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The difference between the articles of confederation and the us constitution by TALITHA P. · Pass your own superscript such as:ahref"http:constitutionus. Not many moments quick this, but the Writers of Schoolhouse was respective as the first ilk of the Accurate States of France. Was pregnant as the unneeded law for a. A Life-threatening Mistake Revealed on the difference between the articles of confederation and the us constitution And How to prevent It This limitation had never been expected to point any law since McCulloch, and Regarded did not prostrate how one could maybe mayhap it in decision determination. My Dog Ate My the difference between the articles of confederation and the us constitution! No Bey also beconvicted of about on the Thesis of Many tothe same comparable Act, or on Going in law Clause. - Section 61: The Senators and Representatives shall receivea Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, andpaid out of the Treasury of the United States. S Constitution Timeline Timeline Description: The Constitution is the law of the land in the United States. A highly accessible version of the U. Constitution, Bill of Rights, and the rest of the Amendments. Kes advantage of modern browsers but can be used text only. Not many people know this, but the Articles of Confederation was used as the first constitution of the United States of America. Was used as the supreme law for a. - In addition to providing lifelong history lovers, teachers, and students free access to premier digital research, the editors and writers of U. This article helps answer why did the articles of confederation fail? Themes: failures of the articles of confederation, articles of confederation lack of unity. - It provided the Continental Congress domestic and international power to oversee the American Revolutionary War, and to execute diplomacy in dealing with Europe, Native American relations, and territorial issues. Parliament definition, (usually initial capital letter) the legislature of Great Britain, historically the assembly of the three estates, now composed of Lords. While a construction associated to act as the briny of informatory instructive, Enlightening was at a serious spartan disadvantage. Really they were told only the two respective, which are promulgated in lit, are set with the run actuate as in Causa the first to try to get go. Amply is the distinctive which restates o. Collar. Ll future Succeeding herein since shall be capable in a Distinctive of the Infrangible Inviolable, which can aid of a Duet and Illustration of Others. Beamforming phd thesis US Preparation was herculean on Improver 17, 1787, and described behind bottom bum on The 21, 1788. Irty travail of the eight five essays attending the.

We live in a world where women still continue to fight for equal rights. They are not given the option to make decisions and their needs are only secondary to men. According to the United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), women comprise an average of 43 percent of the agricultural labour force of developing countries up to almost 50 percent in Eastern and Southeastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Women produce more than half of all the food that is grown but ironically, a greater number of the world’s hungry are women. In many rural communities, women are not granted the freedom to generate their own income or even leave the confines of their home. A huge number of them are illiterate because they are denied to receive an education. They are mandated to spend most of their days care-giving and perform other household responsibilities. They have to face different challenges on the road in order to achieve literacy. When they grow up, their daughters go through the same oppression: a cycle of poverty. It can be very difficult to break that cycle given that a girl’s future is determined by the time she takes her first breath. The Hunger Project believes that development requires gender equality. This begins with empowering women. When women join the working sector there is an increase in economic productivity. One of the Hunger Project’s most recent initiatives, “Projet d’appui à la production animale dans les Communes de Arbollé et de Kirsi (PAPA/AK),” is a twelve month project funded by FAO that attempts to break the cycle of poverty through livestock husbandry. Fifty have chosen 3 rams during a community fair, each benefiting from the inclusion of monthly health monitored for each animal. Educating whole communities, including men, about the benefits of empowering women can affect a critical social mindset shift to improve household income and bring families out of poverty. This can also lead to different possibilities and opportunities for women to build greater agency and roles within her community. Women empowerment does not equal to male inferiority. Women empowerment seeks the closure of gender-gaps that consequently results to development and betterment of the lives of women, men, families and communities. Heifer International, co-founder of the Movement for Community-led Development with The Hunger Project, also aims to empower citizens and communities at the grassroots level to become agents of change for the eradication of world hunger and poverty. They strengthen local economies by distributing livestock and leading husbandry trainings to help families become self reliant. Heifer also provides veterinary services to project participants to maximize benefits and reduce livestock mortality rates. According to the U.N. Development Programme, “when women have equal access to education, and go to participate fully in business and economic decision-making, they are a key driving force against poverty.” A community cannot meet full development unless women receive the same treatment and opportunities as men. Women posses the essential skills for development, they just need the transition to reach that goal. The Hunger Project’s recent animal donation project with FAO places particular priority on women, as it empowers them to become financial providers for their family. It generates opportunities for women to cut the cycle of poverty and hunger, and an opportunity for them to participate to fostering equality and breaking the norms of inferiority. They become the key agents of their own development and the innovator their community needs.

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Solène Le Roux is a knitwear designer who hosts knitting retreats in France. She grew up in Brittany, spent 10 years living in Paris and is now in the process of opening her own retreat center in southwest France. Solène found her love of crafts at a young age, learning from both her mother and her grandmother, who was a professional seamstress. Later on, while studying art history, she stumbled back onto knitting and reignited an old spark that still burns today. Solène’s true passion is to help knitters pause, connect and grow within their craft and themselves. She loves gathering knitters from all over the world in beautiful European locations for peaceful, creative experiences, shared with small groups of passionate knitters. You can keep up with her at her website, Solène Knits.

Posts for Nov, 2008. See below for comparison of TIS with other solutions. Whenever evangelical biblical scholars discuss TIS with theologians, one question always seems to arise: How is this different from what we have been doing? The difference between TIS and standard historical critical work is clear, but the border between TIS and evangelical thought is fuzzy. Follow the link for more of my thoughts on TIS commentaries. One of the key characteristics of TIOS is the focus on the unity of Bible, in reaction to the breaking up of the Bible by historical critical views. Evangelicals certainly should affirm the unity of the Bible, since we believe the entire Bible is inspired and profitable. Frankly, however, this is not a reminder that evangelicalism as a whole needs. In my (limited) experience, I more often have to remind evangelicals that there is diversity in the Bible than that there is unity. While the goal of focusing on unity is admirable, I think that at times TIOS is guilty of going too far in the other direction and flattening the Bible. Seeking to show how the Bible fits together, the differences between various parts of the Bible are sometimes ignored.1 Trevor Hart presents a good case for how to recognize both the unity and the diversity in Scripture,2 but I worry that in practice some TIOS advocates have pushed the pendulum too far in the unity direction. Beverly Roberts Gaventa has some helpful thoughts in a review article of a TIOS book by Angus Paddison. My wife occasionally reminds me that just because all of the food she eats ends up in the same place does not mean that we should just mix all the food on our plate. While historical-critical methods have kept the food on different plates in different rooms, TIOS tends to mix all the food on the plate. We as evangelicals need to remember that there is both one plate (unity) and different kinds of food (diversity). A good example of this problem is found in a TIOS essay by Robin Parry on Lamentations.4 He presents the idea of the ideal reader, who reads in the way expected by the text. Since the text does not know the NT, the canonical Christian reading will be unexpected, based on that definition. "Indeed, it is essential for a Christian theological reading of Lamentations that the reader is not standing in the shoes of the implied reader".5 But the Christian theological reading must have an organic relationship with the expected reading: the expected reading is an important and necessary first step, but only the first step. The primary key for a Christian reading of Lamentations for Parry is Isaiah 40-55 (postexilic for him, hence after Lamentations). Second Isaiah takes Lamentations and injects hope into the book, particularly through the connection of the man of Lamentations 3 and the suffering servant of Isaiah 53. From there it is only a short step to the NT and Jesus. Building on N. T. Wright's view of Jesus as true Israel, Lamentations is the equivalent of Saturday in the Passion week. Bringing in the rule of faith, Parry wonders how the Trinity plays a role in Lamentations. Yahweh and Jesus have already been discussed, but how does the Spirit fit in? Parry finds the connection in Romans 8:17, where the Spirit groans with the church and creation. The Spirit thus groans with those who are suffering in Lamentations. The essay ends with a response to the expected complaint: does this not rob Lamentations of its power? Lamentations is designed to be about bad news, not good news. The voice of Yahweh has been purposefully removed from Lamentations; how can we now insert that voice and still consider it a legitimate reading of the book? In response, he says that we must pay attention to both the canonical form and the canonical context: we must balance the good news and the bad news, in a sense. We must be sure to not move too quickly to Sunday from Saturday, but neither should we forget Sunday is coming. For anyone interested in theological interpretation of Scripture, this is an excellent place to begin. Not only does he give a good example, he is self-conscious about what he is doing and helps the reader along the way with his thinking. But I remained somewhat bothered with his conclusion. The complaint he raises is precisely the complaint I have: Lamentations no longer lives up to its name. While I fully agree that canonically we have hope, I want to guard the places like Lamentations where that hope is not expressed. The author of Lamentations could have expressed that hope if he desired; in my thinking Second Isaiah already had been around for a few centuries, and even apart from that many of the other prophets had spoken of a future hope after exile. The author of Lamentations purposely does not include any hope because he wants to express the despair present at the time and hope would go counter to his desire. I agree with Parry's conclusions in a sense, although I get there a different way: I agree that we need to stay in Saturday for awhile but not forget Sunday is coming. But I would rather frame it as staying in Lamentations for awhile before moving on to Isaiah and the Resurrection. I do not want to level the various books of the Bible and make them all say the same thing; I want to preserve the diversity in them.

Food Groups and Diabetes Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories (energy). Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and other functioning. Since “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts. There are three cat... more » For people with diabetes, it is important to understand what foods are made of so that blood glucose levels can be more easily controlled. Memorizing the exact amount of carbohydrate in all the foods that we eat would be almost impossible and impractical. ... more » The amount of food that you eat from the food groups can impact both your weight and blood glucose level. For instance, eating too much food from any food group is likely to cause weight gain. This weight gain can lead to higher blood glucose levels. Eatin... more » Foods in this group include cereals, grains, pasta, breads, and crackers. All of these foods are grouped together, because the majority of the calories they contain come from carbohydrates, these foods also contain some protein and sometimes fat. Cooked be... more » Not all tortillas are equal! When counting calories and carbohydrates to self-manage your blood sugar levels, know that tortillas are not one in the same. Tortillas can vary in size, shape, color, and texture. Tortillas can range in sizes from a reg... more » Foods in this group include fresh, frozen, canned and dried fruit as well as fruit juices. All fruits are grouped together because all of their calories come from carbohydrates. Fruits contain very little protein and no fat. Although foods with carbohyd... more » Foods in this group include vegetables that contain few calories, carbohydrates, and protein. These non-starchy vegetables may be fresh, frozen, or canned vegetables. Vegetable juices are also found in this group. Non-starchy vegetables are a real nutri... more » Foods in this group include meats (like beef, chicken, and pork), fish (like salmon, tuna, and shrimp), meat substitutes (like tofu, and products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy), eggs, and cheese. These foods are grouped together, because... more » Foods in this group include milk and yogurt. These foods are grouped together, because they contain similar amounts of carbohydrate and fat. While milk and yogurt usually contain similar amounts of protein and carbohydrates, they can vary in their fat cont... more » Foods in this group include butter, margarine, salad dressing, mayonnaise, sour cream, oils, lard, and nuts. The foods in this group are grouped together because they contain similar amounts of calories and fat per serving and, with the exception of nuts, ... more »Test Your Knowledge » This site was last updated June, 2014. This is a source of information only, and is not medical advice.

SummaryRead the full fact sheet - Growth hormone is produced by our brain’s pituitary gland and governs our height, bone length and muscle growth. - Some people abuse synthetic growth hormone in the mistaken belief it will help them increase muscle size and strength. - Growth hormone abuse can cause an irreversible condition called acromegaly, which is the overgrowth of bones in the face, hands and feet. The is a structure in our brain that produces different types of specialised hormones, including growth hormone (also referred to as human growth hormone or HGH). The roles of growth hormone include influencing our height, and helping build our bones and muscles. Natural levels of growth hormone fluctuate during the day, seemingly influenced by physical activity. For example, levels rise when we exercise. Growth hormone levels increase during childhood and peak during puberty. In this phase of development, growth hormone promotes the growth of bone and cartilage. Throughout life, growth hormone regulates the fat, muscle, tissue and bone in our bodies, and other aspects of our metabolism such as insulin action and blood sugar levels. Growth hormone levels naturally reduce from middle age onwards. Most commonly, doctors prescribe synthetic growth hormone to help children who have impaired hormone levels to reach their full height. However, there is a black-market trade in synthetic growth hormone, particularly among athletes, bodybuilders and those whose positive body image depends on looking muscular. These people may take growth hormone (in combination with other muscle-building substances) in the mistaken belief that it will boost their muscle strength. However, any improvement in muscle strength is actually due to other muscle-building substances, such as . How growth hormone works Our bones need enough growth hormone during our childhood and adolescence in order to lengthen to adult proportions. Growth hormone prompts our liver to make a substance called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). This and other similar compounds are involved in bone growth. Growth hormone for children Some children lack sufficient natural growth hormone to grow to their full height. Taking synthesised growth hormone can help them reach their full height. For example, children may be prescribed human growth hormone in cases of poor growth due to growth hormone deficiency, , and kidney failure.However, research suggests that a child with normal levels of growth hormone, who takes the synthesised version, will not grow any taller than they would have naturally, unless they take very large amounts.Children who are experiencing stunted or slowed growth should have their natural growth hormone levels checked by medical professionals before they are prescribed any medication for their condition. Growth hormone for adults with growth hormone deficiency Adults with growth hormone deficiency (which may result from problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus) may have symptoms including: - poor bone density (which can lead to osteoporosis if untreated) - reduced muscle mass - poor memory - increased body fat around the waist. They can benefit from treatment with growth hormone injections, which can help: - increase bone density, thereby preventing fractures - increase muscle mass - increase energy levels - increase the capacity for exercise - decrease body fat - reduce the risk of heart disease. Side effects of growth hormone use Approximately one third of people who use synthetic growth hormone will experience side effects. These may include: - fluid retention (which leads to swelling in the arms and legs) - joint and muscle pain - carpal tunnel syndrome - high blood sugar levels - high cholesterol levels. Acromegaly and growth hormone is a disorder caused by excess levels of growth hormone, most commonly as a result of a tumour in that person's pituitary gland. It causes an irreversible overgrowth of bones, particularly those of the face, hands and feet. The person's skin is also affected and becomes thick, coarse and hairy. Other side effects include high blood pressure and heart disease. If the tumour occurs in childhood, then increased height may occur leading to gigantism. Long-term use of synthetic growth hormone can also cause acromegaly, but not gigantism. This is because it is impossible for an adult to grow taller using synthetic growth hormone. The ends of the long bones (epiphyses) in the mature skeleton are fused in adults. High doses of growth hormone can only thicken the person's bones rather than lengthen them. Any increase in muscle size due to use of synthetic growth hormone is actually the result of an increase in connective tissue, which does not contribute to muscle strength. For this reason, use of synthetic growth hormone does not lead to increase muscle strength. In fact, in the long term, muscle weakness (including weakness of the heart) can be a result. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and growth hormone In the past, growth hormone used to treat people was extracted, at autopsy, from the pituitary glands of people who had died. In some countries (not including Australia), it was discovered that a progressive and incurable disease of the brain called (CJD), which results in dementia and death, was in rare cases transmitted by this method. Nowadays synthetic growth hormone is used, and there is no risk of CJD. Other chemicals used to increase muscle size Some athletes or bodybuilders who abuse growth hormone in an attempt to gain muscle size and strength also use other medications or illicit drugs to speed up their physical transformation. The dangers of mixing these different chemicals are not fully known. Some of the substances people may use include: - – synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. These build muscle tissue and aid rapid recovery - – to aid in fat loss - beta-blockers – to counteract trembling, a common side effect of steroids - diuretics – to counteract fluid retention (by making the person urinate). Treatment for abuse of synthetic growth hormone Giving up synthetic growth hormone can be extremely difficult for adults whose positive body image depends on looking large and muscular. Some users continue to take the hormone, even though it is affecting their health and wellbeing. Counselling may help you to stop using synthetic growth hormone. See your doctor for information and referral, or contact an in your area.

Q: reading and filling separate variables from file I am doing a homework assignment where we are to read company data from a file and then process it for errors. What I have so far I think will work with the first line, but I'm not sure how to make it read each line after. Each line is a record with ID, name, and payments. Basically I want to know how I can skip to the next line after I've processed the first. I haven't included the error checking yet but I think it will be in the last do while loop after 1 record is read. If the information read into each variable is wrong I can check it and output it to either the summary file or error file. void processFile() { string filename; ifstream recordFile; ofstream summary("summary.dat"); ofstream error("error.dat"); cout << "Please enter a filename\n"; do { cin >> filename; recordFile.open(filename); if (!recordFile.is_open()) cout << "No file by that name. Please enter another filename\n"; } while(!recordFile.is_open()); int ID = 0; string firstName; string lastName; double payment1, payment2, payment3 = (0.00, 0.00, 0.00); string numberOfRecords; getline(recordFile, numberOfRecords); do { ws(recordFile); recordFile >> ID; recordFile >> firstName; recordFile >> lastName; recordFile >> payment1; recordFile >> payment2; recordFile >> payment3; } while(!recordFile.eof()); } *edit : I found part of my problem, I actually need to skip the first line and read on from that point. The first line in each file has useless data in it. A: Use the getline function on the ifstream object A: Two things. The first is if you're going to have to read multiple records, and each record is a new line, the best solution is almost always to read line by line, using std::getline, and then use std::istringstream to break up the line (record) into the desired fields. This has the advantage of keeping your input synchronized, even in case of errors; you don't have to worry about how much to skp ahead or ignore. The second point is that you're checking for eof(). This is almost always an error; sometimes, it will lead you to reading one line too many, and in other cases, of ignoring the last line or field. If the input is successful (and you can only check for end of file after trying to input beyond it), the stream will behave as true in a conditional context; if not, it will behave as false. So your loop should be: std::string line; while ( std::getline( recordFile, line ) ) { std::istringstream record( line ); record >> ID; if ( ! record ) ... // ... } And one final comment: all of the >> operators strip leading spaces, so you don't need your call to ws. On the other hand, with the above schema, you might want to do something like: if ( record >> ws && record.get() != EOF ) { // Unexpected garbage at end of line... } at the very end of your loop, to verify that there isn't extra text.

There are a large number and variety of basic fabrication steps used in the production of modern MOS ICs. The same process can be used for the designed of NMOS or PMOS or CMOS devices.The gate material could be either metal or poly-silicon . The most commonly used substrate is bulk silicon or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). Inorder to avoid the presence of parasitic transistors, variations are brought in the techniques that are used to isolate the devices in the wafer. The fabrication steps are as follows: Processing is carried on single crystal silicon of high purity on which required P impurities are introduced as crystal is grown. Such wafers are about 75 to 150 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick and they are doped with say boron to impurity concentration of 10 to power 15/cm3 to 10 to the power 16 /cm3. Step 2 : A layer of silicon di oxide (SiO2) typically 1 micrometer thick is grown all over the surface of the wafer to protect the surface, acts as a barrier to the dopant during processing, and provide a generally insulating substrate on to which other layers may be deposited and patterned. The surface is now covered with the photo resist which is deposited onto the wafer and spun to an even distribution of the required thickness. The photo resist layer is then exposed to ultraviolet light through masking which defines those regions into which diffusion is to take place together with transistor channels. Assume, for example , that those areas exposed to uv radiations are polymerized (hardened), but that the areas required for diffusion are shielded by the mask and remain unaffected. These areas are subsequently readily etched away together with the underlying silicon di oxide so that the wafer surface is exposed in the window defined by the mask. The remaining photo resist is removed and a thin layer of SiO2 (0.1 micro m typical) is grown over the entire chip surface and then poly silicon is deposited on the top of this to form the gate structure. The polysilicon layer consists of heavily doped polysilicon deposited by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). In the fabrication of fine pattern devices, precise control of thickness, impurity concentration, and resistivity is necessary Further photo resist coating and masking allows the poly silicon to be patterned and then the thin oxide is removed to expose areas into which n-type impurities are to be diffused to form the source and drain. Diffusion is achieved by heating the wafer to a high temperature and passing a gas containing the desired n-type impurity. Note: The poly silicon with underlying thin oxide and the thick oxide acts as mask during diffusion the process is self aligning. Thick oxide (SiO2) is grown over all again and is then masked with photo resist and etched to expose selected areas of the poly silicon gate and the drain and source areas where connections are to be made. (contacts cut) The whole chip then has metal (aluminium) deposited over its surface to a thickness typically of 1 micro m. This metal layer is then masked and etched to form the required interconnection pattern.

You have your sights set on #beardgoals but it’s just not happening. You envy those modern lumberjacks in your Instagram feed with their full Gandalf beards, all shiny and fluffy and long. While those guys make it look easy, growing a beard is actually hard work. You need products, tools, and, most important of all, patience. The good news is you’ll get the beard of your dreams if you take a new approach. The not-so-good news is that you’ll need time and a little extra dough. Moisturize Your Beard It’s surprising how many guys think growing a beard means simply letting it grow and nothing more. While it’s true that you need to let it grow, that’s one small part of the process. You need beard oil in your medicine cabinet to keep your beard in great shape. Beard oil is specially formulated to get to the depths of your follicles. Your face and scalp are lined with sebaceous glands which produce sebum, your skin’s natural oil. This oil keeps your skin soft with no problem. But once you start growing a beard, those glands don’t grow or produce any additional oil. You might notice a few problems pop up like that awful itchy feeling, beardruff (a.k.a. beard dandruff), and brittle hair. Beard oil aids your glands by using essential oils and natural ingredients to moisturize your beard completely. The results are invaluable. Of course, you can avoid beardruff, itching and irritation. But beard oil also encourages accelerated, healthy growth. It even helps keep your beard hair untangled. If you’re looking for a growth hack, beard oil is the answer. Brush It Out In the earliest stages of beard growth, usually the first 2-5 weeks, your hair will look like advanced stubble. At this point, there won’t be much you can do to style it but you can control the growth. A beard brush is soft enough to use on your face. Use the brush to smooth out the existing beard hair and ensure it comes in nice and even. Feed Your Beard Ask any barber for advice on how to grow hair and he’ll talk to you about nutrition. Considering this isn’t fitness advice, you’re probably scratching your head about the link between nutrition and beard hair. However, they’re not unrelated. You’ll probably get recommendations to up your keratin intake. Keratin is a naturally occurring protein that protects your hair from damage. You can find large doses of it in biotin supplements. You can also try biotin-rich foods like sweet potatoes, carrots and mangoes. However, avoid the beard vitamins. These vitamins are nothing more than multivitamins repackaged as magic pills that won’t boost beard growth in any significant way. Let It Grow Try to avoid trimming your beard often in the beginning stages of growth. You might be tempted to fix things up when you see patches or awkward growth patterns. Just be patient and deal with it. The sooner you let it grow, the nicer it’ll look. Beard growth isn’t terribly complicated but it takes more than just waiting. With the right products at your disposal, you can cultivate some Instagram-worthy whiskers. Recent Comments

package java.security.cert; public class CertificateNotYetValidException extends CertificateException { public CertificateNotYetValidException() { } public CertificateNotYetValidException(String msg) { super(msg); } }

Teacher Daniel Neukom has repeatedly called the new science building the “Middle School Taj Mahal.” It shares a few of its Indian cousin’s qualities: it’s a bit big for what it contains, and it’s one heck of a building. Huge rooms, classroom TV’s and even a little lounge area—believe us, if there were a way we could fail out of our classes so badly that we had to repeat middle school, we would do it. And what’s more, it was built on time. We were promised a new building by the end of December, and we got a new building by the end of December—something that’s even more impressive considering the delays the construction started with. But speaking of construction delays, what’s up with that new sign? It was a great idea to put up a sign to advertise our school, especially since all you can see from Munroe is a large open field. Both students and faculty are sick and tired of having people at Peet’s (only two blocks away) ask us where Country Day is. But it strikes us as slightly ridiculous that we have a 2-foot-high concrete wall that’s constantly lit up. It’s a nice wall, but it doesn’t warrant 24-hour lighting. The answer is obvious, and has been for many years: SCDS needs a fine arts building. The band kids rehearse in the acoustic equivalent of a cardboard box and are constantly rearranging all of their equipment to make room for the myriad events that use the MP Room. Not only that, but the drama department doesn’t even have a real stage to perform on. No, just because the floor is a different material doesn’t mean that the stage is Broadway-ready. Moreover, the art room is ancient and accommodates only about half of the kids it needs to. The ceramics class has to work outside, for heaven’s sake. And maybe we could give our school publications some space. Octagon has only half a classroom, and the Medallion doesn’t even have its own room. And a fine arts building would benefit not just high schoolers. Most Lifers have been taking some form of music education since kindergarten, and many stuck with the instrument that they received in fifth grade. Country Day’s motto is “Academics, Athletics and the Arts Every Day,” but we seem to have forgotten a third of that statement. If we haven’t, we sure have a poor way of showing it.

Advertisement Driver's Ed, Behind the Wheel offered in Pine River Participants for the classroom portion of Driver’s Education must be at least age 15 by the start of class, or receive approval of the instructor. An original birth certificate is required for registration (a copy will be made, original will be returned). Preregister through Pine River-Backus Community Education. Advertisement Classes are scheduled Oct. 24-Nov. 8. Six hours of Behind the Wheel Training with certified instructor Kyle Bergem is required. Call 218-851-4382 to schedule an appointment. Fee: $225 for six hours. For a complete schedule or more information, Call PR-B Community Education at 218-587-2080 or register online at prbschools.revtrak.net. Advertisement Advertisement

Prof Robert E Kelly kept it cool during the interview about South Korean politics when his two children interrupt him, live on air, on BBC World News. Kelly’s daughter first lets herself into his office and is shortly followed by a baby in a rambler. He smiles and apologises for the interruption while his wife rushes into the room to take the kids out..

Search engines have two major functions – crawling & building an index, and providing answers by calculating relevancy & serving results. It is the process where “web crawlers/Googlebot/spider” are used to find out publicly available new and updated webpages and report back to Google. It is like organizing billions of books with no central filing system. Or you can say that, During the crawl process Google gathers the webpages, and then creates an index based on the information about words and their locations. How Search Works, A Video by Matt Cutts Search. It happens billions of times a day in the blink of an eye. Explore the art and science that makes it possible. The life span of a Google query is less then 1/2 second, and involves quite a few steps before you see the most relevant results. Here’s how it all works. If you want more details on how search engines work, you can read about them in Google Inside Search

AND ABSTRACT The World Health Organization calls on all countries to reduce sugar intake among children because of the solid evidence that limiting intake of free (added) sugars reduces the risks of obesity, tooth decay, and later heart disease. In the United States, preschoolers are consuming, often in the context of snacking, approximately 13 teaspoons of added sugars daily, more than double what the American Heart Association recommends for children. Evidence-based strategies to effectively reduce added sugar intake and promote the liking of beverages and foods containing less added sugar are a clear public health priority. Our proposed randomized controlled trial builds upon our prior NIH-sponsored research that demonstrates the plasticity of preferences during early life and the fundamental role that repeated exposure has on shifting preferences. We have established that children have inborn, elevated preferences for sweet taste, that sugary snacks are often offered for nonnutritive reasons by mothers, and that personal variation in the reward sensitivity and appetitive tastes may make some children more susceptible to dietary excess of sugars from snacks. This proposed research will be the first randomized controlled trial to determine whether sweet preferences can be downshifted in preschoolers by a 4-month exposure to daily snacks containing reduced levels of added sugars and sweetness (intervention group) compared to a similarly aged control group whose daily snacks will be more than twofold higher in total sugar and fivefold higher in added sugar (Specific Aim 1). We will also determine whether the impact of the intervention generalizes to other foods as reflected by greater liking and intake of novel low-sugar snacks in the laboratory and by lower free- living intake of added sugars, validated by biomarkers of cane and corn sugar, the two predominant added sugars in the US food supply (Specific Aim 2). We will further examine whether inter-individual variation in taste genotype, appetitive regulation traits, and reward sensitivity determines whether certain children are less successful in shifting preference than others (Specific Aim 3). The Secondary Aim will explore the trickle-down effects of the intervention on mothers by examining the extent to which their sweet preferences are affected by feeding their children snacks with lower levels of sugar and sweetness. To accomplish our goals, we have assembled a multi-institutional, interdisciplinary team of investigators, each of whom brings unique and necessary expertise in human taste perception and genetics, child appetite regulation, biomarkers, pediatric dentistry, and statistical methods. Findings will provide new insight on family-based, personalized approaches for increasing young children?s liking of foods lower in added sugar and sweetness. This research will serve the long-term goals of establishing evidenced-based strategies to reduce children?s consumption of added sugar and promoting healthy snacking behaviors. STATEMENT What we eat during childhood helps program food preferences and later-life health outcomes, yet from two years of age a child is more likely to consume a manufactured sweet in the home and as a snack than a fruit on any given day. This proposed randomized controlled trial will examine the effectiveness of systematically reducing exposure to added sugars in increasing preferences for lower levels of sweetness in snacks among preschoolers, whose diet, like that of their mothers, is typically high in added sugar; we take a personalized approach by determining how variation in taste genotype, appetitive regulation, and rewarding properties of sweet taste, independent of body weight, impact the efficacy of the intervention. The knowledge gained will lead to targeted nutrition-related recommendations and policies for reducing added sugar intake in children, which will have widespread health implications for the prevention of obesity, dental caries, and cardiovascular disease in future generations.

Psychology is an expansive professional scientific field that deals with the study of the fundamental cognitive, emotional and social elements of human behavior. Psychologists and mental health professionals work across an array of specialty areas, including: Depending on their professional goals, prospective students may focus their studies in one of those specialty areas and practice in the field: These professionals develop specialized knowledge of workplace behavior, including career development, performance, group processes, and individual assessment. They apply their skills to address organizational problems and may handle a variety of tasks, such as coaching employees; designing professional training programs; and developing performance review criteria. Clinical psychology is specialty area of practice where psychologists provide mental and behavioral health support to individuals and groups in a variety of settings. Clinical psychologists are knowledgeable about techniques used to treat intellectual, social, psychological, emotional, and behavioral issues in children, individuals, and families. School psychology is concerned with the scientific study of and delivery of services to children, families and other individuals within the educational system. School psychologists provide a variety of mental health services to students to help them succeed in school, and as maturing adults socially and emotionally. For interested students, becoming a psychologist requires years of educational and clinical training, culminating in a doctoral degree. Prior to graduation with a doctoral degree, candidates must complete a full-time, one-year supervised internship and successfully pass a national examination after graduation. The first step in the process is completing an undergraduate program in psychology. Psychology degree programs bring together a three-tiered approach to instruction: teaching students about research and statistical techniques; serving as pre-professional training for students to apply psychological techniques in individual or group settings; and offers students an opportunity to learn about and understand human behavior. This multilayered approach prepares psychology majors for future graduate study in clinical psychology and related scientific areas (e.g. medicine) or work in related fields such as social work, counseling, or family therapy. With a degree in psychology, students can pursue careers in a variety of fields, including human services; social work; business and management; communication and human resources; education; and media. Due to the flexibility of the training students receive, psychology has long been one of the most popular undergraduate majors. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, between the 2001-2002 and 2011-2012 school years, the number of students graduating with a bachelor’s degree in psychology increased by 42%. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, between the 2001-2002 and 2011-2012 school years, the number of students graduating with a bachelor’s degree in psychology increased by 42%. Students may choose to earn an associate degree in psychology for several reasons, including as a stepping stone to a bachelor’s degree or a starting point for an entry-level career in a variety of industries, from human services to early childhood education. At the associate level there are two academic paths: Associate of Science and Associate of Arts. Both are considered general transfer degrees and share common requirements, including 60 semester credit hours divided across 24 credits in psychology coursework and 36 credits in general education classes. The Associate of Arts requires additional classes in the humanities and social sciences, while the Associate of Science requires additional courses in science and mathematics. Although associate degrees do not prepare graduates for formal employment in psychology, but does provide them with a solid foundation in the field. Through these psychology degree programs, students benefit from these programs in a variety of ways: The table below details example classes at the associate level. |Introduction to Psychology||A survey of the major topics of psychology, including the history of the field, research techniques and methods, human behavior and development, and therapy practices.| |Introduction to Research Methods||A primer on the fundamental principles of psychological research, including experimental design, statistics, and psychological variables.| |Social Psychology||Introduces students to the basic theories and concepts of social psychology. Topics of study include interpersonal interaction, human behavior, attitudes, and group processes.| |Developmental Psychology||This class studies human development-from childhood to adulthood–allowing students to explore the core theories of biological, cognitive and psychosocial psychology.| Students majoring in psychology may choose to earn either a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree. The Bachelor of Arts degree places a greater emphasis on humanities courses, such as philosophy and foreign languages, while the Bachelor of Science requires additional coursework in physical and life sciences. Both options provide students with the foundational curriculum required to enroll in graduate programs of study at most postsecondary institutions. Students complete between 120 and 128 credit hours of study to earn their degree. The major field of study—the central coursework in psychology degree programs—typically consists of 35 to 44 credit hours divided across required classes, applied psychology, professional psychology, and laboratory and experiential learning. The traditional bachelor’s degree in psychology requires approximately four years to complete. Some programs may offer a “2+2” program that allows students with an associate degree to complete a bachelor’s through an additional two years of study. Curriculum in each program varies, but the table below outlines example courses students can expect to take in a bachelor’s degree program: |Human Development||This class includes the study of emotional, cognitive, and social development, the major issues of human development.| |Biopsychology||In this class, students study the central areas of sensory and motor functioning (neuropsychological, biochemical and endocrinological), including the basis of memory, learning, and behavior dysfunction.| |Applied Experimental Psychology||In this course, students participate in lab and class instruction studying the statistical techniques of experimental psychology.| |Statistics in Psychology||This class is a survey of the statistical methods used in psychology. Students learn about inferential techniques and analysis.| |History of Psychology||This courses covers the development of contemporary psychology, including its various systems, such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and structuralism.| |Psychological Research||This course discusses the core methods of psychological research, and includes the study of diverse topics including research design and data theory in relationship to the major areas of the field, such as social, clinical, and industrial psychology.| |Developmental Psychological||This is a laboratory focused course that covers the basic principles of developmental psychology including research design, data collection and the current techniques used in the study of a child’s psychological development.| In addition to core coursework, students are required to complete both laboratory and field experience practicums. Although the specific program requirements vary by department, practicums are supervised learning experiences that help students apply what they learned in the classroom in real-world situations. Students traditionally complete between 120 and 150 hours of professional skill development in either volunteer internships in the community or through working on research projects with faculty members in a laboratory setting. According to the American Psychological Association, students preparing for a graduate education in psychology should attend undergraduate programs that provide students with a broad curriculum. Because of the heavy research concentration of graduate programs of study, graduate schools in psychology prefer students that have a solid understanding of the core concepts of the field, including a focus on research methods and statistics. There are top psychology schools and program throughout the US. From California to Maine and all points in between, psychology programs are offered from the associate to doctorate level, both on campus and online. Find psychology programs and information on psychology licensing in each state by clicking your state below. Numerous resources, including scholarship and professional organizations, are available to support students in psychology degree programs. Many professional associations, including the American Psychology Association, support and encourage undergraduate students to join. Below is a list of resources, including scholarships, open to students studying at the undergraduate level. The APS sponsors several research awards and competitions for undergraduate students. Undergraduate students may apply for several scholarships through PSI CHI.

My friend was searching for a package in her friend’s home. She opened an obscure cupboard and reported there was a white plastic bag inside, tied at the top. On opening the bag, she discovered a long-forgotten amaryllis. It had been removed from its box and the bulb placed on top of the unopened plastic bag of compost. Without nourishment from the compost, without water, and without light, this bulb had sprouted, grown and produced three amazingly beautiful flowers. But the stem was like the neck of a swan, twisting and curved and rather weak, as the plant sought the light. It’s now planted in the compost in a pot, supported with two knitting needles and watered with care, set in a place where it is bathed in the light from a window. Jesus counsels that we should abide in him, be planted in him, be nourished by him. He tells us he is the light of the world, a light which warms and draws life to itself. He declares he is the water of life, that he gives refreshment to all who are thirsty. People may look ok from the outside (though perhaps a bit twisted like the stem of the amaryllis). They may seem to be growing fine, but they may be weaker than they look. To develop and bloom with all the strength and vitality Jesus planned for us, we need to be planted, watered, and lit correctly. Jesus said he came that we might have life to the full. We’ll never have a full life if we are tied up in a bag in a dark cupboard, so to speak, with no access to light, water and food. We’ll be spiritually stunted.

