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markdown	715800	# Presentation: 715800 ## Session C-29 _Program Compliance 101_ - An Inside Look at the Operations of the School Participation Teams - Douglas Parrott - Geneva Leon - U.S. Department of Education - Las - Vegas ## Program Compliance Office, FSAVictoria Edwards, Chief Compliance Officer Program Compliance Office, FSAVictoria Edwards, Chief Compliance Officer - School eligibility - Financial institutions oversight - Integrated partner management - Administrative actions & appeals - Performance improvement & procedures Notes: The Program Compliance office is within the Federal Student Aid at the U.S. Department of Education. The primary focus is providing integrated oversight and management improvement services to participating entities. This includes monitoring activity to determine whether entities meet regulatory requirements for eligibility, administrative capability, and financial responsibility. The office is divided into 5 primary areas: School Eligibility (Schools eligibility & oversight & is the focus of this discussion) Financial Institutions Oversight – (Lenders, GA, Servicers) Integrated Partner Management-(Provide IT support) Administrative Actions & Appeals (Handles Subpart G, Subpart H & other appeals) Performance Improvement & Procedures (Provides expert functional & procedures support) ## Domestic Schools & Funding By Type Domestic Schools & Funding By Type Proprietary 1,836 27.7% Public 1,944 29.3% Priv. Non Profit 2,012 30.3% Public $37.2B 48.6% Proprietary $13.3B 17.4% Priv. Non Profit $25.4B 33% ## 2007 Foreign School Population (FFEL Only) 20,624 Students $525 M 1.0% Default Rate - 20,624 Students - $525 M - 1.0% Default Rate \| Loan Volume \| Eligible Schools \| \| 2007 Funding \| % of Funds \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| $500,000 + \| 93 \| 19.3% \| $473,848,671 \| 90.3% \| \| $100,000 – 499,999 \| 168 \| 34.85% \| $ 42,606,192 \| 8.1% \| \| $1 – 99,999 \| 173 \| 35.9% \| $ 8,441,800 \| 1.6% \| \| None \| 48 \| 9.95% \| -- \| -- \| \| TOTALS \| 482 \| 100% \| $ 524,896,663 \| 100% \| School Eligibility - Foreign Schools Update Notes: Insert (x% of federal student loans) ## School Elig: Ensuring Program Integrity Program Review Eligibility & Recertification Comprehensive Compliance Review Method of Payment Notes: What we will cover in this presentation: Comprehensive Compliance Review Recertification (full or provisional): Revocation & Denials New schools on 1 year provisional Change of ownership on provisional up to 3 years Annual financial statements Annual compliance audits Program reviews Method of Payment ## Comprehensive Compliance - Eligibility Reviews (e.g., Recertifications, CIOs) - Compliance Audits with Deficiencies - Financial Statements that Do Not Conform - Statistical Analysis of School or Student Data - Program Review Comprehensive Compliance Review-CCR ## CCR: School Oversight \| OVERSIGHT ACTIVITIES \| FY07 \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Comprehensive Compliance Review \| 3,498 (56%) \| \| Eligibility and Re-certification \| 1,874* \| \| Deficient Audit \| 1,457* \| \| Flagged Financial Statements \| 1,351* \| \| Completed Merger/CIO \| 129* \| \| Program Reviews \| 99* \| CCR: School Oversight - * A school may be counted in 1 or more of these activities Notes: Of the 6,145 school’s that were eligible to participate in FY 2007, 56% (or 3,498) were given a comprehensive compliance review. Total funding of all schools was $72.7 Billion; CCR covered $43.7 Billion (or 60.1%) Fewer Program Reviews conducted because staff were redirected on internal office and system improvements. FY08 will should a significant increase (closer to 200) ## Perform statistical analysis of student & school data Identify data anomalies & develop action plan Take follow-up actions & evaluate Examples Dependency Override Verification AGI Inconsistencies Recipients over age 65 - Identify data anomalies & develop action plan - Take follow-up actions & evaluate - Examples - Dependency Override - Verification - AGI Inconsistencies - Recipients over age 65 CCR: * *Data Anomalies ## Eligibility & Recertification(Begins w/E-App) - Perform Acceptability Review - Review Electronic File & Supporting Documentation, Request Add’l Information - Analyze Information Submitted & Verify w/ Accreditor and State - Confirm School’s Policies Meet Requirements - Examine the School’s Website for Additional Information ## www.eligcert.ed.gov www.eligcert.ed.gov Notes: This is the www.eligcert.ed.gov website that enables you to: Check the Status of your Application Display your PPA/ECAR - Once FSA’s review completed, e-mail sent to school informing PPAs are Available School reviews/prints/signs PPA Returns 2 PPAs to ED for final approval ED mails signed PPA ## Changes that require 10 day notification only thru E-App: - Name, Address, Phone, Fax - Principals: - President, CEO, CFO, FAA, Board - Owners who can influence - 3rd Party servicers - Academic Measurement - Closure of a Location - Change in Governance - New Locations* - New Programs* - unless required to “apply for” & wait for approval Notes:* We want to remind schools that the following institutional changes require reporting within 10 days of the change. The institution is not required to seek approval of these changes, but must submit them through the E-App process. New Locations, if not provisionally certified, on cash monitoring, did not acquired assets of another school, are not subject to default rate sanction, and not otherwise restricted by FSA New Educational Programs that are the same or similar vocation or same or lower degree. ## Eligibility Changes Requiring Application & Approval Prior to Awarding Title IV Funds - New Educational Programs - Higher Level Offerings, New Vocational Programs, Short-term Programs - New Locations, if - Provisionally Certified, On Cash Monitoring, Acquired Assets of Another School, Subject to Default Rate Sanction, or Otherwise Restricted by FSA - Changes in Accreditation, Licensure, Structure - Adding New Title IV Programs Notes: Not appropriately applying and waiting for approval to participate under these conditions can result in a liability being assessed for any Title IV Funds disbursed. We want to highlight with area of updates particularly to help you avoid these errors and the potential liability associated with them. ## School Eligibility - Oversight Activities \| Action \| # Schools (FY07) \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Revocation \| 1 \| \| Denial (Initial, Recert, CIO) \| 25 \| \| Voluntary Withdrawal \| 20 \| \| Loss of Elig (Other) \| 68 \| School Eligibility - Oversight Activities \| Action \| # Schools (FY07) \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Provisional Certification \| 1,253 \| \| Heightened Cash Monitoring \| 438 \| \| Letter of Credit (LOC) \| 454 \| ## Provisional Reasons - Late Submission of Audits, E-App - Unresolved Program Review or Audit Significant Findings - Provisional Alternative-Letter of Credit - Deficiencies in Administrative Capability - Cohort Default Rates Exceeding Thresholds - Restrictions Imposed by Accreditor & State ## Provides Instant Audit Info Identifies Overdue Audits Streamlined FSA Review Process Non-editable PDF file (official record) Retained & Used to Validate Data Add’l Changes to Reduce Reporting Burden Ez-Audit System - _[https://ezaudit.ed.gov/EZWebApp/common/login.jsp](https://ezaudit.ed.gov/EZWebApp/common/login.jsp)_ - Provides Instant Audit Info - Identifies Overdue Audits - Streamlined FSA Review Process - Non-editable PDF file (official record) Retained & Used to Validate Data - Add’l Changes to Reduce Reporting Burden Notes: EzAudit Strengthened Internal Financial Management & Controls Streamlined FSA review process (assignment, resolution, approval) ## Acceptability Review Process - Audits Reviewed for Acceptability & Completeness (Source document is compared to data entered) - Incomplete Notice Posted to the eZ-Audit if not Accepted (return within timeline provided) - Findings are Identified & Sent for Additional Resolution if Necessary - Financial Failures & Adverse Disclosures (i.e. Contingent Liabilities, Debt Agreement Violations, Reviews & Investigations) Identified & Sent for Resolution Notes: Audits need to be GAAP/GAGAS or A-133 for Public schools and private non-profits with over $500,000 in Federal funds. Note that many schools try to be treated below the $500,000 threshold because they disbursed under $500,000 in Title IV funds, but many times they receive other federal funds and cross the threshold, as a result they are required to submit a complete A-133 audit. Financial .PDF Attachments Viewable Institution entered the correct audit period Confirm the auditor report opinion (Unqualified, Qualified, Adverse, Disclaimed, Going Concern Paragraph) Unqualified is good-no issues, “clean opinion”. Qualified (Includes some type of exception can be a single deviation from GAAP or Scope limitation (sample Inventory not tested) Adverse Opinion - auditor indicating that a company's financial statements are misrepresented, misstated, and do not accurately reflect its financial performance and health. Adverse opinion it implies wrongdoing. For A-133 schools, opinion could be on anything the auditor is reviewing - not limited to Title IV issues Verify line items in composite score. ## Financial Responsibility Financial Responsibility - ED Determines by Reviewing Audited Financial Statements (34 CFR §668.171 & 34 CFR §668.15) for the Following: - With an Initial, Recertification, or Reinstate Application to Participate - With a CIO/Merger Application - Annually Submitted Audited Financial Statements Notes: Primary review of financials are required for initial applications, change in ownership, and flagged annual financial statements. ## Review Zone Reporting Requirements Administer Letters of Credit Release Institutions from Zone, Provisional & LOC Alternatives Assess Violations of Debt Payment, Financial Obligation & Past Performance Standards Perform Pre-Acquisition Review for CIO Make Quality Control Referrals to OIG - Review Zone Reporting Requirements - Administer Letters of Credit - Release Institutions from Zone, Provisional & LOC Alternatives - Assess Violations of Debt Payment, Financial Obligation & Past Performance Standards - Perform Pre-Acquisition Review for CIO - Make Quality Control Referrals to OIG Notes: Method of payment changes for failing financials. FA’s have to reconcile LOC’s. Currently a manual process because of two recording systems and they do not always match. We rarely get Zone reports from schools and most of the times there is nothing we can do with the information. Example: Owner takes out money. FYE are routine following change in ownership so that the FYE matches the new owners, but when a school tries to change to a new fiscal year to beat the system then we have a problems. Example would be a school submitting late audits tries to switch to new fiscal year end to get a better composite score. No regulatory basis to prevent a C-Corp from changing FYE, but an S-Corp has to have a 12/31 FYE. ## Letters of Credit Letters of Credit - New Institutions minimum 50% LOC only - Participating Institutions – - 10% LOC (minimum), Provisional Certification, Zone Reporting Requirements, HCM-1 or HCM-2 or - 50% LOC (minimum) Considered Financially Responsible - FY 2007: 454 Schools on LOC’s ($298.5 M) Notes: 50% LOC provision is included in the PPA if school is undergoing a recertification. ## Integrated Partner Mgmt (IPM) - (Phase I: E-App, Ez-Audit, Lender App) - User Interface w/ Additional Help Features - Easier Navigation & Single Entry Point for FSA Service - Increased Partner Security Using a Unique Entity Identifier (Routing Identifier or RID) - Proactive Communications w/Partners, Notifying in Advance When Submissions/Information- Due to FSA - More Electronic Information & Electronic Signatures (App & PPA) Notes: We decreased the # of data entry items in Ezaudit to reduce reporting burden. In the Future IPM will replace current electronic Application (eAPP), eZ-Audit, and Lender Application (LAP) features and will modernize the way Partners (such as Institutions, Lenders, and Guaranty Agencies) submit their eligibility application to participate in Title IV funding, maintain this eligibility, enroll for services and submit their Financial Statements and Compliance Audit data. The main benefits of the IPM solution include: a consistent user interface with additional help features, easier navigation through Application and Submission questions, a single entry point for signing up for the services provided by Federal Student Aid. increased Partner security using a unique entity identifier (Routing Identifier or RID), proactive communications with Partners, notifying in advance of when submissions or information is due to FSA, and information between Partners and FSA will be electronic to IPM, thus reducing the risk of lost paper applications or documents (App & PPA). We will keep partners informed about important cutover information from the current legacy systems to IPM. ## External Review Process - Audits (Annual & OIG) - Program Reviews (ED & GA) Purpose of External Reviews - Evaluate if Institutions are Properly Administering Title IV Programs - Fulfill Oversight Responsibilities for Title IV Programs Notes: School Participation Teams have several tools to monitor Program Integrity. Audits and Program Reviews are 2 such tools and are used to measure an institution compliance with Title IV requirements. Institutions that receive funds from the Federal Student Aid Programs must submit an annual audit to the Department. For Profit-A certified independent public accountant (IPA) must prepare the non-federal compliance and financial audit using the SFA Audit Guide posted by OIG. Public/NonProfit-A independent public accountant or state auditor prepares the audit under the Single Audit Act-OMB Circular A-133. These audits are submitted through Ezaudit and those with deficiencies are resolved by the School Participation Teams. ED’s OIG may also conduct an audit of selected schools, which cover cash management, institutional and student eligibility, and/or associated internal controls. SPTs also resolved these audits. Program Reviews are mandated by law with priority given to high default issues; significant funding fluctuations, deficiencies noted by State licensing or Accreditor, high dropout rates, or any other issue that may pose a significant risk or failure to comply with Title IV requirements. The overall purpose of external reviews is to evaluate if an institution is properly administering Title IV programs; and to fulfill ED’s oversight responsibilities, which includes requiring corrective actions and assessing liabilities for errors in performance. ## Audit Resolution Process - ED Performs Acceptability Review - Teams Perform Further Analysis of Compliance Audits w/Deficiencies & CCR - Teams can Contact School or Auditor to Requesting or Clarify Information (may include a total file review) - Teams issue a Final Audit Determination Letter Notes: Talk about Liabilities under Program Review – process is the same ## Audit – Finding Incorrect - Ask Auditor which Regulation or Law was Violated & Discuss a Reasonable Resolution - Indicate in CAP Reasons Why the Finding is Erroneous - Necessary for Audit Resolution Process - Provide Details to Support Position & Cite Regulation or Law in Support of Assertion Notes: If an institution feels the finding the auditor has cited is incorrect, it should ask the auditor to identify the exact regulation or law that has been violated and then discuss a reasonable resolution. The institution should then indicate in its Corrective Action Plan the reasons it disagrees with the auditor’s conclusions and provide a detailed reason(s) the auditor’s exception is incorrect. This information will be reviewed along with the auditor’s finding during the audit resolution process performed by ED. Be sure to include all regulatory or statutory citations that apply in support of your assertion. ## Audit Findings-High Dollar - R2T4 Calculation Errors, Not Made or Made Late - Audit Report Not Submitted – Closed School - Verification Violations - Attendance Records Missing/Policy Inadequate Notes: Audit Report Not Submitted – Closed School – anytime a close-out audit is not received from an institution that has closed, the institution will be assessed a liability based on all the unaudited funds received. That liability is established with our Finance Office and referred to the Department of Justice if not paid. ## Audit Findings-High Dollar (Cont.) - Account Records Inadequate/Not Reconciled - Ineligible Branch/Location - FFEL Disbursements Attributed to Unattended/ Incorrect Payment Periods - Single Delivery of FFEL Proceeds/Improper Disbursement Schedule ## Program Review ProcessAuthority 34 CFR 668.24(f) - Select School for Review - Research Available Data - Determine Type of Review (On or Off-Site; Focused, General Assessment) - Notify the Institution & Request Information - Conduct Entrance Conference & Request Student Files - School Provides Access to Records (FERPA 34 CFR 599.31, 99, 35) & FSA Performs Review ## Program Review: Critical Items - Institutional & Program Eligibility - Fiscal & FISAP Review - Financial Responsibility - Campus Security - Incentive Compensation - Borrower Choice & Lender/GA Inducements - Managing Access to ED Systems ## Program Review: Student Items - Student Eligibility - R2T4 & ATB - Credit Balances - Enrollment Status - Attendance & SAP - Verification & PJ - Dependency Overrides - Cost of Attendance - Calculations & Disbursements-Title IV Funds ## Program Review Outcomes - Conduct Exit Conferences & Provide Preliminary Findings (Optional) - Analyze Workpapers, Prepare & Issue Program Review Report (May Include Total File Review &/or Change in Method of Payment) - If Institution Disagrees w/Finding(s) It Should Provide Details to Support Position - Review Institution’s Response - Make & Send Final Determinations ## Program Review & Audit Liabilities - Must be Repaid within 45 Days of Receipt of the FPRD Unless: - Institution Makes Repayment Plan w/ED - Files an Appeal within 45 days - Appeal of Liabilities Must Include: - Findings, Issues & Facts Being Disputed - School’s Position w/ Pertinent Facts & Reasons for Position Clearly Stated - Copy of Final Audit or PR Determination Letter ## PR Findings-High Dollar - Improper/Undocumented Dependency Overrides - Pell- Ineligible Pell Disbursements - Ability to Benefit Violations - Refunds Calculation-Most Fair & Equitable Not Used - Falsification of Records Notes: These are some of the High Dollar findings we identified in FY 2007 Improper/Undocumented Dependency Overrides Pell- Ineligible Pell Disbursements Ability to Benefit Violations: Schools must properly document student file, tests must be administered by independent approved tester, tests cannot be altered or scored incorrectly, test results in student file must match those from the Independent Approved Testing Agency. Refunds Calculation-Most Fair & Equitable Not Used Falsification of Records ## PR Findings-High Dollar (cont.) - Improper Certification of FFEL - Ineligible Program-Approval Requirements Not Met - Verification Violations - Pell-Overpayment/Underpayment - Fed Perkins Prom Note-Missing, Unsigned, Inaccurate Notes: Additional high dollar findings. Improper Certification of FFEL Ineligible Program-Approval Requirements Not Met Verification Violations Pell-Overpayment/Underpayment Fed Perkins Prom Note-Missing, Unsigned, Inaccurate ## FSA Assessments - Includes Assessment Modules on Students, Schools, Managing Funds, and Policies and Procedures - _http://www.ifap.ed.gov/qahome/fsaassessment.html_ FSA Assessments ## Method of Payment - Advanced Funding – Most Schools Receive Title IV thru the Method - HCM 1–FSA Uses This Restriction Generally w/Financial Failure & Requires Additional Financial Reporting & Disbursements First - HCM 2 – More Strict Used w/Administrative Capability Concerns (Permits FSA to Sample Submission) - Reimbursement – Similar to HCM2 (No Sampling) Major Program Integrity Concerns ## Program Compliance School Eligibility Victoria Edwards, Chief Compliance Officer– DC (202) 377-4275 Robin Minor, General Manager – Wash DC (202) 377-3173 - Call the appropriate School Participation Team for information and guidance on audit resolution, financial analysis, program reviews, school and program eligibility/recertification and school closure information. _School Participation Teams – Northeast_ Geneva Leon, Director – Wash DC (202) 377-3173 geneva.leon@ed.gov _New York__/__Boston_ (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) William Swift – New York (646) 428-3750 Rosemary Torpey - Boston (617) 289-0133Elizabeth Coughlin-New York (646) 428-3737Patrice Fleming - Wash DC (202) 377-4209 _Philadelphia_ (DC, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) Nancy Gifford - Philadelphia (215) 656-6442 John Loreng – Philadelphia (215) 656-6437 Michael Frola - Wash DC (202) 377-3364 _Foreign Schools_ Barbara Hemelt - Wash DC (202) 377-3168 _School Participation Teams-South Central_ Carolyn White, Director – Wash DC (202) 377-3173 carolyn.white@ed.gov _Atlanta_ (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina) Charles Engstrom - Atlanta (404) 562-6315Christopher Miller – Atlanta (404) 562-6304 Patricia Dickerson-Wash DC (202) 377-4218 _Dallas_ (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) Patrick Kennedy - Dallas (214) 661-9490 Janet Dragoo - Dallas (214) 661-9481Clifton Knight - Wash DC (202) 377-4244 _Kansas City_ (Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Tennessee) Ralph LoBosco-Kansas City (816) 268-0410Dvak Corwin – Kansas City (816) 268-0420 Phillip Brumback-Wash DC (202) 377-3464 _School Participation Teams - Northwest_ Douglas Laine, Director – Wash DC (202) 377-3173 douglas.laine@ed.gov _Chicago_ (Illinois, MN, Ohio, Wisconsin, IN) Douglas Parrott - Chicago (312) 730-1532 David Heath – Chicago (312) 730-1522 Earl Flurkey – Chicago (312) 730-1521 _Denver_ (Colorado, Michigan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming) Harry Shriver - Denver (303) 844-3677 x116 Dan Whiting - Denver (303) 844-3677 x120 _San Francisco/Seattle_ (American Samoa, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, Palau, Marshall Islands, N. Marianas State of Micronesia, Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Wash.) Linda Henderson- San Fran (415)-486-5609 Martina Fernandez-Rosario (415)-486-5605 Dyon Toney - Wash DC (202) 377-3639 ## Handy Websites - Students Portal: _[www.studentaid.ed.gov](http://www.studentaid.ed.gov/)_ - Information for Financial Aid Professionals: _[www.ifap.ed.gov](http://www.ifap.ed.gov/)_ - School & Program Eligibility/Recertification: _[http://www.eligcert.ed.gov](http://www.eligcert.ed.gov/)_ Handy Websites ## We appreciate your feedback & comments - Douglas Parrott (312) 730-1532 - _d__[ouglas.parrott@ed.gov](mailto:ouglas.parrott@ed.gov)_ - Geneva Leon (202) 377-3173 _[geneva.leon@ed.gov](file:///../Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Local%20Settings/nancy.paula.gifford/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/OLK16/geneva.leon@ed.gov)_ *Happy Holidays!!*	en
markdown	893678	# Presentation: 893678 ## South Atlantic oceanographic and meteorological characteristics Claudia Schmid (NOAA/AOML, USA) Notes: IRD = Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ## Outline Hydrography & Water masses Circulation: surface intermediate depth THC & inter-ocean exchange Atmosphere ocean interaction & Meteorology upwelling off Africa forcing the circulation correlations South Atlantic tropical storms ## Water masses - Peterson & Withworth (1989) ## Meridional sections - 30W - 1E 27.35 27.18 27.00 Notes: Figure 8. Quasi-meridional section along approximately 30°W, obtained during SAVE 5&6. PF, STF and SAF indicate the locations of the Polar, Subtropical, and Subantarctic fronts, respectively. Upper panel: potential temperature. Lower panel: Salinity, with the thick lines representing the isopycnals. sq = 27.00, 27.18 and 27.35 kg/m3. Figure reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). Figure 9. Quasi-meridional section along approximately 1°E, obtained during the AJAX expedition. PF, STF and SAF indicate the locations of the Polar, Subtropical, and Subantarctic fronts, respectively. Upper panel: potential temperature. Lower panel: Salinity, with the thick lines representing the isopycnals. sq = 27.00, 27.18 and 27.35 kg/m3. Figure reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). ## Zonal section at about 30oS 27.35 27.18 27.00 Notes: Figure 10. Quasi-zonal section at about 30°S (WOCE line A10) in the South Atlantic obtained from the Meteor 22/5 cruise in austral autumn of 1994. The upper and lower panels show potential temperature and salinity, as in Figs 8 and 9. Reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). ## Mean zonal currents at 35oW - Schott et al (2003) - Velocities in 700-900m - EIC was defined as the westward flow under the EUC. - EDJ make it hard to derive mean currents below the EUC due to their poorly understood variability on seasonal to interannual time scales. Notes: Mean zonal current distribution across 35W from the 13 sections, with transports (in Sv = 106 m3s1) of the different current branches marked Average EIC velocities at 700–900 m depth and in latitude range 1S–1N from 12 ship sections vs. time of year and fit of annual and semiannual harmonics and their superposition; also marked are shipname and year of survey. ## Intermediate depth circulation Intermediate depth circulation - Nunez-Riboni et al. (2005) Notes: I. Nu ́n ̃ez-Riboni et al. / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 545–564 Fig. 6. Average velocities for grid shown in Fig. 4. The corresponding 63% probability error ellipses are centered on the tip of each velocity arrow. Fig. 7. Objectively mapped velociti es from float data within isoneutral layer (27.40). Grey arrows indicate eastward and black arrows Westward currents. A reference arrow of 5 cms1 is added. Fig. 8. Stream function calculatedfrom float data within isoneutral layer. Contour values are in units of transport per depth (Svkm1). ## Intermediate depth Circulation Notes: Fig. 2. Schematic of AAIW circulation in the South Atlantic (adapted from You (1999)). ## Mean currents (20d integrated trajectories) - Mean currents (20d integrated trajectories) ## Surface circulation Notes: Figure 2. Schematic representation of the circulation in the upper levels of the South Atlantic, based on Peterson and Stramma (1991) and Stramma and England (1999). ## Conveyor belt - After Broecker (1991) Notes: Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the global ocean circulation pathways, the ‘conveyor belt’ (after W. Broecker). ## THC in the South Atlantic - The compensating meridional flows - After Stramma & England (1999) NADW (>2000m) AAIW (500-1200m) SACW (100-500m) THC in the South Atlantic Notes: NADW: the DWBC transports NADW from the northern Hemisphere into the South Atlantic. AAIW: Originates in the South Atlantic from a surface region of the circumpolar layer, especially in the Northern Drake Passage and the Malvinas Current Loop. AAIW from the Indian Ocean is contributed to the South Atlantic AAIW via the Agulhas leakage. SACW: forms in the Confluence region, Part of the SACW is not subducted in the Atlantic portion of the subtropical convergence but is in fact Indian central Water brought into the Atlantic Ocean by the Agulhas Current intrusions. ## Transports (from Gordon et al., 1992) - Donners and Drijfhout (2004) T>9oC: ~63% from IO T<9oC, p>1500dbar: ~56% from IO Notes: Schematic circulation (a) from Gordon et al. (1992) in comparison with (b) the analog scheme for OCCAM. Black arrows indicate the thermocline layer (T . 