Western blot. It can also distinguish between the two types of HIV – HIV-1 and HIV-2. In the OraSure test, a swab is rubbed between the cheek and lower gum to collect a small sample of the tissue lining the inside of the mouth, which is then sent out for testing. It is recommended that people taking the OraSure test not eat, drink, or smoke within 20 minutes before the test is administered. At the lab, an EIA (and, if necessary, a confirmatory test) is performed on the sample to detect HIV antibodies. Results are typically available in 5 to 10 business days. A rapid HIV antibody test provides results within an hour, and sometimes substantially less. This test is done by a trained counselor through a finger prick or, in some places, an oral swab. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two home HIV antibody tests: the Home Access HIV-1 Test System and the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test. In the Home Access test, a person extracts a few drops of blood through a finger prick and collects the drops on a special card that is mailed in for testing. The OraQuick home test is designed to detect HIV in a sample of oral fluid. It can provide results in 20 minutes. A positive test result on these home HIV tests should be followed up with a confirmatory test. p24 Antigen Test This test detects an HIV protein called p24. The p24 antigen can be detected 2 weeks after a person is infected. Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) This is a highly sensitive PCR test that can detect HIV RNA – the virus's genetic material. The NAAT test can detect the virus during acute HIV infection. 4th Generation HIV EIA Test The 4th generation test can detect p24 antigen, HIV-1 antibodies, and HIV-2 antibodies, but it cannot tell them apart. A positive result on the 4th generation test is followed up with a Multispot confirmatory test to detect whether antibodies to HIV-1 or HIV-2 are present. If no antibodies are detected, the NAAT test is used to detect HIV RNA. The 4th generation test has a window period of 2 weeks, compared to 2 to 8 weeks for a standard or rapid HIV antibody test. Other Types of HIV Tests It is worth noting that some other types of HIV tests – viral load tests and resistance tests – are also available, but they are not used for diagnosing HIV infection. These tests are used instead for monitoring HIV disease and guiding HIV treatment decisions in persons who are already known to be infected with the virus. According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2013 HIV screening recommendations, healthcare providers should offer routine HIV screening to all adolescents and adults between 15 and 65 years old. The USPSTF also recommends HIV screening for all pregnant women, including women in labor who do not know their HIV status, as well as for teens younger than age 15 and adults older than 65 who are at increased risk for HIV infection. Persons that the USPSTF considers to be at increased risk for HIV infection include: men who have sex with men (MSM); active injection drug users; persons who engage in unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse; persons with sexual partners who are HIV-infected, bisexual, or injection drug users; and persons who exchange sex for drugs or money. Other persons considered at high risk include those who have acquired other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or have requested testing for STIs. In addition, persons under age 15 or older than 65 with new sexual partners may also be considered to be at increased risk for infection and candidates for HIV screening. The Massachusetts Department of Public Health also strongly endorses routine HIV screening in primary and urgent care "due to the significant individual and public health benefits associated with knowledge of HIV status and prompt linkage to medical care and preventive services." Routine HIV Screening If a person is a candidate for routine HIV screening (see section above) and has had no potential exposure to HIV – such as through unprotected sex or needle-sharing – within the previous 8 weeks, then they can undergo testing without waiting. HIV Testing Following a Recent Potential Exposure to HIV If a person is being tested following a recent potential exposure to HIV, then they should typically wait until the window period for their particular HIV test has elapsed before undergoing testing. As described earlier, the window period is the time after a person is infected when there may not yet be enough evidence – such as HIV antibodies, antigens, or viral genetic material – for the test to produce an accurate result. So if, for example, a person wanted to use a home antibody test, they would wait at least 8 weeks after their most recent potential HIV exposure to take the test, because it takes up to 8 weeks for most people to develop detectable HIV antibodies. Repeat HIV Testing In its 2013 HIV screening recommendations, the USPSTF notes there is not yet enough evidence to determine the best frequency for repeated HIV testing among persons who may have a higher-than-usual risk of HIV infection. In the meantime, "One reasonable approach would be one-time screening of adolescent and adult patients to identify persons who are already HIV-positive, with repeated screening of those who are known to be at risk for HIV infection, those who are actively engaged in risky behaviors, and those who live or receive medical care in a high-prevalence setting." According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a high-prevalence setting is a geographic location or community in which at least 1% of the population is infected with HIV. These settings include STI clinics, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, tuberculosis clinics, clinics serving gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), and adolescent health clinics with a high prevalence of STIs. If you have specific questions about HIV testing or other HIV-related health issues, please contact AIDS Action’s Health Library at 617-450-1432 or visit the Health Library page.

April 22 is a day designed to inspire our awareness and caring of our environment on this Earth Day April 22 is a day designed to inspire our awareness and caring of our environment on this Earth Day. This is the forty years after the first Earth Day. U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson founded this event on April 22, 1970. As a environment lover, green manner we should take this wonderful opportunity to teach the importance of our environment, recycle, reduce and reuse the resources we have. You know, nowadays the world is in greatest peril than ever, one of the greatest challenge for our environment is the climate change. In the last decades this climate change is an issue that has become more exposed to the public as a Global warming. This Global warming is been showing lot of impact to the world in a Varity of ways not only affecting humans with warmer temperatures as rising sea levels, etc.. Recycling The Scrap Materials Recycling is the only best way to processing used materials in to new product without polluting the environment such us reduce air pollution and water pollution. It helps develop a healthy habit for life. On this Earth day, edify the important of recycling out around the house or at our backyard. Try to have some recycling bin in your area that can be used for collect news papers to recycle it and create the awareness throwing away the waste in the public places. Eventually this Earth Day 2010 could be a turning point to advance climate policy, energy efficiency, renewable energy and green jobs. Earth Day Network is galvanizing millions who make personal commitments to sustainability. Make a personal commitment to put your thinking in action and take promise as I would never use plastic bags here on. I’ll plant at least 1 tree ever year and grow it for my green environment like that. I Just urge to pay attention and you would be a turning point to advance climate policy, energy efficiency, renewable... "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." — Mahatma Gandhi This morning we have celebrated the earth day by giving thanks to “Mother Earth” and all our office staff have got saplings from our administrator and we all have committed personal vow to use recyclable products mostly and pay importance to recycle the old things., turn off computers and A/C when walk away from the work space. I really wanna to thank my colleges for giving me full support to celebrate the Earth Day.

Living responsibly during pregnancy and breastfeeding Pregnancy and breastfeeding are two very special phases for a woman as life becomes more enriched and day after day we experience a new life growing – a person for whom we are entirely responsible. A responsible lifestyle plays a particularly important role for both mother and child at this stage. A healthy diet both during and after pregnancy with food that is rich in micronutrients can boost your own well-being and the development of your child. Nine months of anticipation When you feel your baby moving for the first time, the happiness is breathtaking. As an expectant mother, you can do a lot for the development of your child by maintaining a well-balanced diet. A sufficient supply of micronutrients boosts your health and is important for a trouble-free pregnancy; it also helps your child to develop normally both physically and intellectually. It is therefore important that you consume enough micronutrients because you are your child’s sole source of nutrition at this stage in its life. Gherkins and cheesecake Daily energy requirements increase by about 200-300 calories (approx. +13%) as of the fourth month of pregnancy. This roughly corresponds to just one portion of curd cheese (quark) with fruit. But there is a far greater increase in the need for certain micronutrients that are especially important for mother and child. In addition, cravings for certain foods which are experienced during pregnancy, and which can range from gherkins to cheesecake, can frequently lead to an unbalanced diet that is anything but rich in micronutrients. Eating for your baby Your diet during pregnancy is the key to your child’s health. The better you eat, the more your child benefits. The nutrients provided by you from your daily diet are your baby’s only source of food. - For instance, folic acid contributes to normal maternal tissue growth during pregnancy. It also plays a role in the process of cell division and contributes to normal functioning of the immune system. - The mother’s uptake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contributes to the normal development of the brain and eyes in the foetus and breastfed infant. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should be aware that a positive effect is noticeable with a daily uptake of 200 mg DHA, in addition to the recommended daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids amounting to 250 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). - Vitamin D boosts the immune system and contributes to the maintenance of normal bones. - Probiotics are living microorganisms. They include, for example, certain lactic acid bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. In the gut, probiotics are part of the gut flora. - Iodine and iron contribute to normal cognitive functioning. Breast milk is the best choice for a child Pregnancy and giving birth are often extremely hard work for the body. A balanced selection of micronutrients helps you to get fit again quickly. During this phase the body uses a particularly large amount of micronutrients for the development and regeneration of its cells. Breastfeeding women achieve something really quite unbelievable: about 800 ml of milk is produced for the baby every day and the body needs nutrients in order to do this. So it is especially important during this time that women maintain a balanced diet. They are free to eat protein-rich foods such as dairy products, eggs, meat and nuts. And a sufficient intake of liquids, which also increases the quantity of milk produced, should also be ensured. Increased need for micronutrients during breastfeeding Women who are breastfeeding have an increased need for micronutrients because they have to meet not only their own requirements, but also those of their child via their breast milk. Breast milk is now the most important source of nutrients for the child, who benefits from the micronutrients via the breast milk. For example, the uptake of omega-3 fatty acids contributes to normal development of the brain and eyes. In addition, vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and vitamin D and also folic acid, iron, zinc, selenium and copper contribute to normal functioning of the immune system. A sufficient supply of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, probiotics and minerals (incl. trace elements) creates a good foundation that enables the child to develop properly. It is ideal if babies are breastfed on demand. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women exclusively breastfeed their babies for the first six months. Tips for pregnancy and breastfeeding Several portions of fresh fruit and vegetables and also wholegrain products should be consumed every day. Dairy products incl. cheese should be made from pasteurised and where possible low-fat milk. You should also remember to eat about two portions of meat and fish per week. Raw or semi-cooked foods such as carpaccio, sushi, Mettwurst (smoked sausage spread), mayonnaise or products made with raw milk should be strictly avoided. In addition to a healthy diet, some moderate exercise or gentle endurance sports can do you good and make pregnancy and breastfeeding less of a strain.

Istanbul is the largest city and seaport of Turkey. Occupying a strategic location, the city straddles the Bosporus, a narrow strait that divides the continents of Europe and Asia. For centuries the ancient city of Istanbul was known as Constantinople, the name it was given when it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The city later served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire. While it is no longer a capital city, Istanbul is still the cultural center of Turkey. Stamboul, the heart of old Istanbul, covers a hilly peninsula. The Sea of Marmara is on the south, the Bosporus on the east, and a deep inlet called the Golden Horn on the north. The western boundary of the old city is marked by the remains of a 5th-century wall that stretches more than 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn. At the easternmost point of the peninsula stands the restored Topkapi Palace, once the home of the Ottoman sultans and now a museum. At the northern edge of the palace grounds is the Sirkeci (“vinegar makers”) district of nightclubs, restaurants, and entertainment. The picturesque Galata pontoon bridge, lined with shops and cafés, crosses the Golden Horn to the Galata business district. Istanbul attracts numerous immigrants from the countryside, some of whom live in shantytowns on the outskirts of the city. Most of Istanbul’s people are Turks. Kurds now form the largest ethnic minority in the city. The Turks and Kurds are predominantly Muslim. The city’s Christian and Jewish minorities have decreased in number. Both Islam and Christianity have dominated the city at different times in its history. The great Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya) was completed in Istanbul in 537. It later became a mosque but is now a museum. The Muslim sultans of the Ottoman Empire built many famous mosques in the city. Among them is the Mosque of Süleyman, constructed in 1550–57 by the architect Sinan. It ranks as another of the world’s great buildings. Perhaps the best-known mosque in Istanbul is the Blue Mosque, which was built by Sultan Ahmed I between 1609 and 1616. The mosques and other historic landmarks of the old city of Istanbul were collectively designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO (a United Nations agency) in 1985. Istanbul is Turkey’s center of industry. Textiles, flour milling, tobacco processing, cement, and glass are the city’s principal manufactures. Tourism is a growing source of income for Istanbul. Trade and commerce are also important. The Grand Bazaar, or Covered Bazaar, features more than 4,000 shops that sell gold jewelry, carpets, and ceramic, copper, and brass ware. Istanbul is Turkey’s largest port and center of wholesale commerce and transportation. The excellent natural harbor it maintained for centuries in the Golden Horn and the city’s key location on the trade routes between Europe and Asia made it a major transshipping point. Greeks founded the colony of Byzantium in the 8th century bc. The Roman emperor Constantine proclaimed it his capital in ad 330 and renamed it Constantinople. He and his successors built walls, aqueducts, cisterns, and public fountains in the city. For more than 1,000 years Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city and made it the capital of the Ottoman Empire. After the defeat of the Ottomans in World War I and the subsequent creation of the Turkish Republic, the seat of government was moved from Constantinople to the city of Ankara. The former capital remained the republic’s economic center, however, under the Turkish name of Istanbul. Population (2013 estimate), 13,522,528.

The £1.45bn (e2.08bn) Derbyshire County Council pension fund in the UK has consolidated the custody of its four portfolios under ABN Amro Mellon after UBS Global Asset Management gave up custody of one of them. ABN Amro Mellon will provide custody and cash management services for European and UK equities and European bonds. It has had custody of the scheme’s US portfolio since 2001. UBS, which acted as manager and custodian of the European equity portfolio, withdrew from the custody business last September. “An open tender was issued, with the shortlist including two other global custodians,” ABN Amro Mellon said. As a result, the custodian was awarded the full mandate. According to the business plan 2004-2005 published by the investment committee, the fund invests in UK and international bonds as well as UK, Japanese, Asia Pacific and emerging markets equities through its in-house management team. UBS is in charge of European equities, while Wellington Management International deals with US equities in a “discretionary capacity”. Derbyshire said that it acted as its own custodian for UK equities, gilts, index-linked and investment trusts through CREST. It also said that overseas bonds were held by the Bank of England, while US bonds were managed in-house. UBS Global Asset Management spokesperson Charles Gorman said the decision to give up custody of the portfolio was not specific to the Derbyshire pension fund but reflected the UK pension industry’s trend to adopt global custody.

Conflict risk and lethal violence continued to increase in the Niger Delta during the second quarter of 2017 (See page 2). According to data, while the nature of violence in the region varies, organized criminality, land disputes and communal clashes remain primary causes of lethal violence during the period. This quarterly tracker looks at the trends and patterns of conflict risk factors and incidents of violence, and the related pressures on peace and stability in the Niger Delta.. DOWNLOAD Niger-Delta-Conflict-Tracker-2017-Q2.pdf (36 downloads)

LITERATURE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT The 17th century was one of the most stormy periods of English history. The growing contradictions between the new class, the bourgeoisie, and the old forces of feudalism brought about the English Bourgeois Revolution in the 1640s. As a result of the revolution the king was dethroned and beheaded and England was proclaimed a republic. Though very soon monarchy was restored, the position of the bourgeoisie had changed. The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a capitalist country. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another. Small towns grew into large cities. The industrial revolution began: new machinery was invented that turned Britain into the first capitalist power of the world. While in France the bourgeoisie was just beginning its struggle against feudalism, the English bourgeoisie had already become one of the ruling classes. The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. Isaac Newton's discoveries in the field of physics, Adam Smith’s economic theories, the philosophical ideas of Hobbes, Locke and others enriched the materialistic thought and implanted in people's minds belief in great powers of man's intellect. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too: portraiture reached its peak in the works of William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds as well as Thomas Gainsborough, who was equally good at landscape and portrait painting. In spite of the progress of industry and culture in England, the majority of the English people were still very ignorant. That is why one of the most important problems that faced the country was the problem of education. The 17th and 18th centuries are known in the history of European culture as the period of Enlightenment. The Enlighteners defended the interests of...

Your argument is terrible: "it will cost too much to do the right thing" has been tried and failed to convince, a million times. Also, it always turns out not to be true. Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it. Alcohol (a drug) was prohibited in the 1920s. All Prohibition did was hand billions to the Mafia, just as laws against drugs hand billions to modern crime syndicates. It does not stop drugs and does not prevent addicts, so you are paying for them, one way or another, now. Treating addicts while they remain free and productive members of society will cost no more, and almost certainly less, than locking them up and not giving them any real effective treatment, which is the present system. But cost isn't the real issue, actually. The issue is that people like you don't even understand addiction. Studies show that the vast majority of drug users, some 90%, are not addicts. They use drugs responsibly just as most people drink responsibly. Also also, how many states have legal recreational marijuana now? How many have collapsed due to pot being legal?

by Raymond Carver Cathedral Theme of Dissatisfaction "Cathedral" shows a distinct movement from dissatisfaction to satisfaction. The unnamed man who narrates the story oozes dissatisfaction from every pore at the very beginning. We can see that he probably loves his wife, but that the marriage is far from happy and healthy. His most immediate reason for dissatisfaction is the impending arrival of his wife's ex-boss and long time friend. His movement from dissatisfaction to satisfaction is most pronounced because the story is told through his eyes, but the other main characters undergo similar movements. The end of the story doesn't guarantee lasting satisfaction, but it does offer hope of happiness and meaningful connections to other people through creativity and broad vision. Questions About Dissatisfaction - Assuming the narrator is dissatisfied, what are the major causes? - Is the narrator's wife dissatisfied with the narrator? Why or why not? What evidence supports your answer? - Do alcohol and or drugs factor into any of the characters' dissatisfaction? Why or why not? - Are all of the characters satisfied at the end of story? Are there moments of satisfaction before the ending? - Will the woman be satisfied that the narrator has done his best to make Robert feel comfortable? Chew on This "Cathedral" argues that intimate friendships can make the small dissatisfactions in life more tolerable. It's likely that the narrator will return to his state of dissatisfaction after the initial excitement of his renewed vision has faded.

Italian composer. A pupil of Vincento Ruffo (in Verona) and Rore, he moved to Cremona well before 1572, where he was prefect of music (by 1578) and later maestro di capella(by 1579) at the cathedral; it was in that city that Monteverdi studied with him. He published ten books of sacred music and eight of madrigals. Though he showed himself fairly conventional in the former, the madrigals were in the modern manner after Rore; Monteverdi considered them to belong to the Seconda Prattica. Twenty-seven responseries for Holy Week by him were long considered to be by Palestrina.

I must start this article on the Rusty-spotted Cat by touching on the subject of conservation, the most pressing of issues for all the wildcats. In 2002 the Cat Survival Trust website, which was last updated in June 2002, says that this cat was not considered to be threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ (Red List). This would make the classification at that time, NT (Not Threatened). Today, at June 2009, the Red List classifies this wildcat as Vulnerable (VU). This is one more stage towards extinction. I discuss this further below. These fine photographs of the Rusty-spotted Cat are by Joachim S. Müllerand published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivs creative commons License — this site is for charitable purposes in funding cat rescue and wild cats. See Rusty-spotted cat description. The scientific name is: Prionailurus rubiginosus. It would seem that the most noticeable feature of this wildcat is its diminutive size. It is one of the two smallest of the wildcats, the other being the Black-footed Cat. Their weight is similar to that of a domestic miniature cat. These are the vital statistics and some interesting comparisons: |Length of head+body||35-48 centimetres (14-17 inches)| |Average weight (approximate)||1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)| |Average weight females||1 kg (2.2 lbs)| |Average domestic cat weight – for comparison||8 lbs| |Average weight of miniature domestic cat for comparison||3.5 lbs| |Average weight of Black-footed Cat – for comparison||3.5 lb| The coat is the usual heavily ticked tabby coat with very particular markings. The best known domestic cat with a ticked coat is the Abyssinian cat. As can be seen in the lower picture above, the coat has a ground colour of grey with rust coloured spots and markings over the body and face with a white underbelly. The eyes are very large and round. If a cat breeder bred a cat with eyes that large it would raise eyebrows! The large size must have evolved for survival as a nocturnal and arboreal cat. This means the cat is active at night and spends a lot of time in the forest trees. In general the overall body conformation is what a person in the cat fancy might consider to be balanced and moderate (i.e. of pretty normal appearance). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ Assessment As mentioned the classification is VU – vulnerable. The assessment has been in place from 2008 to present.: This is in the category of threatened species. The reason for this classification is as follows: - although found across most of India and Sri Lanka the distribution of the Rusty-spotted Cat is “relatively restricted”. This must mean in comparison to other wild cats with a wider distribution that covers much larger areas, e.g. Eurasian lynx. - low estimated population at less than 10,000 mature cats. - habitat loss - decreasing population - subpopulations containing 1,000 or less individual cats. A “sub-population” means a part or subdivision of a population. Range, Habitat and Ecology The Rusted-spotted Cats range in indicated below in the map (but see the map lower down): The map above (modified by me) is published under Wikimedia® creative commons license = Attribution-ShareAlike License. User: MichaelFrey. The map above is slightly different from the one below that I made up from information from the Red List website using a free blank map from the About.com website: In this more recent assessment of range, it is larger in the north and the boundary in the north is not a straight line. This would seem to be due to research in 2002 and beyond, which established that it is found over a much larger area of India. [Sunquist and Sunquist 2002, Patel and Jackson 200 6, Manakadan and Sivakumar 2006, Patel 2006, Vyas et al. 2007. (src: Red List)]. Also the range in Sri Lanka does not completely cover the country as in the older map. There is an area in the west where the Rusty-spotted Cat is not found according to the Red List – see map. Update: the map below is the also based on the Red List map but made up using Google My Maps. It is an open collaboration project and can been seen here in large format: Rusty-spotted cat range View Rusty-spotted Cat Range in a larger map This wild cat is only found in India and Sri Lanka (see picture). What does the Indian landscape look like? Here is a fine photograph, which gives a feel for it and more: Photo above by mindstock. The Rusty-spotted Cat prefers dense vegetation and rocky areas. I would have thought that the dense vegetation in the picture above would do nicely. They occupy: - moist & dry deciduous forest (deciduous forest: “typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally….” – Wikipedia) - scrub and grassland - agricultural areas - settled areas (areas where there are people) - forested areas as they are “highly arboreal” They prey on: - frogs (one cat observed hunting frogs) - rodents – this may lead this cat into settled areas where rodents may be more abundant. Threats and Conservation - It might sound cynical to say it but the usual reasons apply, namely human population growth and accompanying activity, which translates to habitat loss and cultivated land. The Rusty-spotted Cat can and does exist in settled (human settlements) areas but how far can this go? Is this going to be transformed into modern day domestication? The best prospects for survival for this cat are probably to become domesticated as the wild cat did generally some 9,000 year ago. The nearest this seems to have got is the creation of a hybrid Rusty-spotted Cat/domestic cat, which was observed (see Wildcat Hybrids. This offspring was larger in size (hybrid vigour), had long legs and “unusual markings” on a pale ground colour. - Another threat is the usual body parts trade (skins). - Killed by farmers protecting livestock (presumed poultry etc.). - Killed for food. - Domestic trade is uncontrolled in Sri Lanka There are two levels of listings under CITES: - In India the cat is listed in Appendix I (“..threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial”) - In Sri Lanka the cat is listed in Appendix II (“..lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled”) - Hunting is banned in India (how good is enforcement?) - Hunting is banned in Sri Lanka (as above) - There are protected areas in both India & Sri Lanka such as: - Yala National Park in Sri Lanka - Gir Forest National Park in India (also the home of the lion in India, the only place in India where the lion is found). - Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India.

General Knowledge Ancient Indian History Question Answers Video 1 – here are a Few General Knowledge Questions – Q In the mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization, where have evidences of house – wells come from among Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal and Banawali? Q Which city of the harappan period was discovered first? Q Among Ropar, Kalibangan, Lothal and Banawali, which city was located in Gujarat? Q Which was the main port city of the Harappan people? Q At which Place has the Great Bath of Indus Valley Civilization been found? Q Which of the Harappan cities among Chanhudaro, Kalibangan, Lothal and Surkotada not fortified? Q The earliest evidence for the occurrence of silver in India has been found from: Harappan Culture with which age is the Indus Civilization related?

Have you walked down a suburban street at night and noticed how bright the lights inside some houses are; conflagrations of illumination, mimicking the brightest sunshine. As well as being a waste of electricity, bright lights can interfere with production of melatonin in our brains, which has an affect on our body clocks. Melatonin and the human body clock Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone that is key to sleep and the sleep-wake cycle in humans and other animals. In the body, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in the brain when night falls. The retina detects failing light, and the level of melatonin gradually increases, reaching its peak in the middle of the night in natural circumstances. Our circadian rhythm (or ‘body clock’) is therefore influenced by melatonin. Melatonin is not a sedative, it works as a cue for innate night-time behaviour. In the morning when plasma levels of melatonin decrease, sleep ends and wakefulness begins. In humans, melatonin induces heat loss, reduces arousal and related brain activity and delays production of cortisol, thus decreasing blood pressure and blood sugar, in preparation for sleep. Intense light at night interferes with your body clock. Research indicates that room light exerts a profound suppressive effect on levels of melatonin thus shortening the body’s internal perception of night duration. Hence, regularly exposing oneself to electrical lighting in the late evening disrupts melatonin signalling and could therefore potentially impact sleep, thermoregulation, blood pressure, and glucose homeostasis. The research results were clear, showing that exposure to room light before bedtime shortened melatonin duration by about 90 minutes, compared to dim light exposure. In addition, the researchers say, exposure to room light during the usual hours of sleep suppressed melatonin levels by more than 50%. The benefits of muted light Some people prefer dim lights at night. Soft, muted light is more calming and seems to be conducive to night-time endeavours like reading, writing and hobbies. Of course you need sufficient light to see what you are doing, but this is surprisingly little. Whilst you can’t damage your eyesight by reading in dim light, if the light is too dim you will become easily fatigued. For centuries people have used candle lamps and oil lamps, and before that people only had firelight. These were all dim lights that didn’t turn the night time into the day time. These light sources simply provided enough illumination so that people could see what was in front of them. The light didn’t do harm to the darkness, it gently spread it away with a soft glow. Electric lights can be much brighter, and often are. However, most of the light is wasted because it is brightly illuminating rooms that are either empty, or mostly empty. Of course, there is a place for bright lights, an operating theatre for example. But, unless you are planning on operating on one of your family members before heading off to bed, you certainly don’t need those searing lights at home. As already mentioned, dim light, as opposed to bright light, does not disrupt our body clocks. On the contrary, it seems to help relax us and lets us gently wind down. It’s reassuring warm glow is conducive to reflection, as well as focussing our attention on what is at hand. Save electricity and your body clock by dimming those lights. You could even light a beeswax candle and enjoy the added benefits of burning beeswax.

STAFF REPORT ISLAMABAD The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) on Tuesday suspended officials of the local governments across the country. All district mayors, deputy mayors, chairmen and vice-chairmen of the local government bodies would remain suspended until July 25. The chiefs of the cantonment boards across the country were also suspended. The decision was taken to ensure free and fair elections, the ECP said. The parliamentary polls are scheduled to be held on July 25. The commission had earlier transferred civil servants across the country in order to ensure that no bureaucrat is able to exert influence during the pre-poll and poll process. The ECP in a notification on Tuesday said that the army officials deployed for polling duty have been given powers of a first-class magistrate. The election body also said that the security officials deployed for the polls have to take an oath. Letters has been sent to the secretaries of interior and defence along with the Inspector Generals of Police of all four provinces and the capital territory in this regard. The returning officers will conduct the oath of security in-charges deployed in their respective districts, the letter said. The presiding officers will take oath from the personnel deployed at polling stations.. The ECP on July 7 had issued the code of conduct for security personnel deployed for election duties and to be deployed for security on polling day (July 25, 2018) inside and outside the polling stations.

A stochastic journey to stochastic games In stochastic games, the games people play today depend on their previous decisions and on chance. The story of our article is a perfect example. The story of our article, “The evolution of cooperation in stochastic games”, now published in Nature, could already have started eight years ago. It would have started without me, and most likely I wouldn’t have played a part in it. Back then in 2010, Krish was invited to deliver a lecture in Martin’s lab, the Program of Evolutionary Dynamics (PED). While the two of them are close collaborators now, they hardly knew each other back then. Krish asked Martin which kind of talk would be most relevant to the diverse audience at PED, offering either a talk on auctions or on stochastic games. Martin found the first topic to be more appealing, so Krish held a lecture on auctions. It was the beginning of a fruitful collaboration at the interface of computer science and biology. In the meanwhile, the other topic of stochastic games pretty much ended up in a time-out state. It remained there for the next five years. Krish, Christian, and Martin, eight years after the project on stochastic games could have started. In 2015, I moved from Boston to Vienna. After a two-year postdoc at PED, I was looking forward to working in Krish’s group at IST Austria. Due to a coincidence, Martin happened to be in Austria, too. On my first workday at IST we all sat together and discussed possible research topics. After contemplating various ideas on extortion in repeated games, a topic I had been working on for years, Krish took another chance on proposing stochastic games. This time we were excited immediately. The topic seemed to be a perfect fit. Just like repeated games, stochastic games deal with strategic situations where individuals interact over multiple rounds. However, the exact strategic situation that individuals face could change from one round to the next, depending on the outcome of the previous round and on chance. We were intrigued by this basic premise, the idea that past decisions could affect future possibilities. The framework seemed to be amenable to several open questions in direct reciprocity. Can cooperation evolve if individuals interact in several prisoner’s dilemma games over time? What if the length of a repeated game is not predetermined, but affected by the players’ decisions? One of our first results: players are more cooperative in the prisoner’s dilemma if their decisions affect the number of rounds to be played. Within a few weeks, we obtained first promising results. We noted that certain stochastic games could facilitate the evolution of cooperation in a way we did not anticipate. At the same time, we noted that the framework offered immense possibilities. A systematic analysis would take time, and we would need all the help we could get. Fortunately, Štěpán, an extremely talented math student from Charles University, had just started an internship at IST to work on his bachelor’s thesis. He happily joined the project, and quickly derived beautiful results on the effect of chance events. Over time, we collected more and more examples highlighting crucial differences between stochastic games and repeated games. By that time, we were sure we had taken the right path, and that a goal was in sight. Štěpán discovered the positive impact of chance events on cooperation. In stochastic games, a simple decision made today can alter the future. The consequences of such a decision may not be immediately apparent, and they may depend on further coincidences, and quite often, on luck. In many ways, our journey to explore stochastic games resembled the very object we were setting out to explore.

Finding Chicago's food gardens with Google EarthJanuary 3, 2013 in Biology / Other Urban agriculture is promoted as a strategy for dealing with food insecurity, stimulating economic development, and combating diet-related health problems in cities. However, up to now, no one has known how much gardening is taking place in urban areas. Researchers at the University of Illinois have developed a methodology that they used to quantify the urban agriculture in Chicago. John Taylor, a doctoral candidate working with crop sciences researcher Sarah Taylor Lovell, was skeptical about the lists of urban gardens provided to him by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). "Various lists were circulating," he said. "One of them had almost 700 gardens on it." On closer inspection, however, many of these "gardens" turned out to be planter boxes or landscaping and were not producing food. On the other hand, Taylor suspected that there were unnoticed gardens in backyards or vacant lots. "There's been such a focus on community gardens and urban farms, but not a lot of interest in looking at backyard gardens as an area of research," Lovell agreed. An accurate map of these sites would be helpful for advocacy groups and community planners. Taylor uploaded the lists from the NGOs into Google Earth, which automatically geocoded the sites by street address. He used a set of reference images of community gardens, vacant lot gardens, urban farms, school gardens, and home food gardens to determine visual indicators of food gardens. Taylor then looked at Google Earth images of Chicago to locate food production sites. This work took more than 400 hours over an 8-month period. He identified 4493 possible sites, most of which were residential gardens of 50 square meters or less, and visited a representative sample of gardens on vacant land to confirm that they were really producing food. All the large sites and a sample of the small sites were digitized as shapefiles (digital vector storage formats for storing geometric location and associated attribute information) in Google Earth. These shapefiles were imported into Arc Map 10, a geographic information system (GIS) mapping tool, to calculate the total area. The final estimate was 4,648 urban agriculture sites with a production area of 264,181 square meters. Residential gardens and single-plot gardens on vacant lots accounted for almost three-fourths of the total. To map the gardens onto community areas, the shapefiles were joined with 2010 Census tract shapefiles and shapefiles of 77 community areas and neighborhoods from Chicago's GIS portal. The tract information was subsequently joined with the Census Bureau's 2005-2009 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates of demographic and housing characteristics. The maps showed that garden concentration varied by neighborhood. "Chinatown, Bridgeport was kind of a hot spot," Taylor said. Both of these neighborhoods have large Chinese-origin populations. Even outside those areas, many of the larger gardens were associated with households headed by people of Chinese origin. Neighborhoods in the northwest with large numbers of Polish and Eastern and Southern European immigrants also had a high density of backyard gardens. They were not all growing the same kind of food. "There are distinctions between these cultural groups because the crops they select are sometimes from their home areas in addition to the suite of crops we can all grow in our backyards," Lovell explained. As people move across borders, they often bring seeds with them. "In a Mexican neighborhood where we were working, a lot of people grow a tropical corn that is 12 to 16 feet high," Taylor said. "It's grown not for the ears of corn but for the leaves, which are used to make tamales." He noted that many older African-Americans in Chicago who came north during the Great Migration from the south from the early 1900s to the 1970s remember farming and growing up with gardens. "They are almost reproducing in miniature in their backyards the southern landscape and gardening practices that they associated with their youth," he said. Garden type varied by neighborhood as well. Home food gardens are concentrated in the northwest, where people tend to live in detached houses. Vacant lot gardens are concentrated in the economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in the south and west sides, as are the community gardens. Lovell said that, in some communities, more than half of the lots are vacant, and making use of them could be a huge opportunity. Chicago has a program that allows people living next to a vacant lot to purchase it at a fraction of what it would normally cost. The results of this study suggest that both backyard gardens and vacant lot gardens contribute substantially to Chicago's total food production. "Home gardens actually contribute to food security," Taylor said. "They're underappreciated and unsupported." He noted that people grow not only for themselves but for their neighbors as well, which is particularly important in food deserts where fresh produce is in short supply. "There is also potential for empowering people because they are using their own space to deal with their own food security concerns," Lovell added. The study, "Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth" by John R. Taylor and Sarah Taylor Lovell, published in Landscape and Urban Planning, is available online at www.sciencedirect.com/science/ … ii/S016920461200237X Provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign "Finding Chicago's food gardens with Google Earth" January 3, 2013 https://phys.org/news/2013-01-chicago-food-gardens-google-earth.html

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In absorbing knowledge, the discerning public today is presented with a limitless platter of documents, data, and research analyses to pick and choose from. In all compartments of human interface, the documentation base has reached an unprecedented high. For the researcher, the dangers in such a situation of information overspill are obvious: he is constantly hit with “word pictures” from all directions, and more often than not it is the researcher’s insight that helps absorb the good information and filter out the residue. For the economic historian, however, such vivid descriptions of economic activity are either missing or enmeshed with irrelevant information, and his job becomes quite mind-numbing. While India is chalking its own path of modernity and breaking new ground in all aspects of economic endeavor—infrastructure, agriculture, industry, trade, the demand and supply equation, and fiscal policies—this post presents a random selection of word pictures that depict activities related to agriculture, irrigation, and migration of farmers at various milestones of Indian civilization. Migration of Farmers and Agrarian History India in circa 1500 BCE was a predominantly agrarian economy; 3500 years later, agriculture is even now the largest economic sector in the sense that it still accounts for about 60% of employment in the country, although its share in India’s GDP has been steadily declining (while it was ±17% in 2007–08, this share is likely to decline to 13.7% in FY13). The government is constantly devising new ways and methods to augment agricultural production, just as farmers are engaged in hitting on the right crop to produce. Our hunt for word pictures begins in the Vedic period, to which the first written records belong. A Rigvedic hymn vivifies the importance of the produce of the land, and agriculture was obviously the mainstay of the Vedic people. The hymn also shows that the Vedic Aryan was well-acquainted with the art of sowing. In fact, several rituals were associated with sowing activity in those times. Besides sowing of seeds and ploughing, Vedic texts also mention other agricultural processes such as proper land usage, irrigation, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, and storage of grains. As we move forward a few centuries to circa 300 BCE, the literature sheds its predominant religious/ spiritual tenor and becomes even more graphic in the description of agricultural practices. The Arthashastra casts a clear picture of the importance of rainfall and irrigation in agriculture, various crops and the cropping pattern, and the harvesting and gathering procedure. Today, when there is a global concern over climate change and changing pattern of the monsoons, it interesting to compare the geographical distribution of rainfall in circa 300 BCE with that of the 21st century. |Region||Rainfall recorded in the Arthashastra||Rainfall in modern times| |Jangala (unidentified, possibly referred to forest land)||16 dronas = 100 cm| |Avanti (Malwa, mod. west Madhya Pradesh)||23 dronas = 140 cm||75-100 cm| |Asmaka (south of the Vindhyas, in the Deccan plateau||13.5 dronas = 85 cm||40-75 cm| |western countries (west coast of India)||“immense quantity”|| While accepting that the measurement system in early India might only be taken to be indicative, it is still apparent that rainfall patterns have remained largely unchanged over time. A normal monsoon in those days is remarkably close to the pattern today. Thus, the Arthashastra clearly shows the importance of not only adequate amount of rainfall, but also its proper timing and distribution over various parts of the territory. All these three factors are equally important for agriculture, and even a 10% variance in the monsoons can cause havoc with agriculture. Speaking of irrigation technology in early India, the Baburnama (memoirs of Mughal ruler Babur, 16th century) provides a vivid description of the irrigation devices used in various parts of India. Interestingly, as Irfan Habib writes, the Persian wheel had by this time become the principal means of lifting water for irrigation in northwestern India and the trans-Jamuna region. (Left) Figure 2. ‘Saharanpore with a Persian wheel for raising water,’ from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Mohumdy to Gheen Vol. V’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15. Print at The British Museum Online Gallery (Right) Figure 3. The Persian wheel on a chilly morning on the Ganges Plain. Photograph: Bret Wallach, © The Great Mirror, 2009 The wheel continued to be used for irrigation through the Mughal and British periods, and Babur’s graphic description of the wheel, based on his personal observations, is a perfect fit even for the system followed in the 19th century (Figure 2), and the system followed modern times (Figure 3). It is worthwhile to emphasize the major factors that have contributed to the produce of the land through history. Migration of Farmers Besides the dependence on monsoons, availability of land in plenty, and irrigation technology, the migration of cultivators was another critical factor. The Baburnama refers to the migration of entire villages, the ease with which new settlements were established, and the setting up of the required economic “infrastructure” in no time. In today’s context, migration is almost entirely to the cities to support urban industry and infrastructure (and of course eke out a living), but in early India setting up new agrarian settlements was a frequent phenomenon. Babur’s reference to migration and new agricultural settlements is not surprising because, even in the 5th century CE, we hear of migrations of farmers and various other occupation groups. The major factor that worked in favor of migration in early India was the availability of land in plenty, unlike the situation today where it is at a premium or not available at all. Migration of farmers and its impact on agriculture in early India are thus well-evidenced in literature. It will surely be a worthwhile proposition to look at such evidence for other indicators of the economic fabric in early India and juxtapose such indicators with those in modern times.