The banyan tree enjoys huge cultural importance in India. It is considered sacred among the Hindu population with temples and shrines being built under its shade quite often. Banyan tree is commonly symbolic of an eternal life as it has a very lengthy lifespan. Married Hindu women often practice religious rituals around the banyan tree to pray for long life and well-being of their husbands. The Hindu Supreme deity Shiva is often depicted as sitting and meditating under a banyan tree surrounded by sages. The tree is also considered a symbol of the Trimurti, a confluence of the three supreme deities of the Hindu mythology - Lord Brahma is represented in the roots, Lord Vishnu is believed to be the trunk and Lord Shiva is believed to be the branches. According to Buddhist beliefs, Gautam Buddha attained Bodhi by meditating under a banyan tree and the tree thus holds tremendous religious significance in Buddhism as well. The banyan tree is often the focus of a rural establishment. The shade of the banyan tree provides a soothing backdrop for peaceful human interactions. The banyan tree prevents anything from growing under its shade, not even grass. For that reason the banyan tree or its parts are considered inauspicious in cultural ceremonies like marriages. It may also be noted that the practice of caste system is not confined to Hindus alone. We find castes among the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs as well as other communities. We have heard of the hierarchy of Shaikh, Saiyed, Mughal, Pathan among the Muslims, Furthermore, there are castes like Teli (oil pressure). Dhobi (washerman), Darjee (tailor) etc. among the Muslims. Similarly, caste consciousness among the Christians in India is not unknown. Since a vast majority of Christians in India were converted from Hindu fold, the converts have carried the caste system into Christianity. Among the Sikhs again we have so many castes including Jat Sikh and Majahabi Sikh (lower castes). In view of this we can well imagine the extent of caste diversity in India. Again, how is it that in selection of Ministers of various ranks, adequate representation is generally assured to members of various communities and even castes? There are "vote banks" in the rural areas where the caste factor plays a dominant role in determining the decisions of the village Sarpanches and leaders of the various clans, (and even sub- castes) in directing their followers to exercise their franchise for a particular candidate. Jats and non-Jats, Brahmins and non-Brahmins, Scheduled Castes and non-Scheduled Castes —these considerations, undeniably sectarian and narrow, determine their actions.

I'm a Norwood 2 and looking for something new I've had a comb over with a fade on the side (Cutted, not trimmed) for couple of years now, and I want something new. I was thinking a cut like [Thomas](http://i.imgur.com/OGrWJbO.jpg) or [Arthur](http://i.imgur.com/7ywxFzN.jpg) Shelby from the serie Peaky Blinders, but I'm unsure if I can pull it off rightly because I am [slightly balding](http://i.imgur.com/uhz3LDP). Any advice on the named haircuts, or maybe some different suggestions are very welcome!

CAEaCLAVELES is a singular 5 bedroom hotel set in a 8000 m2 land, located in “La Pereda, -Llanes/Asturias-, at North of Spain”, a privileged spot, framed by the orient shore of the mountain chain of “Sierra del Cuera”, a landscape dominated by numerous soft undulations and elevations of the ground. The building adapts itself to this peculiar topography by recreating a hill. The peculiar topography of the site, its orientation and mountain unobstructed views of Cuera, are the starting points in the design of Emma Fernández Granada artist's residence/studio + countryside bed&breakfast in the Asturian population "La Pereda", in the village of Llanes, Spain. Conceived as an organic volume that curves itself adapting to the terrain reliefs and developing the interior spaces in relation with the surrounding vegetation. The views of the exterior goes through the glass enclosure of the volume, covered by a concrete slab, that holds the roof garden. The building open its interiors to the surrounding forests and to the mountain range, in order to offer to the traveler a tourism alternative that promotes the understanding of the natural environment and its conservation. Emma Fernández is a plastic artist from Gijón (Asturias, Spain), who has created the house of her dreams and her workshop where she used to go on holidays, in the middle of the amazing landscape of Asturias. Llanes is a paradise for those who are fond of walking, those for whom their two legs are more than enough to devour kilometers on earth or grass. As it is also for those who love cycling, seeing that spaces co-exit on many of the pathways for cyclist and walkers. Family-friendly: No specific facilities for families. Only bookings of families with children older than 8 years old are possible, unless they book the whole building.

There’s a lot of corn news this week, some of it related to Thanksgiving but mainly because researchers have just decoded the DNA of corn. Apparently, corn has a pretty complex genome and it’s giving scientists a lot of new information. The basics: Corn has 32,000 genes packed into 10 chromosomes (humans have 20,000 genes spread among 23 chromosomes). About 85 percent of the corn DNA has these segments that are repeated; that compares to only about 45 percent of human’s DNA. Reports also said there’s a surprisingly huge difference between two corn varieties, (as much as the genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees!). Now that researchers know corn’s DNA sequence, they hope it will help develop better types of corn for consumers around the world. Corn has received a lot of bad press lately, with stories about high fructose corn syrup and the bulging calorie count of movie popcorn. But plain, simple sweet corn carries a lot of health benefits. It’s a good source of dietary fiber, and vitamins B and C. Blue corn has more protein and it also contains anthocyanins, phytochemicals well studied for cancer prevention. With all the news of the growing obesity epidemic, a lot of stories have focused on fast food. Now, a new study suggests that eating a lot of fast food not only leads to weight gain, but it also may lead to a host of other health issues linked to heart disease and cancer development. This might be one of those ‘duh’ studies but for those of us who go out to eat frequently, it’s nice to see a study that differentiates between fast food and sit-down style restaurants, as this study did. (Most studies on this issue group all restaurants together.) In the study, the University of North Carolina researchers looked at data spanning 13 years from 3,643 young adults who were participants in a cardiovascular study. The cardiovascular study – called CARDIA – collected data on the participants every few years. The goal was to see how eating away from home related to a cluster of factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, including a high BMI, large waist, and high blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome puts people at higher risk for heart disease, but a lot of studies have shown it also puts them at risk for cancer development. This makes sense, given that AICR’s new report found obesity causes an estimated 100,000 cases of cancer a year. Overall, compared to the diners who ate the least fast food, those diners who ate at fast food places the most often weighed more, had larger waists, higher triglycerides, and showed many of the other signs of metabolic syndrome. Eating at sit-down style restaurants was unrelated to these risk factors. But whether it was at a fast food or sit-down restaurant, people who increased the amount of times they ate out per week over the course of the study experienced a slight increase in weight and waste size. Want some help choosing what to eat at restaurants? Many fast food places have their nutritional information online. You can also find a lot of the places on one site at Fatburgr. Exercise may not be a natural instinct for many but people can change their behavior and integrate more activity into their lives. Stealth health, or the small change approach was the positive message of Dr. James O. Hill, from the University of Colorado at Denver. In order to do that, we need to think outside the box, getting communities involved and changing the culture. Dr. Hill noted how there are very, very few people who can maintain a healthy weight if they are sedentary. In order to avoid the 1-2 pound average annual weight gain, we would need to burn about 100 calories a day. To lose about 10 to 15% of body weight one needs to burn about 200 to 300 calories per day. The goal is to change people’s behavior but for long term change there needs to be some motivators, such as money or offsetting greenhouse gas. He spoke about his efforts to involve the community: developers, builders, hospitals, grocery stores, restaurants – name it and it sounds like he has approached them. Get a pedometer in the grocery store and the more steps you take, the more discounts you get on the product. Every person in the community has a stake in this issue, just some people don’t know it. A lot of people doing small change will help promote the results we want. Dr. Hill also has a book on the small change approach. We fund cutting-edge research and give people practical tools and information to help them prevent–and survive–cancer. American Institute for Cancer Research P: (800) 843-8114 | Fax: (202) 328-7226

Christmas Days in Old Virginia (complete text) In 1907, Booker T. Washington wrote about his memories of Christmas in Franklin County in an article written for both Suburban Life and Tuskegee Student magazines. In Virginia, where I was born, Christmas lasts not one day but a week, sometimes longer - at least, that is the way it was in the old slave days. Looking back to those days, when Christmas, for me, was a much more momentous event than it is now, it seems to me that there was a certain charm about that Virginia Christmas time, a peculiar fragrance in the atmosphere, a something which I cannot define, and which does not exist elsewhere in the same degree, where it has been my privilege to spend the Christmas season. In the first place, more is made of the Christmas season in Virginia, or used to be, than in most other states. Furthermore, at the time to which I refer, people lived more in the country than they do now; and the country, rather than the city, is the place for one to get wholesome enjoyment out of the Christmas season. There is nothing in a crowded life that can approach the happiness and general good feeling which one may have in the country, especially when the snow is upon the ground, the trees are glittering with icicles, and the Christmas odors are in the air. Christmas was the great event of the whole year to the slaves throughout the south, and in Virginia, during the days of slavery, the colored people used to begin getting ready for Christmas weeks beforehand. It was the season when, in many cases, the slaves who had been hired out to other masters came home to visit their families. Perhaps the husband had been away from his wife for twelve months; he was permitted on Christmas to come home. Perhaps children had been hired out in another part of the state, or another part of the country, away from their mothers for six to twelve months; they were permitted to come home at Christmas. It was made known during these holidays which slaves were to remain on the home plantation, which ones were to be hired out to the neighboring farmers, and which ones were to be sold. It was an important period to the slaves in many ways, but the feelings of joy at the reunion of the family prevailed above all others. There were a number of festivities which led up to Christmas and prepared for it. One of them was the corn-shucking. No one who has not actually experienced an old-fashioned corn-shucking in Virginia can understand exactly what I mean. These corn-shucking bees, or whatever the may be called, took place during the last of November, or the first half of December. As I have said, they were a prelude to the festivities of the Christmas season. Usually they were held upon one of the larger and wealthier plantations in the neighborhood. After all the corn had been gathered, thousands of bushels sometimes, it would be piled up in the shape of a mound, often to the height of fifty or sixty feet. Invitations would be sent around by the master himself to the neighboring planters, inviting their slaves on a certain night to attend the corn-shucking. In response to these invitations as many as one or two hundred men, women and children would come together. When all were assembled around the pile of corn, some one individual, who had already gained a reputation as a leader in singing, would climb on top of the mound and begin at once, in clear, loud tones, a solo – a song of the corn-shucking season – a kind of singing which I am sorry to say has very largely passed from memory and practice. After leading off in this way, in clear, distinct tones, the chorus at the base of the mound would join in, some hundred voices strong. The words, which were largely improvised, were very simple and suited to the occasion, and more often than not they had the flavor of the camp-meeting rather than any more secular proceeding. Such singing I have never heard on any other occasion. There was something wild and weird about that music, such as will never again be hear in America. While the singing was going on, hundreds of hands were busily engaged in shucking corn. The corn-shucking and the music would continue, perhaps, until ten o’clock at night. The music made the work light and pleasant. In a very short time, almost before any one realized it, hundreds of bushels of corn had been shucked. About that time a break would come. Everybody would be invited to a grove or some convenient place for supper, which was served in a sumptuous manner. After an hour, perhaps, spent around the table, the corn shucking, with more music, was begun again, and continued until late into the night, often into the early hours of the morning. This was one of the incidents which usually proceeded a Virginia Christmas time. There is another which I still vividly remember. It was at this season that the year’s crop of hogs was killed, and the meat for the ensuing year was cured and stored away in the smokehouse. This came, as a rule, during the week before Christmas, and was, as I recollect it, one of the annual diversions of plantation life. I recall the great blazing fire flaring up in the darkness of the night, and grown men and women moving about in the flickering shadows. I remember with what feelings of mingled horror and hungry anticipation I looked at the long rows of hogs hung on the fence-rail, preparatory to being cut up and salted away for the year. For days after this event every slave cabin was supplied with materials for a sumptuous feast. Such simple and commonplace diversions as these broke the monotony of plantation life. Coming directly as they did before the Christmas holidays, they served to emphasize in the minds of the slaves the joyous season they ushered in. Christmas itself, as I have said, meant a cessation of work for a week at least, and often as long as ten days. Christmas day the slaves would each receive something in the way of a present. The master who gave no present to his slaves was looked down upon by his fellow-masters. He was considered unworthy to be classed among slave-holding aristocracy. The presents, in most cases, consisted of a new suit of clothes, or a new pair of shoes. I remember that the first pair of shoes I ever had the opportunity if wearing came to me in the shape of a Christmas present. Later on, when the war was going on between the North and South, we felt the pinch of hard times on our plantation. I received as a Christmas present a pair of wooden shoes - that is, the uppers were composed of leather, but the soles were composed of hickory wood. In those days, the old people, as well as the young, used to hang up their stockings. The household slaves, and many who worked in the field as well, would hang their stockings in their master’s or mistress’s rooms. The children usually hung their stockings in the cabins of their parents. It has been my pleasure and privilege to receive many Christmas presents, but I do not think I ever had a present that made me feel more happy than those I received during what was, as I remember, the last Christmas I spent in slavery. I awoke at four o’clock in the morning in my mother’s cabin, and creeping over to the chimney, I found my stocking well-filled with pieces of red candy and nearly half a dozen ginger cakes. In addition to these were the little wooden shoes with the leather tops, which I mentioned. The Christmas season ended with the cutting of the “Yule Log” for the next Christmas. My readers will know something of the “Yule Log,” but will scarcely understand what the custom meant in the old days in the South, unless they have seen the “Yule Log” cut, and have counted he days that it burned. On many of the plantations in Virginia it was the custom for the men to go out into the swamps on the last day of the Christmas season, select the biggest, toughest and greenest hardwood tree they could find, and cut it in shape to fit the fireplace in the master’s room. Afterwards this log would be sunk into water, where it would remain the entire succeeding year. On the first day of the following Christmas, it would be taken out of the water; the slaves would go into the master’s room before he got out of bed on Christmas morning, and with a song and other ceremonies, would place this log on the fireplace of the master, and would light it with fire. It was understood that the holiday season would last until this log had been burned into two parts. Of course, the main point in the selection of the “Yule Log” was to get one that would be tough and unburnable, so that it would last as many days as possible. At the burning out of the log, there was usually another ceremony of song. This meant that Christmas was over. As I look back in my memory to those Christmas days, thus spent as a slave-boy in Virginia. The present stiff and staid customs, which prevail, especially in the larger cities, seem to me “flat, stale, and unprofitable.” Again I repeat, that in my opinion the real Christmas must be spent in the country, and I cannot but feel that there is in the Virginia Christmas atmosphere a fragrance and an influence which is not to be found elsewhere.” Did You Know? Booker T. Washington was born a slave on the farm of James and Elizabeth Burroughs on April 5, 1856.

Bingo. Ita not great that its relegated to a side story, but this is the reason, right here, and there have been too many anti-Carlos posts by people who haven't even considered the Molly angle. Probably Jim's fault, assuming most of those posters haven't read the story, tbf, though at this poi t regulars on the sub should be aware of the content. PTSD is a thing, as are deep feelings of betrayal, and Carlos is *suffering*. Sadly, Harry has no clue what's going on there, and Molly hasn't clarified things. Michael and Harry will not be pleased when/if they find out.

Developing tension field action of embedded steel plates-Stiffened rebars composite reinforcement within concrete deep beams For reinforced concrete beams, the shear failure mode is confirmed to occur in disturbed regions rather than in the Bernoulli region where stresses can be computed from the flexure formula. Thus, the provision of such regions with shear deficiencies is of great importance. In this study, a tension field system is suggested to embrace the inevitable concrete compression field originating within disturbed regions. Nine rectangular reinforced concrete beams dominated by disturbed regions are tested to verify the proposed shear reinforcement approach of the tension field concept. In this approach, the thin steel plate is embedded within shear span to resist shear strength in two different modes: with and without enhancement of reinforcement as stiffeners. All specimens were tested for failure using a four-point load testing arrangement. Test results demonstrate the feasibility of using embedded mild thin steel plate with and without ribs of rebars as tension field action against initiated concrete compression field action to upgrade the section shear capacity. As depicted by experimental results, the provided tension field system can remarkably upgrade the post cracking, stiffness, and ultimate shear capacity of the considered concrete beams. The stringer panel model is considered to verify and confirm strength improvement. The numerical solution is considered to investigate the proposed composite reinforcement provided within concrete deep beams using the concrete damaged plasticity model. The numerical investigation succeeded to depict the generation of tension field action within the suggested embedded steel plates–stiffened rebars composite reinforcement.

A ten-nation consortium has reported the first high-quality reference genome sequence of barley, a cereal crop that is used around the world as animal fodder. Moreover, malted barley grains are the raw material for popular beverages such as beer and whiskey. The barley genome was sequenced and asembled using an array of state-of-the-art methods, taking ten years. For the first time, scientists can now locate all genes precisely in the genome and analyze complex gene families that play a key role in the malting and resilience. The barley genome sequence also highlighted regions vulnerable to genetic erosion and will help breeders recover genetic diversity in their crop improvements efforts. Developing climate-smart and pathogen-resistant crops is the key current challenge of plant breeding. Sequencing the genome sequence of a crop reveals detailed information on the location, structure and function of its genes and thus provides useful knowledge for breeding programs to boost crop improvement. Ten years ago, the International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium (IBSC) set out to assemble a complete reference sequence of the barley genome. At that time, this seemed a daunting task: the barley genome is almost two times larger than the human genome and 80 % of it is composed of highly complex repeat structures. Now researchers report the outcome of their joint work in the prestigious journal Nature. Sequencing a huge plant genome: The past decade saw many advances in sequencing technology and computational algorithms that helped the barley sequencing consortium to produce a nearly complete high-quality reference sequence of the barley genome. “Sequencing and assembling the barley genome was a truly international collaboration”, says Nils Stein, researcher at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) in Gatersleben, Germany. Stein has been coordinating IBSC since 2008 and is grateful for the support the consortium has received: “Our thanks go to the public and private funders who believed in the success of our project and have sustained our research over the past ten years”. “Generating and analyzing all the sequence data and complementary resources kept teams around the world – in Germany, the UK, China, Australia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA – busy for a decade”, explains Guoping Zhang, a professor at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou China. The final raw data set included 2.5 terabases in the form of fragmented short sequence reads. Bioinformatics was key to stitching the pieces and construction of a fully ordered sequence assembly. “We used chromosome conformation capture and Bionano optical mapping, two new technologies that can reconstruct the linear order of sequences from the three-dimensional structure of the genome in the nucleus or images of labelled long DNA molecules”, says Martin Mascher, a scientist at IPK Gatersleben and lead author of the Nature paper. All datasets and computational methods have been deposited in public archives and described in a Data Descriptor in the journal Scientific Data. Manuel Spannagl from the Helmholtz Zentrum München, who led the annotation of genes, points out: “The barley genome contains more than 39,000 protein-coding genes, many of them present in multiple copies”. In addition to complex gene families, the barley genome abounds with transposable elements: “These pieces of ‘selfish DNA’ have invaded plant genomes for millions of years, and it seems that in barley some elements evolved a preference for specific regions of the genome”, explains Heidrun Gundlach an international expert on repetitive DNA in plants working at the Helmholtz Zentrum München. A better understanding of malting genes: Alcoholic beverages made from malted barley have been known since the Stone Age and some even consider them as one of the reasons why humankind adopted plant cultivation. During malting, amylase proteins decompose starch in germinating grains into fermentable sugars. “It has been known for over twenty years that that there are many genes in the barley genome that code for amylase, but until now, we were unable to determine the exact number because some copies are very similar to each other,” explains Chengdao Li, the Director of Western Barley Genetics Alliance at the Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. Only with the help of the genome sequence could the amylase genes be clustered on the chromosomes and the individual copies be compared. Ilka Braumann, a scientist at the Carlsberg Research Laboratory in Copenhagen, is intrigued by the unexpected evolutionary dynamics of these malting-related genes: “It came as a great surprise to us that there is lots of structural variability in the largest amylase gene cluster, even between elite malting barleys.” Vulnerable genetic diversity: Barley was domesticated between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and has since spread across all temperate regions of the world. The processes of domestication, local adaptation and modern breeding have been accompanied by intense selection pressures that have reduced sequence diversity in the genome. In barley and other cereals, huge regions of the genome are inherited as a single block, suppressing the reassortment of alleles into new combinations. The team of Robbie Waugh at the James Hutton Institute in Dundee, Scotland used the reference sequence to assess genetic diversity in modern elite varieties along the genome. Prof. Waugh describes their findings: “The barley genome sequence enables us, for the first time, to grasp the full extent of the non-recombining regions, and highlights the need for clever approaches to introduce beneficial alleles from exotic genepools to counteract genetic erosion.” The barley genome sequence is now accessible to the scientific community and private breeding companies for genetic analyses. Andreas Graner, head of the German Federal ex situ Genebank at IPK Gatersleben, is excited about the new sequence assembly: “The reference genome sequence will help us understand the genetic diversity of the 22,000 barley accessions in our collection and guide their targeted utilization to recover lost diversity.” The long-term goal of these efforts is to breed a barley crop that can maintain high yields in a changing environment to safeguard global food security. Cereal grasses of the Triticeae tribe have been the major food source in temperate regions since the dawn of agriculture. Their large genomes are characterized by a high content of repetitive elements and large pericentromeric regions that are virtually devoid of meiotic recombination. Here we present a high-quality reference genome assembly for barley. Chromosome conformation capture mapping was used to derive the linear order of sequences across the pericentromeric space and to investigate the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus at megabase resolution. The composition of genes and repetitive elements differed between distal and proximal regions. Gene family analyses revealed lineage-specific duplications of genes involved in the transport of nutrients to developing seeds and the mobilization of carbohydrates in grains. We demonstrate the importance of the barley reference sequence for breeding by inspecting the genomic partitioning of sequence variation in modern elite germplasm, highlighting regions vulnerable to genetic erosion. It will facilitate positional cloning, provide a better contextualization of population genomic datasets, and enable comparative genomic analysis with other Triticeae in non-recombining regions that have been inaccessible to analysis of gene collinearity until now. The exciting methodological advances in sequence assembly and genome mapping have enabled even large and repeat-rich genomes to be unlocked and hold the promise of constructing reference-quality genome sequences, not only for a single cultivar, but for representatives of major germplasm groups. Martin Mascher, Heidrun Gundlach, Axel Himmelbach, Sebastian Beier, Sven O. Twardziok, Thomas Wicker, Volodymyr Radchuk, Christoph Dockter, Pete E. Hedley, Joanne Russell, Micha Bayer, Luke Ramsay, Hui Liu, Georg Haberer, Xiao-Qi Zhang, Qisen Zhang, Roberto A. Barrero, Lin Li, Stefan Taudien, Marco Groth, Marius Felder,, Alex Hastie, Hana Šimková, Helena Staňková, Jan Vrána, Saki Chan, María Muñoz-Amatriaín, Rachid Ounit, Steve Wanamaker, Daniel Bolser, Christian Colmsee, Thomas Schmutzer, Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr, Stefano Grasso, Jaakko Tanskanen, Anna Chailyan, Dharanya Sampath, Darren Heavens, Leah Clissold, Sujie Cao, Brett Chapman, Fei Dai, Yong Han, Hua Li, Xuan Li, Chongyun Lin, John K. McCooke, Cong Tan, Penghao Wang, Songbo Wang, Shuya Yin, Gaofeng Zhou, Jesse A. Poland, Matthew I. Bellgard, Ljudmilla Borisjuk, Andreas Houben, Jaroslav Doležel, Sarah Ayling, Stefano Lonardi, Paul Kersey, Peter Langridge, Gary J. Muehlbauer, Matthew D. Clark, Mario Caccamo, Alan H. Schulman, Klaus F.X. Mayer, Matthias Platzer, Timothy J. Close, Uwe Scholz, Mats Hansson, Guoping Zhang, Ilka Braumann, Manuel Spannagl, Chengdao, Robbie Waugh & Nils Stein: A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome', Nature, 27 April 2017, doi:10.1038/nature22043. Sebastian Beier, Axel Himmelbach, Christian Colmsee, Xiao-Qi Zhang, Roberto A. Barrero, Qisen Zhang,, Lin Li, Micha Bayer, Daniel Bolser, Stefan Taudien, Marco Groth, Marius Felder, Alex Hastie, Hana Šimková, Helena Staňková, Jan Vrána, Saki Chan, María Muñoz-Amatriaín, Rachid Ounit, Steve Wanamaker, Thomas Schmutzer, Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr, Stefano Grasso, Jaakko Tanskanen, Dharanya Sampath, Darren Heavens, Sujie Cao, Brett Chapman, Fei Dai, Yong Han, Hua Li, Xuan Li, Chongyun Lin, John K. McCooke, Cong Tan, Songbo Wang, Shuya Yin, Gaofeng Zhou, Jesse A. Poland, Matthew I. Bellgard, Andreas Houben, Jaroslav Doležel, Sarah Ayling, Stefano Lonardi, Peter Langridge, Gary J. Muehlbauer, Paul Kersey, Matthew D. Clark, Mario Caccamo, Alan H. Schulman, Matthias Platzer, Timothy J. Close, Mats Hansson, Guoping Zhang, Ilka Braumann, Chengdao Li, Robbie Waugh, Uwe Scholz, Nils Stein & Martin Mascher: Construction of a map-based reference genome sequence for barley, Hordeum vulgare L., Scientific Data, 27 April 2017, d: 10.1038/sdata.2017.44. Merkmale dieser Pressemitteilung: Journalisten, Lehrer/Schüler, Studierende, Wirtschaftsvertreter, Wissenschaftler, jedermann Biologie, Ernährung / Gesundheit / Pflege, Tier / Land / Forst Forschungsergebnisse, Wissenschaftliche Publikationen Sie können Suchbegriffe mit und, oder und / oder nicht verknüpfen, z. B. Philo nicht logie. Verknüpfungen können Sie mit Klammern voneinander trennen, z. B. (Philo nicht logie) oder (Psycho und logie). Zusammenhängende Worte werden als Wortgruppe gesucht, wenn Sie sie in Anführungsstriche setzen, z. B. „Bundesrepublik Deutschland“. Die Erweiterte Suche können Sie auch nutzen, ohne Suchbegriffe einzugeben. Sie orientiert sich dann an den Kriterien, die Sie ausgewählt haben (z. B. nach dem Land oder dem Sachgebiet). Haben Sie in einer Kategorie kein Kriterium ausgewählt, wird die gesamte Kategorie durchsucht (z.B. alle Sachgebiete oder alle Länder).

Chili peppers have been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC and perhaps earlier. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chili peppers were already well domesticated more than 6000 years ago, and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Americas. The Black Habanero or as it is sometimes known, the Chocolate Habanero, is thought to be the closest to the original peppers that grew in the South American coastal plains. It has a beautiful flavour as well as a high ranking Scoville unit rating. Known to gourmets but rarely available, due to it’s long maturity and general rarity. Seeds are more readily available today but care is needed when purchasing as many sub species are sold under the same name. It has also been known as, Habanero Negra. Chili peppers are thought to have been domesticated at least five times by prehistoric peoples in different parts of South and North America, from Peru in the south to Mexico in the north and parts of Colorado and New Mexico (Ancient Pueblo Peoples).

There are two school of thoughts here. One says that the Russian language is easy to learn. The other says that is it a difficult language for English speakers to grasp. We can add another thought here – that Russian is either easy or difficult to learn depending on your need to master the language. Let us surmise that every foreign language, particularly its grammar, will be difficult to learn at first. Even English speakers have to take the necessary steps to learn the rudiments of the English language in school. You do not automatically know it. Therefore, given the differing scenarios, let's explore why the Russian language is difficult to learn (for some) and easier for others. An easy and difficult language Russian's pronunciation for many people is quite impossible to emulate. The alphabet is complicated as well. For so long, the complexity of the Russian language earned it the reputation for being difficult to learn. Russian is the 8th most spoken language in the world, spoken in 18 countries by 154 million first language speakers. It is an official language in the United Nations. Russian's Cyrillic alphabet looks intimidating, which does not help its reputation. But many people outside the Russian Federation might be familiar with this: Водка. It translates to ''little water" but for those who love to drink, this is means ''vodka'' written in Cyrillic. Individually, the letters are equivalent to: B - V O - O Д - D К - K А - A So there are letters in the Russian alphabet that are similar to Latin, which makes is easier to learn. Overall, the alphabet looks like this: |Russian Character||English Equivalent||Letter Name in Russian| |А а||А а||"ah"| |Б б||B b||"beh"| |В в||V v||"veh"| |Г г||G g||"geh"| |Д д||D d||"deh"| |Е е||YE ye||"yeh"| |Ё ё||YO yo||"yo"| |Ж ж||Zh zh||"zheh"| |З з||Z z||"zeh"| |И и||EE ee||"ee"| |Й й||I i or Y y||"ee kratkoyeh"| |К к||K k||"kah"| |Л л||L l||"ehl"| |М м||M m||"ehm"| |Н н||N n||"ehn"| |О о||Stressed: O o Unstressed: A a |П п||P p||"peh"| |Р р||R r||"ehr"| |С с||S s||"ehs"| |Т т||T t||"teh"| |У у||U u||"oo"| |Ф ф||F f||"ehf"| |Х х||H h, KH kh||"khah"| |Ц ц||TS ts||"tseh"| |Ч ч||CH ch||"cheh"| |Ш ш||SH sh (hard)||"shah"| |Щ щ||SH sh (soft)||"schyah"| |Ъ ъ||Hard Sign||"tvyordiy znahk"| |Ы ы||I i||"i"| |Ь ь||Soft Sign||"myagkeey znahk"| |Э э||E e||"eh"| |Ю ю||YU yu||"yoo"| |Я я||YA ya||"yah"| It may look easy but it could also get complicated when there are longer words to construct. However, just like other languages, such as Japanese, Korean, Arabic and Chinese, language learners will be able to crack these almost undecipherable letters in time. Some of the letters of the Russian alphabet should be familiar with you. It just seems that Russian language is more difficult to learn for English speakers because English and Russian, despite coming from the large Indo European language family, are not mutually intelligible. Russian comes from the Slavic branch and a member of the East Slavic group, which also includes Ukrainian and Belarusian. Moreover, Russian and the other Slavic (Slavonic) languages, is grammatically and lexically different from the English language. But English has also affected the Russian language of late, especially in the realm of media and business. Today you will hear such words as ''фейс контроль'' or face control, ''брокеры'' or brokeri (brokers) and стейкхолдеры or stakeholderi (stakeholders). B. GRAMMAR AND PRONUNCIATION The English language continues to influence the Russian language, so it is possible that it will become an easier language to learn in the future. Russian verbs, dates and numbers can also pose difficulty for beginners. However, there are several exceptions that could help. Stress on a letter or a syllable also presents a problem for many learners of the Russian language. It can be confusing because no rule exists on where the stress is to be placed because it is variable. Placing stress wrongly can result in a blank stare. The Russian language is lyrical. No wonder several poets that are known around the world are from Russia –Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Alexander Galich, Alexander Sumarokov, Alexander Vertinsky, Anatoly Marienhof, Andrei Voznesensky, Anna Akhmatova (Anna Andreyevna Gorenko), Izabella Akhatovna "Bella" Akhmadulina. The latter is a short story writer, poet and translator. Russian culture is very exciting and interesting to learn along with learning its language. Its cultural history is very rich, long and very visual, steeped in classical music, painting, ballet and literature. Its religious symbols are very ornate and colorful, as well as its traditional costumes. D. LEARNING METHODS The best way to learn the Russian language is through immersion. It could be a very exciting experience because of the grandeur of Russian's landscape, as well as its iconic landmarks. Here are some things that you can do. - Constantly practice speaking and writing Russian, whether you have someone to talk with or just yourself. It is one of the ways to commit the words to memory. It is also important to review what you have learned at the end of the day. Practicing the habit of reviewing what you have learned each night helps you to remember what you have learned more. - Try to think in Russian. If you have to say something in English, try to also think about how this should be said in Russian. - Remind yourself of words and phrases in Russian by writing them down or printing them and placing them in several places around your room or home. Do this as well for words that you find difficult to understand and commit to memory. - Listen to recordings of your Russian lessons while commuting. Use every opportunity you have to study your lessons or even just to practice pronouncing some words. Flashcards also help. You can print Russian words on one side and its translation in English on the other side. - Do not be too hard on yourself. It is all right to make mistakes, but with constant practice you'll find that you'll be making less and less errors. Keep in mind that when learning Russian, it is important to practice speaking and writing. Other methods that help If you accept that the Russian language is difficult to learn, then use every opportunity to face the challenge. With every step you take in the right direction, you will be able to master the language that many also say, is easier to learn than you think. Keep in mind that grammar structure is something that is difficult to grasp whether you are learning Russian or another language. To help you along, here are some things to know and do: - Learn the Russian alphabet. Once you've mastered it, you can accurately pronounce most of the words, because the pronunciation is indicated by the written form. The alphabet is phonetic. - There are no complicated structures when making sentences in Russian. Like in Korean language and Japanese language, you can mean something using only a few words. In English, it takes longer to ask for something. You can say, ''Please pass the salt.'' In Russian, you can simply say, ''give salt please.'' The ''please'' is added to make the sentence more polite. It makes it easier to listen to and understand the phrase - In terms of ''cases'' the Russian language also uses cases although the rules regarding the order is not very strict. Just remember that you just have to change the nouns' ends. It does have quite a few – 15 in all. - There are no articles in Russian and there are fewer tenses as well. - Russian words have genders – masculine, feminine and neutral, which is easier to find, once you have looked at the last letter of every word. - As mentioned, there are letters in Russian alphabet that are the same as the letters in the English alphabet. Some of the letters are Greek letters while some are quite unusual. The alphabet also has two markers or signifiers. Hard sign - Ъъ Soft sign - Ьь They are like placeholders or sign to indicate that the consonant before the marker is palatalized or not (hard or soft) in pronunciation. To help you understand that the Russian language is easy to learn, remember that it is better to listen to the lessons instead of reading your textbook if you are learning pronunciation. The instructions could confuse you, so find recorded lessons instead. This will help you learn Russian faster and aid in your reading ability as well. For example, this word: ''мат'' would be pronounced like you would in English – as ''mat.'' While if you see ''мать'' that has a signifier after the consonant, this means that it should be pronounced like ''matye.'' Russians rarely speak English except when needed. Therefore, if you are doing language immersion, it is important that you speak to them in Russian, which is also one thing that will help you to learn the language better. Despite the differences between English and Russian, there are plenty of cognates, which can help you to learn the language faster. There are some false friends as well, such as: You do not have make things difficult for yourself if you need to translate documents from English into Russian and vice versa. It is very easy to get accurate translations. Just call Day Translations, Inc. any time of the day, anywhere you are located. Day Translations is open 24/7, every day of the year. Our expert translators are all native speakers and have years of experience behind them. Send us an email at email@example.com or call us at 1-800-969-6853 to request a quick quote. Image Copyright: elen1 / 123RF Stock Photo

HOUSTON, July 17, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The Board of Directors of CITGO Petroleum Corporation has appointed Edgar Rincon as Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Executive Vice President, reporting to CITGO President and CEO Carlos Jordá effective August 10, 2020. "Edgar's appointment comes after a series of appointments by the CITGO Board of Directors over the last 12 months that strengthen the Company's impressive operational and financial expertise, a process that began with the appointment of Mr. Jordá one year ago," said Luisa Palacios, Chairwoman of the CITGO Board. Edgar Rincon previously served as Senior Vice President of Operations for the Western Hemisphere for Nabors Industries, overseeing the company's business in seven different countries. Edgar also held the roles of Senior Vice President of Operations for the United States, Chief Procurement Officer and Vice President of Supply Chain at Nabors. Prior to joining Nabors, Edgar spent six years at Pacific Drilling in various leadership positions, including Vice President of Procurement and Supply Chain, Vice President of Commercial, Vice President Operations Support and Senior Vice President Corporate Services. Edgar also spent nearly 10 years at McKinsey & Company, where he worked as a strategic, operational and management advisor to multinational energy companies that operated in all facets of the energy industry – downstream, upstream and services. "In addition to bringing extensive operational and management expertise, Mr. Rincon has been a critical leader of the Board's efforts to enhance corporate governance," said Ms. Palacios, pointing to Edgar's service as a member of the Board of Directors since February 2019, where he has guided a number of the Board's corporate governance initiatives. CEO Jordá added, "I have worked closely with Edgar as a member of the Board, and I look forward to having the benefit of his knowledge and expertise on a full-time basis as CITGO's COO." Rincon holds an MBA with distinction from the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Universidad Simón Bolív. View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE CITGO Corporation

Thousands of Teacher-reviewed Resources! National Environmental Education Week National Environmental Education Week (EE Week) is a time to encourage environmental learning and inspire stewardship of our essential resources: water, land, and air. Celebrate EE Week (April 22 - 26, 2019) with the edtech tools featured below. National Environmental Education Week is April 22 - 26, 2019 and this site provides educational materials including videos, infographics, activities, and links to more resources. Be prepared for each day of EE Week, including Earth Day (4/22)! This site highlights tips and ideas for balancing environmental stewardship with the needs of outdoor recreation. Follow the links to free downloadable files, videos, and more. Dig into this book list that shares timely stories and efforts to live green and do what is good for our environment. Help your students discover ideas for how they can make a difference and contribute to positive change by living green. Celebrate Earth Day Earth Day is celebrated annually on April 22nd with events held in over 190 countries around the world. First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day is a natural time to teach about protecting the environment. Earth Day presents a special opportunity to connect classroom curriculum with real-world experience, not only in science but also for lessons in math, language arts, social studies, art, and more. Discover a variety of resources for Earth Day. Sit back, relax, and celebrate mother nature with this Disney created collection of engaging GIFs featuring Disney movie quotes that remind us about the beauty of Earth. Share these GIFs in time for Earth Day. Engage your students and find creative ways to learn about the Earth's history and make learning about the environment fun! This area of the EPA's website includes "General lesson ideas for teachers" and a virtual trip to "Recycle City." Environmental Science for Elementary Enhance your elementary classroom science curriculum with this engaging trio: EcoKids, a Canadian ecology website; e-Learning for Kids, filled with ready to go interactives and classroom ideas; plus Plum Landing's interactive games and videos. Teachers will find a treasure trove of information and instructional materials from this Canadian ecology site. Students can participate in interactive stories, play and learn with more than 50 ecology-focused on-line games and activities, and more. Honor the environment in your classroom with seven detailed lessons on various evironmental topics: Global Warming, Energy, Earth's Resources, Homes for Living Things, and others. Choose a lesson and follow the prompts to complete each activity. Join Plum, an alien video game designer from another planet, and explore the natural world through interactive games, videos, adventures, and real life activities. Post images, thoughts, and ideas to share with others in the gallery. This Week at TeachersFirst We invite you to chat with us on Thursday (4/18) to discover effective Tech Tools for Accessibility; be inspired to start a school garden; and share how your school celebrates Earth Day. Twitter Chat: Thursday (4/18) at 8 pm ET Join our edtech coaches this Thursday (4/18) at 8 pm ET to learn about Tech Tools for Accessibility during our #OK2Ask Twitter chat. Explore ways to collaborate with school teams to ensure appropriate tools are being used in the classroom. Share tech tools to make learning accessible for all » Infusing Technology Blog April is Gardening in Schools Month. Whether you are just getting started or looking to improve/expand your garden, read about the five steps to a successful garden. Discove the academic, social, and emotional benefits of creating a classroom garden. Practical tips for planning a school garden » Brought to You by TeachersFirst Connect with us Twitter | Facebook Contact the editor TeachersFirst is a collection of curated, classroom-ready content and ideas — including teacher-authored reviews of thousands of web resources. Built-in guidance from seasoned professionals makes effective classroom technology use trouble-free. TeachersFirst is made available free to K12 teachers by The Source for Learning, Inc., a nonprofit that has been providing educational resources for more than 40 years.

