metadata
pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
tags:
- image-captioning
languages:
- en
license: mit
Kosmos-2: Grounding Multimodal Large Language Models to the World
This Hub repository contains a HuggingFace's transformers implementation of the original Kosmos-2 model from Microsoft.
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
import requests
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoModelForVision2Seq
model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained("microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224")
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224")
prompt = "<grounding>An image of"
url = "https://huggingface.co/microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224/resolve/main/snowman.png"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
# The original Kosmos-2 demo saves the image first then reload it. For some images, this will give slightly different image input and change the generation outputs.
image.save("new_image.jpg")
image = Image.open("new_image.jpg")
inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt")
generated_ids = model.generate(
pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"],
input_ids=inputs["input_ids"],
attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"],
image_embeds=None,
image_embeds_position_mask=inputs["image_embeds_position_mask"],
use_cache=True,
max_new_tokens=128,
)
generated_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)[0]
# Specify `cleanup_and_extract=False` in order to see the raw model generation.
processed_text = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text, cleanup_and_extract=False)
print(processed_text)
# `<grounding> An image of<phrase> a snowman</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> warming himself by<phrase> a fire</phrase><object><patch_index_0005><patch_index_0911></object>.`
# By default, the generated text is cleanup and the entities are extracted.
processed_text, entities = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text)
print(processed_text)
# `An image of a snowman warming himself by a fire.`
print(entities)
# `[('a snowman', (12, 21), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)]), ('a fire', (41, 47), [(0.171875, 0.015625, 0.484375, 0.890625)])]`
Tasks
This model is capable of performing different tasks through changing the prompts.
First, let's define a function to run a prompt.
Click to expand
import requests
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoModelForVision2Seq
model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained("microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224")
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224")
url = "https://huggingface.co/microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224/resolve/main/snowman.png"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
def run_example(prompt):
inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt")
generated_ids = model.generate(
pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"],
input_ids=inputs["input_ids"],
attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"],
image_embeds=None,
image_embeds_position_mask=inputs["image_embeds_position_mask"],
use_cache=True,
max_new_tokens=128,
)
generated_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)[0]
_processed_text = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text, cleanup_and_extract=False)
processed_text, entities = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text)
print(processed_text)
print(entities)
print(_processed_text)
Here are the tasks Kosmos-2 could perform:
Click to expand
Multimodal Grounding
• Phrase Grounding
prompt = "<grounding><phrase> a snowman</phrase>"
run_example(prompt)
# a snowman is warming himself by the fire
# [('a snowman', (0, 9), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)]), ('the fire', (32, 40), [(0.203125, 0.015625, 0.453125, 0.859375)])]
# <grounding><phrase> a snowman</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> is warming himself by<phrase> the fire</phrase><object><patch_index_0006><patch_index_0878></object>
• Referring Expression Comprehension
prompt = "<grounding><phrase> a snowman next to a fire</phrase>"
run_example(prompt)
# a snowman next to a fire
# [('a snowman next to a fire', (0, 24), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)])]
# <grounding><phrase> a snowman next to a fire</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object>
Multimodal Referring
• Referring expression generation
prompt = "<grounding><phrase> It</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> is"
run_example(prompt)
# It is snowman in a hat and scarf
# [('It', (0, 2), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)])]
# <grounding><phrase> It</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> is snowman in a hat and scarf
Perception-Language Tasks
• Grounded VQA
prompt = "<grounding> Question: What is special about this image? Answer:"
run_example(prompt)
# Question: What is special about this image? Answer: The image features a snowman sitting by a campfire in the snow.
# [('a snowman', (71, 80), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)]), ('a campfire', (92, 102), [(0.109375, 0.640625, 0.546875, 0.984375)])]
# <grounding> Question: What is special about this image? Answer: The image features<phrase> a snowman</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> sitting by<phrase> a campfire</phrase><object><patch_index_0643><patch_index_1009></object> in the snow.
• Grounded VQA with multimodal referring via bounding boxes
prompt = "<grounding> Question: Where is<phrase> the fire</phrase><object><patch_index_0005><patch_index_0911></object> next to? Answer:"
run_example(prompt)
# Question: Where is the fire next to? Answer: Near the snowman.
# [('the fire', (19, 27), [(0.171875, 0.015625, 0.484375, 0.890625)]), ('the snowman', (50, 61), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)])]
# <grounding> Question: Where is<phrase> the fire</phrase><object><patch_index_0005><patch_index_0911></object> next to? Answer: Near<phrase> the snowman</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object>.