Outside seating available for food or drink, plus takeaway food. Message Facebook link below or phone 023 8084 2356 to book a table (state if for food or drinks) or order takeaway. The pub stands in verdancy at the south-eastern edge of town, on a single-track road that forms part of the Solent Way, and close to Hythe Spartina Marshes nature reserve. It was built as a cottage in the 1700s and, although extended and refurbished, still looks the part with its sash windows and pretty porch. The interior is modern, and the small garden has fine views over a narrow, grassy valley. The menu includes Saturday & Sunday breakfasts (it may be that alcohol sales start later than 9am) & Sunday roasts. Events include Sunday evening quiz, Monday's meat draw, & live music. From Enterprise list. Quiz Sun eve, meat draw Mon eve. Circular routes, opposite directions.

Protect the reputation of the banking sector through working with the Central Bank and all banks. Seek to apply full transparency through the application of domestic and international banking rules in cooperation with the Central Bank and all banks to present the position of the Sultanate as a regional and global financial hub. Promote the activities of banks in Oman at the local and international levels. Support training and vocational qualification programs in the banking sector. Work as a meeting point and a channel of communication among Licensees and other parties on matters and issues of concern to the banking sector. Develop strategies and initiatives towards the development of the status of the Sultanate and its reputation in the banking sector on the global level. Strengthen the links between executives in the banking sector through the formation of specialized committees, membership of stakeholders and specializations of various banks. Coordinate with the Central Bank and all banks to develop a Code of Best Practices on Credit Facilities granted to clients and bank charges to ensure conformity with the interests of banks clients.

There is no better man than Shahid Afridi to lead Pakistan at the World Cup next year in February. Afridi may not have the clam of a Mohammad Yousuf, or the honest command of a Younis Khan, but he has something that neither of these men do. Afridi has the ability to unite a team, have people rally around him, and lift spirits even at the worse of times. He may not do it by leading from the front with the bat or the ball, but the way he lifts the team on the field, no one can. Even when he was not captain, his impact on the team was visible. Constantly encouraging the fielders and bowlers, setting high standards while fielding, and just being out there in support is what makes Shahid Afridi such a central character in Pakistan cricket. He's got the difficult task of uniting several senior players who have not got along in the past, and set an example for the youth that has just started taking their first steps in international cricket. And there is no better man to do this for Pakistan than Shahid Afridi. Afridi's openness and honesty is what is needed right now. He was the first one to say that he doesn't have the temperament for test cricket - how many players have you come across who would put their hands up and say they are not good enough for test cricket? Considering that he recognizes and accepts his own flaws, he can pass on the same message to his team and they will listen. They will listen to him more than anyone else. When I first read about Younis Khan's return, I was pleased. Extremely pleased. But I also feared that it may trigger a new clash for captaincy between YK and Afridi. After all, Younis is returning to a team that ousted him as captain. Yes he played under Yousuf in Australia, but he has not played under Afridi before. And which Pakistani cricketer does not want the honour of leading their country in a World Cup? Every Pakistani wants to emulate Imran Khan. Wasim Akram tried his best to get back to the helm of the team prior to the 2003 World Cup and it backfired disastrously. Both, YK and Afridi, have openly stated their ambitions of leading Pakistan to World Cup glory in the past. YK was there when he led the team to the World T20 title and Afridi had a major role to play in that. Will roles reverse at the World Cup in 4 months time? YK was originally slated to be captain for the tournament before his falling out with the team and then the board. His return, however, changes the dynamics immensely. YK's statement that he is only interested in playing for the country and not in the captaincy is a blessing, but then we all know that in Pakistan what you say is not what you get. For Pakistan to even have a remote chance at success, they need both Afridi and YK. Afridi leading the team, and YK as the key batsman guiding the inexperienced batting order, along with a hopefully fit again Yousuf. We simply cannot afford any more clashes. The next 2 series against South Africa and New Zealand will be crucial in building this new relationship between Afridi and YK and I'm glad that Intikhab Alam is there to help ease them into these new roles. Its not going to be easy for either of them, but lets hope that for the sake of Pakistan cricket, we can have a drama free 4 months leading up to the World Cup in February. Pakistan's issues with captaincy are only a by-product of many things that are wrong with Pakistan cricket. Governance, Selection, Management, the captain and the team. Afridi the best man to lead Pakistan. Couldn't disagree more. A leader has to command respect not only amongst his team mates but also in his opponents. I doubt Afridi scores on either front. 200% agree, but PCB is the big question mark for Pakistan Cricket.

Daily British Colonist, June 28, 1864. Mr. Waddington has requested us to published the following letter which he has just received, together with his accompanying remarks. New Westminster, B.C., June 21st, 1864. In your letter to the Colonist dated June 13th, relating to the causes of the massacre of the unfortunate people at Bute Inlet, I observe a paragraph mentioning a certain Mr. N. It is difficult to correct an assertion not put “in propria persona” as however there can be little doubt as to whom you thus accuse, I write privately in the belief that you might have given credit for what had been told you, and which you under a sore feeling repeated; I can thus forgive you for a perhaps unintentional jury. Should no foundation lie in my surmise that the names “N.” and my own are identical a simple note to this effect will be grateful to me, and I shall feel sorry this letter has been sent. But if otherwise, and after your perusal of facts I hereafter mention I can scarcely doubt but you will devise a way to contradict what may lead to misapprehension; should I in both instances be mistaken in you, I can in no way consider you an honest man. I left Alexandria in September ’61 with 3 pack horses; so much of provisions as would enable Mr. Cain (my companion) to return were only taken back; I remained at Bella Coola alone till the day after Christmas; the same year my provisions being exhausted I hired Indians to take me to Fort Rupert. The only articles I had to purchase from the Indians were wild fowl and game; an equivalent was always given. I returned from Victoria in May ’62 with over 2 tons of goods chiefly intended for Carriboo; a part of this was forwarded in August. I thus never had occasion “to live at the expense of the Indians” (fortunately) as such an arrangement is quite contrary to their habits. The Indians engaged to build a store for me and Mr. Hood, hardly commenced their work, and I was obliged to hire white men in their place. The split boards were obtained from a ranch deserted by them since the small pox broke out, and for the few delivered the Chief was paid, the rest were brought in by myself. At the first agreement I gave the Indians a written promise of payment (invariably the custom) - and they received many things in advance. But I certainly would not pay them eventually for work they were too lazy to perform and for which through their neglect I was put to great inconvenience and expense by being obliged to employ other labor. The scrip so called is probably in their hands; I returned to Alexandria after purchasing the house in November. A. Waddington, Esq., Victoria, V. I. The gentleman who gave me the information which is here complained of, has been living for a considerable time at Bella Coola, and the facts were scrupulously taken down from his own mouth; the name alone was suppressed from a feeling which the public will appreciate. I regret to find that this person is absent from the colony, which hinders any further explanation for the present, but Mr. Venables shall not the less have the benefit of all the publicity he desires; I must remark, however, that the whole story has been in circulation from other sources long since. The system alluded to of giving Indians a written promise of payment for work not yet begun, is something perfectly new to me and very unbusiness like. It may be the invariable custom at Bella Coola, but the contrary has been my invariable custom at Bute Inlet, and I suspect is pretty nearly so everywhere else. Source: "The Causes of the Bute Massacre," Daily British Colonist, June 28, 1864.

Formerly one of Los Angeles’ last rental darkrooms, this commercial storefront in the hip Ocean Park neighborhood of Santa Monica was re-purposed for Image Mechanics, a Los Angeles-based digital capture company, rental studio, and full-service post production facility that caters to leading advertising and celebrity portrait photographers worldwide. The 1,000-square-foot studio space includes a client lounge, a hair and makeup room along with a private client editing and retouching suite. Also part of the program are back-of-house offices, post-production workstations, digital printing facilities and storage for the firm’s extensive digital capture equipment. Low-impact measures used to create the eco-friendly studio include low or zero VOC paints in most of the space; warm fluorescent lighting in every fixture with the exception of a few specialty lamps; laminate click-in-place floors that were manufactured in California and installed without toxic glues; and dual-flush, low-flow toilets and LEED-certified hand dryers in the bathrooms. Nearly all of the furniture in the new space has been reused or repurposed from the firm’s former studio in Hollywood. Image Mechanics has also implemented an aggressive reuse/recycling office policy and uses an environmentally friendly cleaning crew that cleans with green products.

Lupus or SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) is one of the auto-immune diseases where the body appears to attack itself because it doesn’t recognise the tissue it is attacking. Lupus, like other auto-immune conditions, is a chronic condition that affects the sufferer for some time. Symptoms of lupus are either confined to the skin, called discoid lupus, or affect the joints, as well as some internal organs. For most people, lupus is mild condition that is relatively easy to control by avoiding triggers and stress, and by taking medication to treat the symptoms when the condition is having a flare-up. It is also important to enjoy the periods of remission. In New Zealand, lupus is relatively common; women as well as Māori and Pacific people are more likely to develop lupus. Lupus sufferers report feeling tired and having aching joints, particularly in the wrists, fingers and feet at the start of their illness. These vague symptoms persist while other conditions, such as skin rashes, occur in a pattern that indicates that lupus may be causing the symptoms. Once diagnosed, lupus is usually treated with anti-inflammatory medicines. Often pain relieving medicines, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, are used, but occasionally severe lupus is managed with steroids and other disease-modifying medicines. When you or one of your family or friends is diagnosed with lupus, it is important for them to realise what makes the condition worse, so that the triggers can be avoided in order to prevent or delay a relapse. Relaxation techniques, avoiding stress, and in particular sunlight, is helpful in managing this painful and distressing condition. Stopping smoking, as well as avoiding smoky environments, is also helpful in lessening the effects of lupus. If managed properly symptoms can disappear and these remissions can last for many months. If lupus affects you or someone in your family then discuss your concerns with your community pharmacist. Your pharmacist can refer you to a doctor to get the condition diagnosed or excluded. They can also discuss treatments to help treat the symptoms, as well as provide advice on strategies to prevent or delay lupus flare-ups.

In kindergarten making valentines activated my joy of communicating love visually. Today memories of childhood inspire me with passion to create lighthearted art! This aspect of my painting turns on the flow of bright colors, sparkles and upbeat vibes worldwide! Original works, commissions, cards and reproductions are available for purchase.

PIs: Daphne Bavelier, Justin Halberda, Alan Gershenfeld, Michael Angst, Michael Levine University of Rochester This project focuses on development of number sense in 7 to 11 year old students through a 3D action game that will train the brain. The project tests a hypothesis that playing a number-sense action game can help children learn beyond the game, making them better overall at number-line sense, precision of numerosity, speed of numerical judgments, and ability to multitask numerical tasks. The innovation is twofold: a game, adapted from first-person shooter games, to train number sense, and a platform that makes it easy to vary aspects of the game (e.g., repetition, speed, number of possibilities) to be able to analyze what is it that is making a difference with respect to learning. Research is identifying the qualities of computer games that will train the brain to be automatic in its judgments and at qualities of experiences that promote such automaticity. This project aims to promote fundamental mathematical competence in a way that makes the mathematics learning feel effortless and genuinely fun. In particular, the aim is to help children develop number sense, an ability to very quickly make estimates and numerical judgments. Such capability is key to keeping up in mathematics; children without that sense tend to lose interest in mathematics because mathematical computation becomes too frustrating. Training number sense, and, in turn, fostering mathematical performance, should allow more learners to think of themselves as “good at math.” Cultivating a child’s interest in mathematics from a young age has been identified as key to feeding STEM career paths. The vehicle for promoting such mathematics learning is a new type of video game with foundations in first-person shooter games. Rather than shooting, players cast spells that require quick numerical estimates. There is reason to believe that such a game will be as engaging as first-person shooter games are. First-person shooter games have been shown to increase attention and executive control in adults, the kinds of cognitive skills known to foster academic achievement. Because engaging video games will reach and be played by a wide range of children; such a game has potential to reach at-risk populations who most need to better develop their number sense and those important skills. The intent is for the game to be used in informal settings, providing a complementary tool for educators to foster mathematics skills. Research that is done in the context of this game will identify the characteristics of game play that promote skill automation, foundational knowledge that is needed to provide a road map for creating child-friendly consumer video games to improve other important aspects of core cognition beyond number sense.

Location of Manhattan on Montana map. Manhattan is a town located in the county of Gallatin in the U.S. state of Montana. Its population at the 2010 census was 1,520 and a population density of 336 people per km². After 10 years in 2020 city had an estimated population of 1,917 inhabitants. Manhattan is located at 45°51'24&quotN 111°19'57&quotW (45.8566000, -111.3324600). The population of Manhattan increased by 20.71% in 10 years. People born in Manhattan, including serial killer David Meirhofer, politician from Montana Walt Sales, you can see a list of people who born in Manhattan. Manhattan , New York borough of New York City, New York, United States with a population of 1,644,518 people. Manhattan , Illinois village in Illinois with a population of 8,798 people. Manhattan , Kansas borough of New York City, New York, United States with a population of 2,314 people.

<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Rerender for python 3.6 username_0: I think this addresses the issues in #7 <issue_comment>username_1: LGTM, but note the comment about the `build number`. <issue_comment>username_0: See response, thanks for looking at this @username_1 <issue_comment>username_0: build number set to zero <issue_comment>username_1: [Appveyor failed](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/conda-forge/pytables-feedstock/build/1.0.15) because of some IO error in the py34 build, nothing serious. Other CIs pass: Merging.

package indi.mybatis.flying.annotations; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Inherited; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * * @date 2021年4月24日 11:56:08 * * @author 李萌 * @email <EMAIL> * @since JDK 1.8 */ @Inherited @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target({ ElementType.FIELD }) public @interface HavingOr { /** * 仅作用于having子句 * * Acts only on the having clause * * @since 1.1.0 * @return ConditionMapperAnnotation */ ConditionMapperAnnotation[] value(); }

Polysaccharide Vaccine Type | Usage | Precautions | Side Effects - Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a gram-negative bacteria, is a common cause of meningitis and septicemia. - Outbreaks of meningococcal disease occur in persons living in close contact like college students living in dormitories and army recruits. - 13 serotypes of meningococci have been identified thus far; six of them (A, B, C, Y, W-135 and X) are believed to be the cause of virtually all human infections. - Polysaccharide Vaccine. - MenACWY: a quadrivalent vaccine against A,C,W, and Y serotypes - MenCY -TT: bivalent meningococcal vaccine against C and Y serotypes and H.influenzae type b. Polysaccharide (unconjugated vaccines): MPSV4 – a quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine against A, C, W, and Y. Serogroup B Vaccines: MenB – a monovalent vaccine against serotype B. - Routine vaccination for children 10 years or younger is not currently recommended. - Children aged 2 months – 10 years should be immunized with a conjugated vaccine if they are at increased risk of meningococcal infections like: Children with asplenia (functional or anatomic), complement pathway deficiencies, travelling to or residing in areas with high meningococcal prevalence, or if a meningococcal outbreak occur in the community. A 4-dose schedule (2, 4, 6, 12-15months) is recommended when vaccination is started at 2 months age. When started late, less doses may be required. See age-specific guidelines with your local health-authorities. - Routine vaccination with conjugated quardivalent vaccine is recommended for teens and pre-teens. - First dose is given at 11 years of age, followed by a booster dose at the age of 16 years. Persons who receive their first dose at or after the age of 16 years do not need a booster dose. - Immunization with either MenACWY or MPSV4 is recommended for adults who have an underlying risk factor for meningococcal infection like: Asplenia (functional or anatomic), complement pathway deficiencies, travelling to or residing in a meningococcal prevalent area, microbiologist involved with handling of meningococci, army recruits or students living in dormitories, or if a person is part of community which is suffering from a meningococcal outbreak. - Person who continue to remain at increased risk may be considered for a booster dose. - A person who had severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine, or who is allergic to any component of the vaccine. - Serogroup B and MenACWY are relatively new vaccines and experience regarding their use in pregnancy is limited. They should be used in pregnancy only if clearly indicated. MPSV4 is fairly safe in pregnancy. - Vaccination may be delayed in acutely ill patients until they are well again.

<reponame>paddycarey/nacelle # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """Tests for nacelle's mail functionality """ # marty mcfly imports from __future__ import absolute_import # stdlib imports import base64 # third-party imports import webapp2 from nacelle.conf import settings from nacelle.test.testcases import NacelleTestCase # local imports from nacelle.contrib import mail from nacelle.contrib.mail import routes wsgi = webapp2.WSGIApplication(routes.ROUTES, debug=True, config={ 'webapp2_extras.sessions': {'secret_key': '<KEY>'}, }) # attach dispatcher and error_handler to the WSGI app dispatcher = webapp2.import_string(settings.DISPATCHER_MODULE) wsgi.router.set_dispatcher(dispatcher) def _make_test_request(url, post_data=None, headers=None): """Make a test request against the app """ request = webapp2.Request.blank(url, POST=post_data, headers=headers) return request.get_response(wsgi) def _run_tasks(taskq_stub, q_name): """Since nose runs our tests single threaded, appengine can't run tests in the background, thus we need to run them manually at the appropriate point during our tests. """ tasks = taskq_stub.GetTasks(q_name) taskq_stub.FlushQueue(q_name) while tasks: for task in tasks: params = base64.b64decode(task["body"]) yield _make_test_request(task["url"], post_data=params, headers=[('X-AppEngine-TaskName', 'task1')]) tasks = taskq_stub.GetTasks(q_name) taskq_stub.FlushQueue(q_name) def _test_data(**overrides): """Returns a valid set of test data to use during API integration tests overrides allows the caller to replace one or more items in the returned dictionary without having to specify the entire thing every time. """ test_data = { 'sender': '<EMAIL>', 'to': 'someother<EMAIL>', 'subject': 'Just a test email', 'body': 'Just some test content' } for key, value in overrides.items(): test_data[key] = value return test_data class MailTests(NacelleTestCase): """Test nacelle's email functionality """ def test_valid_email(self): """Test that sending a valid email succeeds """ mail.send(**_test_data()) messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages() self.assertEqual(1, len(messages)) self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to) def test_valid_email_empty_body(self): """Test that sending a valid email (with an empty body) succeeds """ mail.send(**_test_data(body='')) messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages() self.assertEqual(1, len(messages)) self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to) def test_valid_email_no_body(self): """Test that sending a valid email (with no body) succeeds """ _td = _test_data() del _td['body'] mail.send(**_td) messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages() self.assertEqual(1, len(messages)) self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to) def test_invalid_email_empty_sender(self): """Test that sending an invalid email (empty sender) raises the appropriate exception """ _td = _test_data(sender='') with self.assertRaises(mail.InvalidEmailError): mail.send(**_td) def test_invalid_email_empty_to(self): """Test that sending an invalid email (empty to) raises the appropriate exception """ _td = _test_data(to='') with self.assertRaises(mail.InvalidEmailError): mail.send(**_td) def test_invalid_no_sender(self): """Test that sending an invalid email (no sender) raises the appropriate exception """ _td = _test_data() del _td['sender'] with self.assertRaises(mail.MissingSenderError): mail.send(**_td) def test_invalid_no_to(self): """Test that sending an invalid email (no to) raises the appropriate exception """ _td = _test_data() del _td['to'] with self.assertRaises(mail.MissingRecipientsError): mail.send(**_td) def test_valid_email_async(self): """Test that sending a valid email asynchronously succeeds """ mail.send_async(**_test_data()) # check that mail hasn't been sent yet messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages() self.assertEqual(0, len(messages)) # run the queued tasks and check they succeed for response in _run_tasks(self.taskq_stub, settings.EMAIL_QUEUE): self.assertEqual(response.status_int, 200) # check that mail was actually sent after the que's been run messages = self.mail_stub.get_sent_messages() self.assertEqual(1, len(messages)) self.assertEqual('<EMAIL>', messages[0].to)

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only about four millimeters wide, the collection of cells, researchers have bred in the laboratory – but they allow to map the development of the human brain during the first few weeks of an embryo. Although it is not a true mini-brains, which is why the researchers cautiously speak of “cerebral organoids”. But with their help, developmental disorders and diseases could be better than exploring, for example, in mice. the team at Madeline Lancaster and Jürgen Knoblich the Vienna Institute for Molecular Biotechnology of the scientific journal “Nature” writes the structures from human embryonic stem cells created. In further experiments, the researchers use so-called iPS cells: ordinary body cells that have been reprogrammed to become stem cells stem cells possess an enormous capacity for self-organization. Under suitable conditions, they self-assemble into three-dimensional tissues. The researchers took advantage of this and let the stem cells at a certain stage of development grow in a rotating bioreactor. By the rotation of the nutrient supply to the cells is improved.grown in two months period of about two months, the organoids reached their final size. The tissues were viable indefinitely, the researchers write. Some had already lived for ten months in the reactors. Because it did not have blood vessels that provide nutrients and oxygen transported into the interior of the size of the organoids, however, is limited. Therefore, the cells in the core structures of the die, the scientists explain. studies demonstrated that the organoids were divided into different areas distinguishable from one another, as is the case with front-, middle-and hindbrain. Similar to the natural development of the human cerebral cortex different layers formed in organ culture in which different cell populations were formed around nerve cells and glial cells. Individual, spatially distant areas were interconnected. “On average, brain-organoids can mimic the development of brain structures until the ninth week of pregnancy,” says Lancaster. “Nature” provide researchers an example of the application of their organoids before: the study of microcephaly. Of this developmental disorder sufferers have an unusually small head and a small brain. They are usually mentally retarded. In animal studies with mice can explore this disorder bad, because crucial steps in developing rat brain have been different.The researchers a microcephaly patient withdrawals some skin cells, which they converted to iPS cells. Subsequently cultured organoids compared them with those that had emerged from healthy cells. In microcephaly organoids, the team found a total of less progenitor cells and already differentiated neurons. With microcephaly, the stem cells begin therefore too early to form combinations neurons, rather than to continue to divide and thus to increase their number. Finally, can the less nerve cells are formed.No “brain in a Petri dish” “In the future we would also like other diseases that may be associated with developmental brain disorders – such as autism or schizophrenia – rebuild in culture and explore,” says study leader Knoblich for the pharmaceutical industry such culture systems might be of importance, such as the effect of drugs and chemicals to test. So far, this is done either in animals or in cell cultures. Despite the compelling data to realize a “brain in a Petri dish” was further out of reach, says the German stem cell researcher Oliver Brustle of the University of Bonn, the investigation of his colleagues. Within the Organoid the different brain areas were randomly distributed. They did not possess the same shape and spatial organization as in the brain. work but was impressively shown that such cultures in developmental biology and biomedical applications could be used as a tool. track of the news Help Get hold of free news services: - everything from the category Science - Twitter | RSS - everything from the category People - everything about stem cell research

Net Future Value (NFV) is the value in the future of a series of financial streams. At its core, it combines a number of different future value calculations added together. Each year is a separate future value calculation that are added together. The future value formula is: Future Value = Present Value x (1 + Rate of Return)Number of Periods - “Present Value” is a sum of money in the present. - “Rate of return” is a decimal value rate of return per period (the calculator above uses a percentage). A return of “2.2%” per year would be calculated as “0.022.” - “Number of Periods” are the number of compounding periods. In the case of Net Future Value, it is the number of years until the future value year. Assuming a 2.2% rate of return, what is the net future value of $1,000 1 year before the date, $2,000 2 years before the date, and $5,000 3 years before the date? - FV of $1,000 over 1 year = $1,022.00 - FV of $2,000 over 2 years = $2,088.97 - FV of $5,000 over 3 years = $5,337.31 Total of all FV sums = $8448.28 What is the difference between future value and net future value? Net future value is the sum of multiple future value calculations. What is the difference between net future value and net present value? Net present value (NPV) calculates the value of a sum of money in today’s dollars. Net future value (NFV) calculates the value of a sum of money at some point in the future.

|Part of a series on| Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from lordos "bent backward") or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in most mammals including rodents, elephants, and cats. The primary characteristics of the behavior are a lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spine and a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail. During lordosis, the spine curves dorsoventrally so that its apex points towards the abdomen. Lordosis is a reflex action that causes many non-primate female mammals to adopt a body position that is often crucial to reproductive behavior. The posture moves the pelvic tilt in an anterior direction, with the posterior pelvis rising up, the bottom angling backward and the front angling downward. Lordosis aids in copulation as it elevates the hips, thereby facilitating penetration by the penis. It is commonly seen in female mammals during estrus (being "in heat"). Lordosis occurs during copulation itself and in some species, like the cat, during pre-copulatory behavior. The lordosis reflex arc is hardwired in the spinal cord, at the level of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae (L1, L2, L5, L6 and S1). In the brain, several regions modulate the lordosis reflex. The vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum, via the vestibular tract, send information which makes it possible to coordinate the lordosis reflex with postural balance. More importantly, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends projections that inhibit the reflex at the spinal level, so it is not activated at all times. Sex hormones control reproduction and coordinate sexual activity with the physiological state. Schematically, at the breeding season, and when an ovum is available, hormones (especially estrogen) simultaneously induce ovulation and estrus (heat). Under the action of estrogen in the hypothalamus, the lordosis reflex is uninhibited. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization. When a male mammal mounts the female, tactile stimuli on the flanks, the perineum and the rump of the female are transmitted via the sensory nerves in the spinal cord. In the spinal cord and lower brainstem, they are integrated with the information coming from the brain, and then, in general, a nerve impulse is transmitted to the muscles via the motor nerves. The contraction of the longissimus and transverso-spinalis muscles causes the ventral arching of the vertebral column. Hormonal and cerebral regulation of lordosis Sexual behaviour is optimized for reproduction, and the hypothalamus is the key brain area which regulates and coordinates the physiological and behavioural aspects of reproduction. Most of the time, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) inhibits lordosis. But when environmental conditions are favorable and the female is in estrus, the estrogen hormone, estradiol, induces sexual receptivity by the neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and other areas of the brain. The ventromedial hypothalamus sends impulses down axons synapsing with neurons in the periaqueductal gray. These convey an impulse to neurons in the medullary reticular formation which project down the reticulospinal tract and synapse with the neurobiological circuits of the lordosis reflex in the spinal cord (L1–L6). These neurobiological processes induced by estradiol enable the tactile stimuli to trigger lordosis. The mechanisms of regulation of this estrogen-dependent lordosis reflex have been identified through different types of experiments. When the VMN is lesioned lordosis is abolished; this suggests the importance of this cerebral structure in the regulation of lordosis. Concerning hormones, displays of lordosis can be affected by avariectomy, injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, or exposure to stress during puberty. Specifically, stress can suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and therefore decrease concentrations of gonadal hormones. Consequently, these reductions in exposure to gonadal hormones around puberty can result in decreases in sexual behavior in adulthood, including displays of lordosis. Lordosis behavior is non-functional in humans, although lordosis-like positions can be observed in women being mounted from behind. In a 2017 study, using 3D models and eye-tracking technology it is shown that the slight thrusting out of a woman's hips influences how attractive others perceive her to be and captures the gaze of both men and women. The authors argue "while reflexive lordosis posture is not exhibited by human females and receptivity is not passive or obligatory for them, a manifestation of lumbar curvature might serve as a vestigial remnant of proceptivity-/receptivity-communicative signal between men and women". Previously, anthropologist Helen Fisher also speculated that when a human female wears high-heeled footwear the buttocks thrust out and the back arches into a pose that simulates lordosis behavior, which is why high heels are considered "sexy". - "lordosis". The American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved January 3, 2017. - Pfaff D. W. , Schwartz-Giblin S., Maccarthy M. M., Kow L-M (1994). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors", in Knobil E., Neill J. D. The physiology of reproduction, Raven Press, 2nd edition. - Kow L.M., Florea C., Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Devidze N., Kami K.H., Lee A., Zhou J., Maclaughlin D., Donahoe P., Pfaff D. (2007). "Development of a sexually differentiated behavior [lordosis] and its underlying CNS arousal functions". Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 79: 37–59. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)79002-0. ISBN 9780123739131. PMID 17498546.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Flanagan-Cato L.M. (2011). "Sex differences in the neural circuit that mediates female sexual receptivity". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 32 (2): 124–136. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.008. PMC 3085563. PMID 21338620. - Plant T., Zeleznik A. (Eds). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition, 2015 - Kow LM, Pfaff DW (May 1998). "Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system". Behav. Brain Res. 92 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00189-7. PMID 9638959. - Olster, D.H.; Blaustein, J.D. (1989). "Development of steroid-induced lordosis in female guinea pigs: effects of different estradiol and progesterone treatments, clonidine, and early weaning". Hormones and Behavior. 23 (1): 118–129. doi:10.1016/0018-506x(89)90079-2. PMID 2538389. - Jasmina Kercmar; Stuart Tobet; Gregor Majdic (2014). "Social Isolation during Puberty Affects Female Sexual Behavior in Mice". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 8: 337. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00337. PMC 4179611. PMID 25324747. - D. Daniels; LM. Flanagan-Cato (2000). "Social Isolation during Puberty Affects Female Sexual Behavior in Mice". Journal of Neurobiology. 45 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/1097-4695(200010)45:1<1::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10992252. - Pfaus, J. G.; Flanagan-Cato, L. M.; Blaustein, J. D. "Female sexual behavior". in Plant T., Zeleznik A. (Eds). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition, 2015 - Elizabeth Hawkins (October 25, 2017). "Why arched backs are attractive". springer.com. - Pazhoohi, F.; Doyle, J.F.; Macedo, A.F.; Arantes, J. (2017). "Arching the Back (Lumbar Curvature) as a Female Sexual Proceptivity Signal: an Eye-Tracking Study". Evolutionary Psychological Science. 4 (2): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0123-7. - Laura T. Coffey (Sep 23, 2009). "Do high heels empower or oppress women?". TODAY msnbc.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009.

Test to sound diabetes alert ten years before symptoms appear The test could stop the number of patients with type 2 diabetes from soaring beyond the current two million mark A blood test that reveals if someone is at risk of diabetes at least a decade before symptoms appear has been developed. By measuring levels of five markers in the blood, doctors are able to predict the onset of type 2 diabetes. It could act as an early warning for those most at risk – giving them time to improve their diet or change their lifestyles. A man performs a blood test on himself: A new type of test could allow a patient to take preventative action against diabetes Dr Thomas Wang, who developed the test, said: ‘These findings could provide insight into metabolic pathways that are altered very early in the process leading to diabetes. ‘They also raise the possibility that, in selected individuals, these measurements could identify those at greatest risk of developing diabetes so that early preventative measures could be instituted.’ Diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin – the hormone that controls blood sugar – or when its insulin does not work properly. Dr Wang and colleagues from the Massachusetts General Hospital looked at historic blood samples taken from 189 diabetics before they developed symptoms of the disease and compared them to blood from 189 healthy people. After measuring levels of 61 metabolites – by-products of metabolism – they discovered five amino acids that were higher in the people who developed diabetes. Some of these markers had previously been shown to be higher in people with obesity or insulin resistance. When the researchers looked at people most likely to develop type 2 diabetes – such as those who are overweight or who have a family history – they found that those with the highest levels of the markers were up to five times more likely to get the disease than those with the lowest levels. The results are published in the journal Nature Medicine. Victoria King, head of research at Diabetes UK, said early diagnosis and effective management was crucial to reduce the risk of complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and blindness. ‘This research could lead to ways to help us identify those at risk, as well as giving us new insights into how and why type 2 diabetes develops,’ she said. Around two million Britons have type 2 diabetes, the kind linked to being overweight in middle age. Another 700,000 are thought to suffer without realising it.

Radical feminism was a by product of the 50s and 60s where the political route that the classic feminist movement used didn't work fast enough for the women of the time, as the world had changed a lot, and now it was more about protests as the people, not working the political pathways. The second wave accomplished their mission. Just like the first wave did. The third wave has no idea what their mission is, so they jump on many different issues, some legitimate, some not. It is from the extra radical fringes of the already radical feminists of the third wave that we get the dreaded "feminazi" and those who identify themselves as radfems. MGM groups are born in opposition for a radical element of an already radical element. And the people that most identify with the MGM are just like the movement they oppose. And are more about hating the other sex than actually discussing gender rights and issues. And that's why I'm egalitarian.