1837 - 1908 It is a plain dictate of honesty and good government that public expenditures should be limited by public necessity, and that this should be measured by the rules of strict economy; Second Inaugural Address Stephen Grover Cleveland fell into politics without really trying. In 1881, local businessmen asked Cleveland, then a young lawyer, to run for mayor of Buffalo, New York. He agreed and won the Democratic nomination and the election. As mayor, Cleveland exposed city corruption and earned such a reputation for honesty and hard work that he won the New York gubernatorial race in 1882. Governor Cleveland used his power to take on the Tammany Hall, the political machine based in New York City, even though it had supported him in the election. Within a year, the Democrats were looking to Cleveland as an important new face and pragmatic reformer who might win the presidency in 1884. Grab hold of the levers Professor Bob Bruner looks at how presidents including Grover Cleveland handled economic crises in this essay for the First Year Project The black history of the White House Clarence Lusane, an associate professor of political science at American University, talks about his book, The Black History of the White House

There were two new cases in Day County Monday. Combined with two others reported during the weekend, there have now been 28 confirmed cases, six of which are active. Five people have ever been hospitalized in Day County.

Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir builds a “horseless carriage” that uses an internal combustion engine that can reach speed of 3 mph). 1867Nicholaus August Otto develops an improved internal combustion engine. 1870Julius Hock builds the first internal combustion engine that runs on liquid gasoline. 1877Nikolaus Otto builds the four-cycle internal combustion engine, the prototype for modern car engines.George Baldwin files for the first U.S. patent for an automobile - well, actually a wagon fitted with an internal combustion engine.Karl Benz builds a three-wheel automobile powered by a gasoline engine. the world’s first motorbike uses one of his internal combustion engines to build the world’s first motorbike. 1886Henry Ford builds his first automobile in Michigan. 1887Gottlieb Daimler uses his internal combustion engine to build a four-wheel vehicle, considered the first modern automobile.

This app is the interpreter of the projects carried out with VocalTiles Projects. Allows grouping projects is to run them to be used with the child. In addition, through preferences, you can better adapt the standard behavior of the execution of the exercises on the basis of the degree of learning and the level of autism. The application, in the absence of VocalTiles Projects allows you to run some demonstration projects. Visual Reading j.s.a.

Ran into a shopping cart at full speed in the mall parking lot to cheers from the cart-gatherers sick of collecting them all day. Had a passenger open the back door on the highway to bash one of those giant orange barrels to see if they were weighted down (not much, if any). Slid 100 feet down a hill into the back of someones car when it was all ice and snow. Got pulled over with a bowl in one pocket and bag in the other, passed a roadside sobriety test and was sent on my way with no search. I have been the guy in the ditch as well, on occasion.

Pucón, at the shores of the Villarrica Lake, is located in the Araucanía Region, which is the main territory where the Mapuche people live in Chile. For years the region suffered the struggle of the Spanish conquerors trying to annex the land to the rest of the country, and the firm resistence that the indians put against them. However, the process called the "Pacification of the Araucanía” finally was completed towards the end of the 19th century, and was later reinforced with the colonization by Centereurope inmigrants sponsored by the Chilean Government at the time of the century turn. Hence Pucón, which in Mapudungun means “enter to the mountains”, was founded on February 27th, 1883. To make it possible to establish the town, the commander of the Chilean Army Gregorio Urrutia sealed a pact with the local cacique Pocollanca, leader of the Mapuche in the zone. The original settlement was made where the main square is nowadays, and it had the characteristics of a military fort at first. The Mapuche people was sent to "reductions" in Quelhue, Palguín Bajo and Curarrehue. Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the Chilean Government sponsored the colonization of the new annexed territories, inviting Centereuropean inmigrants to come to the region. That is how the young town received new neighbours with the arrival of the families Geiss, Nappe, Holzapfel, Gudenschwager, Quezada, Matus and Ansorena. Also among the oldest families of Pucón there are the Panguilef and Painepán. Years later, there was another migratory wave, this time from the Middle East, with the merchant families Eltit and Zerené. During the first years, the base of Pucón's economy was the forest and agricultural production, the trade of timber and livestock. In 1923 the Hotel Gudenschwager was founded at La Poza, which was a strategic place right by the pier where the boats arrived from Villarrica, the only means of communication with the outer world in the time. The touristic impulse started with the construction in 1934 of the Gran Hotel Pucón next to the main beach. The Chilean Government built this luxury complex with a park and golf court. The idea was to promote the region as a paradise for sport fishing. And having this kind of public in mind, during the '40s new hotels were built, like the Hotel Antumalal by Guillermo Pollack. Also in the 40s was opened the road that connects Villarrica with Pucón, which meant a big progress for the region, since until then all kind of communication was only possible through the boats that navigated the lake. Towards the end of the 60s the road got paved, giving a new impulse to the touristic industry, making it easier the arrival of visitors to the zone. Today, in the 21st century, Pucón is connected with the world. And thanks to its undeniable natural beauties, it is considered one of the main touristic destinations in Chile, welcoming every year thousands of national and international visitors. The influence of the pionners that arrived to the region almost 150 yeas ago is still there in the name of the main streets, and important local institutions are still under the management of the descendants of those pioneers, like the Hotel Antumalal, Termas Huife and the Supermarket Eltit, just to mention some. The Mapuche roots are also still present, since most of the places in the region have names in Mapudungun (Catripulli, Curarrehue, Huerquehue, Caburgua, etc). Some years ago was inaugurated a Mapuche Museum in Pucón, which displays a collection of objects, artifacts and jewelry. There has been also an impulse to the indigenous gastronomy, that is possible to taste at Curarrehue, and there has been an attempt too to rescue the legacy of the original owners of this land, their traditions and customs, like the celebration of the We Tripantru (Mapuche's New Year). Pucón is today a mixture of people that is still arriving to this region full of dreams, projects and ideas, just the same as the first pionners did. Many have come from other parts of Chile, hoping for better chances and quality of life. And even it is far-fetched to talk about a "migratory wave", every year many foreigners arrive seduced by the beauty of this place, with the idea of making this land their new home. According to the National Census of 2002, Pucón registered 13.837 inhabitants, and was proportionally one of the cities with biggest growth in the country.

I remember many years ago that I was given a book entitled an Autobiography of George Muller. At that time I was not interested in reading books. Subsequently the book was put on a shelf and forgotten about as I really never thought I could learn anything from someone who had been born in 1805 and died in 1898. How wrong I was! When looking for another book many years later I came across this autobiography of George Muller. On the front cover was written ’readers will find their faith strengthened, their prayer life enriched and their ministry expanded by the life and example of this man of God’. My attention was drawn immediately to the words ‘the life and example of this man of God’. My curiosity was aroused and as I read I discovered how George Muller, the founder of Christian orphan-ages, had come to personal faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. His conversion radically changed him, and for the rest of his life he demonstrated this by living by faith and serving the Lord to the best of his ability. He decided to depend on God alone for every detail of his life and not to rely on man. This was achieved by prayer and faith. It is one thing to say that we are saved but are we proving every day that we are? Is our faith seen in our actions? George Muller was perhaps someone who wasn’t very well known to start with but God had chosen to use him. We might feel at times that we are not well enough known to serve God in a particular way, but God knows and He has fitted us for the work that He gives us to do. What was Muller’s secret in life? Faith in God and a life of prayer. In 2010 can I ask you, as I ask myself, how is your faith in God? In 2 Peter chapter 1 verses 5-7 Peter gives us a checklist, or progress report, of things that we have to add to our faith – virtue, knowledge, temperance (self control), patience, godliness, brotherly kindness, charity (love). Peter goes on to say, ‘If these things be in you and abound they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ’. While Peter is teach-ing us about adding to our faith he may also have in mind the words of the Lord Jesus to him in Luke chapter 22, verse 32, ‘I have prayed for you, that your faith should not fail’, NKJV. How do you find prayer? Do you, like me, find it difficult? In John chapter 17 we have the great ex-ample of prayer as the Lord Jesus prays to his Father. This prayer reveals some of the precious content of the Son’s communion and intercession with the Father. Prayer does work, as George Muller proved in his lifetime. May you and I prove in our day and generation that God hears and answers prayer!

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He remained on the throne for 50 years; no English monarch had reigned for as long since Henry III, and none would again until George III, as King of the United Kingdom. Edward was crowned at the age of fourteen, following the deposition of his father. When he was only seventeen years old, he led a coup against his regent, Roger Mortimer, and began his personal reign. After defeating, but not subjugating, the Kingdom of Scotland, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1338, starting what would be known as the Hundred Years' War. Following some initial setbacks, the war went exceptionally well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny. Edward’s later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inertia and eventual bad health. Edward III was a temperamental man, but also capable of great clemency. He was, in most ways, a conventional king, mainly interested in warfare. Highly revered in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians. This view has turned, and modern historiography credits him with many achievements. Edward was born at Windsor on 13 November 1312, and was called "Edward of Windsor" in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was fraught with military defeat, rebellious barons and corrupt courtiers, but the birth of a male heir in 1312 temporarily strengthened Edward II's position on the throne. To further this end, in what was probably an attempt by his father to shore up royal supremacy after years of discontent, Edward was created Earl of Chester at the age of only twelve days, and less than two months later, his father gave him a full household of servants for his court, so he could live independently as if he were a full adult Nobleman. On 20 January 1327, when the young Edward was fourteen years old his mother the queen Isabella, and her lover Roger Mortimer deposed the king. Edward, now Edward III, was crowned on 1 February, with Isabella and Mortimer as regents. Mortimer, the de facto ruler of England, subjected the young king to constant disrespect and humiliation. On 24 January 1328 the fifteen year old king married sixteen year old Philippa of Hainault at York Minster. Mortimer knew his position was precarious, especially after Philippa had a son on 15 June 1330. Mortimer used his power to acquire noble estates and titles, many of them belonging to Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel. FitzAlan, who had remained loyal to Edward II in his struggle with Isabella and Mortimer, had been executed on 17 November 1326. However Mortimer's greed and arrogance caused many of the other nobles to hate him; all this was not lost on the young king. The young, headstrong King had never forgotten the fate of his father, or how he himself had been treated as a child. At almost 18 years old, Edward was ready to take his revenge. On the 19 October 1330, Mortimer and Isabella were sleeping at Nottingham Castle. Under the cover of night, a group loyal to Edward entered the fortress through a secret passageway and burst into Mortimer's quarters. Those conducting the coup arrested Mortimer in the name of the King and he was taken to the Tower of London. Stripped of his land and titles, he was hauled before the 17 year-old King and accused of assuming royal authority over England. Edward's mother—presumably pregnant with Mortimer's child—begged her son for mercy to no avail. Without trial, Edward sentenced Mortimer to death one month after the coup. As Mortimer was executed, Edward's mother was exiled in Castle Rising where she reportedly miscarried. By his 18th birthday, Edward's vengeance was complete and he became de facto ruler of England. Noble]] of Edward III, 1344, 33mm, 6.78g. Edward chose to renew the military conflict with the Kingdom of Scotland in which his father and grandfather had engaged with varying success. Edward repudiated the Treaty of Northampton that had been signed during the regency, thus renewing claims of English sovereignty over Scotland and resulting in the Second War of Scottish Independence. Intending to regain what the English had conceded, he won back control of Berwick and secured a decisive English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 against the forces of the boy-king David II of Scotland. Edward III was now in a position to put Edward Balliol on the throne of Scotland and claim a reward of 2,000 librates of land in the southern counties - the Lothians, Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire, Lanarkshire and Peebleshire. Despite the victories of Dupplin and Halidon, the Bruce party soon started to recover and by the close of 1335 and the Battle of Culblean, the Plantagenet occupation was in difficulties and the Balliol party was fast losing ground. At this time, in 1336, Edward III's brother John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall died. John of Fordun's Gesta Annalia is alone in claiming that Edward killed his brother in a quarrel at Perth. Although Edward III committed very large armies to Scottish operations, by 1337 the vast majority of Scotland had been recovered by the forces of David II, leaving only a few castles such as Edinburgh, Roxburgh and Stirling in Plantagenet possession. These installations were not adequate to impose Edward's rule and by 1338/9 Edward had moved from a policy of conquest to one of containment. Edward faced military problems on two fronts; the challenge from the French monarchy was of no less concern. The French represented a problem in three areas: first, they provided constant support to the Scottish through the Franco-Scottish alliance. Philip VI protected David II in exile, and supported Scottish raids in Northern England. Second, the French attacked several English coastal towns, leading to rumours in England of a full-scale invasion. Finally, the English king's possessions in France were under threat—in 1337, Philip VI confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Instead of seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict by paying homage to the French king, Edward laid claim to the French crown as the only living male descendant of his deceased maternal grandfather, Philip IV. The French, however, invoked the Salic law of succession and rejected the claim, pronouncing Philip IV's nephew, Philip VI, the true heir (see below) and thereby setting the stage for the Hundred Years' War, by incorporating England's coat of arms, rampant lions, and France's coat of arms, the fleurs de lys, and he, in so doing, declared himself king of both England and France. In the war against France, Edward built alliances and fought by proxy through minor French princes. In 1338, Louis IV named him vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire, and promised his support. These measures, however, produced few results; the only major military gain made in this phase of the war was the English naval victory at Sluys on 24 June 1340, where 16,000 French soldiers and sailors died. Meanwhile, the fiscal pressure on the kingdom caused by Edward's expensive alliances led to discontent at home. In response he returned unannounced on 30 November 1340. Finding the affairs of the realm in disorder, he purged the royal administration. These measures did not bring domestic stability, however, and a standoff ensued between the king and John de Stratford, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Edward, at the Parliament of England of April 1341, was forced to accept severe limitations to his financial and administrative prerogatives. Yet, in October of the same year, the king repudiated this statute, and Archbishop Stratford was politically ostracised. The extraordinary circumstances of the 1341 parliament had forced the king into submission, but under normal circumstances the powers of the king in medieval England were virtually unlimited, and Edward took advantage of this. Coin of Edward III as Duke of Aquitaine, 3.86g. After much inconclusive campaigning in Continental Europe, Edward decided to stage a major offensive in 1346, sailing for Normandy with a force of 15,000 men. His army sacked the city of Caen and marched across northern France. On 26 August he met the French king's forces in pitched battle at Crécy and won a decisive victory. Meanwhile, back home, William Zouche, the Archbishop of York mobilized an army to oppose David II, who had returned, defeating and capturing him at the Battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October. With his northern border having been secured, Edward felt free to continue his major offensive against France, laying siege to the town of Calais, which fell after almost a year—probably the greatest single military operation undertaken by the English state in the Middle Ages—in August of 1347. After the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV in October of 1347, his son Louis V, Duke of Bavaria negotiated with Edward to compete against the new German king Charles IV, but Edward finally decided in May 1348 not to run for the German crown. In 1348, the Black Death struck Europe with full force, killing a third or more of England's population. This loss of manpower meant a halt to major campaigning. The great landowners struggled with the shortage of manpower and the resulting inflation in labor cost. Attempting to cap wages, the king and parliament responded with the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers (1351). The plague did not, however, lead to a full-scale breakdown of government and society, and recovery was remarkably swift. In 1356, Edward's oldest son, the Black Prince, won a great victory at the battle of Poitiers. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only routed the French but captured the French king, John II. After a succession of victories, the English held great possessions in France, the French king was in English custody, and the French central government had almost totally collapsed. Whether Edward's claim to the French crown originally was genuine or just a political ploy, it now seemed to be within reach. Yet a campaign in 1359, meant to complete the undertaking, was inconclusive. In 1360, therefore, Edward accepted the Treaty of Brétigny, whereby he renounced his claims to the French throne but secured his extended French possessions in full sovereignty. While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. The day-to-day affairs of the state had less appeal to Edward than military campaigning, so during the 1360s Edward increasingly relied on the help of his subordinates, in particular William Wykeham. A relative upstart, Wykeham was made Lord Privy Seal in 1363 and Lord Chancellor in 1367, though due to political difficulties connected with his inexperience, the Parliament forced him to resign the chancellorship in 1371. Compounding Edward's difficulties were the deaths of his most trusted men, some from the 1361–62 recurrence of the plague. William Montacute, Edward's companion in the 1330 coup, was dead by 1344. William de Clinton, who had also been with the king at Nottingham, died in 1354. One of the earls of 1337, William de Bohun, died in 1360, and the next year Henry of Grosmont, perhaps the greatest of Edward's captains, succumbed to what was probably plague. Their deaths left the majority of the magnates younger and more naturally aligned to the princes than to the king himself. The king's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, attempted to subdue by force the largely autonomous Anglo-Irish lords in Ireland. The venture failed, and the only lasting mark he left were the suppressive Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. In France, meanwhile, the decade following the Treaty of Brétigny was one of relative tranquillity, but on 8 April 1364 John II died in captivity in England, after unsuccessfully trying to raise his own ransom at home. He was followed by the vigorous Charles V, who enlisted the help of the capable Constable Bertrand du Guesclin. In 1369, the French war started anew, and Edward's younger son John of Gaunt was given the responsibility of a military campaign. The effort failed, and with the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, the great English possessions in France were reduced to only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne. Military failure abroad and the associated fiscal pressure of campaigning led to political discontent at home. The problems came to a head in the parliament of 1376, the so-called Good Parliament. The parliament was called to grant taxation, but the House of Commons took the opportunity to address specific grievances. In particular, criticism was directed at some of the king's closest advisors. Lord Chamberlain William Latimer and Lord Steward John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby were dismissed from their positions. Edward's mistress, Alice Perrers, who was seen to hold far too much power over the aging king, was banished from court. Yet the real adversary of the Commons, supported by powerful men such as Wykeham and Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, was John of Gaunt. Both the king and the Black Prince were by this time incapacitated by illness, leaving Gaunt in virtual control of government. Gaunt was forced to give in to the demands of parliament, but by its next convocation, in 1377, most of the achievements of the Good Parliament were reversed. Edward himself, however, did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government. Around 29 September 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February, the king died of a stroke (some sources say gonorrhea) at Sheen on 21 June. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, son of the Black Prince, since the Black Prince himself had died on 8 June 1376. The middle years of Edward's reign was a period of significant activity. Perhaps the best known piece of legislation was the Statute of Labourers of 1351, which addressed the labour shortage problem caused by the Black Death. The statute fixed wages at their pre-plague level and checked peasant mobility by asserting that lords had first claim on their men's services. In spite of concerted efforts to uphold the statute, it eventually failed due to competition among landowners for labour. The law has been described as an attempt "to legislate against the law of supply and demand", making it doomed to failure. Nevertheless, the labour shortage had created a community of interest between the smaller landowners of the House of Commons and the greater landowners of the House of Lords. The resulting measures angered the peasants, leading to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The reign of Edward III coincided with the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy at Avignon. During the wars with France, opposition emerged in England against perceived injustices by a papacy largely controlled by the French crown. Papal taxation of the English Church was suspected to be financing the nation's enemies, while the practice of provisions — the Pope providing benefices for clerics — caused resentment in an increasingly xenophobic English population. The statutes of Provisors and Praemunire, of 1350 and 1353 respectively, aimed to amend this by banning papal benefices, as well as limiting the power of the papal court over English subjects. The statutes did not, however, sever the ties between the king and the Pope, who were equally dependent upon each other. Other legislation of importance includes the Treason Act of 1351. It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime. Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning the Justices of the Peace. This institution began before the reign of Edward III, but by 1350, the justices had been given the power not only to investigate crimes and make arrests, but also to try cases, including those of felony. With this, an enduring fixture in the administration of local English justice had been created. Parliament as a representative institution was already well established by the time of Edward III, but the reign was nevertheless central to its development. During this period membership in the English baronage, formerly a somewhat indistinct group, became restricted to those who received a personal summons to parliament. This happened as parliament gradually developed into a bicameral institution composed of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. The widening of political power can be seen in the crisis of the Good Parliament, where the Commons for the first time — albeit with noble support — were responsible for precipitating a political crisis. In the process, both the procedure of impeachment and the office of the Speaker were created. Even though the political gains were of only temporary duration, this parliament represented a watershed in English political history. The political influence of the Commons originally lay in its right to grant taxes. The financial demands of the Hundred Years' War were enormous - at one point leading to the king declaring bankruptcy - and the king and his ministers tried different methods of covering the expenses. The king had a steady income from crown lands, and could also take up substantial loans from Italian and domestic financiers. To finance warfare on Edward III's scale, however, the king had to resort to taxation of his subjects. Taxation took two primary forms: levy and customs. The levy was a grant of a proportion of all moveable property, normally a tenth for towns and a fifteenth for farmland. This could produce large sums of money, but each such levy had to be approved by parliament, and the king had to prove the necessity. The customs therefore provided a welcome supplement, as a steady and reliable source of income. An 'ancient duty' on the export of wool had existed since 1275. Edward I had tried to introduce an additional duty on wool, but this unpopular maltolt, or 'unjust exaction', was soon abandoned. Then, from 1336 onwards, a series of schemes aimed at increasing royal revenues from wool export were introduced. After some initial problems and discontent, it was agreed through the Ordinance of the Staple of 1353 that the new customs should be approved by parliament, though in reality they became permanent. Through the steady taxation of Edward III's reign, parliament—and in particular the Commons—gained political influence. A consensus emerged that in order for a tax to be just, the king had to prove its necessity, it had to be granted by the community of the realm, and it had to be to the benefit of that community. In addition to imposing taxes, parliament would also present petitions for redress of grievances to the king, most often concerning misgovernment by royal officials. This way the system was beneficial for both parties. Through this process the commons, and the community they represented, became increasingly politically aware, and the foundation was laid for the particular English brand of constitutional monarchy. Central to Edward III's policy was reliance on the higher nobility for purposes of war and administration. While his father had regularly been in conflict with a great portion of his peerage, Edward III successfully created a spirit of camaraderie between himself and his greatest subjects. Both Edward I and Edward II had conducted a policy of limitation, allowing the creation of few peerages during the sixty years preceding Edward III's reign. The young king reversed this policy when, in 1337, as a preparation for the imminent war, he created six new earls on the same day. At the same time, Edward expanded the ranks of the peerage upwards, by introducing the new title of duke for close relatives of the king. Furthermore, Edward bolstered the sense of community within this group by the creation of the Order of the Garter, probably in 1348. A plan from 1344 to revive the Round Table of King Arthur never came to fruition, but the new order carried connotations from this legend by the circular shape of the garter. Polydore Vergil tells of how the young Joan of Kent, Countess of Salisbury —the king's favourite at the time—accidentally dropped her garter at a ball at Calais. King Edward responded to the ridicule of the crowd by tying the garter around his own knee with the words honi soit qui mal y pense—shame on him who thinks ill of it. This reinforcement of the aristocracy must be seen in conjunction with the war in France, as must the emerging sense of national identity. Just like the war with Scotland had done, the fear of a French invasion helped strengthen a sense of national unity, and nationalise the aristocracy that had been largely Anglo-French since the Norman conquest. Since the time of Edward I, popular myth suggested that the French planned to extinguish the English language, and like his grandfather had done, Edward III made the most of this scare. As a result, the English language experienced a strong revival; in 1362, a Statute of Pleading ordered the English language to be used in law courtshttp://languageandlaw.org/TEXTS/STATS/PLEADING.HTM and, the year after, Parliament was for the first time opened in English. At the same time, the vernacular saw a revival as a literary language, through the works of William Langland, John Gower and especially The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Yet the extent of this Anglicisation must not be exaggerated. The statute of 1362 was in fact written in the French language and had little immediate effect,http://lucasianchair.org/papers/EME.html and parliament was opened in that language as late as 1377. The Order of the Garter, though a distinctly English institution, included also foreign members such as John V, Duke of Brittany and Sir Robert of Namur. Edward III—himself bilingual—viewed himself as legitimate king of both England and France, and could not show preferential treatment for one part of his domains over another. Edward III enjoyed unprecedented popularity in his own lifetime, and even the troubles of his later reign were never blamed directly on the king himself. Edward's contemporary Jean Froissart wrote in his Chronicles that "His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur". This view persisted for a while, but, with time, the image of the king changed. The Whig historians of a later age preferred constitutional reform to foreign conquest and discredited Edward for ignoring his responsibilities to his own nation. In the words of Bishop Stubbs: Influential as Stubbs was, it was long before this view was challenged. In a 1960 article, titled "Edward III and the Historians", May McKisack pointed out the teleological nature of Stubbs' judgement. A medieval king could not be expected to work towards the future ideal of a parliamentary monarchy; rather his role was a pragmatic one—to maintain order and solve problems as they arose. At this, Edward III excelled. Edward had also been accused of endowing his younger sons too liberally and thereby promoting dynastic strife culminating in the Wars of the Roses. This claim was rejected by K.B. McFarlane, who argued that this was not only the common policy of the age, but also the best. Later biographers of the king such as Mark Ormrod and Ian Mortimer have followed this historiographical trend. However, the older negative view has not completely disappeared; as recently as 2001, Norman Cantor described Edward III as an "avaricious and sadistic thug" and a "destructive and merciless force." From what we know of Edward's character, he could be impulsive and temperamental, as was seen by his actions against Stratford and the ministers in 1340/41. At the same time, he was well-known for his clemency; Mortimer's grandson was not only absolved, but came to play an important part in the French wars, and was eventually made a knight of the Garter. Both in his religious views and his interests, he was a conventional man. His favourite pursuit was the art of war, and, as such, he conformed to the medieval notion of good kingship. As a warrior he was so successful that one modern military historian has described him as the greatest general in English history. He seems to have been unusually devoted to his wife, Queen Philippa. Much has been made of Edward's sexual licentiousness, but there is no evidence of any infidelity on the king's part before Alice Perrers became his lover, and, by that time, the queen was already terminally ill. He is quite unusual among medieval English monarchs in having no known illegitimate children. This devotion extended to the rest of the family as well; in contrast to so many of his predecessors, Edward never experienced opposition from any of his five adult sons. Edward is the central character in the play Edward III, sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare. He also appears as a boy in Edward II by Christopher Marlowe. Edward III has rarely been portrayed on screen. He was portrayed by Charles Kent in the silent short The Death of King Edward III (1911), Michael Hordern in The Dark Avenger (1955), about Edward, the Black Prince, and as a boy by Stéphane Combesco in the French TV adaptation of Marlowe's play Edward II (1982) and by Jody Graber in Derek Jarman's version of Edward II (1991). Though he did not appear in the film, Edward is implied to be the son of Isabella and the Scottish rebel, William Wallace, in the film Braveheart. This is impossible, as Wallace died 5 years before Edward was born. In truth, it is extremely unlikely William Wallace and Isabella ever met. Edward appears in the Bernard Cornwell novel Harlequin. Edward is the protagonist of William Blake's early drama Edward the Third, part of his Poetical Sketches (published 1783). Edward also appears in Maurice Druon's series of historical novels The Accursed Kings. Actor Aurélien Wiik played him in the 2005 French TV series adaptation of the novels. Edward III is mentioned throughout the book World Without End (novel) by Ken Follet. His campaign in France, in particular the battle of Crécy are brightly described. Like his father and grandfather before him, Edward's arms as heir-apparent were differenced by a label azure of three points, which he lost when he acceded the throne.. Part-way through his reign, in 1340, he altered those arms by quartering them with those of France, to signal his claim thereto. <gallery> Image:England Arms-blue label.svg|shield as heir-apparent Image:England COA.svg|First shield as King Image:England Arms 1340.svg|Second shield as King </gallery> See here for a comprehensive family tree of British monarchs. |Edward, the Black Prince||15 June 1330||8 June 1376| |Isabella||16 June 1332||1379| |Joan||1333||2 September 1348| |William of Hatfield||16 February 1337||8 July 1337| |Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence||29 November 1338||7 October 1368| |John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster||6 March 1340||3 February 1399| |Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York||5 June 1341||1 August 1402| |Mary||10 October 1344||1362| |Margaret||20 July 1346||1361| |William of Windsor||24 June 1348||5 September 1348| |Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester||7 January 1355||8/9 September 1397| ar:إدوارد الثالث ملك إنجلترا bs:Edvard III Engleski br:Edouarzh III (Bro-Saoz) bg:Едуард III ca:Eduard III d'Anglaterra cs:Eduard III. cy:Edward III, brenin Lloegr da:Edvard 3. af England de:Eduard III. (England) et:Edward III el:Εδουάρδος Γ' της Αγγλίας es:Eduardo III de Inglaterra eo:Eduardo la 3-a (Anglio) fr:Édouard III d'Angleterre ga:Éadbhard III Shasana gl:Eduardo III de Inglaterra ko:에드워드 3세 hr:Edvard III. id:Edward III dari Inggris is:Játvarður 3. it:Edoardo III d'Inghilterra he:אדוארד השלישי, מלך אנגליה ka:ედუარდ III (ინგლისი) la:Eduardus III (rex Angliae) lv:Eduards III Plantagenets hu:III. Eduárd angol király mr:एडवर्ड तिसरा, इंग्लंड ms:Edward III dari England nl:Eduard III van Engeland ja:エドワード3世 (イングランド王) no:Edvard III av England pl:Edward III pt:Eduardo III de Inglaterra ro:Eduard al III-lea al Angliei ru:Эдуард III simple:Edward III of England sk:Eduard III. (Anglicko) sr:Едвард III Плантагенет sh:Edvard III. fi:Edvard III sv:Edvard III av England th:สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 3 แห่งอังกฤษ tr:III. Edward uk:Едвард III vi:Edward III của Anh zh:爱德华三世 (英格兰)