Grounded Image captioning
• Brief
prompt = "<grounding> An image of"
run_example(prompt)
# An image of a snowman warming himself by a campfire.
# [('a snowman', (12, 21), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)]), ('a campfire', (41, 51), [(0.109375, 0.640625, 0.546875, 0.984375)])]
# <grounding> An image of<phrase> a snowman</phrase><object><patch_index_0044><patch_index_0863></object> warming himself by<phrase> a campfire</phrase><object><patch_index_0643><patch_index_1009></object>.
• Detailed
prompt = "<grounding> Describe this image in detail:"
run_example(prompt)
# Describe this image in detail: The image features a snowman sitting by a campfire in the snow. He is wearing a hat, scarf, and gloves, with a pot nearby and a cup nearby. The snowman appears to be enjoying the warmth of the fire, and it appears to have a warm and cozy atmosphere.
# [('a campfire', (71, 81), [(0.171875, 0.015625, 0.484375, 0.984375)]), ('a hat', (109, 114), [(0.515625, 0.046875, 0.828125, 0.234375)]), ('scarf', (116, 121), [(0.515625, 0.234375, 0.890625, 0.578125)]), ('gloves', (127, 133), [(0.515625, 0.390625, 0.640625, 0.515625)]), ('a pot', (140, 145), [(0.078125, 0.609375, 0.265625, 0.859375)]), ('a cup', (157, 162), [(0.890625, 0.765625, 0.984375, 0.984375)])]
# <grounding> Describe this image in detail: The image features a snowman sitting by<phrase> a campfire</phrase><object><patch_index_0005><patch_index_1007></object> in the snow. He is wearing<phrase> a hat</phrase><object><patch_index_0048><patch_index_0250></object>,<phrase> scarf</phrase><object><patch_index_0240><patch_index_0604></object>, and<phrase> gloves</phrase><object><patch_index_0400><patch_index_0532></object>, with<phrase> a pot</phrase><object><patch_index_0610><patch_index_0872></object> nearby and<phrase> a cup</phrase><object><patch_index_0796><patch_index_1023></object> nearby. The snowman appears to be enjoying the warmth of the fire, and it appears to have a warm and cozy atmosphere.
Draw the bounding bboxes of the entities on the image
Once you have the entities, you can use the following helper function to draw their bounding bboxes on the image:
Click to expand
import cv2
import numpy as np
import os
import requests
import torch
import torchvision.transforms as T
from PIL import Image
def is_overlapping(rect1, rect2):
x1, y1, x2, y2 = rect1
x3, y3, x4, y4 = rect2
return not (x2 < x3 or x1 > x4 or y2 < y3 or y1 > y4)
def draw_entity_boxes_on_image(image, entities, show=False, save_path=None):
"""_summary_
Args:
image (_type_): image or image path
collect_entity_location (_type_): _description_
"""
if isinstance(image, Image.Image):
image_h = image.height
image_w = image.width
image = np.array(image)[:, :, [2, 1, 0]]
elif isinstance(image, str):
if os.path.exists(image):
pil_img = Image.open(image).convert("RGB")
image = np.array(pil_img)[:, :, [2, 1, 0]]
image_h = pil_img.height
image_w = pil_img.width
else:
raise ValueError(f"invaild image path, {image}")
elif isinstance(image, torch.Tensor):
image_tensor = image.cpu()
reverse_norm_mean = torch.tensor([0.48145466, 0.4578275, 0.40821073])[:, None, None]
reverse_norm_std = torch.tensor([0.26862954, 0.26130258, 0.27577711])[:, None, None]
image_tensor = image_tensor * reverse_norm_std + reverse_norm_mean
pil_img = T.ToPILImage()(image_tensor)
image_h = pil_img.height
image_w = pil_img.width
image = np.array(pil_img)[:, :, [2, 1, 0]]
else:
raise ValueError(f"invaild image format, {type(image)} for {image}")
if len(entities) == 0:
return image
new_image = image.copy()
previous_bboxes = []
# size of text
text_size = 1
# thickness of text
text_line = 1 # int(max(1 * min(image_h, image_w) / 512, 1))
box_line = 3
(c_width, text_height), _ = cv2.getTextSize("F", cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, text_size, text_line)