Neurogenic bladder is lack of bladder control because of a nerve problem such as a stroke, spinal cord injury, or tumor. Several muscles and nerves must work together for the body to control urination. Neurogenic bladder may be Flaccid: A flaccid bladder does not contract and the bladder fills up until it overflows. Then urine dribbles out. Spastic: The person has involuntary bladder contractions and feels the need to urinate even when there is little or no urine in the bladder. Bladder contractions are typically poorly coordinated with the muscle that closes the opening of the bladder (urinary sphincter). Mixed: Some people have elements of both flaccid and spastic bladder. Any condition that damages or interferes with nerves that control the bladder or the bladder outlet can cause neurogenic bladder. Causes include stroke, spinal cord damage or injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and nerve damage caused by pelvic surgery. The primary symptom is urinary incontinence. People continually release small amounts of urine. Men tend to have erectile dysfunction. Some people with spastic neurogenic bladder also need to urinate frequently, often with an urgent need, and need to get up during the night to urinate. People with spastic neurogenic bladder may have damage to other nerves that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and/or loss of sensation in the legs. People with neurogenic bladder are at risk for urinary tract infections and stones in the urinary tract. People are also at risk of hydronephrosis (see Figure: Hydronephrosis: A Distended Kidney) when urine retained in the bladder causes urine to back up in the kidneys. Doctors may suspect neurogenic bladder in people with nerve disorders who have incontinence. Usually, doctors measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after the person urinates (postvoid residual volume) by inserting a catheter into the bladder or using ultrasonography. Ultrasonography of the entire urinary tract is also done to detect abnormalities, and some blood tests are done to assess kidney function (see Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract). Further tests may be needed depending on the person's condition. More detailed studies of the urinary tract (for example, cystography, cystoscopy, and cystometrography) may be done to check bladder function or to help determine the duration and cause of neurogenic bladder. Prompt treatment can help prevent permanent dysfunction and kidney damage. Catheterization or techniques to trigger urination can help prevent urine from remaining too long in the bladder. For example, some people with spastic bladder can trigger urination by pressing their lower abdomen or scratching their thighs. When urine remains in the bladder for too long, the person is at risk of urinary tract infections. Inserting a catheter into the bladder periodically is usually safer than leaving a catheter in continuously. People are encouraged to drink sufficient fluids and to limit calcium in the diet to prevent stones from developing. Doctors also monitor kidney function regularly. Sometimes drugs given to treat urge incontinence can be helpful (see Table: Some Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Incontinence). Rarely, people need surgery to create another way for urine to leave the body.

Bose Design Services is one of the top-rung names in the Plant Design service industry. We are dedicated to helping EPC contractors, plant owners, equipment suppliers and consulting firms in expediting project delivery and minimizing design risks. As one of the premier engineering services companies in India, we have years of experience and expertise in the development of digital design information for piping, process, structural and mechanical engineering functions for tailored plant design requirements. We work with a team of highly-skilled and certified engineers who are experts at providing 3D CAD modeling, 2D drafting, FEA/CFD analysis and engineering solutions for steel plants, power plants and other such processing and manufacturing facilities. From process engineering to structural engineering, mechanical or equipment design to piping design, our personnel will take care of your every need. By engaging our engineering services in Pune, you can expect turnkey solutions. We will offer our full support and assistance at every step of the way, from the initial concept design to the completion of the project. Bose Design Services is one of the leading engineering services companies in India and we have access to state-of-the-art technologically advanced equipment and tools, such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Inventor, Revit, Creo and Tekla for 2D drawings and 3D modeling development. To avail personalized engineering services in Mumbai, get in touch with Bose Design Services. From the designing to the analysis and assessment, our engineers will offer you the best solution with your budget requirements.

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Do not hesitate to get in touch with the knowledgeable workplace accident lawyers at Mirman, Markovits & Landau, Pc to understand about your legal rights and choices. Since 1977, we’ve been advocating on behalf of New Yorkers who’ve been hurt at perform. Our difficult work pays off our law firm has secured much more than $1 Billion in settlements and verdicts for our injured customers. Soon after all, the workers’ compensation program is an administrative method created to be comparatively straightforward for workers to navigate. “Contingency fee basis” indicates that we only get paid if you get paid, and you owe us absolutely nothing till your compensation comes by way of. Every person deserves high-high quality representation, irrespective of whether they have cash or not. Kherkher Garcia, LLP is primarily based in Houston, Texas, but our attorneys have considerable trial practical experience and expertise all through the nation. Nevertheless, simply because you function a desk job, you had been able to return to perform relatively quickly and your ankle healed inside a few weeks. However, you likely would not even get wage loss added benefits in most states for the reason that you were only out of function for a few days. According to a report by the BLS‚ there were 2‚976‚400 circumstances of workplace injuries and illnesses in the United States in 2012. Workplace injuries are a prevalent occurrence in the United States and, when a lot of of these injuries are suffered by workers whose job includes physical labor, desk or office jobs can lead to injuries also. The California Workers Compensation Act states that firms in San Diego are held liable if an employee is injured on the job and must supply medical compensation and income replacement. 1st, your assigned legal group will gather records associated to your claim, which includes healthcare records, healthcare bills, and insurance policy info. Medical advantages provide payments for affordable and necessary medical care to treat a perform injury or illness. If you have been injured at function our California workplace injury attorneys can assist. Workers who are injured at work are entitled to complete and just compensation. Every year work-associated accidents and injuries cause immeasurable pain and suffering to hundreds of thousands of employee and their households. Report the accident to your employer, and seek quick healthcare therapy for your injuries. You may perhaps be entitled to compensation for your injuries and possibly for discomfort and suffering, as nicely. When you’re injured on the job, it can be complicated to know what kind of claim to file and who to seek compensation from. You may possibly have substantial health-related bills and be unable to perform for a extended period of time. A Houston workplace accident lawyer can assist you determine what kind of claim you can make and who is accountable for compensating you. This is the agency that will hear disputes in the event your workers’ compensation claim is denied. It is only if the course of action is appealed beyond the reviewing board that the case will be forwarded to the state court technique. Our Massachusetts workers’ compensation attorneys have secured workers’ compensation positive aspects for clients in the higher Boston area for decades. In reality, our dedication and commitment to fighting on behalf of injured workers is a single of the founding principles of our firm. Your first consultation is no cost, so contact us by telephone or reach out to us online to schedule yours currently. We represent customers across New York, so contact us if you’ve been hurt at operate in Brooklyn, the Bronx, Extended Island, Manhattan, Staten Island, Queens, or Westchester. If settlement negotiations are unsuccessful, your attorney is ready to go to trial and present your case in the strongest doable kind. Your attorney and legal team will investigate your accident in wonderful detail to collect the required evidence. These documents will help your attorney have an understanding of the extent of your injury, and construct your case for compensation. Most vulnerable are young Hispanic immigrant workers for little construction businesses, according to the National Institute for Occupational Security and Well being and the American Society of Safety Engineers . As for what are some diverse kinds of function injuries, a single extremely critical function injury is amputation of a finger, hand, arm, toe, foot or leg. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as a lot of as 10,000 American workers yearly are victims of an amputation injury. You deserve somebody in your corner creating confident that you get what you are entitled to. All through this time, we are usually accessible to answer your questions and supply updates on your case. Panish Shea & Boyle Los Angeles function injury attorneys are nationally recognized for excellence in customer protection and personal injury law. This liable person or enterprise is the third celebration, distinct from you and your employer. You could also be eligible for a permanent partial disability award, which is a sum of funds paid to a worker for the harm brought on to their body. If your workplace accident demands health-related focus, contact 911 immediately. Whether you were injured at the workplace, on a construction web-site, in the retailer where you work, or while driving your personal automobile, if you were injured on the job, you should speak with an lawyer about your rights. The award is determined from a list of awards produced by the government and in no way fully compensates the victim – in particular for a significant injury. Some injuries are not covered at all or have low limits for awards such as for emotional distress or psychological injuries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, operate-associated accidents took the lives of a reported four,585 workers in 2013, averaging 12 deaths each day and seriously injured slightly a lot more than three million. Operate-associated accidents take place on and off operate premises, prior to and after normal operate hours, and often involve a third party such as an equipment manufacturer. They can also occur in any industry, but are most generally observed in building, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, warehousing and hospitality. This is extra prevalent when there is a lack of eyewitnesses or other physical proof, such as clear harm from a developing collapse or fire.

new to the forum and fixing my own imac. So looking around to replace the 6970m, (the 2gbs are pretty pricey) so if i dropped in a 1024 or 1gb version would it just run a bit slower or would it have other issue? Yes, you can swap the 2GB Radeon HD 6970M for the 1Gb version and will probably not even notice the difference (depending on what you're using your iMac for). Depending on how familiar you are with disassembly/assembly, I'd allow anywhere between 3hrs to most of the day for doing this. Also, you will require some tools, but if you don't have these you can easily purchase them online. Is it possible to replace the GPU in this 2006 iMac?

Heather Luttrell and the Possumden have been peddlin’ their whiskey-soaked traveling show of Blues and Americana up and down the East Coast tirelessly for the past 10 years, gaining fans, notoriety and a few speeding tickets. With four part harmonies, acoustic guitar, resonator, bass, banjo, drums and kazoo, the band brings a big sound, often surprising venues and fans with the large powerful voice that comes tearing out of Heather’s wiry tattooed frame like a freight train.

The Planetary Society's Cosmos-1 team is still looking at the data that was received at the three ground stations on launch day in hopes of finding out what happened to their spacecraft. However with Makeev reporting that that the rocket's stages never separated, it seems too optimistic to hope that the spacecraft achieved even a low, non-nominal, orbit and it is far more likely that the craft was destroyed along with its malfunctioning launch vehicle.

At this moment Stromsgodset II from Norway on last 18 matches played, wins 10 times (55%), draws 1 times (5%) and loses 7 times (38%). They scored 3 goals/match and and take approximative 1.39 goals/match. In same manner, Vard Haugesund from Norway on last 22 matches played, wins 5 times (22%), draws 3 times (13%) and loses 14 times (63%). They scored 1.27 goals/match and and take approximative 2.05 goals/match. Our prediction football advice: 1X2 Bet Tip: 1, under/over: +5.5 and a correct score 4-2.

Barium is used in fireworks (green). Standard State: solid at 298 K Color: silvery white Sir Humphrey Davy discovered Barium in 1808. Barium is found only in combinations with other elements. It resembles calcium chemically and is soft and belongs to the alkaline earth group. Barite is used extensively as a weighing agent in oil-well drilling fluids. The carbonate of Barium has been used as a rat poison.

|MadSci Network: Earth Sciences| Dear Ester: Your question is: What is hematite and copper? And Where can you find copper and hematite?. Hematite and copper are both naturally occurring metallic (metal) minerals. Hematite is a form of iron with the chemical formula of Fe2O3. Hematite is a common component of weathered rock materials (red colored soils or rust appearing rocks) and occurs as a sedimentary ore (for iron metal) in very large quantities. Iron is one of the most produced metals of our industrial society with its primary uses as iron metal and steel. Hematite is found in mineable quantities in many places in the United States with huge deposits found to the south and west of Lake Superior (called the Lake Superior District and is found in parts of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota). Other large deposit are mined in the countries of Brazil, Venezuela, Australia, China, and Canada. Copper is a native metallic mineral. Native means that copper can occur in nature by itself as metallic copper, however, copper it is more commonly found as some form of copper compound with other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, or carbonate Copper was one of the first metals used by man because when combined with tin it makes a metal called bronze. Bronze tools have been found in the eastern Mediterranean countries which are believed to be 7,000 years old. Copper has many industrial uses and is a very important industrial metal (most electrical wire is copper). Copper can be found in many different types of ore deposits and large copper mines are found in the United States, Canada, Japan, Chile, in Central Africa, and Russia. Your local library or university geology and/or geography departments are good sources for further studies about mineral and mineral deposits. If you have any additional questions about hematite or copper, please send me additional questions. Robert Chesson Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Earth Sciences.

Photosynthesis is a process found in plant cells which converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars that the plant can store and use at any time. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, an organelle only found in plant cells, and consists of two parts: the light dependent reaction, which converts light energy into ATP, and the Calvin cycle, which converts ATP into glucose. Photosynthesis is one of the major processes on this planet it's the way that all plants and algae are able to add energy to our eco-system so it's very important for you to understand. In general photosynthesis is the using of the light energy in order to make sugars and oxygen gas. Now sometimes kids think that plants do photosynthesis to give them the food, they don't plants are greedy they're doing it to make food themselves. Also if you've ever been in the force you very rarely been worried about being eaten by the tree. So how is it that a tree or a bush makes more tree or more bush, they do it by adding in more building materials from the air. Unlike you where you can just say, give me my berry and you can toss more building materials into your stomach and then use whatever it is that you ate whether it's a rabbit or a tomato or a banana you use those materials to build your body they have to use air and so they do it through this process here. Let's go through the basic chemical equation of photosynthesis and then we'll start getting into some of the details. The basic equation is 6 carbon dioxide molecules plus 6 water molecules plus the energy of light and remember to make any chemical reaction occur often you need to add energy especially when you're building a more complicated molecule. You use this light energy to force these atoms to rearrange themselves to form glucose C6H12O6 plus as a waste product 6 oxygen molecules. So let's look a little bit closer at all of this and discuss the chloroplast which is the organelle of photosynthesis now I want to make sure that we remember that this is something that's happening in a plant cell. So here we see a plant cell and remember every leaf and plant is made up of thousands cells or a natural plant is probably out of millions if not billions of cells and each one of these cells will have several chloroplasts in them. If we take a closer look at a chloroplast we'll see the inner and outer membrane and then we'll see these stacks of discs each stack is called a granum and individual disks are called thylakoids. Floating around them, these stacks are floating within this liquidy medium called the stroma and we've got to remember these 2 main areas the stroma and the thylakoid because those are where the 2 major processes of photosynthesis occur. The 2 basic parts of photosynthesis are the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions. Now those are the proper names, but a lot of times you'll notice that those are long and scientists like everybody else, are humans and we're lazy and so we like to shorten things. A lot of times people call the light dependent reactions simply the light reactions because they're the ones that depend on light, they take in the light. And Dr. Calvin is the person who figured out a lot of the steps of the light independent reactions the ones that don't require light. So very often you'll just call these the light reactions in the Calvin cycle. So basically what happens is that the light reactions on the thylakoid membrane you've got special molecules that can absorb light. Using that energy they strip off electrons and put them onto a high energy electron carrier called NADPH they also use the energy of those electrons to make a molecule called ADP an energy molecule that's going to be needed later on in the Calvin cycle. Where do they get some of these electrons that they're putting on to NADPH? Ultimately they take these electrons from water molecules, so they rip apart the water taking the electrons that were holding the hydrogen's onto the oxygen and release the oxygen as oxygen gas. Now the ATP and NADPH are sent off to the Calvin cycle that is happening in the stroma. In the stroma you've got all these enzymes floating around, they grab carbon dioxide then using the energy of ATP and the high energy electrons of NADPH and hydrogens that are being carried on the NADPH. They build glucose or other sugars ultimately you recycle the building materials that you're using and you send the now used up NADPH which become NADP positive and you send the used up ATP it's now adenosine diphosphate and unattached phosphate ion and those go back to be recharged by the light dependent reactions to begin the cycle again. And one last thing it is you may notice this NADPH if you've done aerobic respiration the break down of glucose in cells, you've seen a very similar molecule called NADH I've often had my students get confused between NADH which is used in respiration and NADPH which is used in photosynthesis. Very similar and they wonder if there was only some easy way to remember that plants during photosynthesis use NADPH you may want to think about that for a while before you van figure out a way to remember.

Sydney's Coolest Country, the program broadcast by Ken Date since January 1993, has come to an end and its last broadcast has been made. Ken announced his departure from radio station 2RRR in November 2011, wishing his listeners farewell and thanking them for their support over nearly 20 years that Ken enjoyed on air at 2RRR. Ken is taking a hiatus from radio but will return to the airwaves sometime in the future - keep checking this website for details.

Your home could also be experiencing mold and a stale smell because of a moist under floor. It may well be that you just have poor drainage around your house. This results in sitting water whenever it rains.With time the water will find its thanks to your sub-floor making it moist. It could even be that there’s a pipe that’s leaking in your under floor which must be fixed by a plumber. the matter could even be because of poor ventilation. When you contact a ventilation expert, he will check your under floor and ensure that the reason for your damp under floor is poor aeration. There can be many reasons for the leakage problem. It may well be that you just live in a very home that was built a few years ago and also the ground has shifted over the years. this may cause the location of the vents to be altered which then affects ventilation. Your under floor could even have been built with insufficient vents or vents that are too small. you will even have dole out some landscaping which ended up blocking the vents that are meant for ventilation. The contractor will come up with a plan to address the ventilation issues of your sub-floor. He can try this by calculating the air flow which is able to enable him to understand the amount of ventilation that needed and also the sort of ventilation that may be effective. you’ll either use natural or mechanical ventilation to air your under floor. the sort of house you have got, the sort of soil that it’s built on and also the atmospheric condition experienced in your locality are considered when selecting the sort of ventilation. The expert must make sure that the vents are placed correctly in order that fresh air comes in from one direction only and also the stale air is extracted from the alternative side. so as for the ventilation to be effective, it’s going to must be regulated at one point or another. Mechanical ventilation may be used in order that the fans are changed when the air outside is humid in order that this air isn’t introduced into the under floor. If you’re getting to build your home, you ought to confirm that the sub floor ventilation requirements are addressed. this may make sure that your house is built on the proper foundation and you are doing not must accommodate a moist under floor in a while. The sub floor could be a vital a part of your home because it holds your floor and also the entire home. A sub floor that’s properly designed will protect your home from movements within the soil. Soil can expand and consent response to the quantity of moisture and it also can move because of the load of your home. the proper ventilation will make sure that the structure of your home remains intact.

|Acids and bases| An acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. Their importance becomes apparent in analyzing acid–base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these concepts was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776. - 1 Acid–base definitions - 2 Acid–base equilibrium - 3 Acid–alkali reaction - 4 See also - 5 Notes - 6 References - 7 External links Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acids The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier in around 1776. Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as HNO 3 (nitric acid) and H 4 (sulfuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning "acid-former" (from the Greek οξυς (oxys) meaning "acid" or "sharp" and γεινομαι (geinomai) meaning "engender"). The Lavoisier definition was held as absolute truth for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in H 2S, H2Te, and the hydrohalic acids. However, Davy failed to develop a new theory, concluding that "acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances". One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals. Liebig's hydrogen theory of acids In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal. This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition. The first modern definition of acids and bases in molecular terms was devised by Svante Arrhenius. A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. As defined by Arrhenius: - an Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+); that is, an acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution. This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the hydronium (H3O+) ion.[note 1] Thus, in modern times, the symbol H+ is interpreted as a shorthand for H3O+, because it is now known that a bare proton does not exist as a free species in aqueous solution. - an Arrhenius base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH−) ions; that is, a base increases the concentration of OH− ions in an aqueous solution. The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions, and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions. Under this definition, pure H2SO4 and HCl dissolved in toluene are not acidic, and molten NaOH and solutions of calcium amide in liquid ammonia are not alkaline. Overall, to qualify as an Arrhenius acid, upon the introduction to water, the chemical must either cause, directly or otherwise: - an increase in the aqueous hydronium concentration, or - a decrease in the aqueous hydroxide concentration. Conversely, to qualify as an Arrhenius base, upon the introduction to water, the chemical must either cause, directly or otherwise: - a decrease in the aqueous hydronium concentration, or - an increase in the aqueous hydroxide concentration. - acid + base → salt + water In this traditional representation an acid–base neutralization reaction is formulated as a double-replacement reaction. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric acid, HCl, with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solutions produces a solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, and some additional water molecules. - HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O The modifier (aq) in this equation is important. It was implied by Arrhenius, not included explicitly. It indicates that the substances are dissolved in water. In fact though all three substances, HCl, NaOH and NaCl are capable of existing as pure compounds, in aqueous solutions they are fully dissociated into the (aquated) ions H+, Cl−, Na+ and OH−. |Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry| The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H+)—otherwise known as protons—to bases, which "accept" them.[note 2] An acid–base reaction is, thus, the removal of a hydrogen ion from the acid and its addition to the base. The removal of a hydrogen ion from an acid produces its conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed. The reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added. Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base. In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base. The concept of neutralization is thus absent. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, making it more all-encompassing than the Arrhenius model. The general formula for acid–base reactions according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition is: - HA + B → BH+ + A− where HA represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A− represents the conjugate base of HA. For example, a Brønsted-Lowry model for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous solution would be the following: - HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl− The removal of H+ from the HCl produces the chloride ion, Cl−, the conjugate base of the acid. The addition of H+ to the H2O (acting as a base) forms the hydronium ion, H3O+, the conjugate acid of the base. - H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH− This equation is demonstrated in the image below: Here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating an H+ and forming the conjugate base, OH−, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+. As an example of water acting as an acid, consider an aqueous solution of pyridine, C5H5N. - C5H5N + H2O ⇌ [C5H5NH]+ + OH− In this example, a water molecule is split into a hydrogen ion, which is donated to a pyridine molecule, and an hydroxide ion. 3COOH + NH 3 ⇌ NH+ 4 + CH An H+ ion is removed from acetic acid, forming its conjugate base, the acetate ion, CH3COO−. The addition of an H+ ion to an ammonia molecule of the solvent creates its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion, NH+ The Brønsted–Lowry model calls hydrogen-containing substances (like HCl) acids. Thus, some substances, which many chemists considered to be acids, such as SO3 or BCl3, are excluded from this classification due to lack of hydrogen. Gilbert N. Lewis wrote in 1938, "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as seriously with the systematic understanding of chemistry as would the restriction of the term oxidizing agent to substances containing oxygen." Furthermore, KOH and KNH2 are not considered Brønsted bases, but rather salts containing the bases OH− and NH− The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938. Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an electron pair, and an acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can receive this electron pair. For example, boron trifluoride, BF3 is a typical Lewis acid. It can accept a pair of electrons as it has a vacancy in its octet. The fluoride ion has a full octet and can donate a pair of electrons. Thus - BF3 + F− → BF− is a typical Lewis acid, Lewis base reaction. All compounds of group 13 elements with a formula AX3 can behave as Lewis acids. Similarly, compounds of group 15 elements with a formula DY3, such as amines, NR3, and phosphines, PR3, can behave as Lewis bases. Adducts between them have the formula X3A←DY3 with a dative covalent bond, shown symbolically as ←, between the atoms A (acceptor) and D (donor). Compounds of group 16 with a formula DX2 may also act as Lewis bases; in this way, a compound like an ether, R2O, or a thioether, R2S, can act as a Lewis base. The Lewis definition is not limited to these examples. For instance, carbon monoxide acts as a Lewis base when it forms an adduct with boron trifluoride, of formula F3B←CO Adducts involving metal ions are referred to as co-ordination compounds; each ligand donates a pair of electrons to the metal ion. The reaction - [Ag(H2O)4]+ + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 4H2O can be seen as an acid–base reaction in which a stronger base (ammonia) replaces a weaker one (water) The Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are consistent with each other since the reaction - H+ + OH− ⇌ H2O is an acid–base reaction in both theories. Solvent system definition One of the limitations of the Arrhenius definition is its reliance on water solutions. Edward Curtis Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to the water-based Arrhenius theory. Albert F. O. Germann, working with liquid phosgene, COCl 2, formulated the solvent-based theory in 1925, thereby generalizing the Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents. Germann pointed out that in many solutions, there are ions in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules: - solvonium:[note 3] A generic name for a positive ion. - solvate:[note 4] A generic name for a negative ion. - 2 H 2O ⇌ H - 2 NH 3 ⇌ NH+ 4 + NH− Some aprotic systems also undergo such dissociation, such as dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrosonium and nitrate, antimony trichloride into dichloroantimonium and tetrachloroantimonate, and phosgene into chlorocarboxonium and chloride: 4 ⇌ NO+ - 2 SbCl 3 ⇌ SbCl+ 2 + SbCl− 2 ⇌ COCl+ A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvonium ions and a decrease in the concentration of solvate ions is defined as an acid. A solute that causes an increase in the concentration of the solvate ions and a decrease in the concentration of the solvonium ions is defined as a base. Thus, in liquid ammonia, KNH 2 (supplying NH− 2) is a strong base, and NH 3 (supplying NH+ 4) is a strong acid. In liquid sulfur dioxide (SO 2), thionyl compounds (supplying SO2+ ) behave as acids, and sulfites (supplying SO2− 3) behave as bases. The non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water: - + → Na - + → [Zn(NH Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid: - + 2 H 4 → NO+ 2 + H + 2 HSO− The unique strength of this definition shows in describing the reactions in aprotic solvents; for example, in liquid N - + → + Because the solvent system definition depends on the solute as well as on the solvent itself, a particular solute can be either an acid or a base depending on the choice of the solvent: HClO 4 is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid; this characteristic of the theory has been seen as both a strength and a weakness, because some substances (such as SO 3 and NH 3) have been seen to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory has been criticized as being too general to be useful. Also, it has been thought that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, a property not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts. This acid–base theory was a revival of oxygen theory of acids and bases, proposed by German chemist Hermann Lux in 1939, further improved by Håkon Flood circa 1947 and is still used in modern geochemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts. This definition describes an acid as an oxide ion (O2− ) acceptor and a base as an oxide ion donor. For example: - + → MgCO - + → CaSiO - + → NO+ 2 + 2 SO2− Mikhail Usanovich developed a general theory that does not restrict acidity to hydrogen-containing compounds, but his approach, published in 1938, was even more general than Lewis theory. Usanovich's theory can be summarized as defining an acid as anything that accepts negative species or donates positive ones, and a base as the reverse. This defined the concept of redox (oxidation-reduction) as a special case of acid–base reactions Some examples of Usanovich acid–base reactions include: - + → 2 Na+ 4 (species exchanged: O2− - + → 6 NH+ 4 + 2 SbS3− 4 (species exchanged: 3 S2− - + → 2Na+ (species exchanged: 2 electrons) In 1963, Ralph Pearson proposed a qualitative concept known as Hard Soft Acid Base principle. later made quantitative with help of Robert Parr in 1984. 'Hard' applies to species that are small, have high charge states, and are weakly polarizable. 'Soft' applies to species that are large, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable. Acids and bases interact, and the most stable interactions are hard–hard and soft–soft. This theory has found use in organic and inorganic chemistry. The reaction of a strong acid with a strong base is essentially a quantitative reaction. For example, - HCl(aq) + Na(OH)(aq) → H2O + NaCl(aq) In this reaction both the sodium and chloride ions are spectators as the neutralization reaction, - H+ + OH− → H2O does not involve them. With weak bases addition of acid is not quantitative because a solution of a weak base is a buffer solution. A solution of a weak acid is also a buffer solution. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base an equilibrium mixture is produced. For example, adenine, written as AH can react with a hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO2− - AH + HPO2− 4 ⇌ A− + H The equilibrium constant for this reaction can be derived from the acid dissociation constants of adenine and of the dihydrogen phosphate ion. - [A−][H+] = Ka1[AH] 4][H+] = Ka2[H The notation [X] signifies "concentration of X". When these two equations are combined by eliminating the hydrogen ion concentration, an expression for the equilibrium constant, K is obtained. 4] = K[AH][HPO2− 4]; K = Ka1/ An acid–alkali reaction is a special case of an acid–base reaction, where the base used is also an alkali. When an acid reacts with an alkali salt (a metal hydroxide), the product is a metal salt and water. Acid–alkali reactions are also neutralization reactions. In general, acid–alkali reactions can be simplified to by omitting spectator ions. Acids are in general pure substances that contain hydrogen cations (H+ ) or cause them to be produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H 4) are common examples. In water, these break apart into ions: - HCl → H+ (aq) + Cl− 4 → H+ (aq) + HSO− The alkali breaks apart in water, yielding dissolved hydroxide ions: - NaOH → Na+ (aq) + OH− - Acid–base titration - Electron configuration - Lewis structure - Nucleophilic substitution and Redox reactions - Protonation and Deprotonation - Resonance structure - More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term "hydronium" be used in favor of the older accepted term "oxonium" to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted–Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid–base character. - "Removal of a proton from the nucleus of an atom does not occur - it would require very much more energy than is involved in the dissociation of acids." - The term solvonium has replaced the older term lyonium. - the term solvate has replaced the older term lyate. - Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – Table of discoveries attributes Antoine Lavoisier as the first to posit a scientific theory in relation to oxyacids. - Hall, Norris F. (March 1940). "Systems of Acids and Bases". Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (3): 124–128. Bibcode:1940JChEd..17..124H. doi:10.1021/ed017p124. - Miessler & Tarr 1991 - Meyers 2003, p. 156 - Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – table of discoveries attributes Justus von Liebig's publication as 1838 - Finston & Rychtman 1983, pp. 140–146 - Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) p.154 ISBN 0-13-841891-8 - Whitten K.W., Galley K.D. and Davis R.E. General Chemistry (4th ed., Saunders 1992) p.356 ISBN 0-03-072373-6 - Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 165 - Murray, Kermit K.; Boyd, Robert K.; Eberlin, Marcos N.; Langley, G. John; Li, Liang; Naito, Yasuhide (June 2013) . "Standard definition of terms relating to mass spectrometry recommendations". Pure and Applied Chemistry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 85 (7). doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06. (In this document, there is no reference to deprecation of "oxonium", which is also still accepted, as it remains in the IUPAC Gold book, but rather reveals preference for the term "Hydronium".) - "oxonium ylides". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (interactive version) (2.3.3 ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2014-02-24. Retrieved 9 May 2007. - LeMay, Eugene (2002). Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 602. ISBN 0-13-054383-7. - Brönsted, J. N. (1923). "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen" [Some observations about the concept of acids and bases]. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. 42 (8): 718–728. - Lowry, T. M. (1923). "The uniqueness of hydrogen". Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 42 (3): 43–47. - Miessler & Tarr 1991, pp. 167–169 – According to this page, the original definition was that "acids have a tendency to lose a proton" - Clayden et al. 2000, pp. 182–184 - Miessler & Tarr 1991, p. 166 – Table of discoveries attributes the date of publication/release for the Lewis theory as 1923. - Miessler & Tarr 1991, pp. 170–172 - Germann, Albert F. O. (6 October 1925). "A General Theory of Solvent Systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 47 (10): 2461–2468. doi:10.1021/ja01687a006. - Franz, H. (1966). "Solubility of Water Vapor in Alkali Borate Melts". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 49 (9): 473–477. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb13302.x. - Lux, Hermann (1939). ""Säuren" und "Basen" im Schmelzfluss: die Bestimmung. der Sauerstoffionen-Konzentration". Z. Elektrochem. (in German). 45 (4): 303–309. - Flood, H.; Forland, T. (1947). "The Acidic and Basic Properties of Oxides". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 1 (6): 592–604. PMID 18907702. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.01-0592. - Drago, Russel S.; Whitten, Kenneth W. (1966). "The Synthesis of Oxyhalides Utilizing Fused-Salt Media". Inorganic Chemistry. 5 (4): 677–682. doi:10.1021/ic50038a038. - Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1056. ISBN 0-08-022057-6. - Pearson, Ralph G. (1963). "Hard and Soft Acids and Bases.". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 85 (22): 3533–3539. doi:10.1021/ja00905a001. - Parr, Robert G.; Pearson, Ralph G. (1983). "Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (26): 7512–7516. doi:10.1021/ja00364a005. - Pearson, Ralph G. (2005). "Chemical hardness and density functional theory" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Sciences. 117 (5): 369–377. doi:10.1007/BF02708340. - Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2000). Organic Chemistry (First ed.). Oxford University Press. - Finston, H. L.; Rychtman, A. C. (1983). A New View of Current Acid-Base Theories. New York: John Wiley & Sons. - Meyers, R. (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. - Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (1991). Inorganic Chemistry.

<reponame>fgrid/iso20022<filename>AdditionalParameters23.go package iso20022 // Specifies additional parameters to the message or transaction. type AdditionalParameters23 struct { // Specifies whether there exists a pre-confirmation. PreConfirmation *PreConfirmation1Code `xml:"PreConf,omitempty"` // Specifies partial settlement information. PartialSettlement *PartialSettlement2Code `xml:"PrtlSttlm,omitempty"` // Unique reference identifying the triparty collateral management transaction from the triparty agent's point of view. TripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification *Max35Text `xml:"TrptyAgtCollTxId,omitempty"` // Unique reference identifying the triparty collateral management transaction from the client's point of view. ClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification *Max35Text `xml:"ClntTrptyCollTxId,omitempty"` } func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetPreConfirmation(value string) { a.PreConfirmation = (*PreConfirmation1Code)(&value) } func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetPartialSettlement(value string) { a.PartialSettlement = (*PartialSettlement2Code)(&value) } func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetTripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification(value string) { a.TripartyAgentCollateralTransactionIdentification = (*Max35Text)(&value) } func (a *AdditionalParameters23) SetClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification(value string) { a.ClientTripartyCollateralTransactionIdentification = (*Max35Text)(&value) }

The geographical origins of Western literature lie in areas as diverse as the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Central European Forests and the North western coasts, each of which had a lot of myths, legends and some of them were written down. Now, if you see Greek mythology, the family tree is so vague and confusing, that it will take any human more than 1 life to understand this tree. Let me put before you a few facts about the mythology of Greece :- - Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. - It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. - The word mythology, (“exposition of myths”), comes from Middle French ‘mythologie’, from Late Latin ‘mythologia’, from Greek ’μυθολογία mythologia’ (“legendary lore, a telling of mythic legends; a legend, story, tale”) from μῦθος mythos (“myth”) and –’λογία –logia’ (“study”). - Greek mythology has over a 1000 gods and goddesses, most of them being a product of inbreeding. - The prominent Gods of Greek mythology are… …… - Zeus – The All -Father - Poseidon – The god of Water (Restricted mostly to oceans) - Hades – The god of the Underworld - Apollo – The sun god and Zeus’s son - Hermes – The god of mischief - Dionysus – The god of wine - Eros – The god of Love - Hercules – The god of strength - Ares – The god of war - Hephaestus – The god of the blacksmiths - The prominent goddesses are ……. - Hera – Zeus’s sister as well as his wife - Aphrodite – The goddess of lust and Zeus’s sister - Athena – Zeus’s sister and daughter - Demeter – The goddess of fertility - Artemis – Goddess of hut - Hestia – The goddess of hearth and domestic life - Hecate – The goddess of magic - Hygea – The goddess of health and hygiene - Iris – The goddess of rainbows - Tyche – The goddess of prosperity and fortune

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression Thursday, June 2, 2016 What Does Evidence-based Therapy for Children Look Like? If you’ve never been in psychotherapy, the idea can be a pretty scary one. Revealing ourselves and our problems can seem so intimidating that we may think we’d rather just have the problems. Taking your child to psychotherapy is even scarier-- what will they do when I’m not there? What will they talk about? Will they say the problems are all my fault? Will my child learn to disrespect me? Will the therapist work against our family values? Parents may have to feel pretty desperate before they are ready to face some of the possible answers to these questions! When people start talking about evidence-based therapies, that can be scary too. The term just means that these treatments have been systematically tested and shown to give good results, but many parents are not sure what’s evidence-based and what isn’t, or how these “scientific” methods look different from any other kind of treatment. (Maybe they even involve electric shock, some may fear.) Fortunately, you can now have a good look at what happens in some evidence-based treatments for children, thanks to Dr. Cynthia Hartung of the University of Wyoming and her graduate students. They have made a series of youtube presentations that describe and give examples of treatments for certain childhood problems—I found these not only informative but quite fun to watch. You will enjoy watching them yourselves, but I will give a little summary about each. 1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression by Brooke Merrow & Kendal Binion This presentation gives an excellent discussion of the basic ideas of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This treatment is based on the very real links between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Changing the way people think about situations or people (including themselves) can change the feelings they have, and that in turn can change their behavior. Or things can work the other way around-- if behavior can be changed, the result can be that people think and feel differently about some aspects of their lives. Depressed behavior (like staying in bed all day) can create negative feelings and subsequent negative thoughts about the world, for example, and changing that behavior can give someone a chance to experience better feelings and more positive thoughts. 2. Coping Cat to Treat Anxiety in Children and Adolescents by Andrea Slosser & Shira Kern This presentation discusses treatment for the debilitating anxiety some children and adolescents experience, anxiety that interferes with many of their normal behaviors and experiences. It affects school performance, sports, friendships, and family relationships. An important point is that children’s anxiety may not be shown by restlessness or a fearful expression as we might expect, but instead may show up as irritability. Sleep problems may also occur and are likely to make parents more irritable too, as their sleep is disturbed by the child’s disturbance. 3. Parent Management Training for Childhood Behavior Problems by Adam Ripley & Alejandra Reyna This presentation focuses on way parents can learn to help children whose behavior is hyperactive, oppositional, or aggressive. These children may have been diagnosed as having Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or Conduct Disorder. The point of parent management training is not to blame parents or say they have caused a child’s problems, but to call to their attention how they can respond to the child’s behavior in ways that can make “good” behavior more likely. The basic idea is that under certain circumstances (antecedents), an unwanted behavior may occur. The consequences or results that follow that behavior will help to determine whether the behavior will happen again if the same antecedents are present (for instance, a child being teased or frustrated). To help decrease unwanted behaviors and increase wanted ones, parents need to follow the wanted behaviors by a positive reinforcement. (The video gives an excellent discussion of rewards and punishments.) Methods like time-out try to ensure that children are not accidentally rewarded for unwanted behaviors. Of course, for any of this to work, the child must be able to do what is wanted, or to stop doing what is unwanted. 4. What is Trauma-Focused CBT for Children & Adolescents? by Kati Lear & Sarah Steinmetz This treatment is aimed at reducing the distress and anxiety children and families experience after a child has been exposed to trauma-- an incident in which there is extreme fear and helplessness. A recent example of such a traumatizing event is the experience of the Cincinnatti family whose three-year-old slipped into the gorilla pit at the zoo during the Memorial Day weekend of 2016. A child who experiences a very frightening event may later have “flashback” memories as if re-experiencing the incident, may have family and other relationship problems and emotional outbursts along with difficulty in obeying rules, and these problems may last over some time, with impact on the family members’ states of mind and ability to help the child. The treatment helps child and parents identify and talk about the emotions connected with the event and eventually become able to talk to each other calmly about what happened. I hope that readers who are concerned about child emotional problems and who are hoping for effective treatment will look at these videos (thanks, Dr. Hartung and students!) and will also have a look at www.effectivetherapy.com for further discussion of evidence-based treatments for children. Do note that these treatments are not a matter of interminable psychotherapy-- generally, they involve fewer than 20 sessions, once a week.