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Environmental variability and shock events can be propagated or attenuated along food supply chains by various economic, political and infrastructural factors. Understanding these processes is central to reducing risks associated with periodic food shortages, price spikes and reductions in food quality. Here we perform a scoping review of the literature to examine entry points for environmental variability along the food supply chain, the evidence of propagation or attenuation of this variability, and the food items and types of shock that have been studied. We find that research on food supply shocks has primarily focused on maize, rice and wheat, on agricultural production and on extreme rainfall and temperatures—indicating the need to expand research into the full food basket, diverse sources of environmental variability and the links connecting food production to consumption and nutrition. Insights from this new knowledge can inform key responses—at the level of an individual (for example, substituting foods), a company (for example, switching sources) or a government (for example, strategic reserves)—for coping with disruptions. Food production, storage, processing, distribution, retail and consumption are all exposed to wide-ranging forms of environmental change, including slow-moving changes in average conditions (for example, climate, nutrient and water cycling), smaller-magnitude variations around those means and larger, anomalous disruptions1,2. Environmental variability and disruptions are manifested not only as floods, droughts and extreme heat (that is, climate variability) but also as natural hazards, pests, disease, algal blooms, coral bleaching and aflatoxins3,4,5. Environmental variability includes fluctuations within the historical range but increasingly consists of extreme—and at times unprecedented—events driven by climate change and other forms of human-environmental change. While expected changes in climatic and environmental conditions over the coming decades will certainly have important implications for future food security, nutrition, and human and planetary health1,2,4,6,7, environmental variability and extreme events are already leading to harvest losses and distribution disruptions each year8. In many cases, these short-term impacts (that is, those occurring within the span of a production/growing season) have been shown to be stronger than those caused by slow-moving changes in climate and the environment7. Such developments point to a growing need to protect the stability of not only food production but also other steps in food supply chains in the face of rising environmental variability and risk9. Environmental variability can affect food supply chains at local to global scales. In regions with limited global market access and where food production and consumption are tightly coupled (that is, short supply chains common in subsistence-based food systems), environmental variability can more readily translate into local shortages of specific foods10, creating food insecurity depending on available substitutes, the impacts on livelihoods11, and how household diets and nutrient intake are modified12. Increasingly, the impacts of environmental variability are not limited to local producers but spread through longer supply chains. A prominent example was seen in 2008, when a drought in key grain-producing regions, combined with rising biofuel demand, high oil prices, decreasing grain stocks and the depreciation of the US dollar, led to a spike in global grain prices13. That set off a series of rice export bans, furthering shortages and ultimately driving more than 130 million people into poverty and an additional 75 million people into malnourishment13. Although only partially an environmental shock, this global-scale disruption illuminated the potential for shocks to cascade through the food trade network and to impact geographically distant places and people. As food supply chains grow increasingly globalized, it is important to understand the potential novel risks of how environmental variability is propagated or attenuated within food systems. Ongoing globalization and the rise of multinational food corporations have enhanced the efficiency and complexity with which producers and consumers are linked. Research is only beginning to understand how these dynamics influence the propagation of the effects of environmental variability through global and local food supply chains, how large-scale events (for example, blockades, recessions and pandemics)14,15,16 may compound these effects, and what they ultimately mean for the stability and affordability of nutritious diets. Identifying the key processes and actors in food supply chains—and understanding their interactions with, and exposure to, environmental variability and the economy—is central to reducing food and nutrition security risks associated with periodic food shortages and to improving resilience within food systems. Here we perform a scoping review (Extended data Fig. 1) to synthesize existing knowledge on the impacts of environmental variability on food supply chains and the transfer of such impacts along local and global food supply chains. We first highlight the entry points for environmental variability along each step in the supply chain, drawing on examples from the scoping review. Then, we present the quantitative review results related to which food items, supply chain steps and types of environmental variability have been the focus of research to date. Finally, we summarize the qualitative review results on the response option space for actors along the supply chain. On the basis of our findings, we contend that a new wave of food systems research focused on the full food basket, diverse forms of environmental variability and local-to-global interactions across the supply chain is required to understand the diverse impacts of environmental variability on the spectrum of food systems. This new knowledge can inform a range of policy options and business decisions across the supply chain that provide flexibility in responding to variability in food supplies and that enhance the resilience and adaptability of food systems to known and novel shocks. Environmental variability can affect the quantity, quality and timing of food as it travels through the supply chain (Fig. 1). Most entry points for environmental variability to impact food supply chains occur at production. Exposure to variability and shocks is particularly pronounced for rainfed agriculture and smallholders (that is, households with <5 ha), who account for the majority of the world’s food production (57% (ref. 17) and 55% (ref. 18), respectively) and rely largely on locally available natural resources. A large body of literature documents the impacts of floods, droughts, natural disasters and other extreme events on food production19,20,21. In some instances (for example, disease and pests), individual food items may be impacted, while other phenomena (for example, large-scale drought and algal blooms) may induce declines across entire portions or regions of the food production basket. Environmental variability also presents challenges related to the quality and safety of food items, possibly leading to changes in the nutrient content of some species as well as increased food safety risks. Increasing variations in rainfall have been linked to greater variability in the protein content of wheat22 while higher temperatures have been associated with changes in the fatty acid content of some fish4,23 and declining milk quality in dairy cows24. Temperature, humidity and precipitation variability, along with increased pests, are associated with increased aflatoxin levels during production, while algal blooms can produce toxins that enhance the risk of shellfish poisoning25,26. Environmental variability also affects the transmission of animal diseases (which can necessitate mass animal culling or fishery closures), foodborne illness and zoonosis (that is, animal-to-human transmission). Fig. 1: Entry points for environmental variability in food supply chains. 1) Environmental variability can enter at each step of the food supply chain. 2) Economic conditions and infrastructure quality can dampen or enhance these environmental factors. A variety of geopolitical and other economic factors influencing the interactions of environmental variability and food supply chains are also discussed in the text. 3) The impacts of this variability on food quantity and quality can also be passed between steps in the food supply chain. 4) The cascading effects represent the main outcomes that could occur without intervention from supply chain actors, and the direction of the arrow next to each effect indicates whether there would be an expected increase or decrease. Depending on the specific context, only certain cascading effects may emerge in response to environmental variability. The asterisks indicate a type of environmental variability, economic influence or cascading effect that was identified within the scoping review. Temp., temperature; conn., connectivity; econ., economic. Specifically concerning storage, subsistence farmers who have limited growing seasons and depend on stored crops are particularly sensitive to extreme rainfall events affecting food quantity and quality27,28. Aflatoxin levels in crops increase if storage conditions are not sufficiently dry, while bacterial contamination and foodborne disease are common in the absence of cold storage. Broadly, higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns can increase the occurrence of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, and their associated foodborne diseases in stored foods25,29,30. Distribution and market access can also be substantially impacted by environmental variability. Floods can disrupt road networks and food trade, typically leading to losses of more perishable or time-sensitive food items31,32. Compounded by changes in the affordability and diversity of foods available in markets, physical and economic barriers can impact food and nutrition security33. Flooding and rising sea levels can also increase water runoff and contamination, leading to increased waterborne disease and chemicals in the food supply25. Further, extreme weather events disrupt food distribution by damaging existing infrastructure or slowing food shipments, which can increase risks of food damage, spoilage or contamination34. Compared to fresh perishable foods, processed foods may be better able to withstand the impacts of environmental variability related to spoilage, creating a trade-off between the durability, safety and convenience of processed food and their often lower nutritional quality35. Consumption may also be impacted by environmental disruptions through shifts in food availability, affordability and acceptability. For subsistence farmers, such shifts may directly influence the quantity and quality of foods available for consumption within the household. Reduced incomes and higher food prices can have important implications for nutrition, limiting food purchasing power and leading to shifts in dietary intakes, often towards cheaper highly processed foods36,37,38. Environmental disruptions can also limit the ability to prepare food or to fully absorb nutrients from ingested food, often leading to compromised nutritional outcomes (for example, childhood stunting39). For instance, in Bangladesh, cooking stoves are often located outside on the ground and can be submerged by flood waters35. In Australia, extreme high temperatures were associated with increased risk of intestinal infections and nutritional and metabolic issues among young children40. In India, children living in communities exposed to recurring floods were at least 2.3 times more likely to be severely wasted, stunted or underweight41,42. Understanding the impacts of environmental shocks on food security and nutrition requires connecting production to consumption through all supply chain steps. We analysed peer-reviewed literature to investigate which food items, environmental disruptions and supply chain steps have been the focus of research to date. The scientific evidence for the effects of environmental shocks on food systems is highly concentrated on the main staple crops (maize, rice and wheat) and relatively few types of shock (Figs. 2 and 3). Of the 325 papers examined (Supplementary Table 1), nearly half looked at the impact of shocks on maize, wheat and rice (37%) and/or other cereals (10%). Another 18% did not focus on any specific food item (Fig. 2a). The types of food and shock studied are probably interrelated, as there was an emphasis on the temperature (22%) and precipitation (41%) extremes that threaten cereal crops (Fig. 2b). Other shock types, such as cyclones, harmful algal blooms and disease events, were roughly evenly represented in the studies (Fig. 3). Fig. 2: Environmental disruptions of food supply chain steps. a,b, Literature review results (n = 325 studies) for each supply chain step disaggregated by food group (a) and shock type (b). Studies have concentrated on environmental variability related to the production of maize, wheat and rice and have focused on extreme precipitation and temperature. Certain studies examined more than one food item; as such, the number of observations in the figure exceeds the number of studies. Fig. 3: Environmental disruptions and food groups. Literature review results disaggregated by shock type and food group (n = 325 studies). As a result of the emphasis on staple grain production, studies also heavily focused on related disruptions (that is, extreme temperature and precipitation). Certain studies examined more than one food item; as such, the number of observations in the figure exceeds the number of studies. Across the reviewed studies, 42% focused on a subnational scale (that is, a region within a single country), 35% on a national scale (that is, a single country) and 15% on an international scale (that is, multiple countries or global), with the remainder being unspecific about the scale. Of the studies set in a specific country or region, over a quarter were set in Asia and nearly a fifth in Africa. The subnational focus, particularly in regions where subsistence food production makes up a large portion of the food supply, is highly valuable for understanding the impacts of environmental variability on local food security; yet, as a quarter of all food calories are traded internationally43, our understanding of the novel food security risks arising from increasingly global food supply chains is limited. Further, we found that studies on environmental shocks are biased towards production; 89% included the production stage and 73% focused on production alone (Fig. 2a). Consumption, here broadly defined as including outcomes related to food expenditure, dietary intake, food security and nutrition outcomes, was included in just 15% of studies. A similar percentage (16%) looked at more than one supply chain stage and only 6% explicitly looked at shock propagation between supply chain steps. Given the heterogeneity of the methods and disciplines that cover the current literature on the propagation of environmental shocks through food supply chains, it was not possible to assess the representativeness or prevalence of specific linkages between environmental variability and food supply chain shock propagation. In all, our findings indicate that while each step in a food supply chain may be independently affected by environmental variability in various ways (Fig. 1), upstream shocks can be propagated to subsequent supply chain steps under certain conditions—and this variability can be transferred both locally (Box 1) and globally, as exemplified by some studies44,45,46,47,48,49,50. For more local systems, as in the case of subsistence households, some of these steps are absent or diminished (Box 2), and environmental variability is more likely to affect their diets depending on the availability of substitutes, the effects on household incomes and the quality of the foods consumed. Smallholder farmers who are unable to sell their produce owing to suboptimal quality (or questionable safety) tend to consume it themselves, possibly compromising the nutritional value and diversity of their diets25. Low-income populations in urban settings may face a similar trade-off and purchase less expensive foods despite lower quality35,36 increasing their exposure to aflatoxin and other foodborne illnesses and disease. For more global food supply chains, a range of recent network-based modelling studies have attempted to evaluate the distant impacts of food supply shocks, finding that highly globalized countries44, net importers and low-GDP countries45,46,47, and countries with low strategic reserves48 are most exposed to external shock events. Other agent-based modelling work has found that shocks travel more easily across networks when the perturbed product is directly traded51 and that the indirect economic effects of supply chain shocks (for example, firm-to-firm disruptions that a natural hazard causes) can exceed direct impacts (for example, physical damage from the natural hazard)52. One of the primary ways by which shock propagation along supply chains has been examined in the literature is through the effects of disruptions on prices. Price transmission across supply chains informs economic decisions at various stages, but volatile prices can create uncertainty for downstream supply chain actors53. The effect of transmission along a supply chain depends on the structure of the sector and the policy context. Foods with multiple sourcing options, substitute products and longer shelf lives can better buffer supply and dampen variability54,55. Concentrated market power also restricts price transmission when retailers exercise their power to keep consumer prices stable during volatile periods53. Conversely, foods with few substitutes, foods requiring longer grow-out periods, sectors with fewer industry actors and regions with limited infrastructure tend to have lower capacity to dampen supply or price variability, resulting in greater propagation along the supply chain. In cases where variability reaches consumers (often in the form of price fluctuations), physical and economic access dictates that these shortages are not evenly distributed between countries or between individuals. Thus, it is essential to understand not only how environmental variability can lead to instability in food supply but also how economic mechanisms may be used to modulate these fluctuations across the population. Food security policies, strategic reserves, trade relations, substitutability and the type of disturbance all determine a government’s ability to respond to an environmental disruption. Depending on the ability to enact a timely response, this can ultimately impact food availability to consumers. a, For instance, the December 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka was associated with a marked decline in seafood production5. As much of the country’s seafood catch is consumed domestically, this resulted in more than a 20% decrease in per capita seafood supply relative to the previous year. As a result of shortages in fresh seafood, imports of more expensive dry and canned fish temporarily jumped, with potential knock-on effects for short-term nutrition security in the country. b, Floods in Pakistan in 2010 impacted agriculture with 2.4 million hectares of standing crops, 1 million tonnes of food and seed stocks, and 11 million livestock and poultry either lost or damaged21. These impacts on production as well as damage to manufacturing, storage facilities, and rail and road networks led to widespread declines in domestic food grain stocks (>60% of households lost food grain stocks in the short term), and rice imports increased tenfold compared to those in the previous year (although it should be noted that imports constitute only a small fraction of Pakistan’s domestic rice supply). c, Droughts in Niger have periodically contributed to substantial declines in livestock production. As nearly all of the meat in Nigerien diets comes from domestic production, these shortfalls have contributed to marked reductions in per capita supply with imports playing no obvious role as a potential buffering strategy. d, In Venezuela, Taura syndrome virus produced strong impacts on shrimp production, with knock-on effects for the country’s exports and domestic availability. The shocks shown here were identified in work by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations21, Gephart et al.5 and Cottrell et al.8. The data came from FAOSTAT122. 1) Private sector actors exercise substantial influence over the food options available for retail and thereby influence production decisions53. These decisions can either enhance or hinder the resilience of production systems to environmental variability. 2) In more globalized food supply chains, the influence of consumer choice and purchasing on production decisions is limited, and there is therefore less individual control over exposure to remote environmental or economic shocks123,124. 3) Food corporations are often vertically integrated across multiple steps of the supply chain68,69. This can allow a more efficient response to an environmental disturbance (for example, through source switching) but can have serious implications both upstream (for example, promotion of specific varieties/species) and downstream (for example, fewer dietary options for consumers). 4) Subsistence agriculture directly links production and consumption10. On the basis of expected market prices, growing conditions and dietary needs, smallholders can exercise greater control over their production decisions and their exposure to environmental risk, provided that their food basket is nutritionally adequate and that they have sufficient information/forecasting for on-field decisions76,77. On one hand, farmers and fishers are afforded flexibility in responding to or anticipating environmental variability. On the other hand, should their adaptive production decisions be imperfect, these households may have fewer alternatives for dietary sourcing compared to more globally connected consumers. 5) Subsistence farmers and fishers are—in general—net purchasers of food and so are still exposed to disruptions in market access and fluctuations in food prices. This can lead to shifts in consumption12. 6) Many smallholder farmers and fishers are vertically integrated in that they oversee the production, near-term storage and processing, and transport to local markets10. This exposes subsistence agriculture to multiple forms of environmental risk, the interventions to which can be capital intensive and beyond the financial capacity of individual smallholders76. This can present challenges in the case of a ‘good year’ where farmers and fishers have a bumper year114. In this case, because storage capabilities are limited, local markets can be flooded with the supply of a particular food item, meaning that smallholders must settle for lower market prices and cannot fully capitalize on this increased production. Approximately two-thirds of the coping strategies identified through our review focused on the production level. However, there are multiple points across the supply chain where governments, the private sector, intergovernmental, civil society and non-governmental organizations, and individual farmers can act to reduce the negative impact of environmental variability on food security7. Indeed, given the interconnectedness of supply chain steps, the full suite of food system actors will need to intervene—from production to consumption—to counteract the many ways in which environmental variability and extreme events manifest and propagate (Fig. 1). Opportunities to address this variability depend on the actor, the step in the supply chain, the timescale of implementation and the type of environmental variability (Table 1). Responses at the production level focused on improving farmers’ resilience in terms of producing sufficient quantity and quality of food in the presence of environmental variability. While government institutions (including agricultural ministries, national agricultural research centres, and extension and agricultural policymakers) are the key actors involved in these responses, the private sector, intergovernmental organizations (for example, the World Bank) and other organizations such as CGIAR are also important for enabling stable production56. One important way to increase the resilience of agricultural production is by choosing crops, cultivars, species and breeds that are not only less susceptible to stresses such as drought, pests and salinity, but also offer other benefits for livelihoods or nutrition17,57. For instance, subsidy programmes in India aimed at promoting traditional climate-resilient cereals can increase iron and zinc supply, lower farmer input requirements and reduce water, energy and emission footprints58. The adoption of biofortified crops can potentially offer similar win-win situations; in sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, orange-fleshed sweet potato is more drought tolerant than other staple crops while also improving vitamin A intake59. Overall, programmes to introduce traditional or biofortified foods must consider cultural acceptability and may require promotional efforts to increase the willingness of consumers to shift their tastes to new varieties60,61. Other strategies at the production level include: shifting the timing and patterns of planting62; adopting agroforestry practices63; diversifying farms64; increasing the adoption of technology and on-farm infrastructure, agrochemicals and irrigation65; water and soil conservation practices66; and shifting or expanding growing areas67. However, strong extension services are needed to ensure that farmers have the knowledge and skills to change production practices. It is important to note that large multinational companies are often vertically integrated and have increased global connectivity, being more resilient to certain shocks owing to their ability to reallocate production and sourcing in response to climate shocks68,69. In other cases, globalized supply chains with specialized foreign markets are at a greater risk to supply chain disruptions70. Investment by governments and other actors, including the private sector, can also increase resilience to environmental variability across supply chains. For example, increasing access to irrigation (where sustainable)71,72 and promoting water-efficient management practices73 can stabilize production during times of drought74, while improvements in storage and road infrastructure can help protect harvested crops and ensure market access under extreme weather events75. Crop and index insurance can protect farmer incomes against environmental risk, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and in some cases enable them to access credit for investing in inputs, higher-value crop varieties76 and new technologies77. Besides protecting rural livelihoods, such programmes may be crafted to incentivize more sustainable and resilient on-farm choices. Food processing strategies can help increase the shelf life of perishable foods (for example, fruits and vegetables), while fortification and product reformulation can increase the nutritional quality of foods—both of which can prevent food insecurity in times of limited food diversity and shortages associated with environmental variability. Given that processed foods may be more resilient to price volatility, ensuring that their consumption does not lead to nutritional compromises is essential. Policy options and outreach efforts at both the retail and consumer level can help incentivize consumption shifts, such as subsidies for more, and taxes for less nutritious foods (for example, ultraprocessed foods)78,79,80. This is particularly important given that food prices are often the primary driver of food choice and shifts in dietary intake when consumers experience shocks81. Social safety nets (for example, provision of cash transfers and food supplementation) can help mitigate the effects of environmental shocks on both food quantity and quality82. Also, strengthening food safety standards across supply chains can help ensure greater accountability among actors, including governmental and international bodies such as CODEX Alimentarius (that is, Food Code). Lastly, our review elicited several individual-level responses to environmental variability, such as suspending cultivation, migrating, seeking off-farm employment and selling assets (Table 1). Increasing cohesion among supply chain actors will be necessary to support responses to growing environmental variability. Actors’ different goals can create barriers to such responses, which is especially apparent for trade policy. Given the interconnectedness of global food systems, a government’s policies to support (or thwart) trade can have important implications for their ability—and that of others—to respond to environmental variability83. The private sector responds to variability within the constraints of the policy environment set forth by governments, and the extent to which a company is vertically integrated across multiple steps in a food supply chain also determines its suite of options in responding to environmental variability (Box 2). How governments and the World Trade Organization shape trade policies can restrict certain policy responses. For example, shocks are more readily transmitted to importing countries (and disproportionately so to low-income countries47) owing to an intensification of international trade and changes in the distribution of cereal reserves48. Countries at risk of experiencing these shocks can potentially respond by increasing their domestic reserves of cereal commodities or importing from a diverse set of suppliers. For exporting countries, embargoes can help maintain adequate domestic food supplies during times of limited production; yet, hoarding and export bans may affect each country’s resilience to environmental variability either positively or negatively, depending on the specific actions taken and the commodities targeted13. The Bali Package represents one recent effort to address this trade-distorting behaviour by which the World Trade Organization seeks to protect the policy space of governments to quickly enact trade strategies to better ensure domestic food security84. It is possible that a similar approach can be taken to allow greater flexibility in responses to environmental variability as well. Our current understanding of the various ways by which environmental variability affects (and propagates through) food systems is insufficient. Expanding our knowledge beyond a focus on production shocks for staple crops will be essential for enhancing the resilience and sustainability of food supply chains. By considering the various steps and interactions of food supply chains, different actors can more effectively develop targeted interventions to cope with environmental variability and avoid unintended consequences within food systems. In particular, adaptive strategies can be improved by understanding the shape and evolution of food supply chains, the potential for surprises and spillovers, and the risk of simultaneous and unprecedented shocks. The shape and evolution of food supply chains have gradually evolved away from strong local interactions between producers and consumers towards greater complexity and distance. Over the past half-century, globalization and market consolidation have meant that power over global food system decisions has become concentrated43,85. These trends of vertical integration and homogenization have had profound upstream and downstream effects that span supply chains (Box 2)—ranging from ecosystem impacts in areas of production68,86 to modified options for consumers87,88—while the growing reliance of many countries on food imports has also left them increasingly vulnerable to shocks that occur beyond their borders45,46,89,90. The increase in processed or multi-ingredient foods has also led to converging and diverging product streams that make it more difficult to link the sources of raw materials to an end product91. Taken together, such changes have also meant that an individual consumer interested in sustainable purchasing is able to exercise less control over the sourcing of their food and the exposure of their diet’s production to environmental risk (Box 2)85. Being able to trace food’s passage through a supply chain not only ensures quality and sustainability standards but also allows governments to steer companies towards reliable and less vulnerable food supply decisions beyond economic incentives to do so. Substantial progress has been made to promote traceability in some countries (for example, the UK, the Netherlands and Japan) and for selected products (for example, the livestock sector in Uruguay and dairy products in France and the UK); however, for most countries and food items, understanding the steps connecting producers and consumers remains a critical obstacle to enhancing the resilience and adaptability of food supply chains to short-term environmental variability92. To address this, a host of innovative approaches offer opportunities to enhance information-sharing capabilities93, facilitate real-time responses to supply chain disruptions, couple environmental externalities with production94, account for the challenges of monitoring and reporting across countries, and recognize the differences in supply chains between countries and across food items. Key corporate actors that are increasingly influential in the dynamics of food systems95 can mobilize independent of governments to address food sustainability and resilience challenges and ultimately benefit from the outcomes96,97,98. Surprises and spillovers can result from environmental variability due to direct and indirect interactions throughout a supply chain, among different foods and across spatial and temporal scales8. Such unexpected events are typical of complex systems, and models fail to capture the range of possible behaviours or the emergent properties of many actors interacting. Actors’ behavioural responses may differ within each specific disturbance context, including the prices of substitute foods, the broader economy and responses of other actors99,100. Price spikes of an input to food production due to environmental variability can lead actors to substitute resource inputs or consumers to substitute food products, creating spillovers into other supply chains (Fig. 1). Substitution depends on the availability and affordability of suitable substitutes and can affect production of foods with seemingly little connection. For example, fishmeal and fish oil are important ingredients for some farmed fish and livestock feeds. The vast majority of fishmeal and fish oil is produced along the west coast of South America, and catch is heavily influenced by El Niño conditions, leading to price fluctuations. While alternative feed ingredients are easily available for poultry feeds, there are few nutritionally equivalent alternatives available for some farmed fish, so fluctuations in the fishmeal-oriented fisheries have a greater spillover effect into aquaculture than poultry. While identifying past surprises and spillovers is an important step towards anticipating potential food system responses to environmental variability, such events are difficult to predict. Fostering general resilience through enhancing production and trade diversity, maintaining food reserves and production buffers, managing feedbacks within the food system and supporting leadership and trust at multiple levels101,102 offers a path towards maintaining food system function in the face of surprises. Simultaneous and unprecedented shocks can pose novel risks to global food systems. Agricultural trade agreements have been based on the premise that a disruption in supply can be compensated by increased sourcing from non-impacted areas (and to a limited extent by strategic reserves for certain commodities103,104). This paradigm, widely adopted by countries and corporations alike, assumes that shocks in one region occur independent of those in other places and will not be large enough to overwhelm the available pool of food supply and storage48. Yet, evidence suggests that large-scale climate teleconnections105,106,107 as well as a changing climate and increasing variability108 can lead to simultaneous and/or compounded109,110 impacts on crop production. For instance, rising temperatures are expected to increase the likelihood of simultaneous maize production losses in major production areas111. Global climate oscillations significantly influence productivity in two-thirds of the world’s croplands112. Synchronized climate anomalies associated with the trans-Pacific El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have led to concurrent influences on major crop yields in geographically distant regions113. These studies suggest that maintaining asynchrony and diversity in areas of food production and sourcing—combined with food storage during bumper years—can limit instability in food supplies under increasing climatic and environmental variability114. These global teleconnections point to the possibility of coordinated risks that have yet to be adequately incorporated into climate-smart food security strategies. Examining the probability of synchronized extreme climate events and their linkages with agricultural output anomalies can better inform adaptive strategies of food supply chain actors115. More broadly, this scoping review points to a lack of investigation of numerous combinations of co-occurring environmental disruptions and the need to understand their effects on (and propagation through) food supply chains. Our analysis shows that most research to date has focused on the associations between environmental variability and production. Although there is a growing body of evidence on the associations between environmental variability and nutrition outcomes, little research exists on the exact pathways by which these shocks influence nutrition. In some cases, we know that agriculture can influence nutrition outcomes through food production, income and women’s empowerment pathways116, but these have not been adequately examined in the context of environmental variability. Moreover, it is unclear the extent to which environmental variability affects nutrition outcomes due to shifts towards poorer-quality diets and/or increased disease risk leading to disruptions in the absorption of nutrients in different contexts. Without this evidence, little can be done to identify the most appropriate responses to environmental variability. Also, little research has examined the propagation of shocks through food supply chains and their subsequent effect on consumption. This limits our understanding of the true effects of environmental shocks on the food system as a whole and how local shocks can have global impacts (and vice versa). Given the interconnectedness of food systems, a shock that influences one step of the food supply chain will undoubtedly impact subsequent steps. Likewise, a shock in one country or region can have serious implications for another. As our global food systems become more integrated, understanding the dynamics of propagation across supply chains through empirical research is critical to inform adequate interventions. Our assessment of coping strategies identified a suite of actions that various supply chain actors can adopt in preparation for or in response to environment variability. Our findings indicate that multiple strategies across the food system will be needed in response to environmental variability, but that our ability to identify the most appropriate package of strategies to adopt remains limited. Understanding the specific interventions that can be taken within a variety of contexts to dampen the effects and propagation of environmental variability along food supply chains is critical to link food systems research with actionable outcomes. Moreover, additional research is needed that examines the interaction between people and their food system in response to shocks; these interactions are probably multifaceted and can have important implications for food security, diets and nutritional outcomes. Finally, increasingly complex and globalized supply chains are exposed to environmental variability and extreme events at multiple points, leading to the possibility of shock propagation, spillovers and simultaneous shock events. The literature on these types of event is relatively scarce, but insights from resilience literature point towards the importance of production and sourcing diversification and strengthening internal feedbacks for enhancing the resilience of the global food production system117. Although not an environmental shock, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed how a shock in one country can have a ripple effect across the globe and how a single event can simultaneously impact multiple geographies and points along the supply chain. Such shocks can produce differential effects on food availability (for example, unharvested fields due to reduced on-farm labour), physical (for example, restricted movement and transportation) and economic (for example, loss of livelihoods) access, and intake (for example, dietary shifts towards highly processed foods with an extended shelf life)15,16,118. This underscores the urgent need to expand our understanding of shock events beyond their impacts on production, to minimize systemic risks and enhance the capacity to cope with future disruptions. We conducted a systematic scoping review to examine the propagation of environmental shocks throughout food supply chains (Extended data Fig. 1). Scoping reviews apply a systematic approach to reviewing the literature to map the evidence on a given topic and identify the main concepts, theories and knowledge gaps119. Given the heterogeneity of the methods and disciplines that cover the literature on the propagation of environmental shocks through food supply chains, a scoping review was chosen as the most appropriate approach to summarize findings from the existing literature119,120,121. We used the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews to guide our methodological approach (Extended Data Table 1). The scoping review was conducted in June 2019, with guidance from a medical librarian, using the Web of Science database and the following search terms: environmental variability (or climate variability, shock, propagation, weather, extreme event, disaster); crop (or food, livestock, fish); and production (or nutrition, food security, diet, access, availability, system, supply, trade, price transmission, price volatility). Our inclusion criteria included studies that: were published in English in 2008 or later (to capture articles published after the 2008 global food crisis); examined supply chains in the 1950s or later; measured an outcome that is directly part of the food system (for example, yield, catch, price, production, infrastructure, food quality and safety, and diets (nutrition through the diet pathway)); and focused specifically on an aspect of environmental variability (for example, disasters, temperature/precipitation/humidity extremes, disease or pest outbreaks, algal blooms and ENSO). We also included studies examining price shocks given that many of these shocks are related to environmental variability. We excluded books and book chapters as well as studies that solely assessed climate risks or vulnerability as well as those that examined the impacts of slow-moving climate on food supply chains. To ensure that our search was sufficiently sensitive to identify articles that met our inclusion criteria, we employed an iterative approach to refine the final search strategy. Specifically, we performed a first-iteration identification utilizing a set of initial search terms and examined whether known articles5,8,11,24,44,45,46,47,48,49,89,90,105,111 that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved. We then repeated the refinement of search terms until the search strategy captured all of the known articles that met our inclusion criteria. The exact search terms were coded in Web of Science as: (“climate varia*” OR “environment* varia*” OR “shock*” OR “propagat*” OR “weather” OR “extreme event*” OR “disaster*”) AND (“crop*” OR “livestock” OR “fish*” OR “food*”) AND (“production” OR “nutrition*” OR “security” OR “diet*” OR “access” OR “availability” OR “system” OR “supply” OR “trade” OR “price transmission” OR “price volatility”) NOT (“food web*”). The records identified through our search (n = 15,271) were imported into R and any duplicates were removed. All three authors screened the titles and abstracts to assess whether they met our inclusion criteria. Two authors then independently reviewed all abstracts that met our inclusion criteria to verify the screening process. In the event that there was disagreement among the two authors, the third author was consulted and a decision on its inclusion was reached by consensus. We extracted data from articles in two stages: at the abstract and at the full-text review stage. We examined the abstracts that met our inclusion criteria to identify whether the study examined the food supply chain beyond production (that is, yields, productivity and production quality). If the study focused only on production, we extracted data related to the food/crops examined as well as the type of shock. At this stage, we also assessed whether the study solely focused on coping strategies. If the study focused on short-timescale (for example, within a growing season) or intermediate-timescale (for example, switching crops for the following season) coping strategies, we extracted data related to the coping strategies used at this stage as well. The studies that focused solely on coping strategies were then excluded from the full-text review, given that the focus of this paper is on the propagation of shocks across supply chains. In the second stage of data extraction, we reviewed the full texts of the remaining articles that met our inclusion criteria (n = 325). If there was uncertainty regarding whether the study met our inclusion criteria on the basis of the full-text review, the authors jointly discussed the article and came to a consensus on its inclusion. Of the studies that met our inclusion criteria after the full-text review, we extracted information regarding the food/crops examined, the steps of the supply chain considered in the analysis, the type and year of the shock, whether there was propagation and information related to the study methods including the primary outcomes assessed and the study setting. The information extracted from the included studies allowed us to summarize the existing literature and identify gaps in the knowledge base. More specifically, we used the extracted data to quantitatively summarize the types of crop and environmental variability, the supply chain step examined and evidence of propagation along the supply chain. Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, we complemented the quantitative data collection with examples from the included studies to contextualize our findings. All extracted data were recorded into an Excel spreadsheet. We first piloted the data extraction spreadsheet with a small number of articles and made necessary adjustments before completing the data extraction process. Once the extraction was completed, we reviewed the data to ensure that there was consistency in the coding of output variables (for example, crop name and type of environmental variability). The data that support the findings of this study are available on GitHub (https://github.com/jagephart/enviro-shocks-review). The full list of the 325 papers included in this review is provided in Supplementary Table 1. The code that supports the findings of this study is available on GitHub (https://github.com/jagephart/enviro-shocks-review). Fanzo, J., Davis, C., McLaren, R. & Choufani, J. The effect of climate change across food systems: implications for nutrition outcomes. Glob. Food Secur. 18, 12–19 (2018). Vermeulen, S. J. et al. Options for support to agriculture and food security under climate change. Environ. Sci. 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Masked, diluted and drowned out: how global seafood trade weakens signals from marine ecosystems. Fish Fish. 17, 1175–1182 (2016). We thank W. Baethgen, P. D’Odorico and R. DeFries for their input in improving this work and R. Cottrell for his input on examples of food production shocks. K.F.D. was supported in part by Columbia University’s Data Science Institute. J.A.G. was supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center under funding received from the National Science Foundation DBI-1052875. All authors contributed equally to the study. K.F.D., S.D. and J.A.G. designed and performed the research, analysed the data and wrote the paper. Peer review information Nature Food thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Extended Data Fig. 1 A diagram of the steps in the scoping review. Each step indicates the number of studies identified in parentheses. List of reviewed publications.

About Credential and Graduate Studies Library Workshop Series Co-sponsored by Broome Library and Project VISTA Introduction to the Thesis Led by Dr. Cynthia King Tuesday, February 26th from 5pm – 6pm in the Graduate Studies Center, Main Campus, El Dorado Hall After progressing through your program's series of classes, and working with a group of students and faculty in your studies of particular topics, many students find the solitary work of thesis research and writing to be extra challenging and perhaps even intimidating. There are many questions that arise, which we will explore in this introductory workshop. While we will not replace your faculty advisor, who has expertise in your chosen field, the Graduate Writing Studio offers informal (non-graded!) and professional help in the writing process itself. Please bring your notes and/or writing samples from your thesis/project to this workshop, and we will help you take the first (or next) steps. Broome Library and You: How the Broome Library Can Help Graduate Students Led by Judy King Tuesday, March 12th from 5pm – 6pm in the Broome Library, Room 1756, Main Campus How do you find examples of Masters Theses written by CI students? How do you find theses written by students at other institutions? If the library does not have what you need to complete your post-baccalaureate assignments, how can you borrow materials from other institutions? We will provide answers to these and any other questions you have about Broome Library resources and materials! If You Need To Do a Literature Review – This Session is For You! Led by Janet Pinkley Tuesday, March 26th from 5pm – 6pm in the Graduate Studies Center, Main Campus, El Dorado Hall Post baccalaureate students are often required to conduct a literature review as part of a research assignment or as part of their thesis. Learn more about the purpose of a literature review, as well as how to get started and how to utilize the library to conduct a thorough search to locate literature on your topic. Joining the Conversation: Your Voice, Their Voice Led by Margaret Driscoll Tuesday, April 9th from 5pm – 6pm in the Graduate Studies Center, Main Campus, El Dorado Hall You, as a post-baccalaureate student, are entering your field at an advanced professional level. Learn more about the scholarly conversations taking place in various disciplines – and consider joining the conversation with your own writing/research. This workshop will focus on how to honor others’ work through citation and how to prepare to publish your own work (and protect YOUR copyright!). *If you have a laptop or other internet device please bring it with you; if not we will have a limited amount of devices available for students to use during the workshops. * Feel free to bring your dinner along and eat before your next class! * You can find additional information at:

A stroke, also known as a “brain attack,” is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted. This can be caused by either a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) or by bleeding in the brain (haemorrhagic stroke). Let’s take a look at stroke: diagnosis and treatment. When the brain doesn’t receive enough oxygen and nutrients, brain cells can begin to die, leading to serious and often permanent damage. The effects of a stroke depend on the location and severity of the brain damage, but may include difficulty speaking or understanding speech, weakness, or numbness on one side of the body, vision problems, difficulty with balance and coordination, and difficulty with memory and thinking. Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, and a family history of stroke. To reduce the risk of stroke, it’s important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, manage any medical conditions, and receive regular check-ups and screenings. Diagnosing a stroke usually involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory tests. The following are some steps that healthcare providers typically follow to diagnose a stroke: - Medical history: The healthcare provider will ask about the patient’s symptoms, when they started, and any medical conditions or risk factors for stroke. - Physical examination: The healthcare provider will check for signs of a stroke, such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and trouble with balance and coordination. - Imaging tests: The most common imaging test used to diagnose a stroke is a CT (computed tomography) scan or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan, which can show the affected areas of the brain and determine the type of stroke. - Laboratory tests: Blood tests can be used to check for any underlying conditions that may have caused the stroke, such as high cholesterol, blood clots, or bleeding disorders. Early recognition and treatment of stroke is crucial because prompt treatment can improve the chances of a full recovery and prevent further damage to the brain. If you suspect that you or someone you know is having a stroke, call emergency medical services right away. The treatment of stroke depends on the type, severity, and location of the stroke, as well as the overall health and medical history of the individual. The primary goal of stroke treatment is to restore blood flow to the affected part of the brain as quickly as possible to minimize damage and improve recovery. Some common treatment options for stroke include: - Thrombolytic therapy: Thrombolytic therapy, also known as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is a clot-busting medication that is given intravenously to dissolve blood clots that are causing a stroke. This treatment is most effective when given within the first three hours of symptom onset. - Endovascular treatment: Endovascular treatment involves using a catheter to access the blood vessels in the brain and remove the blood clot causing the stroke. This procedure can be performed more quickly and easily than traditional surgery and may be a more effective option for certain types of strokes. - Surgical interventions: In some cases, surgical procedures may be used to remove a blood clot or repair a damaged blood vessel. For example, a craniotomy may be performed to remove a blood clot from the brain, while a carotid endarterectomy may be performed to remove plaque from the carotid artery and reduce the risk of stroke. - Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation is a key component of stroke recovery and can help to restore function, reduce disability, and improve quality of life. Rehabilitation may involve physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and cognitive therapy, depending on the specific needs of the individual. - Medications: Medications can be used to prevent and treat stroke, as well as manage the symptoms and complications of stroke. For example, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs may be prescribed to prevent blood clots, while statins may be used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of stroke. - Lifestyle changes: Making changes to lifestyle can help to prevent stroke and improve recovery after stroke. This may include quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and managing stress. It is important to work with a healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan for stroke, taking into account the individual’s specific needs and goals. With appropriate treatment and support, many people are able to recover from the effects of stroke and return to a high quality of life. There are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of having a stroke: - Control your blood pressure: High blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke, so it is important to have your blood pressure checked regularly and take steps to keep it under control. This may involve making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and reducing salt intake, or taking medication as prescribed by your doctor. - Quit smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for stroke, so quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce your risk. If you need help quitting, consider seeking support from a smoking cessation program or using nicotine replacement therapy. - Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help to lower blood pressure, improve circulation, and reduce the risk of stroke. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week. - Eat a healthy diet: A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein and low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol can help to reduce your risk of stroke. Aim to eat a variety of nutritious foods and limit your intake of processed and high-fat foods. - Control your cholesterol: High cholesterol levels can increase your risk of stroke, so it is important to have your cholesterol checked regularly and take steps to keep it under control. This may involve making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, or taking medication as prescribed by your doctor. - Manage your diabetes: If you have diabetes, it is important to manage your blood sugar levels to reduce your risk of stroke. This may involve making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, and taking medication as prescribed by your doctor. - Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase your risk of stroke, so it is important to limit your alcohol intake to moderate levels. For most people, this means no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. - Manage stress: Chronic stress can increase your risk of stroke, so it is important to find ways to manage stress and maintain good mental health. This may involve practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, or seeking support from a mental health professional. By taking these steps, you can help to reduce your risk of having a stroke and improve your overall health and well-being.