98C); gray indicates the intermediate layer (T , 98C, shallower than 1500 dbar). The dashed line in (a) is the hydrographic section SAVE leg 4 used for the study of Gordon et al. The fluxes across the dashed line between the solid dots in (b) are calculated from two trajectory analyses (all mass fluxes are in Sverdrups). Underlined transports are calculated explicitly from hydrographic data; all other transports in (a) are estimated from chemical tracers and salinity. ## Transports from OCCAM - Donners and Drijfhout (2004) T>9oC: ~73% from IO T<9oC, p>1500dbar: ~69% from IO Notes: Schematic circulation (a) from Gordon et al. (1992) in comparison with (b) the analog scheme for OCCAM. Black arrows indicate the thermocline layer (T . 98C); gray indicates the intermediate layer (T , 98C, shallower than 1500 dbar). The dashed line in (a) is the hydrographic section SAVE leg 4 used for the study of Gordon et al. The fluxes across the dashed line between the solid dots in (b) are calculated from two trajectory analyses (all mass fluxes are in Sverdrups). Underlined transports are calculated explicitly from hydrographic data; all other transports in (a) are estimated from chemical tracers and salinity. Gordon et al. concluded that 60%–65% of the thermocline water in the Benguela Current originated from the Indian Ocean (Fig. 9), slightly less than in OCCAM (12.3 Sv/16.9 Sv = 73%), the other 35%–40% recirculates in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. ## Intermediate depth transports (Schmid et al., 2000) AAIW: <=45% from IO? Notes: Figure 11. Schematic representation of the AIW circulation in the South Atlantic, with transport estimates, based on Schmid et al. (2000). Three important regions for understanding the origins and pathways of the AIW in the South Atlantic are indicated (BISEC, BMC and Agulhas). ## Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Notes: If the oceanic circulation is explained by the closure of the wind stress, all WBC should have similar intensity. BC is lees that 1/3 of the Gulf Stream. Stommel(1965) suggested that this was due to the THC. BC weak and therefore the wind stress play an important role in the intensity of the BC transport. The wind stress has an annual cycle and this cycle apparently follows the pattern of southward penetration of the BC. Figure 7. The thermohaline front of the Brazil and Malvinas currents in the different seasons and the SST difference southernmost position–northernmost position. The images were provided by O. Brown and G. Podesta (RSMAS/Univ. of Miami). Eddies in the Agulhas Region - Boebel et al. (2003) Notes: RAFOS floats ## SSH movie ## Ring A - Schmid et al. (2003) ## Eddy kinetic energy (cm2/s2) Eddy kinetic energy (cm2/s2) ## Cape Cauldron Cape Cauldron ## Wind and SLP anomaly off Africa - Risien et al.(2003) - January–March 2000 falls within the protracted 1998–2001 La Nina -> high pressure anomaly in mid-latitude South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans and low pressure anomaly over southern Africa, stronger easterlies over Benguela region. Notes: Figure 1. The composite anomaly (January–March 2000) of both wind, off the coast of southern Africa, and sea level pressure (SLP) over the South Indian/South Atlantic sectors of the Southern Hemisphere, as derived from the 2.5 resolution NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set [Kalnay et al., 1996]. The contour intervals are 0.3 m s1 and 1 102 hPa, respectively. It should be noted that the period of analysis falls within the protracted 1998–2001 La Nin ̃a episode. Typically, high-pressure anomalies develop over the midlatitude South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans during La Nin ̃as with low-pressure anomalies over southern Africa [Reason et al., 2000], and hence stronger south easterlies tend to occur over the Benguela region (Figure 1). 2003JGR_01.pdf ## Upwelling regions off Africa & wind variability - Risien et al.(2003) - Lutjeharms and Meeuwis (1987) - pulses of stronger winds during the April–October 2000 period - Benguela - 34oS - 26oS - 22oS - 12oS - 31oS - 17oS Variability at periods: 4 – 16 days in 10-23.5oS 4-12 and 25-50 days in 24-35oS Notes: Variability at periods: 4 – 16 days in 10-23.5 S 4-12 and 25-50 days in 24-35S Figure 2. Distribution of the well-defined upwelling regions in the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Each dot represents the center of an upwelling event observed over a period of 156 weeks [after Lutjeharms and Meeuwis, 1987]. Figure 3. Feather plots of each of the six distinct wind regions (10–15, 15.5–18.5, 19–23.5, 24–28.5, 29–32.5, and 33–35S) as identified via the SOM analysis (01 August 1999 to 29 November 2000). 2003JGR_01.pdf ## Angola-Benguela Front - John et al. (2004) - quiescent situation - after strong upwelling Notes: Fig. 3. Surface chlorophyll-a concentrations at the end of the quiescent situation (left panel), and at the time the biological samples were taken (right panel) 1 week after the onset of strong winds and upwelling. ## Angola-Benguela Front - John et al. (2004) - SST and faunistic advection due to the anticyclonic circulation off Angola. Notes: Fig. 15. The sea surface temperature distribution at the time of surveying the southern transect, overlaid by a conceptual model suggesting advective paths of faunistic elements relative to the anticyclonic circulation at the tip of the Angola Current intrusion into northern Namibian waters. Abbreviations are the same as for Figs. 8 and 9, respectively, and Table 3. N= neritic, O= oceanic, T = tropical, S = southern, U= ubiquitous or uncertain ## Correlation of SSTA and Wind Correlation of SSTA and Wind - Enfield and Mestas-Nunez (2000) Notes: Enfield, D.B., and A.M. Mestas-Nunez (2000) Fig. 7: Second mode of a singular vector decomposition (SVD) analysis of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and Xie and Arkin (1996) rainfall anomaly over the spatial domains shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively. The upper panel shows the homogeneous correlation map for gridded SSTA vs. the temporal expansion coefficients for SSTA (colored shading). ## SSTA and SLPA SSTA and SLPA - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Based on 52 years of data (1949–2000) from the NCEP/NCAR - Reanalysis (Kalnay et al. 1996). - maxima of SST coincide with regions in which the pressure has a large gradient Notes: Fig. 1 Patterns of the first two EOFs of SST anomalies (colors, in K) with the climatological SST superimposed (contours, in C). Explained variance is displayed on top of each panel Fig. 2 Patterns of the first two EOFs of SLP anomalies (colors, in hPa) with the climatological pressure superimposed (contours, in hPa). Explained variance is displayed on top of each panel Fig. 3 First two leading modes of a combined SVD analysis of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and SLP (contours, negative contours dashed, in hPa) To investigate the combined variability of ocean and atmosphere we perform a maximum covariance analysis on SST and SLP using singular value decomposition (SVD). This technique searches for modes that explain as much as possible of the mean-squared temporal covariance between the two fields (Bretherton et al. 1992). Figure 3 shows the first two SVD modes. Clearly, there is a close correspondence between the respective first EOF patterns (see Figs. 1a, 2a) on one side and the first SVD patterns on the other. Furthermore, the first PCs of the SVDs and those of the corresponding EOFs are highly correlated and their spectra are almost identical (not shown). For the second SVD mode the correspondence with the respective EOFs is much lower, although the corresponding PCs are still significantly correlated. The dissimilarity between the second SLP SVD and the second SLP EOF may be taken as additional evidence for the second EOF to be an artifact of the analysis technique. From Fig. 3 it is obvious that the maxima of SST coincide with regions in which the pressure has a large gradient. This suggests that the occurrence of SST anomalies might be related to changes in wind or wind stress. This idea is further investigated in Sect. 4, where we try to identify mechanisms that force the main variability patterns described so far into existence, as well as those that destroy them. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and SLPA (10 hPa) - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Build-up and destruction of the anomalies takes 6 months. Relationship strong during build-up, weak during destruction phase. Notes: Fig. 5 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K), SLP (contours, spacing = 10 hPa, and wind stress (arrows) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the Principal Component (PC) leads To get more insight into the temporal evolution of the anomaly patterns described in Sect. 2.3, we now present sequences of lagged regression patterns between the PCs of the SST SVDs and quantities describing the coupled evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies, namely SST, SLP, and wind stress. This is done in Fig. 5. At lag zero, one can recognize the SVDs presented before. At negative lags, i.e., at times preceding the maximum of the patterns considered, we see how they gradually built up over 6 months. Likewise, the destruction of the anomalies takes 6 months, too. This time scale of about half a year is consistent with the e-folding time of the auto-correlation function of the SST PCs (not shown). Based on this e-folding time and a corresponding reduction in the degrees-of-freedom, a t-test reveals (not shown) that regression values exceeding 0.15 K (SST) or 15 hPa (SLP) are significant at the 95%-level. Figure 5 shows a clear relation between SST anomalies and wind stress anomalies during the built-up phase, with maximum wind stress anomalies appearing over areas of maximum SST anomalies. During the destruction phase, such a relation is less apparent, if not absent. This suggests that wind (or wind stress) plays a forcing role in generating SST anomalies, but not in destroying them, meaning that SST changes do not feed back on the atmospheric circulation in a systematic way. Wind (stress) can affect SST through several mechanisms, namely by enhancing the latent heat flux, by inducing currents that advect SST anomalies, and by inducing vertical mixing that deepens the mixed layer. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Heat flux acts to dampen (positive heat flux -> cooling) or enhance (negative heat flux) the SSTA anomalies. total heat flux (3e+7 Km/s) wind stirring (3e+7 Km/s) - the regions of maximum SSTA and maximum wind stirring are displaced relative to one another Notes: Fig. 6 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and total heat flux (–Q/(qwcp)), contours, spacing= 3Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Fig. 7 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and meridional Ekman heat transport (contours, spacing = 1Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Therefore the patterns have no direct physical meaning, but they show whether the heat flux acts to enhance or to damp the SST anomalies. As a positive heat flux cools the ocean, the heat flux damps the SST anomalies if both have the same sign, and forces them if the signs are opposite. For SVD-1 opposite signs at negative lags occur over most of the domain, most notably in the South Equatorial Current, where this SVD has its maximum signal. For SVD-2 forcing occurs in the southwestern part of the basin, also a region of maximum signal. At lag 0 and at positive lags, heat flux is damping the SST anomalies. Thus in both cases the heat flux acts to create the SST anomaly (opposite sign of SST and heat flux anomaly at negative lags), but helps to destroy it after it has reached its maximum (equal signs at positive lags). Splitting the total heat flux up into its different components reveals that the latent heat flux is by far the most important one. The corresponding regression patterns look almost as those obtained for the total heat flux (not shown). For SVD-1 the patterns of heat flux and SST in the South Equatorial Current region coincide for several months. The heat flux thus systematically forces the SVD-1 SST pattern there. A comparison with Fig. 5 shows that in the same region also the anomalous wind (stress) reaches its maximum. The latter is directed northwestward, enforcing the climatological wind that can be inferred from the climatological SLP shown in Fig. 2. The anomalous wind has two impacts on the heat flux. Firstly, it increases the advection of cold air from the southeast into the region in question, and secondly, it increases the wind speed. Both changes increase the turbulent heat loss. Thus the anomalous heat flux forcing of the SVD-1 pattern is caused by an anomalous atmospheric circulation. As has been shown in Sect. 3.3, heat flux in the extratropics is dominated by latent heat flux. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) Ekman pumping (1e+7 Km/s) merid. Ekman Tr. (1e+7 Km/s) - Impacts of Ekman heat transport and Ekman pumping are at least a factor of three smaller than heat flux. Notes: Fig. 8 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and Ekman pumping (DT = 2 K, contours, spacing = 1Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Fig. 9 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and wind stirring (–au3 , contours, spacing = 3Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads climdyn21_07.pdf ## South Atlantic SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) Notes:* Figure 1. The South Atlantic SSTA+ dipole (K). 2003GL017829.pdf The atmosphere model is forced with the SSTA pattern shown in Figure 1. It is obtained from an SVD analysis of MSLP and SST of the output of SPEEDY coupled to the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Model (MICOM) [Haarsma et al., manuscript in prepration, 2003]. This pattern is very similar to the one obtained by Sterl and Hazeleger [2003] from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. We have chosen this pattern because it is consistent with the dynamics of SPEEDY. The amplitude of this pattern, with maximum values of 1.5C, is about 4 times the standard deviation of the SST pattern in the coupled run in order to obtain a significant response. In addition, an experiment with half of the SSTA amplitude is made. 50 year integrations with a positive (SSTA+) and a negative (SSTA) SSTA dipole were made and compared with the control run of the same length. The dipole is called positive when the equatorward pole has positive SSTA’s. The atmospheric response to the SSTA+ dipole is seasonally dependent. Most prominent is the response centred at 30W 15S during the austral summer (Jan.–March) (Figure 2). This response consists of an anomalous low pressure system and cyclonic circulation at low levels. The upper air response at 200 hPa displays anomalous anticyclonic circulation. This response is similar to the deep baroclinic response obtained by Robertson et al. [2003]. During the austral winter the response is still baroclinic but mainly confined to the lower half of the troposphere. The location of the response suggests that it is mainly due to the equatorward SSTA pole. To check this we repeated the experiment for separately the equatorward and poleward poles of the SSTA dipole. The results confirmed that the deep baroclinic response is almost entirely due to the equatorward SSTA pole. The center of the anomalous low pressure system is not located above the maximum of the SSTA, but is translated about 10 degrees to the northwest in the direction of the climatological trade winds. The atmospheric response to the poleward SSTA pole is small and will be discussed later. The seasonal dependence of the response is related to the changes in the meridional circulation and the vertical stability. During the austral winter the decending branch of the meridional circulation is situated over the subtropical Atlantic. Thus, the concurrent enhanced vertical stability prohibits the development of a deep baroclinic response. Because the atmospheric response is largest during Jan.–March, we will concentrate in the following on that season. Changing the sign of the SSTA pattern did not have a large impact on the local response, indicating that it is mainly linear. This was also confirmed by analyzing the response to the SSTA dipole with half the amplitude. To facilitate the discussion we will describe below the response to the SSTA+ dipole. The 500 hPa vertical velocity shows anomalous upward (downward) motion over positive (negative) SSTA’s. In addition, a dipole of anomalous upward and downward motion exists along the ITCZ. Associated with it the anomalous precipitation (Figure 3a) shows a strong signal, with maxima of about 1.5 mm day1, along the ITCZ, consisting of anomalous drying at the location of the anomalous descend, northward of it, and enhanced precipation at the location of anomalous ascend, southward of it. This results in a southward displacement of the ITCZ towards the warm SSTA’s. The anomalous vertical circulation is initiated by the anomalous diabatic heating of the SSTA dipole. However, the strong signal along the ITCZ is the result of a positive feedback due to the anomalous convergence of moisture (Figure 3b). The anomalous northerly winds advect dry subtropical air into the northern regions of the ITCZ, whereas at the southern edge of the ITCZ tropical moisture is advected southward into the subtropics. The shift in the position of the ITCZ is accompanied by changes in cloud cover with maxima in the order of 10% (Figure 4b). Over the areas of anomalous subsidence (ascend) the cloud cover is diminished (enhanced). This increases (reduces) the net downward radiation in the order of 10 Wm2, principally as a result of increased (reduced) solar radiation. The anomalous low level northerly winds north of the equator enhance the prevailing trade winds, resulting in an increase of the latent heat flux in the order of 5 Wm2, cooling the surface waters. This effect is in the literature known as the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback [Chang et al., 1997; Kushnir et al., 2002] and supposed to be responsible for the generation of an SST gradient across the equator. However in our simulation this effect is over compensated by the increased solar radiation and the net effect is a small heating of about 5 Wm2 of the ocean surface north of the equator. Although a coupled ocean-atmosphere experiment would really be required, this indicates that the South Atlantic dipole does not invoke a meridional SST dipole across the equator as proposed by the hypothesis of the WES feedback. Because of the southerly position of the SSTA, the anomalous winds northward of the equator are too weak to effectively trigger the WES feedback. On the other hand, the SSTA does affect the vertical circulation over the Atlantic and thereby the cloud cover distribution. The net surface heatflux (Figure 4a), with a major contribution of the latent heatflux, results in a strong cooling (heating) of the warm (cold) SSTA’s. For the equatorward pole of the SSTA, this is, however, confined to the southeastern part. The anomalous warm surface air temperature and increased moisture in the deep baroclinic response downstream strongly reduce the anomalous latent heat flux to values in the order of 10 Wm2. This spatially varying anomalous latent heatflux affects the structure of the SSTA and effectively results, apart from a reduction, in a northwestward displacement of the equatorward pole of the SSTA. This suggests that the atmospheric response, next to oceanic response, is important for the time evolution of SSTA’s. This will be investigated in future research. The response to the poleward SSTA pole south of 30S, as revealed by the experiment with only the poleward pole, is located above the SSTA, with a high (low) over the cold (warm) SSTA’s. The response is small, about 1 hPa for the MSLP, which is in the order of the natural variability of the model for a 50 year integration. The maximum response in the precipitation is about 0.5 mm day1. To better evaluate the structure of the response we doubled the amplitude of the SSTA. The results revealed that the structure is in all seasons equivalent barotropic, which is common for a midlatitude response, and strongly reduced above 500 hPa. With respect to the remote extra-tropical response in the Northern Hemisphere, our calculations are still inconclusive. In our results, we detect at the equator an upper level divergence generated by the anomalous vertical circulation. This upper level divergence intiates the propagation of energy by Rossby waves into the extra-tropics, which by its turn enhances the variability over the North Atlantic (Figure 5). In our present resuts, however, the stationary response over the North Atlantic is not yet statistically significant. This might be due to the fact that the location of the anomalous upper air divergence shows variability in time. In addition climate signals do evolve in time. An analysis in the frequency domain would clarify this and will be part of future research. Our primary investigations indicate that at certain periods, the upper level divergence induces a wave train in the subtropical jet over southern part of the Asian continent, whereas in other periods a wave train over the Atlantic is generated. ## Atmospheric pressure and wind anomalies in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Most prominent is the response centered at 30W 15S during the austral summer (Jan.–March), mainly due to the equatorward SSTA pole (anomalous low MSLP and cyclonic circulation, anomalous anticyclonic circulation at 200 hPa). Notes: Figure 2. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, MSLP (hPa) and B, 200 hPa streamfunction (106 m2s1). The arrows indicate the wind anomalies (ms 1) at A, MSLP and B, 200 hPa. 2003GL017829.pdf ## Anomalies of precipitation and near-surface wind in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Anomalous low (high) precipitation associated with anomalous advection of moisture (dry -> N, moist -> S) causing anomalous down- (up-) welling -> ITCZ is displaced southward towards warm SSTA. Notes: Figure 3. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, precipitation (mm day1) B, near surface wind (ms1) and mean specific humidity (g Kg1). The 500 hPa vertical velocity shows anomalous upward (downward) motion over positive (negative) SSTA’s. In addition, a dipole of anomalous upward and downward motion exists along the ITCZ. Associated with it the anomalous precipitation (Figure 3a) shows a strong signal, with maxima of about 1.5 mm day1, along the ITCZ, consisting of anomalous drying at the location of the anomalous descend, northward of it, and enhanced precipation at the location of anomalous ascend, southward of it. This results in a southward displacement of the ITCZ towards the warm SSTA’s. The anomalous vertical circulation is initiated by the anomalous diabatic heating of the SSTA dipole. However, the strong signal along the ITCZ is the result of a positive feedback due to the anomalous convergence of moisture (Figure 3b). The anomalous northerly winds advect dry subtropical air into the northern regions of the ITCZ, whereas at the southern edge of the ITCZ tropical moisture is advected southward into the subtropics. 2003GL017829.pdf ## Anomalies of net upward surface heat flux and cloud cover in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Shift of ITCZ -> shift of cloud cover, but no significant change of NSHF since SSTA is too far south. Over the SSTA anomalies significant NSHF change mainly due to latent heat flux. Notes: Figure 4. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, net upward surface heat flux (Wm2) and B, total cloud cover (%). The shift in the position of the ITCZ is accompanied by changes in cloud cover with maxima in the order of 10% (Figure 4b). Over the areas of anomalous subsidence (ascend) the cloud cover is diminished (enhanced). This increases (reduces) the net downward radiation in the order of 10 Wm2, principally as a result of increased (reduced) solar radiation. The anomalous low level northerly winds north of the equator enhance the prevailing trade winds, resulting in an increase of the latent heat flux in the order of 5 Wm2, cooling the surface waters. This effect is in the literature known as the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback [Chang et al., 1997; Kushnir et al., 2002] and supposed to be responsible for the generation of an SST gradient across the equator. However in our simulation this effect is over compensated by the increased solar radiation and the net effect is a small heating of about 5 Wm2 of the ocean surface north of the equator. Although a coupled ocean-atmosphere experiment would really be required, this indicates that the South Atlantic dipole does not invoke a meridional SST dipole across the equator as proposed by the hypothesis of the WES feedback. Because of the southerly position of the SSTA, the anomalous winds northward of the equator are too weak to effectively trigger the WES feedback. On the other hand, the SSTA does affect the vertical circulation over the Atlantic and thereby the cloud cover distribution. The net surface heatflux (Figure 4a), with a major contribution of the latent heatflux, results in a strong cooling (heating) of the warm (cold) SSTA’s. For the equatorward pole of the SSTA, this is, however, confined to the southeastern part. The anomalous warm surface air temperature and increased moisture in the deep baroclinic response downstream strongly reduce the anomalous latent heat flux to values in the order of 10 Wm2. This spatially varying anomalous latent heatflux affects the structure of the SSTA and effectively results, apart from a reduction, in a northwestward displacement of the equatorward pole of the SSTA. This suggests that the atmospheric response, next to oceanic response, is important for the time evolution of SSTA’s. This will be investigated in future research. The response to the poleward SSTA pole south of 30S, as revealed by the experiment with only the poleward pole, is located above the SSTA, with a high (low) over the cold (warm) SSTA’s. The response is small, about 1 hPa for the MSLP, which is in the order of the natural variability of the model for a 50 year integration. The maximum response in the precipitation is about 0.5 mm day1. To better evaluate the structure of the response we doubled the amplitude of the SSTA. The results revealed that the structure is in all seasons equivalent barotropic, which is common for a midlatitude response, and strongly reduced above 500 hPa. With respect to the remote extra-tropical response in the Northern Hemisphere, our calculations are still inconclusive. In our results, we detect at the equator an upper level divergence generated by the anomalous vertical circulation. This upper level divergence intiates the propagation of energy by Rossby waves into the extra-tropics, which by its turn enhances the variability over the North Atlantic (Figure 5). In our present resuts, however, the stationary response over the North Atlantic is not yet statistically significant. This might be due to the fact that the location of the anomalous upper air divergence shows variability in time. In addition climate signals do evolve in time. An analysis in the frequency domain would clarify this and will be part of future research. Our primary investigations indicate that at certain periods, the upper level divergence induces a wave train in the subtropical jet over southern part of the Asian continent, whereas in other periods a wave train over the Atlantic is generated. 2003GL017829.pdf 4. Discussion In this study we investigated the atmospheric response to an SSTA dipole, which is generated by the dominant mode of variability of the atmosphere in the South Atlantic. Our results show that especially the equatorward pole of the dipole has a significant impact on the atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic. Although our results should be confirmed by other studies with GCM’s, they are supported by earlier results reported in the literature. Simulations with GCM’s have indicated the potential importance of South Atlantic SSTA’s on the tropical circulation [e.g., Robertson et al., 2003; Okumura et al., 2001]. However, these studies have used either tropical Atlantic SSTA’s or a mixture between tropical and South Atlantic SSTA’s. Our results indicate that subtropical South Atlantic SSTA’s by themselves can influence the atmospheric tropical circulation. Concerning the extra-tropical response the results are still inconclusive. Earlier reports in the literature, however, do suggest a connection between the South and North Atlantic ocean. For instance Robertson et al. [2000] demonstrate for the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis covariability between the North Atlantic Oscillation and South Atlantic SSTA’s at the location of the equatorward pole of our SSTA dipole. Also in Okumura et al. [2001] a pan-Atlantic pattern is detected, where the South Atlantic SSTA pattern shows a strong similarity with the equatorward pole of our dipole. ## South Atlantic tropical cyclones - Angola tropical depression, April 10-15, 1991 (cyclone on 13.?) – for now the only one in the eastern South Atlantic - Tropical depression, January 18-21 (cyclone on 19.?) southeast of Salvador, Brazil - Hurricane Catarina March 22-28, 2004 - 2006: two short-lived tropical/subtropical systems were observed over 27oC water in a region of strong wind shear (Jeff Masters, _[www.](http://www.wunderground.com/)__[wunderground](http://www.wunderground.com/)__[.com](http://www.wunderground.com/)_): - February 23 near 29S, 36W (600 miles SE of Rio de Janeiro), survived about 4 hours - March 15 off South Brazil Notes: 2003GL017829.pdf ## Angola cyclone ## Hurricane Catarina - Mean SST for March 21-28, 2004. - Circle indicates Storm location on March 26. - animation	en