Taiwanese soldier with C-UAV gun. The Taiwan Ministry of National Defense (MND) announced the deployment handheld of counter-unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) guns to Kinmen and Matsu, which are a group of islands located close to the Chinese mainland by controlled by Taiwan. The move follows several incidents involving UAVs – believed to be commercial or hobby-class platforms – originating from the mainland which have captured photos and videos of Taiwanese soldiers stationed on Kinmen islands. In one incident, surprised troops could be seen throwing rocks at the intruding UAV in an attempt to disable it. Another instance saw Taiwanese troops shooting down a UAV near the Kinmen islands. The new C-UAV guns constitute part of a new approach to address such harassment tactics, the MND stated. The devices are designed to disrupt communication between the UAV and its controller, causing it to perform a forced landing or return to its point of origin. The MND also revealed that at least one UAV had been repulsed from Kinmen islands by a C-UAV system on 3 September. The MND earlier announced that it will roll out new C-UAV defences at its bases in 2023, with bases on its outlying islands given priority. The ministry said development of a remote-controlled defence system has been completed and will be deployed at 45 facilities across Taiwan through 2026. It did not disclose details of the new C-UAV capability, but local media reports indicate that development has been led by the state-run National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) under a contract worth about US$147 million. NCSIST will reportedly install the systems at critical facilities such as air, naval, and missile bases, including those in remote areas and on outlying islands. NCSIST has stated that the C-UAV system can detect, track, and classify suspicious UAVs, and can offer several modes of disruption to halt UAV incursions.

Energy and stability have been the greatest questions in government since the ancients first developed the polis. Prior to the United States, no country made better efforts to perfect the art of separation of powers than England has made. Publius describes in Federalist 37 the need for stability and energy in the new government, while at the same time protecting the liberty of the people and the republican way of life. The Constitution of 1787 achieves these aims through a separation of powers between the three branches of the Federal government and the specific make up of the departments. In order to understand Publius’ argument better, it would be best to take his argument in Federalist 37 first, followed by his discussion of the relationship between the three branches of government. Lastly I will view his discussion of the specific make up of the various branches of the United States Government. Publius argues for the necessity of a separation of powers in the new government in order to provide for the necessary stability and energy in government while protecting liberty and republicanism. In order to do this he argues that there most be present a separation of powers between the Legislative, Executive and Judicial branches of government. Furthermore, there must be a separation of powers between that of the States and Federal governments. Publius says, “Among the difficulties encountered by the convention, a very important one must have lain in combining the requisite stability and energy in government with the inviolable attention due to liberty and to republican form.” The first attempt at creating a republic with the Articles of Confederation failed due to a lack of energy and stability within the government, thus it was pertinent to create in the new government fixes for these problems. Publius then goes on to explain: The genius of republican liberty seems to demand on one side not only that all power should be derived from the people, but that those intrusted with it should be kept in dependence on the people by a short duration of their appointments; and that even this short period the trust should be placed not in a few, but in a number of hands. This is the genius of the new Constitution according to Publius, it has attained the short periods of appointment and dividing the government among many hands. In order that the liberty of the people is not offended, they must remain the source of power for the government. Yet this is not enough, in order to understand how this present in the Constitution Publius explains further in papers 47-51. In the first of these papers, Publius addresses the allegations by opponents of the proposed plan that it lacks a separation of powers. Publius explains Montesquieu’s argument for the separation of powers by saying, “he did not mean that these departments ought to have no partial agency in, or no control over, the acts of each other.” The magistrate must have the authority to not only enforce the laws passed by the legislative, but also to veto laws that violate the Constitution, and the judicial cannot create laws but can advise the legislative. Publius then goes on to demonstrate that the various Constitutions of the states provide for more blending of the branches of government than the proposed Federal Constitution. And then in Federalist 48 Publius describes how the Federal Constitution provides a defense through a moderate blend of the branches of government. At first he argues: But in a representative republic where the executive magistracy is carefully limited, both in the extent and duration of his power, and where the legislative power is exercised by an assembly, which is inspired by a supposed influence over the people with an intrepid confidence in its own strength; which is sufficiently numerous to feel all the passions which actuate a multitude, yet not so numerous as to be incapable of pursuing the objects of its passions by means which reason prescribes; it is against the enterprising ambition of this department that the people out to indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their precautions. So in order to prevent the encroachments of the legislative on the rights and liberties of the people, the executive and judicial branches must have authority to reign in the power of the legislative. The legislative is also apt to encroach on the power and freedom of the other branches through pay, and thus they must be limited on how they are able to alter the pay of these other branches. Publius provides examples of Virginia and Pennsylvania where the powers of the legislative were not protected against and the judicial and executive branches were usurped by the authority of the legislative. Having demonstrated the dangers of allowing unbridled power to exist within the legislative branch, Publius goes on to explain how it might be possible to prevent the encroachments of one branch on the power of another. Federalist 49 provides for this explanation and Publius defines that the people alone are the source of charter for the Constitution and its parts. Thus the people alone should be consulted when the powers of the Constitution are in question as to demolishing them, or creating a new power. Appeals to the people are necessary in order to prevent the encroachments of power by the various branches. Yet frequent appeals are insufficient in protecting the freedom of the society. Not only this but it is impossible, as Publius explains, “The members of the executive and judiciary departments are few in number, and can be personally known to a small part only of the people.” Yet the legislative is many in number and can be known by a larger number of the people. Thus the legislative would be most likely to take advantage of the appeals from the people and thus encroach on the various powers of the other branches. As such frequent appeals of the people could turn out to be bad for the stability, energy and liberty of the society as the legislative might take their appeals as a mandate. And so how this can be moderated is discussed next by Publius. Publius states at the beginning of Federalist 50, “It may be contended, perhaps, that instead of occasional appeals to the people, which are liable to the objections urged against them, periodical appeals are proper…” In order to achieve this, Publius argues that a fixed period for appeals to the people could be detrimental to the purpose of those appeals. If they are too close together Publius argues, “the measures to be reviewed and rectified will have been of recent date, and will be connected with all the circumstances which tend to vitiate and pervert the result of occasional revisions.” Yet by the same token, if they are too far apart then the people are likely not to know each other and to be unaware of the circumstances which lead to the need for revisions. To demonstrate his point, Publius once again looks to the states for an example. He tells of how in Pennsylvania there had been a meeting of censorial council to remedy the defects of their Constitution. He elucidates however that the members of the council were prominent citizens who were members of the parties within the state. Secondly, some of the members of the council had served in the legislative and executive departments. Third, the proceedings of the council were disrupted by the factionalism of the members themselves. And finally, the council either did not understand the limits placed on the legislative and executive, or the legislative completely ignored the changes made by the censorial council. Publius demonstrates properly the difficulty of having occasional or frequent appeals to the people for the remedy of the defects for the Constitution. And so Publius goes on to discuss in Federalist 51 the structure of the government in regards to checks and balances. He states, “it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others.” The importance of each department having its own will is demonstrated in the preceding papers, where Publius demonstrates the likely chances of an encroachment and usurpation by the legislative. In order to achieve this, Publius also states, “It is equally evident that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices.” Thus the departments must have a will of their own and should not be made dependent on the other departments for their pay. But at the same time Publius argues that the members of the various departments must be given the constitutional means and personal motives to protect against the encroachment of another department on their own. Publius argues, “The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It must be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government.” However, Publius also reminds the reader that the legislative must be predominant in republics. In order to properly control the legislative against usurpation Publius argues: The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. By dividing the authority of the legislative, a republic is capable of controlling the growth of power and influence of the legislative. Yet this is not enough, as Publius points out it is important in a “compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments.” By dividing the legislative, you weaken its ability to encroach on the authority of the other branches. But by dividing the government into two different governments and allotting them different powers a republic can prevent the creation of a tyranny. However, one question still remains and that is how the different bodies of government are erected for the purposes presented in Federalist 51. The various branches must be provided with different powers so that no one branch can consolidate that power. The branches must also have varying degrees of separation from the people, so that the passions of the majority cannot rule in society. In regards to the legislative branch, the branch should be split into two distinct houses with one having more of a dependence and response to the people than the other. As the legislative branch is closest to the people, and thus lays one of legislative threats, it is proper that it be divided so as to limit this closeness with the people. The first branch of the legislative Publius discusses is thus the House of Representatives, which is designed to be the department most dependent on the people. Publius describes, “As it is essential to liberty that the government in general should have a common interest with the people, so it is particularly essential that the branch of it under consideration should have an immediate dependence on, and an intimate sympathy with, the people.” The House of Representatives will only share in the legislative authority of the government and will be able to respond to the passions of the people while the upper house will be able to filter out the reason. This great authority constitutes a need for a shorter duration of power as Publius states, “It is a received and well-founded maxim that where no other circumstances affect the case, the greater the power is, the great out to be its duration…” Further, the House of Representatives will be watched not only by the people through its direct dependence on them, but also by the collateral branch of the legislative. Next Publius discusses the Senate, which serves as the connection between the States and the Federal government as directed by the un-amended Constitution. On this Publius states, “It is recommended by the double advantage of favoring a select appointment, and of giving to the State governments such an agency in the formation of the federal government as must secure the authority of the former, and may form a convenient link between the two systems.” So that the States retain some type of authority under the new Constitution, it is important that they be given the authority to appoint the members of the Senate. The advantage of this stands that now law cannot be passed without the consent of both the people and the States. And it also serves as a way to prevent members of the legislative body from forgetting their constituents by requiring the laws to be passed by both distinct bodies. Publius goes on to say: The necessity of a senate is not less indicated by the propensity of all single and numerous assemblies to yield to the impulse of sudden and violent passions, and to be seduced by the factious leaders into intemperate and pernicious resolutions. The Senate’s mutability is important as well, so that the members restrain their passions and tyrannical nature. By having the Senate elected by the States, the States have their own elections for government offices. By changing the government representatives in the States, the Senate will be apt to change and thus opinions will be changed. Their length of office will allow the Senate the opportunity to learn the laws of the nation as well, and so that they are not constantly changing and that the opinions and measures remain some what consistent. The importance of the Senate within the make up of checks and balances and separation of powers is clear. It serves as a check on the passions of the people, while balancing the representation of the States within the Federal government. Further the two branches of the legislative provide for stability and energy in the new government by removing the passions of the people and allowing for competition within the branches. Thus next Publius discusses the executive branch, by far the most controversial of the day and most in need of defense by Publius. Publius discusses the mode of electing the President in Federalist 68. As with the legislative, the mode of electing the President must have a way of preventing the passions of the majority from ruling. Thus the Electoral College was devised as a way of preventing the encroachments of the people’s passions from entering into the election of the President. Publius describes, “It was equally desirable that the immediate election should be made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation.” By doing this the Electoral College is made up of a small number of individuals so that deliberation is permitted in the election of the new President. Publius says, “This process of election affords a moral certainty that the office of the President will seldom fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications.” As for the proper place of the executive in the stability and energy of government, he is of the most importance. As Publius says, “A feeble execution is but another phrase for a bad execution; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in theory must be, in practice, a bad government.” The executive must be strong and energetic in order to properly execute the laws he is charged to enforce. Publius calls “united; duration; an adequate provision for its support; and competent powers” to be what constitutes an energetic executive. Energy is found in unity as in a single person the powers of the executive can be carried out quickly without delay. If the executive power were divided among more than one person, it would be subject to deliberation which will prevent an energetic executive. Likewise, the President’s tenure of office is important for his energy. The duration of office is also an important element in the stability of the executive. If he stays too long, then he is apt to be too firm and possibly encroach on the powers of the legislative. Yet if he is tenure is too short then he is apt to fall prey to the legislative. Shortness in the tenure of office is also likely to prevent the interest of the executive from performing his duties. This is also the argument used by Publius in Federalist 72 in regards to the reelection of an executive; by allowing him to run for reelection, he will watch how he acts in office so that the people look upon him favorably. These are the aspects which allow for an energetic and stable executive, without which the government as a whole would lack stability and energy. Lastly, Publius discusses the importance of the Judiciary in the make up of the new Constitution. Publius calls the Federal judiciary, “the best expedient which can be devised in any government to secure a steady, upright, and impartial administration of the laws.” The purpose of the Federal judiciary he proposes is to prevent “the encroachments and oppressions of the representative body.” Publius counters the fears of judicial usurpation by asserting that the Federal judiciary will be the weakest of all the branches as it lacks power over the purse and sword. Publius further argues: Whoever attentively considers the different departments of power must perceive that, in a government in which they are separated from each other, the judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or injure them. The Judicial branch will have no authority over the purse or over the sword, but instead only over judgment. It will thus be able to prevent against legislative and executive encroachments by striking down laws which are contrary to the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the United States. The separation of the judicial from the legislative is also important so as to allow the judges to exercise their judgment without fear of reprisal by the legislative branch. Thus, the salaries of the judges cannot be lowered so as not to influence their opinions. Their tenure of office also allows for freedom of judgment in judicial matters. Their appointment is for during good behavior, which prevents their judgment from being dependent on reelection, which may have a negative effect on their opinions. Thus through the judicial department is called upon to be safeguard against the encroachments of the representative and executive bodies. It will further only have the power of judgment, not the power of the purse or the sword. And it will further lack dependence on the legislative branch because their salaries cannot be lowered and their tenure of office is during good behavior, not apt to reelection. The Federalist lays out a discussion of how energy and stability will be present in the new Constitution without violating the principles of republican government and the liberties of the people. As such, the basic necessity to ensure this requires a separation of powers. Publius describes how the various departments of the new government participate and uphold the principles of the separation of powers. He further demonstrates how the people and States partake in the controlling of the new government by their participation in the election of the houses of the legislative. Publius properly upholds his argument in Federalist 37 in his discussion of the following papers. Federalist 37, in Alexander Hamilton et al., The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter, introduction and notes by Charles R. Kesler (New York: New American Library, Mentor, 1999), 194. Federalist 37, 195 Federalist 47, 270 Federalist 47, 271 Federalist 48, 277 “as the legislative department alone has access to the pockets of the people…”Federalist 48, 278 “As the people are the only legitimate fountain of power…” Federalist 49, 281-282 Federalist 49, 284 “The members of the legislative department…” Federalist 49, 284 Federalist 50, 285 Federalist 50, 286 “If the periods be distant from each other…” Federalist 50, 286 “Pennsylvania in 1783 and 1784, was, as we have seen….” Federalist 50, 286 Federalist 51, 289 Federalist 51, 289 “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several…” Federalist 51, 289 Federalist 51, 290 Federalist 51, 290 Federalist 51, 291 Federalist 52, 295 Federalist 52, 298 Federalist 62, 345 Federalist 62, 346 Federalist 62, 347 “The mutability in the public councils…” Federalist 62, 348 Federalist 68, 380 Federalist 68, 382 Federalist 70, 391 Federalist 70, 392 Federalist 70, 392 “Duration in office has been mentioned…”Federalist 71, 399 “The first is necessary to give the officer himself….” Federalist 72, 404 Federalist 78, 433 Federalist 78, 433 Federalist 78, 433 Federalist 78, 433 Federalist 79, 441

I really like the idea of storing track comments, made possible by a tool from fladd. () What I really want, though, is pattern comments. (EDIT: Not quite. See additional edit below) I looked at the code for the track comments tool and saw that fladd very smartly used track names/numbers to anchor the comments. Observers on track edits are used to update the comment index (which are stored in the song comments field). Patterns (as best I can tell) do not have an editable identifier. You cannot name a pattern. You can locate a pattern using a track name and a pattern index, but then you have to carefully watch for pattern insertions/deletions. (EDIT: Not really. I'm confusing pattern with PatternTrack.) EDIT: Patterns can be named. Pattern names can be edit/read via Lua. But now I see what I want is PatternTrack comments. After some experimenting I found that you can edit an fx column entry to hold almost arbitrary values. There are some range constraints, but the value does not have to have any interpretable meaning. For example, I can enter NG A1 as an fx command. It has no meaning to Renoise; Renoise (happily) just ignores it. But custom tool code can use it to associate data. My scheme now is to anchor pattern comments by inserting a custom fx value; each would be unique to the song. This would allow for patterns (or comment anchors) to be moved around without losing the association with the comment data. (This also allows for per-line comments.) My casual empirical usage suggests that such "nonsense" fx values do not interfere with the regular operation of Renoise. One obvious downside is that there are only 8 available track fx columns; using one for comments might interfere with a later desire to have all 8 columns available for something else. I find this a negligible issue, one I think is rare to happen in actual use. And if a comment fx is in the way it can be moved to another line. Are there other possible issues? A future version of Renoise might become strict about fx entries. I'll worry abut that if it ever comes to pass. I'm concerned with some edge case with the current version of Renoise, something I've just not considered because of my own workflow. Thoughts? Edited by Neurogami, 03 April 2017 - 03:44.

Georgia Early Learning and Development Standards The Atlanta Pubic Schools' Pre-Kindergarten program offers a rich curriculum, presented to students in a developmentally appropriate manner. The Georgia Early Learning and Development Standards (GELDS), address the social, emotional, physical and cognitive development of students. Students engage in hands-on, authentic experiences designed to prepare them for kindergarten and beyond. For a more a detailed view of GELDS, please access the links below. Georgia Early Learning Developmental Standards The Pre-Kindergarten program addresses all GELDS, but places a heavy emphasis on the social and emotional development, letter and sound recognition, phonological awareness, language development, retelling story events and details, numbers quantities, and problem solving. The Pre-Kindergarten curriculum is taught through multiple topics and instructional units. Please see below for a list of suggested units of study. Pre-Kindergarten Units of Study Welcome New Friends Earth & Sky From Jungle to Desert Life on a Farm Shadows & Reflections Make It Move All APS Pre-Kindergarten classes use Opening the World of Learning TM(OWL) by Pearson as the main curriculum resource. OWL is a comprehensive Pre-Kindergarten program used to create an effective and developmentally appropriate classroom. An OWL classroom is a lively classroom, one that is full of books, songs, stories, and conversations. An OWL classroom is one in which children experiment and explore. Children engage in purposeful and playful learning experiences and develop academically, socially and emotionally. Instruction in OWL is systematic and addresses all domains of learning listed below. OWL also focuses on key learning goals within each domain and is designed to ensure that all Pre-K children have the opportunity to work towards attaining these goals. *Social Emotional Development *Language and Communication *Emergent Literacy: Reading *Emergent Literacy: Writing

This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right. You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box Susanna, A., N. García-Jacas, O. Hidalgo, R. Vilatersana, and T. Garnatje. 2006. The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: insights from ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Ann. Missouri. Bot. Gard. 93: 150-171. Page copyright © 2010 Page: Tree of Life Cardueae The TEXT of this page is licensed under the . Thistles. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies. - First online 11 January 2009 Citing this page: Tree of Life Web Project. 2009. Cardueae http://tolweb.org/Cardueae/104543/2009.01.11 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/. Thistles. Version 11 January 2009 (temporary).

Writing academic reports At some point in your academic or professional career, you may be asked to write a report on a specific topic. Academic reports are meant to provide information or data about a very specific topic for a particular audience (e.g. a report summarising data obtained from a medical survey written for an audience of doctors). Here, we’ll cover the steps involved in writing academic reports to help you create a well-written, polished report. Determine the purpose of your report and its audience Before you start writing, ensure that you know the desired purpose of the report. This will help you make sure you only include information that is relevant to the topic and that your audience will understand. If your report is aimed at experts in the topic you’re writing about, you won’t need to define common terms or provide extensive background information on the topic. Conversely, if you’re writing for a lay audience, you may need to provide some additional background information or other explanatory materials that you wouldn’t normally need to include. Conduct any necessary research If you haven’t already conducted your research, determine what areas you need to research and the best ways to go about that research based on the purpose of your report. If you have already conducted your experiment, survey, test, etc., you may still need to conduct some extra research based on the goal and audience for your report to locate any needed background information or other relevant data. Break the report down into pieces Most reports include specific sections, such as an introduction to the report and your topic, sections describing the methods used in your work and your results, a discussion of your results and a conclusion summarising the content of the report and making recommendations based on your results. Before you begin writing, it may help to create an outline showing the necessary sections so you can organize your thoughts and materials and determine which section to put your information into. Such an outline can help immensely when you actually start writing your report since you have a structure to work with. Once you know the purpose and structure of your report and you have all the information you need to include, it’s time to start writing. Ensure that you present your information clearly and concisely using well-written academic English [NOTE – link to academic English writing article?], and make sure you use proper grammar, spelling and punctuation [NOTE – link to grammar articles?]. Furthermore, remember to organize your information clearly within the main sections; it may help to include subheadings under your main section headings, although including too many subheadings can become distracting to readers. Revise your work Once you’re done writing, go back over your work to ensure that all the information you’ve provided is accurate and presented clearly. Check for errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, sentence construction, etc., remembering that the spell check in your word processing program won’t always catch every error. It may help to have a colleague or someone else read over your report to note any lingering mistakes or to point out places where the information provided is unclear or confusing.

Q: jQuery.getJSON - assign the data parameter to variable? I cannot assign the data parameter of the jQuery.getJSON function to variable. var storage; $.getJSON('server.json', function(data) { storage = data; }); console.log(storage); EDIT : ok I understand, so let's say the 'storage' variable is equals the server.json file, but i can't use it because the lines of code below the $.getJSON executed before the server answered, so how can i check whenever the server is answered? A: By "after that", you mean "below in the code", I suppose. If so, then it's not after the server answered. Use this : var storage; $.getJSON('server.json', function(data) { storage = data; console.log(storage); }); The callback you give to getJSON is called after the server has (asynchronously) answered. That's where you must handle the result. The lines of code just below $.getJSON(...); are executed before the server answered so they can't use the result.

|From L to R - Lake Erie, City Ship Canal, Peck Slip, Buffalo River - Connecting Terminal Elevator (left)| Lyons Elevator (Center), Wilkeson (right 2 towers) C.J. Wells (far right) (click photo to enlarge) The elevators are of two kinds: those which store the grain and those which merely transfer it directly from lake vessels to canal boat or car. The storage elevators are in principle all alike. Their vast enclosure is given up to huge bins for the storing of grain; machinery for the weighing and moving of grain; in some cases apparatus for cleaning or drying grain; and steam engines to furnish motive power for the whole. The transfer towers have merely the machinery for transferring the grain; they perform an office like that of moveable cranes. The elevators as already mentioned, might be compared to huge mosquitos. |Marine "Leg" at Watson Elevator - Union & Bennett| Elevators in Back L to R They plunge a bill-like "leg" (marine leg-Ed.) into the vessels to extract the grain. The old elevators had one leg, the newer ones have two or three. These legs play within a narrow slit, and can be moved up and down so as to be lowered into the holds of steamers. The leg of an elevator contains an endless belt studded at short intervals by cups or buckets. The leg is thrust a little distance into the grain in the hold of a boat; the belt begins to turn, and the cups scoop up the grain and carry it into the building. First the grain goes into bins where it is weighed in bulk, then it is carried to other bins for storage. The main purpose of the Buffalo elevators is to take the grain from lake vessels and put it into railroad cars or canalboats for transportation to the seaboard. Many of the elevators can unload into either cars or canalboats, some into canalboats alone. The apparatus for emptying the grain from the bin into the canalboat or car is very simple. The grain runs by its own weight from the bin overhead through a tube or chute into the car or boat below. From this little Dart Elevator have sprung |Model of Dart Elevator| End of Part Two,

|Scientific Name: Circus cyaneus| |Geographical Range: North America| |Diet in the Wild: The Northern Harrier is an omnivorous. They eat insects, small reptiles, amphibians, rodents, and other small birds.| |Conservation Status: These birds are not protected, but their population is diminishing due to the loss of grasslands to agriculture, industrial development, and urban sprawl. The Northern Harriers are considered an endangered species in Illinois.| |Location in the Zoo: Texas Wild| The Northern Harrier is a slender bird with long wings, a long tail, yellow legs, an owl-like facial disk, a conspicuous white rump (that shows easily in flight), and yellow eyes. Its wing span is 44 inches wide and the bird is between 17-24 inches in length. Depending on the region, some adult males have blue-gray upper parts or range from light gray to dark gray. The under part of an adult hawk is white and has a darker wing tips than the female. The female has a brown dorsally and streaked with brown ventrally and light buffy below. The females are larger than the male hawk. The juveniles resemble the female, but are more brown and more reddish below. The male Northern Harriers are polygamous, but during the mating seasons the male helps each female separately in her nest. The females built their nests on the ground using dry sticks, straws, weed stems, and grass. The nests are built by shrubby ground or near swamp. The male gathers the material for the nest, dropping material from above to the female. The harrier would make a loud scream, kee-kee-kee: kek, kek, kek, when someone disturbs her or is near her territory. The harrier's owl-like facial appearance is due to the presence of "filo feathers" that facilitate acute directional hearing. This is useful for crepuscular (twilight) hunting as well as diurnal (daylight) hunting. It can also be useful for locating prey in areas of higher vegetation (grasses and marshes) where vision is somewhat limited. The northern harrier has a flight of speed of 24- 38 mph, which includes flapping and gliding. It usually flies low over the ground, about 10-30ft. up. The northern harrier flies in a pattern of a few wing beats followed by a short glide, wings held slightly up in a V shape, then drops quickly to its prey. Young males have as few as one mate, while older males may attend to as many as four mates. The male tends to the nest that each of his females has established. Their nests are formed from grass, weeds, and reeds that are set in the ground or in bushes. Mating season is in spring. A female would incubate from four to seven eggs in her nest (commonly five eggs), for about 32 days. The eggs are pale blue in the beginning, then slowly turn to a dull white color, sometimes with spots of brown. The male is responsible for bringing food to the nest, but it is the female that will feed the young. After the eggs hatch, the female stays in the nest for up to six weeks, while the male leaves within five weeks. Animal at the Zoo: There is presently one male juvenile at the zoo at the age of one year old. Even in a close area the juvenile acts like other hawks in the wild. The juvenile has his head down as though he is hunting for food. Northern Harriers are found throughout North and Central America. Sources and Links: Triffo photo 3. Northern harrier gallery II . http://triffophoto3.tripod.com/tpo/id3.html Birds of Nova Scotia. Eagles, Hawks, and Falcon. Northern John K. Terres. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of Northern American Birds. ed 1st . 1980. Alfed A. Knopf : New York. WhoZoo Animal Index Birds at the Fort Worth Zoo

As the largest resource of information specific to women's brain health, we are sure you will find what you are looking for, and promise that you will discover new information. Published on: January 5, 2018 New research from Cambridge University, supported by European Union funding, has added weight to the theory that education protects against Alzheimer’s disease. The study, just published in the ‘British Medical Journal’, confirms there is a link between education and the build-up of ‘plaques’ and ‘tangles’ of misshapen proteins, which lead to the gradual death of brain cells, characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. The causes of the disease are still largely unknown and drugs treatments have suffered disappointing set backs in their development. So the focus of attention is shifting to trying to work out how to reduce the number of cases by tackling risk factors before the disease develops. This could be showing some success: research from the Cambridge Institute of Public Health has shown that the incidence of Alzheimer’s is falling in the UK, probably due to improvements in education, and smoking reduction and better diet and exercise. This latest study, titled ‘To determine which potentially modifiable risk factors, including socioeconomic, lifestyle/dietary, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory factors, are associated with Alzheimer’s disease’ involved 17 008 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 37 154 controls. It considered 24 potentially modifiable risk factors. Conventional observational studies have consistently shown that low educational attainment is associated with an increased risk and it has been estimated that 19 % of cases are potentially attributable to low education. Inconclusive evidence from conventional observational studies indicates that the following are risk factors: obesity; hypertension and high cholesterol in midlife; diabetes; smoking; low vitamin D and folate concentrations; hyperhomocysteinaemia (an abnormally high level of homocysteine in the blood), and high C reactive protein concentrations (an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection). Physical activity, a healthy diet, moderate alcohol drinking, and coffee consumption are associated with decreased risk. The researchers, in part supported by EU through the COSTREAM project, explain that available evidence is in large part inadequate as observational studies generally rely on self-reported information. They are susceptible to doubts arising from the relationship between cause and effect. Data from randomised trials are scarce and inconclusive. Bringing new evidence into the debate Researchers grouped the risks into categories: socioeconomic, lifestyle/dietary, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory. They studied genetic variants that increase the risk of a variety of different environmental risk factors to see if these were more common in 17 000 patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Results showed the strongest association with genetic variants that predict higher educational attainment. ‘This provides further strong evidence that education is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease,’ says first author Dr Susanna Larsson, ‘It suggests that improving education could have a significant effect on reducing the number of people who suffer from this devastating disease.’ How education might reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s is uncertain but it could be related to what is known as ‘cognitive reserve’, the ability to recruit alternative brain networks, or to use brain structures or networks not normally used, in order to compensate for brain ageing. Other research has shown that the same amount of damage in the brain is associated with less severe and less frequent Alzheimer’s in people who have received more education, which could support that theory. The evidence points to the fact that education, which helps to improve brain wiring, could be increasing the reserve of networks the brain can continue to draw on. COSTREAM (Common mechanisms and pathways in Stroke and Alzheimer’s disease) brings together epidemiologists, geneticists, radiologists, neurologists researching the similarities between both conditions, which have an overlapping pathogenesis. The team is harnessing their vast international network in order to link various big datasets along with combining novel analytical strategies with emerging technologies in the field of genomics, metabolomics, and brain MR-imaging. Regular exercise helps to bulk up our brains and improve thinking skills, numerous studies show. But physically demanding jobs, even if they are being carried out in an office, might have a... The number of older people, including those living with dementia, is rising, as younger age mortality declines. However, the age-specific incidence of dementia has fallen in many countries, probably because of improvements in education, nutrition, health... Among HIV-negative people, studies have found that loneliness can interfere with mental health, cognitive functioning and quality of life. In this population, one analysis has found that persistent loneliness is associated with a... The material presented through the Think Tank feature on this website is in no way intended to replace professional medical care or attention by a qualified practitioner. WBHI strongly advises all questioners and viewers using this feature with health problems to consult a qualified physician, especially before starting any treatment. The materials provided on this website cannot and should not be used as a basis for diagnosis or choice of treatment. The materials are not exhaustive and cannot always respect all the most recent research in all areas of medicine.

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Will biofuels save the planet Biofuels are a recent development, which has seen significant attention recently due to humanity's ever-dwindling supply of natural resources or more specifically our over-dependence on fossil fuels. This has stemmed a great deal of scientific research into the issue of alternative energy and bio fuels have been seen as a potentially environmentally and affordable way for us to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. Biofuels is really an umbrella term and it can mean almost anything, from hydroelectric power, which is generated from waves to wind, solar and other forms of generating energy. However, for the most part the term biofuels is used to refer to that of alternative substitutes for petrol, diesel or aircraft fuel. Up until recently, car manufacturers were highly reluctant to invest significantly in bio fuels research for mainstream vehicles. This was because biofuels are to some extent an unproven technology – we know it works; just there is little research on the overall benefits of biofuels not only to consumers, but also to the planet. This has meant that until further research has been completed, many industries are reluctant to join in to develop biofuels into a sustainable and realistic form of energy. Many people argue that the reason car manufacturers have started to adopt biofuels as a technology is mainly because of pressure from the world governments due to the environmental impact that fossil fuels are having on the planet. Speaking from an environmental perspective, the rate of consumption for fossil fuels has risen exponentially in the past twenty years and as a result, we are now faced with the reality that fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel will run out within the next hundred years.

There are mainly two sources of entertainment in India: cricket, and another is Bollywood. When we talk about Bollywood, it includes everything from movies to controversies to relationship status and many more things. Here I will tell you the real name of some famous Bollywood stars who have changed their name after coming into movies. Tiger Shroff started his career with the movie Heropanti. He is famous for his acting, dance move and also for his Martial Arts. His father, Jackie shroff, has given him the nickname Tiger, but the real name is Hemant shroff, known by very few people. Kiara Advani got fame from the movie MS Dhoni in 2016. After that, she has given many fantastic performances in films like Kabir Singh, Good News, Laxmi Bomb, and many more. But it will be interesting to know that her real name was Aaliya Advani. But she changed her name to Kiara at the suggestion of Salman Khan. She has taken this step because one Aalia is already present in the industry, creating confusion. Ajay Devgan is one of the most famous actors of Bollywood who has made many exciting and fantastic films. He is also famous for his stunt and especially for his entry on two vehicles. Recently his film Tanhaji was a huge success for him. But very few people know that before making a debut in Bollywood, his real name was Vishal Veeru Devgan. Prabhas got real fame worldwide after Bahubali, and this film has completely transformed his career and life. His recent movie Saaho with Shraddha Kapoor was also a blockbuster in every language. But his real name is a bit different and very long. Uppalapati Venkata Suryanarayana Prabhas Raju is his real name. But this name is very long, so he changed it to Prabhas before making his debut in movies. Rajnikanth is one of the greatest actors of all time in every film industry. People in South India treat him like a god, and he is also very popular in the whole country. He has given many super hit movies like Sivaji, Roboy, Kabaali, and many more. He is also one of the highest-paid actors in Asia after Jackie Chain. Before the film, he works as a bus conductor, and during those days, his real name was Shivaji Rao Gaekwad. Shilpa Shetty is famous for her acting and also for her craze for fitness. She has written and released many books and videos related to fitness which is very popular among the people who like to keep themselves fit. She has done many films like Baazigar, Main Khiladi Tu Anari, and she has also received the award for these films. But before his movie career, her real name was Ashwini Shetty, which she has changed at his mother’s suggestion.