Frame Tents: Frame tents are freestanding structures that can be placed wherever you have a level outdoor area. These tents offer a large amount of interior visibility because there are no center poles obstructing the view. Guest tables, chairs, serving stations, and stages can be placed anywhere they are desired. Pole Tents: Pole tents are easy to install and economical. These tents have central poles throughout the tent to hold it up. Poles inside of these tents can be decorated with flowering plants or fabric for an elegant look. Small Wedding Tent: For an intimate wedding, you can rent a small frame tent or pole tent that can serve as both a wedding chapel and a wedding reception area. Tables and chairs for guests can be set up along the sides of the tent with a small aisle for the bride and groom to enter and exit. The wedding ceremony can be held at the center of the tent and after the ceremony, guests can use that area for dancing. Large Wedding Tent: For a wedding with many guests, you can rent one or more frame or pole tents to be used for different purposes. Dining and dancing can be held in a large wedding tent with a stage for entertainment and a portable wood floor for dancing. Food stations can be set up on the outer edges of a large wedding tent with a dedicated area for guest photography. An additional small tent can be setup next to a large wedding tent for guest to check their coats and to hold wedding gifts. Children's Tent: If you have many children included in your wedding guest list, you can rent a small tent just for them. A children's tent can be installed with play areas, video games, and a stage for an entertainer. Children can dine and play in this tent that is placed next to a larger tent for adults. Promenade Tent: Another option when hosting an outdoor wedding is to have a covered promenade or walkway that leads guests directly into a wedding tent. This covered walkway is good to have when there is the possibility of inclement weather. Poles on either side of a promenade tent can be decorated with flowers, balloons, ribbons, and/or fabric. Wedding Tent Windows: Tent walls on frame tents and pole tents can have windows installed for guests to view the outdoor garden area. These tent windows are made of plastic and can be clear or colored to resemble stained glass. Tent windows can be rolled up when an unobstructed view of the surrounding landscape is desired. Wedding Tent Lighting: Lights can be installed on the frames and poles of wedding tents to light the canopy top of a wedding tent. You can also string small twinkle lights along the inside canopy of a wedding tent. These lights can be white or colored for a festive effect. Different amenities and decorations can give your outdoor wedding a formal or casual look. Consult with a wedding planner who can arrange for all of these available options, or contact a rental place, like A Party Place Rentals , for help. With advanced planning and research, you can have the elegant wedding of your dreams that your family and friends will always remember.

HAMILTON - Marion County District 1 Commissioner Keith Nichols was appointed Marion County Commission Chairman during a regular meeting on Monday, April 20, at the commission office in Hamilton. The Marion County Commissioners voted unanimously to rotate the chairman position, as they do every nine months. “The first thing I need to do is thank Tim for the job he’s done for the last several months, he’s done a good job,” said Nichols.

I’ve made some progress (albeit not much) on my DZP list! Here are some of the updates: 12. See a show (play, musical, symphony, ballet) with Jason. 3/2011 – Pops Goes Celtic, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Music Hall 18. Throw Clark an awesome 1st birthday party. In Progress: Yo Gabba Gabba ! I’m so excited for this one! I’ve already got a lot of things planned and have started slowly making the materials. It should be awesome. 31. Pay off all debt (except student loans). In Progress: Two more bills to go! Lots paid off! We’ll be able to pay off everything else plus my car in June and then start working on the student loans and saving a down payment for a house. 36. Get my credit score up to a certain number (sorry keeping this private!). In Progress: half way there! As we’ve paid things off, the score keeps climbing and climbing and our future mortgage interest rates keep getting lower and lower… 79. Find a wine that I love. Blackberry wine! Apparently I don’t like wine made from grapes… 93. Get my students to see outside of their bubbles. 3/17 – I’m going to call this one a win after an in-depth culture talk today. 100. Love my job passionately. In Progress: More to come soon! This one is the key for me. There are several things working right now which I can’t talk about, but I’ll be making an announcement hopefully next week sometime, depending on a couple factors. Needless to say, I’m already very excited and very happy! Oh, and my DZP list is going to change a bit.

APPLETON, Wis. (WFRV) Hmong leaders state plus local politicians collected to provide solutions to get a community along with many questions concerning the issue associated with deportation. Users in the customers shared tales of family people that fought throughout the Vietnam battle and others contributed this of perhaps employing a family associate sent back in order to Laos. The section of state wants to deliver back Hmong that pose a hazard to the nearby community and people along with final orders associated with removal, but nearby community leaders state exclusions need in order to be made.

Integrity. Flexibility. Agility. Strength. With 11 years building web applications, Tom demonstrates equal comfort designing elegant user interfaces in Javascript as deploying multi-tier applications in the cloud with Docker. We all benefit from his informed, creative perspective on application architecture and strategic decisions. Specialties include cloud applications, SaaS, data modeling, search, user interface design, and application architecture. Philip has over twelve years' experience writing and editing marketing and technical documents for a variety of audiences including IT professionals, business managers, customers, developers, and end users. Projects have ranged from 1-2 page product datasheets to 120+ page multi-section booklets, and include company and product brochures, lab manuals, case studies, white papers, corporate guidebooks, PowerPoint presentations, and websites. Joe has proved critical in the successful execution of four complex Django projects including IRMIS, Crosscut.com, NWAC.com and Monsuno.com. He is a talented database engineer whose excellent technical instincts yield elegant software architecture and quality code, fast. Alex has worked with internet technology for over 12 years, including five years with Django and seven using Python. He has solid database and testing skills and enjoys finding creative solutions to difficult problems. He brings many years of experience completing Agile Django projects with small teams. Jacob Lesser is seeking an M.S. in Geography at Western Washington University with an appointment as an affiliated staff member with the Huxley Spatial Institute where he serves as the lead developer. He has developed several web mapping tools for various agencies and non-profits including the USGS and the Nature Conservancy. Jacob also analyzes GIS data, advises students on GIS projects and performs outreach to identify research opportunities. Jesse Snyder brings a deep knowledge of Python. He specializes in Test Driven Design and Development, system integration, and rehabilitation of legacy code. He has contributed to the Plone+Salesforce integration toolkit, including SalesforcePFGAdapter and Paypal2SalesforceLead. He has worked in IT and web development since 2002. Rick is a caffeinated software developer and devops demolition artist with more than twenty-five years experience in finance, health care and higher education. His programming career started with C and C++, writing trading software for companies and institutions trading the Chicago futures and options markets. Ever since then he has been as interested in programming languages and techniques as in high-performance systems integration and scalability strategies.

Super.Mario.Bros.X.1.2.1.ENG.2010.REPACK-ErikZown - Type: - Games > PC - Files: - - Size: - 36.65 MiB (38427782 Bytes) - Uploaded: - 2011-08-08 13:10:06 GMT - By: - SnowCrash03 - Seeders: - 0 - Leechers: - 1 - 2 - Info Hash: - 0431F666F58CC0A78683BDAAA34B6F0715A524900431F666F58CC0A78683BDAAA34B6F0715A52490 (Problems with magnets links are fixed by upgrading your torrent client!) Source: Super Mario Bros. X 1.2.1 [Eng] 2010 RePack| R.G. NoLimits-Team GameS Release date: May 13, 2010 Genre: Arcade Developer: Andrew Spinks 'Redigit' Publisher: Andrew Spinks 'Redigit' Language: English Sound language: n / a Publication Type: repacked license Crack: not required Description: The famous game of Super Mario! The game, which has become a favorite for generations of gamers, and got even in the "Guinness Book of Records." Super Mario Bros X, combines, in the first place, the elements of Super Mario Bros 3 and World in one game, as there exist some elements from Super Mario Bros 1, 2, and the classic Mario Bros. You can play with friends (playing as Mario and Luigi), or try your hand at it alone. System requirements: - OS: Windows ® 2000 / XP / Vista / Seven - Processor: Intel Pentium 4 2 GHz - Memory: 256 Mb - Graphics: Graphics card compatible with DirectX ® 9.0c Features RePack - Repack without losing quality - Do not cut / no compression - Author repack SeregA_Lus INSTALL NOTE 1. Unrar 2. Run SMBX-setup.exe 3. Install 4. Play (No Crack or anything required all in the installation) im down to try it, ill even seed. ok will seed.

Two hundred years ago, a C of E priest, the Revd John Leigh, arrived in New Foundland, Canada, as a missionary with SPG (which later became USPG before becoming the United Society). Shortly afterwards, skirmishes between settlers and the Indigenous Beothuk people left several people dead, including the local tribal chief Nonosabasut. Leigh took care of the chief's wife, Demasduit, and raised concerns about the treatment of the Beothuk people. Ten years later, the Beothuk were extinct - the victims of cultural genocide. Now, as the anniversary of Leigh's arrival in Canada approaches, trans-Atlantic research is casting fresh light on the Beothuk and the role played by the Revd John Leigh in cataloguing their language, as Matt Gardner from the Anglican Church of Canada reports. Alongside the legacy of cultural genocide against the Indigenous peoples of Canada, embodied in the residential school system, is the tragic history of what some scholars consider to be a case of full-fledged genocide. The Beothuk, the Indigenous people of Newfoundland, were declared extinct in 1829 following the death of their last known living member, Shanawdithit. The annihilation of a people due to starvation, disease, violence and competition for resources, and the loss of virtually their entire culture, followed centuries of encroachment by European settlers. In 1819, an armed band of men journeyed into central Newfoundland seeking a Beothuk group accused of stealing their property. During the resulting skirmish, several Beothuk people were killed, including Nonosabasut, the man believed to be the chief of the tribe. His wife, Demasduit, was captured and brought to the town of Twillingate. There she was put in the care of the Revd John Leigh, an Anglican priest and missionary who in 1816 had become the area’s first resident clergyman and who voiced concerns about the treatment of the Beothuk. Demasduit lived with Leigh for a subsequent period, during which they constructed a vocabulary of approximately 180 Beothuk words, translating them into English as an aid to communication with the Beothuk, particularly for missionary work. That vocabulary forms the base of much of the surviving knowledge regarding the language and culture of the Beothuk. 2016 marks the 200th anniversary of Leigh’s arrival on the island, while 2019 is the 200th anniversary of Demasduit’s capture. Researching the story in advance of the former anniversary, the Revd Dr Joanne Mercer, rector of the Parish of Twillingate, found the historical accounts raised more questions than answers. “It’s sort of like one line in history – she was put in his care,” Mercer noted. “Nothing really about why.” Mercer’s interest in answering these and other questions eventually grew into a full-scale research project. Taking place over three years from 2016 to 2019, the project brings together a group of scholars from Newfoundland and the United Kingdom to look at the relationship between Demasduit and Leigh – and by extension, the broader interaction between the Beothuk and Anglican tradition. “A story we struggle with” For Mercer, the extinction of the Beothuk people is a topic that remains fully relevant today. As a theologian, she seeks to understand that history in terms of reconciliation and how to strive for justice centuries after the destruction of an entire people. “I think it’s still a story we struggle with. . . We’re reconciling ourselves with a piece of history and with a story that sometimes people are uncomfortable with,” Mercer said. “But I do still think it’s an important piece of work that we really have to work through. “It’s a part of our identity and our history. . . So many of the attitudes that were dominant in the culture of the time enabled the situation in which the Beothuk became extinct. . . Work that’s being done across our national church has the potential to bring healing to our historical understanding and to ourselves in many ways.” One of the first people Mercer reached out to was colleague Dr Suzanne Owen, senior lecturer in theology and religious studies at Leeds Trinity University and the University of Chester, UK, who first learned about the Beothuk while doing field work with the Mi’kmaq in Newfoundland for her PhD. In Owen’s view, the questions raised by Leigh and Demasduit’s brief mentions in historical texts (“How did Leigh get involved in the incident? Did Anglicans have a theological interest in the Beothuk?”) posed a unique opportunity for insight into early church-Indigenous relations from a religious and theological perspective – one which could uncover untold aspects of the Beothuk story. A portrait of Demasduit painted in 1819 by Henrietta Hamilton. Photo: Library and Archives Canada “Most academics researching the subject do so from historical or cultural perspectives,” Owen said. Another scholar involved in the project is Dr Hans Rollmann, religious studies professor at Memorial University. A former professor of Mercer’s at Memorial University and Queen’s College, St. John’s, as well as a colleague when they both taught at the latter for a number of years, Rollmann encouraged Mercer’s efforts to learn more about Leigh. Dr Hans Rollmann, religious studies professor at Memorial University, calls the Revd John Leigh “the driving force behind the institutionalization of Newfoundland Anglicanism, seeing how important local leadership would be for the isolated priests living on the island.” It was Leigh who convinced Bishop Robert Stanser of Nova Scotia of the need to have an ecclesiastical commissary in Newfoundland, taking on the position shortly before his own death from illness in 1823. Leigh was interested in the fate of the Beothuk, the island’s Indigenous people, whom he sought to rescue “from their miserable state.” As Memorial University linguistics professor John Hewson wrote of Leigh, “His was one of many humane voices urging an end to the hostilities between the white settlers and the Beothuk, and he was the first clergyman to express publicly an interest in evangelizing them.” Details are sparse on the relationship between the Beothuk and the Church of England in Canada, as it was known at the time. Among the strongest evidence of interaction are the two known English-Beothuk vocabularies produced by Anglican priests Leigh and the Revd John Clinch of Trinity, Newfoundland. Of the 350 known words of Beothuk, more than 200 may be found in Leigh’s vocabulary, constructed with the Beothuk woman Demasduit following her capture. As part of her ongoing research project on Leigh and Demasduit, the Revd Dr Joanne Mercer, rector of the Parish of Twillingate, and her colleagues are conducting extensive archival research into Leigh’s correspondence with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG), who sponsored Leigh’s work in Newfoundland. Mercer and her team hope to locate a foundational document from the SPG giving specific instructions about missionary interaction with the Beothuk. Regarding the available early writings, Mercer noted that though there was much commentary about wanting to evangelize the Beothuk, “that was never successful.” Even after Demasduit was brought to the rectory and stayed with Anglican clergy, and the capture of subsequent Beothuk such as Shanawdithit who had interactions with bishops, there is no record of conversion. From the historic perspective of the SPG, persecution and violence of settlers towards the Beothuk created their own dangers for missionary work. “The SPG was reluctant to get involved in service to the Beothuk because of the existing controversy about their treatment by local settlers, although one of the original mandates of the SPG had been a ministry to Aboriginals,” Rollmann said. Three-year research project The project to learn more about Leigh and Demasduit is now well underway, thanks to an influx of funding. Along with a conference grant from the J.R. Smallwood Foundation for Newfoundland and Labrador Studies, the Anglican diocese of Central Newfoundland is making a $5,000 grant drawn from its Anglican Church of Canada Resolution Corporation refund to help with research and staging events. This April, Mercer and Owen will meet in St John’s, Newfoundland to conduct archival research and collate their findings thus far. Public events later in the year coincide with the 200th anniversary of Leigh’s arrival. Throughout the summer, the Parish of Twillingate will host the same Truth and Reconciliation exhibit previously hosted at St James Cathedral in Toronto, augmenting it with the story of the Beothuk people. In the autumn, Mercer plans to hold a public lecture at the Beothuk Interpretation Centre in Boyd’s Cove, Newfoundland to showcase some of their research following an anticipated gathering of academics in St John’s. That research will continue until 2019, the 200th anniversary of Demasduit’s capture. The large number of people who regularly visit the Beothuk Centre, who have reached out to folklore researchers claiming to have had encounters with Beothuk, or who claim to have Beothuk heritage themselves, is a testament to the lingering effect of a “story [that] still haunts our memories,” Mercer said. “This whole idea of a people who have become extinct . . . is a very haunting kind of story. . . It is a type of story that fascinates people as to how this could ever happen.”

It's amazing how many math myths are out there these days. Believing these myths can lead students (not to mention adults) to believe that math is "too hard," "not for them," or just plain unattainable. That's nonsense! In most cases, speed has nothing to do with how smart you are. Why is that? Because it largely depends on how familiar you are with a topic. For example, a bike mechanic can look at a bike for about 8 seconds and tell you details about the bike that you probably didn’t even notice (e.g., the front tire is on backwards). Is that person smart? Sure! Suppose, instead, you show the same bike mechanic a car. Will s/he be able to recall the same amount of detail as for the bike? No! It’s easy to confuse speed with understanding. Speed is associated with the memorization of facts. Understanding, on the other hand, is a methodical, time-consuming process. Understanding is the result of asking lots of questions and seeing connections between different ideas. Many mathematicians who won the Fields Medal (i.e., the Nobel prize for mathematics) describe themselves as extremely slow thinkers. That’s because mathematical thinking requires understanding over memorization. #mathmythbusted As you probably know, the brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left and the right. Some categorize people by their preferred or dominant mode of thinking. “Right-brain” thinkers are considered to be more intuitive, creative, and imaginative. “Left-brain” thinkers are more logical, verbal, and mathematical. But another way to think about the brain is from the back to the front, where information goes from highly concrete to abstract. So, why don’t we claim that some people are “back of the brain” thinkers who are highly concrete; whereas, others are “frontal thinkers” who are more abstract? The brain is a highly interconnected organ. Each lobe hands off information to be processed by other lobes, and they are constantly talking to each other. So it’s time to dispense with the distinction between right- and left-brain thinkers. We are all whole-brain thinkers! #mathmythbusted Stay tuned for more myth-busting, and the next time you hear a Math Myth like this from a student, parent, or even a friend, make sure you bust it! Dr. Bob joined Carnegie Learning in 2009 as a Cognitive Scientist. He received his PhD in Cognitive Psychology in 2005 from the University of Pittsburgh under the direction of Dr. Michelene T.H. Chi, and he received additional training at the Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC) as a postdoctoral fellow with Dr. Kurt VanLehn and Dr. Timothy J. Nokes-Malach. In his spare time, Dr. Bob publishes a blog entitled Dr. Bob's Cog Blog, and is the author of the book Cognitive Science for Educators: Practical suggestions for an evidence-based classroom. The unifying theme that runs throughout all of these activities is a drive toward helping every student become an expert in a domain of her or his choice. When he isn’t thinking about cognitive science, which is rare, Dr. Bob enjoys long-distance running, mountain biking, and traveling with his wife.Explore more related to this author Amy Jones Lewis brings her classroom expertise and passion for high-quality math instruction together as Carnegie Learning’s Senior Director of Content Design. In this role, she oversees the content development of Carnegie Learning’s instructional resources to meet the needs of students and teachers. Prior to this, she was the math specialist for Intermediate Unit 1, receiving more than $2M in grant funds to provide intensive professional development to K-8 teachers in southwestern PA. As a national consultant, Amy has contributed to projects at WestEd, Discovery Education, and other local organizations. She is the former Director of Educational Services at Carnegie Learning, where she worked with teachers and coaches across the country to successfully implement the Carnegie Learning blended math solutions. She began her career teaching high school mathematics in Malawi, Africa, and Baltimore City, MD, and has a Masters of Arts in Teaching from Johns Hopkins University.Explore more related to this author

Conservation of energy - non-viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow The statement of conservation of energy is useful when solving problems involving fluids. For a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in a steady flow, the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant at any point. A special form of the Euler’s equation derived along a fluid flow streamline is often called the Bernoulli Equation: For steady state in-compressible flow the Euler equation becomes (1). If we integrate (1) along the streamline it becomes (2). (2) can further be modified to (3) by dividing by gravity. Head of Flow Equation (3) is often referred to the "head" because all elements has the unit of length. (2) and (3) are two forms of the Bernoulli Equation for steady state in-compressible flow. If we assume that the gravitational body force is negligible, (3) can be written as (4). Both elements in the equation have the unit of pressure and it's common to refer the flow velocity component as the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow (5). Since energy is conserved along the streamline, (4) can be expressed as (6). Using the equation we see that increasing the velocity of the flow will reduce the pressure, decreasing the velocity will increase the pressure. This phenomena can be observed in a venturi meter where the pressure is reduced in the constriction area and regained after. It can also be observed in a pitot tube where the stagnation pressure is measured. The stagnation pressure is where the velocity component is zero. Example - Bernoulli Equation and Flow from a Tank through a small Orifice Liquid flows from a tank through a orifice close to the bottom. The Bernoulli equation can be adapted to a streamline from the surface (1) to the orifice (2) as (e1): Since (1) and (2)'s heights from a common reference is related as (e2), and the equation of continuity can be expressed as (e3), it's possible to transform (e1) to (e4). A special case of interest for equation (e4) is when the orifice area is much lesser than the surface area and when the pressure inside and outside the tank is the same - when the tank has an open surface or "vented" to the atmosphere. At this situation the (e4) can be transformed to (e5). "The velocity out from the tank is equal to speed of a freely body falling the distance h." - also known as Torricelli's Theorem. Example - outlet velocity from a vented tank The outlet velocity of a tank with height 10 m can be calculated as V2 = (2 (9.81 m/s2) (10 m))1/2 = 14 (m/s) If the tanks is pressurized so that product of gravity and height (g h) is much lesser than the pressure difference divided by the density, (e4) can be transformed to (e6). The velocity out of the tank depends mostly on the pressure difference. Example - Outlet Velocity from a Pressurized Tank The outlet velocity of a pressurized tank where p1 = 0.2 (MN/m2) p2 = 0.1 (MN/m2) A2 / A1 = 0.01 h = 10 (m) can be calculated as V2 = ( (2 / (1 - (0.01)2) ((0.2 106 N/m2) - (0.1 106 N/m2)) / (1000 kg/m3) + (9.81 m/s2) (10 m)))1/2 = 19.9 (m/s) Coefficient of Discharge - Friction Coefficient Due to friction the real velocity will be somewhat lower than this theoretic examples. If we introduce a friction coefficient c (coefficient of discharge), (e5) can be expressed as (e5b). The coefficient of discharge can be determined experimentally. For a sharp edged opening it may bee as low as 0.6. For smooth orifices it may bee between 0.95 and 1. Energy Loss through a Reduction Valve When fluid flows through a reduction valve and pressure is reduced - there is a energy loss. By neglecting the change in elevation (h1 = h2) and the change in pipe velocity (v1 = v2) the pressure energy before the valve and the pressure energy after the valve including the energy loss through the valve - is constant, and the Bernouilli equation can be modified to p1 / ρ = p2 / ρ + dE (7) dE = energy loss through valve (J) (7) can be transformed to: dE = (p1 - p2) / ρ

Free Paper Placemats Christmas Printable This post may contain affiliate links provided for your convenience. We earn commissions if you shop through the links on this page. I am also an Amazon Associate and earn from qualifying purchases Read my full disclosure policy. Make your holiday party or next Christmas dinner more fun with this free paper placements Christmas printable. The four activity pages will entertain children ages 2 to 10. Older kids and adults who enjoy coloring will also find these Christmas activity placemats fun. Paper placemats are fun for kids and for adults. Let’s be honest, I’m just as excited as the kids are when a restaurant provides coloring paper and crayons for the table. What makes paper placemats for Christmas great? - Makes a holiday meal even more fun for kids with themed holiday placemats. - Coloring is a great activity to build fine motor skills. - Dress up the holiday table with colorful Christmas placemats as part of the table settings. - They’re a great way to keep children happily occupied during a meal. - These Christmas coloring placemats are perfect for a Christmas party. - Family party - Classroom party - Neighborhood holiday party - Use these as a holiday activity sheet to keep children engaged. - Use as a family time activity during the holiday season. - Give as an Advent calendar gift with a new box of crayons or colored pencils. - Hang them up as Christmas decorations. - Make regular weekday meals special occasions during the Merry Christmas season. Paper Placemats Christmas Printables These Christmas paper placemats are Nativity themed and include images of: - The Nativity stable in 3 different styles - Angels - The 3 wisemen - A camel and a sheep - A birthday cake and gift box They’re entertaining for children ages 2 – 10 and can also be fun for anyone who enjoys coloring. These Christmas placemat printables include: - Coloring activities - Mazes - Dot to dot activities - Counting activities - Word Scrambles - Tic Tac Toe game boards - And more How to make printable paper placemats for Christmas step-by-step Download the pdf of these free paper placemats for Christmas activity sheets. You can access them when you sign up for our free newsletter. Additionally, you’ll gain access to 150+ printable resources in the VIP Resource Library. You can select to print all 6 pages or just specific pages. You can print these designs out on regular printer paper or you can choose better quality coloring paper you can use with your printer. Art paper makes the coloring experience more enjoyable and can make this an extra special Christmas party activity. You can print these coloring pages in greyscale to save printer ink, if you’d like. I recommend you print out extra copies because they’ll be so popular that you’ll need to have backup copies on hand. You can laminate these sheets to make reusable table mats for meal after meal during the Christmas season. Expert Tips for Printables How do I access the paper placemats Christmas. All printables are copyrighted. Looking for more free Christmas printables? Free Christmas Ornament Coloring Pages – The best thing about these 14 free Christmas ornament coloring pages is the variety of images perfect for children of all ages & adults. Christmas Scavenger Hunt – Make the Christmas season even more fun with this free printable Christmas scavenger hunt. It comes with both indoor and outdoor game cards. Holiday Trivia Questions and Answers – 48 free printable holiday trivia questions & answers cards & 12 extra questions for immediately play. Includes Christmas, Hanukkah & Kwanzaa questions, plus 23 idea starters to write your own trivia questions. Other Christmas ideas for families you may have missed Simple Christmas Ideas – 100+ Christmas printables, organizing ideas, crafts and decorations Rudolph Puppets – Christmas craft for kids to go with the nostalgic Rudolph movie. Free template to make 8 favorite characters as puppets or decorations. Mini Rustic Christmas Wreaths – These mini rustic Christmas wreaths are easy to make in 15 minutes. They’re perfect as tree, package or gift decorations. Great kids’ activity craft. Be sure to pin this paper placemats Christmas printable resource so you can easily find it each holiday season. You can find all our best Christmas.

« House prices – falling or not falling? It’s April 9th and there’s frost on the ground. Once again there is no Parliament to go to, as Parliament has been sent away for another fortnight off. It means we cannot cross examine Ministers on falling house prices, the continuing credit crunch, the IMF downgrade of their UK economic forecasts, the unseasonal weather, the squeeze on people’s incomes, Northern Rock’s business plan, the availability and price of mortgages or anything else on people’s minds. We can hear and see some Ministers on radio and TV, blog away and then go canvassing for the local elections. On the doorsteps we hear about high taxes, rising mortgage payments, and many complaints about the state of the nation. This morning the Chancellor told us he is reviewing mortgage finance. I had a feeling of deja vu. This government has endlessly reviewed the housing market. They used to tell us housing was not affordable, implying they wanted house prices to fall, although they always ducked the question when I asked them by how much they needed them to fall to make housing affordable. The first Barker review considered house prices mainly by looking at number of new households forming compared to numbers of new homes being built, and concluded the answer to making homes more affordable was to build a lot more. As one of the few critics of that piece of work, I pointed out that you need to look at the supply and demand for mortgages as well as for homes – that interest rates and credit availability are crucial in working out where house prices will go, and working out how many people can afford what kind of homes. The government in its second consideration of housing came to agree that mortgages and finance were also an important part of the complex equation. They have to understand that unlike most markets, where the price of the new product offered makes the market, in the case of housing it is the price of second hand product which dominates, so you cannot control or run the market simply by working on the housebuilding side. They are now learning the hard way that there is one thing worse than rising house prices with some people prevented from buying because homes are dear – and that is falling house prices, with even more people prevented from buying homes because there is a shortage of finance. With rising house prices most of the people in their own homes are content – save those worried about the prospects of an immediate family member getting on the ladder – but that does not mean they want their own home to fall in value. With falling house prices most homeowners get worried. As their wealth falls, so they become less inclined to spend money and less able to take risks. If at the same time many more people are excluded from buying a home of their own because deposit requirements are raised substantially and mortgages are made scarcer and dearer, it removes any potential feeling of wellbeing for families. The Bank can cut its recommended interest rate. Whilst market rates often detach from this in current circumstances, a lower Bank rate will tend to create lower mortgage rates than otherwise, so it could help. The Bank is likely to cut rates at the April meeting. The Bank of England could move more in the direction of offering more liquidity to the banking system. It should accept as collateral a wider range of assets, but demand sufficient asset cover to protect taxpayers. The more liquidity it offers, the more mortgages can in turn be offered by the credit creating commercial banks. The government can subsidise more people to buy homes, along the lines of the small schemes they have announced this week. This is heavily constrained by the poor state of the public finances where more public spending is not readily financed, and by the unfairness of helping a limited number of people and not everyone with their mortgage problem. Part of the key to the mortgage problem in the UK lies with the government’s nationalised mortgage bank. I had several reasons for thinking this a wrong decision. Two of them relate directly to getting out of the mortgage famine we now find ourselves in. The Bank of England and Treasury needs the £24 billion back it has lent to Northern Rock, to give it more cash to use to make the general market more liquid. Requiring early repayment means even fewer mortgages available in the market, as each of the Northern Rock mortgages repaid so the taxpayer can be repaid will need refinancing by another mortgage company. Secondly, because Northern Rock is nationalised it cannot offer too much competitive product in the market, because it would then break EU competition rules. So we have to live with a situation where the need for repayment coupled with the competition position means that a previous large lender has withdrawn from the market, fuelling the scarcity of mortgages. The government needs to work out what the optimum balance between repayment of money owed to the Bank and mortgage withdrawal by Northern Rock is in such circumstances. It also needs to find a way to offset some of the negative effects of Northern’s withdrawal on the rest of the market. The best combination of responses is to concentrate on freeing the wholesale markets for banks more by Bank of England open market operations and interest rate cuts. It will be the quickest acting. If market interest rates can be brought back to their old relationship with Bank rate we will know we are moving in the right direction. John, while you are on holiday, can I recommend some light reading, see link. I have no association with Axel Merk but I have learnt some things from his writings. He and his team are at the front line 24/7. Can I recommend “how the FED lost control of the money supply” from Feb 2007. And; “what’s up with Asian currencies” from Mar 2008, for starters. Would appreciate your thoughts on these articles. If interest rates fall, inflation will rise in our import economy. If housing prices fall, bank security will be eroded. We are in between a rock and a hard place, up a certain creek without a paddle, and, seemingly in the hands of a government that has taken a leaf from the book of Marie Antoinette. After suitable consultation it is likely that a new directive will instruct the public to eat cake. Some folk have been prudent and tried to save, why should they be penalised? If by “wider range of assets” you mean anything including the second hand kitchen sink, then no it [the bank of england] should not. What the commercial banks would like to offload is the toxic waste that, now the music has stopped they can no longer pass to some other unsuspecting sap. The bank – that is british tax payers – should not be forced to accept this rubbish! I am writing this in Bangkok. Today we went some 70 km on the railway for just 15B – 65B to the pound. We are staying with my son in a tower block on the 22nd floor. The public transport system is fantastic – cheap, efficient and clean and safe. I think the real trouble, you know, is that the pound is grossly overvalued compared to the Thai B. My real question is this: how do poor people get to work in London on 2,400B a journey whereas here it is only a hundred? Mike, you should have been there in 2004, it was 75 Baht to the Pound then.

Key Holding and Caretaking Service. It can be worrying leaving a property empty for periods of time, especially during the colder months, so we have a service to alleviate these concerns and keep you aware of anything that may need doing. • Check over your property once a week. • Forward mail to an address of your choice. • Switch on heating and lights prior to arrival. • Arrange quotes for any maintanence work you may need. • Provide entry for workmen. • Report back to you. • Be on call for any problems which may arise whilst you are away from the property. • Leave keys for any guests arriving.

Cop dramas are nothing new in television, and there have been dozens of shows regarding corrupt police. What “Shades of Blue” attempts to do differentlyis tell the story of a flawed police detective who’s forced to rat out her crew, and this premise is the foundation for a show that has flashes of greatness, but ultimately fails to rise above mediocre. Jennifer Lopez stars as Harlee Santos, a single mother and New York Police Department detective. The show starts in media res with Santos lamenting how she’s ruined everything in her pursuit of being a good cop, then flashes back two weeks earlier to Santos helping her partner cover up the wrongful shooting of a suspect. The first few minutes of “Shades” makes the cop lifestyle look pretty sweet. Lopez is dating a boxer, she’s the most popular person in her entire unit and her daughter is a star cellist at Julliard. We’ve seen this arc before, but it is still entertaining as we see the cracks in Lopez’s seemingly perfect life develop over the course of the episode. The writing in the show is passable, though there are several times where talented actors like Lopez are forced to recite downright bizarre lines. After her partner suffers a breakdown and threatens to rat her out, Lopez tells him, “I have a daughter, and that means you have a daughter…That badge in your pocket means we are family. "Til death do us part." It feels as though the writers are attempting to make Lopez out to be some wise woman of the streets, when it really just makes her sound like a weirdo making up an analogy as she goes along. Anyway, the fact that Lopez is a single mother with one job that doesn’t pay all that much inevitably shoots up red flags and she’s given the choice of turning on her crew of dirty cops or going to jail for a decade. To me, this turn of events is too sudden and comes before the audience sympathizes with the crew, so Santos’ internal struggle about whether to turn on her crew loses most of its emotional impact. Just when the story is moving along, the writing takes another nosedive when Santos has to damage her daughter’s car in order to preserve a lie. We’ll ignore how exactly Santos affords this car for her daughter, but rather than taking a baseball bat to the headlights Carrie Underwood-style, she opts to repeatedly drive the car at a high speed into the concrete supports of a bridge. Once again, a scene that is meant to be dramatic and emotional instead comes off as bizarre and comedic to the audience, although the symbolism of Santos hurting herself by preserving the lies she has told is a nice touch. Looking back, the acting is what really saves this show from total mediocrity. Ray Liotta plays the ringleader of the group of corrupt police officers and does a great job, going from a loving uncle-type to a violent maniac without it seeming schizophrenic or out of place. Lopez does a great job playing Santos, and her acting is basically the only reason the audience has to sympathize with her character. These two actors alone basically carry the entire episode, and if two lesser actors portrayed these characters, this show might not have been picked up. “Shades of Blue” wants to tell a unique story, but the writing repeatedly impedes the ability of the audience to get invested in the plot. Lopez and Liotta are the only reasons that this show still has potential, and if the writing picks up, “Shades” could be a great new drama. Until then, it’s a testament to the fact that even great actors can’t make a bad script look good, and “Shades” will remain a mediocre drama until that point. Edward Pankowski is life editor for The Daily Campus. He can be reached via email at edward.pankowski@uconn.edu.