base_height = int(text_height * 0.675)
text_offset_original = text_height - base_height
text_spaces = 3
for entity_name, (start, end), bboxes in entities:
for (x1_norm, y1_norm, x2_norm, y2_norm) in bboxes:
orig_x1, orig_y1, orig_x2, orig_y2 = int(x1_norm * image_w), int(y1_norm * image_h), int(x2_norm * image_w), int(y2_norm * image_h)
# draw bbox
# random color
color = tuple(np.random.randint(0, 255, size=3).tolist())
new_image = cv2.rectangle(new_image, (orig_x1, orig_y1), (orig_x2, orig_y2), color, box_line)
l_o, r_o = box_line // 2 + box_line % 2, box_line // 2 + box_line % 2 + 1
x1 = orig_x1 - l_o
y1 = orig_y1 - l_o
if y1 < text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces:
y1 = orig_y1 + r_o + text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces
x1 = orig_x1 + r_o
# add text background
(text_width, text_height), _ = cv2.getTextSize(f" {entity_name}", cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, text_size, text_line)
text_bg_x1, text_bg_y1, text_bg_x2, text_bg_y2 = x1, y1 - (text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces), x1 + text_width, y1
for prev_bbox in previous_bboxes:
while is_overlapping((text_bg_x1, text_bg_y1, text_bg_x2, text_bg_y2), prev_bbox):
text_bg_y1 += (text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces)
text_bg_y2 += (text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces)
y1 += (text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces)
if text_bg_y2 >= image_h:
text_bg_y1 = max(0, image_h - (text_height + text_offset_original + 2 * text_spaces))
text_bg_y2 = image_h
y1 = image_h
break
alpha = 0.5
for i in range(text_bg_y1, text_bg_y2):
for j in range(text_bg_x1, text_bg_x2):
if i < image_h and j < image_w:
if j < text_bg_x1 + 1.35 * c_width:
# original color
bg_color = color
else:
# white
bg_color = [255, 255, 255]
new_image[i, j] = (alpha * new_image[i, j] + (1 - alpha) * np.array(bg_color)).astype(np.uint8)
cv2.putText(
new_image, f" {entity_name}", (x1, y1 - text_offset_original - 1 * text_spaces), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, text_size, (0, 0, 0), text_line, cv2.LINE_AA
)
# previous_locations.append((x1, y1))
previous_bboxes.append((text_bg_x1, text_bg_y1, text_bg_x2, text_bg_y2))
pil_image = Image.fromarray(new_image[:, :, [2, 1, 0]])
if save_path:
pil_image.save(save_path)
if show:
pil_image.show()
return new_image
# (The same image from the previous code example)
url = "https://huggingface.co/microsoft/kosmos-2-patch14-224/resolve/main/snowman.png"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
# From the previous code example
entities = [('a snowman', (12, 21), [(0.390625, 0.046875, 0.984375, 0.828125)]), ('a fire', (41, 47), [(0.171875, 0.015625, 0.484375, 0.890625)])]
# Draw the bounding bboxes
draw_entity_boxes_on_image(image, entities, show=True)
Here is the annotated image:
BibTex and citation info
@article{kosmos-2,
title={Kosmos-2: Grounding Multimodal Large Language Models to the World},
author={Zhiliang Peng and Wenhui Wang and Li Dong and Yaru Hao and Shaohan Huang and Shuming Ma and Furu Wei},
journal={ArXiv},
year={2023},
volume={abs/2306}
}
@article{kosmos-1,
title={Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Models},
author={Shaohan Huang and Li Dong and Wenhui Wang and Yaru Hao and Saksham Singhal and Shuming Ma and Tengchao Lv and Lei Cui and Owais Khan Mohammed and Qiang Liu and Kriti Aggarwal and Zewen Chi and Johan Bjorck and Vishrav Chaudhary and Subhojit Som and Xia Song and Furu Wei},
journal={ArXiv},
year={2023},
volume={abs/2302.14045}
}
@article{metalm,
title={Language Models are General-Purpose Interfaces},
author={Yaru Hao and Haoyu Song and Li Dong and Shaohan Huang and Zewen Chi and Wenhui Wang and Shuming Ma and Furu Wei},
journal={ArXiv},
year={2022},
volume={abs/2206.06336}
}