Start Up Costs for Owning a Dog Today’s post is from our regular Wednesday contributor, Cat. So, I have this little creature in my house. Her name is Julep. You can see her picture on the left there. Julep is a 5 year old mixed-breed rescue dog who is so spoiled she sleeps with her head on my pillow. If you told her she was a dog, she’d be astonished, seeing as she operates her day-to-day life with the assumption that she’s human. I want you to know I begged my husband for this dog. We were only dating at the time, and I would talk incessantly about getting one. He would even take me on dates to pet stores where you could play with puppies for 15 minutes or so. He thought that would maybe quell my hope for having one of my own, but obviously it only made me want a dog more. I finally got Julep for my birthday in 2009, a few months after my husband and I got engaged. She was a rescue from a puppy mill, which had several litters of puppies all over the property. Of the 30 puppies at the puppy mill, Julep was the smallest and the one in the most need of care. So, once we were able to get her into our possession, she required a lot of vet visits. The start up costs of owning her were way more than what I predicted, so if you are thinking of owning a dog, here are some things to consider: 1. Vaccines & De-Worming I wasn’t as financially responsible 5 years ago as I am now, so I don’t have the exact numbers that we spent on Julep’s initial health check ups. I do remember that she had two different types of worms from the bad conditions she was living in, and that all of her initial vaccines and de-worming were approximately $500.00. 2. Spay/Neuter Unless you are a breeder or have show dogs, the responsible thing to do is to spay or neuter your pet. Given that Julep is a mutt and her history at the puppy mill, this was an easy decision for us since we did not want to further contribute to the problem. For $150 with a student discount, Julep got spayed and microchipped. 3. Crates and Collars You will have to buy a few different collars because you’ll need puppy sized collars and then as your dog grows, you’ll need other sizes. We had to do the same thing with dog crates. We thought that Julep was a German Shepherd mix based on her appearance and so we purchased a huge $100 dog crate from a friend. Well, it turns out that Julep stopped growing at 35 pounds, so the large crate was unnecessary. She now has one that is appropriate for her size, although we never use it now that she is grown up and potty trained. (She spends most of her day lounging on the couch or in a sun spot on the floor.) 4. Training Supplies Julep went through a 6 week obedience class starting when she was just 10 weeks old. This was about $150 if I remember correctly, and I’m really glad we did it. Although she’s definitely not perfect with her obedience, she can do some pretty fun tricks. This class also led us to buy special harnesses for walking her, etc. which all add up. In all my begging for this dog, I never took the time to look up how much she would cost. I was fresh out of school when I got her and about about start graduate school, so I definitely didn’t have $1,000 of discretionary income to spend on her medical bills, food, obedience training, and dog gear. I wasn’t tracking my spending at the time, and I’m sure it didn’t help the credit card debt that I eventually got into. Still, this little dog of mine was worth every penny. Now to see how she handles having her space invaded by two babies in just a few weeks… Do you have a dog? Do you remember the start up costs? We had a little Shih Tzu for 6 years (until she didn't get along with our new infant son) and I can't remember her being overly expensive. Yes, there was the occasional expensive vet visit, but as long as you budget for that and have some money stashed away, it isn't usually too bad. The cost that was an even bigger drain was the loss of freedom, and the cost of having to constantly care for the dog. Having to feed her, take her on walks, play with her, and not being able to just leave on a trip at the drop of a hat. There were quite a few times we had to turn down trips with friends because we couldn't find someone to watch the dog for us. So yeah, the costs of having a dog are a real thing to consider, but also don't forget the loss of freedom, the loss of time caring for the dog and all the emotions that will be invested in the dog.. Julep is a beautiful dog. Our friend is going to Japan for 5 years starting this Summer to be a missionary. We just might take in her Goldendoodle : ) She's going to bring her down to the cities (she lives about 2 hours away I think, not 100% sure) so we can meet her and see how Lena and her interact. Lena is a priority but it would be nice if they got along and Lena wasn't stressed out about it. I was on the humane society board for 10 years and I cannot tell you how many calls we got each week from people who couldn't afford food or vet bills for their pets. I certainly never thought of the costs when I got my first dog. I think most people consider what a bag of dog food costs and not much else. We have a dog and 2 kitties (all rescues). We paid a $250 adoption fee for our dog Brooklyn. We always say it's the best $250 we've ever spent. He brings us so much love and affection we could never pay him back. Cats too! Nothing makes me more upset or angry than when I hear stories of dogs and cats being returned or dumped because owners were irresponsible. I don't think people take a lot of these things into consideration. Julep is a sweetie! Cute dog! I have a Siberian Husky and it costs me about $1000 in his first six months. Although, I didn't enrolled him on any obedience class because I decided to teach him on my own. Dogs are deinfitely expensive! Ours had coccidia or something like that, and between the crate, spay, toys, and things she chewed, it was not cheap. But, I wouldn't trade her for the world. Timely post! We've been itching to get a dog for our toddler! I had no idea what it takes to get a dog! We have two dogs. One was pretty cheap because she is a mutt that we rescued. The other is a runt French Bulldog and the costs for him just keep going up and up. They are both neutered/spayed. We didn't pay much for that because an animal shelter near our home does it for super cheap (I think it was $30 each). However, I have heard of people paying $800! Then they needed a ton of shots, especially our frenchie because they just have overall bad health. Great overview of the rather high initial costs of owning a dog. Though I typically tell people that it's not the up front costs you need to worry about, but the decade plus ongoing costs of vet visits and dog food that get you. Still, when I come home to our goldens, tails-a-wagging, I think they're worth it. Excellent points. My dog came neutered but I still had to pay a $300 adoption fee. Super darling dog! My husband I got our two pups before our house was ready for them, so the cost of our fence could be factored into the cost of owning dogs! Otherwise, we paid $500 for them both which included puppy-training classes that we foolishly ditched. They were already neutered and also had the shots they needed at 8 weeks. I think the biggest unexpected expense came a full year later when one choked out the other -- $1,700 in vet bills later, our little guy was on the mend. Worth every penny! I thought about getting a dog but then my sister told me about all the costs involved and it's not really for me. She also told me about her costs for dog sitting when she travels. That can get expensive too if you don't have anyone to watch your pets. She is too adorable! Pet costs can really add up quickly. The responsible thing is to make sure you can afford one, or at least be willing to pay for their care. I work at a shelter and we have a lot of people wanting to turn their pets in because they don't have the money. It's heartbreaking! My cats aren't cheap but I don't regret rescuing them at all. I can't wait to have a dog! I love that Julep sleeps with her head on your pillow! And you absolutely have to think about start up costs for pets because they can certainly add up to significant numbers. We recently got a cat, which was a gift from my mother-in-law for my son, and even though she paid for the cat, we had about $500 in start-up costs. It made for a very expensive gift for us. Cute dog! My wife had two daschunds before we got married and we had them the first few years we were married (I've since learned that I hate daschunds ;)) and it's definitely not a cheap endeavor. They've since "retired" to SoCal with my in-laws and everyone is happier. ;) I'd like a dog but I need a puppy as I think an adult dog would "play" with my chickens and kill them. Getting them neutered is free in Guatemala as several charities want to reduce the number of street dogs. And these are the reasons I do not own a pet ;) At my rescue, we tell new adopters to budget around $300 is new-dog costs. But most rescues will pay for spay/neuters, vaccinations, and training (for larger dogs only). Don't forget checking to see if your city requires you to register your dog. In Chicago, it's only $5, but it's essential. Also, getting heartworm and flea/tick med is necessary too! Aw cute! That's so sweet of you to rescue Julep! We have an 11-year-old dachshund, Pablo. He was given to me as a gift by my ex. He's been a great dog and hasn't cost us much aside from annual shots and heartworm pills. =) @DC @ Young Adult MoneyAw thanks! She certainly thinks so. ;) And I hear goldendoodles are awesome dogs. I bet it would be okay with your kitty! @EyesonthedollarYeah, that is so so sad. :( I don't think I could work for a humane society. I would adopt every animal there. @StudentDebtSurvivorAw it's so worth it! @BeachbudgetI'll tell her you said so! And yes those people drive me bananas! @moneysavingdudeYes I think for our next dog we could probably do better with obedience on our now now that we've had one!! @ImpersonalFinanceFunny how we love them so much! @moneyconeOh yes they are so expensive but so awesome. I can't wait to give each of my twins a puppy someday! @SenseofCentsYea I've heard outrageous amounts for spay/neutering!! Not necessary when there are so many other places out there! @DonebyFortyThat's so true. She's def worth it!! @SimplySaveOh yes that's a lot but at least it went to a good cause! @HassleFreeSaverThanks we just love her! And oh my gosh that's scary! I can see how a fence would be a major expense! @Raquel@Practical CentsOh yes that too!! The last time we took a trip we left her at my in laws house but we are moving soon and will have to think of something else! @JourneytoSavingAw thank you! That's so cool you work at the shelter. I don't know if I could do it. I'd come home with a dog a day I think! @blonde_financeOh I have a post coming soon about expensive gifts like that! I love it when people say on facebook "Oh my husband is so awesome! He just bought me a car!" It's like no, honey, he just gave you a car payment. ;) lol. @FrugalRulesIt's so funny you say that. I had daschunds growing up. They are small yet mighty! Haha @RFIndependenceThat's great. The vet care in Grenada was super affordable - one of the nice things about it! @brokeandbeauHaha! Yeah they're not cheap! But really, look at that regal face! ;) @fitisthenewpoorOh yes registering is a start up cost that I didn't think of! :) And those monthly treatments aren't cheap. Speaking of, I need to find a cheaper place to get them. @Holly at ClubThrifty Pablo the freeloading genius!!! i didn't realize he was a dachshund!! I had those growing up - so fun! Yes definitely! I love my little dude so I try to support the shelter a bit throughout the year too

This is a multi-part story that has two to three different perspectives. It's set somewhere cold, in a remote location where a folktale/myth resides. Many who have been to this place to investigate this myth have disappeared. There's these things, which may be called, "whisperers" I think. It's not really made clear how these things came to be or what they're even are. At the start of the story, it begins with this woman sitting around a campfire in the snow. She's waiting for her husband/boyfriend, their mutual friend and another person to return. I'm pretty sure these people are researchers of sorts, investigating the aforementioned folktale of this place. There may have been more people in this group but i probably just forgot. I think in the other perspective of this story the husband and mutual friend are tying this guy up to a tree either as a sacrifice or a way to buy time. Then the whispers start whisping in the wind and they make a book for it, only to hear the screams of the poor sap tied to the tree as they make a run for it. Sorry if I couldn't have been as descriptive or as detailed as I could've been. It's been about a year since I read it on Reddit. :P

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VANCOUVER, B.C., March 1, 2017 – NetCents Technology Inc. (“NetCents” or the “Company“) (CSE: NC / Frankfurt: 26N). NetCents has appointed Edison Investment Research Group (Edison) to carry out analytical investment research on the Company in the form of periodic reports as well as international PR, executive interviews, and ADR research. Edison is a leading investment research and advisory company. The core of Edison’s services is their world-renowned equity research platform and deep multi-sector expertise. Edison has developed an intelligent distribution platform with analytics capability to identify global investment trends and market dynamics. The service helps companies identify new pools of investment capital, tapping into a network of institutional investors, specialist funds, and high net-worth self-directed and strategic investors. Edison has been tasked by NetCents to provide in-depth research the Company’s business model and strategies, including financial forecasts, equity valuation, and key sensitivities. Edison is also providing corporate strategy research to ensure NetCents’ senior management is aware of how current economic developments and capital market activity will affect the Company’s short, medium and long-term strategic plans. Edison has a research partnership with TASE and Deutsche Börse providing buy-side services which include access to analysts, customized research and alpha-generating investment ideas. Edison was founded in 2003. It is based in London, The United Kingdom, with additional offices in New York, New York; Sydney, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand; Frankfurt, Germany; and Tel Aviv, Israel.

Norepinephrine, which is also known as noradrenalin or levarterenol, is a secretion by the human brain that is being excreted by the adrenal gland. It acts as a neurotransmitter as well as the stress hormone in your body. It is present in the medulla of adrenal gland in central nervous system and sometimes in sympathetic nervous system as well. It is also being used in hospitals commercially as a treatment to dangerously low blood pressures of patients. As a neurotransmitter, the function of norepinephrine is to transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another and treating unhappiness in turn. While as a stress hormone, it produces sudden energy and power in the body during a stressful situation so that your body will become able to give fight and flight responses to the stress. As it is secreted by the adrenal gland, it works alongside with adrenaline to produce energy in the body. On the other hand, its structure is also similar to that of adrenaline. Functions of Norepinephrine The main functions of norepinephrine are: • To produce energy in the body during stress, • To increase blood pressure, • Increase blood flow in blood vessels providing it to the body muscles appropriately, • Stimulates the amount of sugar in blood by producing glucose in the liver, • Necessary element to use while performing CPR • Activating central nervous system and autonomic system to give response to the stress by making them ready for the fight and flight responses • Triggering pituitary glands to produce cortisol, which works to limit the amount of neurotransmitters to safe body from any harmful effects • Used in different drugs such as anti-depressants and hypotension medicines Although, norepinephrine is a life savior and a very important hormone but its excessive amount can cause serious effects of norepinephrine in your body. Sometimes, effects of norepinephrine are quite painful and annoying. The unbalanced production of this stress hormone and neurotransmitter can also cause serious ailments to you. Therefore, in extreme cases effects of norepinephrine are harmful and troublesome at times. Generally, when norepinephrine is injected into the patient’s body he starts responding to it depending upon his condition. For instance, if the severity of the patient’s condition makes doctor confusing and an inappropriate amount would have been injected into the patient’s body then it might cause mouth and throat swelling and breathing problems to the patient. In such case, it is very important to provide medical assistance to the patient as soon as possible. In extreme cases, it can also cause side effects like: • Less urination • Visionary changes • Disorganized speech However, herbal supplements for norepinephrine are quite effective in balancing the amount of norepinephrine in the body and finding out the mental disorder definition that affects you. Ginseng is one of the commonly used herbal supplements for norepinephrine whose roots have the ability to produce neurotransmitters to overcome anxiety and stress. You can also get a wide variety of herbal supplements for norepinephrine over the internet, which is quite helpful to maintain the amount of neurotransmitters in your body. However, you have to discuss with your doctor first before using any supplements to maintain the levels of neurotransmitters in your body.

In 1986, whilst working in Fon Studios, Sheffield, in a 54-hour marathon session he engineered and mixed the Age of Chance - Kisspower Remix (the first UK cut'n'paste record, beating "Say Kids, What Time Is It?" by about six months). Between. Currently, Alan Smyth is 49 years, 10 months and 17 days old. Alan Smyth will celebrate 50th birthday on a Monday 7th of November 2022. Find out about Alan Smyth birthday activities in timeline view here.

Phishing is a technique used by hackers to try to trick users into clicking on dangerous links or asking them to share sensitive information. Phishing attacks can take many forms, including emails, social media messages, text messages, and even phone calls. If you fall victim to a phishing attack, you can lose your sensitive data, money, and identity information. That’s why it’s important to understand the risks of phishing and how to avoid them. How do phishing attacks work? Phishing attacks are usually designed to look like emails or messages from trusted sources, like your bank, a company, or even your own friends. They may contain dangerous links or requests for sensitive information such as your passwords or credit card numbers. If you click on a dangerous link or provide your sensitive information, hackers can access your data and/or take control of your account. Phishing attacks can be very convincing, but there are often clues that can help you identify them. For example, phishing emails may contain spelling or grammatical errors, urgent or threatening requests. If something doesn’t seem quite “normal”, it’s best to take some time to verify the authenticity of the source before clicking on a link or sharing sensitive information. For more information on phishing, see our article What are the different types of phishing. How do you protect yourself against phishing attacks? There are several steps you can take to protect yourself and your organization from phishing attacks: Be careful : As mentioned earlier, phishing attacks can be very convincing. Make sure to always be vigilant when you receive emails or messages from sources that you don’t know or that seem suspicious. Do not click on links or share sensitive information without verifying the authenticity of the source. Use phishing protection: There are plenty of security software out there that can help protect your business against phishing attacks. For example, you can use email filtering software to block phishing messages before they reach your inbox. You can also use security software that scans the links in your emails and messages to detect dangerous ones. By using these types of software, you can significantly reduce the risk of phishing for your organization. Make your team aware of the risks associated with phishing: Let them know how to identify phishing attempts and encourage them to report any suspicious emails or messages. You can also set up a clear security policy that defines the measures to be taken in case of doubt about the authenticity of an email or message. By using phishing protection and educating your staff about the risks, you can protect your business from phishing attacks and keep your sensitive data secure. Common cybersecurity mistakes can put the security of your information online at risk. To protect your accounts and data, it is important to use strong and unique passwords for each account. Also, be vigilant when you receive emails or messages from dubious sources. Remember to browse the web safely and always update your software and applications. By taking these precautionary measures, you can significantly reduce the risks to your online security. We can never repeat it enough, training is also part of the best practices to follow to protect yourself against risks. If you want to deepen your team’s knowledge of cybersecurity, don’t hesitate to contact our experts who will be able to advise you on the latest methods in terms of phishing awareness.

After Spa comes Monza. It just does. That is how it is. Next year they want to put Valencia between them and I scoff at their plans! There is something special about F1 at Monza. Maybe it is the autumnal light and the hint of a change in the leaves of the many trees in the park in which the track resides. Needless to say this place has history bleeding out of it. It was constructed in 1922 and was only the 3rd permanent race course in history, after Brooklands and Indianapolis, according to F1.com (hmm, wonder if fans of the Milwaukee Mile might disagree?). Monza, like Silverstone and several of the other old classic tracks, is a bit rough around the edges. A bit tatty, bits of it falling down. That’s why we love it – it has character, it has a ‘lived-in’ feel despite the modern paint and added safety features, yet it still has a bite – F1 cars exceed 200mph on the main straight. The final round of the season for the endurance racers of Europe – apart from the few taking in Petit Le Mans with the ALMS and the new Asian round in Japan! The LMP1 title fight is between Aston Martin and the chasing Pescarolo (gonna be honest, I’m not sure how the other classes sit). Of note is Nigel Mansell’s return to top line international motorsport in a Ginetta-Zytek in LMP1. UK -The start is at 11.30am on British Eurosport with 1 hour of coverage, along with 45mins at 4.45pm.

Spraymalt Muntons (500g) connoisseur. Spraymalt Muntons (500g) - Dark (44-70) - Extra Dark (70-120) - Extra Light (8) - Light (7-12) - Medium (22-44) - Wheat (12) Muntons - Spraymalt: Easily Improve Any Beer Kit Easily improve any standard beer kit with Muntons Spraymalt! Your beers will turn out more flavourful, stronger, and with a fuller and richer body. Simply substitute the recommended amount of sugar, or add spraymalt to any standard recipe. WHAT ARE SPRAYMALTS? Spraymalts are fine, powder-dried malt extracts that come pre-mashed. When you use malt extracts, you won’t need to do the mashing yourself. In fact, all you need to do is boil the wort. Many homebrewers in America use this method of brewing, which is called a mini-mash or partial mash. Because of their concentrated nature, the same amount of malt extract does not contain the same amount of sugar as an equal amount of barley malt. The following table can help you when brewing: 1kg malt extract powder = 1.60kg malt 1kg barley malt = 0.62kg malt extract powder USING MALT EXTRACT AS A YEAST POWDER Use 100g malt extract powder and dissolve in 800ml water. Boil for 5 minutes. Allow the mix to cool to 20-25°C and pour into a sterile Erlenmeyer flask or a bottle with an airlock. Add the yeast. SUGGESTED USES FOR MUNTONS SPRAYMALTS 1. Replace half the recommended amount of sugar with Muntons Spraymalt. For example, if a recipe calls for 1kg of sugar, use 500g of sugar and add 500g of spraymalt. This way, you can greatly improve the overall quality, flavour, and colour of your beer. 2. You can also substitute the entire recommended amount of sugar with spraymalt. If a recipe calls for 1kg of sugar, simply use 1kg (2 packs) of spraymalt. Important note: when you use this method, you must use Muntons Premium Gold yeast because your beer will turn out particularly rich and full-bodied. This requires better fermentation characteristics than standard yeast. With this recipe, you can transform any standard beer kit into a premium kit. Soon, you’ll be on your way to brewing beer of the utmost quality. 3. You can add spraymalt to any standard recipe to improve the malt flavour and brew a richer and stronger beer. If a recipe calls for 1kg of sugar, simply add one pack (500g) of Muntons Spraymalt to the recipe for brewing. Your beer will retain its natural character, but will be 20% stronger than if you were to use the original recipe. Spraymalt is a wonderful, easy, and convenient way to brew better beer with any standard beer kit! HOW TO STORE MALT EXTRACT POWDER Since malt extract absorbs moisture from the air, you should keep it in a dry and cool place. Once you open a package, reseal tightly, with as little air as possible left in the pack. One pack Muntons Spraymalt contains 500g of malt extract. Available in 6 colours: Extra Light, Light, Medium, Dark, Extra Dark, Wheat

Luckily, the silver fox wasn’t too stubborn. Despite its craving for the seeds, it still leapt into Han Sen’s arms when called. Han Sen took a long sigh, and with Queen, ran off. They didn’t draw near to the sea, either, so they tucked themselves into a hidden spot near the base of the hills. Shortly after they left, the peacock-looking bird swooped down to where they had been. The lobster also came ashore, madly snapping its pincers as it rapidly scuttled inland and up to the hill where the lotus resided. The war for the lotus had begun. After observing the lotus seeds, it seemed even the peacock acknowledged the fact that they weren’t yet ripe. So, instead of waiting, the bird turned around and screamed at the lobster. The lobster, with its claws snapping, skittered towards the bird. Its large body and shell didn’t seem to slow it down in the least. The peacock opened its wings and took off into the sky. It broadened its feather train like a fan in a display of hostility. Beneath its green plumage was a collage of impeccable eyespots that emitted a blue light. When Han Sen looked into the eyespots that decorated the peacock, he felt dizzy. He almost felt as if he was going to faint. “Don’t look at its blue lights,” Queen said, already having closed her eyes. Her purple light was swirling around inside her, signifying she had already activated her gene lock. Han Sen did what she bid and also used his hands to cover the eyes of the silver fox, but still, the blue light somehow managed to pierce his eyelids. He quickly turned around and moved to hide behind a rock, which brought him instant relief. Queen hid behind a rock, as well, with neither of them opting to open their eyes for a second. For now, they could only rely on their ears. Han Sen used Jadeskin to activate his gene lock, as it didn’t require him to have his eyes open. With it, he could survey the entire area and reconstruct the entire scene without looking. The giant lobster looked drunk as it rampaged to the left and right in response to the peacock’s blue light. With its foe affected so badly, the peacock found an opening for its attack. The lobster’s shell was unbelievably sturdy. When the peacock feistily pecked it, the only damage it sustained was a white scratch mark. Han Sen watched their combat in awe. While the lobster may have seemed to be at a great disadvantage, its shell proved to be a most hardy defense for it. The peacock couldn’t do anything to hurt it. The blue light from the eyespots across the peacock’s plumage continued to make the lobster dizzy, however. Without being able to deal damage, they both seemed to be at a stalemate. But still, they had both come here for the lotus seeds. If the peacock could keep the lobster suppressed long enough for the plant to fully mature, it could quickly grab the seeds, gobble them up, and fly away. All while the lobster continued flailing around as if it were blind. “What should we do?” Han Sen asked himself. “There is nothing we can do. The peacock’s blue light makes others dizzy. Even if we closed our eyes and rushed in, our eyelids aren’t strong enough to block out the light entirely. And how are we supposed to fight two super creatures with our eyes shut? We’d be stabbing in the dark,” Queen replied. Han Sen did not respond. He suddenly smelled something quite pleasant, and noticed it was coming from the lotus seeds. The lotus was starting to emit a red light, and a red fog crept out of it, masking the area in a red haze. As ominous as it looked, its scent was delightful, and strong enough to be smelled from every corner of the island. “The seeds are about to mature!” Han Sen continued observing the fight between the peacock and lobster, still of a mind to get the seeds before anyone else could. He couldn’t wait until sometime after they had matured because the monsters would be upon them, swallowing them all in one nibble. Compared to the size of the peacock and lobster, the seeds weren’t even big enough to get stuck in their teeth. The silver fox looked like it wanted to jump out of Han Sen’s arms any second, and its ardent desire for the lotus seeds was readily apparent. However, when it opened its eyes to take a look, it quickly buried its head in Han Sen’s chest. The blue light was an extreme deterrent. While Han Sen was wondering whether or not he should rush over there, an ill feeling swept over him. A noise came from the sea. “Even more super creatures are coming?” Han Shen wondered in annoyed bewilderment. Using his seventh sense, he quickly surveyed the seaside. What he saw frightened him a great deal. All around the island, a vast host of different creatures had come, all of the mind to grab the lotus seeds for themselves. There were many more that Han Sen could not even describe. A large group of creatures marched their way inland in the direction of the lotus. “Holy smokes?! What are these lotus seeds? The pleasant smell even makes them ignore the silver fox’s presence. Disregarding the existence of the super creatures on the island, they all seem intent on taking the lotus seeds for themselves.” Han Sen was more than surprised. It was difficult to wrap his mind around what sort of substance would actually incite so many ordinary creatures to muster the sort of courage required to go up against super creatures. In the sky, many more sea birds and flying creatures appeared. Without fear, they swooped down for the lotus seeds, ignoring the presence of the super creatures that were locked in combat. But when they entered the zone that was bathed in the peacock’s blue light, they all crashed to the ground. It seemed as if ordinary creatures could not withstand the light at all. Some were killed by the light, others fell victim to the violent thrashing of the lobster and peacock. It wasn’t long before a vast number of bodies had collected to build a hill of their own, one that was dyed red. “Let’s fall back; it’s too dangerous here,” Queen said, as she started to retreat from the scene. But the silver fox jumped away, not wanting to leave either. His body was unable to even stand straight in the light, almost as intoxicated as the lobster. Although the light could not deal the silver fox damage, it would have been difficult for it to exert the strength needed to go up, get the seeds, and get out. “You get out of here. Don’t worry; I’ll give you some of the seeds after I collect them,” Han Sen told the silver fox. The silver fox either did not hear him or was too stubborn to leave. It wanted to grab the lotus seeds despite its incapacitation. Han Sen grabbed the silver fox and forced it back. It was behaving like almost any other creature, giving up everything it could to take the lotus seeds. The peacock and the lobster were still sealed in turbulent conflict with one another. If any other creature tried to ascend the hill, they would be killed in the midst of their battle. Winning the lotus seeds would be a most difficult prize. All of a sudden, from inside the lotus, a bright light burst forth. It was red, and it beamed into the sky, widening like the bloom of a flower itself. The pleasant scent carried across the entire sea, urging even more creatures to come and battle for it. The lotus was ripe.

4Pure Substance Elements Matter that can not be broken down into simpler substances under normal lab conditionsContains only one kind of atomAtom MoleculeElements (symbols) Na, Au, CWhere can you find a list of all the elements? 5Pure Substance Compounds Can be separated into elementsComposed of two or more elements that combine in a chemical reactionCombine in a fixed proportionExamples – NaCl, H2O, Fe(NO3)3++ 6Which are elements and which are compounds? Compounds contain more than one element. They always have the same composition, regardless of source (law of constant composition; law of definite proportions). 7Mixtures Granite A blend or combination of two or more pure substances Not chemically combinedComposition of mixtures is variableGranite 8Mixtures Heterogeneous A heterogeneous mixture is one that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct.Mixture with visibly different parts.Sand + waterSalt + PepperM & M’s 9Mixtures HomogeneousA homogeneous mixture has constant composition throughout; it always has a single phase.Mixture with no visibly different parts.Sea water: H2O + NaClAir: N2 + O2 + CO2 10Practice Classifying Matter Make a list of 3 things (and their parts) found in the classroom. Classify these assolid, liquid, or gaspure substances or mixtureshomogeneous or heterogeneouselements or compoundsBe prepared to share your classifications? 11Classify Draw a picture that represents a pure compound. mixtures pure substanceselementscompoundsDraw a picture that represents a pure compound. 12ClassifyClassify each of the following as, a homogenous or heterogeneous mixture, pure substance; element or compound.CH4 (methane gas)KMnO4 (potassium permanganate)Co (cobalt)Al + H2O (aluminum and water)Draw atomic level pictures of each substance. 13Law of Definite Proportions (% By Mass) The mass of the compound is equal to the sum of the masses of the elements that make up the compound.The ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound is a percentage called the percent by mass. 14Review Questions Identify each of the following as an example of a homogeneous mixture or aheterogeneous mixture.A. a pile of rusty iron filingsB. 70% isopropyl rubbing alcoholC. SaltwaterD. Gasoline 15Review Questions Identify each of the following as an example of an element or a compound.A. sucrose (table sugar, C6H12O6)B. the helium in a balloon (He)C. baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3)D. a diamond (carbon, C) 16Review Questions A 134.50-g sample of aspirin is made up of 6.03 g of hydrogen, g of carbon,and g of oxygen. What is thepercent by mass of each element inaspirin? 17Review Questions A 2.89-g sample of sulfur reacts with 5.72 g of copper to form a blackcompound. What is the percentagecomposition of the compound? 18Calculate the % mass of each element in C6H12O6 Atomic mass of C = 12, H=1, O=16

Mamut Point of Sale is a point of sale application which is ideal for small businesses. The program is quite user friendly and has a lot of useful features. It can be used with touch screens, printers, customer displays and bar code readers. Add in your company logo and choose the information you want displayed on your receipts, invoices and credit notes, giving your shop a consistent and professional image. Because Mamut Point of Sale connects with Mamut’s financial systems, you can view a customer´s history while they are in the shop. See what they have bought previously, allowing you to recommend relevant products. Personalized follow up makes it easier to sell more to all of your customers, again and again.

Two events of historic note occurred a century ago on February 26, 1919: Congress names the Grand Canyon in Arizona a National Park. It was a hundred years ago on the 26th of February 1919 that Congress designated the Grand Canyon a national park. People from across our nation and the globe consider it a geologic “wonder of the world” and a must-see tourist destination. An estimated five or six million recreational visitors venture annually to northwestern Arizona to see and experience the Grand Canyon – on foot, by mule, in boats, and even on a glass-bottom skywalk. No doubt, to a large percentage of these tourists, a hundred years seem like a substantial period of time. [image from the internet] [images from the internet] But, as a recent npr report reminds us, “long before it became a national park, the Grand Canyon was a place many Native Americans called home.” How long, one might ask? The following statement at the Grand Canyon’s official website places the passage of a single century into its proper context: “The oldest human artifacts found [within the park’s boundaries] are nearly 12,000 years old and date to the Paleo-Indian period. There has been continuous use and occupation of the park since that time.” Many Native Americans continue to call the Grand Canyon home. But, as the npr report underscores, Native Americans have had “a really long, bitter relationship with the park.” That “relationship” has included forced removal and sequestration. And tensions continue today. As noted at the canyon’s website, “The park’s 11 Traditionally Associated Tribes and historic ethnic groups view management of archeological resources as preservation of their heritage.” And, as reported on npr, tribal leaders seek not only an opportunity to tell their stories, but also economic empowerment. Congress designates Maine’s Acadia (then, Lafayette) the first National Park east of the Mississippi River. Its name was changed in 1929 to Acadia, but on February 26, 1919, Congress also formed Lafayette National Park, the first national park located east of the mighty Mississippi. In contrast to the massive Grand Canyon park, which covers 1.2 million acres, Maine’s Acadia National Park encompasses just over 49,000 acres in three main areas, the largest located on Mount Desert Island, a short causeway from the mainland. Although I have yet to visit the Grand Canyon, I know and appreciate Acadia’s scenic beauty – rocky coastlines, pristine ponds and lakes, granite mountains, secluded sandy beaches. Thanks to dear Buffalo friends, Franca and the late Robin Bannerman, I frequently stayed (starting in the early 1980s) at their rustic cottage in Bass Harbor on “the working-side” of Mount Desert Island. Although, admittedly, I didn’t give thought to it while enjoying the beauty of Mount Desert Island, I now can’t help but wonder when it was that Native Americans first hunted and lived on lands that we now call Acadia National Park. How long did they remain on this land following the arrival of Europeans to their rocky coast? Curiously, Acadia’s website omits any references to what was occurring on Mount Desert Island and the nearby coastline area prior to the nineteenth century. Instead, we are told that “we have all inherited these hallow grounds from those dedicated visionaries who came before us” – not indigenous people, but wealthy philanthropists who “anticipated the dangers that over-development would bring to this coastal wonderland.” Hopefully, I’ll have the opportunity in the foreseeable future to investigate the pre-colonial history of the lands included in Acadia. But now I’d like to share with you a very personal reason that February 26, 1919 holds such significance to me. It was the day my father was born. The birth of my father, Arthur P. Giacalone (1919 – 2008). My father was born on February 26, 1919 in Lodi, New Jersey to Sicilian immigrants, Ignatio and Virginia (D’Amore) Giacalone. He was the fifth of five children, and remained, for better and for worse, “the baby” of the family his entire life. [This is the only photo we have of my father’s parents, Virginia and Ignatio. Sadly, we have no pictures of my their son as a child.] Attilio was Dad’s given name, a fact I was unaware of until I was perhaps 10 or 11 and asked him why my grandmother would often call him “Tee-lee.” According to my father, his first- grade teacher refused to call him Attilio because it was such “a silly name,” and insisted on using the name Arthur. The moniker stuck, at least when he was outside of his mother’s earshot. As with most first-generation immigrants, the Giacalone family struggled to make ends meet. Although my father rarely complained about his childhood, I can recall him mentioning on several occasions how embarrassed he felt when classmates would tease him because of the worn, hand-me-down, wooly knickers he would wear to school, around the neighborhood, and when accompanying his father peddling produce. It’s no wonder that Arthur P. looked so baffled when his teenage sons insisted on wearing torn and ragged jeans in the 1960s My paternal grandfather, Ignatio, died when my father was only four. The entire Giacalone family moved from Lodi, NJ to Rochester, NY a few years later. The Great Depression proved a difficult obstacle for his mother and siblings. My Dad never finished high school (a fact he tried to hide from his children who had the good fortune of attending school as long as they wished), dropping out in the 11th grade to help support his mother. Dad and his older brother Frank, worked as box-makers at a local lumberyard. Perhaps it was this period at the lumberyard, with the two young men inhaling sawdust and other airborne contaminants (along with decades of smoking Camel cigarettes), that weakened their lungs and contributed to the emphysema that eventually robbed them both of their vitality. My Dad rarely spoke about the three years and eight months he spent as a soldier in the U.S. Army during WWII. He did tell us that he had spent time in New Guinea and the Philippines, that he was wounded by shrapnel while in a foxhole making pancakes on an Easter Sunday morning, which resulted in a large scar on his back (which always reminded me of an upside down ice cream cone) where his right shoulder blade belonged. He also would smile and occasionally mention his Filipino girlfriend (but never provided details). Dad also shared the fact that he had contracted malaria twice while in the Philippines (and sent back to the front when considered healthy enough to fight). Sadly, I never had the courage to talk with him about the horrors that he must have experienced, or the friends that he lost, and we never spoke about the camaraderie that he shared with his fellow soldiers. Private First Class Arthur P. Giacalone was of a generation that didn’t allow itself the comfort of openly discussing their fears or nightmares. And he was the product of a society that refused to acknowledge Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the impact the horrors of war had on the young men and women who experienced it firsthand. He never once took out his Purple Heart on Memorial Day, or put on his uniform to march in a 4th of July parade (although he always remained trim enough to easily fit into it). He was, nevertheless, proud to be an American. Ironically, a window into my father’s war years opened up on the same day that the door was shut forever on any opportunity to talk with him about those years. Shortly after returning to my parents’ home a few hours after he died on January 11, 2008, my mother, searching for papers requested by the funeral parlor, found an envelope with military papers I had never seen before. They included his Honorable Discharge papers, an “Enlisted Record and Report of Discharge” form, and two handwritten pages of a chronology my Dad had prepared which started on 2/27/42 when he “Left home,” and ended on 11/28/45 when he wrote in large print: “Arrived HOME 11/28/45.” As my brother so aptly expressed during my father’s eulogy, one common thread throughout my Dad’s life was his love for his family, his mother and siblings (who all pre-deceased him), and his wife and children. He met his beloved wife of 60 years, Connie M. Papagni, not long after the war (legend has it that he was showing off for her at Rochester’s Charlotte Beach by doing headstands). They were married on September 13, 1947. Being “good Catholics,” my sister Linda was born nine months later and my identical twin brother David and I showed up a mere 18 months after that. Arthur P.’s “big break” job-wise was joining the U.S. Post Office as a mail carrier in the early 1950s. The rhythms of a mailman’s life influenced our family in many ways. Dad got up for work at about 5:10 a.m. for nearly three decades. That meant he was our fail-safe mechanism when David or I ignored the alarm clock and missed our 5:00 a.m. “rise-and-shine” the four or five years we had morning paper routes. It also meant that I occasionally had to see the look of disappointment on my dear father’s face when, as a young adult, I rambled into the house past 5:00 a.m. after a night of “socializing.” The mailman’s timetable also left me with one very fond childhood memory. Although Sundays were always a non-work day, a mail carrier’s second day off rotated each week, meaning a two-day weekend only arrived once every six weeks. If, during the summer months, that rare Saturday off coincided with a good picnic day, my parents would pack us into our 8 or 10-year-old the car and we would drive across town to a bakery that made mouthwatering chicken pot pies. My Mom would carefully place the piping hot delicacies into the car’s trunk wrapped in a blanket or two, and my Dad would head south to Canandaigua Lake’s Kershaw Park and a wonderful day of food, swimming and play (and, if we were really lucky, a stop at the end of the day at Roseland amusement park). My mother, Connie, started working as a sales clerk with a downtown Rochester department store when David and I were seven or so to help support the family and pay off medical bills. [Their health insurance policy’s “pre-existing illness” exception, and limited in-hospital coverage, placed a huge financial burden on this working-class family.] When my parents had trouble making ends meet on two paychecks, my Dad would find a part-time job, even if it meant bagging groceries (with a smile) at the local A&P supermarket. He was never extravagant when it came to his own needs, placing the family first. He didn’t experience the luxury of owning a brand new car until he was in his fifties and the children had moved away. But my father also knew how to have a good time, and loved to dance – especially the jitterbug. Wedding parties, back in the day when everyone had a live band, were a favorite social event for my Dad. He would dress up and head out our door with a plastic bag under his arm – containing a change of clothes so he would have something dry to put on for the last dance and ride home. He enjoyed every dance, and when one partner would tire, he would find a new one – and no one (except, my Mom) would ever turn him down. “Night Train” was special to him, and when he heard the first notes, he would look across the room to find his niece Rosemary and dance up a storm. Arthur P. danced with joy and enthusiasm well into his seventies, and would still have been jitterbugging away if emphysema hadn’t robbed him of his breath. Dad hung up his mailman’s uniform when he turned 60, feeling that the change a number of years earlier from the “U.S. Post Office” to the “U.S. Postal Service” had ushered in a new era where “service” to the customer was no longer the first priority. He also felt (correctly, I’m sure) that the USPS was doing everything it could to push the older carriers into retirement so less expensive replacements could be hired. Never sitting still for long (until his final years), Arthur P. took a job as a school bus driver shortly after retiring from the postal service, rising at 5:00 a.m. to transport “special ed” children to and from school. To his dismay, he was told when he turned 65 that, under NY law, he was not allowed to drive a school bus any longer. He was hurt and insulted by the law, amazed that such an arbitrary decision could be made without even testing his driving abilities. I offered to challenge the law in federal court as unlawful age discrimination, but my father never was one to openly challenge authority, and he declined my offer. My folks never experienced the joy of having grandchildren living in town with them, except for the years that their first granddaughter, Linda’s daughter Kara, went to R.I.T. as an undergraduate. The initial round of grandchildren, Blake, Kara and Timothy, were raised in Massachusetts, and then New Jersey, depriving my Dad of an opportunity to whine a bit about having to baby-sit every now and then. Years after my father assumed that there wouldn’t be any grandchildren with the “Giacalone” surname, my children, Lissa (1997) and James (2000), brought sunshine into my folks’ lives. Living within an hour-and-a-half of Rochester meant that their Nana and Papa got to see and spoil them fairly regularly, although we never did visit often enough to suit either grandparent. My father died on January 11, 2008, about six weeks shy of his 89th birthday. Dad had endured a tough ten-day hospital stay which followed several challenging years with emphysema progressively narrowing his physical world and dementia slowly robbing him of his short-term memory. Arthur P. Giacalone was a good, honest, hardworking and decent man. He epitomized the dignity of “the common man.” I miss him. Happy 100th Birthday, Dad! With All Due Love and Respect, P.S. Here’s a collage of four generations of Giacalone men: And, here’s four generation of our family’s strong and resilient women:

Race and Religious Rights in America – Sociology Paper The long history of the rights of people of color is reflected in their choice of tactics in all of their campaigns. Activists organizing against religious rights attacks must come to understand how racism and sex oppression are connected in their strategy. This is especially important because the struggle to overcome race-based discrimination provides the legal and ideological foundation for liberation of the struggle and for the larger movement to realize the promise of full civil equality for all people. Any attempt to undermine the civil rights gains made by African Americans and other people of color will undermine the ability of all groups to achieve civil equality. In the history of U.S. racism the struggle for multi-racial democracy in the US is a fight against both interpersonal and institutional forms of discrimination that have deep roots in slavery. Racism in the US, as experienced by all people of color, is largely based on the justification for an institutionalization of slavery. Despite the abolition of slavery and the contributions of African Americans to the establishment of a more democratic society during reconstruction, its legacy persisted both on an interpersonal and institutional level into the 1960’s. The historical effects of slavery continue even now to be critical of American social, cultural, political, and economic life. Prior to slavery, Native Americans, Africans, Latinos, and Asians were regarded as subhuman based on their religious beliefs. To white Americans and Europeans, the world’s people existed in two categories: Christian and non-Christian. The human worth of any individual was defined according to their relationship to a Christian god. The problem this presented to slaveholders and to those involved in the project of destroying Native American nations is that the nature of Christianity allowed for people of color to find religion. The civil rights movement continued because of the struggle against race-based discrimination. This is rooted in the struggle against slavery and their fight for religious freedom. In the 1960s African Americans led a fight to remove the remainder of slavery from our constitution and from state and local laws. The most horrible among these were Jim Crow laws that required racial segregation. Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws in U.S. history begin in the 1880s when segregation was legalized between blacks and whites. The Supreme Court ruling in 1896 in Plessy v. Ferguson, which separated facilities for whites and blacks were constitutional, encouraged the passage of discriminatory laws that wiped out the gains made by blacks during Reconstruction. Railways and streetcars, public waiting rooms, restaurants, boardinghouses, theaters, and public parks were segregated; separate schools, hospitals, and other public institutions, generally of inferior quality, were designated for blacks. A march in Washington D.C. by over 200,000 in 1963 dramatized the movement to end Jim Crow Laws. Southern whites often responded with violence, and federal troops were needed to preserve order and protect blacks, notably at Little Rock, Ark. (1957), Oxford, Miss. (1962), and Selma, Ala. (1965). All they were trying to do is delay the inevitable, because they eventually came out with The Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 that finally ended the legal sanctions to Jim Crow. How rich or poor someone or some group may be, all have civil rights and the option of making claims of discrimination and demanding government redress of our grievances. While poverty is frequently the result of discrimination, the presence of poverty is not a test for whether any group may enjoy civil rights. Not all people of color are poor. The proportion of African Americans families with incomes over $50,000 increased over the last two decades from 10.0 to 13.8 percent. While the total number of African American families earning more than $50,000 has increased, the median income for Blacks overall has decreased since the 1970’s. These statistics are indicative of the lack of real civil rights protection and enforcement in the 1970s and ’80s. Over this period there has been a rapid erosion of the gains of the civil rights movement. The history of racism and the struggle for civil equality of people of color in the United States is far broader and more complex than can be covered in this brief overview. It is critical that we come to understand this history and its impact on contemporary society in order to effectively understand what is going on in society, and as one of the goals a return to the “traditional values” of openly expressed and overtly institutionalized racism. In short, the concept of race in the American context is a socially constructed system for placing people in a hierarchical structure of social and economic relations. There is nothing “innate” or “natural” about “race”. It is simply not enough for us to “honor diversity.” We must recognize that we are the products of a history steeped in racism and sexism. Rather than simply honoring diversity we must build democracy.

You are able to alter format in clicks to See how your resume will try each fashion that is available. You're to simply transform your format with a clicks to see the manner that it is going to one other formats that are accessible. Selecting and altering the of resume takes a of clicks. During the you the perfect format for the . It's possible to select the acceptable format for you with just a couple of clicks letting you exactly how each different format is to your resume appearance. The may be and emotionally depleting a Strain and physical demands. Before you Choose to apply for jobs, you Needs to be able to craft the perfect resumes. Furthermore, you May look for operations manager jobs on Monster. After you determine that the skills You to pay attention to, do research and determine whether they line up with occupation requirements listed for the rankings you are searching. Also include any additional or certifications received, in the you've attained skills which will assist you to be successful at work. With a summary , it's possible to highlight your , but also highlight your personal brand. Begin the aim with My aim is if you don't know how To start the sentence. It's discretionary to the a resume, it needs to be said in case quite evident about the of that work position. Thus, it's vital to cautiously write your resume aim.

As the weather turns from blissfully warm to the first seasonal frost, we begin to change too. We may stop playing outdoors as much in lieu of building a warm fortress while cooking our favorite, sometimes calorie-packed, comfort foods. This year, don’t! Along with the change of season can come weight gain. Consistently going up and down in weight throughout the year is not healthy, especially for your heart. It is said for every pound of fat, the heart must pump blood through 200 additional miles of blood vessels. How many more miles will your heart have to pump this season? Giving up favorite comfort foods is unrealistic and impractical. Who truly wants to forgo Mom’s homemade macaroni and cheese long-term? Make simple substitutions to recipe ingredients. For example, substitute lowfat milk for cream and reduce fat content dramatically in Mom’s macaroni and cheese. · Switch pasta to 100% whole wheat or whole grain. or lowfat milk processed to have a thicker consistency. · Opt for reduced-fat cheddar cheese over traditional, higher fat varieties. · Bring down the fat considerably by baking instead of frying. seasoned with pepper, spices and Parmesan cheese. · Bake instead of frying. · Slice fresh fish into strips and roll into one of the crusts listed above. (being mindful of sodium content) and bake until crispy. sweet relish for a homemade tartar sauce. · Use lean ground meat like 99% fat-free ground turkey breast. garlic and flaxseeds. in place of ketchup.

I W then auto Q a minion, so i walked away in shame with like 10% HP. Then the enemy jungler (Aatrox, just before his rework, I think) came top. I was in brush and just kinda waited for him to come kill me, but I E'd as he walked up to brush, then he just kinda died. Just from my E. How did he fall so far behind? Why doesn't Pantheon E do damage anymore? Aren't you supposed to automatically auto when you W someone?

Rights Respecting school Unicef UK Rights Respecting Schools ‘UNICEF UK's Rights Respecting Schools Award seeks to put the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at the heart of a school's ethos and culture to improve well-being and develop every child's talents and abilities to their full potential.’ Each week in school there is an assembly all about the children’s rights in accordance with UNICEF and the Rights Respecting School Award. Each week there is a clear focus that supports the implementation of articles that pupils are able to discuss in class. The articles that are shared are taken directly from the 42 articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. To ensure the pupils are able to continue to learn about their rights and as we cannot be in school at the moment, each week there will be a different focus/article on this page. There will also be a PowerPoint to share as a family and for children to continue to learn about their rights. If you choose to complete any creative work from the PowerPoint, please share on the RRSA Facebook community group, on Twitter using hashtag #RRSA and @LyminsterSchool. Sharing your work Please email any work relating to Article 28 to the school office at Lyminster Primary so that it can be added to the school website. Please label it as you wish it to be seen on the website-first name only, or first and last name. Please include in your heading RRS. Thank you. Mrs Galvin The focus for this week is…Article 28 - The right to education. Every child has the right to an education. Primary education must be free and different forms of secondary education must be available to every child. Discipline in schools must respect children’s dignity and their rights. Richer countries must help poorer countries achieve this.

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Dog booster overdue! I've just been going through my two dog's files and noticed both of their boosters are overdue! Oops. :eek:? 0 im not so sure on the 6 months. i think you will have to ask the vet, and get them booked in asap. I only get them done on time if it coincides with a trip to the cattery. By the way, do you know there is a new Pet forum on here? Cheers. I'm taking the 1 month overdue dog in to the vet together to get him some sedative for Bonfire night. I'll ask about it and the vet may do it there and then, I'll also ask about the other dog. Update: Just rang 6 month overdue dog's vet (different vets) and they said a new course will have to be started. Let's wait and see what the other vet says when we speak to them today. I see your point. If they can boost them as much as 3 months overdue, then obviously they don't need to be done yearly! The main thing I'm worried about is that our Pet Insurance only covers them should they be fully boosted. Also, we have to get a bloody annual dental examination done. :rolleyes: Wonder how much that will cost. I met sell them for meat instead. P.S. I forgot about the Pet forum. Maybe a mod could move it across? Huh! I don't believe that for a second! Yea that's another scam by insurance companies and they do check that their boosters are up to date if you've claimed and thankfully when I claimed for my cat, his boosters were up to date! Actually, when he was ill, the vet advised me not to get his booster done until he was better and that was three months after it was due! Get on to the vet, you should be okay as long as it's done within the year. The date seems to move anyway, one dog we had for 17 years started off being done in Feb, as each year passed the vet would make the appointment after sending us a reminder card and us phoning. Since they send them out when due, it ended up being done a week or so later than the last time. which over time turned into months from the original Feb. the booster would have put added strain on his immune system, something he didn't need at the time as for boosters, they are a good idea. some people dont have theirs boosted after their initial vaccinations bacause it can make some dogs very ill the majority are fine though, and it's better to be safe. i mean, i'd rather pay the £30 a year for the jab than watch my dogs get ill & have "that" choice to make i've heard the cut off for boosters/having to have a new course from scratch is about 9 months the once a year just keeps your animal well protected & the antibodies topped up As long as the dog had it's puppy course and first year booster, there is good evidence to suggest that for parvo and distemper a 'three year protocol' could be followed - ie, only boosting once every three years as they should have sufficient immunity. However, the lepto part of the jab can last as little as six months, and like the flu virus can mutate requiring a new vaccine some years. An alternative is 'titre testing' where the dog's immunity is tested yearly and only boosting if immunity has dipped sufficiently to require it. Bare in mind, some insurance policies have a clause that may mean that technically they can get out of paying any claim - not just claims associated with the vaccinated diseases - if the dog isn't vaccinated annually. Having taken my long-haired dog to be clipped a couple of days ago, I was talking to the groomer, who has also got really nice kennels, and she has done a lot of research into whether or not all these 'booster' injections are of any value to our pets and has come to the conclusion after reading heaps of stuff and contacting a lot of people, that all these injections are a contributing factor to the huge amount of Cancers in our domestic pets nowadays. My vets charge about £60 each for these boosters and now they want to give 'double doses' (probably more than £60) so that they can do them two-yearly instead of annually and also they would be protecting them from fleas, worms, kennel cough and other stuff so goodness knows what else is in these injections nowadays! The groomer thinks the injections are so worthless that she doesn't insist (like some kennel owners do) that dogs need to have them before being boarded and she said the phials of stuff the vets use can be bought from somewhere in Ireland for about £2 and I remember some time ago my sister telling me that a good friend of hers who is a vet, told her that with these injections, anything over £3 is profit for vets!! I don't know what other dog owners do, but a couple of elderly ladies I know are frightened not to have their dogs done because of 'scare stories' from the vet.... What do others think about this subject? And do you take medical advice from your hairdresser? Sorry - that just made me laugh:o If I wasn't at work and if my home computer hadn't died, I'd dig up as much of the reference material I found when looking into the subject myself. There is no evidence that jabs cause cancer. There is evidence that for distemper and Parvo, on average dogs probably only need a booster every three years after the initial course and first booster. There is evidence that the Lepto componant can give as little as 6 months cover. Jabs are a money maker for vets - but while the vaccines themselves might be cheap, remember the vet has many other overheads. You are completely mad. You own a dog, so it is in your job description to look after your dog. That means giving it the annual booster jab. So - your groomer will let any dog board at her kennels, regardless of boosters ? Well, i pity the poor dogs in her care, as no doubt some will pick up something deadly. My parents in law had a kennels way back when before boosters were the norm. They had parvovirus sweep through the kennels, and the majority of the dogs died. They had to get rid of the kennels and loose their livelyhood, plus a lot of good owners lost their beloved pets. Thank god GOOD kennels will only take vaccinated dogs. Even so I still get mine done, £25 well spent in my opinion. vet can advise. Taking a blood test to measure protective antibodies may be helpful. I did not say they CAUSE Cancer I said CONTRIBUTE to the much more common Cancer seen in dogs today -- according to the thorough research I was told about in my earlier post on here! Before I was married and had my own dogs, I lived at home where we had always had several dogs as we had a lot of land for them and my mother was at home to care for them and not one of our dogs ever had Cancer... they mostly died of 'old age' or things like rheumatism or failed kidneys, whereas three of my 'innoculated every year' dogs have died of horrible cancerous growths so this time I have decided to not have my two newest sister dogs (a year-old) done every year and will see what happens. Of course if there is something that worries me about them I shall take them to the surgery but not for injections every year! Excuse me, but I am not mad and I look after my dogs perfectly well and always take them to the vet if I think it's necessary! In fact as well as buying dogs of my choosing, my family have also rescued a lot of older dogs and the vets have been hansomely paid from all of our animals with operations like spaying, teeth scaling/removal and suchlike! The groomer/kennel owner has never had any problems whatsoever and isn't like some kennels who take loads of dogs - she takes mostly the ones she also grooms so knows the owners well and she cares for dogs as though they are her own! In any case, doctors don't tell us to have measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and hepatitis injections every year of our life because they last a lifetime... so why should dogs need to have them every year? By giving injections every year to animals, it possibly helps to destroy their immune system just like it would to children if they were given measles etc jabs every year of their life! OK then, there is no evidence that vaccinations contribute to cancer in dogs. That is a very small sample size and doesn't really show a link. Other factors may contributing - for a start it is a different environment (Your home v your parents' home), different food, different flea treatments, different breeds, castration....an almost infinite list of variables!! Different cancers have diferent contributing factors - bone cancer is statistically slightly more likely in dogs that are castrated young. Mammery tumours in bitches that aren't spayed/spayed late. Prostate and testicular cancer in uncastrated dogs. Rotts are more prone to bone cancers. And it could just be co-incidence. Plus, as dogs live longer with the treatments for rheumatism and kidney disease cancer would become a more prevelent disease. To think vaccination is the cause/contributing factor is a bit simplistic. Different vaccines give different levels of cover. Different disease require different vaccine protocols. MMR in humans needs to be repeated. Tetanus is every 5 years IIRC. Hep B needs a booster. Flu jab every year. With the increase in titre testing in dogs, it has been discovered that for Distemper and Parvo, after the initial 'puppy' jabs AND the first annual booster, the majority of dogs have sufficient immunity for three years before the level of immunity dips enough to need another booster. However, every so often the Parvo virus mutates enough to require a new vaccine to be developed. The three year protocol should still cover this. Not vaccinating at all after puppy shots won't. Additionally, titre testing has shown that the Lepto vaccine only gives protection between six and eighteen months. I don't know the stats on Kennel Cough, but in a healthy dog it isn't normally serious if treated promptly. It isn't a routine vax anyway. I've borrowed a laptop so I should (with some effort) be able to find some of the research to back up the above if you are interested? When the vaccinated rates drops below ~70% an infection that does get into the population can then spread easily and quickly from one unprotected individual to another, and from one area to another, in an exponential (pyramid) fashion with devastating results. I'll keep regularly vaccinating my animals thank you, and so helping all those pets that aren't lucky enough to have their own protection :rolleyes: The only cancers that vaccines can, very rarely, cause are those connected with vaccine site reactions and this is due to the use of adjuvants in killed vaccines. This vaccine site cancer response is infinitely rarer than the diseases the vaccines protect against. Live attenuated vaccines can be given, without adjuvants, at a lower antigen dose than killed vaccines because live vaccines replicate themselves in the vaccinated subject and so they self-boost dosage/exposure and thus antibody response, although self-replication carries a greater risk of reversion to virulence and they should not be used in vulnerable immuno-compromised or pregnant individuals. Killed vaccines, which are safer in terms of not reverting to virulence as they are not capable of self-replication, require dosing at a higher antigen level, together with an adjuvant (which is virtually an irritant) to potentiate the immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells, to gain an equivalent level of protection compared to live attenuated vaccines. However there can be a risk of vaccine failure if the inactivation process strips them of their immunogenicity and the higher antigen levels together with the adjuvant component can cause increased risk of allergic reaction; thus as usual a risk:benefit payoff exists. Aside from breed differences with cancer tendencies there can also be differences as to different breed lines being more prone to certain medical conditions, including cancers, in the same way as some human cancers can have an inherited component in human families Perhaps some of the dried foods could contribute to some of today's problems like allergies etc, which seem to be quite prevalent in some dogs, as it maybe has 'hidden additives/chemicals' so most probably the BARF diet has a lot going for it. I wonder what Wilhemina feels about innoculations/boosters after a dog reaches one year-old, as I always enjoy reading her dog messages. Obviously this is a controversial subject, we all have differing views (better than all agreeing all the time) and if you Google the subject of whether or not to innoculate after a year-old, you'll find loads of articles and research, especially in America, where they often seem to be ahead of us when it comes to drugs/medical stuff for pets or people! In fact I have friends with dogs and non of them have died with cancer. Not very scientific I know. I have always have my dogs injected. I would have them injected rather than lose them through a preventable disease. Our local kennel won't take them without the certificates. Oh yes forgot to mention that in my post. Likewise all my family and friends regularly vaccinate their dogs and none have ever died of cancer , although one cat of mine had a localised injection site reaction once but that wasn't a vaccine injection, it was a particular antibiotic which we didn't use with her again and no more problems. I wouldn' t put my dogs in kennels that didn't insist on vaccines as they would be exposing my dogs to increased risk. :eek: Vaccines are not 100% effective in all individuals and sometimes vaccines don't totally prevent disease but can cause a more moderate reaction, as with some human flu jabs. Healthy looking individuals can be incubating disease without yet showing symptoms so if the accceptance criteria was a healthy looking animal that wouldn't ensure it wasn't already incubating something. The dogs of ours who died due to cancer were innoculated and boosted, including two that were rescues and one I had from a puppy. As we have normally had three dogs at a time, some rescued or ex breeding bitches of an older age, I suppose the chances of getting something like cancer are higher through having several together rather than people who have just a single dog. My two pups were both innoculated as young puppies and all of my previous dogs have been innoculated and boosted annually, but for my current youngsters I have now decided not to go for the boosters as per my 'invitation' card sent out by my vet and I know of several others who don't have their dogs boosted unless a kennel requests it. Personally I don't put mine in kennels if I go away because a dog-sitting friend or my mother-in-law stays in my house to care for them, which I think is much nicer, or we may occasionally take them if permitted, not that we go on holidays very often but there are quite a few dog-friendly hotels in this country now. This depends on the individual response and there will be some that are not protected for all their life. There is also research to show that some puppies are actually vaccinated too early if done at 8 and 10 weeks (due to maternal antibodies knocking out the vaccine) and some of these need a third shot at 16 weeks. This can apply particularly but not exclusively to Rotts. Short of regular titre tests in place of vaccines it is impossible to know those that do have life-long protection from those that don't. After that you are still playing the odds but they are better odds. I don't know what research you are refering to with the 'life long' immunity from puppy jabs, but as Tass says, even the puppy jabs may not confer immunity in all pups. Most of the research I have seen - indeed all the 'good' research - points towards a three year protocol with annual boosters for Lepto and three yearly for Parvo and Distemper. Some individuals still had immunity to Parvo and Distemper after eight years, some had low (but sufficient) after one year. As UK vets are slow to move to a three year protocol, then annual jabs or titre testing are the next best protocols to follow. At the very least, give your pups a fighting chance and give them the first year booster. I know £120 is a lot of money, but that is the commitment you make when taking on pups. Not everything your groomer has read on the internet is true or well researched, and many people have agendas and cherry pick studies to back up what they already believe and puplish on the web as 'fact' when it is nothing of the sort. Very true. some people don't differentiate opinion from fact and once it's out there other peole then based their own opinions are some very flawed "facts". I have frequently seen stuff quoted or referred to which, if you go back and actually look at the full original version has either been misquoted, quoted out of context, or is of highly questionable origin/authenticity in the first place. :rolleyes: Our two dogs had the standard TWO injections and a booster the year later - but after speaking to a couple of breeders and friend who works at a large kennels we decided to not bother with any more "boosters" as they are probably a complee waste of time . Their words not mine !!

Whilst digging through the media vault, located some 660 feet below the GF archives, we stumbled upon an old, but not forgotten, family favorite. Tracked in the summer of 2014, ‘Ted Bundy’ drifts in and around Helen Scott’s signature tapestry of harmony, carried on a cloud of haze, & powered by the backing of organs. Also hitting the digital shelfs as of last month, possibly a most unsettling rendition of the old spiritual “Death Ain’t No Big Deal” by Pastor Doug Brown. Photos courtesy Lindsey Haddad. Every now & again, between cigarette breaks, after the show, the recording machine will be left unattended and running. Sometimes, we end up with what, more often than not, becomes some sort of cherished artifact for the GF archive. Remembering one such time when the Shoal Creek Stranglers would pick & lick their way through Sinful Sunday Singings, a free show & supper combo hosted at various churches in the Georgia & South Carolina area. It was an occasion when associates would track their own performance, at times unbeknownst to them. We’re proud to present one such artifact, a tune that is all too relevant. Performed on the spot by Reverend Douglas Brown, Death Ain’t No Big Deal. In related GF news, we received report on the passing of Uncle Carl, banjo player for The Drovers Old Time Medicine Show since 1991. Uncle Carl was known throughout the upstate and beyond, not only for his musical abilities, but also for his soft spoken voice & loving nature. May Uncle Carl’s memory forever permeate through the songs & jokes he would tell, within the hearts of those who remember him well, as he eternally travels that low down damp & dusty trail.

Whilst it is not uncommon to observe small groups of Pied Avocets (Recurvirostra avosetta) in the saltpans around Olhão, we don’t tend to see what I would be happy to call a ‘orchestra’. Well that all changed last week. We assume they were gathering prior to the next stage of their journey to their breeding grounds as this medium sized ‘orchestra’ was only here for a few days. I say medium-sized as colonies can be up to 150 in numbers, which this one clearly wasn’t. An ‘orchestra’ is the collective noun for a group of Avocets. Wonderful to watch as every few minutes the ‘orchestra’ suddenly launched into the sky, swooping round and calling to each other. Was really like watching and listening to an ‘orchestra’ in flight. Quite extraordinary. I don’t have the necessary audio equipment to capture their call but here is a recording by Peter Boesman from the excellent xeno-catro website to accompany my photographs. Their Portuguese name is Alfaiate, and they are a coastal wader of the same faily as the Black Winged Stilts. If you happen to be out exploring the Ria Formosa between October and March you will definitely see or hear them, and in fact you may see them here year round as a small colony breeds in the east. By the way if you are not a birder but are pondering why even you are recognising this gorgeous wader it is probably because the Avocet is the emblem of the RSPB. That last little guy is lifting his feet so deliicately, Becky 🙂 An orchestra- such a lovely expression! How lucky to see so many. We will probably miss them as not back on Algarve until April. We see avocets along the Humber, Trevor’s home but usually more grey and never an orchestra. Felt very fortunate. They do breed near Castro Marim so maybe one day if you are out riding that day ….. Ah so from the Humber to the Guadiana!

by Annie Sharples Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter and business man who is credited with the industrialisation of the production of pottery as well as inventing modern marketing. Wedgwood was born in 1730 and was a Unitarian and prominent abolitionist, becoming a key member of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. His main contribution to the abolitionist cause was producing the first anti-slavery medallion in 1787, depicting a kneeling slave in chains, with the phrase “Am I Not a Man and a Brother”. These medallions were mass produced and distributed and became widely worn and acknowledged, bringing public attention to the abolitionist movement. Wedgwood and the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was so revolutionary in the context of eighteenth-century society, as slavery was widely accepted and relied upon, particularly economically, as much of wealthy British society was built using the profit from the slave trade. Thus, opposing slavery was opposing many wealthy and powerful members and groups of society. Many of these medallions can be seen in museums and in use; this particular one belongs to the New Room in Bristol, which was founded in 1739 by John Wesley, making it the oldest Methodist building in the world. Wesley was the founder of Methodism and, like Wedgwood, was committed to the abolitionist cause and preached against slavery as well as writing a pamphlet titled ‘Thoughts Upon Slavery’, published in 1774 and widely circulated and read, in which he stated ‘I strike at the root of this complicated villany; I absolutely deny all slave-holding to be consistent with any degree of natural justice’. Wesley was a very influential figure in the fight against slavery, and his last piece of writing was a letter to William Wilberforce from his deathbed urging him to continue his work for abolition and assuring him that God was with him. Wedgwood admired Wesley and is said to have presented him with a special teapot, that was then subsequently mass produced. In the nineteenth-century Wedgwood’s pottery company also produced much of the Wesleyana, which is a collection of carved and moulded effigies celebrating the life and work of John Wesley, made from a variety of materials but the majority being ceramic. The medallion was actually designed by William Hackwood, who worked closely with Wedgwood, and it became the most famous image of a black person in all of eighteenth-century art. The image and phrase became well known and a well-used and recognised symbol of allegiance to the abolitionist cause. Many people found original and creative ways to don these medallions. Thomas Clarkson, a leading abolitionist, describes in his 1808 memoirs that men ‘inlaid in gold on the lid of their snuffboxes. Of the ladies several wore them in bracelets, and others had them fitted up in an ornamental manner as pins for the hair. At length, the taste for wearing them became general; and thus fashion, which usually confines itself to worthless things, was seen for once in the honourable office of promoting the cause of justice, humanity, and freedom’.It is unknown as to how many medallions were made and distributed as well as how many variants of it there were, though it is clear that a great number were produced. The medallion is still used today as a symbol and is often reproduced and used when commemorating the Abolition Act of 1807. Thomas Clarkson credited Wedgwood’s medallions with being instrumental in ‘turning the attention of our countrymen to the case of the injured Africans, and of procuring a warm interest in their favour.’ It was not only visual material, like Wedgwood’s medallion, that stirred abolitionist sentiment into fashionable society. Poetry was often a very popular and effective in communicating the abolitionist cause; poets including Hannah More, who was born in Bristol and lived there at the same time as Wesley did and both John and Charles Wesley were friendly with Hannah’s sister Mary. More’s poem Slavery was published in 1788 and she was involved in a prominent group of abolitionists, including Wilberforce, and was known for encouraging women to join the anti-slavery movement. Another well-known abolitionist poet was William Cowper, whose 1788 poem The Negroes Complaint became famous and was often quoted during the civil rights movement in the United States centuries later by Martin Luther King Jr. Singing was also very popular amongst slaves, as a way of communicating with one another as well as expressing feeling. Songs were often passed down through generations. The image of the kneeling slave, despite Wedgwood clearly advocating abolition, could potentially be problematic. Depicting the slave kneeling accurately demonstrates the huge imbalance of power, as it puts the slave in the weaker position; the slave is shown to be humbly asking for compassion, posing no threat. However, presenting the slave in this manner, as passive and weak, it ignores the resistance and revolutions that were initiated by enslaved communities, wiping important stories from history. One example of an influential slave rebellion is the Andry’s Rebellion, also known as the German Coast Uprising, which took place in January of 1811 in the Territory of Louisiana. This is the largest slave revolt in the history of the United States, and between 200 and 500 slaves marched on the German Coast in the direction of New Orleans. Furthermore, Wedgwood’s medallion does not portray the atrocious brutality of slavery and the horrific mental and physical anguish slaves suffered. All of this puts the focus on the slave begging for freedom, rather than the atrocities committed by the slave owners and slave traders. On one hand, it should be the enslaved people that are the focus of abolitionism, as they were greatly wronged and are so often written out of history by those with more power. Yet, on the other hand, the inhumane barbaric treatment towards slaves by slave owners and traders must not be allowed to be forgotten. In an article on the history.ac.uk website, the author argues that ‘To depict the enslaved African as begging for their freedom, pleading for the kindness and generosity of others so that they might be set free from bondage, is considered at best to be unhelpful and at worst continuing the very prejudice and discrimination which enslavement installed.’ The article goes on to argue that this image ‘ensures that its audience does not bear witness to the experiences of the enslaved but to the work of those who campaigned for an ending of the Atlantic slave trade. As a symbol, though the body of the enslaved is depicted, the actual corporeal experience of the enslaved is absent; the pain and horror of enslavement is not evidenced by the image.’ Mary Guyatt states that the slave’s confused depiction was a reflection of the conflicting demands the medallion had to meet, namely, the need to communicate its subject speedily and positively, whilst simultaneously gaining the viewer’s sympathy and arousing his or her admiration’. These issues highlight the continuing need for this topic to be discussed widely and thoughtfully, yet despite this, Wedgwood’s medallion was a greatly significant contribution to the abolition cause. Wedgwood’s medallion can be described as revolutionary as it is clearly promoting the abolition movement and widely spread an image of a black slave at a time when the black community was viewed as extremely inferior, and this view was generally accepted. As well as the medallion itself being revolutionary, the way in which it was used made it even more so, as it became an important symbol of revolution against slavery. Furthermore, the words “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?” challenges the reader by suggesting that slaves should be regarded as fellow men, going further still with claiming to be a brother. By phrasing it as a question, the medallion challenges the reader, thus those who wore the medallion were challenging others to think. Guyatt argues that the slave in the image ‘shares characteristics with his audience in that he is clearly a Westernized figure: as well as speaking their language, the words he utters are themselves strangely reminiscent of the language of scripture’. This highlights the immorality of slavery, both by claiming that all men are brothers as well as using religious language. Others have used Wedgwood’s original medallion, such as the American writer Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, who was the first female American writer to make the abolition of slavery her primary theme. Chandler produced a very famous image, based on Wedgwood’s 1787 medallion, depicting a female slave kneeling and in chains with the words “Am I Not a Daughter and a Sister?” Much more recently, Ken King produced another anti-slavery medallion in 2010, again based on Wedgwood’s original design, but instead depicting a contemporary woman wearing ripped clothes with her head in her knees. On the other side of King’s medallion is a quote from the book of Proverbs, chapter 31, “speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy.” King’s medallion focuses on sex slaves, tackling modern human trafficking and showing that despite slavery being illegal in the United Kingdom since 1807 and in the United States since 1865, it is still a huge issue. Overall, this medallion is not only hugely significant and impressive in itself, but also in the way that is was so widely distributed and used as a symbol for abolition. It also resulted in an image of a black slave becoming incredibly famous at a time when black people were seen and treated as inferior. Despite the issues that the image of the kneeling slave begging for freedom poses, that of ignoring the awful mental and physical pain and torture slaves suffered as well as not recognising the important resistance that enslaved people instigated, the medallion was a symbol of revolution and remains in use today when remembering the atrocities of slavery and the work of abolitionists as well as in the fight against modern slavery and human trafficking. Wesley, John, Thoughts Upon Slavery, (R. Haws: University of California, 1774), p. 17. New Room museum New Room museum and David Dabydeen, ‘The Black Figure in 18th-Century Art’, BBC website, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/africans_in_art_gallery_02.shtml]. Thomas Clarkson, 1808 memoirs, from David Dabydeen, ‘The Black Figure in 18th-Century Art’, BBC website, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/africans_in_art_gallery_02.shtml]. Mary Guyatt, ‘The Wedgwood Slave Medallion: Values in Eighteenth-Century Design’ in Journal of Design History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 93-105, p. 96. Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, (Jazzybee Verlag: Altenmunster), p. 144. Smith, Mark K., ‘Hannah More: Sunday schools, education and youth work’, in The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education, (2002). [http://infed.org/mobi/hannah-more-sunday-schools-education-and-youth-work/] Guyatt, p. 101. Guyatt, p. 99.