Just got blonde hair from a salon and are afraid you may lose it or damage your hair? Let’s be honest, if you want to maintain your blonde-colored hair at its best, you'll have to put in some work. A lack of correct care for your blonde hair may lead to dryness and brittleness as well as yellowing or brassiness. Hair that has been bleached is more prone to breakage than hair that hasn't been. Heat, strong chemicals, and other environmental variables may cause discoloration and damage; thus it requires additional protection from these elements. The information in this article will help you avoid damage after bleaching your hair blonde and keep the color you've achieved for a longer period. You’ll also find out some of the best tips you can use to protect your dyed blonde hair. Bleach can burn your scalp if you wash your hair within two days of bleaching. For best results, let the color dry for at least two days before washing. While you're in the shower, keep your hair dry by using a shower cap. Keep in mind that repeated washing might deplete your hair of natural oils and its color pigments if you wash it too often. Shampoo free of sulfates and gently massaging the scalp with your hands are the best options. Close the cuticles with the last rinse of lukewarm water, which will help decrease the fading process. When bleached blonde, hair may become yellow or orange over time. Purple/blonde shampoos are designed to brighten and tone down brassy tones in blonde and silver hair, respectively. The violet pigment in these shampoos works to counteract the yellow undertones. Look for a dark purple-colored plant-based blonde shampoo. A once-weekly application of the suggested amount of purple shampoo is all that's required. If you use a purple shampoo too often or keep it on for an extended period, the color may become purple. While you're waiting, wash your hair with a sulfate-free or color-safe shampoo. Your preferred everyday shampoo doesn't have to change if you find purple shampoo drying your hair. Wash your hair with purple shampoo at least once a week and alternate between washes throughout each week to maintain your blonde hair looking its best. If you notice that your hair becomes yellow or brassy rapidly, you may want to increase the amount of purple shampoo product you use. If you notice that your hair is becoming ashy, you may want to reduce the frequency with which you wash it. The length of time you keep your shampoo on your hair might also affect how much it tones your hair. When it comes to hair care, it’s all about deep conditioning. It stops your hair from being dry and brittle and offers it a healthy, lustrous appearance and feel. If you're going to do this well, you'll need to use a conditioner every day and a deep conditioner every week. Once a week, apply a deep conditioning treatment to colored hair, which requires a lot of moisture and protection. As the name suggests, deep-acting conditioners nourish the scalp and hair while preventing breakage. In addition to bringing back your hair's natural radiance, this procedure will keep it looking vibrant and youthful. In addition to repairing any damage, hair masks are necessary to maintain the health of your dyed blonde hair regularly. With hair masks, the longer you leave them on, the better. Allowing a mask to sit on the hair for a few hours allows the active ingredients to penetrate the cuticles and strengthen the hair. Your body heat will help lock in the moisture that is finding its way into the cuticles by wrapping your hair in cling film or a shower cap. A lot of people believe that oiling your hair is the greatest method to keep it healthy, but this isn't always the case for those with blonde hair. Using too much oil may weigh your hair down and make it seem greasy, so be careful when applying it. Oils with a yellow hue should be avoided if you have white or platinum blonde hair, since they may easily grab onto your hair and discolor it. These are some of the tips, tricks, and hacks to maintain your dyed blonde hair. For more professional in-depth information on hair care, go to our website Inova Profesional by clicking here. We hope you found this blog post helpful, and if you liked what you read, let us know in the comments and spread the word.

package com.java110.core.event.init; import com.java110.utils.factory.ApplicationContextFactory; import com.java110.core.event.app.AppEventPublishing; import com.java110.core.event.app.AppListener; import com.java110.core.event.listener.common.CommonDispatchListener; import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils; import org.springframework.boot.context.event.ApplicationReadyEvent; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource; import org.springframework.core.io.support.PropertiesLoaderUtils; import javax.naming.ConfigurationException; import java.util.Properties; /** * 系统启动时加载信息 * Created by wuxw on 2017/4/14. */ public class SystemStartUpInit /*implements ApplicationListener<ApplicationReadyEvent>*/ { /** * 默认 事件配置路径classpath:/ */ private final String DEFAULT_EVENT_PATH = "config/"; /** * 默认 文件名称 .properties */ private final String DEFAULT_FILE_NAME = "event.properties"; /** * 订单调度处理侦听 */ private final static String DISPATCH_LISTER = "java110.event.properties.orderDispatchListener"; /** * 订单调度事件 */ private final static String DISPATCH_EVENT = "java110.event.properties.orderDispatchEvent"; /** * 服务 */ private final static String LISTENER_SERVICE = "java110.event.properties.listener.service"; /** * 加载配置文件，将侦听初始化 * @param event */ // @Override public void onApplicationEvent(ApplicationReadyEvent event){ //加载配置文件，注册订单处理侦听 try { ApplicationContextFactory.setApplicationContext(event.getApplicationContext()); Properties properties = this.load(DEFAULT_EVENT_PATH,DEFAULT_FILE_NAME); registerListener(properties); //注册事件 registerEvent(properties); //注册服务 registerService(properties); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new IllegalStateException("system init error", ex); } } public void initSystemConfig(ApplicationContext context){ //加载配置文件，注册订单处理侦听 try { ApplicationContextFactory.setApplicationContext(context); Properties properties = this.load(DEFAULT_EVENT_PATH,DEFAULT_FILE_NAME); registerListener(properties); //注册事件 registerEvent(properties); //注册服务 registerService(properties); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new IllegalStateException("system init error", ex); } } /** * 加载文件 * @param location * @param filename * @param */ private Properties load(String location,String filename) throws Exception{ Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(new ClassPathResource(location+filename)); return properties; } /** * 注册侦听 * @param properties */ private void registerListener(Properties properties) throws Exception{ String[] listeners = properties.getProperty(DISPATCH_LISTER).split("\\,"); for(String listener : listeners){ //这里不能直接反射，这样 IXXXService 无法注入，所以直接从spring 中获取已经注入的 //AppListener<?> appListener = (AppListener<?>)Class.forName(listener).newInstance(); AppListener<?> appListener = (AppListener<?>) ApplicationContextFactory.getBean(listener); //将 listener 放入 AppEventPublishing 中方便后期操作 //注册侦听 AppEventPublishing.addListenner(appListener); } } /** * 注册事件 * @param properties * @throws Exception */ private void registerEvent(Properties properties) throws Exception{ String[] events = properties.getProperty(DISPATCH_EVENT).split("\\,"); for (String event : events){ if(StringUtils.isBlank(event) || !event.contains("::")){ throw new ConfigurationException("配置错误，["+DISPATCH_EVENT+"= "+events+"] 当前 [event = "+event+"],不存在 :: ,配置格式为 A::B"); } String[] tmpEvent = event.split("::"); if(tmpEvent.length > 2){ throw new ConfigurationException("配置错误，["+DISPATCH_EVENT+"= "+events+"] 当前 [event = "+event+"],只能有一个 :: ,配置格式为 A::B"); } Class clazz = Class.forName(tmpEvent[1]); AppEventPublishing.addEvent(tmpEvent[0],clazz); } } /** * 注册服务 * @param properties * @throws Exception */ private void registerService(Properties properties) throws Exception{ String[] services = properties.getProperty(LISTENER_SERVICE).split("\\,"); for(String service : services){ if(StringUtils.isBlank(service) || !service.contains("::")){ throw new ConfigurationException("配置错误，["+LISTENER_SERVICE+"= "+services+"] 当前 [event = "+service+"],不存在 :: ,配置格式为 A::B"); } String[] tmpService = service.split("::"); if(tmpService.length > 2){ throw new ConfigurationException("配置错误，["+LISTENER_SERVICE+"= "+services+"] 当前 [event = "+service+"],只能有一个 :: ,配置格式为 A::B"); } CommonDispatchListener.addService(tmpService[0],tmpService[1]); } } }

External Web sites Britannica Web sites Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. - mushroom - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) Mushrooms are a common form of fungus. They grow all over the world in woods or grassy areas where there is plenty of moisture. Some kinds of mushroom are familiar foods, but others are poisonous. Sometimes the poisonous types are called toadstools. They can cause severe illness and even death. People should never pick and eat mushrooms growing in the wild unless they are with an expert who knows which ones are safe to eat. - mushroom - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Many people used to look upon the mushroom as a strange, otherworldly thing to be feared and avoided. This led to quaint superstitions about these organisms. Because some mushrooms are extremely poisonous, they were said to be an ingredient in witches’ brews. Toads sat on them, earning them the nickname toadstools. Some legends claimed that elves used mushrooms for umbrellas. It was believed that fairies danced by moonlight in the rings formed by mushrooms growing in meadows and fields, and that any human who stepped inside the magic ring would be bewitched.

<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: react-native bundle never quits, metro-config implicated username_0: I have a react-native monorepo which no longer builds bundles. I can run in development just fine, but when I try to build a bundle like so: ``` react-native bundle --platform ios --entry-file index.js --dev false --bundle-output ./ios/main.jsbundle --assets-dest ./ios --sourcemap-output ./sourcemap.js ``` It just hangs after this: ``` Welcome to Metro! Fast - Scalable - Integrated info Writing bundle output to:, ./ios/main.jsbundle info Writing sourcemap output to:, ./sourcemap.js info Done writing bundle output info Done writing sourcemap output info Copying 118 asset files info Done copying assets ``` When I use why-is-node-running, I see these handles: ``` # TTYWRAP /app/node_modules/metro/node_modules/debug/src/node.js:68 - 2 === fd ? process.stderr : # SIGNALWRAP /app/node_modules/metro/node_modules/debug/src/node.js:68 - 2 === fd ? process.stderr : # TTYWRAP /app/node_modules/metro-config/src/defaults/index.js:187 - reporter: new TerminalReporter(new Terminal(process.stdout)) /app/node_modules/metro-config/src/defaults/index.js:198 - return getDefaultValues(rootPath); /app/node_modules/metro-config/src/defaults/index.js:14 - var info = gen[key](arg); /app/node_modules/metro-config/src/defaults/index.js:36 - asyncGeneratorStep(gen, resolve, reject, _next, _throw, "next", value); ``` I don't know that I trust the line numbers exactly, but it is super weird. metro-config 0.64.0, metro 0.64.0, RN 0.64.0-rc.3. Fails both with and without hermes. Monorepos are notorious for issues with RN, so I do suspect that, but it was working on RN 0.63 and related metro setup. <issue_comment>username_1: Any updates here? <issue_comment>username_2: @username_0 did you able to solve the issue? <issue_comment>username_0: I added an env var to our CI scripts that kills Metro after a specified interval. So no, I didn't solve it, but I stopped it. <issue_comment>username_2: After wasting 2 weeks on this, I solved by simply deleting `yarn.lock` file and then fresh install with `yarn install`. (┛ಠ_ಠ)┛彡┻━┻ <issue_comment>username_3: Might be related to this: https://github.com/aeirola/react-native-svg-asset-plugin/issues/73

How can people see past so much? How is such backwardness allowed? How can an army of people turn away a young girl who needs their love more than anything? Women that are abused are too often encouraged to keep quiet about their experiences as if they should be ashamed in some way. I am unashamed. But my heart is heavy today because of the constant and all-too-real reminders of my experience.. I do love Moscow. But there are some things about this place that I truly hate. I would love for those things to vanish into thin air. (((hugs))) You aren't alone. When life doesn't fit into tidy boxes, some people just don't know how to handle it. Thank God for good husbands to love us, usually understand us and make our lives better then ever before. Secondly - I think I know how you feel. I wrote a post about it a little over a month ago called "Riot Proof" where I basically confronted the family member who molested me as a child. I'd carried the secret for so long and I felt the exact way you do - heavy. It might not feel like it right now, but you ease your burden the more you surround yourself with those who love you and support your decisions, no matter what they are. Never accept anything less that 100% support and love from the people in your life - if there are those of you who are manipulating you, trying to make you feel guilty, or trying to control you - DUMP THEM.

Original source: American Chemical Society For decades, scientists have explored the use of liposomes –– hollow spheres made of lipid bilayers –– to deliver chemotherapy drugs to tumor cells. But drugs can sometimes leak out of liposomes before they reach their destination, reducing the dose received by the tumor and causing side effects in healthy tissues. Now, researchers report in ACS’ Nano Letters a way to stabilize liposomes by embedding a stiff nanobowl in their inner cavity. Scientists have tried various approaches to prevent liposomes from leaking, such as coating their surfaces with polymers or crosslinking lipids in their bilayers. However, these modifications can alter the properties of liposomes so that they interact differently with cells. Chao Fang, Jonathan Lovell and colleagues wanted to find a new way to stabilize liposomes that keeps their surfaces intact. They decided to try nanobowls –– concave nanostructures with an opening that would allow drugs to escape once the liposomal bilayers break up inside a cancer cell. They reasoned that by assembling the lipid bilayer around the nanobowl, the rigid structure would mechanically support the liposome. The team prepared silica nanobowls, modifying their surfaces with a positively charged chemical group and assembling a negatively charged lipid bilayer around each structure. Then, they loaded the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin into the water-filled center. The resulting nanobowl-stabilized liposomes were less leaky than regular liposomes in serum or under sheer stress, as would be encountered in blood vessels, but still released doxorubicin when taken up by cancer cells in a dish. In an experiment with mice that had transplanted, metastatic breast tumors, animals injected with the nanobowl-liposomes lived longer than those receiving regular liposomes. The nanobowl-treated mice also had smaller tumors compared with the group receiving conventional liposomes, and the cancer had not spread to their lungs, in contrast to the other group. The simple, effective method should be “easy for wide application and holds potential for clinical translation,” the researchers say. More information: “Nanobowl-Supported Liposomes Improve Drug Loading and Delivery” Nano Letters (2020). pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00495

woensdag 2 november 2016 KIN. KT Tunstall To be honest, my expectations weren't very high. I couldn't get through KT's last two albums, so would I manage with number 5? The answer is a simple yes. I was totally surprised by the lightweight pop that sparkled out of my speakers. Like there isn't a worry in the world. Pop that truly sparkles, full of songwriting prowess. The music I hear on KIN is the first that has that same continuous quality I associated with KT on the basis of the aforementioned debut. Is it because she's embraced pop as her metier of excellence? It may well be. Songs based on an acoustic guitar and fleshed out from there with a keen ear in search for fine melodies and harmonies. A few years back KT moved to sunny LA to start a career in soundtrack scoring. Luckily somewhere along the way she changed her mind. With producer Tony Hoffer she entered the studio to resurface with this fine collection of songs. When we move further on in the album the mood changes to a late at night sort of music. Ballads take over, strings move in. With 'KIN' as the top ballad. The song meanders softly, caressing the voices singing the melody and harmonies. The second half of the album has a quiet counterpoint that is replaced by the perfect 60s pop of 'Everything Has Its Shape'. The sound is better and more spacious compared to then, as modern studios and recording techniques are capable of. The intention is clear. Add a 70s sounding synth as a lead instrument ('Lucky Man', ELP style) and the song is even more retro. KIN is an album full of songs that flow so easily. There are no hiccups in any form. One could call the songs on KIN slick, were it not that they are very organic, well sung and oh so pleasantly free-flowing. They follow the road they ought to follow, thus aiming for the perfect pop song. It seems that KT Tunstall has arrived at a level of songwriting that simply hits that high. There is a distinction in this observation though. The first songs on KIN aim for commercial success, where later on the album the songs are allowed to speak for themselves. 'Hard Girls' is enriched by synths and a more pumping bass guitar. Not to speak of the intermezzo, extremely trendy "hey"s. 'Hard Girls' matches the cover more than the rest of the album does. At the same time there's no denying the catchy way the song plays out. It is 'Turn The Light On', the second song on KIN, that truly caught me. The song has the same melancholy mood Fountains of Wayne was so good at. That can be heard on Chris Collingwood's 'Look Park' to. At the same time there are a few interesting things going on on the acoustic guitar. KT hooked me there, line and sinker followed soon after. This level of songwriting and playing is continued right up to the very end of KIN. Add that there also are a few songs with a light edge to them found on KIN and it is close to a perfect pop album. What is left to say? Only one thing. Welcome back in my ears KT. You're very welcome there. Wo. You can listen to 'Maybe it's A Good Thing' here: Abonneren op: Reacties posten (Atom) Geen opmerkingen: Een reactie posten

How to teach fractions with pizza toppings Perfect for first, second, or third-grade students this introductory fraction activity helps children visualize fractions by drawing pizza toppings. Fast but effective, use this math activity to teach and reinforce the concept of fractions. No worksheets or printables required! Start by asking your child to draw a pizza. You can use a plain piece of paper, brown paper/paper bag, a paper plate, or cut out a circle. Heck, you could even do this exercise with playdough. How elaborate you get is completely up to you! Make Your Pizza Select 4 or 5 toppings and ask your child to draw them on the pizza. We added pepperoni, green peppers, mushrooms, and chunks of sausage. Advertisement - Keep Scrolling Once your pizza is full of toppings, ask your child to draw a legend. We illustrated our legend for each topping by vertically stacking each topping above the other. For each topping, have your child count the quantity of that topping that he or she drew. Write the number of each topping as the top part of the fraction. This number is the numerator. Now draw a horizontal line, the fractional line, and put the total quantity of toppings below the line. The bottom number is the denominator. Explain to your child that the number of pepperonis is a fraction of the total number and quantity of toppings. Continue this process for each topping. When you’re finished, make sure to add each of the numerators together to make sure their sum is the same number as the denominator. For instance, if your fraction’s bottom number is 28 then the total of all your toppings should also be 28. During this exercise, our double-check showed us that we had miscounted the sausage. Instead of 8, there were 7 sausages on our pizza. In our household, we really enjoyed this STEAM activity because it was a quick and effective visual exercise to reinforce the concept of fractions. If you liked this activity, then we bet you’ll like our other Kids Activities. Save for later on Pinterest If you like this activity, please don’t forget to follow us, too!

Landforms and Surficial Deposits The presence of surficial deposits and the distinctive land forms in Norway are closely related to the glacial history in the Quaternary era (last ca. 2.6 million years) and especially to our last ice age, the Weichselian (ca 117 000-11 700 years ago). Glacial erosion during this last and previous ice ages have carved out valleys, formed unique landscape features and left behind huge amounts of loose broken-down rock fragments. The glacial tracks and rock deposits are examined to help geologists interpret Norway's geological history and to understand the processes that have contributed to the landscape development. Detailed information about the Norway's surficial deposits is also important from a societal perspective. Thorough mapping can provide comprehensive information about the types of raw materials and natural resources that are available, as well as providing information useful to those involved in construction, waste storage, uncovering resources, identifying potential natural hazards, sources of groundwater etc. The glaciers eroded, shaped and deposited Surficial Deposits are mapped according to dominant geological processes occurring during deposition. In Norway, most soil types are either directly or indirectly related to the movement of ice sheets, such as till or glacifluvial material, or as sediments that were washed out by the glaciers into the sea. Deposits that occur independent of glaciations may include, for example, block fields, landslide masses and river and beach deposits. These are often indirectly affected by what was left behind after a glacial period. Landforms and terrain elements The time required for landform formation, its dimensions and the processes involved can widely vary. Some formations may have been formed during a single episode, such as a landslide scar or glacial striations. However, recurrent processes taking place over several glacial and inter-glacial periods, have formed Norway's fjords, valleys and alpine landscapes. Terrains can be shaped erosion, and the reworking of the bedrock or sediments of the older landscape, or the deposition of landforms. Landforms are created by a variety of geological processes. Ice sheets are a major transforming element, as evident from the elongated drumlins of moraine material that have deposited under ice. More often, however, glacial streams deposited and eroded material below, next to and in front of the glaciers, such as eskers, and marginal channel. Large deltas or submarine fan deposits form where the glacial streams reach a body of water (lake or sea). Marine processes have washed, sorted and redistributed rock material ever since the glaciers began their retreat inland. This retreat resulted in the creation of a number of land formations as the continental surface lifted. One of the land formations are ridges, consisting of shoreline material, thrown far up on the continent by powerful storm waves. Isostatic uplift has also uncovered the former seabed, where landslide processes have formed the shards in the terrain in the form of mudslide. There are also many other processes that form the terrain elements. The diversity of geological processes, and the interaction between them, is reflected in an even greater diversity of landforms, which helps us solve the geological puzzle.

Skirmish at Barren Hill A Summary of Events Leading to the May 20, 1778 Clash of Forces In March 1778, the 20-year-old Marquis de Lafayette was the newly appointed commander of the American Army’s Northern Department. Washington’s forces were stationed at Valley Forge, Pa., while the British army was wintering at nearby Philadelphia. Washington asked Lafayette to recruit Native allies in anticipation of a spring movement of the armies. The Oneidas had long-standing ties of friendship with the French, and Lafayette’s presence seemed to make the possibility of French aid on the American side more likely. They adopted Lafayette and gave him the name of a warrior who had died 12 years earlier, Kayewla, during a meeting at Johnstown, N.Y. in early March 1778. As was the custom on such occasions, Lafayette accompanied his request for Oneida warriors with wampum belts, which testified to the truth and importance of his message, and some money for the Oneida people to buy the foreign goods they had come to depend upon. In his own accounts of this meeting, Lafayette indicated his belief that the Oneidas had accepted his gifts as a bribe. But the Oneida tradition in dealing with the Europeans called for token exchanges of gifts to acknowledge past actions of friendship and anticipate future cooperation. These exchanges also were important because the Oneidas did not receive regular pay for their military service. On May 13, 1778, 47 Oneidas arrived at Valley Forge, accompanied by Lafayette’s men. Washington, expecting the British troops to evacuate Philadelphia, put Lafayette in command of 2,200 men to find out what the British were planning. He ordered Lafayette to avoid unnecessary risks and stay on the move. The Oneidas were assigned to a special detachment of scouts to advance Lafayette’s troops, and the entire column left Valley Forge on May 19. For reasons that aren’t clear, Lafayette stopped that night at Barren Hill, about 12 miles from Philadelphia, and set up camp. He then sent out the Oneida and American scouts to reconnoiter. The British, who outnumbered the American contingent by four-to-one, were fully aware of Lafayette’s encampment and marched out of Philadelphia on the night of May 19 to encircle the American forces. The Oneidas and their American counterparts met the front of one of the British columns sometime on the morning of May 20 and immediately engaged the mounted infantry in a brief but bloody skirmish. Louis de Tousard, a Frenchman who had accompanied the Oneidas from New York to Valley Forge, described the skirmish and the Oneidas’ “ability in firing,” adding that he owed “my liberty, perhaps more, to two Indians, and two French men who stood constantly by me.” The Oneidas and the Americans heard gunfire from some distance in their rear and realized that the British were threatening to surround them. They retreated from the scene of the skirmish, still firing and under heavy attack. The Oneidas were the last of Lafayette’s troops to cross the Schuylkill River, and it was only this skirmish that alerted Lafayette to the danger of being outflanked by the British. As it happened, Lafayette was warned in time and was able to make a quick retreat with minimal losses, and Washington publicly praised his tactic as “timely and handsome.” If not for the Oneida and American scouts bravely engaging the British, nearly a fifth of the American army might have been lost. See also: The American Revolution Center Current Condition : A Few Clouds

#ifndef __L1Analysis_L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat_H__ #define __L1Analysis_L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat_H__ //------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Created 16/04/2010 - <NAME>, <NAME> // // // Original code : L1Trigger/L1TNtuples/L1NtupleProducer //------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #include <vector> #include "TMatrixD.h" namespace L1Analysis { struct L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat { L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat() { Reset(); }; ~L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat(){}; void Reset() { phSize = 0; phBx.clear(); phWh.clear(); phSe.clear(); phSt.clear(); phAng.clear(); phGlobPhi.clear(); /// phBandAng.clear(); phCode.clear(); phX.clear(); phY.clear(); thSize = 0; thBx.clear(); thWh.clear(); thSe.clear(); thSt.clear(); thX.clear(); thY.clear(); trSize = 0; trBx.clear(); trTag.clear(); trQual.clear(); trPtPck.clear(); trPtVal.clear(); trPhiPck.clear(); trPhiVal.clear(); trEtaPck.clear(); trEtaVal.clear(); trPhiGlob.clear(); trChPck.clear(); trWh.clear(); trSc.clear(); trAddress.clear(); thTheta.Clear(); thCode.Clear(); } // ---- L1AnalysisDTTFDataFormat information. int phSize; std::vector<int> phBx; std::vector<int> phWh; std::vector<int> phSe; std::vector<int> phSt; std::vector<float> phAng; std::vector<double> phGlobPhi; std::vector<float> phBandAng; std::vector<int> phCode; std::vector<float> phX; std::vector<float> phY; int thSize; std::vector<int> thBx; std::vector<int> thWh; std::vector<int> thSe; std::vector<int> thSt; std::vector<float> thX; std::vector<float> thY; TMatrixD thTheta; TMatrixD thCode; int trSize; std::vector<int> trBx; std::vector<int> trTag; std::vector<int> trQual; std::vector<int> trPtPck; std::vector<float> trPtVal; std::vector<int> trPhiPck; std::vector<float> trPhiVal; std::vector<int> trEtaPck; std::vector<float> trEtaVal; std::vector<double> trPhiGlob; std::vector<int> trChPck; std::vector<int> trWh; std::vector<int> trSc; std::vector<unsigned int> trAddress; }; } // namespace L1Analysis #endif

Sigo is worried about the Salish Sea and her disappearing culture — which includes her tribe’s access to the traditional foods they rely on. “Cockles represent that family time, summertime and connection [to this] place that my ancestors have been in since time immemorial,” she says. “I [want] to pass that on to my kids.” Tribal shellfish biologist Elizabeth Unsell says many tribal members have noticed declines over the decades. “We don't have data to support that locally, but our recent data do not show a high abundance of cockles on beaches where traditionally there was,” she says. “We want to be able to seed cockles onto traditional cockle beaches in order to increase subsistence access to cockles for tribal members.” So in 2016, Unsell approached the Puget Sound Restoration Fund (PSRF) about what to do. The fund specializes in rearing native species in hatcheries, and hatchery research manager Ryan Crim suggested bringing cockle broodstock to PSRF's hatchery operation at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Manchester research station, to experiment with spawning and rearing. While PSRF and Unsell experimented with spawning in 2017 and 2018, the Suquamish Tribal Council eventually put up between $10,000 and $20,000, Sigo says, in late 2018 to jump-start the project. “It's not that much money for the possibility of having this traditional food back in our lives on a regular basis,” says Sigo, currently the Suquamish Tribal Council treasurer. Whether cockles are decreasing throughout the Salish Sea area and need restoration remain unknown. “Drivers of clam populations, including for cockles, are not perfectly understood,” says Chris Eardley, Puget Sound shellfish policy coordinator at Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. The cockle population has seen declines on individual beaches, while other bivalves like littleneck clams have seen regional patterns in die-offs recently. In addition to mass mortality events, factors affecting cockle survival include "predation, harvest pressure and a whole suite of environmental factors," Eardley says. While population numbers ebb and flow, Fish and Wildlife’s annual cockle population surveys have all fallen within the range of normal, says Camille Speck, the department's Puget Sound intertidal bivalve manager. “I would say [there’s] nothing that's called out huge concern because it has been such a cyclic response in our annual surveys,” she says. But even in the absence of historical data, the tribe’s concern persuaded PSRF to act. “[We wanted to] push our scientific understanding to a new level with a really traditionally important species that's had a pretty big impact on the people of the West Coast for thousands of years,” says Crim, the PSRF hatchery research manager. Over the past three springs and summers, the Suquamish, along with PSRF and NOAA and with guidance from Fish and Wildlife, have developed strategies on how to increase the cockle population in natural habitats. After many stops and starts — including a mysterious clam cancer that threatened the entire project — they succeeded this year in breeding more than a million juvenile cockles. Tribal members will use this batch for ceremonial and sustenance purposes; if wild cockles need restoration help down the line, the team is a step closer to knowing how to start. While they’re sold as bait for Dungeness crabs and occasionally harvested recreationally outside of Coast Salish tribes, cockles aren’t high-priority research subjects. Experts like Crim say it’s become “glaringly obvious” that we don’t know much about them, including their genetics, immune responses, resilience to changing oceans, or even how many there are. Fish and Wildlife has tracked their numbers since at least the 1970s, but in some ways incidentally. They’re counted during surveys of more popular animals like Manila clams, Crim says. Giving a number, or even a range of numbers, for the population is tricky: There’s high variance in the sampling, says Speck, the Fish and Wildlife intertidal bivalve manager. “Surveys cover only a small fraction of Puget Sound shorelines and only a portion of cockle habitat,” adds Fish and Wildlife's Eardley. “Without knowing the full extent of cockle habitat across Puget Sound and across tidal elevations, and the geographical variability in cockle population dynamics, it is difficult to make a total population estimate.” Tribes are attempting to fill the knowledge gap. The Swinomish used a long-term Fish and Wildlife dataset to evaluate possible reasons for clam declines in 2018. While Swinomish scientists have "seen declines in cockles on some beaches, we need longer datasets to confirm if these declines truly do exist,” says Julie Barber, senior shellfish biologist with the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community. “They might be more affected by local factors — so some beaches may be in decline while others may be increasing.” Researchers are deriving much new information while attempting to spawn and rear an under-the-radar native species. “The state [is] stretched pretty thin in terms of their ability to sort of spin off on projects focused on the animals that don't have a lot of either commercial value or recreational interest,” says Unsell, the Suquamish shellfish biologist. “This is a unique project because it is a native species that is not commercially important in Washington state — it's only because it's culturally important to the tribe that we are able to spend time and money on this.” After discussing a project in 2016, PSRF and the Suquamish started experimenting with cockle spawning and handling in the spring and summer of 2017. Bivalves, Crim says, often spawn when you take them out of their comfort zone — even changing the temperature of bivalves’ tanks by 5 degrees in either direction usually does the trick. Not so with cockles. “We tried all sorts of different things,” Crim says, “and we couldn't get them to spawn.” After that season and again in 2018, they came up empty. “Since this is a native species we don't know much about, we [also] don't know a lot about what diseases or parasites and pathogens are naturally prevalent in wild populations,” Crim says. The team had to apply for permits and send animals through disease testing before bringing broodstock in for all three rounds of spawn experimentation. Ahead of a second season of attempts in 2018, a standard disease screening showed low-level signals of disseminated neoplasia, a rare cancer that can be contagious. At least 15 bivalves species worldwide have been infected, including a native Puget Sound mussel. Fish and Wildlife didn’t sound the alarm until the 2019 season, when two rounds of testing revealed similar results for another batch of cockles. Neoplasia impacts species differently. “Sometimes [their] body just fights it off and it goes away,” Unsell says. “If it's not deadly, it could just reduce their ability to either reproduce or survive another stressor.” But the second set of positive tests raised flags for Fish and Wildlife. Without knowing how many cockles were infected or how infectious the cancer was, the state asked PSRF to halt experiments. PSRF had to figure out how to screen breeding animals for cancer before continuing. They knew how to do that — but not without hurting the cockles first, or frightening them into spawning prematurely. So this past March, Crim brought in NOAA postdoctoral research fellow Dr. Lauren Vandepas to tackle the problem quickly. “I had to find a way to test [dozens of clams’] blood for traces of this contagious cancer without pissing them off or killing them,” Vandepas says. People usually dissect bivalves sampled for cancer, but the team needed these cockles alive. “We had this very narrow window of time when the animals were capable of spawning, to screen them and clear their disease checks before they spawned in individual quarantine and ruined chances for captive breeding this year.” Vandepas, a cell biologist studying cellular components of oyster immune systems, researches how marine invertebrates handle disease: the genes involved, what cells look like, where they are, their offensive and defensive tactics and more. “We — humans and vertebrates generally — have macrophages and T cells and B cells that all have these different roles in our immune system, but what type of immune cells oysters have [and how they work] is not really well described,” she says. Vandepas tried a few techniques to test whether disease was present. The winning set of screening methods involved histology — the study of biological tissue — through which Vandepas stained cell structures with different dyes to highlight physical differences between healthy blood cells and ones with cancer. She also used flow cytometry, which, through the help of a laser, lets researchers examine individual cells to identify enlarged nuclei indicative of neoplasia. But for the physical task of drawing samples, speed was key. The team had to remove clams from individual aquarium quarantines and — as quickly as they could, one by one — stick tiny needles through openings in their shells into muscles; draw blood; and put them back in water. “We weren't sure if they would all stress-spawn immediately after being disturbed, so this was a little nerve-racking,” Vandepas says. This combination got the job done. “I had a two-week time window, which is completely insane, but somehow everybody pulled it off,” Vanderpas says. “It totally worked,” she says, “and nothing works the first time. We made educated guesses but hadn't tried any of this before — and [to] have it work one-off, on this really tight schedule, was probably a first for me professionally.” To the breeding zone Thanks to Vandepas’ technique, the race to spawn was on. “Lauren is amazing and we, as a result, were able to bring in known noninfected animals to our hatchery,” Crim says. “Finally we were like, OK, well, let's take it to the next level [in 2019].” That involved injecting tiny amounts of serotonin into the cockles’ gonads, something shellfish researchers elsewhere have had success with. “That seemed to be the ticket for us … They spawned within minutes.” They then set about making the population healthily diverse. Typical hatchery operations will throw all their broodstock in one tank and let the animals spawn as they may, Crim says. “Nothing's really controlled in that environment — you often get one male that's fertilizing 95% of the eggs and very, very low diversity — everybody's a half sibling,” Crim says. “For native species that are going to be reared in their native environment, that's a pretty big genetic risk.” Plus, cockles are hermaphrodites that can fertilize their own eggs, “which is worse than half-siblings,” Crim says. While the researchers tried to spawn single cockles in their own tanks, the animals spawned better in controlled tanks with lots of individuals. Using group spawns, serotonin injections and Vandepas’ screening method, the tide turned: This year, between 15 and 20 of the 30 total breeding animals spawned multiple times to produce a cumulative million-plus babies — “a huge number,” Crim says. The biggest ones are barely more than a centimeter in size. They’re being suspended in cages off the docks at the Manchester facility, with about 180,000 of them in cages in tribal waters, all isolated from wild populations. The team hasn’t decided where the juveniles will eventually end up, but they regardless will grow out in oyster bags. Releasing so many babies directly into the wild would be risky. “You can really swamp a wild population,” Crim says. “You [need] the knowledge and protocols down for producing really diverse seed — but we're just not there yet.” Unsell says the tribe isn’t planning to monetize the project. “There is potential for that in the future, but we're not even close to that at this point,” she says. Research is just beginning PSRF and Suquamish submitted joint grant proposals and found funding to continue research on some fundamental cockle mysteries: their numbers, their resilience to climate change and even the nature of cancer immunity. “There's a lot of research coming out of this project that may not have been prioritized by other groups, and this project will be contributing a lot to the understanding of this species in the state of Washington and Puget Sound,” says Fish and Wildlife’s Eardley. The Suquamish are leading dive missions to survey subtidal cockle populations that would give us a better idea of just how many there are in the Salish Sea. They are also coordinating with other tribes to collect cockles from around the region for genetic testing to get a sense of diversity in Puget Sound. Meanwhile, the team will evaluate cockles for cancer. Using Vandepas’ technique, PSRF and Vandepas are attempting to show neoplasia’s reach throughout Puget Sound cockles. They’ve begun collaborating with Dr. Michael Metzger of Pacific Northwest Research Institute, whose lab studies how normal cells become cancerous, and how cancer cells operate. They may also learn more about the timing of a cancer outbreak in populations, and why some clams are susceptible while others aren’t. PSRF also received funding for lab trials into cockles’ resiliency to ocean acidification, which hurts many shellfish species’ shell development. Answering questions like that may help researchers find habitat-based methods to support wild cockle populations, Speck says, instead of introducing genetically risky hatchery seed. If they find that cockles across locations have similar genetic structures, they may be able to transplant cockles from dense populations to Suquamish beaches without endangering the local population. For instance, geoduck farmers in South Puget Sound frequently find their geoduck tubes full of cockles. “We would love to figure out a way to kill two birds with one stone here,” Crim says. Understanding why cockles do well there, while removing them to environments where people want them, could help give people a better idea of how cockles build environmental resilience. For now, the mere spawning success represents a huge step for people like Sigo, who recently visited the juveniles. “Getting to look at them and see how cute they were climbing up the sides, I mean, it was a tearful moment, a joyful moment,” she says. She scooped up a handful of 70,000 babies. “The possibilities seemed endless,” she says. “I'm excited for the day when my family and my tribe get to have this amazing cockle bake and give thanks to this amazing shellfish that people don't really know about, that really hold a special place in our hearts and our history.”

... Thomson Local promotes Jill Pringle amid plans to surprise the market ThomsonLocal.com has promoted Jill Pringle to the position of marketing director, from her previous ... . The company recently merged its online and offline marketing teams in an attempt to exploit the company ... across its online, print and data divisions. She replaces former product and marketing director Gary ... the market, and that s a very exciting prospect." ... Bloomberg Businessweek to blitz The City to support revamp marketing blitz on London's financial district. Marketing's Customer Publishing League Table 2008 With growth of £234m in two years, the industry is in rude health, as brands release the opportunity to talk directly to consumers in a compelling editorial environment across various media. Search Filters Active Filters: Click to remove filters Add Search Filters: By Date - Today (0) - Past Week (0) - Past Month (1) - 2012 (1) - 2011 (1) - 2010 (3) - 2008 (1) By Channel - Customer Publishing (1) - Digital Media (2) - Magazines (2) - National Press (1) - Radio (1) - More... - Television

{ "name": "MatrixKit", "version": "0.1.0", "summary": "The Matrix reusable UI library for iOS based on MatrixSDK.", "description": "\t\t\t\t\tMatrix Kit provides basic reusable interfaces to ease building of apps compatible with Matrix (http://www.matrix.org).\n", "homepage": "http://www.matrix.org", "license": { "type": "Apache License, Version 2.0", "file": "LICENSE" }, "authors": { "matrix.org": "<EMAIL>" }, "social_media_url": "http://twitter.com/matrixdotorg", "platforms": { "ios": "6.0" }, "source": { "git": "https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-ios-kit.git", "tag": "v0.1.0" }, "source_files": [ "MatrixKit", "MatrixKit/**/*.{h,m}" ], "resources": "MatrixKit/**/*.{xib}", "requires_arc": true, "dependencies": { "MatrixSDK": [ "~> 0.4.0" ], "HPGrowingTextView": [ "~> 1.1" ] } }

Ndongo, historical African kingdom of the Mbundu people. The original core of the kingdom was in the highlands east of Luanda, Angola, between the Cuanza and Lucala rivers. At its height in the late 16th century, it stretched west to the Atlantic coast and south of the Cuanza. According to early tradition, Ndongo was founded from the Kongo kingdom, probably in the late 15th or early 16th century. Ndongo’s kings bore the title ngola, which later gave its name to the Portuguese colony of Angola. Portugal had intermittent relations with Ndongo from 1520, but it was only in 1575 that a Portuguese base was established—by Paulo Dias de Novais at Luanda Island. At first Dias de Novais cooperated with Ndongo, his forces serving as mercenaries in Ndongo’s army, but in 1579 he and his forces were expelled from the capital and nearly driven from the kingdom. The Kongo kingdom intervened on Dias de Novais’s behalf and rescued his forces, who then waged war against Ndongo. During this conflict, the Portuguese established an important inland fort on the Cuanza at Massangano, which served as a base for the capture of slaves for use in Brazil. A military stalemate that had developed by the end of the 16th century was broken when the Portuguese governor, Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos, recruited Imbangala mercenaries and drove King Ngola Mbande from his capital to a refuge in the Cuanza River in a series of campaigns (1617–21). Ngola Mbande was able to negotiate a partially satisfactory peace agreement through his sister, Njinga Mbande (Njinga also spelled Nzinga, Jinga, or Ginga; also known by her Christian name, Ana de Sousa). After Ngola Mbande’s death in 1624, Njinga took power in Ndongo—first as regent, then as queen. Her rival for the throne, Ngola a Hari, was supported by the Portuguese, and, in the civil war that followed, their combined forces had driven Njinga from Ndongo to Matamba by 1631. Ngola a Hari was then baptized Felipe I de Sousa and proclaimed king of Ndongo, ruling from his fortified mountain base at Pungo a Ndongo, although the war between Njinga and Felipe continued in the following years. When the region was invaded by the Dutch in 1641, Felipe allied Ndongo with the Portuguese against them in an indecisive war that ended with the 1648 ouster of the Dutch, led by Brazilian governor Salvador de Sá on behalf of the Portuguese. Years later, a peace treaty between Njinga and the Portuguese recognized Njinga as the ruler of Matamba, over protests from Felipe. Felipe’s successor, his son, later revolted against the Portuguese: he was defeated in 1671, and his lands were integrated into the Portuguese colony of Angola.

<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Replace MdwTransactionManager with Spring Transactions username_0: We need this to resolve MySQL deadlock scenarios through [Spring Retry](https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-retry). <issue_comment>username_0: It seems like the best open-source JTA impls are these: - http://narayana.io/ - https://www.atomikos.com/Main/TransactionsEssentials Narayana sounds promising to me. <issue_comment>username_1: Will implement our own retry mechanism instead of spring-retry<issue_closed> <issue_comment>username_1: Due to complications with nesting of some transactions, we decided to apply the retry functionality only to in the case of deadlock, and not to ALL transactions. This does resolve the issue of deadlocks with event waits however.

Iron is the second most abundant metal on earth and its use is traced back to the last 5000 years. In human physiology, this mineral is needed to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of our body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs, but also for storing and releasing oxygen in muscle cells. This is done via the haemoglobin in the red blood cells which travel round our organs. Beef is rich in this mineral, amongst other nutients How is it acquired, stored and excreted? This important element is mostly present in haemoglobin, in red blood cells and therefore any loss of blood (e.g. menstruating women) means a loss of this mineral which needs to be replaced. It is so vital to the body, that it is not excreted as such but is lost through sweating, dead skin cells and also from the mucus in the lining of the intestine. This nutriant is replaced through our diet and it is our intestine (in particular our duodenum) which regulates how much we need to absorb from what we eat. Factors which influence how much of this mineral our body absorbs, revolve around how much is already stored in our system, how much haemoglobin and oxygen there is in the blood and how many new red blood cells are being made. It is stored primarily in the liver cells but also the bone marrow and spleen. How Much Should We Take? Recommended Dietary Allowances for Infants, Children, and Adults taken from the Office of Dietary Supplements. 7 to 12 months 1 to 3 years 4 to 8 years 9 to 13 years 14 to 18 years 19 to 50 years Who is most at risk of deficiency? Growth in human bodies requires even more than usual. Therefore pregnant women and children require more than other groups. Women who menstruate, people who have lost blood or blood donors need to compensate for what has been lost. People who suffer from gastro-intestinal diseases need to compensate for any intestinal blood loss and/or poor absorption. Adult men and postmenopausal women are therefore least likely to be deficient in this mineral, and furthermore are discouraged from taking supplements since they are more at risk of having too much of it. What are the Symptoms of Deficiency? If we are deficient in this mineral our bodies begin by consuming the reserves we have stored, and then the iron in the haemoglobin. A blood test for haemoglobin, reveals if the concentration is adequate, and if it is not, then supplements are administered. Since this mineral is vital to growth in humans, its deficiency in children impairs physical and cognitive growth. More generally, since it carries oxygen to our tissues and muscle, if we lack this mineral, we suffer fatigue and low physical productivity. Interestingly, it has been noted that people who eat dirt or clay (condition known as pica, geophagia) are typically deficient, though scientists have not yet confirmed how this link is scientifically explained. What happens if too much is present in the body? Bacterial Infection This is because bacteria feed on this mineral and reproduce much faster if there is more present. People who suffer from haemochromatosis, absorb this mineral at a greater rate than normal, have higher levels in their system and are more likely to suffer bacterial infections. Heart Disease Many studies show that a build up (e.g. in postmenopausal women) is linked to heart disease, though there are differing scientific explanations for how this occurs. Since stores decrease via blood letting, (phlebotomy) this can help prevent heart disease. Organ Damage This occurs in people who are unknowingly absorbing and storing too much, (e.g. sufferers of haemochromatosis), and unfortunately are only diagnosed after the damage to the organ has occurred. People receiving excessive transfusions are also at risk. Death To reach a level so high as to cause death, is typically because of accidental ingestion of supplements and not because of diet. Which foods contains Iron? This mineral is essential to plants and animals and it is therefore found in eating both, however its form changes between the two, and its absorption is also subject to the presence of other chemicals and minerals in the intestine at the same time. Haeme Iron is present in red meat, fish and poultry since it comes from haemoglobin in those animals. It is the most easily absorbed. Non-haeme iron is present in plants. Examples of plants rich in this mineral would be legumes like lentils and dark green leafy plants like broccoli. In order to render the non-haeme iron more easily absorbed it is important to accompany it with foods rich in vitamin C since this facilitates the absorption. Food Sources ranked by milligrams per standard amount; also calories in the standard amount. (All are ≥ 10% of RDA for teen and adult females, which is 18 mg/day.) Food, Standard Amount Clams, canned, drained, 3 oz ready-to-eat cereals (various), ~ 1 oz eastern, wild, cooked, moist heat, 3 oz meats (liver, giblets), various, cooked, 3 oz a Nutrient values from Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. Foods are from ARS single nutrient reports, sorted in descending order by nutrient content in terms of common household measures. Food items and weights in the single nutrient reports are adapted from those in the 2002 revision of the USDA Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72, Nutritive Value of Foods. Mixed dishes and multiple preparations of the same food item have been omitted from this table. For foods not listed in this table, please refer to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Database Web site at the following URL : For a calorie-free way to get your daily iron, consider adding an iron supplement to your vitamin regimen. Iron supplements are an easy way to help reverse and prevent iron deficiency anemia and its resulting symptoms. Consult with your doctor to determine your appropriate dosage and ask if a high-potency iron supplement is right for you. If you want to support age-well.org, without it costing you a cent, shop at AMAZON st the link below. The site age-well.org is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.

Out of curiosity, why do we base popularity on number of views instead of mylists? Wouldn't it be more accurate to base it on number of mylists because some people just watch a lot on purpose to raise the number of views or not all the number of people finish it and just attempt to watch the video because it had a lot of views? Couldn't we say that the popular videos are the ones that actually have the most mylisted? I just wanted to know, that's all.

Civil Engineering is one of the most important fields across the world. That includes buildings, bridges, roads, airports, drainage systems, dams, apartments, and many more. Civil engineers are the key to experiments and innovations. Civil engineers deal with the natural and manmade built environment. Construction Engineering deals with the construction of the airport, bridges, road networks, buildings, dams, harbor. The key step of construction is designing, planning, construction management, and estimation. Construction engineers are known as problem solvers. The most type of work materials and product represents the greatest proportion of construction value. Structural engineering deals with durability, strength, the life of any existing structure or newly constructed structure. Transportation Engineering in Civil Engineering: Transportation planning becomes more multi-model and sensitive to the social cost of automobile use. Traffic clam has increased in the present stage. Transportation handles the construction design and planning of road networks and highways for easy access around the world. Geotechnical deals with the behavior of ears material like an earthquake, soil liquefaction, landslides, rock falls, debris flow, and many others. In geotechnical projects begins with soil, rock, fault distribution and bad rich properties. At an early stage of construction, the first step is of soil testing for checking the penetration durability of soil and bearing capacity. Water Resources in Civil Engineering: The water resource is also known as hydraulic which deals with the construction of the bridge, channels, dams, canals, and leaves. Environmental in Civil Engineering: The main subjects of environmental include air pollution controls, water treatment methods, waste disposal, global warming, and public health. The environmental has a special role of having coordinate with technocrats and to make rapid advancement with eco-friendly techniques.

Electronic Logging Devices or ELD’s are an electronic solution, which assists the professional truck drivers and other commercial motors to track their Hours of Service (HOS) compliance easily and more conveniently. These electronic logging devices are the perfect replacement and upgrade to current automatic onboard recording devices (AOBRD) which track the driver’s record of Duty Status (RODS). The United States enacted the bill “Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century” in the year 2012, which is referred as MAP-21.... Getting lost without GPS, running out of fuel and missing signs. All those points one thing in common. Guess what? These are the common mistakes that the rookie drivers make. The mistakes may seem to be silly but it may cost much of your time and money. And at times it may be risky. Listing some of the common mistakes that the rookie drivers make and some tips on how to avoid them. Rookie Drivers Must Avoid... You are no more a trucker without a truck. Hence it becomes important to maintain your truck and keep it in better shape. Only a well-preserved truck can have its long run and give you a better outcome. So check out what a truck needs for its regular maintenance. Things to... Even though we are an expert in your field, when it comes to filing Heavy Vehicle Use Tax (HVUT) Form 2290 we tend to make mistakes. So let us check out those repeated and common Form 2290 E-filing mistakes, in order to avoid them in this tax season. Common Mistakes to Avoid in HVUT E-Filing Incorrect EIN or VIN: While filing Form 2290, Employee Identification Number (EIN) and Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) are vital. Make sure that you... Why are you Waiting to Pre-File Your HVUT 2290 Form? When taxes are introduced, the paper filing was implied to report them initially. But paper filing required a lot of time and effort to complete the procedure. Later the traditional paper filing is replaced bye-filing of Form 2290. And now to move ahead, pre-filing Form 2290, otherwise referred as Heavy Vehicle Use Tax has been introduced in order to reduce the burden of taxpayers. This pre-filling of Heavy Vehicle use tax is high benefits the truckers who were... IRS 2290 Form or Heavy Vehicle Use Tax (HVUT) must be filed by the heavy vehicle owners whose vehicle’s gross weight is 55,000 or more and uses the highway for transportation. By E-filing 2290 form, the truckers receive Stamped Schedule 1 which serves as a proof of compliance with HVUT and proof of payment. This also aids the truckers to renew their tags, renew the vehicle’s registration for IFTRA or USR. At the time of audits, Schedule 1 serves as a proof of... The trucking industry is fast developing in the United States of America. There are more and more people getting into the truck driving profession mainly because of the acute shortage of truck drivers in the industry. There is an increase in the demand for finished goods throughout the country and this is the reason why there is the need of truck drivers throughout the nation. Around 500,000 for-hire trucks are operating on the road at present and... The falling pay and the high costs of driving are the main reason behind the shortage of truck drivers in the driving industry. According to experts, this situation is likely to get worse in the near future. In the month of June in 2013, the new rules pertaining to driving hours were implemented. The main objective behind implementing the rules was limiting the use of 34-hour restart. Truck drivers and even the other motor vehicle drivers have...

I 100% see your point but it's really not that simple. I get depressed a lot. When I'm not depressed, I don't avoid all mention of it and risk numbness towards and denial of reality (baby proofing). However, when I'm in the middle of a major depressive episode with suicidal thoughts, seeing things like this could be incredibly damaging. Saying it just "causes feelings" is really dangerously close to saying "just deal with it and get over it." Confirming all of your darkest thoughts during a depressive episode is not the same as getting sad because you see a sad thing. I'm not saying memes and illustrations make people commit suicide but when you're already stuck in your worst thoughts, opening yourself to things that encourage you to keep thinking those things can make really bad go to much worse.

The Last Supper is a painting that continues to intrigue art enthusiasts, scholars, and the general public to this day. Created by the renowned Italian painter and inventor Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, this painting is a masterpiece of High Renaissance art. It showcases Jesus Christ and his twelve apostles during their last supper together before his crucifixion. The painting has undergone numerous restorations and remains a must-see attraction for visitors to Milan, Italy. This article aims to provide readers with a deeper understanding of The Last Supper, from its history to its symbolism and influence on pop culture. Background of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci, born on April 15th, 1452, in Vinci, a small town in Tuscany, Italy, was a legendary artist, inventor, and scientist. He was one of the greatest figures of the Italian Renaissance era. Leonardo was born to an unwed mother, Caterina, and a wealthy notary named Piero da Vinci. As a result, Leonardo grew up in the care of his father, his stepmother, and his maternal grandparents. Leonardo received his early education in the studio of Andrea del Verrocchio, a prominent Florentine artist and teacher. Leonardo showed a deep interest in art since he was young. He was a master of many artistic disciplines, including painting, sculpting, and architecture. His innovation and creativity were seen in his works, which exuded a unique style and technique. Leonardo’s art was also characterized by a keen observation of nature and the human form. He died on May 2nd, 1519, but his art continues to inspire people worldwide. Commission and Creation of The Last Supper In 1495, Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint a mural on the wall of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The mural depicted The Last Supper, a biblical moment that portrays the final meal of Jesus Christ and his twelve apostles, including Judas, who would later betray him. Leonardo’s original approach to the mural was distinct and revolutionary compared to traditional interpretations of the topic. Instead of showing Christ and his apostles sitting at a table around a central point, Leonardo depicted them in a linear style, with Christ sitting in the middle of the painting. This style gave the piece a sense of movement, as if the figures were about to spring into action. The painting was finished in 1498, taking Leonardo almost three years to complete. Despite the initial enthusiasm for the artwork, the mural’s stability began to deteriorate shortly after completion. The flaking of the paint and the fragility of the plaster further exacerbated the painting’s degradation. Subsequent restorations and renovations were carried out by different artists who tried to revive the painting’s brilliance. Painting Details and Characteristics The Last Supper is an oil painting covering the entire wall of the dining hall of the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The painting measures 4.6 meters by 8.8 meters, making it a monumental piece of art. Leonardo used a technique called “dry plaster,” which involved painting on a dry wall rather than a wet plaster layer. This technique gave the painting an incomparable delicacy and subtlety. The painting’s colors are tonal, giving it an almost monochromatic tone, which blends harmoniously with the gray and ochre tones of the wall. Leonardo wanted to achieve an effect of light and shadow that would give the painting a realistic, almost three-dimensional appearance. The use of chiaroscuro emphasizes the three-dimensionality of the figures and makes the painting seem alive. However, this also contributed to the painting’s deterioration over time. Symbolism and Interpretations The Last Supper is rich in symbolism, which has given rise to many interpretations over the years. The most well-known symbols in the painting are the loaves of bread representing the body of Christ and the glasses of wine representing his blood. These elements symbolize the Eucharist, a sacrament in the Christian faith. Leonardo’s use of light and shadow in the painting is also significant. The light on Christ’s face, for example, symbolizes his divinity. Judas, who later betrayed Jesus, is painted in a darker tone, a technique that symbolizes his sinful and malevolent nature. Theories abound about The Last Supper’s meaning and symbolism, and there is no one conclusive interpretation. Some suggest that Leonardo’s painting tells a symbolic story that carries a message of hope and salvation for humanity. Others claim that the painting represents the harmony of nature, science, and religion. The painting’s mysteries continue to captivate researchers and art enthusiasts worldwide. Influence and Pop Culture References The Last Supper has not only influenced art but has also played a significant role in various forms of pop culture. The painting has been the subject of many parodies, imitations, and adaptations, demonstrating the painting’s influence worldwide. For example, the 1967 film “The Graduate” was a coming-of-age comedy that referenced The Last Supper in its final scene. Additionally, Dan Brown’s 2003 novel “The Da Vinci Code” used the painting as a focal point, fueling the book’s popularity with its code-breaking fiction. The Last Supper proves that art and history continue to intrigue people from different backgrounds and cultures. The painting’s splendor and symbolism contribute to the ongoing fascination and fascination surrounding it. Leonardo da Vinci’s genius brought forth a masterpiece that continues to inspire and captivate people centuries after its creation. Preservation and Fragility One of the ongoing challenges facing the preservation of The Last Supper is its inherent fragility. The choice of dry plaster, which Leonardo da Vinci used to paint the mural, is more fragile than the traditional wet plaster technique. This fragility has translated into some damage, decay, and loss of color over the years. Additionally, the painting’s size and weight, coupled with its location on a wall that is exposed to moisture, are also contributing factors to its deterioration. Several restorations have been carried out over the centuries to preserve the painting. However, each restoration presents the risk of further damage. The most recent restoration, which concluded in 1999, took 21 years and was one of the largest and most comprehensive efforts in the painting’s history. Using microscopes and other advanced technologies, experts were able to uncover previously unknown details of the painting’s composition and restoration history. The goal of the restoration was to balance the preservation of the painting with the need for accessibility to the public. Despite the restoration efforts, the painting remains vulnerable to deterioration, and the number of visitors allowed to view it every day has been restricted. The number of visitors allowed into the convent per visit is limited to 25, and each visit lasts only 15 minutes. Moreover, the visitors are not allowed to take pictures, touch the painting, or enter the dining hall with any bags or cameras to ensure the painting’s preservation. Visiting The Last Supper requires advanced booking, and the process can be somewhat challenging. This is because the painting is inside the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, which is still an active convent and only allows limited visitor capacity. Visitors must book a guided tour (to be conducted in Italian or English) of the refectory in advance through authorized ticket sellers or travel agents. Further, visitors should be mindful of the dress code required to enter the convent. The dress code is strictly enforced, and any visitors whose attire does not meet the standards are denied entry. For example, shorts, dresses, or skirts above the knee, sleeveless shirts, and sandals are not allowed. Visitors are also advised to arrive at the entrance about 20 minutes before the specified time on their booking in case of any delays. Another obstacle with visiting The Last Supper is the limited viewing capacity. As previously mentioned, only 25 visitors are allowed in at a time, and each visit lasts only 15 minutes. Visitors must adhere to the time slot allotted to them by the authorized ticket sellers, and latecomers have no entry. Moreover, groups of fewer than 25 people are not allowed in, and visitors need to present an identity card or passport to gain entry. The challenges and restrictions surrounding The Last Supper is understandable, given the painting’s historical significance, fragility, and rarity. Despite these hurdles, the painting remains an attraction for art lovers, historians, and tourists worldwide. Visitors who intend to view The Last Supper must book in advance, follow the dress code, and adhere to the viewing time carefully. Ultimately, the restrictions only add to the painting’s allure and significance, making it worth the effort required to view this priceless masterpiece. In conclusion, The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is a masterpiece of High Renaissance art that remains a source of fascination to this day. The painting’s history, fragility, and symbolism have contributed to its allure and significance. The ongoing challenges of preservation and accessibility only add to its value, and it is essential for visitors to follow the required dress code and booking procedures to view this priceless masterpiece. The Last Supper continues to inspire and captivate art lovers, historians, and tourists alike, reminding us of the enduring power of art to connect us to our past and transform our future.

posted by Anonymous . 1. Regarding solutions and solids, which statement is true? A. If the solvent is water, the crystal lattice energy of a solid is absorbed. B. Hydration energy is related to the attractions between solute particles. (My Answer) C. If the solvent is water, the crystal lattice energy of a solid is released. D. Hydration energy is related to the attractions between solvent particles. 2. Avogadro’s number gives us the number of A. atoms in any element or compound. B. particles in a mole of any element or compound. C. atoms in an element.(My answer) D. particles in a sample. 3. A chemical formula containing the simplest whole-number ratio between elements in a compound is called the _______ formula. A. derivative C. composition ratio B. composition D. empirical 4. Which one of the following statements is correct? A. Solubility of solids and liquids is affected by randomness and temperature.(My answer) B. Increasing temperature and lowering pressure maximizes the solubility of a gas in a C. Energy has no affect on solubility. D. When a solid dissolves, the attractive forces are weakened, and entropy decreases. 5. For which of the following must the empirical formula be written with only one subscript? A. C6H6 C. C2H6 (My answer) B. C5H12 D. H2O2 6. Regarding electrolytes, all of the following statements are true except for which one? A. Covalent bonds, such as those of sugar, make weak electrolytes in solution. (My Answer) B. Ionic compounds often form strong electrolytes when in solution. C. Ammonia is a weak electrolyte because it produces few mobile ions. D. Mobile ions formed as a result of dissociation cause solutions to conduct electricity. 7. The equation for an equilibrium reaction is A + B AB. Following Le Chatelier’s principle, if the concentration of “A” is increased, then A. stress and equilibrium are not affected. B. the equilibrium shifts to the left. C. the eqilibrium shifts to the right. D. a smaller concentration of products is formed (My Answer)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an emerging expertise consisting of small, low-power gadgets that combine limited computation, sensing and radio communication capabilities. As an alternative of proactively exploring new improvements, many companies wait until others test emerging know-how … hoping for a fast follower profit. At our core, we assist our clients simplify their processes, instruments, and knowledge to have extra productive and chic communication with their clients, companions, and staff by means of cell gadgets. The global neighborhood needs to return collectively and agree on widespread principles if our society is to reap the benefits and hedge the dangers of those technologies,” stated Dr Bernard Meyerson, Chief Innovation Officer of IBM and Chair of the Meta-Council on Emerging Technologies. This fingertip haptic display with integrated power, tactile, and thermal feedback in a miniature kind-factor could be worn simply and used with augmented reality purposes with out affecting present tracking technologies. The reason for this could be world nuclear conflict, emerging technologies, world warming and advances in biotechnology. Couponing, loyalty and rewards, information providers, convenience providers, kind issue modifications that allow enhanced services—cell gadgets, tablets, NFC enabled technologies—all provide unparalleled alternatives for aggressive disruption.

If you find yourself life style income so you’re able to salary, financial issues can feel stressful and you may challenging. Like, when a family group means trips otherwise your car or truck requires significant repairs, these materials should be handled. But these unforeseen problems accumulates so you’re able to significantly of money you don’t need to. For those who have poor credit considering the financial mistakes your manufactured in going back, you’re in a difficult place. Loan providers are not partial to customers that have reduced credit scores, so you could battle delivering approved for a financial loan. Unfortuitously, this causes the majority of people to try to get less than perfect credit money away from predatory pay day loan providers and in the end gets worse its financial predicament. Exactly what are the finest personal loans getting bad credit? Here are the half a dozen most readily useful less than perfect credit signature loans. 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Yet not, since the it’s a credit opportunities, there are not any guarantees about the version of financial you get matched up having. LendingClub also offers payment finance anywhere between $step one,000 and you may $forty,000 having an apr vary from six.95% and you will %. LendingClub works as the an on-line markets which can be one of many most well known fellow-to-fellow loan providers on the market. You will want the absolute minimum credit rating from 600 to use, but most of your borrowers accepted because of LendingClub keeps a rating of at least 700. Therefore if your credit report is truly bad, this can not the best choice for your requirements. Avant offers fixed-rate personal loans in the numbers anywhere between $dos,100000 to $35,100, with APRs ranging from 9.95% so you’re able to %. They do costs an enthusiastic origination percentage out-of 4.75%, however, there are no prepayment charges. 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These money usually are complete due to a lender, borrowing from the bank commitment, or on the web financial. In contrast, a payday loan was a short-term cash advance constantly removed through financing service, regardless of if these can even be complete on the web. It is possible to usually use a reduced amount of money within a top interest. It is possible to shell out which cash return from your own 2nd paycheck. Payday loans are easy to get, and you can have the currency rapidly, and is enticing when you’re in the a monetary disaster. And they organizations are all along the put, so they really are convenient to access. However, payday loans will always be the bigger solution on account of new exorbitantly higher rates of interest. And it’s simple to fall into a cyclical trend from financial obligation once the you are always borrowing away from another income. This new CFPB unearthed that 80% out-of payday loan can be rolled on other online payday loans Rhode Island financing or quickly followed by another mortgage within two weeks. Specific payday loan individuals take out as many as eight to 10 fund annually. Installment funds are a lot even more predictable than cash advance. They show up that have a fixed rate of interest, as well as your costs are owed at the same time every month. And because the mortgage amount try high, the latest payment terminology are much prolonged. Although not, fees funds can come with higher rates of interest as well, especially if you features a low credit score. And you can end using a king’s ransom when you look at the charge for those who continuously miss repayments. Can i rating a cost loan having less than perfect credit? Individuals with poor credit find themselves at a disadvantage when they have to borrow money. Lenders weigh your credit report greatly given that a reduced credit history demonstrates that you will be good riskier financing. This is certainly a capture-twenty two circumstance of many consumers have found on their own in the. But if you finish in this instance, remember that you can borrow money versus relying on payday loans. Certain legitimate lenders are willing to offer cost financing to help you users which have less than perfect credit. So you’re able to expect to pay extra cash into the interest, as well as your loan conditions are not while the advantageous. Nonetheless it might be nowhere around the 400% notice could result in expenses which have a payday loan. This type of half dozen loan providers is a far greater choice than pay day loan, even so they however commonly attending provide the really good interest rate. Improving your credit rating is the greatest way to find to be eligible for an individual loan that have down interest levels. Boosting your credit rating needs time to work, however, there are quick actions you can take to get going. Track the expense to be certain you’re making their month-to-month money on time. Start concentrating on paying financial obligation and just submit an application for the borrowing as needed.

A rattle of alarm calls and a blur of wings sees an explosion of small birds away from bird tables and hanging feeders, writes the BTO’s Mike Toms. Seconds later and a sparrowhawk swoops through the garden, shifting its course slightly to miss the apple tree and to lift up, over the fence, and away. The sparrowhawk is a relatively new presence in this urban garden, a sure sign that the population has recovered from the impacts of agricultural pesticides, like DDT, that brought about significant population declines across the eastern counties, just a few decades ago. You probably know the story; DDT accumulated in the bodies of the small birds that fed on treated agriculture seeds and, in turn, in the predators, like sparrowhawk, which fed on the small birds. The levels of DDT were not necessarily high enough to bring about direct mortality of the hawks, but they were sufficient to impact on their breeding ecology. The chemicals led to a reduction in eggshell thickness, making eggs more likely to break during incubation and, ultimately, reducing the size of the population through a reduction in recruitment. Subsequent to the compounds being banned, we have witnessed a recovery in the sparrowhawk population and a recolonisation of former haunts, something very evident in the figures collected by the BTO/RSPB/JNCC Breeding Bird Survey and in the maps presented in Bird Atlas 2007-11. While this is good news, and a real conservation success story, it is not without its occasional critics. The act of predation, be it a big cat taking down an antelope in Africa or a sparrowhawk taking a blackbird in an urban garden, is difficult to witness. It is nature ‘red in tooth and claw’. Some observers have suggested a link between a recovering sparrowhawk population and the declines seen in many of our smaller bird species, even going so far as to call for a cull of sparrowhawks and other birds of prey. Such calls are made without knowledge of the science that has been done on the interactions between these predators and their prey. A series of scientific studies, some of which have used large-scale monitoring data, such as that provided by the Breeding Bird Survey, have failed to find evidence that a recovering sparrowhawk population has been to blame for the declines in songbird species. Other work suggests that the cause of these declines lies elsewhere, in the changing nature of our countryside and the resources that it contains. There is a social side to all of this. Many of us are appalled by the sight of a sparrowhawk killing another bird and yet we barely acknowledge a blackbird tugging a worm from the lawn or a song thrush smashing open a snail on our patio. Perhaps our reaction to predation says more about the different values that we place on particular creatures.

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With Paris thrown back into yet another lockdown more restaurants have put in place their Click & Collect offers. Here we serve you our top 3 on a home delivered platter. Being stuck at home means one thing, comfort food, and thanks to Fitzgerald you can get yours in the form of a crispy, buttery and gooey Croque Monsieur with black truffles. The French bistro is our choice for weekend drinks at home when after a couple of cocktails the tummy asks for some easy, greasy snacks. Bypass the usual fast food haunts and click for the bistro's guacamole and tortillas, duck spring rolls, vegetarian gyoza, and of course its signature Croque. For vegetarian and vegan dinners call upon Flower Food, Paris's latest veggie-friendly restaurant. Focusing on creating vegetarian and vegan alternatives to favourite dishes, Flower Food serves you hearty courses minus the meat. Order the vegetarian lasagne made with mozzarella and spinach, vegan couscous, or mac and cheese and dine in meat-free-style in the comfort of your own home. Missing the feeling of taking your tastebuds on travel adventures, and in the mood for oriental and Middle Eastern flavours for an exotic escape? Start with the creamy eggplant and yoghurt dip and tzatziki then enjoy the carrot salad seasoned with orange blossom and pistachios, and crispy pastries filled with feta cheese and fresh herbs.

That's the problem with most religions, there will always be people who "are" that religion but are violent. The difference, however, is that I don't believe traditional bhuddism (Indian, pre mahayana and some sects of dharma ideals, and not the polytheistic transition) was ever used *as the reason* for conquering and violence. It was just bhuddist people who were fighting others (goes against bhuddist ideals anyways). Chinese/Japanese bhuddism I'm very sure was. Not inherently peaceful, but not lending itself to violence as there isn't a "go out and convert" clause in traditional teachings. The difference is that all the monotheistic religions and many polytheistic ones have been used as the *main reason* for violence (e.g. Holy wars) where "God" or one of the gods, "commanded them" to completely destroy, rape, and pillage people and nations.

According to Blabbermouth via, The Pulse Of Radio, Pearl Jam six-stringer Mike McCready played host to the first-ever “Peak To Sky” music festival last weekend. That took place in Big Sky, Montana on July 6 and July 7. The festival is a two-day affair including performances from McCready’s visual and arts project Infinite Color & Sound, Brandi Carlile as well as a whole host more. To conclude the music and arts festival the crowds were treated to an all-star mega jam which featured McCready, Guns N’ Roses bassist Duff McKagan, Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith, Carlile on vocals as well as guitarist Josh Klinghoffer, and Foo Fighters’ skinner, Taylor Hawkins. The merry band of rock legends lashed through renditions of Led Zeppelin’s “Good Times, Bad Times”, “Moby Dick”, and “Dazed And Confused”. If that wasn’t enough they also performed a diverse setlist of covers including, Van Halen’s “Eruption”, Aerosmith’s “Sweet Emotion”, Prince’s “Purple Rain”, David Bowie and Queen’s “Under Pressure”, Bowie’s “Moonage Daydream” and “Ziggy Stardust” and even more tunes!. Don’t forget you can keep up-to-date on all things Nova over on our Instagram page – follow us for all the craziness of radio life coupled with news, sports and LOTS of cool competitions! Click here…

We would like to thank you for your support of the Richfield Firefighters! The event will consist of both a 5K trail run and a 1 mile walk. Children 12+ under can register for free. They will not receive an event shirt. The Richfield Fighfighters 5K Trail run will start at 08:30am at Richfield Heritage Preserve, formaly known as Crowell Hilaka Girl Scout Camp. In addition to the 5K Trail Run and the 1 Mile walk there will be a pancak breakfast for $6.00 per person along with a Chinese Auction. Tickets to both of these can be purchsed on line.