Since 2018, new records have been set in terms of droughts, hottest months and driest years in centuries. The drought, heat and pests have been affecting the forests more and more since 2019 and unfortunately there is no improvement in sight in 2020 either. In Germany there was the most severe forest damage in over 200 years. Fires and storms have greater effects, because of the large amount of damaged wood and the tree damage, there are more problems with pests and fungal attack. Fine dust and environmental toxins from agriculture give many plants and animals the rest, especially insects such as bees suffer from environmental destruction. Air pollution, insecticides and pesticides are not only a danger for bees, they also endanger many other species, especially in areas of agriculture and livestock farms. Many of the typical trees and forests in forestry are monocultures and conifers such as douglas firs, spruces, pines, larches and firs – unfortunately they do not offer much nectar. Almost 80 percent of the conifers were felled because of damage. At just under 70 percent, the proportion of damaged wood in 2019 was more than three times as high as in 2010. As already described in the article on the Leipzig Oak Park of Diversity project, even strong tree species such as oaks are affected. Whether from pests, powdery mildew or drought stress, the plants suffer very badly from drought. Like many deciduous trees, oaks are deep-rooted, which draw water from the lower soil layers. What they don’t need themselves, they release closer to the surface. This makes oak a good soil regulator, for example through its pronounced symbioses with microorganisms and fungi. Oaks and other robust trees suffer from climate change, as do many people and animals. Damage to trees and forests is not only caused by fire, drought and heat waves, but also by fungus, pests, snow breaks, storms, floods and environmental toxins – as well as air and water pollution. There are around four billion hectares of forest on earth. There are around 60,000 tree species worldwide and over 10,000 of them are threatened with extinction. According to an assessment by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), more than half of European tree species are endangered. Of the approximately 450 tree species, 265 do not occur on any other continent. More than 150 species are threatened, 66 species are at the highest level of endangerment and therefore close to extinction. In total, more than 28,000 animal and plant species are listed as endangered worldwide. These are data and statistics from recent years and some of the figures are already out of date, especially after the massive droughts and forest fires. It can be assumed that many more species are now threatened and in some regions even extinct. According to climate research, long-term studies and weather experts, extreme drought is becoming normal in Europe in summer. In spring there is also a lack of water for healthy plant growth in many places around the world. The soils and forests can hold less water because the important reservoirs are not only dried out but damaged, i.e. the storage capacity is reduced and in some cases reduced for years. If middle and deeper soil layers harden, humus layers decay to dust or are destroyed, even a lot of rain does not help at first. It then takes years of moderate rain and much plant growth until these soil layers are loosened and watered again. Trees, hedges and other plants that can form complex, strong and deep roots need a few years to loosen middle and deep soil layers. Many plants lose branches, leaves and fruit during a drought or extreme drought. The proportion of trees with significant crown thinning increased to about 35 percent in 2019. If the trees and plants are generally weakened, they are more susceptible to parasites and other pests such as bark beetles, jewel beetles and processionary moth. In most cases, the damaged wood cannot remain in the forest. Much of this wood is not suitable for wood processing or high-quality products for the construction and furniture industries. Often the only option left is to process it into inferior wood products such as chipboard or wood pellets. A lot of damaged wood has been coming onto the market since 2018 and the price of wood has collapsed dramatically, the forecasts for 2021 and 2022 do not look any better. There is currently so much wood per year that would normally be enough for three years or more. The forest and wood industries are recording massive losses, and even cheap oak is already being sold as firewood. Forest companies and forest owners will have to work for a long time to compensate and repair the damage of recent years. Future challenges, conflicts, wars and crises because of the worldwide water availability and water supply The water reserves in the soil are becoming increasingly scarce, the soils are becoming drier overall. It has been relatively dry in Germany since 2015. The past two years exceeded the previous record drought of 1976. At that time it was exceptionally dry for five years and some tree species were replaced or supplemented by drought-resistant species such as hornbeam, service tree and field maple. But the adaptation of forests to the crisis and forest restructuring makes no sense if the groundwater will levels sink, lakes, rivers and water reservoirs partially dry up. Dry periods in winter are also a big problem, because when there is no snow there is much less water due to the melting of snow. The problem has been known for a long time, for example the lack of water supply due to the disappearance of glaciers and large areas of snow or ice. When mountains and oceans absorb more sun, the planet heats up even faster, especially at the North Pole. Fires and very hot times in northern areas of Russia also accelerate the thawing of the permafrost soil. Similar to the largest share of the greenhouse gas methane from agriculture or livestock farming, methane is released by the decomposition of the thawed biomass. As this happens in a very short time, the atmosphere, biosphere and weather systems cannot simply compensate for this, resulting in extreme climate changes and an increase in extreme weather conditions. For some years now, climate researchers have been able to prove the connection between extreme drought and severe flooding. In the meantime, there have been several fires, droughts and floods of the century, not only in Germany and Europe – but unfortunately also in Africa, America, Asia and India. According to various surveys, around 80 percent are very concerned about the persistent drought. In France, Poland, the Czech Republic and other European countries, the spring was marked by low rainfall this year. French forests are very much endangered by the drought years and the hot summer of 2019. It was one of the deadliest heat waves in all of Europe, killing thousands of humans. The harmful effects of the droughts can be clearly seen on satellite images, many brown and gray fields in Europe and many large cities such as Berlin are affected. It affects especially regions in the north and east, in principle all federal states are affected. The cities in particular need more greenery, as they can heat up much more as the surrounding area. What you see more and more often are dry meadows, trees and bushes. The parks and water areas are therefore just as important as the greening of roofs and facades. The soil moisture, the total groundwater level and the groundwater levels in different regions of Germany are too low, at least in relation to normal amounts of precipitation and water levels. In April 2020, there was far too little rainfall in almost all federal states; the states of Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia were particularly affected. The soil moisture in the topsoil and total soil is simply too little for many plants. Due to the lack of water available to plants, drought stress or water stress quickly occurs. The photosynthesis of the plants and the growth decrease. If the usable soil water continues to fall, plant water stress occurs and the plants begin to dry up. The drought monitor of the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research showed that the total soil in large parts of Germany was characterized by extreme to extraordinary drought in April and midsummer 2020. Similar to the drought monitor from the Environmental Research Center in Leipzig, there is also a research project in Switzerland called Drought CH or Trockenheit.ch, where information on the current situation is shown. The colleagues also summarize a lot of interesting data from the last few years. Such information is becoming more and more important, especially if conflicts over water resources increase in the future, whether in the energy industry for cooling or in agriculture for agricultural irrigation. It affects many European countries. If the water reserves become increasingly scarce, conflicts of use over water resources can be intensified considerably. The use of water, water resources and water management must become more economical or more sustainable so that there is not another water crisis in the next few years. Using ponds, water towers and underground water reservoirs to collect rainwater makes more and more sense, especially when you consider that around 80 percent of all irrigation throughout Germany is done with groundwater. An increasing demand for water from agriculture contrasts with other usage interests and problems, such as the public supply of drinking water, over 70 percent of which is obtained from groundwater. In addition, forests consume a lot of groundwater in dry times, this can affect rivers and other waters. The drought year 2018 and 2019 severely dried out many soils and water reservoirs, to compensate this it takes many years of rain above the usual annual average. Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony are the federal states with the lowest rainfall. Specific figures can be found on the relevant weather portals and statistics pages. Forest dieback, desertification and expanding deserts in Europe Due to the third year of drought in a row, there will also be considerable problems for the plant world in winter and spring 2020, as many soils and plants will not be able to recover so easily under these extreme conditions. The garden, park and forest maintenance is therefore more important than ever this year, every citizen should lend a hand in his spare time, even if it are just a few buckets of water for the tree in front of the door or some irrigation for bushes, hedges or trees at the streets. Unfortunately, awareness of sustainable use and the problem of water waste is still not taken seriously. The production of one kilo of beef requires around 15,000 liters of water, pork almost 6,000 and chicken 4,300 liters. The average water footprint in Germany is 3,900 liters per person per day. This figure includes the amount of water that is used for the production of consumed food and goods in one’s own country, but also the water that is needed, for example, for the manufacture of clothing or electrical appliances abroad. This also applies to ‘more ecological’ electric cars, which unfortunately are still made with a lot of coal, plastic and oil. The coal electricity for car production and rail traffic alone is astronomical. 2019 was the hottest year in the history of Europe, according to scientific findings, with the drought year 2018 and the drought summer 2020, it is now the worst drought in a row for 250 years. The droughts and heat waves of recent years clearly show that the climate crisis is having a significant impact on our lives, the environment, consumption and our economy. An adaptation of the plants to the more extreme climate occurs naturally, but should be supported and improved by sustainable strategies of climate change adaptation. This should not only apply to crops or to livestock, but also especially to endangered species. The selfish nature, way of life and work in certain areas of society and industry, such as fossil energy, monotonous agriculture and forestry, is harming the environment. Selfishness, ignorance and little will to change in the direction of sustainability, nature and environmental protection have produced a destructive chemical industry, energy industry, aviation, shipping, heavy industry, monoculture agriculture and monotonous forestry. The biodiversity, soil and water quality have suffered extremely, valuable landscapes and habitats have been destroyed or have been lost due to rigorous greed for profit and environmental degradation. If things continue like this, even regardless of the climate crisis, there will soon be no more fertile land, only dust and desert. Greening Deserts Climate analyses and long-term studies, in coordination with international climate researchers and climate models, have repeatedly confirmed an increase in extreme weather conditions – even before the drought years or floods of the century, as in Europe and India in 2018 and 2019. There have been several warnings that extreme droughts and floods will become more frequent in Europe, initially in southern Europe and, with further drought years, also in central Europe. This has now even been confirmed in a study by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Leipzig. Now all we need are realistic solutions and feasibility studies to counteract these extremely rapid changes. A wind of change is blowing. Usually the jet stream with the high and low pressure areas moves from west to east and brings Central Europe a mix of sun, clouds and rain. However, with the accelerated climate change, the high pressure areas tend to persist for weeks over some European regions in summer. As a result, there are long heat waves and droughts, in the low-pressure areas there are more frequent heavy rain and floods. Various temperature and heat records have been set over the years, in 2020 there were many cold summer nights and very large temperature fluctuations. Due to the many dry and windy days, the drought has increased overall. The logging caused by wind and storm damage amounted to 18.5 million cubic meters in 2018. That is four times as much compared to the previous year. There are many forest fires because the soil and top layers with branches, leaves or needles are very dry. The risk of fire is also very high for agriculture, especially when dry fields catch fire, for example from careless drivers and smokers or from broken glass. A field fire, forest fire or forest fire is no fun because it can spread to settlements. In many German cities there is a state of emergency, as the asphalt and concrete deserts often heat up more than the surrounding areas can quickly reach heat records of over 40 degrees. Many people, animals and plants die. In the Frankfurt metropolitan area, thousands of dead trees will probably have to be felled due to the weeks of drought and heat in the midsummer 2020. Particularly in the driest areas of Germany, many villages and towns are affected by the tree death. Due to the drought stress and plant water stress that has damaged and weakened the plants over the years, a relatively short heat phase is enough to give the plants the rest, then often watering them does not help. On the contrary, too much water at once can even damage the plants, for example if the plant cannot absorb much water due to a large part of dried up leaves, there is then a risk of accelerated root rot at the high temperatures, which can occur more often with tap water and dried out roots. If many of the deeper soil layers have completely dried out, the water cannot drain off properly, and waterlogging then forms in some places. Gardeners and plant experts know the problem. So if possible use rainwater and then not too much at once, preferably over a large area and spread over a few evenings. If the soil is not too hard, you can put drainage in some places with a pointed stick. If the soil is slightly damp overall, the rainwater can then penetrate better into deeper layers and root areas. Climate change knows no borders, large parts of Europe are affected by drought and water scarcity. We need an adaptation and improvement of the water management or regulation as soon as possible in order to secure the public drinking water and industrial water supply in the long term. The fear of the consequences of a third year of drought is great, especially if the water table drops, entire rivers and lakes dry up. The drought threatens historical gardens and even well-known parks, the drought also has an indirect effect on all plant growth in the area. Only if the spread of healthy and relatively wild nature is promoted by favorable conditions nature as a whole can recover and regenerate. In the case of monoculture agriculture and monotonous forestry, this is difficult, but not impossible. Some consequences can only be felt years later, as environmental and weather systems sometimes react very slowly. It is similar to the nitrate or slurry problem, where in some extreme cases the groundwater wil be polluted over the years. Really serious consequences for agriculture are still to come, probably in the years 2025 to 2030. From 2013 to 2015 there have been massive changes in global weather systems and cycles. Many of these changes also occur gradually and over long periods of time, so they cannot be seen as clearly as the consequences of a drought summer. So that you can really change something sustainably and positively, you should think in time windows of over 10 years or even decades. It is frightening to see even natural mixed forests which are suffering from climate change. The drought years even have a strong impact on humid areas, as the groundwater level often falls due to the long dry periods. Wetlands and bogs can dry out, which increases the likelihood of bog and forest fires. In addition, there are the problems of peat extraction and the drainage of landscapes for agriculture. The diverse forest conversion and the expansion of wetlands such as floodplains and moors must finally be given priority. Many nature reserves, national parks, natural regions and near-natural landscape protection areas should be expanded and connected, if possible for example with flower strips and wild meadows. Protected areas in nature and landscape protection should also be expanded and include urban regions and larger city parks or city forests. Special wilderness biotopes for a relatively free development of really ’natural nature’ should be made possible in the protected areas. Because nature is not the same as nature, at least according to the understanding of society and people. Soil quality and healthier soils through more ecological forestry and sustainable agriculture, as well as better water management, are important to mitigate the negative consequences and effects of climate change. The already often mentioned building up of humus, cultivation of deep-rooting plants, soil improvement and green manure plants can contribute significantly to soil formation and improvement of the overall soil. Protective layers with ground cover and wildflower meadows can protect the soil in particularly hot and dry times. The principle applies, just let it grow and support nature in the development of biodiversity with natural seeds. Naturally with suitable species depending on the region and vegetation zone, i.e. suitable plants of / for mountainous areas, wetlands, grasslands, meadows and forests. To do this, one should think more about aquatic plants and then use them to improve water bodies. Because a large part of the rivers and lakes in Germany is in a precarious state, at least when it comes to the ecological aspect, neighboring agriculture, shipping and biodiversity. Without ecosystem services, human life on earth would not be possible. Worldwide, around 60% of the ecosystem services examined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are in a critical state; they are at great risk from environmental pollution and environmental damage. We all have to help make whole landscapes more diverse and resistant to climate extremes, including urban regions and cities – for this purpose, among other things, the Urban Greening Camp project started. More urban greening, solar and water surfaces as well as lighter surfaces can cool down urban areas, so-called for near-natural recreation areas and biological diversity. Agriculture based on solidarity and community gardens are also good solutions that can bring more biodiversity and community profits. Here are a few more suggestions for improvement. Professional advice and recommendation to good addresses and contacts in the above areas for corresponding consideration is possible, for this you can simply contact the author of this article by email. Greening Deserts analyses and research projects have been dealing with climate change and extreme weather conditions such as exceptional heat, drought and floods since 2016. Despite all the optimism, the prognosis for the coming years does not look rosy. It takes a lot of effort, motivation and support to be able to work and live normally throughout the crisis. Cohesion is more important than ever in these times, egoism and ignorance only make things worse. We need more solidarity and courage, whether through useful information, the exchange of experiences or other meaningful actions. Simply going out into the streets unfortunately does not bring as much as taking part in constructive actions and actively participating in constructive actions for species protection, climate protection, nature conservation and environmental protection. For example planting trees, watering urban trees and plants, sowing wildflowers and caring for parks and meadows. Leaving this to others like the green space authorities or city cleaning is not a solution. In some countries or regions the corona crisis can result in massive financial problems and financial crises. There will be a lack of funds and resources for many of important environmental tasks or work in future. We all need to hold together in relation to the health of us all and the environment. Healthy ecosystems are the basis for a healthy life. The global economic crisis and COVID-19 recession (Great Lockdown) will occupy society and the economy for many years to come. In principle there are several crises, e.g. the education crisis, health crisis, cultural crisis and social crisis. Greening Deserts articles also deal with these topics, especially in relation to the effects, consequences and causes of climate change. Many potential solutions are offered, but most of them can only be solved together – some of the suggestions have already been implemented personally or privately. I hope that many will follow. Good additions, ideas and suggestions for improvement are of course always welcome. @ feedback.greeningdeserts.com. Your friend of nature, Oliver Gediminas Caplikas. The next article deals with climate change adaptation and urban greening on many levels, for example with vertical farming. Heat-resistant and drought-tolerant plant species as well as special climate change woody plants will play an important role. Some of the plants are even drought-resistant or have a high ‘drought resistance’. Climate protection, nature conservation and environmental protection is also species protection. These topics are important not only for the International Climate Week and international world days such as Arbor Day, World Tree Day or World Forest Day. In these times humanity has to deal with important climate problems in relation to the economy, ecology, environmental protection, nature conservation and sustainability almost every day, week, month and year. Like the corona crisis, the climate crisis knows no borders. It concerns us all. Global environmental awareness, sustainable living, more sustainable work and production can improve the climate and reduce human-made climate change effects, such as man-made deforestation, desertification and global warming. We can cool planet earth with more green landscapes, urban greening and diverse forests worldwide. Grasslands and wetlands play a special role in this. Show that you can live and work really sustainably by saving energy, food, water and other natural resources. Reduce waste and pollution, especially plastic waste. Use alternative packaging and ecological products like bamboo or hemp products like Hemp Papers or Rice Straw Papers. Reduce deforestation, desertification and land degradation by using alternative heating and ecological building materials instead of wood. Do more for green places in your city, try to establish more community gardens, city parks, city forests, urban farming areas, fascade and rooftop gardens. The future of sustainable agriculture is ecofarming, aquaponics, hydroponics, permaculture, organic and vertical farming – even in urban areas. With urban greening on a large scale urban areas can help to cool down planet earth. Cleantech, greentech, green building, sustainable living, sustainable working and sustainable architecture is the future of sustainable building, sustainable production and sustainable cities. With large-scale urban greening, urban areas can help cool down planet earth. We all can learn a lot of desert cultures and desert cities, bedouins and indigenous people in arid landscapes or drylands. Many towns and regions around the Mediterranean Sea are also good examples, doing things like choosing light colors for their houses and roofs – but still missing more green roofs and rooftop solar on the buildings. Fascade greening and fascade solar could be a good addition to urban development in future. We need to be fast because of the desertification and rising droughts in Europe. The deserts and drylands of Africa are moving toward South Europe! House boats or ships, mobile housing and underwater buildings can expand architecture and environmentally friendly habitats. Bamboo, hemp wood, rice straw building materials and fuels could reduce deforestation significantly. These methods would accelerate the process towards more climate neutral houses and urban areas. And again, the future of real sustainable cities, energy and traffic transition is AI and Cleantech, Energy Efficiency and Green Building, Greentech and Sustainable Architecture, Sustainable Living and Urban Greening, Sustainable Production and Sustainable Consumption, Sustainable Transport and Sustainable Working, Transparent Solar concepts and designs. Sustainable Agriculture, Ecological Forestry and Organic Farming in relation to community gardening, aquaponics, hydroponics, worldwide greening and permaculture projects can support the changes or transitions. Not to forget Sustainable Aviation, Sustainable Shipping and Sustainable Tourism. Think about new markets like a Plastic Fishing Market and Recycling Ships for example. A good formula for real sustainable living and sustainable working is: Repair, Reuse, Recycle, Replace and Upcycle. – especially plastic. #RRRRU Greening Deserts sustainable projects and initiatives such as Greening Camps and the Trillion Trees Initiative focuses on climate protection, education, research, the environment and species protection. We not only want to reforest or regreen the man-made deserts, arid areas and wasteland in Europe and Africa, we want also to create international platforms for sustainable economy, education, culture and science. The greening camps will also be climate camps and research camps for innovative cleantech and greentech developments. The camps will involve every region and culture in the greening and development process. The camps will also be a platform for the respective regions, with training and education in the foreground. There will be additional spaces or rooms for a library, lounge, workshop and a media room. This can enable many community activities and different types of events to be carried out, also online and virtually. International institutions, organizations, partners, projects, investors and sponsors are cordially invited to join our community network and projects! There is a wide range of information about these topics, including innovative developments and real sustainable solutions to solve climate crisis, food, energy and water problems with global impact. Most of the solutions were confirmed by science and feasibility studies or similar concepts. International institutions and organizations were informed many times about Greening Deserts concepts, project developments and connected projects. @Agrophotovoltaik, Desert Bamboo Africa, Greening Coasts, Greening Drones, Greenhouse Ship, Green Ring Africa, Great Green Wall North Africa, Seeding Balloon, Transparent Solar,… We not only need more actions, initiatives and innovations in the field of climate protection, nature and environmental protection. We need more action and effective solutions in relation to sustainable living and sustainable working in all areas, from big to small! Because the main problem and the main cause of the pollution are not only the car, coal and heavy industry, as well as agriculture, but it is every single one who causes and pushs the global warming and other negative climate changes by its consumption. This over-consumption and overproduction especially in areas of unhealthy monoculture food, IT technology, X-cars, smartphones and other pointless products are not just excessive waste but a meaningless destruction of resources and lives. Why should every year billions of animals and other life forms (animals and plants) die for humans if they can not even consume so many products. In some countries more than the half is thrown away, much products outdate or spoil because it is not effectively distributed or shared. Hundreds of millions of children go hungry every day and at the same time so many destroy and waste foods. In terms of food for example, one should improve preservation, logistics and distribution systems, use sustainable transport, drying and refrigeration systems more effectively worldwide instead of continuing to produce more – clearly, the solution is generally fairer distribution or sharing. If you extrapolate everything, the world produces food for over 10 billion people, countless mobile phones and notebooks for every single person. Why do humans need so many products – more than they can even consume? Most of it becomes garbage. Metals, plastics and toxins get into the environment and sometimes even into our food. Recycling uses a lot of energy and resources. We need radical changes through more sustainable, cleaner and more sensible procurement, energy use, supply chains and production; we need intelligent, on-demand systems everywhere, so that products worldwide will be produced only as needed. In some cases, of course, essential products must be stored or produced for stock, like basic food or products like rice, for example. There should be reserves and storage for emergency cases, fast–rising demands or other critical things. But we and the world really don’t need hundreds of the same products that will become junk or scrap. Producers worldwide need to improve their operations in these areas, establishing Cleantech, Greentech, Sustainability, AI and On-Demand Systems. Large companies, as well as corporations, should simply produce less and only based on real demand by real consumers. At the very least, products which are constantly not consumed or thrown away – many meats such as chicken, pork and beef – should not be overproduced. They produce not only manure and methane which produce particulate matter, but they or the production wastes water and pollutes the groundwater and the environment in the long term. We finally need a rethink in forestry and agriculture in terms of a more sustainable economy like Agroforestry, EcoFarming, EcoForestry, Mixed Culture and Permaculture. According to the latest findings and long-term studies, agriculture is responsible for most of the air pollution (approximately 40 percent) and the resulting water pollution! Years of deforestation had dried out whole landscapes and caused massive loss of wetlands, bogs and marshlands which can convert toxins and store up to fifty times as much CO2 as rainforests. Additionally, liquid manure and methane are a massive problem because the gases in the atmosphere create new fine dust, contaminating the groundwater for many years to come. In the coming Greening Camps, not only should these areas be researched, but also research the fields of green and clean technologies. The focus is on aquaponics, hydroponics, greenhouse, biowaste and water management, as well as new urban farming innovations. Droughts in Germany and Europe: Drought threatens soils, agriculture and forests It has been relatively dry in Germany since 2015, and the drought and heat waves in 2018 have seriously affected the environment. The soils of the forest are partly drier than the soils of grassland or greenland. The soil has dried out, even down to the deep layers. The groundwater very often sinks below critical levels, which significantly effects forests and bodies of water such as rivers and lakes. The water reserves are becoming increasingly scarce. Conflicts of use because of water scarcity can be exacerbated considerably. Water use and water management must become more economical and more sustainable so that there won’t be a real water crisis in the years to come. Using ponds, water towers and underground water reservoirs to collect rainwater makes more and more sense. This can be done with foils, trenches, solar pumps and agrophotovoltaic surfaces. Intelligent drip irrigation also saves a lot of water, because in dry times an incredible amount of water is wasted through irrigation or evaporation. The fear of the consequences of another year of drought after 2019 is great, especially when drinking water becomes scarce and entire rivers or lakes dry out. After the exceptionally dry April and July, the probability of another year of drought becomes greater, but this cannot be definitively said until the end of 2020. Persistent drought threatens biodiversity, botanical gardens and well-known parks, even if many plants are watered; the aridity of the surrounding area has an indirect effect on all plant growth. An unhealthy environment in the neighborhood also affects healthy areas in the region; only if the spread of healthy nature is promoted by favorable conditions, can nature as a whole recover and regenerate. This is difficult, however, with monocultures, polluting agriculture and monotonous forestry. It is possible to change into a more sustainable agriculture and ecological forestry, still this year. Since environmental and weather systems sometimes react very slowly, some consequences can only be felt years later, similar to the nitrate or slurry problem, where in some extreme cases the groundwater is still polluted years later. Many of the slow and creeping processes will have really serious consequences for agriculture. We will all have to live with the short-term and long-term effects of the climate crisis. Like nature, we can adapt to a certain extent, but active reduction of the problems and causes are of critical importance. Air quality is particularly important, because this also affects bodies of water and groundwater. According to the latest scientific research, air pollution from agriculture is even higher than pollution from traffic and the coal industry combined. This is not only due to the fine dust from dry fields, slurry spreading, keeping four, etc.; a big problem is the ammonia, which creates new fine dust in higher atmospheric layers. In the end, everything ends up in the water affectingthe water cycle and water quality. Soil quality and healthier soils through more complex or versatile forestry and more ecological agriculture, as well as better water management, are important to mitigate the consequences of climate change. The use of humus generating plants, deep roots, soil improvement and green manure plants can significantly contribute to soil formation and improvement of the overall soil. Some plants even have the potential to save the climate. Industrial hemp, for example, and hemp plants promote biodiversity and improve the moisture content; the leaves and plant roots can also form humus. The pronounced roots loosen the soil. The hemp fibers of the stems can be used for hemp paper, hemp cardboard and other packaging. Undemanding types of hemp are suitable for this, as they can cope well with drought and do not have to be fertilized. Protective layers with ground cover and wildflower meadows can protect the soil in particularly hot and dry times. The principle applies, just let it grow and support nature in the development of biodiversity with natural seeds. Work naturally with suitable species depending on the region and vegetation zone, i.e. suitable plants for mountainous areas, wetlands, grasslands, meadows and forests. To do this, one should think more about aquatic plants which can be used to improve water bodies. A large part of the rivers and lakes in Germany are in a precarious state, at least when it comes to the ecological aspect, neighboring agriculture, shipping and loss of biodiversity. This is also a problem of other European states. The economy and politics really need to care about the ongoing desertification and rising droughts in Europe. The deserts and drylands of Africa moving towards South Europe! The southern regions need fast climate adaption models and resilience plans to prevent worst case scenarious. Droughts, floods and rising fires are just the tip of the iceberg. We all have to help make whole landscapes more diverse and more resistant to climate extremes, including urban regions and cities. For this purpose, among other things, the Urban Greening Camp project started. Solidarity agriculture and community gardens are also a good solution which can bring more biodiversity and community profits. Show courage, solidarity and support for a healthy nature and more sustainable life on planet Earth. Show that you can really live and work sustainably by using energy or electricity, water and natural resources sparingly. Avoid overconsumption and pollution, especially plastic and air pollution from cars, planes and ships. Avoid environmental pollution of any kind, especially through the use of fossil fuels and polluting fuels such as coal. Reduce plastic waste and uses alternative materials such as bamboo, hemp and rice straw paper. Remember your human connection to the planet, and work for a better and fairer climate. Clean air, fresh water and a healthy environment are human rights. Climate protection, nature protection and environmental protection are also plant protection, animal protection and human protection or species protection, in general! We should all be more aware about climate justice and environmental justice; especially in future when a huge part of humanity will be affected by the climate crisis, extreme weather and rising sea levels. Greening Deserts sustainable projects and initiatives such as Greening Camps and the Trillion Trees Initiative have been working on sustainable projects for society, a healthier nature and a more diverse environment for years. The projects mainly serve the protection of species and environmental protection. We want to reforest or regreen man-made deserts, arid regions and wastelands in Europe and Africa, as well as create international platforms for more sustainable research, economy, education, culture and science. The greening camps will also be climate and research camps for innovative cleantech and greentech developments. The camps can include almost any region and culture in the greening and development process. Larger camps will have an energy storage park and maybe even expanded to a cleantech and greentech campus or science park. The hemp plant is not only the most useful plant in the world, hemp is also a potential climate saver and can even significantly reduce global warming, climate crises and land degradation with appropriate applications. Greening Deserts projects such as the Greening Camps and research stations will use bamboo, hemp and other key plants extensively to improve soil quality and water quality. Various greenhouses and research fields can be established together with the camps for education, research and product development, the projects also serve the climate, nature and environmental protection. At each camp can be special biotopes, botanical gardens, greenhouses and parks for endangered species – especially for cultivating or saving plants, insects and other animals of each climate zone or region. The groundwater, global waters and water circle can be improved by sustainable hemp cultivation, ecological agriculture, organic farming and innovative water management. Only natural fertilizers will be used and pesticides are avoided, there are many good alternatives. Different bamboo and hemp sorts can be used in almost every climate and under all possible conditions or events. Global hemp cultivation can really contribute to climate, soil and water improvement as well as for a better cultivation of crops and a variety of afforestation or reforestation. The founder and project developer of Greening Camp projects has been developing these innovative and sustainable solutions for years. Climate protection, nature conservation, species protection and plant science are a few of the primary tasks. Since the Greening Deserts Masterplan in 2017 many of the innovative ideas, developments and solutions have been presented and realized – not only in relation to open-cast mines, open-pit mines and surface mining. Through connected projects, most developments and ideas have been established internationally, even if only conceptually or theoretically. Many of the developments or products can be realized with hemp, e.g. hemp books, papers, nets, tarpaulins, ropes, textiles, packaging materials and other hemp products. Hemp fibers have been used for many centuries in fishery and shipping because of their flexibility, tear resistance and resilience. Nowadays, there are well over 50,000 industrial hemp applications, but far too few are really used. That is why many of the most useful applications are analyzed with the greening and research camps and applied accordingly. Hemp paper, hemp wood and hemp plastic are interesting products, so like the ingredients CBD, THC, etc. – not just for science. Industrial hemp can be used for hemp paper and hemp packaging, saving more trees and forests and reducing global deforestation. It could even reduce the plastic waste, especially the plastic bags. In this relation is the hemp cultivation not just interesting for developing countries with soil and water problems like in Africa, it also has enourmous potential for European countries and whole Europe who missed many of these developments. More information about hemp plants and hemp paper: For about 12,000 years people have been using the raw material. Hemp paper was invented in China over 2,000 years ago and reached Europe in the 13th century. For 500 years it was the most widely used raw material in papermaking. Hemp books such as the Gutenberg Bible and other well-known works were printed on hemp papers. Hemp paper is much more stable and durable than wood paper. Hemp paper books last much longer and do not turn yellow fast. Hemp fibers are naturally lighter than wood fibers. Hemp is therefore better suited for paper production than wood. The cannabis or hemp plant produces several times higher yields than trees in terms of cultivated area and growing time. One hectare of hemp field can replace about 120 hectares of trees. Sustainability, the forest conservation or preservation of the forests, as well as the improvement of the soils, are further advantages of hemp production. In principle, almost all varieties can be used for hemp cultivation. Particularly suitable for hemp fiber production is high-growth industrial hemp. Depending on the variety, hemp plants can grow several meters in just three to four months. Hemp leaves an optimal field or soil for subsequent plants. According to farmers and hemp farmers, a wheat or potato field can produce up to 20% more yield in the following year. The hemp plant is therefore a perfect catch crop and is also very well suited as a bio fertilizer. In some regions even two harvests per year are possible. Hemp is the ideal plant for ecological and organic farming or sustainable agriculture. In Germany, hemp is not allowed to grow for everyone. The cultivation of hemp is just allowed with certain permits and only for certain agricultural companies. All other companies in agriculture are not allowed to grow hemp, not even private or forestry organisations. This clearly contradicts the positive qualities and benefits for the environment, nature, medicine and society. Further ecological and economic advantages of the raw material hemp: Hemp is very undemanding and grows on almost any soil, the root system loosens up the soil. Hemp plants are very resistant to fungal attacks. Hemp cultivation creates a slightly wetter climate, hemp fields support biodiversity, especially with respect to insects. The pollen of the male hemp plant is interesting for bees or wild bees. Hemp plants suppress weeds and improve the soil climate. Hemp can clean up poisoned soils, sometimes even from some heavy metals. The hemp blossom has many valuable ingredients. The hemp plant can be fully utilized, including the foliage, flowers, seeds and stems. There are thousands of applications and products, e.g. hemp tea, hemp oil, hemp paper, hemp textiles or hemp fabrics. Hemp fibers are very resistant and therefore usable in many areas. Hemp fibers are among the most stable natural fibers in the world. Hemp paper can be recycled more often than wood paper, almost every type of paper and cardboard can be made from hemp. Hemp books, magazines and newspapers are the future! More information you can find on the Hemp Papers project pages. Please care the soil not just on the World Soil Day on 5th December, care it everyday like your fresh water. If we care more about our soils we care more about ourselfs, our planet Earth and the humanity. The Latin name for man, humans or homo, derived from humus. About a third of the world’s soil has already been degraded. Soils are the basis of life, ninety five percent of our food comes from the soil. – Maria-Helena Semedo A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people. – Franklin D. Roosevelt A tree’s most important means of staying connected to other trees is a “wood wide web” of soil fungi that connects vegetation in an intimate network that allows the sharing of an enormous amount of information and goods. – Tim Flannery Collaboration has no hierarchy. The Sun collaborates with soil to bring flowers on the earth. – Amit Ray Civilization has its roots in the soil. Each soil has had its own history. Like a river, a mountain, a forest, or any natural thing, its present condition is due to the influences of many things and events of the past. – Charles Kellogg The Earth and soil is the basis of all life, even on the deep undergrounds of the oceans. The deforestation, land degradation and the pollution of air, water and soils by humans is responsible for many climate changes, human-made global warming and even a mass extinction in only 100 years! If humanity will fail to save and protect the most important species, the endangered and keystone species, the human species will also die out – maybe also in just 100 years. – Gediminas Caplikas History is largely a record of human struggle to wrest the land from nature, because man relies for sustenance on the products of the soil. So direct, is the relationship between soil erosion, the productivity of the land, and the prosperity of people, that the history of mankind, to a considerable degree at least, may be interpreted in terms of the soil and what has happened to it as the result of human use. – Hugh Hammond Bennett If we pollute the air, water and soil that keep us alive and well, and destroy the biodiversity that allows natural systems to function, no amount of money will save us. – David Suzuki I saw all the people hustling early in the morning to go into the factories and the stores and the office buildings, to do their job, to get their check. But ultimately it’s not office buildings or jobs that give us our checks. It’s the soil. The soil is what gives us the real income that supports us all. – Ed Begley, Jr. It helps to think of soil as a living organism covered with skin like a human. We can live with a certain percentage of our skin damaged, but if too high a percentage is damaged, we die. So, too, does soil and thus most life. – Allan Savory People in cities may forget the soil for as long as a hundred years, but Mother Nature’s memory is long and she will not let them forget indefinitely. – Henry A. Wallace Soil is not usually lost in slabs or heaps of magnificent tonnage. It is lost a little at a time over millions of acres by the careless acts of millions of people. It cannot be saved by heroic feats of gigantic technology, but only by millions of small acts and restraints, conditioned by small fidelities, skills, and desires. Soil loss is ultimately a cultural problem; it will be corrected only by cultural solutions. – Wendell Berry Soil organic matter sustains agriculture, which sustains civilization. Soil organic matter generates and regulates every ecosystem service that sustains life on earth. Topsoil loss in excess of topsoil formation has been the defining characteristic of agriculture. The rapid formation of carbon-rich topsoil is the greatest priority and opportunity of our time. If you harvest a crop you are removing nutrients from that ecosystem – for sustainable production they need to be replaced. Standing on soil feels so much different than standing on city pavement; it lets you look inward and reflect and see who you really are, while you see a beautiful, unspoiled land as far as the eye can see. It allows your inner life to grow. – Ricardo Montalban The only truly dependable production technologies are those that are sustainable over the long term. By that very definition, they must avoid erosion, pollution, environmental degradation, and resource waste. Any rational food-production system will emphasize the well-being of the soil-air-water biosphere, the creatures which inhabit it, and the human beings who depend upon it. – Eliot Coleman The fate of the soil system depends on society’s willingness to intervene in the market place, and to forego some of the short-term benefits that accrue from ‘mining’ the soil so that soil quality and fertility can be maintained over the longer term. – Eugene Odum The soil is the great connector of lives, the source and destination of all. It is the healer and restorer and resurrector, by which disease passes into health, age into youth, death into life. Without proper care for it we can have no community, because without proper care for it we can have no life. – Wendell Berry Understanding is the soil in which grow all the fruits of friendship. – Woodrow Wilson We must come to understand our past, our history, in terms of the soil and water and forests and grasses that have made it what it is. – William Vogt Greening Deserts Sustainable Projects Summary: Greening Deserts projects are cultural, economic, educational, scientific, social and sustainable projects in the field of horticulture, hydroponics, sustainable agriculture and ecological forestry – but also in the fields of clean technology, green technologies and renewable energy such as solar, water and wind energy. Electricity access, availability and reliability together with energy efficiency will be optimized at the greening and research camps. The focus is on education, sustainable developments and scientific research. Conservation, environmental protection and species protection plays a very important role, too. Main goals of the projects are to reduce deforestation, desertification, pollution and global warming on a large scale. Goals are also to improve the energy and food security, to offer innovative management, ecosystem and greening services. The projects will reform the agriculture and forestry with Ecofarming, Ecoforestry and Permaculture methods, technics and techniques. The projects can include each region and nation in the process, especially in relation to Cleantech, Greentech, environmental protection, a real Sustainable Infrastructure and Sustainable Investments – Green Finance and Sustainable Finance. The worldwide cleaning and greening process can accelerate the global peace building process siginificantly. More articles and news will come! Feel free to comment and to add interesting quotes to the topics. Greening Deserts sustainable projects like the Greening Camps want to establish innovative developments like Agrophotovoltaik and Energy Storage Parks, Greening Drones and Seeding Balloons, Transparent Solar and Vertical Greenhouses. With the first Greening Camp and adequate fundings all the sustainable developments could finally be accelerated and developed worldwide. The projects were founded and initiated by the Greening Deserts founder. He informed institutions, organisations and even invited governments to join these projects and initiatives, as well as to the Greenhouse Ship, Plastic Fishing and Trillion Trees Initiative. If for example each nation plants approx 2 billion trees, we the humanity could reach the goal to plant one trillion trees very fast and we could really cool down the planet on a large scale. It would also protect and save countless species which are endangered by extinction. There are many campaigns and initiatives in this relation and we all are connected to reach the global goals faster. The Greening Camp keyplants like bamboo, beans, hemp and sunflowers will improve the soils, underground water and waters. Drylands and wastelands can be turned into fertile lands easily. Hemp improves the soils in just a few years, after this other soil improving plants, environmental friendly crops and trees can be planted. Hemp will be just a side product of the forestation or greening processes, it can be delivered to hemp product producers like the hemp paper branch and hemp wood industry. The Greening Camps will produce millions of tons of hemp. All would win at the end, the poor people or regions, the degraded lands or soils, the forestry, paper and wood industry – even big wood paper consumers like the book, newspaper and packaging industry. Hemp papers and hemp carton packages will save a lot of trees and will reduce deforestation significantly. Forestation.net Since the last two years the founder informed hundreds of publishers, media companies and paper producers about these facts. Greening Deserts Camp projects and products like Hemp Papers have really big potential to reduce deforestation, land degradation, pollution and wasting resources worldwide. Each camp will have a recycling center and workshop, especially for creative plastic waste recycling and upcycling. Biowaste Management, Greenhouse Management and Water Management will improve soils, air and water quality in all camp areas. Millions of new jobs and whole new markets will be created! Other main goals in this relation are to bring back biodiversity, typical and rare plants of all concerned region. Seed banks or stores and special greenhouses, botanical gardens or similar habitats for the most endangered species will be established at each camp. Climate protection, conservation, environmental protection and species protection are also main tasks of the camps. Of course, we can not do everything. We will exchange and share a lot with other similar institutions, organisation and projects – like with national parks, game reserves or wildlife preserves. The Greening Camps will establish green spots, healthy environments and platforms for all regions really need better soils, clean air and fresh water. The camps will be platforms for cleantech, climate protection, conservation, culture, education, environmental protection, greentech and science. All camps will have a library, lounge and media room. Bigger camps will get an Energy Storage Park and even could be expanded to a kind of campus or science park. We exchanged with a lot of institutions about it and many liked the projects. With active, constructive and financial support by the official institutions the camps can be build very fast. We have not much time to reduce desertification, global warming, human-made climate change effects and extreme weather before the biosphere will collapse – responsible bodies and institutions need to act immediately. Many camps could be build in 2020, the case the projects will finally be supported by the African Union, EU and UN. Even refugee camps could have a greening camp area. The founder combined and researched since years much more innovative developments, technics, techniques and products. You can check them on the official project pages. The planet earth can be cooled with more diverse forests, green and natural landscapes worldwide – especially urban regions which heat up very much each year. Bamboo, hemp wood, rice straw and other sustainable innovative building materials and fuels could significantly reduce deforestation and man-made climate change. The future of truly sustainable cities, the energy transition and transport sector are: AI and Cleantech, Energy Efficiency and Green Building, Greentech and Sustainable Architecture, Sustainable Living and greening of cities, Sustainable Production and Sustainable Consumption, Sustainable Transport and Sustainable Working, Sustainable Agriculture, Ecological Forestry and Organic Farming in relation to Community Gardens, Hydroponics, Permaculture, Urban Agriculture, Vertical Farming can significantly support change or reversals. Not forget to mention Sustainable Aviation, Sustainable Shipping and Sustainable Tourism. All of these areas or topics will also play an important role at Urban Greening Camps. First camps in this relation are planned for European cities or urban areas and for open pit terrains or surface mining landscapes. Greening Deserts projects are cultural, educational, economic, social, scientific and sustainable projects in the field of horticulture, hydroculture, sustainable agriculture and ecological forestry – but also in the fields of clean technology (CleanTech), green technologies (GreenTech) and renewable energy such as solar, water and wind energy. Electricity access, availability and reliability together with energy efficiency will be optimized at the greening and research camps. The focus is on education, sustainable developments and scientific research. Conservation and environmental protection plays a very important role, too. Main goals of the projects are to reduce deforestation, desertification, pollution and global warming on a large scale. Goals are also to improve the energy and food security, to offer innovative management, ecosystem and greening services. The projects will reform the agriculture and forestry with ecofarming, ecoforestry and permaculture methods, technics and techniques. The projects can include each region and nation in the process, especially in relation to cleantech, greentech, environmental protection, a real sustainable infrastructure and sustainable investments – Green Finance and Sustainable Finance. To manage and to share better necessary finances a special Greening Fund will be established together with international financial institutions. It is a real chance for the world, especially for Africa and Europe to reach faster the Climate Goals and more Sustainable Development Goals together with Greening Deserts international and innovative developments. The future vision is to establish a Greening Campus on all continents and several camps for all regions who need ecological, environmental and sustainable development services. Each constructive feedback and real active support is always welcome! You can read more about all the developments on the official project pages like Agrophotovoltaik, Energy Storage Park, Greening Coasts, Greening Camp, Greening Drone, Greenhouse Ship, Green Ring Africa, Great Green Wall North Africa, Hemp Books, Hemp Papers, Seeding Balloon, Transparent Solar,.. and on the newest projects like Plastic Fishery and Recycling Ship. Each project will get an own page or section in future. Climate protection, nature conservation and environmental protection is also species protection. We need more environmental awareness and sustainability, sustainable living and sustainable working, in all fields or areas. We need to create a world of understanding, acceptance, respect, tolerance, compassion and consciousness. Keynote and Update X: The maybe most important issue, topic or point is the problem with the daily extinction of the real endangered species and wrong focus or awareness in relation to endangered species in general and most endangered species who really need to be saved – and to reduce or prevent the ongoing mass extinction really effective. It are mainly the most endangered species and keystone species which must be cared more than well known and relative protected species like elephants, hippos, lions, pandas, whales, etc.. Many of the countless programs and resources for mentioned species should be used for the most endanged and keystone species. It makes no sense to protect more and more the well know species and every day dying or even extinct so many other important species. AI, Deep Learning, Supercomputers and intelligent computing systems should be used primarely to find all the most endanged and keystone species who are recorded. Search algorithms and organisations like ACM, MA, Google, Research Gate and Wolfram Alpha should support this actively. International institutions and nations should unite in this relation. It is maybe the most important issue of the world! Afforestation.org We have not much time to establish hundreds of camps, greenhouses and new special areas for this special species protection tasks – on land and at sea – for the most endangered species of this world. The reality is, if the most important species or keystone species like bees extinct or reach a certain low population level (MVP), humanity and much other species depending on them will die out, too. If these most important food or dependency chains and bridges collapse, even if it are relative small or partwise unknown keystone species, it can cause cascade effects similar like in the case of the permafrost problem. No panic, but every day and action in this relation counts. The only way is to unite, to focus on this problem and find fastest solutions. My tipp work out keystone species and priority lists for all the expert workgroups and worldwide institutions like universities and schools – not just in relation to climate protection, environmental or species protection. The media and public should also report mainly about this. Don’t ignore it. Forward and share if you can, it affects us all. Autor: Oliver Gediminas Caplikas, Leipzig, November 2019 We are proud to announce two new Greening Camp projects. ☀💚☀ Greening Camp Egypt and Greening Camp Rwanda project development started with some awesome people from Africa. We will present the development teams this year. The goal is to finish the first stage during the summer. We will develop, promote and support education, climate, environmental awareness, healthy and sustainable living and working solutions. Together with the Billion Trees Campaigns and Tillion Trees Initiative we will reforest and revegetate man-made deserts, especially drylands and wastelands in Africa. Natural Habitats, Game Reserves, WildLife Reserves and Environmental Protection plays a very important role at Greening Deserts projects. We will create healthy environments like natural gardens, parks and forests together with each involved region. Goals are also to restore natural landscapes like mixed forests, grasslands and wetlands – to bring back diversity, clean air and water. The Energy Storage Park for each bigger greening and research camp will guarantee clean energy supply and energy security. Greening Camp Egypt project development started and we will present the development team until summer. We want to start with first building and joint development work until late summer. With support by the African community and African Union (AU) we can build the camp maybe even faster. The focus is on research, cleantech, renewable energy, greentech, greenhouse and water management, sustainable farming, greening and ecological forestry. Conservation, environmental protection, preservation of diversity and wildlife plays a very important role, too. We will support building new habitats and game reserves. Afforestation.org The main goals and tasks of the project are the education and integration of the region around the camp in the conservation and greening process. We want to offer exhibitions, excursions, guided tours, training courses and seminars. Providing information about environment, culture, history, landscapes, nature, society, clean and green technologies. #Afforestation, #Camp, #Conservation, #Diversity, #CleanTech, #EcoFarming, #EcoForestry, #Egypt, #GreenTech, #SciencePark, #TrillionTrees Informed hundreds of ambassadors, ministers, trade commissioners, scientists and experts to join Greening Deserts campaigns, initiatives and projects – especially the Billion Trees Project and the Trillion Trees Initiative! All nations are welcome to support us. International partners, institutions, sponsors and investors are welcome to join us in this early stage. @Greening Camps, Greening Coasts, Greening Drones, Greenhouse Ship, Green Ring Africa, Great Green Wall North Africa 💚💚💚💚💚 Invest in true values like education, health, humanity, nature and sustainability. Greening Deserts are economical, educational, cultural, social, scientific and sustainable projects to reduce desertification and global warming, to improve healthy environments, agriculture and forestry. Also for urban areas, city forests and gardens – especially community and rooftop gardens. They are good to cool down urban areas and filter the air. @Urban Greening, Rooftop Greening, Community Gardening and City Farming (City Nursery)! We can start primarly in the countries where we get the best, fastest and most support, also financially. The goal is to establish Research and Greening Camps for drylands and wastelands, especially in African and Arabic nations. We want to connect them during the years and bring the nations together, also by connected megaprojects like the third Great Green Wall Project, the Green Ring Africa Platform (coastal greening), the Greenhouse Ship and Greening Coasts project. At the Frankfurt Book Fair and during the years we exchanged and talked a lot with many awesome people around the world. Exchanged and invited many ambassadors, ministers, trade commissioners, scientists and experts to join our campaigns, initiatives and projects – especially the 100 Billion Trees project and the Trillion Trees Campaign! If each nation would plant a billion trees minimum during the next years we maybe can cool down the planet and really reach some of the climate goals. Healthy and natural environments are the best for health! That’s why Greening Deserts projects want to create and restore healthy environments worldwide. By the way, trees and many plants produce not just fresh air and water, they provide food and are the best medicine or health therapy. Clean air, water and a healthy environment are Human Rights! To support the greening and forestation process, we want to develop seeding and greening drones, for larger areas we can use solar planes. It’s one of the first projects we will start at the first Greening Camp next year. The drones are mainly for greening drylands and wastelands fast and efficient, they are also good to improve the diversity of existing areas and forests. To reduce paper and wood waste we not just recommend recycled papers and produce on demand technologies, we started two projects to save the forests, too. Hemp Papers and Hemp Houses was founded during the last year. We will produce a lot of hemp during the greening process and can deliver a lot of raw materials for innovative paper, carton packaging and building products (like hemp bricks, press plates and OSB-boards). Because hemp is one of our key plants for the greening projects, so we can offer this resource for hemp product producers, the book, paper, packaging and building industry. Investors and strong future partners are welcome to join us in the early stage with green finance and seed capital. You can download the article: Greening Deserts Sustainable Investment in CleanTech GreenTech Education and GreenFinance Greening Deserts don’t just worked out a Business Plan and Master Plan for a fast coal exit and sustainable agriculture, greening and forestation in open cast mining deserts like in Germany. The plans are for all other dry and barren landscapes, too. The concepts also work for concrete or desert cities and urban areas. Greening and research camps can be build in each country or nation who need fast and sustainable land regeneration and revegetation. With our methods and techniques we can produce fast top soil layers and clean filtered water. Subsoiling and repairing damages to the soil we can do with special plants (top soil producers and deep rooters). Desert bamboo and other pioneer plants can loosening any dry and barren soil in just a few years. After the first year, trees and soil producing plants like hemp can be planted between the pioneer plants – who dropping shadow and holding the water in the ground. Bamboo groves, woods and forests holding enourmous amounts of water. The greening camps nearby waters like lakes, rivers, seas and oceans will study and research on advanced and new irrigation, water filtering and desalination methods. Water research and improvement is a very important field of Greening Deserts research projects. With all our sustainable projects it’s really possible to reduce the global warming to a significant level. The concepts and master plans of Greening Deserts don’t covering only the thematics conservation, ecology, education, environmental protection, cultural and economical issues, but also social and scientific topics like the migration caused by global warming and human-made climate change. Most of the refugees are climate change refugees, leaving their countries because of land degeneration and desertification. These real causes of migration must be solved at the roots in all these poor nations. Fight the true causes of poverty not the symptoms. Worked years on these themes and wrote many articles about. Together with the master plan many good and innovative solutions are ready to be realised. Regreen or recultivate Africa and MENA region, especially East and North Africa to stop the main causes of migration. And we ask again, why refugee camps have no or just less greenhouses and gardens. There are so many cheap and mobiles greenhouses, so like greenhouse, solar and water producing containers. Greening Deserts analyzing, researching and documenting innovative and problematic developments for years – especially in the energy, agriculture and science sectors. But it’s not just about the problems, we also developed or researched sustainable and real good solutions – and world innovations @Greening Coasts, Greenhouse Ship, Green Ring Africa, Great Green Wall North Africa,.. Climate, nature and environmental protection plays a special role here. Everyone should have noticed the extreme climate or weather in Germany and Europe, especially the floods, droughts and heat waves. Those who continue to ignore all these facts, especially those responsible in industry and government, are responsible for the consequences of climate change and the consequences of global warming. They are also responsible for all the millions of climate refugees and deaths who suffer or die each year from extreme drought and air pollution. The main causes or culprits are cattle breeding, meat production, the car industry, the coal industry, the arms industry and the armaments industry, but also the responsible policy. Every year, billions (unfortunately also much taxpayers money) are wasted in these areas. For example, at least half (such as food) is not needed or consumed – a massive logistics and over-production problem. Precious foods (such as corn) that are gasified or burned for energy production are not a good solution, especially if rainforests are cut down for them – see Brazil, Germany and the energy maize. The time to act is now, we are tired of waiting years over years that the responsibles in Europe finally support us and our innovative ideas or developments actively and financially – especially since many responsibles were informed. How said, the master plan is ready since last year! You can download on our pages. Please support our innovative, social and sustainable projects for a better and greener world. It’s your planet and your future, too! Help nature and planet earth with all the different life forms or species to regenerate and to survive. Care the endangered species before they die out, caused mainly by deforestation. Reduce and stop this madness, because there are enough alternatives to wood and classic paper like grass, hemp and rice straw paper. Help us to plant millions or even billions of trees in future. Forests are the true cloud and rain makers, if the forests are back, water and wildlife will come back. To all the politics and responsibles (Coal Commission, etc.), start finally to act and replace the dirty coal! Don’t talk, plant trees and realise more sustainable energies. We are proud to announce a new project and initiative for Greening Deserts projects like Greening Coasts and Greening Islands. The world’s first greenhouse ship, container ship and solar ship together in one big transport ship can deliver and transport greenhouses and equipment for professional gardening, greening, farming, forestation and other fields like solar applications or solar installations directly to areas where it’s needed. It’s a logistical and infrastructure innovation, because the ship can ship along the coastlines between the big habours of the world – you don’t must drive hundred or even thousands of kilometers from the habours to the destinations. With solar boats, drones, landing crafts and solar trucks the needed goods can delivered directly to the customers on the shortest ways, also deep into the continents. Boat landing stages are not necessary because landing crafts and small transport boats can ship directly to the coasts with fortified areas and roads nearby. Sustainable shipping with greening ships and solar ships will change the world into a better, cleaner and greener place. Greenhouse Ships, container ships and Solar Ships could have mobile units or sections inside and outside. So you can move and exchange containers like in automated parking systems. This allows to load and unload the ship at any place of coastlines. Solar modules can be folded out and affixed with clever clip connections on the top or sides of the containers and on other free places or surfaces. A mobile floating solar field can be spread out on the water to charge the solar accumulators. Desalination of sea water is no longer a problem these days, so the greenhouse section (fixed or mobile greenhouse containers) will have fresh water and service water. On the official Greenhouse Ship and Solar Ships page we will report about the project development in future and also about interesting developments related to greenhouse boats and ships. Greenhouse Ship™ was founded and initiated by Oliver Gediminas Caplikas from Leipzig. http://www.greenhouseship.com About Greening Deserts: Greening Deserts are economical, educational, cultural, social, scientific and sustainable projects to reduce desertification and global warming. Further tasks and goals of the projects are the education, research and realization of a sustainable greening, management and cultivation of all kinds of poor, barren and dry areas, landscapes (drylands) or regions. That’s why the main projects of Greening Deserts treating not only typical deserts but all types of deserts, including surface mining deserts, concrete- or urban-deserts. This can all be done with suitable greening and research camps, stations or centers. Desert research, research and development of sustainable greening methods, greenhouse management, forestry, agriculture and cultural industries are the primary fields of the concept and greening deserts projects. The greening and research camp with a greenhouse, office and laboratory containers or tents for the research and development of greening and irrigation methods is the primary objective for opencast mine or post-mining landscapes. Secondary objectives, such as sustainable recreational use and tourism offers, can be realized while the operation during the years. Greening Deserts has already applied for some idea, startup and business competitions, e.g. for the Hamburg Innovation Award, but to date no answer or any feedback. Greening Deserts started a mammoth project or campaign for our lovely hometown Leipzig in Saxony, Germany. It’s called 1000 Mammoth Trees for Leipzig. Of course we will plant much more, but we want to show that it is possible to plant 1000 trees in a day or during a week very easily. It’s much love, time and work around. Because some tree species like the giant Sequoia and Taxodium tree need a special cold treatment – we and nature have done the last weeks and months. Now we are ready to go and to grow it. The biggest Taxodium tree stands in Mexico. In 2005, its trunk had a circumference of 42 m, equating to a diameter of 14 m. Taxodium trees in the area of Leipzig have a long history and goes back millions of years. It was one of the most widespreaded trees in the marshlands of Leipzig region. This mammoth-like tree and wood was highly sought after and expensive, that’s why this tree was felled massively. In Germany this tree is very rare and endangered. Greening Deserts projects will establish this tree again and plant millions of them in whole Europe. We want to establish this ancient tree again in the floodplain forests and lakeland region around Leipzig, but also in marshlands in Lithuania. You can help to plant them out this year. Follow or like the page to get news and updates about this campaign. Everybody is welcome to support us on the mission for real and sustainable conservation and environmental protection. For drylands or wastelands we have also mammoth trees like the Taxodium mucronatum of Mexico and Adansonia trees of Africa. After years of plant research and studying the plant databases of Africa we found countless (also forgotten) plants are good to recultivate in grasslands, savannahs or even in deserts. Special desert plants like some ultraresistent bamboo sorts will help with soil loosening and subsoiling. Together with awesome plant mixes we can produce topsoil everywhere fast and efficient. That’s why we want to start also a greening- and research camp in the open-pit desert in the surface mining or post-mining landscape around Leipzig in Saxony, Germany. Of course these greening camps can be started in African and European countries with deserts, drylands or wetlands like in France or Spain. Reduce global warming, negative human-made climate changes and plant more diverse parks, woods and forests – for better air quality and save CO2. Cool down urban areas with Urban Greening projects and establish more city forests. Support Greening Deserts to regreen and to recultivate native plants, especially endangered and forgotten species – wildlife and even extincted lifeforms maybe will come back if we all create more natural spaces and establish more wildlife sanctuaries. Never underestimate the energies and forces of nature. Over time, nature takes everything back or balancing the environment worldwide. What we do to nature we do ourselves. Those who are committed to nature, the environment and a better climate, are committed to their own lives – even if it is not easy in this wasteful, consumer-crazy and destructive society. Just think of all the toxins and pollutants in the environment and the enormous destruction of nature, which was and is caused by the automotive, coal and heavy industry but also by the consumers. Everyone is a part responsible and should think more about – and then act especially! Less (plastic packaging, energy and food waste) is more.. money and a clean environment for all – by the way, clean air is a human right. Thanks California and Canada for the mammoth tree inspiration, in memories to the wonderful redwoods. The second Greening Deserts Master Plan for desert areas such as open-pit deserts is ready and of course in continuous development. The business plan, concept and study on sustainable greening methods, greenhouse management, forestry, agriculture and cultural economy for opencast mine and post-mining landscapes can also be adapted as needed or revised for any situation. In the following a few special Unique Selling Propositions (USPs) and innovative ideas are briefly summarized. Most work, services or services can be realized with sufficient resources and resources with a few helpers. With money, financial resources or support it is no problem to build fast a good time. The services are chargeable, but in some exceptions such as investments, joint ventures, sponsorships or similar collaborations may be free or mutually beneficial. Various constellations, partnerships and synergy effects are possible. Further information can be found in the Masterplan 2 and partner, investor or sponsoring concept. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. – Albert Einstein Faith moves mountains, intelligence goes over them, wisdom goes around them, but love levels them. – Matshona Dhliwayo You don’t climb mountains without a team, you don’t climb mountains without being fit, you don’t climb mountains without being prepared and you don’t climb mountains without balancing the risks and rewards. And you never climb a mountain on accident – it has to be intentional. – Mark Udall Doubt makes the mountain that faith can shift. – German proverb Faith can move mountains. Doubt can create them.

Design elements - Greek letters You can use it to design your own art titles and typography elements for your illustrations, presentation slides, infographics and diagrams using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software. The vector typography example "Design elements - Greek letters" is included in the Artwork solution from the Illustration area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. Read more Mathematics Solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park includes a few shape libraries of plane, solid geometric figures, trigonometrical functions and greek letters to help you create different professional looking mathematic illustrations for science and education. Read more Biology solution provides 3 libraries with large quantity of vector biology symbols: Biochemistry of Metabolism Library, Carbohydrate Metabolism Library, Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle) Library. Read more "Astronomical symbols are symbols used to represent various celestial objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in astronomy. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyri of late antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which the Greek papyri were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols. New symbols were further invented to represent many just-discovered planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th-20th centuries. All these symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, and astrologers. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes." [Astronomical symbols. Wikipedia] The pictograms example "Design elements - Astronomical symbols" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Astronomy solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. Read more "An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) which is used to write one or more languages based on the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as syllabaries (in which each character represents a syllable) and logographies (in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or semantic unit). ... There are dozens of alphabets in use today, the most popular being the Latin alphabet (which was derived from the Greek). Many languages use modified forms of the Latin alphabet, with additional letters formed using diacritical marks. ... Alphabets are usually associated with a standard ordering of their letters. This makes them useful for purposes of collation, specifically by allowing words to be sorted in alphabetical order. It also means that their letters can be used as an alternative method of "numbering" ordered items, in such contexts as numbered lists." [Alphabet. Wikipedia] The symbols example "ABC" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Artwork solution from the Illustration area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. www.conceptdraw.com/solution-park/illustrations-artwork Read more "A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter, an important but poorly understood component. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias ..., literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Examples of galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (10^7) stars to giants with one hundred trillion (10^14) stars, each orbiting their galaxy's own center of mass. Galaxies contain varying numbers of planets, star systems, star clusters and types of interstellar clouds. In between these objects is a sparse interstellar medium of gas, dust, and cosmic rays. Supermassive black holes reside at the center of most galaxies. They are thought to be the primary driver of active galactic nuclei found at the core of some galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy is known to harbor at least one such object. Galaxies have been historically categorized according to their apparent shape, usually referred to as their visual morphology. A common form is the elliptical galaxy, which has an ellipse-shaped light profile. Spiral galaxies are disk-shaped with dusty, curving arms. Those with irregular or unusual shapes are known as irregular galaxies and typically originate from disruption by the gravitational pull of neighboring galaxies. Such interactions between nearby galaxies, which may ultimately result in a merger, sometimes induce significantly increased incidents of star formation leading to starburst galaxies. Smaller galaxies lacking a coherent structure are referred to as irregular galaxies." The example "Design elements - Galaxies" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Astronomy solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. 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Black & White Lighthouses Queenscliff has been a prominent part of Australia's early maritime and defence history. There are two lighthouses in Queenscliff - the Black Lighthouse and the White Lighthouse - which are situated just 500 metres from each other near the entrance to Port Phillip. Unique, striking and one of only a handful like it in the world, the Black Lighthouse at Fort Queenscliff is fashioned out of naturally black stone and is the only of its type in the Southern Hemisphere. The infamous Black Lighthouse was erected in 1843 and replaced a temporary sandstone lighthouse at the fort which was built to protect the entrance to Port Phillip. The White Lighthouse is flanked by two steel navigational towers that to this day help to steer ships through the dangerous of The Rip and into Port Phillip. Built in 1862, it was constructed out of bluestone and sits at the tip of Shortlands Bluff.

The COVID-19 pandemic (novel coronavirus) is affecting all around the world. According to worldometer, there were 471,794 confirmed coronavirus cases and 21,297 deaths by Mar-26th, 2020 in the world. During this harsh time, a lot of hospitals in many countries are short of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) including gloves, gowns, masks, etc. UNIZ will help aid in this global medical supply shortage and is dedicated to helping the medical community resolve shortages by our additive manufacturing technologies. We had designed a “Mask Multiplier” which could turn 1 surgical mask into 4 masks to relieve mask shortage. As we know, if we unfold a surgical mask, the cloth dimension is about 17.5cm*17cm. Most of the cloth is used to cover, and seal mouth, nose and cheek. The actual part for filtering air is not big. We could 3D print a mask to cover mouth and nose and let mask cloth to filtering air only. By this way, we can save a lot of mask cloth. SLASH series 3D printer owns a 192*120*200mm large build volume which can print Mask Multiplier within 1 hour and 40 minutes in one-shot. The build volume of most LCD resin printers on the market are small like a smartphone screen size which cannot print this mask in one piece. If you use SLASH series printers with cUDP technology, the printing time will be reduced to 35 minutes. UNIZ’s engineers used 3D printing thought to design this Mask Multiplier in the first beginning and made this design can be printed without supports, which reduces post processing time a lot. Cut four sides of a surgical mask by scissors. We can get a cloth with dimension 15cm*12.5cm. Find a sheet of cardboard. Cut the circle off by scissors. Put the round mask filter in Mask Multiplier. Ensure the blue side of the filter is facing outside. Otherwise, it will impact the filtering effect. We designed the “rotate & lock” function on Mask Multiplier. Just put locker into position, rotate and lock. It is quite easy. Then use elastics to tie holes on two side of Mask Multiplier and adjust elastic length basing on your ears distance. Stick water-proof medical tape at the rim of Mask Multiplier. It can enhance seal and make your face more comfortable. You can use 75% medical alcohol to clean it. All done! Let’s have a try! Please be noted that this Mask Multiplier is not a medical device and haven’t got any verification or validation by organizations or hospitals yet. It is only a temporary solution to resolve the mask shortage problem. Normal citizens could use it for daily protection. By this way, we could save more surgical masks and donate them to doctors and nurses in hospitals who need them better. Social distancing and personal hygiene is key to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Please be thorough in washing your hands and avoid touching your face.

At Roots we believe that a balanced education is important for creating meaningful daily experiences and a love of learning. A balanced daily flow weaves in multiple learning modalities (visual/seeing, auditory/hearing, kinesthetic/moving and tactile/touching) throughout the day. It also weaves creative art opportunities into traditional subject lessons with the desired outcome of increased retention of and appreciation for learning. Click here to learn more about our Guiding Principles Literature-Based Reading Instruction In literature-based instruction, authors’ original narrative and expository works are used as the core for experiences to support children in developing literacy. The types of activities done with the literature are the natural types of things children and adults would do when reading and responding to any good book. For example, it is natural to share and talk about a good book after reading it; it is not natural to answer ten questions about the book. The teacher’s role becomes one of planning and supporting authentic learning experiences. Literature-based instruction is much more than giving students quality literature; it is doing the authentic things with the literature that all writers and readers would naturally do, and giving students support with these activities as they need it. Children develop literacy (reading, writing, thinking) by having real literacy experiences and getting support from more-experienced individuals, who may be adults or peers. Research clearly shows that literature-based instruction helps all students become better readers, writers, and thinkers. At the foundation of our reading program we believe: - Children learn to read by reading! - Self-selected reading is more meaningful than teacher/program selected,and children will learn true and valuable reading behaviors when they read material they choose. - Children need to be taught how to choose appropriate books for their interests and abilities. - Similar reading strategies are used at all ages and must be modeled and taught. Big Ideas we will address and implement throughout the years at Roots: - Reader’s read to get smarter and to learn about themselves, other people, and the world. - Reading is something you can do independently that empowers you to control your life and make the world a better place. - Smart is something you get, and through hard work and effort and determination, you can accomplish your goals. - Readers read, write, think, and learn with purpose and enthusiasm and see themselves as problem posing, problem solving citizens of the world who have what it takes to figure things out. - Readers engage in conversations and discussions about big ideas with open hearts and minds. Readers are willing to share their own thinking and to appreciate and learn from and respect the ideas and opinions of others. - Learning is for always; it’s lifelong, ongoing and vital. Science & Social Studies Science and social studies are integrated daily into thematic studies. This year our school theme is Communities. Related topics of study include: classroom, animal habitats, life cycles, challenges, etc; westward expansion and early frontier life in the Chelan Valley, human body systems, healthy eating: healthy lives. The Eagles will study how our water resources, Lake Chelan and the Columbia River, impact our community and connect us with others. The Bears and Wolves will study local farming and agriculture and will pay special attention to how simple machines help us live. We teach writing in a workshop model that consists of mini-lessons, long blocks of time to write, and time to share. Our big Ideas for writing include: - Writing is an important form of communication and we use it regularly throughout each day. - Writing is an extension of our thinking and a fun way to share our ideas, thoughts, and opinions. - Writing challenges us to think more deeply and more thoroughly. At times we have to take initial thoughts and push our thinking to dive deeper into what we are trying to say and why. Therefore, writing makes our minds grow. - Writers see amazing stories in common events. - Writers notice injustices and inconsistencies in life, articulate their observations, persuade others to care, and offer solutions. - Writer’s have a writer’s heart and mind and notice the beauty in the ordinary and the extraordinary. - Writers understand that reading and writing go hand in hand. They respond to reading in a variety of writing genres. - Writers understand that writing is an important avenue for passing on new learnings, discoveries, inventions, research findings, etc. - Learning math is a collaborative and social endeavor. - Learning is a process of constructing meaning to make sense of concepts. - Seeing, touching, and sketching ideas create pictures in the mind’s eye, helping learners to construct, understand, and apply mathematical ideas. - Learning requires perseverance and willingness to experience disequilibrium. - Encourage students to be responsible for their own learning. - Use good questioning strategies to draw out student thinking and promote understanding. - Promote discourse while creating a safe learning environment. - Understand the developmental continuum of mathematical understanding and assess student progress on that continuum. - Challenge each student at his or her developmental level to create a meaningful and fun learning environment for all - Create lessons that move from the concrete to pictorial to abstract - Solve problems using visual models and manipulatives. - Make and test conjectures while recording their thinking. - Talk and move around the classroom as they actively engage in learning. - Track their progress along developmental continuums.