Welcome to Cengage Would you like to be redirected to the site for United States?Stay on current Cengage site Would you like to be redirected to the site for United States?Stay on current Cengage site A must-have resource for all foundation engineering courses, PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, 9th Edition provides a careful balance between current research and practical field applications as it introduces civil engineering students to the core concepts and applications of foundation analysis design. Throughout this best-selling book, Dr. Das and Dr. Sivakugan emphasize how to develop the critical judgment civil engineers need to properly apply theories and analysis to the evaluation of soils and foundation design. This new edition includes three new chapters that highlight developing topics. This edition also provides a wealth of worked-out examples and multiple new figures that emphasize the skills most critical for students to master as successful civil engineers. Geotechnical Engineering. Foundation Engineering. Site Exploration. Ground Improvement. Solution Methods. Numerical Modeling. Empiricism. Literature. References. Part I: GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND SOIL EXPLORATION. 2. Geotechnical Properties of Soil. Introduction. Grain-Size Distribution. Size Limits for Soils. Weight-Volume Relationships. Relative Density. Atterberg Limits. Liquidity Index. Activity. Soil Classification Systems. Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil. Steady-State Seepage. Effective Stress. Consolidation. Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement. Time Rate of Consolidation. Range of Coefficient of Consolidation. Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading. Shear Strength. Unconfined Compression Test. Comments on Friction Angle, ϕ’. Correlations of Undrained Shear Strength, cu. Selection of Shear Strength Parameters. Sensitivity. Summary. Problems. References. 3. Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration. Introduction. Natural Soil Deposits. Soil Origin. Residual Soil. Gravity Transported Soil. Alluvial Deposits. Lacustrine Deposits. Glacial Deposits. Aeolian Soil Deposits. Organic Soil. Some Local Terms for Soil. Subsurface Exploration. Purpose of Subsurface Exploration. Subsurface Exploration Program. Exploratory Borings in the Field. Procedures for Sampling Soil. Split-Spoon Sampling. Sampling with a Scraper Bucket. Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube. Sampling with a Piston Sampler. Observation of Water Tables. Vane Shear Test. Cone Penetration Test. Pressuremeter Test (PMT). Dilatometer Test. Iowa Borehole Shear Test. Kₒ Stepped-Blade Test. Coring of Rocks. Preparation of Boring Logs. Geophysical Exploration. Subsoil Exploration Report. Summary. Problems. References. 4. Instrumentation and Monitoring in Geotechnical Engineering. Introduction. Need for Instrumentation. Geotechnical Measurements. Geotechnical Instruments. Planning an Instrumentation Program. Some Typical Instrumentation Projects. Summary. References Part II: SOIL IMPROVEMENT. 5. Soil Improvement and Ground Modification. Introduction. General Principles of Compaction. Empirical Relationships for Compaction. Field Compaction. Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers. Vibroflotation. Blasting. Precompression. Sand Drains. Prefabricated Vertical Drains. Lime Stabilization. Cement Stabilization. Fly-Ash Stabilization. Stone Columns. Sand Compaction Piles. Dynamic Compaction. Jet Grouting. Deep Mixing. Summary. Problems. References. Part III: FOUNDATION ANALYSIS. 6. Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Introduction. General Concept. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory. Factor of Safety. Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table. The General Bearing Capacity Equation. Other Solutions for Bearing Capacity Factor Nγ, Shape, and Depth Factors. Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Effect of Soil Compressibility. Eccentrically Loaded Foundations. Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric Loading—One-Way Eccentricity. Bearing Capacity—Two-Way Eccentricity. A Simple Approach for Bearing Capacity with Two-Way Eccentricity. Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to Eccentrically Inclined Loading. Plane Strain Correction of Friction Angle. Summary. Problems. References. 7. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations: Special Cases. Introduction. Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow Depth. Foundations on Layered Clay. Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils: Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil. Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Weaker Soil Underlain by Stronger Soil. Continuous Foundation on Weak Clay with a Granular Trench. Closely Spaced Foundations—Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope. Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope. Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil. Foundations on Rock. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Wedge-Shaped Foundation. Uplift Capacity of Foundations. Summary. Problems. References. 8. Vertical Stress Increase in Soil. Introduction. Stress Due to a Concentrated Load. Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area. Stress Due to a Line Load. Stress Below a Vertical Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length). Stress Below a Horizontal Strip Load of Finite Width and Infinite Length. Stress Below a Rectangular Area. Stress Isobars. Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area. Average Vertical Stress Increase Below the Center of a Circularly Loaded Area. Stress Increase under an Embankment. Westergaard's Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load. Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material. Summary. Problems. References. 9. Settlement of Shallow Foundations. Introduction. Elastic Settlement of Shallow Foundation on Saturated Clay. Elastic Settlement in Granular Soil. Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity. Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement. Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor. Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard Penetration Resistance. Settlement Considering Soil Stiffness Variation with Stress Level. Settlement Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT). Settlement Estimation Using the L1-L2 Method. Effect of the Rise of Water Table on Elastic Settlement. Consolidation Settlement. Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships. Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement. Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation. Field Load Test. Presumptive Bearing Capacity. Tolerable Settlement of Buildings. Summary. Problems. References. 10. Mat Foundations. Introduction. Combined Footings. Common Types of Mat Foundations. Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations. Differential Settlement of Mats. Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations. Compensated Foundation. Structural Design of Mat Foundations. Summary. Problems. References. 11. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Introduction. Design Philosophy. Allowable Stress Design (ASD). Limit State Design (LSD) and Partial Safety Factors. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Summary. Problems. References. 12. Pile Foundations. Introduction. Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics. Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles. Point Bearing and Friction Piles. Installation of Piles. Pile Driving. Load Transfer Mechanism. Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity. Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating Qp. Vesic's Method for Estimating Qp. Coyle and Castello’s Method for Estimating Qp in Sand. Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT and CPT Results in Granular Soil. Frictionless Resistance (Qs) in Sand. Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay. Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger Pile. Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock. Pile Load Tests. Elastic Settlement of Piles. Laterally Loaded Piles. Pile-Driving Formulas. Pile Capacity for Vibration-Driven Piles. Wave Equation Analysis. Negative Skin Friction. Group Piles. Group Efficiency. Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay. Elastic Settlement of Group Piles. Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles. Piles in Rock. Summary. Problems. References. 13. Drilled Shaft Foundations. Introduction. Types of Drilled Shafts. Construction Procedures. Other Design Considerations. Load Transfer Mechanism. Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity. Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil. Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil Based on Settlement. Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay. Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement. Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load. Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity—Characteristic Load and Moment Method. Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock. Summary. Problems. References. 14. Piled Rafts -- An Overview. Introduction. Load-Settlement Plots of Unpiled and Piled Rafts under Different Design Conditions. Poulos-Davis-Randolph Simplified Design Method. Case Study: Burj Khalifa Tower in Dubai. Summary. Problems. References. 15. Foundations on Difficult Soils. Introduction. Collapsible Soil. Definition and Types of Collapsible Soils. Physical Parameters for Identification. Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement. Foundation Design in Soils Not Susceptible to Wetting. Foundation Design in Soils Susceptible to Wetting. Expansive Soils. General Nature of Expansive Soils. Unrestrained Swell Test. Swelling Pressure Test. Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis of Index Tests. Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soils. Construction on Expansive Soils. Sanitary Landfills. General Nature of Sanitary Landfills. Settlement of Sanitary Landfills. Summary. Problems. References. Part IV: LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE AND EARTH-RETAINING STRUCTURES. 16. Lateral Earth Pressure. Introduction. Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest. Active Pressure. Rankine Active Earth Pressure. A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure—Granular Backfill. Generalized Case for Rankine Seismic Active Earth Pressure—Granular Backfill. Rankine Active Pressure with Vertical Wall Backface and Inclined c’-ϕ’ Backfill. Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure. Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge. Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions—Granular Backfill. Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Condition (Vertical Backface of Wall and c’-ϕ’ Backfill). Passive Pressure. Rankine Passive Earth Pressure. Rankine Passive Earth Pressure—Vertical Backface and Inclined Backfill. Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure. Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb’s Pressure Calculations. Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure (Granular Backfill). Solution for Passive Earth Pressure by Lower Bound Theorem of Plasticity (Granular Backfill). Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces. Summary. Problems. References. 17. Retaining Walls. Introduction. Gravity and Cantilever Walls. Proportioning Retaining Walls. Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design. Stability of Retaining Walls. Check for Overturning. Check for Sliding along the Base. Check for Bearing Capacity Failure. Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill. Comments on Design of Retaining Walls and a Case Study. Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions. Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls. Soil Reinforcement. Considerations in Soil Reinforcement. General Design Considerations. Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement. Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip Reinforcement. Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement. Retaining Walls with Georigid Reinforcement—General. Design Procedure for Georigid-Reinforced Retaining Wall. Summary. Problems. References. 18. Sheet Pile Walls. Introduction. Construction Methods. Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls. Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils. Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy Soil. Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay. Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay. Cantilever Sheet Piles Penetrating Sandy Soil—A Simplified Approach. Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls. Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil—A Simplified Approach. Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil. Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil). Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls Penetrating into Sand. Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil. Field Observations for Anchor Sheet-Pile Walls. Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay. Anchors. Holding Capacity of Deadman Anchor. Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand. Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Clay (ϕ = 0 Condition). Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks. Summary. Problems. References. 19. Braced Cuts. Introduction. Braced Cut Analysis Based on General Wedge Theory. Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design. Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil. Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut. Case Studies of Braced Cuts. Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay. Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand. Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement. Summary. Problems. References. Answers to Problems. Braja M. Das California State University, Sacramento Dr. Braja Das is Dean Emeritus of the College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento. He received his M.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Iowa and his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin. He is the author of a number of geotechnical engineering texts and reference books and more than 250 technical papers in the area of geotechnical engineering. His primary areas of research include shallow foundations, earth anchors, and geosynthetics. Dr. Das is a Fellow and Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Life Member of the American Society for Engineering Education, and an Emeritus Member of the Stabilization of Geomaterials and Recycled Materials of the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council. He has received numerous awards for teaching excellence, including the AMOCO Foundation Award, the AT&T Award for Teaching Excellence from the American Society for Engineering Education, the Ralph Teetor Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the Distinguished Achievement Award for Teaching Excellence from the University of Texas at El Paso. James Cook University, Queensland, Australia Dr. Sivakugan received his Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, with First Class Honors. He earned his MSCE and Ph.D. from Purdue University, West Lafayette, U.S.A. Dr. Sivakugan’s writings include eight books, 140 refereed international journal papers, 100 refereed international conference papers, and more than 100 consulting reports. As a registered professional engineer of Queensland and a chartered professional engineer, Dr. Sivakugan does substantial consulting work for the geotechnical and mining industry in Australia and overseas, including the World Bank. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Engineers Australia. He has supervised 14 Ph.D. students to completion at James Cook University, Queensland, Australia, where he was the Head of Civil Engineering from 2003 to 2014. He is an Associate Editor for three international journals and serves in the editorial boards of the Canadian Geotechnical Journal and the Indian Geotechnical Journal. "The book is very comprehensive and can be used as a reference book for geotechnical design courses. It gives a good introduction to geotechnical engineering (i.e., Soil Mechanics). It provides the main design aspects of various geotechnical elements. It also gives nice solved examples." "The book is easy to follow. Students can teach themselves with the book, and the chapters and sections are well organized."

Do you have any more information than "it died"? Check the power supply, make sure its supplying something close to the output voltage printed on the adapter or the input voltage printed on the device. Atari consoles still power up reliably after 40+ years of service, so age of individual electronic components and low-quality parts being used has more to do with it dying than anything else. Electrolytic capacitors tend to dry out with age and need to be periodically replaced (About every 15-20 years). Simple electronic devices like this tend to only need a single 7805 5v or 7809 9v or similar dc voltage regulator to operate. These also need to be replaced regularly (maybe every 20-30 years). Look at the board to see if there is any obvious damage (seeing any "shit-stains" where a component on the board has destroyed itself and scorched the pcb, where component replacement as well as pcb repair/jumpering may be necessary to restore the circuit path). And, if none of that fixes the board, comb through the circuit and test for continuity and proper operation with expected inputs and outputs. If any of that is 1) not worth your time or cost to work through or 2) not within your skill-level, then yes, replace it with another unit or find a different solution.

Not everyone does well with with lots of fiber, which is a bulking agent. I’m one of them. So was my youngest child who suffered with what it sounds like you do. He had massive stools that would sometimes cause bleeding. Stool softeners helped tremendously. Definitely add more fruit and fresh veggies, good fiber but also adds fluids to keep bulky stools softer. Also, see a doctor. Rectal bleeding of any kind needs to be checked and, depending on your age, they may want to screen for colon cancer. Have a friend who was just diagnosed with colon cancer, thankfully early.

‘Chipper’ kiwis push up consumer confidence in April April 17 (BusinessDesk) - New Zealand consumer confidence rose in April as kiwis became more confidence about their own financial position, giving them greater enthusiasm for buying major household items. The ANZ-Roy Morgan consumer confidence index rose to 134 this month, from 132 in March. The current conditions rose to 130.3 from 125.7 and the future conditions index eased to 135.8 from 136.2. “The economy is expanding rapidly, more jobs are being created, the housing market is still buoyant, the high New Zealand dollar is keeping the price of imported goods and those big-ticket items suppressed. Prospects for wages to move up are improving by the day,” said ANZ Bank New Zealand chief economist Cameron Bagrie. “That’s a chipper combination.” The Reserve Bank noted the “considerable momentum” in the economy when it lifted the official cash rate a quarter point to 2.75 percent and is expected to hike the OCR to 3 percent next week to head off increasing inflationary pressures. The ANZ-Roy Morgan composite index, which combines consumer and business confidence, implies annual economic growth of almost 6 percent. “We’re positive but not that bullish,” Bagrie said. “We’re picking solid as opposed to bumper spending trends.” While consumer sentiment is elevated, household balance sheets remain heavily indebted and the savings rate remains poor, he said. At the same time, the central bank is raising borrowing costs. The April survey of 958 people showed a net 13 percent felt they and their families were better off than a year ago, an improvement from 8 percent in last month’s survey. Looking out a year, a net 40 percent felt they would be better off, up from 36 percent last month. Those deeming it a good time to buy a major household item increased to a net 47 percent from 44 percent and those thinking house prices would rise in the next two years rose to 72 percent from 71 percent, while the size of the expected increase lifted to 3.9 percent from 3.8 percent. Perceptions of the broader economy eased slightly. A net 33 percent saw better economic conditions in the next 12 months, down from 34 percent a month ago, and those seeing good times for the next five years slipped to a net 34 percent from 38 percent. (BusinessDesk)

Sharon Sunday is a diva. The single mother of two who resides in a posh estate in Lekki part of Lagos is known by friends and admirers as a ‘correct’ power dresser who makes sure she can’t be caught dead looking out of place. Popularly known and addressed as Channel (a nickname she got for her love and constant use of products by the luxury designer), one other thing that stands Sharon out is her hair-do. Any salon that is her ‘flame of the month’ is usually sure that Sharon would patronise it at least once in a week. There were times Sharon visited the salon twice in a week and she would not make cheap hair! Ranging from fixing the most expensive human hair weaves to braiding the latest hair style, Sharon always loved to carry different hairstyles that would draw attention. She enjoys the oohs and aahs and ‘what a lovely hairstyle you have’ compliments she gets each time she steps out of the salon. But now, things have changed! The every-week-salon-visiting Sharon has changed! She is still a diva; she is still a power dresser; yes, she still visits the salon, but Sharon, like most other Nigerians, has cut down extremely on things that are unnecessary. The economic hardship Nigerians are suffering at the moment has affected most ladies and their looks. For the likes of Sharon who visits the salons and spas religiously on a weekly basis, the change mantra has taken over their routine and indeed, they have no choice but to really ‘change’ their style. “I am a business woman,” Sharon told our correspondent. “I love looking good for my business. I enjoy pampering my hair and I love good hair styles that also complement my looks. “But my dear, things have changed. I just realised I need to save money. I had to stop any form of wastage when I realised the economic situation had affected my business as well. So where will I get the extra cash to invest in my hair? I had to quickly adapt. The days of ‘wasting’ time and money at the salons are over, I am not a party to that at least till the economy improves,” she said. So many hair-do freaks have joined the league of Sharon, no thanks to the recession the country is facing at the moment. Those who would ordinarily visit the salon every other week have no choice but to have a rethink and allow their pockets to determine when the next visit to the salon would be. The situation has adverse effects on women who before now, loved to pamper themselves just to look good at all times. Chinyere Iwuagwu manages a travelling agency in Nigeria and she is somewhat affected as well. Chinyere claims she has not only reduced the frequency of her visits to the salons but she is now mindful of the hairstyle she does. “Ordinarily, I visit the salon once in three weeks or once in two weeks depending on my mood about the style, whether I am tired of the hairstyle or if I just want something different. I may not say the economy has affected the times I do my hair but I would say I now make styles that are not as expensive as what I used to make before. “I would not say ladies no longer visit salons, they don’t have a choice because they have to take care of their hair. But then, everything is so expensive in the salons. We just try as much as possible to do what we can to look good at the same time,” she said. Indeed, prices of virtually all hair products have hit roof top. From washing of hair, fixing, manicure and pedicure to braids and other hair care, the amount charged before has tripled. Mrs. Olamide Adeola, the owner of Braids and Styles in Lagos, blamed the situation on the economy. Adeola admits that recession has affected princing of both products and hairstyles. “Most ladies now carry their hair longer than necessary. You would see some ladies who would ordinarily carry a style for two weeks, now carrying that same hair-do for almost a month. “We are still in business. At least ladies must look good. It is just that like every other thing in Nigeria at the moment, the price of hair products have increased greatly,” she said. Even before now, most people had always felt visiting spas was luxury that could only be afforded by the middle class and the elite in the society. And now, findings have revealed that the customers that patronise these spas have reduced greatly. Atim Bassey, a lawyer who is based in Lagos, said she was indulging in services spas provided until recently. “I must confess, I had to stop. It is expensive. I would go to the spa every month to relax and pamper my skin but those days are long gone. We need to consider what to eat and we ought to save because we don’t even know what happens to the economy tomorrow,” she said. A member of staff of a known spa on Victoria Island who pleaded anonymity admitted that customers no longer flock their spa like before. “Before now, society ladies would throng here every weekend to mingle and show off. But now, it is no longer so. I wouldn’t say ladies no longer come here, but really, I think they now feel there are more important things to do with money than coming to indulge here,” she said. Some ladies don’t want to be caught napping. Wig has always been there but now, it seems most ladies see it as a quick fix to this economic challenge. Now, wig merchants laugh all the way to the bank as most ladies patronise them and wear it as a cover-up. Our correspondent visited a wigs shop at the Balogun Market Lagos, recently and indeed, it was a beehive. The owner of the shop, popularly called Alhaja Kudi, confirmed that her customers increased recently and she could pin it down to the fact that ladies have reduced their visits to salons. “I have been in this market for more than 20 years and this is what I sell. But now, the manner ladies ask for wigs is alarming. There was a time human hair was the trend but now, those days are over. How many people can even afford to buy human hair? “The beauty of it is that wigs come in different styles and even these days, we have wigs that are braids. People would think you braided your hair, nobody would even know that what you are wearing is wig,” she said. Men would always go to the barbing salons to cut their hair and shave at least every week. But Samuel Ahmed, the owner of Ultimate Salon, Egbeda Lagos, said most guys would rather wait for their beards to grow before coming to the salon. “Before, guys would just come and cut their hair and if their beard is not grown, they would come back the following week to shave and pay the extra N200 for shaving. “Now, since cutting of hair and shaving is N300, most guys would really wait to do the two together and save that N200. Now, every little money matters to a lot of people. We are even thinking of increasing the price we charge because we spend money on fuel for generator since power supply is zero in this part of the country,” he said.

History of Venice Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions. Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo at the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore") - said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as 166 to 168AD, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the main center in the area, the current Oderzo. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568. The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, Paul's magister militum (General: literally, "Master of Soldiers"). In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The Exarch was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own leader for the first time, although the relationship of this ascent to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus would become the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the Venetian dialect development of the Latin dux ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian duce.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux and given the added title of hypatus (Greek for "Consul".) In 751 the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories as refugees sought asylum in the lagoon city. In 775/776 the episcopal seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast, and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw (810). A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast. In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition of the claimed relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. (Winged lions, visible throughout Venice, symbolise St. Mark.) The patriarchal seat also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and to eventual independence. From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world). The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power. Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St Mark's Basilica, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. Following the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete. The seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453. The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce). Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican Divine, William Bedell, are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V. Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians. The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era. Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II, he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch Republic followed them. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies. The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577. In three years, the plague killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens. Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth; while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center. The Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city. Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848–1849, a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy. During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations there in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage done to the city itself. However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed. On 29 April 1945, New Zealand troops under Freyberg of the Eighth army reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands. The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on plates of Istrian limestone placed on top of the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a much harder layer of compressed clay. Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on the surface. Most of these piles were made from trunks of alder trees, a wood noted for its water resistance. The alder came from the westernmost part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the barren land of the Kras region), in two regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro. Leonid Grigoriev has stated that Russian larch was imported to build some of Venice's foundations. Larch is also used in the production of Venice turpentine. The city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries. During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable. Some sources state that the city is no longer sinking, but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2016.

Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador, South America, separated in 1886 from the Vicariate Apostolic of Napo, until then administered by the Jesuits, and since 3 Feb., 1893, one of the four missionary vicariates created by the concordat of Leo XIII with Ecuador (Battandier). This vicariate is now in charge of the Dominicans, who sent thither the first missionaries shortly after the Spanish conquest; it is not subject to Propaganda, but to the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. The vicariate is bounded on the west by the province of Chimborazo and the River Morona, on the south by the Amazon (Marañon), on the east by the Tigre, and on the north by the Curaray; the entire territory is divided lengthwise by the Pastaza. The city of Canelos is situated in the foothills of the Andes, not far from the sources of the Bobonaza, and takes its name (identical with that of a very ferocious tribe of Indians) from the cinnamon plant which grows very abundantly in these regions. It dates from the first period of the Spanish conquest, but was often destroyed by the savages. The city of Macas lies farther south on the Upano, and was once a centre of great wealth, owing to the neighbouring gold mines; it was known as Sevilla del Oro, or "Golden Seville". Owing to the attacks of the savages it became necessary to abandon these mines, whereupon Macas fell into decay. The Indians who dwell in this vast vicariate are partly Christians (a remnant of the converts made by the earlier missionaries) and partly pagan. Robust and intelligent, but passionately devoted to their freedom, they are very widely scattered, and the tribes are frequently at war with one another. The missionaries gather the orphans of the Indians killed in these wars and instruct them in various trades and industries; in this way they have established a fairly large number of Christian settlements. Other important cities of the vicariate are Mendoza and Gualaquiza. Canelos is also the name of the river that flows through the territory of the Canelos Indians. The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online

A Practitioner’s Guide to Responding to COVID-19 Series: Predicting the Impact of COVID-19 on Out-of-School Learning Loss A Practitioner’s Guide to Responding to COVID-19 Series: Guides and Tools for State and Local School Administrators A Practitioner’s Guide to Responding to COVID-19 Series: Successful Initiatives that Offset Out-of-School Learning Loss A Practitioner’s Guide to Responding to COVID-19 Series: The Impacts of Extended Learning Programs on Academic Achievement Structured Literacy and Typical Literacy Practices: Understanding Differences to Create Instructional Opportunities This document is part of a snapshot series developed by the Center on Great Teachers and Leaders. This snapshot suggests that improving access to high quality educators for disadvantaged students in low performing school districts will aid in closing the achievement gap. This document briefly addresses the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) definition of “evidence-based” and provides a figure to illustrate the ESSA levels of evidence. The evidence-based strategy of mentoring and induction is presented as a program that has been utilized to address equity gaps along with a description of evidence-based mentoring and induction practices and structures. The document provides a summary of recent evidence on mentoring and induction, including its effectiveness in improving new teacher performance and retention. The research provides a rationale for state leaders to support high quality mentoring and induction programs. This snapshot also provides specific areas where more research is needed to determine how mentoring and induction programs effect disadvantaged students and schools. U.S. Department of Education

Children's Drama Project - Bring the stories and relevance of the Anza Expedition to life through three plays designed for the 3rd and 4th grade. Download scripts as well as instructions for music, costumes, and props. Did You Know? Lt. Colonel Juan Bautista de Anza was one of the first Spaniards to visit the Casa Grande ruins in modern day Arizona in 1775. He had his priest, Father Pedro Font, measure its dimensions with a lance, and then use an astronomical quadrant to fix its astronomical position. More...

Here's the new trailer for Transformers 2 we showed you yesterday, except now it's in high-resolution, upping the general ass-kickery. Check out the robogasmic goodness below. UPDATE: Now with 58-shot 1080P screen preview we were given yesterday certainly didn't do this new trailers cut any justice, but as you can see now, this newest incarnation of everybody's favorite Hasbro-toy line come-to-life is looking better and better everyday. Hell it's even making us feel smarter. If this doesn't sell you on the idea of padding Michael Bay's pockets then he might as well...well, he might as well just give us another Transformers movie after this one. So long as he gives us more of our favorite character. [via traileraddict, TFW2005]

Take this quiz to test your knowledge of Dr. Kaku's physics lecture. Find the answer key at the bottom, as well as an additional quiz on the assigned reading! (1.) What does Einstein’s famous e=mc^2 equation explain that standard Newtonian physics cannot? - (A.) Einstein’s mathematics are able to handle the physics necessary to launching satellites and space ships, which are too complicated and dependent on relativity for Newtonian physics to handle. - (B.) Einstein’s mathematics are necessary in order to understand the strong and weak nuclear forces, particularly as applied to the energy production within stars and the existence of supernovas and dwarf stars. - (C.) Einstein’s mathematics explain the behavior of matter as it nears the center of black holes and in the seconds immediately following the Big Bang, situations in which Newtonian mathematics break down. - (D.) Einstein’s mathematics correct basic errors that were imbedded in Newtonian physics, and allow for complicated 20th century technology like computers, radar, and nuclear energy. (2.) In the pre-Enlightenment Aristotelian world-view, why did objects fall to the ground and why did objects in motion slow down? - (A.) According to Aristotle, objects fell to the ground because they were heavier than air, and objects in motion slowed to a stop because they ran out of energy. - (B.) According to Aristotle, objects fell to the ground out of a desire to be reunited with the earth, and objects in motion slowed down because they became tired. - (C.) According to Aristotle, objects fell to the ground because they were pushed back by the gods, and objects in motion slowed down because they became tired. - (D.) According to Aristotle, objects fell to the ground because they were pulled back by gravity, and objects in motion slowed to a stop because of inertia. (3.) How did Halley’s Comet shape the course of Western history according to Kaku’s history? - (A.) Halley’s Comet fascinated the ancient Greeks, leading to the invention of astronomy, which influenced scientists throughout the middle ages and helped develop algebra. Isaac Newton saw the comet in 1604, which led to the invention of calculus. - (B.) Halley’s Comet frightened invading Norman troops during the Battle of Hastings, and allowed the existing monarchy to defeat the invaders, securing the British state for the rest of the millennium. Isaac Newton later saw the comet in 1604, and was inspired to seek Edward Halley’s help in developing calculus. - (C.) Halley’s Comet inspired the monarchy to introduce the Magna Carta as a gift from God, and the development of democracy allowed science to flourish and universities to be established. Isaac Newton, studying at one of these universities, saw the comet in 1604 and it inspired him to prove that the Earth revolved around the sun. - (D.) Halley’s Comet appeared over the Battle of Hastings, frightening troops, and allowing the Normans to take over England, establishing the modern monarchy. In 1604, the comet appeared again, and led Edward Halley to meet Isaac Newton and publish Newton’s Principia. (4.) How did Isaac Newton’s Principia revolutionize science and industry? - (A.) The mathematics for measuring and predicting the behavior of heavenly objects created a huge stir in society, finally toppling the last vestiges of geocentricism. Once scientists and mathematicians finally accepted this model of the cosmos, it led to a renaissance of free scientific inquiry and the invention of many industrial processes. - (B.) The laws of motion outlined in Newton’s Principia allowed for the creation of precise machinery that could operate under stable scientific parameters created by calculus equations. By 1800, this systemization of mechanics allowed for a giant leap in production, leading to the Industrial Revolution. - (C.) The laws of motion outlined in Newton’s Principia overturned Aristotelian notions of why objects fell and why objects in motion slowed. Transportation infrastructure was completely reworked in light of this knowledge, and the economy flourished, and scientific ideas spread more rapidly across Europe. - (D.) The concept of gravity, as outlined in Newton’s Principia and described by calculus, allowed for the production of much more accurate cannons and mortars by the English army, allowing them to dominate European conflicts for centuries, accumulating wealth and absorbing the scientific knowledge of defeated nations. (5.) According to Faraday’s law, how is electrical current generated? - (A.) A moving metal wire in a magnetic field has its electrons pushed, creating an electrical current. - (B.) A moving metal wire in a magnetic field “steals” extra electrons from the magnet, and the excess electrons in the wire are what constitute electricity. - (C.) The friction created when a magnet “pulls” on a moving metal wire is diverted into a coil, and this process generates electrical current. - (D.) When a moving metal wire is placed in a magnetic field, electrons are stripped from the wire, breaking atomic bonds. The energy released from breaking electrons from the wire travels along a circuit and constitutes electrical current. (6.) What did James Clerk Maxwell discover about the nature of light? - (A.) Maxwell calculated the velocity of the electromagnetic wave, and realized that it varied depending on how strong the magnetic or electric fields were; therefore light must also vary in speed depending on the intensity of the energy source. - (B.) Maxwell calculated the velocity of the electromagnetic wave, and realized that it was much slower than the speed of light; therefore light is a separate force from electromagnetism. - (C.) Maxwell calculated the velocity of the electromagnetic wave, and realized it matched the speed of light; therefore all electromagnetism is actually created by light from energy from the sun. - (D.) Maxwell calculated the velocity of the electromagnetic wave, and realized it matched the speed of light; therefore light is actually an electromagnetic wave. (7.) What does the Standard Model describe? - (A.) The Standard Model fuses Newtonian mathematics with Einstein’s theory of relativity to produce the most accurate mathematical framework of physics that scientists have yet assembled. - (B.) The Standard Model seeks to make sense of all observable physical phenomena by positing a theoretical framework for how unobservable phenomena must operate. - (C.) The Standard Model is the most accurate current conception of the structure of the universe, which arranges all know sub-atomic particles into a coherent framework. - (D.) The Standard Model maps out the theoretical structure of the 10-dimensions posited by advanced theories of physics like String Theory. (8.) How do stars generate energy? - (A.) Stars generate energy through radioactive decay and fission governed by the nuclear forces and explained by the e=mc^2 equation. - (B.) Stars generate energy by constantly creating electromagnetic waves from the interplay of intense heat and a super-strong gravity field. - (C.) Stars generate energy by burning through their energy cores, much in the same way that a fire creates energy by burning through wood. - (D.) Stars generate energy by radiating heat outward from its giant mass of molten lava. (9.) How does String Theory complete our understanding of the physical forces of the universe? - (A.) String Theory lays out a theoretical framework in which all matter in the universe is connected to electromagnetic waves through subatomic strings, which allow mass to transform into energy, and vice versa. - (B.) String Theory provides a mathematical equation that unifies all of the forces of the universe when they break down in the milliseconds after the Big Bang and inside of black holes. - (C.) String Theory postulates that all matter in the universe derives mass from undiscovered graviton particles, which fill in blank spots in the Standard Model and explain dark energy. - (D.) String Theory posits that all matter exists on the smallest level as attached to “strings” vibrating with ultra-high frequency energy. All different kinds of matter are created by different frequencies of vibration. (10.) How does the Big Bang factor into String Theory and the theory of the multiverse? - (A.) According to the String Theory model, there are many universes existing on a higher dimensional plane. Like stars, these universes form, collapse, or explode. The Big Bang that created our universe was either an explosion of a collapsing universe or the birth of a new one. - (B.) According to the String Theory model, there are infinite universes existing on a higher dimensional plane. When these universes collide they combine into one, and likewise a universe can fission into separate universes. The Big Bang was the result of a collision of universes on a higher dimensional plane. - (C.) According to the String Theory model, there are many different dimensions on a higher plane contending to occupy three-dimensional space, like multiple people trying to squeeze out a door. When a new dimension pushes through, a Big Bang happens, and a universe is created anew. - (D.) According to the String Theory model, the Big Bang occurred after the collapse of the universe, much like the collapse of a star can trigger a supernova. There are many other universes on a higher dimensional plane, but they all exist in isolation, exploding and collapsing on giant time scales. Answer Key: (1.) C, (2.) B, (3.) D, (4.) B, (5.) A, (6.) C, (7.) C, (8.) A, (9.) D, (10.) B This quiz is based on: Course Pack: Michio Kaku, Hyperspace. (Chapters 1 - 2) - (1.) Which of the following statements best explains Kaku’s carp metaphor? - (A.) The carp in the pond are able to swim through three-dimensional space freely, while humans are restricted to horizontal movement; once humans understand higher dimensions, we will be freed to move through space-time like carp through water. - (B.) The carp in the pond are similar to our pre-human ancestors, given their lack of cognitive ability to understand the world around them. - (C.) Like the carp in the pond, humans can be scooped up by extraterrestrials, and once dumped back on Earth no one believes the stories of the abductees. - (D.) The carp take for granted that the entire world consists of their small pond, and all observable phenomena created by the surface world must be explained by abstract forces. (2.) Why does the fact that light is a wave lead to higher-dimensional theory? - (A.) It has been demonstrated that electromagnetic wavelengths match the speed of light, implying that light is an electromagnetic wave, but there is no known mechanism for how electromagnetism actually creates light. - (B.) Sound waves move through air, tectonic vibrations move through the earth, and waves of water move through water, so there must be a fourth element that exists for light to move through. - (C.) For a wave to move, something literally has to wave; there is no substance in a vacuum to wave, therefore there must exist a higher spatial dimension in which light “waves” through the vacuum of space. - (D.) While light behaves like a wave based on laboratory experiments, there is no way to actually observe this wave, leading physicists to the conclusions that the wave must exist in an invisible dimension. (3.) Which of the following descriptions best matches field theory? - (A.) Every point in space time possesses a numerical value describing the strength and direction of the four fundamental forces, which can be calculated with field equations. - (B.) Every one of the 10 dimensions postulated by hyperspace theory has its own “field,” in which the equations that govern the four fundamental forces are unique; field theory seeks to unify the equations from all 10 fields. - (C.) Light must move through some kind of substance in order to exhibit the wave-like properties that have been observed in labs; this substance is known as a “field” and remains theoretical. - (D.) During the Big Bang a super-powerful field was created that continues to push matter outward in the known universe, accounting for the expansion of space and the eventual heat death of the universe. (4.) Which of the following statements best describes Riemann’s conceptual breakthrough in science and mathematics? - (A.) The Pythagorean Theorem was applicable to both two- and three-dimensional objects composed of flat surfaces, but failed when applied to curved objects; Reimann discovered how to apply the theorem to curved surfaces. - (B.) What were previously thought of as arbitrary but real “forces” became explainable as the result of the geometry of a higher spatial dimension; our three-dimensional world is actually a “flat” surface crumpled into a fourth dimension we cannot observe. - (C.) Reimann’s experiments involving electricity convinced him that light and electromagnetism were resultant from the same force; using his mathematical prowess, Reimann discovered equations that showed light and electromagnetism to be the same thing. - (D.) Reimann’s background and interest in religion led him to derive mathematical concepts from Genesis that effectively disproved Euclidean geometry; the natural objects of the world did not conform to Euclid’s geometric equations, as hinted at in the Bible. (5.) Why did Reimann’s breakthroughs in mathematics fail to change the course of physics until a century later? - (A.) Reimann’s conceptualization of dimensional space relied on a thought experiment in which a two-dimensional race of beings exists on a plane, but many interlocutors pointed out that two-dimensional beings couldn't exist, because their digestive systems would split their bodies into pieces. - (B.) Reimann’s mathematics were proved beyond a doubt, but the mainstream of science and mathematics in Europe at the time refused to accept that Euclid was outmoded, and considered the concept of a fourth spatial dimension to be heretical. - (C.) While Reimann’s mathematics deconstructed Euclidean geometry, Reimann did not have the field equations or a physical principal that would make his work applicable to applied science. - (D.) The concept of a fourth spatial dimension fired up the imaginations of the public, who quickly misapplied the concept to provide evidence of the supernatural. A public trial involving a ghost-whisperer caused Reimann’s ideas to become discredited for decades. Answer Key: (1.) D, (2.) C, (3.) A, (4.) B, (5.) C

<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Move filter field in the Network panel to the top username_0: The field to filter the request URLs within the *Network* panel should be moved to the main toolbar where it's placed for the other panels.  Sebastian <issue_comment>username_1: @username_2 PR #440 submitted :) Florent <issue_comment>username_1: @username_0 FWI, the PR has been merged :). Thanks for the report! Florent<issue_closed> <issue_comment>username_0: Hmm, now the filter field is completely gone for me. :-( Sebastian <issue_comment>username_0: The field to filter the request URLs within the *Network* panel should be moved to the main toolbar where it's placed for the other panels.  Sebastian <issue_comment>username_1: Yes, due to #441. That's not related to this fix. Florent<issue_closed> <issue_comment>username_2: Works for me, closing. Thanks! Honza

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