all-txt-docs	236016	SYNOPSES Streptococcal Toxic-Shock Syndrome:Spectrum of Disease, Pathogenesis, and New Concepts in Treatment Dennis L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.D. Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Chief, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA ABSTRACT Since the 1980s there has been a marked increase in the recognition and reporting of highly invasive group A streptococcal infections with or without necrotizing fasciitis associated with shock and organ failure. Such dramatic cases have been defined as streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. Strains of group A streptococci isolated from patients with invasive disease have been predominantly M types 1 and 3 that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A or B or both. In this paper, the clinical and demographic features of streptococcal bacteremia, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis are presented and compared to those of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococcal infection are also presented, with emphasis on the interaction between group A Streptococcus virulence factors and host defense mechanisms. Finally, new concepts in the treatment of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome are discussed. An emerging pathogen can be one that is totally new (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus), one that was known but has only recently been identified (e.g., Helicobacter pylori), or one that is old but has learned new tricks. The last type is, as Dr. Stanley Falkow contends, merely trying to "make a living" in a changing environment. Regardless of environmental pressures, many old pathogens have become major clinical problems because of increased virulence or antibiotic resistance (e.g., penicillin-resistant pneumococcus, multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium). Arguably, group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the quintessence of an old organism that has become more virulent. In this manuscript, the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and pathogenesis of GAS infection are discussed in relation to the streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS). Current and Historical Perspectives on the Prevalence and Severity of Streptococcal Infections The British tabloids have recently coined the term "flesh-eating bacteria" to describe invasive necrotizing infections caused by GAS and have suggested that epidemics of streptococcal infection are imminent. Such aggrandizement is unfounded, yet it has served to heighten public awareness of this sporadic, but serious, infectious disease. Strictly speaking, an epidemic is defined as an increase in the prevalence of disease over a baseline endemic rate. In this context, we are, in fact, experiencing an epidemic of severe invasive GAS infections; however, few concrete prospective population-based data support this notion. Estimates suggest that the incidence of these infections is 10 to 20 cases/ 100,000 population. Thus, the stimulus for such public interest has not been the incidence of the syndrome, but more likely, the dramatic nature of these infections. Whether these types of group A streptococcal infections will decline, stay the same, or increase is not known. History is replete with descriptions of epidemics of GAS infections and their nonsuppurative sequelae. In the 1600s, epidemics of scarlet fever spread from Italy and Spain to Northern Europe (1), and in 1736, an outbreak occurred in the American colonies, killing 4,000 people (2). Major epidemics of rheumatic fever occurred in World War II in the U.S. military (3). Soon afterward post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis struck several regions of the United States (4,5). Many of these epidemics waxed and waned before the advent of antibiotics, suggesting that either changes in socioeconomic conditions or variations in the expression of virulence factors by the pathogen were responsible. This concept is best exemplified by the extraordinary mortality rate of scarlet fever documented in the latter part of the 1880s in New York, Chicago, and Norway; 25% to 30% of children with scarlet fever died during that period (5,6). By 1900, the mortality rate had dropped to under 2% in all three locations. Since socioeconomic conditions likely did not change markedly during that time and antibiotics were not yet available, the decrease in mortality rates must have been caused by reduced expression of a streptococcal virulence factor or by the slow acquisition of herd immunity to that factor. The epidemiology of GAS infection is complex. More than 80 different M types of S. pyogenes exist, and five separate and distinct scarlatina toxins, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) (5) have also been described; some of these can be transmitted to different M types by bacteriophage. Minor drifts in the antigenic or virulence properties of GAS could account for the 5- to 6-year cycles of scarlet fever documented by Kohler (9). In the same way as antigenic shifts in influenza virus cause pandemics, major alterations in GAS virulence properties could cause major changes in clinical disease. The recent increases in severe GAS infections, following a 50- to 60-year span of relatively benign clinical disease, support this notion. Acute Life-Threatening Group A Streptococcal Infections Streptococcal TSS Recently, severe invasive GAS infections associated with shock and organ failure have been reported with increasing frequency, predominantly from North America and Europe (8-18). These infections have been termed streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS; Table 1) (19). Persons of all ages are affected; most do not have predisposing underlying diseases (11,20-25). This is in sharp contrast to previous reports of GAS bacteremia, in which patients were either under 10 or over 60 years of age, and most had underlying conditions such as cancer, renal failure, leukemia, or severe burns or were receiving corticosteroids or other immunosuppressing drugs (20-22). The complications of current GAS infections are severe; bacteremia associated with aggressive soft tissue infection, shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome and renal failure are common; 30% to 70% of patients die in spite of aggressive modern treatments (Table 2) (1,8,24-26). Table 1. Case definition of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (streptococcal TSS) and necrotizing fasciitis* ____________________________________________________________ I. Streptococcal TSS A. Isolation of group A Streptococcus 1. From a sterile site 2. From a nonsterile body site B.Clinical signs of severity 1. Hypotension 2. Clinical and laboratory abnormalities (requires two or more of the following): a)Renal impairment b)Coagulopathy c)Liver abnormalities d)Acute respiratory distress syndrome e)Extensive tissue necrosis, i.e., necrotizing fasciitis f)Erythematous rash Definite Case = A1 + B(1+2) Probable Case = A2 + B(1+2) II. Necrotizing fasciitis A.Definite case 1. Necrosis of soft tissues with involvement of the fascia PLUS 2.Serious systemic disease, including one or more of the following: a)Death b)Shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mm of Hg). c)Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy d)Failure of organ systems a.respiratory failure b.liver failure c.renal failure 3.Isolation of group A Streptococcus from a normally sterile body site B.Suspected case 1.1+2 and serologic confirmation of group A streptococcal infection by a 4-fold rise against: a)streptolysin O b)DNase B 2.1+2 and histologic confirmation: Gram-positive cocci in a necrotic soft tissue infection _______________________________________________________ *Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (streptococcal TSS) is defined as any group A streptococcal infection associated with the early onset of shock and organ failure. Definitions describing criteria for shock, organ failure, definite cases, and probable cases are included below. Source: reference 61. _______________________________________________________ Table 2. Complications of group A streptococcal soft-tissue infection Complication Percentage of Patients Shock 95 Acute respiratory distress syndrome 55 Renal impairment 80 Irreversible 10 Reversible 70 Bacteremia 60 Death 30 _______________________________________________________ Source: reference 1. Acquisition of Group A Streptococcus The portal of entry of streptococci cannot be proven in at least half the cases (8) and can only be presumed in many others.Patients with symptomatic pharyngitis rarely develop streptococcal TSS, though such cases have been reported,especially in the last year. Procedures such as suctionlipectomy, hysterectomy, vaginal delivery, bunionectomy and bone pinning have provided a portal of entry in many cases (author's unpublished observations). Most commonly, infection begins at a site of minor local trauma, which frequently does not result in a break in the skin (8). Numerous cases have developed within 24 to 72 hours of minor nonpenetrating trauma, resulting in hematoma, deep bruise to the calf, or even muscle strain. Virus infections, such as varicella and influenza, have provided a portal in other cases. In some cases the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents may have either masked the early symptoms or predisposed the patient to more severe streptococcal infection and shock (1). For the most part, these infections have occurred sporadically and have not been associated with clusters of cases or minor epidemics, though outbreaks of severe GASinfections have occurred in closed environments such as nursing homes (27,28). Clinical Symptoms Pain the most common initial symptom of streptococcal TSS is abrupt in onset and severe, and usually precedes tenderness or physical findings. The pain usually involves an extremity but may also mimic peritonitis,pelvic inflammatory disease, pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, or pericarditis. Twenty percent of patients have an influenza-like syndrome characterized by fever, chills, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (8). Fever is the most common early sign, although hypothermia may be present in patients with shock. Confusion is present in 55% of patients, and in some, coma or combativeness is manifest (8). Eighty percent of patients have clinical signs of soft tissue infection, such as localized swelling and erythema, which in 70% of patients progressed to necrotizing fasciitis or myositis and required surgical debridement, fasciotomy or amputation (8). An ominous sign is the progression of soft tissue swelling to the formation of vesicles, then bullae, which appear violaceous or bluish. In such patients, emergent surgical exploration should be performed to establish the diagnosis and distinguish GAS infection from other necrotizing soft tissue infections. Among the 20% of patients without soft tissue findings, clinical symptoms include endophthalmitis, myositis, perihepatitis, peritonitis, myocarditis, and overwhelming sepsis. A diffuse, scarlatina-like erythema occurs in only 10% of patients. Nearly 50% of patients may have normal blood pressure (systolic pressure >110 mm Hg) on admission but develop hypotension within the subsequent 4 hours (8). Laboratory Evaluation of Patients On admission, renal involvement is indicated by the presence of hemoglobinuria and by serum creatinine values that are, on average, >2.5 times normal. Renal impairment precedes hypotension in 40% to 50% of patients (8). Hypoalbuminemia is associated with hypocalcemia on admission and throughout the hospital course. The serum creatinine kinase level is useful in detecting deeper soft-tissue infections; when the level is elevated or rising, there is a good correlation with necrotizing fasciitis or myositis. Though the initial laboratory studies demonstrate only mild leukocytosis, the mean percentage of immature neutrophils (including band forms, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes) is striking, reaching 40% to 50%. Blood cultures are positive in 60% of cases (8). Clinical Course Shock is apparent at the time of admission or within 4 to 8 hours in virtually all patients (Table 2). In only 10% of patients does systolic blood pressure become normal 4 to 8 hours after administration of antibiotics, albumin, and electrolyte solutions containing salts or dopamine; in all other patients, shock persists. Similarly, renal dysfunction progresses or persists in all patients for 48 to 72 hours in spite of treatment, and many patients may require dialysis (8). In patients who survive, serum creatinine values return to normal within 4 to 6 weeks. Renal dysfunction precedes shock in many patients and is apparent early in the course of shock in all others. Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs in 55% of patients and generally develops after the onset of hypotension (8). Supplemental oxygen, intubation, and mechanical ventilation are necessary in 90% of the patients in whom this syndrome develops. Mortality rates vary from 30% to 70% (1,8,24-26). Morbidity is also high; 13 of 20 patients in one series underwent major surgical procedures, which included fasciotomy, surgical debridement, exploratory laparotomy, intraocular aspiration, amputation, or hysterectomy (8). Clinical Isolates M types 1, 3, 12, and 28 have been the most common isolates from patients with shock and multiorgan failure (8,29). Recently, 80% of strains in Sweden from all types of GAS infection have been M type 1 (S. Holm, pers. comm.). Pyrogenic exotoxin A and/or B was found in most cases of severe infection. In the United States, pyrogenic exotoxin A is most frequently associated with these infections (8,23,29-33), while in Sweden and the United Kingdom, exotoxin B has been most common (12,25). Recently, streptococcal superantigen (SSA), a novel pyrogenic exotoxin, was isolated from an M 3 strain, albeit in small concentrations (34). In addition, mitogenic factor (MF) has been demonstrated in many different M types of GAS (35,36). Necrotizing Fasciitis Necrotizing fasciitis, a deep-seated infection of the subcutaneous tissue that progressively destroys fascia and fat but may spare the skin and muscle, can be caused by GAS, Clostridium perfringens, or C. septicum. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by mixed organisms such as aerobic gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, and microaerophilic streptococci may develop in diabetic patients or patients with open wounds contaminated with bowel contents. Though Meleney called infections caused by hemolytic streptococci "streptococcal gangrene" (37), the process has been renamed necrotizing fasciitis. His patients' infections began at the site of trivial or inapparent trauma. Within 24 hours of the initial lesion which frequently was only mild erythema swelling, heat, erythema, and tenderness rapidly developed. During the next 24 to 48 hours, the erythema changed from red to purple and then to blue, and blisters and bullae, which contained clear yellow fluid, appeared. On days 4 and 5, the purple areas became gangrenous. From day 7 to day 10, the line of demarcation became sharply defined, and the dead skin began to separate at the margins or breaks in the center, revealing an extensive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue. In more severe cases, the process advance d rapidly until several large areas of skin became gangrenous, and the intoxication rendered the patient dull,unresponsive, mentally cloudy, or even delirious. Meleney was the first to advocate aggressive "bear scratch" fasciotomy and debridement. With this treatment, together with irrigation with Dakains solution, the mortality rate dropped to 20% (37). These older reports of necrotizing fasciitis (6) differ from reports of current necrotizing fasciitis cases associated with streptococcal TSS (8). First, recent cases have mainly occurred in young healthy persons who had no underlying disease but sustained minor trauma to an extremity. Earlier series describe older patients with multiple medical problems (6). Meleney's cases (reported from China) were probably among young healthy persons who sustained minor trauma, though the major difference between them and present cases is the low mortality rate (20% vs 20% to 60% in streptococcal TSS) (6,37) before antibiotics were available (37). Analysis of Meleney's reports also suggests that most of his patients did not have shock or organ failure, nor did they require amputation. In contrast, present cases of necrotizing fasciitis caused by GAS are invariably associated with severe manifestations of systemic illness and high morbidity despite the absence of underlying disease and the use of antibiotics, dialysis, ventilators, intravenous fluids, and improved surgical techniques. In summary, the high mortality rate among current cases of streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis could be due to the emergence of more virulent streptococci (8). Streptococcal Myositis Streptococcal myositis is an extremely uncommon GAS infection. Adams et al. (38) documented only 21 reported cases from 1900 to 1985, and Svane (39) found only four cases in more 20,000 autopsies. Severe pain may be the only early symptom, and swelling and erythema may be the only early physical findings, though muscle compartment syndromes may develop rapidly (8-10,38-41). Distinguishing streptococcal myositis from spontaneous gas gangrene caused by C. perfringens or C. septicum (42) may be difficult, though crepitus or demonstration of gas in the tissue favors clostridial infection (40). Patients with streptococcal TSS may have both necrotizing fasciitis and myositis (8,38). In published series, the case-fatality rate for necrotizing fasciitis is 20% to 50%, whereas GAS myositis has a fatality rate of 80% to 100% (6). Aggressive surgical debridement is extremely important for establishing a diagnosis and removing devitalized tissue. Bacteremia Streptococcal bacteremia has occurred most commonly in the very young and in the elderly (5). Among children, predisposing factors (other than scarlet fever) include burns,varicella, malignant neoplasm,immunosuppression, and age less than 2 years (5). In patients with scarlet fever, the pharynx is the most common source of GAS. Frequently such patients have complications, such as extension of infection into the sinuses, peritonsillar tissue, or mastoids (septic scarlet fever or scarlet fever anginose); yet documented bacteremia occurs in only 0.3% of febrile patients (43). Among the children with varicella studied by Bullowa and Wischik (43), GAS bacteremia occurred in only approximately 0.5% of patients. In elderly patients the source of GAS infection is invariably the skin and is associated with cellulitis or erysipelas (5). GAS sepsis in the elderly (mean age, 50 to 60 years) has also been associated with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, and corticosteroid use. Not surprising, mortality rates of 35% to 80% have been described in this patient population. In the past, GAS bacteremia was rare among persons 14 to 40 years of age; puerperal sepsis accounted for most bacteremia in this age group. Recently, intravenous drug abuse has emerged as a leading cause of GAS bacteremia in this age group (5). Martin and Hoiby have comprehensively demonstrated that the prevalence of GAS bacteremia in Norway in the late 1980s increased in all age groups, but the greatest increase (600% to 800%) was in adolescents and young adults (10). Thus, the demographics of invasive streptococcal infection have changed dramatically in the past 4 to 6 years. Current Hypotheses Regarding Mechanisms of Shock and Tissue Destruction Caused by Virulent Group A Streptococci Pyrogenic exotoxins cause fever in humans and animals and also help induce shock by lowering the threshold to exogenous endotoxin (5). Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B induce human mononuclear cells to synthesize not only tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) (44) but also interleukin- (IL-1) (45) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (45), suggesting that TNF could mediate the fever, shock, and tissue injury observed in patients with streptococcal TSS (8). Pyrogenic exotoxin C has been associated with mild cases of scarlet fever in the United States (author's observations) and in England (46). The roles of two newly described pyrogenic exotoxins, SSA and MF (see section on "Clinical Isolates"), in streptococcal TSS have not been elucidated. M protein contributes to invasiveness through its ability to impede phagocytosis of streptococci by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (47). Conversely, type-specific antibody against the M protein enhances phagocytosis (47). After infection with a particular M type, specific antibody confers resistance to challenge to viable GAS of that M type (47). While M types 1 and 3 strains have accounted for most strains isolated from cases of streptococcal TSS, many other M types, including some nontyp-able strains, have also been isolated from such cases. M types 1 and 3 are also commonly isolated from asymptomatic carriers, patients with pharyngitis, and patients with mild scarlet fever (7,29). Could streptococcal TSS be related to the ability of pyrogenic exotoxin or M proteins type 1 or 3 to act as "super antigens"(48)? Data suggest that this exotoxin and a number of staphylococcal toxins (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 [TSST-1] and staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C) can stimulate T-cell responses through their ability to bind to both the Class II major histocompatibility ability complex of antigen-presenting cells and the Vb region of the T-cell receptor (48). The net effect would be to induce T-cell stimulation with production of cyto- kines capable of mediating shock and tissue injury. Recently, Hackett and Stevens demonstrated that pyrogenic exotoxin A induced both TNF and TNF from mixed cultures of monocytes and lymphocytes (49), supporting the role of lymphokines (TNF) in shock associated with strains producing that exotoxin. Kotb et al. (50) have shown that a digest of M protein type 6 can also stimulate T-cell responses by this mechanism; however, the role of specific superantigens in this or any other infectious disease has not been proven. Proof would require demonstration of massive expansion of T-cell subsets bearing a V repertoire specific for the putative superantigen. However, quantitation of such T-cell subsets in patients with acute streptococcal TSS demonstrated deletion rather than expansion, suggesting that perhaps the life span of the expanded subset was shortened by a process of apoptosis (51). In addition, the subsets deleted were not specific for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, C, or mitogenic factor, suggesting that an as yet undefined superantigen may play a role (51). Cytokine production by less exotic mechanisms likely contributes as well to the genesis of shock and organ failure. Peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid (52), and killed organisms (53,54) are capable of inducing TNFa production by mononuclear cells in vitro (6,54,55). Exotoxins such as streptolysin O (SLO) are also potent inducers of TNF and IL-1. Pyrogenic exotoxin B, a proteinase precursor, has the ability to cleave pre-IL-1 to release preformed IL-1 (56). Finally, SLO and exotoxin A together have additive effects in the induction of IL-1 by human mononuclear cells (49). Whatever the mechanisms, induction of cytokines in vivo is likely the cause of shock, and these two exotoxins, cell wall components, and the like, are potent inducers of TNF and IL-1. The mere presence of virulence factors, such as M protein or pyrogenic exotoxins, may be less important in streptococcal TSS than the dynamics of their production in vivo. Recently, Cleary et al. proposed a regulon in GAS that controls the expression of a group of virulence genes coding for known virulence factors such as M protein and C5 peptidase (57). When DNA fingerprinting was used, differences were shown between M1 strains isolated from patients with invasive disease and strains from patients with noninvasive GAS infections (58). Finally, genetic information coding for exotoxins A or C may be introduced to strains of GAS by certain bacteriophage; after lysogenic conversion,synthesis of exotoxin A would occur during growth of the streptococcus (31,59,60). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrates two patterns that correspond to the M1 and M3 type organisms that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A, a finding that supports epidemiologic studies implicating these strains in invasive GAS infections (33). The interaction between these microbial virulence factors and an immune or nonimmune host determines the epidemiology, clinical syndrome, and outcome. Since horizontal transmission of GAS in general is well documented, the only explanation for the absence of a high attack rate of invasive infection is significant herd immunity against one or more of the virulence factors responsible for streptococcal TSS. This hypothetical model explains why epidemics have not materialized and why a particular strain of GAS can cause different clinical manifestations in the same community (8,61) (Figure 1 cannot be viewed in ASCII format.) Treatment Antibiotic Therapy-Cures and Failures with Penicillin S. pyogenes continues to be exquisitely susceptible to -lactam antibiotics, and numerous studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of penicillin preparations for streptococcal pharyngitis. Similarly, penicillins and cephalosporins have proven efficacy in treating erysipelas, impetigo, and cellulitis, all of which are most frequently caused by S. pyogenes. In addition, Wannamaker et al. (6) demonstrated that penicillin therapy prevents the development of rheumatic fever following streptococcal pharyngitis if therapy is begun within 8 to 10 days of the onset of sore throat. Nonetheless, some clinical failures of penicillin treatment of streptococcal infection do occur. Penicillin treatment of S. pyogenes has failed to eradicate bacteria from the pharynx of 5% to 20% of patients with documented streptococcal pharyngitis (62-64). In addition, more aggressive GAS infections (such as, necrotizing fasciitis, empyema, burn wound sepsis, subcutaneous gangrene, and myositis) respond less well to penicillin and continue to be associated with high mortality rates and extensive morbidity (6,8,9,12,15,38,65). For example, in a recent report, 25 cases of streptococcal myositis had an overall mortality rate of 85% in spite of penicillin therapy (38). Finally, several studies in experimental infection suggest that penicillin fails when large numbers of organisms are present (66,67). The Efficacy of Penicillin, Compared to Clindamycin, In Fulminant Experimental S. pyogenes Infection In a mouse model of myositis caused by S. pyogenes, penicillin was ineffective when treatment was delayed up to 2 hours after initiation of infection (67). Survival of erythromycin-treated mice was greater than that of both penicillin-treated mice and untreated controls, but only if treatment was begun within 2 hours. Mice receiving clindamycin, however, had survival rates of 100%, 100%, 80%, and 70%, even if treatment was delayed 0, 2, 6, and 16.5 hours, respectively (67,68). Eagle suggested that penicillin failed in this type of infection because of the "physiologic state of the organism"(66). This phenomenon has recently been attributed to both in vitro and in vivo inoculum effects (69,70). Inoculum Size and the "Physiologic State of the Organism": Differential Expression of Penicillin-Binding Proteins Penicillin and other -lactam antibiotics are most efficacious against rapidly growing bacteria. We hypothesized that large inocula reach the stationary phase of growth sooner than smaller inocula both in vitro and invivo. That high concentrations of S. pyogenes accumulate in deep-seated infection is supported by data from Eagle et al. (66). We compared the penicillin-binding protein patterns from membrane proteins of group A streptococci isolated from different stages of growth, i.e., mid-log phase and stationary phase. Binding of radiolabeled penicillin by all penicillin-binding proteins was decreased in stationary cells; however, PBPs 1 and 4 were undetectable at 36 hours (69). Thus, the loss of certain penicillin-binding proteins during stationary-phase growth in vitro may be responsible for the inoculum effect observed in vivo and may account for the failure of penicillin in treatment of both experimental and human cases of severe streptococcal infection. The Greater Efficacy of Clindamycin in Experimental S. pyogenes Infections: Mechanisms of Action The greater efficacy of clindamycin is likely multifactorial: First, its efficacy is not affected by inoculum size or stage of growth (69,71); secondly, clindamycin is a potent suppressor of bacterial toxin synthesis (72,73); third, it facilitates phagocytosis of S. pyogenes by inhibiting M-protein synthesis (73); fourth, it suppresses synthesis of penicillin-binding proteins, which, in addition to being targets for penicillin, are also enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and degradation (71); fifth, clindamycin has a longer postantibiotic effect than -lactams such as penicillin; and lastly, clindamycin causes suppression of LPS-induced monocyte synthesis of TNF (74). Thus, clindamycin's efficacy may also be related to its ability to modulate the immune response. Other Treatment Measures Though antibiotic selection is critically important, other measures, such as prompt and aggressive exploration and debridement of suspected deep-seated S. pyogenes infection, are mandatory. Frequently, the patient has fever and excruciating pain. Later, systemic toxicity develops, and definite evidence of necrotizing fasciitis and myositis appears. Surgical debridement may be too late at this point. Prompt surgical exploration through a small incision with visualization of muscle and fascia, and timely Gram stain of surgically obtained material may provide an early and definitive etiologic diagnosis. Surgical colleagues should be involved early in such cases, since later in the course surgical intervention may be impossible because of toxicity or because infection has extended to vital areas impossible to debride (i.e., the head and neck, thorax, or abdomen). Anecdotal reports suggest that hyperbaric oxygen has been used in a handful of patients, though no controlled studies are under way, nor is it clear that this treatment is useful. Because of intractable hypotension and diffuse capillary leak, massive amounts of intravenous fluids (10 to 20 liters/day) are often necessary. Pressors such as dopamine are used frequently, though no controlled trials have been performed in streptococcal TSS. In patients with intractable hypotension, vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine have been used, but symmetrical gangrene of digits seems to result frequently (author's unpublished observations), often with loss of limb. In these cases it is difficult to determine if symmetrical gangrene is due to pressors, infection, or both. Neutralization of circulating toxins would be desirable; however, appropriate antibodies are not commercially available in the United States or Europe. Two reports describe the successful use of intravenous gamma globulin in treating streptococcal TSS in two patients (75,76). In summary, if a wild "flesh-eating strain" has recently emerged, a major epidemic with a high attack rate would normally be expected. Clearly, epidemics of streptococcal infections, including impetigo, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever have occurred in the past. However, in the last decade, subsequent to early reports of streptococcal TSS, we have observed that the incidence has remained relatively low. I hypothesize that large outbreaks have not occurred because 1) most of the population probably has immunity to one or more streptococcal virulence factors (6,25); 2) predisposing conditions (e.g., varicella, and use of NSAIDs) are required in a given patient; and 3) only a small percentage of the population may have an inherent predisposition to severe streptococcal infection because of constitutional factors such as HLA Class II antigen type (77,78), B-cell (79), or specific Vb regions on lymphocytes. This last hypothesis is further supported by the observation that secondary cases of streptococcal TSS, though reported (80), have been rare. Dr. Stevens is chief, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, and professor of medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. He is a member of CDC's Working Group on Streptococcal Infections and a consultant to the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization on Streptococcal Infections. On July 1994, he testified before Congress on Severe Streptococcal Infections and is currently President of the American Lancefield Society. Address for correspondence: Infectious Disease Section Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street (Bldg 6), Boise, ID 83702, USA, fax: 208-389-7965 References 1. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Reis KM, Schlievert PM, et al. Reappearance of scarlet fever toxin A among streptococci in the Rocky Mountain West: severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1-7. 2. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269:390-1. 3. Sennert D. De febribus libri quator. Editio novissima. 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The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:23-8. 68. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Yan S. Invasive group A streptococcal infection: new concepts in antibiotic treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4:297-301. 69. Stevens DL, Yan S, Bryant AE. Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: an explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1401-5. 70. Yan S, Mendelman PM, Stevens DL. The in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone against Streptococcus pyogenes is unrelated to penicillin-binding protein 4. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 110:313-18. 71. Yan S, Bohach GA, Stevens DL. Persistent acylation of high-molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins by penicillin induces the post-antibiotic effect in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:609-14. 72. Stevens DL, Maier KA, Mitten JE. 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converted_docs	520882	N039603 October 14, 2008 CLA-2-42:OT:RR:NC:N3:341 CATEGORY: Classification TARIFF NO.: 4202.99.9000 Don Soekland Lowepro 1003 Gravenstein Hwy. North Suite 200 Sebastopol, CA 95472 RE: The tariff classification of non-rigid molded silicone camera sheath from China Dear Mr. Soekland: In your letter dated September 19, 2008 you requested a tariff classification ruling. The sample which you submitted is being retained by this office. A style number was not provided for the sample submitted. It is a camera sheath constructed of non-rigid molded silicone. It is specially fitted for a digital camera and designed to provide maximum protection from impact and abrasion while allowing full access to all the features the camera possesses. In your letter, you suggest classification under subheading 3926.90.9980, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) which provides for other articles of plastics, other. You also suggest classification under subheading 9006.91.0000, HTSUS, which provides for parts and accessories for photographic cameras. This provision is limited to parts and accessories for film cameras, not digital cameras. Classification under the HTSUS is made in accordance with the General Rules of Interpretation (GRI). Pursuant to GRI 1, goods shall be determined according to the terms of the headings of the tariff schedule and any relative Section or Chapter Notes under the heading that most specifically describes them. The camera sheath is more specifically classified under heading 4202, HTSUS. The applicable subheading for the non-rigid molded silicone camera sheath will be 4202.99.9000, HTSUS, which provides for in part, for other containers and cases, other, other. The rate of duty will be 20 percent ad valorem. Duty rates are provided for your convenience and are subject to change. The text of the most recent HTSUS and the accompanying duty rates are provided on World Wide Web at http://www.usitc.gov/tata/hts/. This ruling is being issued under the provisions of Part 177 of the Customs Regulations (19 C.F.R. 177). A copy of the ruling or the control number indicated above should be provided with the entry documents filed at the time this merchandise is imported. If you have any questions regarding the ruling, contact National Import Specialist Vikki Lazaro at (646) 733-3041. Sincerely, Robert B. Swierupski Director National Commodity Specialist Division	en
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converted_docs	139842	1065B BUSINESS RULES FOR TAX YEAR 2006 Version 2006v2.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Rule Number Rules Text Error Severity Changed from Category TY2006v2.5 to TY2006v2.6 --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------ F1065B-001 If Form 1065-B, Item G(4), checkbox is checked, then Form Missing Reject 8082 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-002 If Form 1065-B, Item G(4), checkbox is checked, then there Multiple Reject must be no more than one Form 8082 present in the return. Documents F1065B-003 If Form 1065-B, Item J checkbox is checked, then Schedule Missing Reject M-3 (Form 1065) must be present in the return. Document F1065B-004 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule A, Line 8. F1065B-005 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Deleted Form 8825 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-006 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Multiple Reject there must be no more than one Form 8825 present in the Documents return. F1065B-007 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 7 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject one or more Schedules F (1040) must be present in the Document return. F1065B-008 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 8 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule D, Line 14. F1065B-010 If Form 1065-B, Line 9, has a non-zero value, then Form 4684 Missing Reject Deleted or Form 4797 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-012 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26a checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 4255 must present in the return. Document F1065B-013 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26a checkbox is checked, then Multiple Reject no more than one Form 4255 must be present in the return. Documents F1065B-014 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26b checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 8611 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-015 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 28b checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 4136 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-016 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 28b checkbox is checked, then Multiple Reject there must be no more than one Form 4136 present in the Documents return. F1065B-017 If Form1065-B, Part II, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule D, Line 17. F1065B-018 If Form 1065-B, Schedule A, Line 9c checkbox is checked, Missing Reject then Form 970 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-019 If Form 1065-B, Schedule A, Line 9c checkbox is checked, Multiple Reject then no more than one Form 970 must be present in the Documents return. F1065B-020 If Form 1065-B, Schedule B, Line 9 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more Forms 8865 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-021 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then Data Mismatch Reject it must equal Form1065-B, Part II, Line 13. F1065B-022 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 3 has a non-zero value, then Data Mismatch Reject it must equal Form1065-B, Part II, Line 2b. F1065B-023 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 4a has a non-zero value, Data Mismatch Reject then it must equal Schedule D, Line 16. F1065B-024 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 4b has a non-zero value, Data Mismatch Reject then it must equal Schedule D, Line 18. F1065B-025 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 11 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more Forms 8586 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-026 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject Deleted then either Form 3468 or Form 8586 must be present in the Document return. F1065B-027 If Form 1065-B, Line 27 has a non-zero value, then Form 8913 Missing Reject must be present in the return. Document F1065B-028 If Form 1065-B, Line 27 has a non-zero value, then no more Multiple Reject than one Form 8913 must be present in the return. Documents F1065B-029 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 10 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more distinct forms and/or schedule/statement Document from the following must be attached: Form 3468, 5884, 5884-A, 6478, 6765, 8820, 8826, 8834, 8835, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8847, 8861, 8864, 8874, 8881, 8882, 8896, 8900, 8906, 8907, 8908, 8909, 8910, 8911, 8912, "Other Credits Statement" \[OtherCreditsStatement\]. F1065B-033 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject New Form 8825 must be present in the Form 1065B. Document F1065B-034 If Form 1065-B, Line 9, has a non-zero value, then Form 4684 Missing Reject New or Form 4797 must be present in Form 1065B. Document F1065B-035 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject New then either Form 3468 or Form 8586 must be present in Form Document 1065B. F5471-002 If Form 5471, Item B, checkbox "3" is checked, then one or Missing Reject more "Category 3 Filer Statements" Document \[Category3FilerStatement\] must be attached. F5471-003 If Form 5471, Schedule C, Line 8, Columns "Functional Missing Reject Currency" or "US Dollars" has a non-zero value, then "Other Document Income Statement" \[OtherIncomeForm5471Statement\] must be attached. F5471-005 If Form 5471, Schedule C, Line 16, Columns "Functional Missing Reject Currency" or "US Dollars" has a non-zero value, then Document "Itemized Other Deductions Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherDeductionsSchedule2\] must be attached. F5471-010 If Form 5471, Schedule H, Line 2h, Columns "Net Additions" Missing Reject or "Net Subtractions" has a non-zero value, then "Earnings Document and Profits Other Adjustments Statement" \[EarningsAndProfitsOtherAdjStmt\] must be attached. F5471-014 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 6, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Investment In Subsidiaries Document Statement" \[InvestmentInSubsidiariesStmt\] must be attached. F5471-026 If Form 5471, Schedule G, Line 1, checkbox 'Yes' is checked, Missing Reject then one or more "Owns Foreign Partnership Statement" Document \[OwnsForeignPartnershipStmt\] must be attached. F5471-029 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 4, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Current Assets Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherCurrentAssetsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-030 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 7, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Investments Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherInvestmentsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-031 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 12, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Assets Schedule" Document \[ItemizedOtherAssetsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-032 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 15, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Current Document Liabilities Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherCurrentLiabilitiesSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-033 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 17, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Liabilities Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherLiabilitiesSchedule\] must be attached. F6478-002 If Form 6478, Line 1(a) has a value, then the value must be Incorrect Reject greater than or equal to 0 (zero) and less than or equal to Data 15000000 (fifteen million). F6765-003 If Form 6765, Line 10 has a value, the value must be greater Incorrect Reject than or equal to 0 (zero) and less than or equal to 16% Data (0.16000). F8586-006 If Form 8586, Line 3 has a non-zero value, then one or more Missing Reject Forms 8609-A must be present in the return. Document F8586-007 If Form 8586, Line 1 has a non-zero value, a matching number Incorrect Reject of Forms 8609-A must be present in the return. Data F8609A-001 Form 8609-A, Part I, Item A "Building Identification Number" Missing Data Reject must have a value. F8825-001 If Form 8825 is attached, and Line 2 "Gross rents" has a Missing Data Reject non-zero value for any Rental Real Estate property, then "Total Gross Rents" must have a value greater than zero. F8865-003 If Form 8865, Line G2 check box "Form 1065 or 1065-B" is Missing Data Reject checked, then Line F2 must have a value. F8865-011 If Form 8865, Schedule K, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Form 8825 must be attached. Document F8865-028 If Form 8865, Schedule A, checkbox b "Owns a constructive Missing Data Reject interest" is checked, then data for at least one row in Schedule A must be provided. For each row of data provided, "Name" and "Address" must have a value. F8865-029 If Form 8865, Schedule B, Line 5 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Schedule F (Form 1040) must be attached. Document F8865-097 There can be no more than one Form 8825 attached to Form Multiple Reject 8865. Documents F8865-178 If Form 8865, Schedule K, Line 15f has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more distinct forms and/or schedule/statement Document from the following list must be attached : Form 4255, 5884, 6478, 6765, 8820, 8826, 8834, 8835, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8847, 8860, 8861, 8864, 8874, 8881, 8882, 8896, 8900, 8586, 8271, 4797, 3468, 8906, 8907, 8908, 8910, 8911, 8912, 5884-A Non Conventional Fuel Source Credit Schedule" \["NonconventionalSourceFuelCreditSchedule"\], "Itemized Other Credits Schedule" \["ItemizedOtherCreditsSchedule"\]. F982-001 If Form 982, Line 1c is checked and Line 1a, Line 1b and Missing Data Reject Line 1d are not checked, then Line 10 must have a non-zero value. F982-003 If Form 982, Line 1d is checked, Line 4 must have a non-zero Missing Data Reject value. FPYMT-018 Tax payer's Day Time Phone Number in IRS Payment Record Incorrect Reject cannot equal all zeros. Data FPYMT-026 "Payment Amount" in the IRS Payment Record must not be Incorrect Reject greater than Form 1065-B, Line 30. Data FPYMT-027 If the timestamp (in the GTX key or Response to Send Incorrect Reject Submissions Request) is on or before the due date of the Data return (three and one half months after the "TaxPeriodEndDate" in the Return Header), then the "RequestedPaymentDate" in the IRS Payment Record must be on the due date or before the due date but not more than 5 days prior to the received date. FPYMT-028 If the timestamp (in the GTX key or Response to Send Incorrect Reject Submissions Request) is after the due date of the return Data (three and one half months after the "TaxPeriodEndDate" in the Return Header), then the "RequestedPaymentDate" in the IRS Payment Record must not be later than the date the return was received and must not be prior to five days before the date the return was received by the IRS. R0000-002 The return type must be specified for each return in the Missing Data Reject And return header. Stop R0000-003 The return version (attribute 'returnVersion' of the Return Missing Data Reject And element) must be specified for each return in the return Stop header. R0000-004 The return type (specified in the Return Header) and the Data Mismatch Reject And return version (specified by the 'returnVersion' attribute Stop of the 'Return' element) of the return must match the return type and the version supported by the Modernized e-File system. R0000-007 For US Addresses, the first five digits of the Zip Code of Incorrect Reject the Filer's address in the Return Header must be within the Data valid ranges of zip codes listed for the corresponding State Abbreviation in Publication 4164. R0000-014 SSN of the Preparer in the Return Header cannot be all zeros Incorrect Reject or all nines. Data R0000-015 EIN of the Preparer Firm in the Return Header must not equal Incorrect Reject all nines. Data R0000-018 The eight numeric digits of the PTIN (of the Preparer) Incorrect Reject following the letter P, must not equal all zeros or all Data nines in the Return Header. R0000-019 The number of return documents (forms, schedules, and Data Mismatch Reject supporting documents) included in the return must equal the document count specified in the Return Data (documentCount attribute of the ReturnData element of the Return). R0000-020 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AA" then the first three digits Data of the zip code must be 340. R0000-021 The Employer Identification Number (EIN) of the Filer in the Incorrect Reject Return Header must not equal all nines. Data R0000-022 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AE" then the first three digits Data of the zip code must be in the range 090 - 098. R0000-023 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and if Incorrect Reject the value of City is "APO" or "FPO", then the value of State Data must equal "AA", "AE" or "AP". R0000-024 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AP" then first three digits of Data the zip code must be in the range 962 - 966. R0000-027 There was a problem with IRS systems that prevented the System Error Reject return from being processed electronically. Please contact the Help Desk. R0000-030 In the Return Header, if the Practitioner PIN is provided Data Mismatch Reject then the EFIN in the PractitionerPIN must be the same as the EFIN of the Originator. R0000-031 Taxpayer PIN in the Return Header cannot equal all zeros. Incorrect Reject Data R0000-032 Signature Option in the Return Header is a required field Missing Data Reject and must have either the value "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Document" or "PIN Number". R0000-034 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AA", "AE" or "AP then the City Data must be "APO" OR "FPO". R0000-035 The "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header must be Incorrect Reject less than the "Received Date". Data R0000-044 The CUSIP Number cannot equal all zeros. Incorrect Reject Data R0000-046 For US Addresses, the fourth and fifth digit of the Zip Code Incorrect Reject of the Filer's address in the Return Header cannot both be Data zeros ("00"), except when the Zip code is 00800, 20500, 34000, 00600, 96100, 96900. R0000-050 Bank Account Number in IRS Payment Record must not equal all Incorrect Reject zeros or all blanks. Data R0000-051 The Submission Type in the IRS Submission Manifest must Data Mismatch Reject match the return type indicated in the Return Header. R0000-052 The Tax Year specified in the IRS Submission Manifest must Data Mismatch Reject match the Tax Year in the Return Header. R0000-054 The EFIN in the IRS Submission Manifest must match the EFIN Data Mismatch Reject provided in the Return Header. R0000-055 If the signature option "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Missing Reject Document" is selected (the element "SignatureOption" in the Document Return Header has a value of "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Document"), then a binary attachment with Description "8453 Signature Document" must be present. R0000-057 Every attached file (i.e. binary attachment) must be Missing Data Reject referenced by the XML document that represents it. R0000-058 An XML document that represents a binary attachment must Missing Data Reject have a valid reference to an attached file. R0000-060 The EFIN in the Submission ID (the first six digits) must Incorrect Reject match the EFIN in the Submission Manifest. Data R0000-064 "Tax Year" in the Return Header must equal "2006" for the Incorrect Reject processing year 2007. Data R0000-065 If the checkbox "Final Return" is not checked or if the Incorrect Reject checkbox "Initial Return" is not checked or if the return is Data NOT less than 12 months (364 days from the "Tax Period Beginning Date" to the "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header), then the "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header must equal one of the following values for a return filed for Tax Year 2006 - ("20061231", "20070131", "20070228", "20070331", "20070430", "20070531", "20070630", "20070731", "20070831", "20070930", "20071031", "20071130") OR \[the tax period ending date must be 1-3 days after the beginning of the month or the tax period ending date must be 1-6 days before the end of the month\]. R0000-067 The attached files (i.e. binary attachments) in a submission Incorrect Reject And zip archive must have distinct names. Data Stop R0000-068 If the Signature Option "PIN Number" is selected (the Missing Data Reject element "SignatureOption" in the Return Header has a value of "PIN Number") then the following fields must have a value in the Return Header: "PractitionerPIN", "TaxpayerPIN", "Name" of the "Partner", "Title" of the "Partner", "DateSigned" and "PINEnteredBy" Indicator. R0000-079 The EIN present in the IRS Submission Manifest must match Data Mismatch Reject And New the EIN provided in the Return Header. Stop R0000-080 The TaxPeriodBeginDate present in the IRS Submission Data Mismatch Reject And New Manifest must match the TaxPeriodBeginDate provided in the Stop Return Header. R0000-081 The TaxPeriodEndDate present in the IRS Submission Manifest Data Mismatch Reject And New must match the TaxPeriodEndDate provided in the Return Stop Header. R0000-900 The return type indicated in the return header must match Database Reject the return type established with the IRS for the EIN. Validation Error R0000-901 Filer's EIN and Name Control in the Return Header must match Database Reject data in the e-File database. Validation Error R0000-904 Software ID in the Return Header must have passed testing Database Reject And for the form family and tax year. Validation Stop Error R0000-905 Electronic Filing Identification Number (EFIN) in the Return Database Reject Header must be listed in the e-File database and in accepted Validation status. Error R0000-906 Routing Transit Number (RTN) included in the return must be Database Reject present in the e-File database. Validation Error R0000-909 If "Amended Return" or (Superseded for 1120/1120S) checkbox Duplicate Reject is not checked, then taxpayer TIN in the Return Header must Condition not be the same as a TIN of a previously accepted electronic return for the return type and tax period indicated in the tax return. R0000-910 If "Amended Return" or (Superseded for 1120/1120S) checkbox Duplicate Reject is not checked, then taxpayer TIN in the Return Header must Condition not be the same as a TIN of a previously accepted paper return for the return type and tax period indicated in the tax return. SF-F1040-003 If Schedule F (Form 1040), Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then Form 4562 must be attached to the return. Document SM3-F1065-001 If Schedule M-3 (Form1065), Part II, Line 15(a), 15(b), Missing Reject 15(c), or 15(d) (Cost of Goods Sold) has a non-zero value, Document then Form 8916-A must be present in the return. SM3-F1065-002 If Schedule M-3 (Form1065), Part II, Line 15(a), 15(b), Multiple Reject 15(c), or 15(d) (Cost of Goods Sold) has a non-zero value, Documents then no more than one Form 8916-A must be present in the return. STATE-001 The agency to which a State Submission is filed must Incorrect Reject participate in the Fed/State program. Data STATE-005 The Submission Category of a State Submission must match Data Mismatch Reject Submission Category of the referenced IRS Submission. STATE-006 If IRS Submission ID is not provided in the State Submission Unsupported Reject Manifest, the State must participate in the State Stand Alone Program. STATE-007 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submision must Incorrect Reject be that of an IRS Return. Data STATE-008 State Corporate Returns can only be submitted via the Web Unsupported Reject Services Channel. STATE-901 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submission Database Reject Manifest must be present in the e-File database. Validation Error STATE-902 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submission Database Reject Manifest must be in accepted status. Validation Error T0000-001 The 'production' Modernized e-File system must not process Data Mismatch Reject And transmission files whose 'process type' is set to 'T' Stop (created for ATS testing). T0000-002 The 'test' Modernized e-File system must not process Data Mismatch Reject And transmission files whose 'process type' is set to Stop 'P'(created for production use). T0000-003 The number of returns indicated in the transmission manifest Data Mismatch Reject And must equal the number of returns included in the Stop transmission file. T0000-013 The Message ID must be globally unique. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-014 The Submission ID must be globally unique. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-015 The ETIN in the Message ID (the first five digits) must Incorrect Reject And match the ETIN provided with the request. Data Stop T0000-016 The Message ID must be 20 positions in length and conform to Incorrect Reject And the following format: 12 digits followed by 8 alphanumeric Data Stop characters (only lower case alphabetic characters allowed). T0000-017 The Submission ID must be 20 characters in length. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-900 Transmission cannot be a duplicate of a previously accepted Duplicate Reject And transmission. Condition Stop T0000-901 If the ETIN in the transmission header is in "test" status Database Reject And in the e-File database, then only transmission files Validation Stop identified as being "test" transmissions must be processed Error by the e-File system. T0000-902 If the ETIN in the transmission header is in "production" Database Reject And status in the e-File database, then only transmission files Validation Stop identified as being "production" transmissions must be Error processed by the e-File system. X0000-005 The XML data has failed schema validation. XML Error Reject And Stop X0000-007 The namespace declarations in the root element of the SOAP XML Error Reject And Envelope (the 'Envelope' element) must be as follows: The Stop default namespace shall be set to "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>" (xmlns= "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "efile" shall be bound to the namespace "[http://www.irs.gov](http://www.irs.gov/)" (xmlns:efile="<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "SOAP" shall be bound to the namespace "<http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/>" (xmlns:SOAP="<http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/>") and the Envelope element must be qualified with this prefix. X0000-008 The namespace declarations in the root element of the return XML Error Reject And ('Return' element) must be as follows:The default namespace Stop shall be set to "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>" (xmlns= "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "efile" shall be bound to the namespace "[http://www.irs.gov](http://www.irs.gov/)" (xmlns:efile="<http://www.irs.gov/efile>"). X0000-009 The SOAP envelope structure in the Transmission file must XML Error Reject And conform to the SOAP 1.1 specification. Stop X0000-010 For each SubmissionID provided in the transmission manifest Incorrect Reject And there must be a submission zip archive entry present in the Data Stop Attachment Zip file whose name (without the ".zip" extension) matches the SubmissionID. X0000-011 All entries in the submission zip archive (zip file that is Incorrect Reject And the submission) must begin with "manifest/" or "/manifest/" Data Stop or "xml/" or "/xml/" or "attachment/" or "/attachment/" (all lower case characters). X0000-012 The name of a binary attachment file must be less than or Incorrect Reject And equal to 64 bytes. Data Stop X0000-015 Each zip entry in the Attachment Zip file must end with Data Mismatch Reject And ".zip" extension. Stop X0000-017 ZIP Entry names in the transmission ZIP archive must be Duplicate Reject And unique. Condition Stop X0000-018 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And must contain exactly one entry that begins with "manifest/" Data Stop or "/manifest/" and is followed by the file name "manifest.xml". The entry name must use lower case characters ('a' through 'z') only and the separator must be the forward slash character. X0000-019 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And must contain exactly one entry that consists of "xml/" or Data Stop "/xml/" (all lower case characters) followed by a file name. X0000-020 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And may contain zero or more entries that begin with Data Stop "attachment/" or "/attachment/" and each is followed by a file name. The entry name must use lower case characters ('a' through 'z') only and the separator must be the forward slash character. X0000-021 The submission zip archive entries (zip files) in the Missing Data Reject And container zip file must be in the root directory of the Stop container zip file. X0000-022 The names of ZIP Entries (files) within the attachments zip Duplicate Reject file (the container zip file that contains zip files for all Condition submission) must be unique. X0000-024 Unable to read a binary attachment in the Submission Zip Incorrect Reject And Archive. Data Stop X0000-025 Unable to read XML data from the Submission Zip Archive. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop X0000-026 The count of SubmissionIDs provided in the transmission Incorrect Reject And manifest must match the count of submission zip archive Data Stop entries in the Attachment Zip file. X0000-027 Year (YYYY) in the SubmissionID must be processing year. Incorrect Reject Data X0000-028 A single PDF file must not exceed 60MB in size. Incorrect Reject Data X0000-029 A binary attachment submitted in the PDF format must begin Incorrect Reject And with the file header "%PDF-". Data Stop X0000-030 The size and CRC32 checksum value must be provided for the Missing Data Reject And submission XML file (i.e. xml data file that starts with Stop "xml/" or "/xml/". ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------	en
log-files	845546	! Started logfile: 1338+381_X.log on Mon Apr 27 09:43:19 1998 observe 1338+381_X.edt ! Reading UV FITS file: 1338+381_X.edt ! AN table 1: 34 integrations on 36 of 36 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.186275 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: 1338+381 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.15049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.23049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.41049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.55049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 406 lines of history. ! ! Reading 912 visibilities. select ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 uvweight 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. mapsi 1024,0.5 ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.500x0.500 milli-arcsec cellsize. mapp ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.907 mas, bmaj=8.58 mas, bpa=11.71 degrees ! Estimated noise=10.3119 mJy/beam. ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help peakw 1.8 ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0987261 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0991772 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0991772 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004406 max=0.005457 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001391 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.0991772 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0012363 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00137298 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.00137298 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003995 max=0.004739 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001179 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.10055 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 5.6278e-05 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000144136 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = -0.000144136 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003976 max=0.004466 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001138 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.100406 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help save 1338+381_X ! Writing UV FITS file: 1338+381_X.uvf ! Writing 35 model components to file: 1338+381_X.mod ! wwins: Wrote 1 windows to 1338+381_X.win ! Adding 35 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 35 components and 0.100406 Jy ! Inverting map ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.907 x 8.58 at 11.71 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0049889 max=0.10673 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: 1338+381_X.fits ! Writing difmap environment to: 1338+381_X.par device 1338+381_Xuv.ps/vps,1,2 ! Attempting to open device: '1338+381_Xuv.ps/vps' radplot ! Using default options string "m1" uvplot device 1338+381_Xim.ps/vps ! Attempting to open device: '1338+381_Xim.ps/vps' uvweight 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. loglevs -1,2048,2 ! The new contour levels are: ! -1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cmul = imstat(rms)*3 ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.907 mas, bmaj=8.58 mas, bpa=11.71 degrees ! Estimated noise=10.3119 mJy/beam. mappl cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.907 x 8.58 at 11.71 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0049889 max=0.10673 Jy/beam quit ! Quitting program ! Log file 1338+381_X.log closed on Mon Apr 27 09:45:06 1998	en
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all-txt-docs	200502	AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 625 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... DIURNAL CUMULUS DISSIPATING RAPIDLY THIS EVENING AS SUN SETS. WINDS ALSO BECOMING LIGHT. LITTLE BIT OF CU LEFT OVER NORTHEAST INDIANA WITH WEAK UPPER CIRCULATION. THIS COULD ROTATE INTO KFWA FROM TIME TO TIME NEXT FEW HOURS SO WILL ACCOUNT FOR THIS WITH A BROKEN VFR TEMPO GROUP. SOME PATCHY FOG POSSIBLE OVERNIGHT WITH CLEAR SKIES AND LIGHT WINDS. DRIER AIR UPSTREAM SHOULD ADVECT IN AND LOWER DEWPOINTS SO COUNTING ON THIS TO KEEP WIDESPREAD FOG FROM FORMING. HIGH MOVES OVER AREA THROUGH MONDAY AFTERNOON BEFORE THICKENING AND LOWERING CLOUDS MOVE IN. CHANCES FOR PRECIPITATION BEFORE 00Z SLIM AND NOT WORTH A MENTION IN TAFS AT THIS POINT. && .SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. && .LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM/AVIATION...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 249 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. && .LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .AVIATION... FOR 18Z TAF ISSUANCE WILL CONTINUE WITH VFR CIGS THROUGH THE AFTERNOON AT BOTH KSBN AND KFWA. WINDS WILL BE A BIT STRONGER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT WITH GENERALLY 10 KTS FROM NORTHWEST. CLOUDS TO DECREASE TONIGHT AS WELL AS WINDS BECOMING CALM. DRIER AIR WORKING IN SHOULD KEEP DEWPOINTS DOWN AND KEEP ANY FOG FROM FORMING WITH THE CLEARING SKIES AND CALM WINDS OVERNIGHT. SEE ABOVE UPDATE DISCUSSION FOR DETAILS OF CLOUD COVERAGE THIS AFTERNOON. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM/AVIATION...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 815 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE...HAVE UPDATED GRIDS TO INCLUDE A WIND ADVISORY ACROSS FAR EASTERN COLORADO. THIS MAY HAVE TO BE EXPANDED FURTHER EAST. AT 03Z KAKO AS WELL AS YUMA COLORADO GUSTING OVER 50 MPH ON LEADING EDGE OF POSSIBLY SOME LIGHT SHOWERS BUT AS THE RUC ALSO POINTS OUT 40+KT 800 MB WINDS. LOW LEVEL LAPSE RATES ALSO RATHER HIGH...OVER 8C/KM. THROUGH 06Z THE CORE OF THE STRONGER WINDS MOVES SOUTHEAST TOWARD FAR WESTERN KANSAS AS THE TIGHTLY WOUND UPPER LOW CONTINUES EAST ACROSS NEBRASKA. HIGHEST CONFIDENCE RIGHT NOW IS FOR ADVISORY CRITERIA GUSTS (OVER 45 MPH) TO OCCUR ACROSS FAR EASTERN COLORADO. WILL NEED TO WATCH SHERMAN AND CHEYENNE COUNTIES OF KANSAS AS WELL AS DUNDY COUNTY NEBRASKA DURING THE NEXT FEW HOURS AS EVEN STRONGER WINDS ARE EXPECTED AT 800MB. HOW MUCH OF THAT WORKS TO THE SURFACE IS THE QUESTION RIGHT NOW. FURTHER UPDATES MAY BE NEEDED. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...NONE. NE...NONE. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 11 PM MST THIS EVENING FOR COZ090- COZ091-COZ092. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 1210 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE...LATEST OBSERVATIONS OVER EASTERN COLORADO INDICATE VERY WINDY CONDTIONS DEVELOPING THERE. THIS IS ALSO SUPPORTED BY STRONG SUDSIDENCE NOTED ON WATER VAPOR IMAGERY MOVING EAST OF THE COLORADO ROCKIES. THE RUC MODEL INDICATES THAT WINDS SHOULD REACH WIND ADVISORY SPEEDS THIS AFTERNOON THERE. CONSEQUENTLY HAVE ISSUED A WIND ADVISORY FOR THE EASTERN COLORADO ZONES UNTIL 00Z MON. THE RUC MODEL INDICATES THAT THESE STRONG WINDS SHOULD NOT DEVELOP OVER FAR WESTERN KANSAS AND EXTREME SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA ZONES. ALSO ADJUSTED MAX TEMPERATURES UP...ESPECIALLY OVER COLORADO ZONES...WHERE WINDS ARE PROVIDING GOOD MIXING AND TEMPERATURES ARE RISING INTO THE 60S. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...NONE. NE...NONE. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MST THIS AFTERNOON FOR COZ090-COZ091- COZ092. && $$ FS </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY 1054 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .MORNING UPDATE... FORECAST IS IN PRETTY GOOD SHAPE. VIS SAT SHOWING SOME DISSIPATING LOW STRATUS OVER THE FAR NERN CWA...WITH LOW-LEVEL CU FIELD BEGINNING TO DEVELOP CWA-WIDE. THIS TREND WILL LIKELY CONTINUE TODAY PER THE LATEST ETA AND RUC SOUNDINGS. SO WILL CONTINUE THE PARTLY SUNNY WORDING. TEMPS RANGING FROM NEAR 50 OVER NE TO MID 50S SW...MAYBE A FEW 56-57 DEGREE READINGS...LOOKS REASONABLE. CURRENT TEMPS ARE RUNNING ABOUT 5 DEGREES WARMER FROM YESTERDAY. TWEAKED TEMPS TO REFLECT THIS. OTHERWISE...NICE DAY WITH NORTHERLY WINDS 5-10 MPH. UPDATED FORECAST OUT SOON. AL && .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM (TODAY AND TONIGHT) THE COLD...CYCLONIC AND SOMEWHAT MOIST NWLY FLOW OF THE PAST COUPLE OF DAYS HAS BECOME DRIER AND MORE ANTICYCLONIC AS A SFC HIGH BUILDS INTO THE REGION TODAY. THE AIR CONTINUES TO SLOWLY DRY OUT IN THE LOWER LEVELS. THE MAIN FCST PROBLEMS FOR THE SHORT TERM IS DEALING WITH THE MIX OF CLOUDS AND SUN TODAY AND THE RESULTANT HIGH TEMPS. OVERNIGHT...HOW MUCH OF A RETURN TO SOUTHEASTERLY FLOW IN THE LOWER LEVELS TAKES PLACE BY MORNING UNDER MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES AND THE RESULTANT MIN TEMPS. ONLY SMALL TWEAKS TO THE CURRENT FCST TEMP TRENDS FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT. --21 LONG TERM (MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY)... TWO WEATHER SYSTEMS WILL IMPACT CENTRAL KENTUCKY AND SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA DURING THE LONG TERM. THE FIRST WILL COME LATE MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY WITH THE SECOND THURSDAY AND FRIDAY INTO SATURDAY. MODELS ARE IN A LITTLE BETTER AGREEMENT BUT ECMWF SEEMS TO A LITTLE SLOWER...ESPECIALLY TOWARD THE END OF THE WEEK. WILL LEAN TOWARD THE FASTER GFS BUT WILL NOT GO AS HIGH ON POPS. MONDAY INTO TUESDAY...LOW PRESSURE ACCOMPANYING THIS FIRST SYSTEM WILL MOVE EAST ACROSS THE NORTHERN PLAINS THEN EAST SOUTHEAST INTO THE GREAT LAKES STATES. SOUTHERLY WINDS AROUND THE RETREATING HIGH PRESSURE AREA WILL BRING SOME INCREASE IN MOISTURE BUT WITH STRONGER 850 MB WINDS NOT HAVING MUCH TIME OUT OF THE GULF MOISTURE WILL BE SOMEWHAT LIMITED. SHOWERS WILL BE NUMEROUS BUT RAINFALL AMOUNTS WILL NOT BE ALL THAT HEAVY. HIGH PRESSURE WILL TRACK ACROSS THE AREA TUESDAY NIGHT AND WEDNESDAY. AS THIS HIGH MOVES TO THE ATLANTIC COAST...SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL DRAW WARMER AND MORE MOIST AIR NORTH FROM THE GULF. FLOW AT 850 MB IS MORE FAVORABLE FOR CARRYING MOISTURE NORTH FROM GULF AND WILL ALLOW DEW POINTS TO INCREASE AS A RESULT. THIS GREATER WARMTH AND HIGHER HUMIDITIES WILL AID IN DESTABILIZING AIRMASS AND WILL KEEP CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS IN FORECAST ALONG AND AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM. LOOK FOR FRONTAL PASSAGE THURSDAY NIGHT. WILL CHANGE PRECIPITATION TYPE BACK TO SHOWERS FOR THE LAST HALF OF FRIDAY NIGHT. WARMER TEMPERATURES WILL SPREAD INTO THE AREA FOR THE MIDDLE AND LATTER HALF OF THE WEEK. SCHOLZ && .LMK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KY...NONE. IN...NONE. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> ky AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BALTIMORE MD/WASHINGTON DC 1128 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... WATER VAPOR IMAGERY SHOWS UPPER LOW SPINNING WELL OFFSHORE SOMEWHERE NEAR 41N 63W LATE THIS MORNING. HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF CLOUD FORMATIONS ACROSS OUR CWA BASED ON VISIBLE AND INFRARED IMAGERY...WITH A SOLID DECK OF MID CLOUDS ACROSS THE BALTIMORE AND DC METRO AREAS...AND MORE IN THE WAY OF CU AND STRATOCU STREAKING ACROSS THE REST OF NORTH CENTRAL VA AND PLACES WEST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. NO MATTER THE TYPE (OR QUALITY) OF THE CLOUDS...THE QUANTITY DENOTES MOSTLY CLOUDY FOR JUST ABOUT OUR ENTIRE CWA THROUGH THE AFTERNOON WITH MID AND LOWER MOISTURE IN PLACE. A LITTLE MORE CHALLENGING IS WHETHER OR NOT TO HAVE ANY MENTION OF PRECIP THROUGH THE AFTERNOON. OROGRAPHICS WILL KEEP A FEW SNOW/RAIN SHOWERS ALONG AND WEST OF THE ALLEGANY FRONT THROUGH THIS AFTERNOON...AND WILL HAVE CHC POPS IN THIS AREA. KLWX 88D HAS BEEN DOWN THIS MORNING...YET SURROUNDING RADAR INFORMATION INCLUDING BWI TDWR INDICATED VERY WEAK RETURNS (NOT EVEN 10 DBZ) WRAPPING AROUND INTO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY ALONG A LOW LEVEL CONVERGENT ZONE. KDOV GIVES A LITTLE GROUND TRUTH TO THESE WEAK ECHOES WITH 7SM IN -RA. IN ADDITION...THE LATEST RUNS OF THE RUC AND NAM SHOW MOISTURE TO SUPPORT THIS LIGHT PRECIP IN ROUGHLY THE SAME AREA THAT RADAR TRENDS IMPLY. THEREFORE...EXPECT SIMILAR ECHOES TO THAT AFFECTING KDOV TO BRUSH THE BAY AND OUR EXTREME EASTERN CWA THIS AFTERNOON. WILL INSERT 20 POPS HERE...INCLUDING BALTIMORE CITY...THEN TAPER TO A N TO S ORIENTED STRIP OF SPRINKLES (POPS UNDER 15 HERE) THROUGH THE DISTRICT AND THEN NO WX POINTS WEST UNTIL ONE RUNS INTO THE CHC POPS DESCRIBED ABOVE ALONG AND WEST OF THE ALLEGANY FRONT. && .MARINE... INHERITED SCA ACROSS ALL MARINE WATERS. SENSORS ARE NOT SHOWING ANY SCA WINDS ATTM...AND HAVE SOME DOUBTS ON WHETHER WINDS CAN GET INTO SCA CRITERIA. NEVERTHELESS...BUFKIT IMPLIES THE POTENTIAL TO BOOST WINDS INTO THE 15 TO 20 KT RANGE THIS AFTERNOON AND WILL THEREFORE CONTINUE SCA. && .AVIATION... CU DECK SCT-BKN040 AND BKN-OVC150 PERSISTING OVER DCA...BWI... IAD...AND MTN WITH MAINLY CU TO THE WEST OVER CHO...MRB...AND HGR. EXPECT BKN040 TO BECOME WIDESPREAD OVER THE ENTIRE REGION WITH VFR CONDITIONS. BEST WIND GUSTS UP TO 20 KTS WILL BE IN VCTY OF ISOLATED -SHRA NEAR THE BAY AND OVER THE WESTERN RIDGES. FEEL CU WILL SCATTER OUT LATE THIS EVENING WITH LOSS OF INSOLATION. && .CLIMATOLOGY... WITH VERY LITTLE PRECIP SO FAR THIS MARCH WE ARE WELL ON OUR WAY TO A RECORD. WITH THE DEPARTING UPPER LOW THIS AFT AND ONE WAVE FCST TO APPROACH LATE TUE...ANY SIGNIFICANT PRECIP LOOKS MEAGER FOR THE REMAINDER OF MARCH. THIS IS HOW WE STAND AS OF THIS MORNING: SO FAR MARCH 2006 DRIEST MARCH DCA... 0.04 INCH 0.57 INCH 1910 BWI... 0.18 INCH 0.46 INCH 1910 IAD... 0.04 INCH 0.99 INCH 1981 THE US DROUGHT MONITOR AS OF MARCH 21ST CONTINUES TO SHOW ABNORMALLY DRY CONDITIONS ACROSS THE MID ATL REGION. D1 DROUGHT CONDITIONS EXIST ACROSS SW VA AND PARTS OF NC. INTERESTINGLY...APRIL 1910 IS THE FOURTH WETTEST ON RECORD AT BWI AND THE TENTH WETTEST AT DCA. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 410 AM EST SUN MAR 25 2006/ SHORT TERM...TODAY AND TONIGHT... SCATTERED SHOWERS CONTINUE IN THE FAVORED UPSLOPE AREAS IN NW FLOW. WILL CONTINUE TO MENTION CHANCE POPS IN THE WEST FOR UPSLOPE PRECIP. EXPECT ANY ADTNL ACCUMS BELOW 1 INCH IN THE HIGHER ELEVS. ELSEWHERE...EXPECT MOSTLY CLOUDY DUE TO AFTN CU DVLPNT ALTHOUGH PARTIAL SUNSHINE WILL BE EXPERIENCED. IN THE SOUTH EXPECT MORE SUNSHINE IN THE CENTRAL SHEN VLY. TEMPS WILL CONTINUE TO BE BELOW NORMAL WITH HIGHS ONLY IN THE 40S WEST TO THE LOWER 50S IN THE SOUTH AND EAST. HIGH PRES WILL BEGIN TO NOSE INTO THE MID ATLC TNGT AND AFTN CU SHOULD GRADUALLY DISSIPATE IN THE EVNG LEAVING MOSTLY CLEAR AND COOL CONDS OVERNGT. LONG TERM (MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY)... OBSERVATIONS: 500MB HEIGHT/ANOMALY PATTERN DURING THE PAST 5 DAYS INDICATES THAT A STRONG UPPER LOW ACROSS THE CANADIAN MARITIMES HAS SHEARED INTO TWO...WITH THE MAJORITY OF ENERGY PASSING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. A WEAK DISTURBANCE FROM THE SOUTHWEST CONUS HAS JOINED UP WITH THE AFOREMENTIONED LEFTOVER ENERGY TO ALLOW AN UPPER LOW TO DEVELOP ACROSS THE MID ATLANTIC. A BLOCKING PATTERN ACROSS THE PACIFIC OCEAN IS BEGINNING TO BREAK DOWN. WATER VAPOR LOOP SHOWS AN UPPER LOW ACROSS THE MID ATLANTIC...WITH A STRONG WAVE MOVING INTO THE CENTRAL ROCKIES. 03Z SURFACE ANALYSIS PLACES A WEAK BOUNDARY WNW INTO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY. A SECOND WEAK BOUNDARY EXTENDS SOUTHWEST ACROSS THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES. A PAIR OF 1027MB ANTICYCLONES DOMINATE THE CENTRAL CONUS. MODELS: THE 00Z NAM/WRF-NMM/GFS/CANADIAN/UKMET ALONG WITH THE 12Z EUROPEAN WERE EXAMINED. THERE IS GOOD AGREEMENT AMONG THE MODEL SUITE WITH RISING HEIGHTS EARLY THIS WEEK. A WAVE IS EXPECTED TO MOVE FROM THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES ACROSS THE NORTHERN MID ATLANTIC OR SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND DURING THE MIDWEEK. AFTER ANOTHER ROUND OF RISING HEIGHTS LATE DURING THE WORK WEEK...MODELS SUGGEST ANOTHER WAVE APPROACHES THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES AT THE END OF THE FORECAST CYCLE. ENSEMBLES: 12Z GFS 500MB HEIGHT ENSEMBLES SHOW GOOD CONTINUITY WITH A PERIOD OF RISING HEIGHTS EARLY NEXT WEEK...WHILE ENSEMBLE MEMBERS INDICATE A TROUGH WILL PASS ACROSS SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND BY MIDWEEK. ANOTHER RIDGE BUILDS IN...BEFORE ANOTHER TROUGH APPROACHES FROM THE MIDWEST TOWARD THE END OF THE FORECAST CYCLE (WITH BETTER AGREEMENT WITH REGARD TO TIMING). 00Z GFS ENSEMBLE MOS FROM FRIDAY EVENING SHOWS MEAN HIGH TEMPERATURES RISE FROM THE MIDDLE 50S INTO THE UPPER 60S BY FRIDAY...WITH MIDDLE 60S SATURDAY. MEAN LOWS RISE FROM NEAR 30 DEGREES INTO THE MIDDLE 40S (WITH GOOD CLUSTERING). MEAN POPS HOVER NEAR ZERO EARLY NEXT WEEK...THEN RISE BACK TO 20-30 PERCENT DURING THE MIDWEEK AND AGAIN EARLY NEXT WEEKEND (WITH DECENT AGREEMENT). FORECAST RATIONALE: CLOUDS BREAK WITH MODERATING TREND EARLY THIS WEEK. APPROACH OF THE NEXT WAVE SHOULD INCREASE CLOUDS AND PRESENT A CHANCE OF RAIN (OR RAIN/SNOW) TUESDAY INTO EARLY WEDNESDAY MORNING. A SECOND MODERATING TREND WILL SET UP FOR THE SECOND HALF OF THE WORK WEEK AS A AMPLIFIED RIDGE BUILDS INTO THE EASTERN CONUS. THIS PATTERN MAY SLOW THE APPROACH OF A LATE WEEK SYSTEM BEYOND THE VALID FORECAST CYCLE. CURRENT INDICATIONS ARE THAT A BAY BREEZE MAY DEVELOP THURSDAY (WEAK FLOW AS THE SURFACE RIDGE MOVES OFF THE EAST COAST...WITH STRONG WARMING ALONG THE LAND AND COOL ADJACENT WATERS). GRADIENT SHOULD BE STRONGER FRIDAY...ENCOURAGING A STRONGER SOUTHERLY FLOW. MARINE... HAVE ISSUED A SCA FOR ALL WATERS THROUGH EARLY EVNG. EXPECT DECENT MIXING TODAY AND GUSTS NEAR 20 KT HAVE ALREADY BEGUN AT A FEW OF THE REPORTING STATIONS. THANKS AKQ FOR THE SCA COORD. AVIATION... BKN CIGS TODAY BUT SHOULD BARELY REMAIN IN THE VFR CATEGORY BETWEEN 3500-5000FT WITH AFTN CU DVLPT. DO NOT EXPECT ANY SIG FOG TNGT WITH COLD DPTS AND DRY GROUND. && .LWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... DC...NONE. MD...NONE. VA...NONE. WV...NONE. MARINE...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR ANZ530>537 UNTIL 6 PM SUNDAY. && $$ SHORT TERM/MARINE...PELOQUIN CLIMATOLOGY/AVIATION...GUYER PREV DISCUSSION...JB/ROGOWSKI </PRE></TT></td> md AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN 315 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .DISCUSSION...TONIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY PRIMARY CONCERN IN SHORT RANGE CONTINUES TO BE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM PASSING NEARBY ON MONDAY AND ITS IMPACT ON PRECIPITATION TYPE AND TIMING. MORNING H5 ANALYSIS AND CURRENT GOES WV LOOP SHOWS SYSTEM OF INTEREST SPINNING ACROSS CENTRAL WY WITH UPGLIDING MOISTURE ENTERING THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. VIS LOOP SHOWS SOME ASSOCIATED MID-LEVEL CLOUDS OVER THE DAKOTAS BUT NO 88D RETURNS AT PRESENT. ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE OVER CWA NOT ALL THAT DRY AS SOME CU SEEN AND MORNING RAOBS INDICATED NO REAL DRY AIR INTRUSION AFTER THE LOW CLOUDS OF THE PAST FEW DAYS FINALLY ERODED. SO DO NOT THINK IT WILL TAKE LONG TO SATURATE TONIGHT AS MODEL PROGGED PWS ARE IN THE ORDER OF 0.5 TO 0.7 INCHES AND MIXING RATIOS ON LOW LEVEL THETA LAYERS OF CLOSE TO FOUR G/KG. HOWEVER FORCING IS LACKING DUE TO SYSTEM BEING STACKED AND DWINDLING WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE MODEL SOLUTION. UPPER LEVEL JET REMAINS WELL SOUTH WITH LEFT EXIT DIFFLUENT REGION AND ASSOCIATED H8-H5 OMEGA PEAKING OVER IA AND FAR SOUTHERN CWA. MODELS GENERALLY IN GOOD AGREEMENT AS 12Z AND 18Z NAM SOLUTIONS COMING IN LINE WITH THE GFS IN HAVING THE SYSTEM GLIDE ESE OVER IA. SOME WIDE HPC SREF SPREADS IN QPF LOCATION AND AMOUNT...BUT GENERALLY WENT WITH LIGHTER AMOUNTS AND LATER ONSET TIME DUE TO NO REAL AREA OF FOCUS. BUFKIT SNDGS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS INDICATE RA OR SN POSSIBILITIES. IN FAR WEST WHERE RUC AND NAM INDICATE OVERNIGHT LLJ OF 50KT...A PROGGED WARM LAYER OF 2-3C IS ADVECTED IN. SREF DOMINANT PRECIP TYPE DOES INDICATE SOME ZR WITH THIS...SO THEREFORE HAVE INTRODUCED THE CHC FROM 8Z THROUGH DAWN IN W AND NW ZONES. PRECIP CHANCES LAST ALL OF MONDAY AND INTO MONDAY NIGHT AS SYSTEM PROGGED TO MOVE SLOWLY...WITH BEST CHANCES GENERALLY IN SOUTHERN HALF OF CWA AND BEFORE 18Z MON. AFTER THAT POINT ASSOCIATED INVERTED SFC TROUGH PASSES AND DRIER AIR STARTS TO MOVE IN. PRECIP TYPE COULD SWITCH AROUND A FEW TIMES DURING THE DURATION OF THIS EVENT DUE TO DIABATIC EFFECTS AND DIURNAL TRENDS...BUT ALL IN ALL PRECIP SHOULD BE LIGHT AND GENERALLY RAIN OR SNOW WITH MAX SNOW ACCUMULATIONS AT AN INCH. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS SHOULD STICK AROUND FOR A WHILE SIMILAR TO LAST SYSTEM. LAZY LOW LEVEL FLOW SHOULD KEEP THEM THROUGH TUES AND POSSIBILY EVEN INTO TUES NIGHT. STRONG WAA STARTS IN ON WEDS AHEAD OF NEXT SYSTEM. WITH TEMPS DURING SHORT RANGE MADE ONLY MINOR TWEAKS...EDGING UP TEMPS A BIT THROUGH MON NIGHT GIVEN MAXS THIS AFTN. LONGER TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT THE LATEST ENSEMBLE MEMBERS OFF THE GFS AND EUROPEAN MODELS ARE SHOWING SIGNS OF DISCONTINUITY IN OVERALL UPPER AIR PATTERN OVER NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PERIOD...AS THE PATTERN BECOMES MORE PROGRESSIVE. GFS IS THE MORE AGGRESSOR OF LIFTING SYSTEM INTO THE GREAT LAKES BY SATURDAY MORNING. TIMING OF THE NEXT SYSTEM WILL BE CRITICAL THU AND FRI WITH THE LONGWAVE TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW PROJECTED TO MOVE INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS ON THURSDAY. POPS STILL SEEM REASONABLE FOR THURSDAY AND FRIDAY DUE TO DYNAMICS ALONG WITH INCREASING INSTABLITY AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM. HOWEVER...THE BEST FORCING AND LIFT IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR OVER THE SOUTHERN HALF OF OUR FORECAST AREA. TEMPS BY THURSDAY ARE EXPECTED TO MODERATE INTO THE 50S THEN MORE TYPICAL SPRING-LIKE OVER THE UPCOMING WEEKEND. && .MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MN...NONE. WI...NONE. && $$ MTF/JVM </PRE></TT></td> mn AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 836 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY... UPDATES MADE TO END PRECIPITATION SOONER THIS EVENING...REDUCE SKY COVER...AND ADJUST WINDS. SHORT WAVE TROUGH CROSSING EASTERN WYOMING AND EASTERN MONTANA HAS MADE SLIGHTLY QUICKER PROGRESSION THAN EXPECTED...ENDING PRECIPITATION ACROSS WESTERN HALF OF CWA WITH PARTIAL CLEARING SPREADING INTO EXTREME WESTERN ZONES AS A FLAT SHORT WAVE RIDGE BUILDS INTO CENTRAL MONTANA. AREA RADARS SHOWING REDUCED REFLECTIVITIES OF PRECIPITATION BAND ACROSS EASTERN PORTION OF CWA...WITH FEW AUTOMATED STATIONS REPORTING PRECIP... SUGGESTING THAT PRECIPITATION WILL DWINDLE AS IT TRANSLATES TOWARD WESTERN DAKOTAS. MODELS SHOW ANOTHER SURGE OF MOISTURE INTO SHORT WAVE TROUGH AFTER MIDNIGHT...BUT CURRENT INDICATIONS ARE THIS WILL AFFECT DAKOTAS BECAUSE OF QUICKER PROGRESSION OF WHOLE SYSTEM. HENCE...HAVE DROPPED BACK TO NEAR ZERO POPS AFTER MIDNIGHT EXCEPT FOR AT MONTANA/DAKOTA BORDER. ALSO BRING CLEARING INTO WESTERN HALF OF CWA AFTER MIDNIGHT...AND TWEAKED 12-18Z GRID TO REDUCE SKY COVER EARLY IN SECOND PERIOD. NORTHWEST WINDS REMAIN QUITE FRESH BUT NOT CURRENTLY AS STRONG AS FORECAST...SO HAVE TWEAKED WINDS DOWN SLIGHTLY AND LIMITED GUSTS TO SOUTHEAST CORNER OF CWA. TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY APPEAR ON TRACK...IN PART BECAUSE OF PERSISTENCE OF WIND TO AFFORD SOME MIXING OVERNIGHT. SAME REASONING FOR NO MENTION OF FOG OVERNIGHT...EXPECT WIND TO KEEP THINGS MIXED. PREVIOUS SHORT TERM... UPPER LOW CLOSES OFF OVER NEBRASKA TONIGHT AND HEADS FURTHER EAST. LOCAL AREA WILL REMAIN UNDER THE UPPER TROUGH THIS EVENING. WITH DESCENT LIFT WILL SEE CONTINUED PRECIPITATION OVER THE EASTERN ZONES TONIGHT. SNOW/RAIN MIX WILL CHANGE OVER TO ALL SNOW LATE BUT AS THE AREA OF HEAVIEST PRECIPITATION MOVES INTO THE DAKOTAS THE LOCAL AREA WILL SEE DIMINISHING SNOWFALL OVERNIGHT. AN UPPER RIDGE WILL BEGIN BUILDING INTO THE REGION MONDAY AND SHOULD KEEP THE REMAINDER OF THE SHORT TERM DRY. TONIGHT...AS THE PRECIPITATION MOVES EAST THE 850MB TEMPERATURES ABOVE WILL REMAIN BELOW FREEZING...AROUND MINUS 2-3C SO WILL CONTINUE THE MIX INITIALLY AND TURN IT TO ALL SNOW AFTER 3Z AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES DROP. RUC PRETTY MUCH CUTS OFF MOST PRECIPITATION AFTER 3Z...ABOUT THE TIME THAT IT SHOULD TURN TO ALL SNOW. HOWEVER WILL LEAVE LIKELY POPS IN FOR THIS EVENING ACROSS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE CWA...THEN ONLY IN THE EASTERN ZONES AFTER MIDNIGHT. WITH PRETTY GOOD LIFT...USING A BLEND OF GFS AND NAM...COULD GET 1 TO 2 INCHES OF SNOW TONIGHT IN THE EASTERN ZONES. MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT...SKIES WILL BECOME PARTLY CLOUDY THEN CLEAR FROM THE WEST IN THE AFTERNOON. WITH TEMPERATURES RISING TO ABOVE NORMAL WITH MODERATE WEST WINDS...MONDAY COULD BECOME A PLEASANT DAY. HOWEVER OVERNIGHT WINDS WILL TURN TO THE SOUTHEAST ONCE AGAIN BUT AT MODERATE STRENGTH. TUESDAY...UPPER FLOW WILL SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST WHICH WILL INCREASE 850 TEMPERATURES TO 5C TO 10C. COULD BE THE WARMEST DAY OF THE WEEK. ALSO COULD SEE INCREASING HIGH CLOUD BY LATE AFTERNOON AS THE NEXT STORM SYSTEM MOVES ON SHORE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... OTHER THAN A COUPLE OF MINOR TWEAKS TO RH AND DEWPOINT GRIDS...GOING FORECAST LOOKED GOOD. -TFJ PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS... BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW IS DIMINISHING AS IT EXITS EASTERN MONTANA THIS EVENING. THE PRECIP SHOULD COMPLETELY EXIT THE STATE BY 06Z. LOW CLOUDS WILL GRADUALLY CLEAR OVERNIGHT FROM WEST TO EAST. SKIES SHOULD REMAIN MOSTLY CLEAR ON MONDAY. MVFR CONDITIONS AT KGDV AND KSDY SHOULD IMPROVE TO VFR BY 06Z. OTHERWISE...LOOK FOR VFR CONDITIONS THROUGH MONDAY. GFF && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 216 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY... UPPER LOW CLOSES OFF OVER NEBRASKA TONIGHT AND HEADS FURTHER EAST. LOCAL AREA WILL REMAIN UNDER THE UPPER TROUGH THIS EVENING. WITH DESCENT LIFT WILL SEE CONTINUED PRECIPITATION OVER THE EASTERN ZONES TONIGHT. SNOW/RAIN MIX WILL CHANGE OVER TO ALL SNOW LATE BUT AS THE AREA OF HEAVIEST PRECIPITATION MOVES INTO THE DAKOTAS THE LOCAL AREA WILL SEE DIMINISHING SNOWFALL OVERNIGHT. AN UPPER RIDGE WILL BEGIN BUILDING INTO THE REGION MONDAY AND SHOULD KEEP THE REMAINDER OF THE SHORT TERM DRY. TONIGHT...AS THE PRECIPITATION MOVES EAST THE 850MB TEMPERATURES ABOVE WILL REMAIN BELOW FREEZING...AROUND MINUS 2-3C SO WILL CONTINUE THE MIX INITIALLY AND TURN IT TO ALL SNOW BY 3Z AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES DROP. RUC PRETTY MUCH CUTS OFF MOST PRECIPITATION AFTER 3Z...ABOUT THE TIME THAT IT SHOULD TURN TO ALL SNOW. HOWEVER WILL LEAVE LIKELY POPS IN FOR THIS EVENING ACROSS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE CWA...THEN ONLY IN THE EASTERN ZONES AFTER MIDNIGHT. WITH PRETTY GOOD LIFT...USING A BLEND OF GFS AND NAM...COULD GET 1 TO 2 INCHES OF SNOW TONIGHT IN THE EASTERN ZONES. MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT...SKIES WILL BECOME PARTLY CLOUDY THEN CLEAR FROM THE WEST IN THE AFTERNOON. WITH TEMPERATURES RISING TO ABOVE NORMAL WITH MODERATE WEST WINDS...MONDAY COULD BECOME A PLEASANT DAY. HOWEVER OVERNIGHT WINDS WILL TURN TO THE SOUTHEAST ONCE AGAIN BUT AT MODERATE STRENGTH. TUESDAY...UPPER FLOW WILL SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST WHICH WILL INCREASE 850 TEMPERATURES TO 5C TO 10C. COULD BE THE WARMEST DAY OF THE WEEK. ALSO COULD SEE INCREASING HIGH CLOUDS BY LATE AFTERNOON AS THE NEXT STORM SYSTEM MOVES ON SHORE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... OTHER THAN A COUPLE OF MINOR TWEAKS TO RH AND DEWPOINT GRIDS...GOING FORECAST LOOKED GOOD. -TFJ PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS... BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... LOW CEILINGS SHOULD CONTINUE TO HAMPER THE TERMINAL SITES THROUGH THE EVENING HOURS. A NARROW PRECIPITATION BAND OF MOSTLY SNOW (SOME RAIN MIXED IN LATE THIS AFTERNOON) WILL DIMINISH BY EARLY EVENING FROM WEST TO EAST. MVFR CEILINGS ARE EXPECTED TO DISIPATE FROM WEST TO EAST LATE (BY MORNING AT KSDY AND KGDV). A SURFACE TROUGH MOVING EAST SHOULD SWING SURFACE WINDS TO THE NORTHWEST AT KOLF THEN KSDY BY EARLY THIS EVENING. VFR CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED LATER TONIGHT AND MONDAY WITH NORTHWEST WINDS ALL SITES. -TFJ && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 921 AM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY... UPDATE...PRECIPITATION IS CUTTING ACROSS THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE CWA BUT THE BULK REMAINS TO THE WEST OF THE FORECAST AREA. THE RUC/GFS AND NAM ALL SHOW SIGNIFICANT QPF MOVING INTO THE AREA BY AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES ALOFT REMAIN BELOW 0C FOR MOST OF THE CWA BUT SURFACE TEMPERATURES ARE RISING INTO THE MID 40S F TO THE SOUTHWEST AND MID 30S ELSEWHERE. GENERALLY KEPT PRECIPITATION AS A RAIN/SNOW MIX. SNOW AMOUNTS COULD RANGE AROUND 1 OR 2 INCHES THROUGH THIS EVENING. ALSO ADJUSTED MAX TEMPS AND WINDS TO FIT CURRENT OBSERVATIONS AND UPDATED MODELS. SCT PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... SURFACE TROF NEARING THE WESTERN FRINGE OF THE CWA CURRENTLY. EAST WIND STILL GOING STRONG ACROSS THE AREA. THIS SURFACE TROF WILL MOVE STEADILY EAST ACROSS THE AREA TODAY BRINGING A WIND SHIFT TO NORTHWEST. OTHER THAN ALONG THE TROF AXIS AS IT PASSES THERE WILL BE NO RESPITE FROM THE WIND AS IT WILL BLOW STRONGER BEHIND THE TROF THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING BEFORE ABATING OVERNIGHT. THE UPPER TROF WILL FOLLOW CLOSELY BEHIND THE SURFACE TROF WITH THE LIONS SHARE OF THE ENERGY PASSING SOUTH OF US ACROSS WYOMING INTO SOUTHERN MONTANA. GOOD MOISTURE ACROSS THE AREA ALREADY SO AS WE GET BETTER DYNAMICS TODAY WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SYSTEM WE SHOULD SEE MOST OF THE AREA GETTING AT LEAST SOME PRECIPITATION. THERMAL PROFILES STILL PRETTY MUCH A MESS...SO STILL DIFFICULT TO PUT A FINGER ON EXACTLY WHEN AND WHO GETS WHAT. THAT SAID...WILL REMOVE MENTION OF FREEZING RAIN AS MOST SPOTS ACROSS THE AREA STILL ABOVE FREEZING WITH CLOUDS LOWERING AND DEWPOINTS RISING. SO NOT REALLY EXPECTING TEMPERATURES TO DROP MUCH...IF ANY FROM WHERE THEY ARE NOW. PRECIPITATION SHOWING UP ON RADAR STILL WELL WEST OF THE CWA. SO PROBABLY THE BULK OF THE PRECIPITATION WILL NOT ARRIVE UNTIL AFTER SUNRISE AND TEMPERATURES GET A CHANCE TO RISE A BIT. WITH THE MODELS NOT EVEN CLOSE TO BEING ON THE SAME PAGE WITH RESPECT TO THERMAL PROFILES TODAY...WILL LEAVE THE PRECIPITATION TODAY AS RAIN OR SNOW...EVEN THO MOST SPOTS SHOULD EXPERIENCE TEMPERATURES TODAY AT LEAST SLIGHTLY ABOVE FREEZING. WILL LEAVE PRECIPITATION ALL SNOW TONIGHT AS IT MARCHES EAST AND OUT OF HERE BY MONDAY MORNING AS THE MODELS DO COME TOGETHER A BIT BETTER FOR TONIGHT WITH EXPECTED TEMPERATURES ALOFT. SNOW AMOUNTS SHOULD BE ON THE LIGHT SIDE WITH PERHAPS NEAR 2 INCHES IN THE SOUTHEAST PORTION OF THE CWA WHERE BEST LIFT SHOULD OCCUR. HIGH PRESSURE MOVES IN AT ALL LEVELS BY MONDAY AFTERNOON. UPPER RIDGE REMAINS IN PLACE FOR TUESDAY BUT THE SURFACE HIGH DRIFTS EAST AND LOW PRESSURE HEADS OUR WAY FROM THE WEST. THIS SETS UP...YES YOU GUESSED IT...ANOTHER ROUND OF EAST WIND. AT LEAST 850MB THERMAL RIDGE HEADS OUR WAY IN ADVANCE OF THE LOW PRESSURE ALLOWING FOR A WARMUP. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS...BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... UPDATED AT 1620Z. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS HAVE OVERSPREAD ENTIRE AREA AS A STORM SYSTEM PUSHES IN FROM THE WEST. MOST CEILINGS HAVE GONE TO MVFR...TO AROUND 2K FT AGL. SNOW WITH SOME MIX WITH RAIN WILL SPREAD FRO WEST TO EAST WITH THE STORM TODAY. PRECIPITATION WILL END WEST DURING EVENING BUT LINGER THROUGH MIDNIGHT OVER THE EAST. WITH FALLING TEMPERATURES DURING EVENING....WILL SEE ANY RAIN/SNOW MIX CHANGE TO SNOW AS PRECIPITATION ENDS. CURRENT EAST WINDS WILL SWITCH TO NORTHWEST DURING THE AFTERNOON OVER NE MT AS THE CENTER OF LOW PRESSURE MOVES SOUTHEAST OF CWA. PARTIAL CLEARING WILL REACH WESTERN PORTIONS OF THE TWEB ROUTE/TERMINALS OVERNIGHT...BUT LOW CEILINGS EXPECTED TO LINGER OVER EASTERN PORTION OF TWEB ROUTE/TERMINALS. && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATE COLLEGE PA 1133 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... SAT IMAGERY SHOWS CLOUD COVER QUITE EXTENSIVE ON BACK SIDE OF UPR LOW CIRC AS UPR LOW CENTER LIFTS EAST OF PA. CLOUDS WILL KEEP TEMPS FROM INCREASING TOO MUCH THIS AFTN...BUT CURRENT TEMP READINGS AND A LITTLE RISE FIT WELL WITH CURRENT FCST MAXES. REMOVED ANY SIG POPS EXCEPT ACROSS FAR NRWN MTNS WHERE SOME LAKE ENHANCED SHOWERS MAY DEVELOP THIS AFTN. NO CHANGES BEYOND FIRST PD. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 238 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006/ SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY/... SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWING UPPER LO PUSHING EAST OVR CHESAPEAKE BAY EARLY THIS MORNING. WK S/WV HAS PRODUCED SCT -SHSN OVR SW PA EARLIER TONIGHT. HOWEVER...THIS DISTURBANCE IS NOW EXITING SOUTHERN PA AND SHOULD BE CLEAR OF THE REGION BY DAWN. BEST CHC OF PRECIP TODAY SHOULD BE ACROSS SE PA...CLOSEST TO DEPARTING UPPER LOW. A LGT RAIN/SNOW MIX CURRENTLY FALLING OVER EASTERN PA...AND LATEST RUC/NAM DATA SUGGESTS THIS AREA OF PRECIP BRUSHES OUR SE ZONES THRU EARLY AFTN. BRKS IN CLOUD COVER OVR CENTRAL PA EARLY THIS AM WILL FILL IN BY LATE AM AS SUN GOES TO WORK. MODEL 850 TEMPS SUGGEST SIMILAR HIGHS TO YESTERDAY. EXPECT CRUMBLING CU THIS EVENING WITH LOSS OF HEATING AND APPROACH OF HI PRES RIDGE. HAVE LOWERED SKY GRIDS CONSIDERABLY...MAKING MOST SPOTS CLEAR BY LATE EVENING. MONDAY LOOKS NEARLY CLOUDLESS UNDER INFLUENCE OF HI PRES AT SFC AND ALOFT. 850 TEMPS ARND -2C SHOULD SUPPORT HIGHS U40S MTNS...TO M50S SUSQ VALLEY. CALM WIND AND CLEAR SKIES WILL ALLOW TEMPS TO FALL QUICKLY MONDAY EVENING. HOWEVER...INCR CLDS AHEAD OF APPROACHING LO PRES MAY LIMIT COOLING. SREF DATA TRACKING WK SFC LO OVR SOUTHERN PA ON TUESDAY. ENSEMBLE QPF DATA SUGGESTS BEST CHC FOR -RA OVR SOUTHERN AND WESTERN PA. LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/... LATEST MREF DATA SUGGESTS DRY WX THURS/FRI WITH A WARMING TREND...AS UPPER LVL RIDGE BUILDS OVR THE EAST COAST. A COLD FRONT LATE FRI OR SAT WILL LIKELY BE ACCOMPANIED BY A ROUND OF SHRA. AVIATION... AS WAS THE CASE LAST NIGHT...MUCH OF CENTRAL PA IS CLR WITH VFR CONDITIONS. LIKE LAST NIGHT..EXPECT PATCHY FOG AROUND SUNRISE FOR A FEW HOURS. OTHERWISE...MUCH OF THE AREA WILL HAVE VFR CONDITIONS TODAY. SOME IFR AND MVFR CONDITIONS AT THE CURRENT TIME ACROSS WESTERN AREAS...WITH A WIDE RANGE IN CONDITIONS. EXPECT THESE AREAS TO HAVE VFR CONDITIONS BY LATE MORNING...AS THE AIRMASS IS QUITE DRY...AND THE UPPER LEVEL LOW MOVES AWAY FROM THE AREA. WINDS WILL BE ON THE BRISK SIDE THIS AFT. WINDS WILL WEAKEN SOME OVERNIGHT...BUT EXPECT MORE WIND THAN THE LAST 2 NIGHTS...SO MOST AREAS SHOULD HAVE VFR CONDITIONS...AS FOG SHOULD BE LESS OF A PROBLEM. && .CTP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...GARTNER </PRE></TT></td> pa AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ABERDEEN SD 1140 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 TEMPS ACROSS THE EAST HAVE SHOT UP UNDER MOSUNNY SKIES...PROMPTING AN INCREASE IN MAX T GRIDS THERE. LATEST HI-RES NAM AND GFS ARE IN AGREEMENT ON MOVT OF UPPER LOW AND SFC LOW INTO THE REGION LATER THIS AFTN AND TONIGHT. NAM BUFKIT AND HI-RES NAM SOLNS ALL SHOW PCPN HOLDING OFF UNTIL LATE THIS AFTN AND INTO THE EVENING. HAVE TWEAKED PCPN GRIDS FOR A LATER STARTING TIME TO THE PCPN. WINDS CONT TO BUMP UP AGAINST WIND ADVRY CRITERIA FOR MANY AREAS...BUT AFTER INITIAL HOUR OF THAT THEY SEEM TO BE SETTLING BACK DOWN...SO NO HEADLINE FOR WINDS NEEDED ATTM. ...PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... .SHORT TERM...TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT UPPER LEVEL RIDGE AXIS CENTERED OVER DAKOTAS EARLY THIS MORNING WHILE APPROACHING STORM SYSTEM IS MOVING EAST ACROSS THE ROCKIES. SFC PRESSURE GRADIENT TIGHTENING BETWEEN HIGH OVER MN/WI AND LOW OVER ROCKIES. SE WINDS ALREADY 15-25 MPH FROM JAMES RIVER WEST AND WILL INCREASE THROUGHOUT THE DAY. LOW CLOUDS STREAMING NORTH INTO CWA WITH MOISTURE AND WARM AIR ADVECTION. REMOVED FRZ DRIZZLE MENTION FOR THE EARLY MORNING HOURS AS CEILINGS APPEAR TO BE A BIT TOO HIGH AND TEMP/DEWPOINT SPREADS REMAIN AROUND 5 DEGREES. CEILING/VIS OBS ACROSS NEB PANHANDLE INDICATE CEILINGS BELOW 1000 FT WITH VIS DROPPING TO AROUND 5-6SM. BELIEVE ANY DRIZZLE THAT'S OCCURRING WOULD BE ACROSS THIS AREA. FIRST PART OF TODAY WILL FEATURE INCREASING SE WINDS...ALONG WITH CLOUDY TO MOSTLY CLOUDY SKIES. HELD BACK ON PRECIP CHANCES ACROSS CENTRAL SD UNTIL THE AFTERNOON HOURS AS BEST LIFT ASSOCIATED WITH WAVE DOES NOT OCCUR UNTIL THEN. MODELS ARE SHOWING SFC LOW TRACKING ACROSS SD WITH SFC LOW CENTER NEAR MN BORDER BY 12Z MON. THERE ARE SLIGHT VARIATIONS IN EXACT TRACK...WITH GFS AND UK A BIT FARTHER SOUTH TOWARDS I-90 AND SD/NE BORDER WHILE RUC AND NGM CLOSER TO NORTHERN TIER OF COUNTIES. NAM FOLLOWS MORE OF A GFS TRACK. STILL APPEARS AS IF BEST CHANCE FOR RAIN WILL BE ACROSS THE EASTERN COUNTIES BETWEEN 00Z AND 12Z TONIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH THE BEST 850-700MB OMEGA...ISENTROPIC FEATURES...AND UPPER DIVERGENCE. RAISED POPS TO LIKELY ACROSS THE EAST OVERNIGHT. ONE OF THE MORE DIFFICULT AREAS WITH THIS SYSTEM IS DECIDING HOW MUCH COLD AIR WILL GET WRAPPED INTO THE AREA ON MON MORNING. HAVE KEPT ALL RAIN MENTION FOR THE MOST PART IN THE EAST BUT THERE SHOULD BE A RAIN/SNOW MIX AROUND AND JUST AFTER SUNRISE ON MON ACROSS THE CENTRAL BEFORE TEMPS CLIMB ENOUGH TO CHANGE BACK TO RAIN. FEEL THAT THERE WILL BE A DECENT AMOUNT OF WARM AIR DRAWN INTO THE SYSTEM AND WITH CLOUDS TONIGHT AND BREEZY WINDS...THINK THAT TEMPERATURES WILL HAVE A TOUGH TIME FALLING. SYSTEM DEPARTS MON EVENING MAKING WAY FOR HIGH PRESSURE ON TUE. SHOULD SEE FAIRLY MILD TEMPS THIS DAY WITH GOOD AMOUNTS OF SUNSHINE EXPECTED. TEMPS SHOULD REBOUND TO NEAR NORMAL...WITH HIGHS IN THE MID 40S TO LOW 50S. RIDGE AXIS WILL MOVE EAST BY TUESDAY EVENING AS SE SFC FLOW RETURNS IN ADVANCE OF YET ANOTHER APPROACHING SYSTEM. .LONG TERM...WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY. IN THE LONG TERM...TEMPERATURES WARM UP FOR WEDNESDAY...WITH MODELS FORECASTING AROUND 5 TO 10 C AIR AT 850 MB. SNOW COVER OVER THE SOUTHWEST HOPEFULLY WILL BE LIMITED BY THIS TIME...BUT HAVE KEPT TEMPS A LITTLE COOLER THAN POSSIBLE FOR NOW. LOW LEVEL JET INCREASES WEDNESDAY NIGHT...AND WITH SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY...WENT WITH SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. MODELS IN GOOD AGREEMENT BRINGING UPPER TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW INTO THE NORTHERN PLAINS WEDNESDAY NIGHT. TIMING AND TRACK DIFFERENCES DO EXIST HOWEVER. THE 00Z GFS IS QUICKER AND MORE TO THE SOUTH VERSUS THE 18Z RUN. THE 00Z ECMWF IS SLOWER LIKE THE 18Z GFS...AND HAS A MORE OPEN TROUGH...WHILE THE 00Z CANADIAN IS QUICKER LIKE THE 00Z GFS. THE 18Z GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN WAS A COMPROMISE...BUT CLOSER TO THE SLOWER SOLUTION. THIS PUTS THE LOW NEAR THE ND/SD BORDER BY 00Z FRI. HAVE GONE WITH A COMPROMISE SOLUTION AT THIS TIME. GFS INDICATES THAT A DRY PUNCH MIGHT PUSH INTO THE AREA AHEAD OF THE MID/UPPER LEVEL LOW ON THURSDAY. LIMITED POPS TO 40 FOR UNCERTAINTY REGARDING THE TIMING OF THE DRIER AIR. INSTABILITY WILL STILL BE IN THE EAST THROUGH THE DAY ON THURSDAY...CONTINUED WITH THUNDER MENTION. TROWAL ON THE BACK SIDE OF LOW WILL HELP KEEP PRECIPITATION CHANCES IN THE AREA THROUGH THURSDAY NIGHT. SNOW WILL BE POSSIBLE THURSDAY NIGHT...BUT VERY CLOSE SO KEPT BOTH RAIN/SNOW IN FORECAST. LOW PUSHES OFF TO THE ENE ON FRIDAY...WITH WEAK HIGH PRESSURE SETTLING IN. AN UPPER LEVEL LOW WILL LIKELY PUSH ESE ACROSS SRN CANADA ON SATURDAY...POSSIBLY RESULTING IN A WEAK PUSH OF COOLER AIR LATE SATURDAY/SATURDAY NIGHT. KEPT CLOSER TO A WARMER/MORE SEASONAL SOLUTION FOR NOW...CLOSER TO THE 00Z GFS. && .ABR WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... SD...NONE. MN...NONE. && $$ DLH/TT/RK </PRE></TT></td> sd AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX 1130 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... HIGH CLOUDS WILL CONTINUE TO SPREAD EASTWARD ACROSS THE REGION THIS AFTERNOON. THE TIGHT PRESSURE GRADIENT DUE TO THE STRONG LEE SIDE TROUGH...IS RESULTING STRONG SOUTHERLY WINDS. THE WIND ADVISORY LOOKS GOOD FOR THE AREA ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. ONLY MINOR GRID CHANGES WERE MADE TO THE PREVIOUS FORECAST. UPDATES HAVE BEEN SENT. #58 && .AVIATION... 535 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 12Z FWD RAOB HAS MEASURED WINDS FROM 180 AT 30KT AT 1000 FT AND THIS WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE INCLUSION OF LLWS THRU 15Z. SURFACE WINDS ARE LIGHT SE NOW...BUT STRONGER AND MORE SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL MIX TO THE SURFACE AFTER 15Z. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE BEGINNING TO RETURN NORTHWARD ACROSS SOUTH TEXAS NOW...AND MODELS INDICATING SOME AFTERNOON CUMULUS NEAR 050 FT WILL BE POSSIBLE. CIG NEAR 040-050 WILL DEVELOP/ADVECT FROM THE SOUTH AFTER SUNSET. ETA LOOKS A LITTLE TOO AGGRESSIVE WITH BOUNDARY LAYER MOISTURE AND HAVE SIDED WITH GFS/RUC FORECASTS. STRATUS WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP/LOWER TO MVFR CRITERIA AFTER MIDNIGHT AS STRONG LOW LEVEL JET SETS UP OVER N TX. TR/92 && .UPDATE... && .PREV DISCUSSION... 359 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 WIND ADVISORY NOW ISSUED FOR THOSE AREAS OF NORTH TEXAS GENERALLY ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. SEE ADVISORY LINE OR FTWNPWFWD FOR DETAILS. 342 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 UPPER RIDGE THAT HAS KEPT THINGS DRY AND COOL TO MILD THE PAST FEW DAYS WILL SLOWLY BREAK DOWN...AS STRONG S/W TROUGH MOVING THROUGH ROCKIES EJECTS INTO THE CENTRAL/NRN PLAINS THROUGH MONDAY. THE ENHANCED CYCLOGENESIS THAT OCCURS OVER THE WRN HIGH PLAINS WILL MAKE FOR A WINDY DAY AND MAY NEED A WIND ADVISORY FOR AT LEAST WRN/CENTRAL COUNTIES THIS AFTN AND WILL MAKE DECISION AT FCST ISSUANCE HERE SHORTLY. ON MONDAY...AS AFOREMENTIONED S/W MOVES OVER UPPER MIDWEST/MS VALLEY REGION. ISENTROPIC LIFT WILL ENSUE IN CRITICAL 850-700 MB LAYER AND SATURATE THINGS IN A HURRY OVER N TX BY MON EVE...AS COLD FRONT MOVES SWD INTO TX PANHANDLE/OK AND TOWARD RED RIVER BY 12Z TUES. A GOOD SWATH OF RAIN/THUNDERSTORMS...SOME WITH HEAVY RAIN (PWATS 1-1.5 INCHES) WILL ENCOMPASS A MAJORITY OF N TX WITH ALL FEATURES MENTIONED...WITH MODELS AND NCEP IN AGREEMENT WITH FRONT STALLING OR WAVERING ACROSS N TX NEAR OR SOUTH OF I-20 CORRIDOR THROUGH WED MORNING AS ACTIVE SPLIT UPPER FLOW OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS. INCREASED POPS AS SUCH TO CLOSE OR SLIGHTLY ABOVE MOS GUIDANCE. TEMPS WERE ALSO TRICKY AND DIDN'T TRY TO GET TOO CUTE...JUST IN VICINITY OF CONSENSUS MOS NUMBERS THROUGH MID WEEK WITH CONFIDENCE WAVERING ON EXTENT OF RAINFALL...FRONTAL POSITION...ETC DURING THIS TIME FRAME. NEXT UPPER TROUGH PUNCHES THROUGH THE WRN STATES AND INTO THE ROCKIES BY THURS INTO FRI. THIS WILL SHOOT OLD BOUNDARY NWD AS A WARM FRONT AND WANED POPS/WARMED MAX TEMPS WITH MORE PARTLY CLOUDY CONDITIONS. SYSTEM WILL EJECT WELL NWD AGAIN...BUT LOOKS LIKE A DRYLINE/POTENTIAL SEVERE WEATHER EVENT COULD OCCUR THURS AFTN INTO FRI MORNING IF ALL PANS OUT...BUT THIS IS STILL A WAYS OFF AND CONFIDENCE IS LOW WITH THIS SYSTEM AND PARAMETERS INTO NEXT WEEKEND. GENERALLY MADE LITTLE CHANGES THIS FAR OUT. && .FWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WIND ADVISORY FROM 10 AM SUNDAY TO 6 PM SUNDAY FOR TXZ091-TXZ092- TXZ093-TXZ100-TXZ101-TXZ102-TXZ103-TXZ104-TXZ115-TXZ116-TXZ117- TXZ118-TXZ119-TXZ129-TXZ130-TXZ131-TXZ132-TXZ133-TXZ134-TXZ141- TXZ142-TXZ143-TXZ144-TXZ145-TXZ156-TXZ157-TXZ158-TXZ159. && $$ /05 </PRE></TT></td> tx AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED FOR AVIATION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX 535 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... 12Z FWD RAOB HAS MEASURED WINDS FROM 180 AT 30KT AT 1000 FT AND THIS WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE INCLUSION OF LLWS THRU 15Z. SURFACE WINDS ARE LIGHT SE NOW...BUT STRONGER AND MORE SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL MIX TO THE SURFACE AFTER 15Z. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE BEGINNING TO RETURN NORTHWARD ACROSS SOUTH TEXAS NOW...AND MODELS INDICATING SOME AFTERNOON CUMULUS NEAR 050 FT WILL BE POSSIBLE. CIG NEAR 040-050 WILL DEVELOP/ADVECT FROM THE SOUTH AFTER SUNSET. ETA LOOKS A LITTLE TOO AGGRESSIVE WITH BOUNDARY LAYER MOISTURE AND HAVE SIDED WITH GFS/RUC FORECASTS. STRATUS WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP/LOWER TO MVFR CRITERIA AFTER MIDNIGHT AS STRONG LOW LEVEL JET SETS UP OVER N TX. TR/92 && .UPDATE... WIND ADVISORY NOW ISSUED FOR THOSE AREAS OF NORTH TEXAS GENERALLY ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. SEE ADVISORY LINE OR FTWNPWFWD FOR DETAILS. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 342 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006/ DISCUSSION... UPPER RIDGE THAT HAS KEPT THINGS DRY AND COOL TO MILD THE PAST FEW DAYS WILL SLOWLY BREAK DOWN...AS STRONG S/W TROUGH MOVING THROUGH ROCKIES EJECTS INTO THE CENTRAL/NRN PLAINS THROUGH MONDAY. THE ENHANCED CYCLOGENESIS THAT OCCURS OVER THE WRN HIGH PLAINS WILL MAKE FOR A WINDY DAY AND MAY NEED A WIND ADVISORY FOR AT LEAST WRN/CENTRAL COUNTIES THIS AFTN AND WILL MAKE DECISION AT FCST ISSUANCE HERE SHORTLY. ON MONDAY...AS AFOREMENTIONED S/W MOVES OVER UPPER MIDWEST/MS VALLEY REGION. ISENTROPIC LIFT WILL ENSUE IN CRITICAL 850-700 MB LAYER AND SATURATE THINGS IN A HURRY OVER N TX BY MON EVE...AS COLD FRONT MOVES SWD INTO TX PANHANDLE/OK AND TOWARD RED RIVER BY 12Z TUES. A GOOD SWATH OF RAIN/THUNDERSTORMS...SOME WITH HEAVY RAIN (PWATS 1-1.5 INCHES) WILL ENCOMPASS A MAJORITY OF N TX WITH ALL FEATURES MENTIONED...WITH MODELS AND NCEP IN AGREEMENT WITH FRONT STALLING OR WAVERING ACROSS N TX NEAR OR SOUTH OF I-20 CORRIDOR THROUGH WED MORNING AS ACTIVE SPLIT UPPER FLOW OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS. INCREASED POPS AS SUCH TO CLOSE OR SLIGHTLY ABOVE MOS GUIDANCE. TEMPS WERE ALSO TRICKY AND DIDN'T TRY TO GET TOO CUTE...JUST IN VICINITY OF CONSENSUS MOS NUMBERS THROUGH MID WEEK WITH CONFIDENCE WAVERING ON EXTENT OF RAINFALL...FRONTAL POSITION...ETC DURING THIS TIME FRAME. NEXT UPPER TROUGH PUNCHES THROUGH THE WRN STATES AND INTO THE ROCKIES BY THURS INTO FRI. THIS WILL SHOOT OLD BOUNDARY NWD AS A WARM FRONT AND WANED POPS/WARMED MAX TEMPS WITH MORE PARTLY CLOUDY CONDITIONS. SYSTEM WILL EJECT WELL NWD AGAIN...BUT LOOKS LIKE A DRYLINE/POTENTIAL SEVERE WEATHER EVENT COULD OCCUR THURS AFTN INTO FRI MORNING IF ALL PANS OUT...BUT THIS IS STILL A WAYS OFF AND CONFIDENCE IS LOW WITH THIS SYSTEM AND PARAMETERS INTO NEXT WEEKEND. GENERALLY MADE LITTLE CHANGES THIS FAR OUT. && .FWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WIND ADVISORY FROM 10 AM SUNDAY TO 6 PM SUNDAY FOR TXZ091-TXZ092- TXZ093-TXZ100-TXZ101-TXZ102-TXZ103-TXZ104-TXZ115-TXZ116-TXZ117- TXZ118-TXZ119-TXZ129-TXZ130-TXZ131-TXZ132-TXZ133-TXZ134-TXZ141- TXZ142-TXZ143-TXZ144-TXZ145-TXZ156-TXZ157-TXZ158-TXZ159. && $$ /05 </PRE></TT></td> tx AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 1222 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... COLD AIR ALOFT AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE WILL CONTINUE TO PRODUCE WIDESPREAD STRATO-CU UNTIL LOSS OF HEATING THIS EVENING. THIS WILL RESULT IN LINGERING MVFR CEILINGS BLF/LWB WITH MAINLY VFR LEVELS ELSEWHERE. SCATTERED -SHSN WILL LINGER SE WVA THIS AFTERNOON WITH ISOLATED -SHRA/SPRINKLES ELSEWHERE. SKIES CLEAR ACROSS EASTERN SITES OVERNIGHT INTO MONDAY...WHILE LOW CLOUDS SLOWLY ERODE INTO VFR THIS EVENING AND THEN CLEAR BY MORNING. GUSTY NW WINDS SHOULD DIMINISH THIS EVENING AND BECOME LIGHT/VRBL OVERNIGHT INTO TUESDAY AS HIGH PRESSURE FINALLY BUILDS IN FROM THE WEST. && .PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 959 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... RADAR SHOWING ONLY PATCHY SNOW SHOWERS AROUND THIS MORNING ALTHO THE HEAVIEST ACROSS PARTS OF THE NEW RIVER VALLEY PER DEEP NW FLOW AND MOISTURE/INSTABILITY UNDER INVERSION ALOFT OFF 12Z RAOB. AS NEXT S/W OFF VAPOR LOOP SWINGS BY TO THE EAST LATER THIS MORNING...SHOULD SEE NW FLOW ALOFT WEAKEN THRU THE AFTERNOON AS 85H ADVECTION TURNS MORE NEUTRAL WHILE MOISTURE DEPTH SLOWLY DECREASES. HOWEVER FORECAST RAOBS CONTINUE TO SHOW DECENT LAPSES DESPITE DEPARTING 5H COLD POOL SO SOME ADDITIONAL ISOLATED -SHSN/-RASH LIKELY OVER THE RIDGES. ELSEWHERE...CLEAR SKIES SHOULD FILL BACK IN WITH CU GIVEN HEATING AS FORECAST RAOBS INDICATE HIGH BASED RH LAYER THIS AFTERNOON FROM THE BLUE RIDGE EAST. THUS WILL UPDATE TO LOWER POPS OVER THE WEST SINCE THE LATEST RUC/NAM PRODUCE ONLY SPOTTY PRECIP AFTER 18Z AND REMOVE MORNING WORDING. FINALLY LOOKS LIKE LAST REAL CHILLY DAY FOR A WHILE ESPCLY MOUNTAINS WHERE CLOUD SHIELD LIKELY TO HOLD MOST IN THE 35 TO 45 RANGE. THICKNESS ONLY SUPPORTING LOWER 50S SE AND IF CLOUDS FILL IN MORE/FASTER WILL BE EVEN COOLER...SO PLAN TO LOWER HIGHS A BIT ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE AFTERNOON. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 636 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) AVIATION... KRLX RADAR CONTINUES TO SHOW SNOW SHOWERS MOVING INTO THE GREENBRIER VALLEY FROM THE NORTHWEST. MODEL MAINTAIN THE LOW LEVEL UPSLOPE WINDS THROUGH THE DAY BUT VISIBILITIES WILL IMPROVE TO VFR BY AFTERNOON. CEILINGS AT LWB AND BLF WILL BE SLOWER TO IMPROVE BUT AFTER SUNSET THE STRATOCUMULUS WILL BEGIN TO DISSIPATE AND BY MORNING BOTH LWB AND BLF WILL BE VFR. CUMULUS WILL LASO DEVELOP THIS AFTERNOON IN THE EAST BUT CEILINGS WILL REMAIN VFR AT ROA...LYH AND DAN. ISOLATED SHOWERS ARE POSSIBLE IF CONVECTION IS DEEP ENOUGH BUT THE CHANCE IS TOO LOW TO INCLUDE IN THE TAFS. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 218 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT/... NORTHWEST WINDS FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH 850 MB CONTINUE THROUGH TONIGHT. NO CHANGES NEEDED TO THE CHANCE OF SNOW SHOWERS IN THE FAVORED WESTERN UPSLOPE AREAS. BUFKIT AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY FORECASTS ARE STILL SHOWING SOME MOISTURE TODAY...EVEN EAST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. EVEN IF THERE AREA SOME BREAKS IN THE EAST THIS MORNING. THERE WILL BE ENOUGH RESIDUAL INSTABILITY FROM THE RETREAING UPPER LOW FOR THE STRATOCUMULUS TO FILL IN DURING THE AFTERNOON. WILL NOT BE TOO AGRESSIVE CLEARING OUT THE CLOUD COVER IN THE GRIDS. MONDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH TUESDAY MORNING THE COUNTY WARNING AREA IS IN THE LEFT FRONT REGION OF THE UPPER JET. BEST 840 MB CONVERGENCE IN ON TUEDSDAY NIGHT AS THE COLD FRONT COMES THROUGH. HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITIES BELOW 700 MB SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTY WARNING AREA ON TUEDAY MORNING WITH THE BEST 850-700 MB Q-VECTOR FORCING ARRIVING IN THE WESTERN COUNTIES BY 18Z TUESDAY. GFS IS STILL A LITTLE FSTER BRINGING THE UPPER TROF THROUGH BUT NO CHANGES IN THE TIMING IN THE FORECAST AT THIS POINT. TEMPERATURES WILL BE MODERATING THROUGH THE FIRST HALF OF THE WEEK. 500 MB HEIGHTS RISE TONIGHT AND SUNDAY...THEN EVEN WHEN THE NEXT UPPER LOW COMES ACROSS ON TUESDAY AND TUEDSAY NIGHT...NO REAL COLD AIR BEHIND IT. THE SURFACE HIGH WILL BE CENTERED OVER THE FORECAST AREA BY THE END OF THE DAY MONDAY. EVEN MONDAY MORNING...DEEPER WESTERN VALLEYS WILL LIKELY DECOUPLE AND MAY BE SLIGHTLY COOLER THAN GUIDANCE. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... NO CHANGES AT THIS TIME. AVIATION... NORTHWEST FLOW AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE TO CONTINUE LIGHT SNOW SHOWERS ON WESTERN SLOPES THROUGH SUNDAY MORNING. MVFR VIS/CLOUDS ON WESTERN SLOPE WHILE MVFR CLOUDS ELSEWHERE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS. EAST WILL REMAIN VFR. TAIL END OF UPPER LEVEL LOW WITH ASSOCIATED COLD POOL STILL LINGERING IN THE AREA SUNDAY AFTERNOON. WITH HEATING...ISOLATED/SCATTERED CONVECTIVE SHOWERS TO IGNITE DURING THE AFTERNOON THEN DISSIPATE AROUND SUNSET. WILL KEEP TAFS DRY WITH CB ANNOTATION WITH CLOUDS. && .RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... VA...NONE. NC...NONE. WV...NONE. && $$ JH </PRE></TT></td> va AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 959 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... RADAR SHOWING ONLY PATCHY SNOW SHOWERS AROUND THIS MORNING ALTHO THE HEAVIEST ACROSS PARTS OF THE NEW RIVER VALLEY PER DEEP NW FLOW AND MOISTURE/INSTABILITY UNDER INVERSION ALOFT OFF 12Z RAOB. AS NEXT S/W OFF VAPOR LOOP SWINGS BY TO THE EAST LATER THIS MORNING...SHOULD SEE NW FLOW ALOFT WEAKEN THRU THE AFTERNOON AS 85H ADVECTION TURNS MORE NEUTRAL WHILE MOISTURE DEPTH SLOWLY DECREASES. HOWEVER FORECAST RAOBS CONTINUE TO SHOW DECENT LAPSES DESPITE DEPARTING 5H COLD POOL SO SOME ADDITIONAL ISOLATED -SHSN/-RASH LIKELY OVER THE RIDGES. ELSEWHERE...CLEAR SKIES SHOULD FILL BACK IN WITH CU GIVEN HEATING AS FORECAST RAOBS INDICATE HIGH BASED RH LAYER THIS AFTERNOON FROM THE BLUE RIDGE EAST. THUS WILL UPDATE TO LOWER POPS OVER THE WEST SINCE THE LATEST RUC/NAM PRODUCE ONLY SPOTTY PRECIP AFTER 18Z AND REMOVE MORNING WORDING. FINALLY LOOKS LIKE LAST REAL CHILLY DAY FOR A WHILE ESPCLY MOUNTAINS WHERE CLOUD SHIELD LIKELY TO HOLD MOST IN THE 35 TO 45 RANGE. THICKNESS ONLY SUPPORTING LOWER 50S SE AND IF CLOUDS FILL IN MORE/FASTER WILL BE EVEN COOLER...SO PLAN TO LOWER HIGHS A BIT ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE AFTERNOON. && .PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 636 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) AVIATION... KRLX RADAR CONTINUES TO SHOW SNOW SHOWERS MOVING INTO THE GREENBRIER VALLEY FROM THE NORTHWEST. MODEL MAINTAIN THE LOW LEVEL UPSLOPE WINDS THROUGH THE DAY BUT VISIBILITIES WILL IMPROVE TO VFR BY AFTERNOON. CEILINGS AT LWB AND BLF WILL BE SLOWER TO IMPROVE BUT AFTER SUNSET THE STRATOCUMULUS WILL BEGIN TO DISSIPATE AND BY MORNING BOTH LWB AND BLF WILL BE VFR. CUMULUS WILL LASO DEVELOP THIS AFTERNOON IN THE EAST BUT CEILINGS WILL REMAIN VFR AT ROA...LYH AND DAN. ISOLATED SHOWERS ARE POSSIBLE IF CONVECTION IS DEEP ENOUGH BUT THE CHANCE IS TOO LOW TO INCLUDE IN THE TAFS. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 218 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT/... NORTHWEST WINDS FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH 850 MB CONTINUE THROUGH TONIGHT. NO CHANGES NEEDED TO THE CHANCE OF SNOW SHOWERS IN THE FAVORED WESTERN UPSLOPE AREAS. BUFKIT AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY FORECASTS ARE STILL SHOWING SOME MOISTURE TODAY...EVEN EAST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. EVEN IF THERE AREA SOME BREAKS IN THE EAST THIS MORNING. THERE WILL BE ENOUGH RESIDUAL INSTABILITY FROM THE RETREAING UPPER LOW FOR THE STRATOCUMULUS TO FILL IN DURING THE AFTERNOON. WILL NOT BE TOO AGRESSIVE CLEARING OUT THE CLOUD COVER IN THE GRIDS. MONDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH TUESDAY MORNING THE COUNTY WARNING AREA IS IN THE LEFT FRONT REGION OF THE UPPER JET. BEST 840 MB CONVERGENCE IN ON TUEDSDAY NIGHT AS THE COLD FRONT COMES THROUGH. HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITIES BELOW 700 MB SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTY WARNING AREA ON TUEDAY MORNING WITH THE BEST 850-700 MB Q-VECTOR FORCING ARRIVING IN THE WESTERN COUNTIES BY 18Z TUESDAY. GFS IS STILL A LITTLE FSTER BRINGING THE UPPER TROF THROUGH BUT NO CHANGES IN THE TIMING IN THE FORECAST AT THIS POINT. TEMPERATURES WILL BE MODERATING THROUGH THE FIRST HALF OF THE WEEK. 500 MB HEIGHTS RISE TONIGHT AND SUNDAY...THEN EVEN WHEN THE NEXT UPPER LOW COMES ACROSS ON TUESDAY AND TUEDSAY NIGHT...NO REAL COLD AIR BEHIND IT. THE SURFACE HIGH WILL BE CENTERED OVER THE FORECAST AREA BY THE END OF THE DAY MONDAY. EVEN MONDAY MORNING...DEEPER WESTERN VALLEYS WILL LIKELY DECOUPLE AND MAY BE SLIGHTLY COOLER THAN GUIDANCE. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... NO CHANGES AT THIS TIME. AVIATION... NORTHWEST FLOW AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE TO CONTINUE LIGHT SNOW SHOWERS ON WESTERN SLOPES THROUGH SUNDAY MORNING. MVFR VIS/CLOUDS ON WESTERN SLOPE WHILE MVFR CLOUDS ELSEWHERE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS. EAST WILL REMAIN VFR. TAIL END OF UPPER LEVEL LOW WITH ASSOCIATED COLD POOL STILL LINGERING IN THE AREA SUNDAY AFTERNOON. WITH HEATING...ISOLATED/SCATTERED CONVECTIVE SHOWERS TO IGNITE DURING THE AFTERNOON THEN DISSIPATE AROUND SUNSET. WILL KEEP TAFS DRY WITH CB ANNOTATION WITH CLOUDS. && .RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... VA...NONE. NC...NONE. WV...NONE. && $$ JH </PRE></TT></td> va AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 854 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... RATHER IMPRESSIVE SYSTEM CONTINUES TO SPIN OUT OF WYOMING INTO NEBRASKA THIS EVENING ON WATER VAPOR. STRONG MOIST ADVECTION/ISENTROPIC LIFT /295K/ BRINGING NARROW AND MODIFIED MOISTURE AXIS OFF THE SOUTHERN PLAINS INTO THE SYSTEM...WITH A RAPID EXPANSION OF THE CLOUD DECK /10KFT/ IN THE LAST FEW HOURS ACROSS IOWA. REGIONAL RADARS NOW PICKING UP ON BAND OF RAIN/DRIZZLE IN THE STRONGEST JUXTAPOSITION OF DEEP LAYER QG FORCING/ISENTROPIC LIFT IN THE LEFT EXIT REGION OF THE APPROACHING JET ACROSS ERN NEB. NEW 00Z NAM/RUC CONTINUE TO CONFIRM GFS-LED TREND OF STEADY SINK SOUTH OF THIS SYSTEM...WITH PRONOUNCED MID/UPPER RIDGING HOLDING FIRM OVER NRN CWA THROUGH TOMORROW. SHIFTED POPS SOUTH/WEST TONIGHT OUT OF WRN WISC...AND CONFINED LIKELY POPS TO FAR WRN CWA IN ACCORDANCE WITH DISTANCE/SPEED OF STRONGEST FORCING OVERLAID WITH EXPANDING ECHOES OVER ERN NEB. ALSO DROPPED NRN CWA POPS TOMORROW...RATHER SIGNIFICANTLY IN SOME INSTANCES IN AGREEMENT WITH STRONG SWRD TREND IN OPNL RUNS. PTYPE STILL A HUGE CONCERN...NOT SO MUCH WHAT SNOW COULD ACCUMULATE /LITTLE IF ANY/ BUT FOR WHAT COMMUTERS MAY SEE FOR THE MONDAY MORNING DRIVE. HAVE CONTINUED TO MENTION RA/SN AS BOUNDARY LAYER/MAX WET BULB TEMPS TEETER CLOSE TO THE THRESHOLD. TRENDS SEEM TO SUGGEST INCREASING BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW AND CLOUDS SHOULD KEEP MINS UP AND THEREFORE ALL RAIN...BUT RIDGE TOPS/HIGHER SERN MN TERRAIN COULD YIELD SOME WET SNOW AS PER FORECAST. QUICK TRANSITION BACK TO RAIN FOR WHAT LITTLE SNOW MAY BE AROUND ON MON MORNING. UPCOMING SHIFT MAY NEED TO FURTHER SHIFT POPS SOUTH. NERN IA...SEEMS A HIGH CONFIDENCE AREA FOR 0.1 TO 0.2 OF RAIN...GETS A LOT MORE QUESTIONABLE HEADING NORTHEAST FROM THERE. FORCING REALLY PINCHES OFF TO THE NORTH AS THE MAIN MOISTURE TRANSPORT AXIS LAYS OUT AHEAD OF THE JET STREAK TO THE SOUTH/EAST OF HERE. && .ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...NONE. MN...NONE. IA...NONE. && $$ BINAU </PRE></TT></td> wi AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 1255 AM MON MAR 27 2006 .AVIATION... HIGH PRES MOVG ACROSS THE CWA TONIGHT WITH CLR SKIES AND LIGHT WINDS RESULTING IN GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING. LOW LEVELS QUITE DRY SO EXPECTING ONLY PATCHY GROUND FOG IN RURAL AREAS OVERNIGHT AND LEFT TAFS WITH NO VSBY RESTRICTIONS. LOW OVER WRN NEBRASKA EXPECTED TO MOVE ESE INTO IL BY END OF THE PERIOD. AREA OF RAIN IN LOW LEVEL WAA REGIME AHEAD OF THE LOW SHOULD SPREAD INTO NRN INDIANA LATE IN THE TAF PERIOD WITH CIGS LOWERING TO MVFR AND EVENTUALLY SOME FOG FORMING, BUT THAT SHOULD BE BEYOND THE TAF PD. && .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK AVIATION...JT </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 228 AM MST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION...FORECAST CONCERNS INCLUDE WIND TODAY THEN TEMPERATURES NEXT SEVERAL DAYS. A LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM OVER NEBRASKA WITH ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT EXTENDING SOUTHWESTWARD THROUGH CENTRAL KANSAS WAS MOVING SLOWLY EASTWARD AS NORTHWEST FLOW SETS UP OVER THE REGION. LATEST IR AND WATER VAPOR SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWED THE CYCLONIC SPIN OF AFOREMENTIONED HIGH PLAINS LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM. ALSO SEEN ON SATELLITE WAS A NORTH TO SOUTH TROUGH DIGGING SOUTHWARD OFF THE WEST COAST. MODELS INITIALIZED WELL THIS MORNING WITH REGARD TO POSITION AND SLOW EAST MOVEMENT OF NEBRASKA LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM AS WELL AS WITH SYSTEM OFF THE WEST COAST. PREFERRED THE GFS MODEL SLIGHTLY OVER THE NAM40 AND UKMET FOR BETTER FORECASTED TEMPERATURES AND WINDS THROUGH THE SHORT TERM PERIODS. FIRST FORECAST CONCERN TODAY WILL BE WIND. BEHIND FRONTAL PASSAGE AS WELL AS BACKSIDE OF LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM STRONG WINDS MIXED DOWN LAST NIGHT ALONG WITH LIGHT PRECIPITATION OVER YUMA AND DUNDY COUNTIES OF FORECAST AREA. LATEST POINT SOUNDINGS ACROSS FORECAST AREA ALONG WITH KGLD VAD WIND PROFILE SHOW 40KT TO 50KT NORTHWEST WINDS JUST OFF THE SURFACE. THE RUC MODEL ALSO FORECASTS A PERIOD OF THESE WINDS TO POSSIBLY MIX DOWN TODAY AFTER SUNRISE. THEREFORE WILL ISSUE A WIND ADVISORY FOR MUCH OF THE FORECAST AREA EXCLUDING THE SOUTHWEST SECTIONS FOR TODAY. SHOULD SEE BEST WINDS EARLY IN THE WEST AND THEN GRADUALLY SPREAD EAST WITH TIME. ALSO SHOULD NOT HAVE MUCH CLOUDINESS AS SUBSIDENCE BEHIND THE DEPARTING LOW TAKES HOLD. DID NOT MAKE MUCH CHANGE IN HIGH TEMPERATURES FOR TODAY WITH TEMPERATURES A LITTLE COOLER THAN THOSE OF YESTERDAY BUT STILL IN THE 50S. SNOW FIELD HAS FINALLY BEGUN TO MAKE A RAPID DEPARTURE AND SHOULD CONTINUE TODAY. AS FOR THE REST OF THE SHORT TERM FORECAST THROUGH WEDNESDAY MADE VERY LITTLE CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS FORECAST. HIGH PRESSURE RIDGING BUILDS INTO REGION FOR TONIGHT THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY BEFORE NEXT SYSTEM APPROACHES AND MOVES THROUGH THE REGION. WEDNESDAY WILL SEE MORE HIGH CLOUDS MOVING THROUGH IN UPPER FLOW. SOUTH WINDS WILL INCREASE AS TROUGH DEVELOPS BY AFTERNOON IN COLORADO. HIGH TEMPERATURES WILL REMAIN MILD WITH HIGHS RANGING FROM THE MIDDLE 60S TO NEAR 70. AS FOR THE EXTENDED FORECAST PERIOD THURSDAY THROUGH SUNDAY EXTENDED MODELS STILL ADVERTISE TROUGH AND COLD FRONT TO MOVE THROUGH FORECAST AREA THURSDAY AND THURSDAY NIGHT. WILL MAINTAIN MENTION OF SLIGHT CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS NORTHEAST HALF OF FORECAST AREA DURING THE DAY THURSDAY AS TROUGH AND FRONT MOVE THROUGH THE REGION. RIDGING THEN RETURNS TO THE FORECAST AREA FOR FRIDAY THROUGH SUNDAY WITH DRY WEATHER AND MILD TEMPERATURES WITH HIGHS IN THE 60S AND LOWS IN THE 30S. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR KSZ001-KSZ002-KSZ003-KSZ004- KSZ013-KSZ014-KSZ015-KSZ016-KSZ028-KSZ029. NE...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR NEZ079-NEZ080-NEZ081. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR COZ090-COZ252. && $$ LAMMERS </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MARQUETTE MI 415 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... MAIN FCST CONCERNS SHIFT FROM CLOUDS/TEMPS THROUGH WED TO PCPN/TSTM CHANCES LATER IN THE WEEK. WV IMAGERY...RUC ANALYSIS AND 00Z RAOBS INDICATED A MID/UPR LVL LONG WAVE RDG FROM THE MS VALLEY INTO MANITOBA AND A VIGOROUS UPSTREAM SHRTWV TROF MOVING THROUGH WRN NEB. AN AREA OF MID/HIGH CLOUDS INTO LK SUPERIOR AND NRN UPR MI WAS SUPPORTED BY A WEAK SHRTWV LOCATED OVER WRN ONTARIO IN NW FLOW AHEAD OF THE RDG. AT THE SFC...A RDG DOMINATED THE GREAT LAKES WHILE A TROF SLOWLY EDGED EASTWARD FROM THE PLAINS. MDLS ARE IN GOOD AGREEMENT AT LEAST WITH THE OVERALL SCENARIO SUGGESTING THAT THE MID LEVEL LOW AND ASSOCIATED QG FORCING WILL REMAIN WELL SOUTH OF UPR MI AS IT UNDERCUTS THE RDG ON ITS WAY TOWARD IN/OH BY TUE. THIS WILL ALLOW THE SFC A SFC RDG TO PERSIST OVER THE UPR GRT LAKES THROUGH TUE WITH QUIET WEATHER IN STORE FOR UPR MI. TODAY...AFTER THE ONTARIO SHRTWV DEPARTS...EXPECT THAT THAT MID LVL AND SFC RDGING AND VERY DRY AIR IN PLACE WILL KEEP SKIES MOSTLY SUNNY. SO...ABUNDANT LATE MARCH SUNSHINE SHOULD AGAIN BE ABLE TO PROVIDE MIXING TOWARD 850-800 MB...SIMILAR TO YESTERDAYS OBSERVED SOUNDINGS. THIS WOULD SUPPORT TEMPS TOWARD THE HIGHER ETA GUIDANCE VALUES IN THE MID TO UPPER 40S. TONIGHT...THERE MAY BE SOME INCREASE IN MID/HIGH CLOUDS...ESPECIALLY NEAR THE WI BORDER. OTHERWISE...MOSTLY CLEAR TO PARTLY CLOUDY SKIES SHOULD ALLOW GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING CONDITIONS WITH LIGHT/VRBL WINDS. SO...EXPECT TEMPS TO FALL NEAR GUIDANCE VALUES...LOWER THAN PREVIOUS FCSTS. TUE...EVEN THOUGH THE GFS/NAM HINTS AT SOME INCREASE IN 925-850 MB MOISTURE AS THE SFC RDG SAGS TO THE SOUTH...IT SEEMS DOUBTFUL THAT IT WILL BE ENOUGH TO BRING SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CLOUDS. SO...WITH SIMILAR THERMAL PRFL...PERSISTENCE AND MDLS TEMP GUIDANCE SEEMED REASONABLE. TUE NIGHT INTO WED...PATTERN PROGRESSION WITH THE MID LVL TROF MOVING INTO THE ROCKIES AND RDGING OVER THE CNTRL CONUS WILL BRING INCREASING SW FLOW TOWARD THE WRN GRT LAKES WITH MODEST INCREASE IN MOISTURE. INCREASING WAA AND DOWNSLOPE FLOW WILL BOOST TEMPS TO NEAR 50F WED AFTERNOON. WED NIGHT...WITH A MORE AMPLIFIED PATTERN DEVELOPING...THE ECMWF/UKMET WERE PREFERRED WHICH KEEP THE MOISTURE AXIS AND ASSOCIATED PCPN CHANCES A BIT FARTHER WEST THAN THE GFS. THU INTO FRI...UKMET/GFS/ECMWF/CANADIAN MDLS ARE IN BETTER AGREEMENT WITH POSITION OF THE MID LVL TROF AND SFC LOW. THE 27/00Z GFS/ECMWF DEVELOP DECENT LOW LVL JET BY THU NIGHT WITH H8 DEWPOINTS TO AROUND 8C PUSHING INTO UPR MI. INCREASING POTENTIAL FOR ELEVATED CONVECTION WITH LOW LVL THETA-E RDG WARRANTS MENTION OF TSTMS. BY FRI...DYNAMICS ASSOCIATED WITH SHRTWV LIFTING TOWARD THE WRN LAKES WILL AGAIN SUPPORT POTENTIAL FOR ADDITIONAL TSTMS. && .MQT...WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ JLB </PRE></TT></td> mi AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN 1035 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... INSPECTION OF THE LOCAL 88D MOSAIC SHOWS THAT PCPN HAS DEVELOPED PRETTY MUCH ON SCHEDULE TO THE SW OF THE FA IN RGN OF DEFORMATION AND WAA IN ADVANCE OF UPR LO EVIDENT IN WV IMAGERY OVR WRN NE ATTM. SFC OBS SHOWING THAT PCPN IS HAVING MINIMAL IMPACT...WITH CIGS ONLY REDUCED TO 3 TO 5 KFT AND NO VIS RESTRICTION. 00Z NAM HAS FOLLOWED THE TREND OF THE 18Z NAM/GFS...AS WELL AS THE LATEST RUC RUNS...WHICH SHOVE THE BULK OF THE FORCING ASSOC WITH THIS SYSTEM TO THE S OF THE FA...WITH SOME H7 OMEGA REMAINING ACRS SWRN AND S CNTRL MN. APPEARS THAT THERE WILL BE A RATHER SHARP CUT-OFF IN THE PCPN/NO PCPN RGN...ESPECIALLY ACRS THE E CNTRL MN AND W CNTRL WI COUNTIES. AS A RESULT...HAVE RETOOLED THE POP GRIDS THRU MON AFTN...ACCORDING TO THE LATEST 88D/SFC OB TRENDS...AS WELL AS THE LATEST MDL DATA. WITH CLOUD COVER ALSO EXPECTED TO KEEP OVRNGT TEMPS ABV FRZ ACRS W CNTRL MN...REMOVED ALL MENTION OF FRZ PCPN...INSTEAD LEAVING A MIX OF RAIN/SNOW ACRS THE AREA DURG VARIOUS TIME FRAMES. UPDATED PRODUCTS ALREADY AVBL. THANKS FOR THE COLLAB ARX. KAT && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 315 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006/ DISCUSSION...TONIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY PRIMARY CONCERN IN SHORT RANGE CONTINUES TO BE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM PASSING NEARBY ON MONDAY AND ITS IMPACT ON PRECIPITATION TYPE AND TIMING. MORNING H5 ANALYSIS AND CURRENT GOES WV LOOP SHOWS SYSTEM OF INTEREST SPINNING ACROSS CENTRAL WY WITH UPGLIDING MOISTURE ENTERING THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. VIS LOOP SHOWS SOME ASSOCIATED MID-LEVEL CLOUDS OVER THE DAKOTAS BUT NO 88D RETURNS AT PRESENT. ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE OVER CWA NOT ALL THAT DRY AS SOME CU SEEN AND MORNING RAOBS INDICATED NO REAL DRY AIR INTRUSION AFTER THE LOW CLOUDS OF THE PAST FEW DAYS FINALLY ERODED. SO DO NOT THINK IT WILL TAKE LONG TO SATURATE TONIGHT AS MODEL PROGGED PWS ARE IN THE ORDER OF 0.5 TO 0.7 INCHES AND MIXING RATIOS ON LOW LEVEL THETA LAYERS OF CLOSE TO FOUR G/KG. HOWEVER FORCING IS LACKING DUE TO SYSTEM BEING STACKED AND DWINDLING WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE MODEL SOLUTION. UPPER LEVEL JET REMAINS WELL SOUTH WITH LEFT EXIT DIFFLUENT REGION AND ASSOCIATED H8-H5 OMEGA PEAKING OVER IA AND FAR SOUTHERN CWA. MODELS GENERALLY IN GOOD AGREEMENT AS 12Z AND 18Z NAM SOLUTIONS COMING IN LINE WITH THE GFS IN HAVING THE SYSTEM GLIDE ESE OVER IA. SOME WIDE HPC SREF SPREADS IN QPF LOCATION AND AMOUNT...BUT GENERALLY WENT WITH LIGHTER AMOUNTS AND LATER ONSET TIME DUE TO NO REAL AREA OF FOCUS. BUFKIT SNDGS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS INDICATE RA OR SN POSSIBILITIES. IN FAR WEST WHERE RUC AND NAM INDICATE OVERNIGHT LLJ OF 50KT...A PROGGED WARM LAYER OF 2-3C IS ADVECTED IN. SREF DOMINANT PRECIP TYPE DOES INDICATE SOME ZR WITH THIS...SO THEREFORE HAVE INTRODUCED THE CHC FROM 8Z THROUGH DAWN IN W AND NW ZONES. PRECIP CHANCES LAST ALL OF MONDAY AND INTO MONDAY NIGHT AS SYSTEM PROGGED TO MOVE SLOWLY...WITH BEST CHANCES GENERALLY IN SOUTHERN HALF OF CWA AND BEFORE 18Z MON. AFTER THAT POINT ASSOCIATED INVERTED SFC TROUGH PASSES AND DRIER AIR STARTS TO MOVE IN. PRECIP TYPE COULD SWITCH AROUND A FEW TIMES DURING THE DURATION OF THIS EVENT DUE TO DIABATIC EFFECTS AND DIURNAL TRENDS...BUT ALL IN ALL PRECIP SHOULD BE LIGHT AND GENERALLY RAIN OR SNOW WITH MAX SNOW ACCUMULATIONS AT AN INCH. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS SHOULD STICK AROUND FOR A WHILE SIMILAR TO LAST SYSTEM. LAZY LOW LEVEL FLOW SHOULD KEEP THEM THROUGH TUES AND POSSIBILY EVEN INTO TUES NIGHT. STRONG WAA STARTS IN ON WEDS AHEAD OF NEXT SYSTEM. WITH TEMPS DURING SHORT RANGE MADE ONLY MINOR TWEAKS...EDGING UP TEMPS A BIT THROUGH MON NIGHT GIVEN MAXS THIS AFTN. LONGER TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT THE LATEST ENSEMBLE MEMBERS OFF THE GFS AND EUROPEAN MODELS ARE SHOWING SIGNS OF DISCONTINUITY IN OVERALL UPPER AIR PATTERN OVER NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PERIOD...AS THE PATTERN BECOMES MORE PROGRESSIVE. GFS IS THE MORE AGGRESSOR OF LIFTING SYSTEM INTO THE GREAT LAKES BY SATURDAY MORNING. TIMING OF THE NEXT SYSTEM WILL BE CRITICAL THU AND FRI WITH THE LONGWAVE TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW PROJECTED TO MOVE INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS ON THURSDAY. POPS STILL SEEM REASONABLE FOR THURSDAY AND FRIDAY DUE TO DYNAMICS ALONG WITH INCREASING INSTABLITY AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM. HOWEVER...THE BEST FORCING AND LIFT IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR OVER THE SOUTHERN HALF OF OUR FORECAST AREA. TEMPS BY THURSDAY ARE EXPECTED TO MODERATE INTO THE 50S THEN MORE TYPICAL SPRING-LIKE OVER THE UPCOMING WEEKEND. && MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MN...NONE. WI...NONE. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> mn AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SPRINGFIELD MO 358 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... VIGOROUS UPPER DISTURBANCE CURRENTLY TRACKING EASTWARD THIS MORNING ACROSS NEBRASKA. IN RESPONSE TO THIS FEATURE...AN AREA OF SHOWERS WITH EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPED ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS AND PUSHED INTO MISSOURI. THIS PRECIPITATION WAS FUELED BY MODEST MOISTURE TRANSPORT/CONVERGENCE ON THE NOSE OF A 55-60 KT LOW LEVEL JET AT 850 MB. IN ADDITION...UPPER DIFFLUENCE AT 250 MB WAS NOTED ON THE REGIONAL PROFILER NETWORK AS THIS AREA WAS IN THE LEFT FRONT QUAD OF THE UPPER JET. AT THE SURFACE...LOW PRESSURE WAS ALSO CENTERED OVER NEBRASKA WITH ITS ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT STRETCHING SOUTHWARD ACROSS CENTRAL KANSAS. PRIMARY SHORT TERM FORECAST CONCERNS WILL BE RAIN CHANCES AND TEMPERATURES. HELD ON TO LIKELY POPS FOR THE MORNING HOURS MAINLY EAST OF HIGHWAY 65..AS THIS AREA WILL STILL BE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASING MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND 925-850MB THETA-E ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE APPROACHING COLD FRONT. FURTHER TO THE WEST...TRENDED POPS DOWNWARD TO LOW END CHANCES ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER AS THE RUC SHOWS DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST SHORTLY AFTER 12Z. ANY PRECIPITATION TODAY WILL BE SHOWERY IN NATURE WITH ONLY AN ISOLATED THUNDERSTORM POSSIBLE. THE NAM SHOWS SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY WITH LI VALUES LIFTED FROM 800 MB AROUND -1 THROUGH 18Z. AS FOR TEMPERATURES...WITH DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST...AREAS ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER SHOULD SEE ENOUGH SUNSHINE TODAY TO REBOUND INTO THE LOWER 60S. WILL HAVE TO WATCH TEMPS MORE CLOSELY FURTHER EAST. FOR NOW BANKING ON CLOUD COVER HANGING ON FOR MUCH OF THE AFTERNOON WHICH WOULD LIKELY KEEP HIGHS ONLY IN THE LOW/MID 50S. TUESDAY LOOKS LIKE A TRANQUIL DAY WITH TEMPERATURES NEAR LATE MARCH NORMALS AS UPPER RIDGING TAKES HOLD IN THE WAKE OF TODAY'S SYSTEM. BY WEDNESDAY...SOUTHERLY FLOW RETURNS TO THE AREA WHICH WILL LIKELY ALLOW HIGHS TO CLIMB TO NEAR 70 ACROSS SOUTHEAST KANSAS AND MUCH OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. HAVE SOME SLIGHT AND LOW POPS WEDNESDAY INTO WEDNESDAY AS MOISTURE BEGINS TO RETURN NORTHWARD AHEAD OF THE NEXT UPPER SYSTEM. THE BULK OF THE LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE TRANSPORT FIELDS KEEP THE BETTER CONVERGENCE TO THE WEST...SO HIGH POPS WEREN'T WARRANTED FOR THIS PERIOD. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES REGARDING THE UPPER SYSTEM ENTERING THE PLAINS BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON. ONE THING FOR CERTAIN IS THAT THE SYSTEM WILL HAVE PLENTY OF MOISTURE TO WORK WITH. THE LATEST ECMWF TAKES THE UPPER LOW ACROSS NEBRASKA TOWARD THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...WHILE THE GFS TRACKS THE SYSTEM ACROSS KANSAS AND NORTHERN MISSOURI. THE GFS SOLUTION WOULD BRING A GOOD SHOT OF SEVERE WEATHER TO THE OZARKS REGION...AS 0-6KM BULK SHEAR VALUES INCREASE TO AROUND 60KTS BY 00Z FRIDAY. SAW && .AVIATION... LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY EFFECTS CONTINUE TO PRODUCE GUSTS OVER 25KT AT THE SPRINGFIELD TERMINAL EARLY THIS MORNING. LATEST RADAR IMAGERY INDICATES THAT THE BULK OF THE SHOWERS WILL REMAIN TO THE NORTH OF THE JOPLIN AND SPRINGFIELD TERMINALS THIS MORNING. ALTHOUGH A LIGHT SHOWER CANNOT BE RULED OUT. BROKEN TO OVERCAST VFR CEILINGS AROUND 6 KFT WILL PREVAIL EARLY TODAY BEFORE CLEARING OUT BY LATE MORNING. SCATTERED STRATO CUMULUS WILL REMAIN DURING THE DAY WITH MVFR CEILINGS LOCATED TO THE NORTH. GUSTY SOUTHWEST WINDS BEHIND THE FRONT WILL VEER TO WEST DURING THE DAY WITH SOME GUSTS TO 25KT. WINDS WILL SUBSIDE TONIGHT. FOSTER && .SGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...NONE. KS...NONE. $$ WFO SGF </PRE></TT></td> mo AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS 950 AM CST MON 27 2006 .DISCUSSION...LATEST SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWED A CLOSED UPPER LOW MOVING THROUGH THE MID TO UPPER PLAINS. IT WAS DRAGGING A FRONT TOWARD THE REGION. THE CWA WAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A FLATTEN UPPER RIDGE PATTERN. WESTELRY FLOW IN THE MID LEVELS WAS BRINGING MID TO UPPER LEVEL CLOUDS...WHILE LOW LEVEL FLOW WAS SLOWLY TRYING THE MOISTEN THE ATMOSPHERIC COLUMN. AREA RADARS WERE PICKING UP VIRGA IN MID TO UPPER DECK CLOUDS. TEMPS SEEM TO BE RUNNING AT FORECAST SO WILL MAKE NO CHANGES. MAY SEE SOME SPRINKLES IN THE NORTHWEST LATE THIS AFTERNOON. LATEST RUC DOES NOT SHOW MUCH OF ANYTHING THERE FOR THIS AFTERNOON...BUT WILL KEEP LOW POPS THERE. .AVIATION...VFR CONDITIONS IS EXPECTED FOR THE REMAINDER OF THIS AFTERNOON WITH MID TO UPPER DECK CLOUDS ABOVE 10 KFT. WINDS WILL BE 5-10 MPH OUT OF THE SOUTH IN THE EAST TO 10-20 MPH WITH SOME HIGHER GUSTS WEST. FOR TONIGHT SHOWERS SHOULD BEGIN THIS EVENING AROUND TVR...GLH AND GWO AND THEN SHIFT SOUTH TOWARD THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE DAWN. SOME MVFR CEILINGS WILL ACCOMPANY SHOWERS WITH SOME MVFR (POSSIBLY TEMPO IFR) VIS REDUCTIONS POSSIBLY ALONG AND SOUTH OF I-20 LATER TONIGHT BEFORE (OR SOUTH OF) THE AREAS OF RAIN. THERE COULD BE ENOUGH ELEVATED INSTABILITY FOR ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS AT KGLH..KGWO LATE THIS EVENING. EXPECT THE ISOLATED STORMS TO DEVELOP OVER KCBM AFTER 08Z. BY EARLY TUESDAY MORNING THE SHOWERS WILL SPREAD OVER THE REMAINDER OF THE FORECAST AREA. WITH ISOLATED STORMS DEVELOPING SOUTH TO KJAN BETWEEN 12 AND 18Z TUESDAY. CEILINGS WILL BE MVFR. && .JAN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MS...NONE. LA...NONE. AR...NONE. && 17 (PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...440 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006) .DISCUSSION... THE UNSEASONABLY COOL AND DRY STRETCH OF WEATHER OVER THE REGION WILL BE COMING TO AN END OVER THE NEXT 24 HOURS AS THE UPPER FLOW PATTERN OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS BECOMES SOMEWHAT MORE ACTIVE AND DISTURBED. DURING THIS PERIOD OF TIME A RATHER VIGOROUS UPPER ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCE WILL TRANSLATE QUICKLY EAST THROUGH THE MIDWEST AND OHIO VALLEY. ALMOST ALL OF THE DYNAMIC UPPER FORCING WITH THIS SYSTEM WILL REMAIN TO THE NORTH OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...BUT A FRONTAL BOUNDARY DRAPING WELL SOUTH OF THIS FEATURE (ALONG WITH ITS ATTENDANT PRECEDING WARM AIR ADVECTION ALOFT) WILL GET A MOISTENING AND LIFTING PROCESS GOING ACROSS PORTIONS OF THE ARKLAMISS. IN SHORT...THAT MEANS RAIN...ESPECIALLY LATE TONIGHT INTO TOMORROW ALONG AND NORTHWEST OF THE NATCHEZ TRACE CORRIDOR. LOOKS LIKE THIS PATTERN IS HOLDING WITH THE MOLD OF 'LA NINA' CLIMATOLOGY IN THE SENSE THAT AREAS NEAR THE COAST UP TO THE HIGHWAY 84 CORRIDOR WILL REMAIN SOUTH OF THE MAIN RAIN PRODUCTION ZONE. ALSO OF PERHAPS A LITTLE INTEREST IS THE POSSIBILITY OF ELEVATED THUNDEROUS CONVECTION ACCOMPANYING SHOWERS IN THE ARKLAMISS DELTA REGION TONIGHT AFTER MIDNIGHT...AND THEN IN MOST AREAS OUTSIDE OF SOUTHEAST MS COUNTIES LATER ON TOMORROW. INGREDIENTS FOR ANY SEVERE WEATHER LOOK TO BE IN VERY SHORT SUPPLY...SO LOOK FOR ONLY AN INCREASE IN RAIN RATES IN AREAS OF THUNDERSTORMS (AND NO HAIL OR DAMAGING WINDS). IT IS ALSO HARD TO SEE HOW RAIN TOTALS WILL BE A PROBLEM OVER THE NEXT 48 HOURS AS ONLY TOTALS OVER AN INCH OR 1.5" (AT MOST) SEEM CONCEIVABLE DURING THIS TIME (AND THEN ONLY IN IN NORTHWEST OR FAR WESTERN ZONES). SHOWERS AND CONVECTION TONIGHT AND TOMORROW SHOULD MAINLY BE CO-LOCATED WITH A THETA-E RIDGE NOSING NORTHEAST INTO THE REGION AHEAD OF THE SURFACE FRONT WITH THE SURFACE FRONT ITSELF PROBABLY NOT OOZING SOUTH INTO THE MY NORTHERN BORDERS UNTIL DAYTIME TOMORROW. THIS SURFACE FRONT WILL PROBABLY NOT MAKE IT DOWN TO THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE STALLING AS SOUTHERLY FLOW OFF THE SURFACE RESPONDS TO A WEAK UPPER DISTURBANCE COMING TOWARD THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY BY WEDNESDAY MORNING IN AN INVIGORATED SOUTHERN STREAM ALOFT. CONFIDENCE WITH PINPOINTING SHOWERS DECREASES SOME TUESDAY NIGHT IN THIS TRANSITIONAL PERIOD...BUT SHOWERS CANNOT BE RULED OUT ANYWHERE AT THIS TIME. BUT...BEFORE ALL THE UNSETTLED WEATHER...AREA RESIDENTS SHOULD ENJOY A MILDER (ALTHOUGH A BIT MORE CLOUDY) MONDAY IN COMPARISON TO THE PRIOR SEVERAL DAYS. WENT GENERALLY WITH MAV FOR HIGHS TODAY WHICH PUTS THE TEMP RANGE GENERALLY FROM THE UPPER 60S TO LOWER 70S. I REMAINED NEAR MAV FOR TEMPS TONIGHT (50 TO 55)...TOMORROW (LOW 60S TO NEAR 70) AND TOMORROW NIGHT (NEAR 50 TO MID 50S) AS WELL. AS FAR AS POPS...I DID TRY TO BEAT MAV ON THE HIGH SIDE TONIGHT AND TOMORROW IN THE "HIGH CONFIDENCE" AREAS OF RAIN MENTIONED...BUT I GENERALLY REMAINED CLOSE OTHERWISE. THERE IS A 20 PERCENT CHANCE OF SOME SHOWERS GETTING INTO FAR NORTHWEST ZONES BEFORE EVENING...BUT IF THAT OCCURS IT SHOULD BE IN THE WANING PORTION OF THE AFTERNOON. /BB/ LONGER TERM... BOUNDARY STALLS AS WARM FRONT ACROSS CENTRAL ZONES WEDNESDAY. MOISTURE DEEPENS AND WEAK WAVES SHIFT THROUGH THE FLAT RIDGE IN PLACE. LITTLE OR NO JET SUPPORT NOTED AND LOW LEVEL FLOW REMAINS RELATIVELY WEAK. THE BOUNDARY WASHES OUT WEDNESDAY NIGHT. WARMER TEMPS ON TAP FOR THURSDAY AS LOW LEVEL FLOW INCREASES. WILL SEE SURFACE DEWPOINTS LIFT INTO THE LOWER 60S BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON AS MID/UPPER FLOW BACKS IN RESPONSE TO THE LOW MOVING INTO THE SRN PLAINS. 25-30KT 850 MB JET INTENSIFIES NEAR 50 KTS THURSDAY NIGHT. DEEP LAYER SHEAR ALSO INTENSIFIES AS MID/UPPER JETS MOVE INTO PLACE. BEST SURFACE CONVERGENCE IN PLACE ACROSS THE FORECAST AREA EARLY FRIDAY MORNING BUT 850 MB FLOW HAS ALREADY VEERED TO A MORE WLY DIRECTION. THE AIR MASS REMAINS SOMEWHAT UNSTABLE WITH AN 850 MB THETAE MAX POSITIONED OVER THE AREA. LONGER TERM MODELS DISAGREE ON SRN EXTENT OF SURFACE LOW TRACK WITH EURO SHIFTING SURFACE AND UPPER LOW WELL NORTH OF THE REGION. WILL FOLLOW MORE SRN TRACK FOR NOW. THE BOUNDARY SHIFTS ACROSS THE REGION FRIDAY NIGHT AND EXITS AREA BY SUNRISE SATURDAY. BY 12Z SATURDAY NWLY FLOW FORECAST AT LOWER AND UPPER LEVELS WITH A DRY AIR MASS OVER THE AREA. MORE ZONAL FLOW SETS UP FOR SUNDAY WITH WEAK WAVES MOVING THROUGH THE FLOW. WILL KEEP SUNDAY DRY FOR NOW AS MOISTURE RETURN LOOKS DELAYED UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE WORK WEEK. /03/ && .AVIATION... HIGHER CLOUDS WILL FILTER EAST INTO THE ARKLAMISS REGION TODAY AND DECKS COULD BE BROKEN AT ANY TIME...ESPECIALLY WEST OF I-55. BUT LOOK FOR CEILINGS TO REMAIN ABOVE 10 KFT IN ALL AREAS OUTSIDE OF GLH...TVR AND GWO THROUGH 00Z ALTHOUGH POSSIBLY GETTING DOWN TO 5 KT IN THE HIGHLIGHTED SPOTS BY THAT TIME. SHOWERS SHOULD BEGIN THIS EVENING AROUND TVR...GLH AND GWO AND THEN SHIFT SOUTH TOWARD THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE DAWN. SOME MVFR CEILINGS WILL ACCOMPANY SHOWERS WITH SOME MVFR (POSSIBLY TEMPO IFR) VIS REDUCTIONS POSSIBLY ALONG AND SOUTH OF I-20 LATER TONIGHT BEFORE (OR SOUTH OF) THE AREAS OF RAIN. /BB/ && .FIRE WEATHER... MINIMUM RH VALUES SHOULD BRIEFLY BE DOWN IN THE 20S LATER TODAY IN EASTERN MISSISSIPPI AND POSSIBLY DOWN IN THE 30S AS FAR WEST AS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. WINDS WILL BE A LITTLE STRONGER THAN YESTERDAY WITH GUSTS UP TO 15 TO 20 MPH NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION IN ANY SPOT. THESE COMBINATIONS DO NOT MEET RED FLAG CRITERIA ANYWHERE...BUT BURNING INTERESTS (PARTICULARLY IN EASTERN MS) SHOULD KEEP THIS IN MIND. /BB/ && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... JACKSON 70 51 66 55 / 5 45 65 46 MERIDIAN 71 49 69 53 / 0 34 58 43 VICKSBURG 71 52 66 54 / 10 53 74 50 HATTIESBURG 72 50 72 55 / 0 10 24 20 NATCHEZ 71 54 70 57 / 6 32 62 54 GREENVILLE 66 51 65 48 / 20 78 50 36 GREENWOOD 67 49 63 50 / 13 73 55 35 && .JAN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MS...NONE. LA...NONE. AR...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM:50 LONG TERM:03 </PRE></TT></td> ms AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC 1005 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY/... HIGH PRESSURE WILL CONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE SOUTHEAST THROUGH THE REST OF TODAY AND TONIGHT. MINOR TWEAKS TO THIS MORNINGS UPDATE TO RAISE TEMPERATURES SLIGHTLY TO MESH WITH LATEST MOS GUIDANCE. WINDS ALSO UPDATED WITH LATEST RUC GUIDANCE...BUT STILL REMAINING LIGHT DURING THE AFTERNOON. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 230 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006/ SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY/... RIDGING AT THE SFC AND ALOFT TRANSLATE EASTWARD ACRS THE CWFA TODAY ALLOWING FOR A VERY QUIET WX DAY. AFTER A CHILLY START THIS MORNING...A NOTABLY MILDER AFTERNOON IS ON TAP. DEEP FORCING AND MOISTURE STILL ON TRACK TO INCREASE ACRS THE NC MTNS AFTER MIDNIGHT WITH SHOWER CHANCES THE RESULT. A PERIOD OF SLEET OR SNOW MAY STILL OCCUR EARLY TUESDAY MORNING AS THE ATMOSPHERE MOISTENS THE INITIALLY COLD LAYER BELOW 700 MB. WILL MAINTAIN LIKELY CVRG OF SHOWERS IN THE MTNS THROUGH MIDDAY FOR NOW...BUT SUSPECT THAT WE COULD CREEP THIS UP TO CAT CVRG...ALBEIT WITH LIGHT QPF...AS LATEST SREF INDICATES A GREATER THAN 90 PERCENT CHANCE OF MEASURABLE PCPN. IT REMAINS DEBATABLE JUST MUCH SHOWER CVRG OCCURS EAST OF THE MTNS...BUT TRACK OF VORT LOOKS TO BE FAR ENUF SOUTH FOR MORE THAN JUST SCATTERED ACTIVITY INTO THE NC PIEDMONT...BUT WILL LEAVE AS CHANCE FOR NOW. A TOKEN PERIOD OF WEAK UPSLOPE FLOW DEVELOPS IN THE WAKE OF S/WV TUESDAY EVENING...OTHERWISE DEEP LAYERED DRYING SPREADS QUICKLY EAST ACRS THE REGION. WILL CONTINUE WITH A DRY FCST FOR WEDNESDAY AS UPPER RIDGING REDEVELOPS OVER THE EASTERN U.S. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/... NO SURPRISES NOTED IN THE 27/00 UTC OP GFS DEPICTION OF RETURN FLOW MOISTURE INCREASING ACRS THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS THURSDAY...WILL LEAVE GOING CHC POPS AS IS. MORE SOLID CHANCE POPS FOR FRIDAY TO CONTINUE AS WELL WITH MODERATELY FORCED FRONTAL/CONVECTIVE BAND PROGGED TO APPROACH FROM THE WEST. NO CHANGES MADE TO THE GOING WEEKEND FCST AS WELL. AVIATION... VFR CONDITIONS TO PERSIST THROUGH THE 06Z TAF PERIOD AS HIGH PRESSURE BUILDS IN FROM THE WEST KEEPING LIGHT NLY WINDS OVER THE AREA. CLEAR SKIES WITH ONLY A FEW LINGERING STRATOCU OVER THE N NC MTNS AND WISPS OF CI MOVING IN FROM THE WEST. SOME LINGERING MOISTURE UNDER THE SUBSIDENCE INVERSION WILL LEAD TO A LITTLE VFR STRATOCU AGAIN WITH AFTERNOON HEATING...BUT NOT TO THE EXTENT OF THE PAST TWO DAYS. ALSO IN THE AFTERNOON...LIGHT WINDS SHOULD SHIFT TO THE SW AS THE CENTER OF THE HIGH MOVES EAST AWAY FROM THE AREA. FRONTAL SYSTEM APPROACHES FROM THE WEST MONDAY NIGHT...BUT ONLY MID/HIGH LEVEL MOISTURE MOVES IN THRU 06Z. ISENTROPIC LIFT AND LOW LEVEL MOISTURE INCREASE BETWEEN 06Z AND 12Z. HOWEVER...CONCERNS REMAIN OVER WHETHER ANY PRECIP OR RESTRICTIONS DEVELOP BY THEN. && .GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... GA...NONE. NC...NONE. SC...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...VAD </PRE></TT></td> sc AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY 213 PM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... EARLY THIS AFTERNOON...HIGH PRESSURE EXTENDED FROM THE GREAT LAKES...SOUTH ACROSS EASTERN KY INTO THE SE U.S. CLOUDS WERE ADVANCING EAST TOWARD CENTRAL KY AND SCNTRL INDIANA EARLY THIS AFTERNOON...IN ADVANCE OF A CLOSED LOW CURRENTLY OVER SW IOWA. REGIONAL RADAR MOSAIC SHOWED A SOLID AREA OF RAIN SHOWERS ADVANCING TO THE EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND MOVG INTO SW INDIANA. THE ACTIVITY TRAILED OFF TO SCATTERED LIGHT SHOWERS IN SE MISSOURI AND WEST KENTUCKY. WE EXPECT CLOUDS TO CONTINUE TO INCREASE FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS THE REGION THIS AFTERNOON...WITH THE CHANCE OF RAIN INCREASING AS WELL. WILL HAVE HIGHEST POPS ACROSS SOUTHERN INDIANA INTO ADJACENT NORTHERN KENTUCKY...AND LOWER POPS ACROSS SOUTH CENTRAL KENTUCKY BASED ON THE LATEST TRENDS AND RUC/GFS MODEL SUGGESTIONS. STABILITY PARAMETERS SUGGEST LITTLE CHANCE OF THUNDER. THE MODELS MOVE THE UPPER LOW AND SFC REFLECTION INTO CNTRL INDIANA BY 12Z TUESDAY...SO WILL HOLD ONTO A CHANCE OF SHOWERS ALL NIGHT. WILL THEN END THE CHANCE FROM WEST TO EAST EARLY TUESDAY AS THE LOW MOVES EAST TO THE MID ATLANTIC REGION. CLOUDS WILL BE MORE PREVALENT THAN NOT THROUGH TUESDAY...IN RELATION TO THIS SYSTEM. AS FAR AS TEMP GUIDANCE...USED A BLEND OF GOING NUMBERS AND THE LATEST GFS MOS. QUIET WEATHER IS EXPECTED TUE NIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY AS HIGH PRESSURE TAKES CONTROL. AFTER WEDNESDAY...THINGS ARE NOT AS CLEAR CUT. WE WILL BE IN RETURN FLOW ACROSS THE FA...WITH THE UPPER LEVEL FLOW PATTERN MORE ACTIVE AND SOUTHWESTERLY. FOR NOW...HAVE ELECTED TO KEEP IT DRY THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT...AND ONLY INTRODUCE LOW CHANCE POPS FOR THURSDAY. THE MORE CLEAR CUT SIGNAL IN THE MODELS IS TOWARD DAY BREAK FRIDAY...AS A FRONTAL SYSTEM MOVES INTO WEST SECTIONS OF THE FORECAST AREA. SO...AFTER TODAY...OUR HIGHEST POP EVENT WILL BE FRIDAY...AS A FRONT IS FORECAST TO MOVE ACROSS THE REGION FROM WEST TO EAST...OFFERING UP A CHANCE OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. WILL LINGER A LOW CHANCE OF SHOWERS IN FOR FRIDAY NIGHT...THEN KEEP CONDITIONS MAINLY DRY FROM SATURDAY ON...PER THE LATEST GFS AND HPC GUIDANCE. && .LMK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KY...NONE. IN...NONE. && $$ NOLES </PRE></TT></td> ky AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...AVIATION UPDATE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SPRINGFIELD MO 1207 PM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... STRATUS DECK HAS BECOME SCATTERED OVER THE WESTERN PORTIONS OF THE AREA AND TEMPERATURES HAVE RESPONDED. INSOLATION HAS LED TO TEMPS IN THE LOWER/MIDDLE 60S WHERE CLEARING HAS OCCURRED...WHILE UNDER THE CLOUDS TEMPS ARE HOLDING IN THE 40S AND 50S. WILL ISSUE AN UPDATE TO BUMP HIGHS UP OVER THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZONES FOR THIS AFTERNOON. JLT/GAGAN && .PREV DISCUSSION... VIGOROUS UPPER DISTURBANCE CURRENTLY TRACKING EASTWARD THIS MORNING ACROSS NEBRASKA. IN RESPONSE TO THIS FEATURE...AN AREA OF SHOWERS WITH EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPED ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS AND PUSHED INTO MISSOURI. THIS PRECIPITATION WAS FUELED BY MODEST MOISTURE TRANSPORT/CONVERGENCE ON THE NOSE OF A 55-60 KT LOW LEVEL JET AT 850 MB. IN ADDITION...UPPER DIFFLUENCE AT 250 MB WAS NOTED ON THE REGIONAL PROFILER NETWORK AS THIS AREA WAS IN THE LEFT FRONT QUAD OF THE UPPER JET. AT THE SURFACE...LOW PRESSURE WAS ALSO CENTERED OVER NEBRASKA WITH ITS ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT STRETCHING SOUTHWARD ACROSS CENTRAL KANSAS. PRIMARY SHORT TERM FORECAST CONCERNS WILL BE RAIN CHANCES AND TEMPERATURES. HELD ON TO LIKELY POPS FOR THE MORNING HOURS MAINLY EAST OF HIGHWAY 65..AS THIS AREA WILL STILL BE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASING MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND 925-850MB THETA-E ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE APPROACHING COLD FRONT. FURTHER TO THE WEST...TRENDED POPS DOWNWARD TO LOW END CHANCES ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER AS THE RUC SHOWS DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST SHORTLY AFTER 12Z. ANY PRECIPITATION TODAY WILL BE SHOWERY IN NATURE WITH ONLY AN ISOLATED THUNDERSTORM POSSIBLE. THE NAM SHOWS SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY WITH LI VALUES LIFTED FROM 800 MB AROUND -1 THROUGH 18Z. AS FOR TEMPERATURES...WITH DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST...AREAS ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER SHOULD SEE ENOUGH SUNSHINE TODAY TO REBOUND INTO THE LOWER 60S. WILL HAVE TO WATCH TEMPS MORE CLOSELY FURTHER EAST. FOR NOW BANKING ON CLOUD COVER HANGING ON FOR MUCH OF THE AFTERNOON WHICH WOULD LIKELY KEEP HIGHS ONLY IN THE LOW/MID 50S. TUESDAY LOOKS LIKE A TRANQUIL DAY WITH TEMPERATURES NEAR LATE MARCH NORMALS AS UPPER RIDGING TAKES HOLD IN THE WAKE OF TODAY'S SYSTEM. BY WEDNESDAY...SOUTHERLY FLOW RETURNS TO THE AREA WHICH WILL LIKELY ALLOW HIGHS TO CLIMB TO NEAR 70 ACROSS SOUTHEAST KANSAS AND MUCH OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. HAVE SOME SLIGHT AND LOW POPS WEDNESDAY INTO WEDNESDAY AS MOISTURE BEGINS TO RETURN NORTHWARD AHEAD OF THE NEXT UPPER SYSTEM. THE BULK OF THE LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE TRANSPORT FIELDS KEEP THE BETTER CONVERGENCE TO THE WEST...SO HIGH POPS WEREN'T WARRANTED FOR THIS PERIOD. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES REGARDING THE UPPER SYSTEM ENTERING THE PLAINS BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON. ONE THING FOR CERTAIN IS THAT THE SYSTEM WILL HAVE PLENTY OF MOISTURE TO WORK WITH. THE LATEST ECMWF TAKES THE UPPER LOW ACROSS NEBRASKA TOWARD THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...WHILE THE GFS TRACKS THE SYSTEM ACROSS KANSAS AND NORTHERN MISSOURI. THE GFS SOLUTION WOULD BRING A GOOD SHOT OF SEVERE WEATHER TO THE OZARKS REGION...AS 0-6KM BULK SHEAR VALUES INCREASE TO AROUND 60KTS BY 00Z FRIDAY. SAW && .AVIATION... FOR THE 18Z TAFS...CONDITIONS ACROSS THE TAF SITES SHOULD REMAIN VFR THROUGH THE EVENING WITH A DROP TO MVFR AFTER MIDNIGHT. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE WILL BRING A STRATOCUMULUS DECK INTO THE OZARKS WITH CEILINGS AROUND 1500 TO 2000 FT. THIS CEILING SHOULD PERSIST INTO THE DAY ON WEDNESDAY WITH A HIGH CIRRUS DECK KEEPING THE SUN FROM BURNING THE STRATUS OFF AS THE DAY PROGRESSES. HATCH && .SGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...NONE. KS...NONE. $$ WFO SGF </PRE></TT></td> mo AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NEWPORT/MOREHEAD CITY NC 219 PM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .SHORT TERM (TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT)...SFC AND UPR LVL RDG JUST W OF CWA TDY. SLO EWD DRIFT WL KP DRY NNW FLO OVR CWA INTO THIS EVE. 5H FLO TO BCM QUASI ZNL LTR TNGT AS WK TROF APPCHS FRM THE W. ASSCTD SFC FNT WL TURN LO LVL FLO TO SW BY MDNGT TNGT. NAM A LTL FASTER THAN RUC IN TURNG LO LVL FLO ARND. WL LEAN TWRD RUC TIMING. GIVEN THIS WND SHIFT XPCT LO TEMPS TO OCCUR BFR MIDNGT AND WL HV HRLY TEMPS REFLECT THIS. SNDGS NOT SHOWG TOO MUCH DECPLG OF THE WNDS. THEY DO SHOW A SHALLOW INVERSION...AT THE SAME TM AS SUM MID LVL MSTR. THRFR AM NOT XPCTG F TO BE A PROBL TNGT. CLDS WL STRT INCRSG MIDDAY TUE. OMEGA NOT OVRLY IMPRSV WI THIS SYS. LO LVL INITIALLY SUMWHAT DRY SO WL HOLD OFF ON POPS TIL JUST BFR SS. NOT XPCTG TOO MUCH OVRNGT BUT WL CARRY 20 TO 30 POPS...ENDING BFR SR WED. && .LONG TERM (WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY)...AFT THIS SYS MVS OUT HI PRES WL DOMINATE THE WX THRU THU. MSTR WL STRT INCRSG THU NGT BUT SFC SYS DOESNT REALLY MV THRU TIL LT SAT. WL CONT CRRNT FCST OF SLGT CHC. GFS SHOWG COLD SURGE TO MV THRU SUN AFTN...BHND FNT. && .AVIATION...VFR CONDITIONS WILL PREVAIL ACROSS THE REGION...UNDER MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES...IN THE PREDOMINATELY DRY AIRMASS. INCREASE MID-LEVEL CLOUDINESS IS EXPECTED LATE TONIGHT...WHICH SHOULD HNDER THE FORMATION OF RESTRICTING VISIBILITIES IN FOG. && .MARINE...NE BACKSWELL FROM A POWERFUL BUT DISTANT ATLC LOW CONTINUES OVER THE WATERS. 41025 HAS BEEN AT 5 FT SINCE PAST 24 HOURS BUT THE DUCK COE HAS BEEN 6 FT ALL DAY. THEREFORE THE SCA FOR SEAS WILL BE CONTINUED THROUGH THIS EVENING AS WAVEWATCH III KEEPS SEAS NORTH OF OCRACOKE AROUND 6 FT. EXCEPT SWELL TO DIMINISH AND SEAS TO DROP BLO SCA CRITERIA BY TUE MORNING. A COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH THE WATERS LATE TUE AND CROSS THE AREA EARLY WED. SW WINDS ON TUE WILL SHIFT TO THE NW WITH FRONTAL PASSAGE. WINDS SPEEDS ARE EXPECTED TO REMAIN AT OR BLO 20 KTS. HIGH PRES WILL BUILD OVER THE STATE LATE WED THROUGH THU BEFORE MOVING OFFSHORE THU NIGHT. ANOTHER FRONTAL SYSTEM WILL APPROACH THE MARINE AREA ON SAT THEN MOVING OFFSHORE EARLY SUN. && .MHX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... NC...NONE. MARINE...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR AMZ150-152-154 UNTIL 4 AM TUESDAY. && $$ SHORT TERM...GOODALL LONG TERM...GOODALL AVIATION...PRINGLE MARINE...PRINGLE </PRE></TT></td> nc AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 1052 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .UPDATE...BASED ON CURRENT RADAR TRENDS...AS WELL AS LATEST RUC AND NAM MODEL...NUDGED HIGHER PRECIPITATION PROBABILITIES A BIT FURTHER NORTHWARD FOR THIS AFTERNOON. WITH RESPECT TO PRECIPITATION TYPE...OBSERVATIONS STILL INDICATED SNOW AND RAIN IN SOUTHEAST MN AS OF 1630Z. FORECAST SOUNDINGS SUPPORT ALL RAIN IN THIS AREA DURING THE AFTERNOON...SO HAVE CONTINUED TREND TOWARD ALL RAIN AS IN CURRENT FORECAST FOR SITES SUCH AS KRST...KTOB...KAUM. OTHER CHANGES MADE WERE TO LOWER TEMPERATURES IN PORTIONS OF NORTHEAST IOWA AND SOUTHEAST MN...WHERE PRECIPITATION HAS KEPT TEMPERATURES FROM RISING TOO MUCH. UPDATED DATA BASE WITH AFOREMENTIONED CHANGES. UPDATED ZONE FORECAST PRODUCT SHOULD BE ISSUED BY 1700Z. && THOMPSON .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM...THROUGH WEDNESDAY MAIN FORECAST CONCERN IS WITH THE PRECIPITATION CHANCES AND TYPES FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT. SURFACE ANALYSIS THIS MORNING SHOWS HIGH PRESSURE EXTENDING FROM THE NORTHERN GREAT LAKES SOUTH INTO THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY. LOW PRESSURE WAS OVER CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA NEAR K9V9. COLD FRONT EXTENDED SOUTH FROM THE LOW INTO KANSAS. REGIONAL RADARS AND SURFACE OBS INDICATE LIGHT RAIN AS DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM FROM NORTHWEST MISSOURI INTO WESTERN MINNESOTA. 00Z MODELS HAVE CONTINUED THE TREND OF PREVIOUS MODEL RUNS OF SHIFTING THIS SYSTEM FARTHER SOUTH. NO CLEAR CUT MODEL FAVORITE THIS MORNING AS THE NAM AGAIN HAD SOME INITIALIZATION PROBLEMS WITH THIS SYSTEM WHILE THE GFS HAD TOO MUCH QPF AT 06Z COMPARED TO RADARS/OBSERVATIONS. HAVE TRIED TO TAKE A BLEND APPROACH. BOTH MODELS NOW SHOW THE BEST FORCING TO AFFECT MAINLY THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF THE FORECAST AREA AND QUICKLY TAPER OFF TO THE NORTH. THE BEST PV ADVECTION IN THE 500-300 MB LAYER NOW SLIDES ACROSS IOWA AND MISSOURI WITH THE ONLY ABOUT 4-6 PVU/S COMING ACROSS NORTHERN IOWA AND SOUTHERN WISCONSIN. WITH THE UPPER LEVEL LOW EXPECTED TO MOVE ACROSS IOWA...THE AGEOSTROPHIC FLOW FROM THE EXIT REGION OF THE 300 MB JET WILL STAY WELL TO THE SOUTH AS WELL. DEEP BUT WEAK QG CONVERGENCE STILL EXPECTED TO MOVE ACROSS THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS TODAY THROUGH THIS EVENING. THE BEST FRONTOGENESIS WILL BE SOUTH OF THE AREA...BUT THE GFS DOES SHOW A SECONDARY BAND DEVELOPING THIS AFTERNOON ACROSS SOUTHERN WISCONSIN IN THE 850-500 MB LAYER. TIME/HEIGHT CROSS SECTIONS DO SHOW THE FORCING THAT COMES THROUGH SHOULD BE ENOUGH TO PRODUCE ABOUT 5 MICROBARS/S OF VERTICAL MOTION AND WITH DEEP MOISTURE IN PLACE...EXPECT THAT LOCATIONS SOUTH OF THE MINNESOTA BORDER WILL SEE THE PRECIPITATION AND HAVE CONTINUED THE CATEGORICAL POPS THERE. QUICKLY TAPERED OFF THE POPS TO THE NORTH WITH THE DECREASE IN THE FORCING AND ONLY BROUGHT IN A SLIGHT CHANCE FOR THE FAR NORTH THIS AFTERNOON. MODEL SOUNDINGS FROM THE NAM INDICATE THIS SHOULD BE AN ALL LIQUID EVENT...BUT THE GFS SHOWS ENOUGH DYNAMICAL AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING EARLY THIS MORNING FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF A RAIN/SNOW MIX. HAVE LEFT THIS IN FOR A SHORT WHILE THIS MORNING BEFORE SWITCHING OVER TO ALL RAIN. INCLUDED SOME LIKELY POPS ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST SECTIONS FOR THIS EVENING BEFORE GOING DOWN TO CHANCE AFTER 03Z. GRADUAL COOLING OF THE COLUMN BEHIND THE SYSTEM SHOULD ALLOW FOR THE RAIN TO MIX WITH SNOW AND POSSIBLY CHANGE TO ALL SNOW FOR THE WESTERN SECTIONS AFTER 06Z IF THERE IS STILL ANY LINGERING PRECIPITATION IN THE AREA. HIGH PRESSURE THEN COMES ACROSS FOR TUESDAY AND TUESDAY NIGHT. THIS SLIPS OFF THE EAST WEDNESDAY AHEAD OF THE NEXT SYSTEM. SOUTH WINDS AND WARM AIR ADVECTION ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE HIGH SHOULD PUSH TEMPERATURES INTO THE 50S. LONG TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY WARM AIR ADVECTION WILL CONTINUE INTO WEDNESDAY NIGHT WITH THE GFS SHOWING A GOOD MOISTURE TRANSPORT SIGNAL IN THE AREA. AIRMASS WILL INITIALLY BE DRY...BUT BELIEVE THE MOISTURE TRANSPORT WILL ALLOW SATURATION TO OCCUR LATE WEDNESDAY NIGHT. THE WARM AIR ADVECTION RESULTS IN ABOUT 2 MICROBARS/S OF UPGLIDE ON THE 285K ISENTROPIC SURFACE AND THIS MAY BE ENOUGH TO SUPPORT SOME LATE NIGHT SHOWER DEVELOPMENT. MAINTAINED THE LOW CHANCE POPS ACROSS THE WEST FOR THIS POSSIBILITY. THIS SYSTEM THEN WILL COME ACROSS THE REGION THURSDAY NIGHT AND FRIDAY. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES IN THE TRACK OF THE SURFACE LOW WITH THE GFS TAKING THE LOW FROM CENTRAL KANSAS AT 00Z FRIDAY TO EASTERN WISCONSIN BY 00Z SATURDAY. THE ECMWF IS FARTHER NORTH WITH THE TRACK FROM SOUTH DAKOTA TO LAKE SUPERIOR. WITH THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MODELS...LEFT THE EXTENDED PORTION OF THE FORECAST ALONE AND WILL LET THE DAY SHIFT MAKE ANY CHANGES AFTER LOOKING AT THE GFS ENSEMBLES. && .ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...NONE. MN...NONE. IA...NONE. && $$ 04 </PRE></TT></td> wi	en
markdown	623393	# Presentation: 623393 ## Sample Design - Michael DeBacker - and Lloyd Morrison ## Important Underlying Themes of Sample Design: - Ability to make inferences - Whether or not to stratify - Co-location/co-visitation ## We can only sample a very small proportion (often <1%) of most natural areas, but: Our job is to protect, restore, understand, and inform others about the entire area, not just some convenient portion of it. We need to make scientifically defensible inferences to areas beyond the limited sites we sample. Statistical, design-based inferences can only be made to areas that have a chance of being included in the sample. - We can only sample a very small proportion (often <1%) of most natural areas, but: - Our job is to protect, restore, understand, and inform others about the entire area, not just some convenient portion of it. - We need to make scientifically defensible inferences to areas beyond the limited sites we sample. - Statistical, design-based inferences can only be made to areas that have a chance of being included in the sample. ## Stratification - Stratification is a powerful method of decreasing variance among sample sites, but: - Strata must be carefully chosen in long-term studies, so criteria for strata do not change. - Multiple protocols may need to use different criteria for stratification. - Later addition of protocols may not fit within defined strata. - In general, stratification is not recommended for long-term studies measuring multiple response variables. ## Co-location (Co-visitation) - Co-location will provide information on multiple vital signs for the same sites. - Co-visitation will aid overall sampling efficiency, as multiple vital signs can be sampled at the same time. ## Status of an Overall Sampling Framework for the First Twelve Networks ## Summary of Spatial Designs Utilized by the First Twelve Networks ## Example 1: Integrated Terrestrial DesignHeartland Network & Prairie Cluster Prototype _Protocols Spatially Integrated:_ Vegetation communities Bird communities Invasive plants _Protocols Temporally Integrated:_ None _Strata:_ soils, slope aspect (vegetation monitoring only) Example 1: Integrated Terrestrial DesignHeartland Network & Prairie Cluster Prototype ## Monitoring projects are integrated using an underlying grid for multiple purposes Monitoring projects are integrated using an underlying grid for multiple purposes Step one: overlay the sample frame with a relatively fine scale grid, the vertices of which create a systematic sample. Notes: By sharing a common underlying grid, multiple protocols using different approaches to spatial allocation may maximize co-location of sample sites. Figure 4-6 illustrates a hypothetical example of superimposing several different survey designs on a single systematic grid. (While the study unit in Figure 4-6 is simplified for demonstration purposes, the HTLN faces the real challenge of implementing invasive non-native plant, breeding bird, and vegetation community monitoring simultaneously in member parks.) The example begins by overlaying a relatively fine scale grid (e.g., cell size 100 x 100m) over the study unit (i.e., reference frame). Vertices of the grid form a pool of potential sample points, and those falling outside the reference frame are removed from consideration. For invasive non-native plant species monitoring, the HTLN is developing rapid data collection methods to maximize spatial coverage. In this case, all sample points in the reference frame (i.e., all filled circles) would be utilized in a systematic sample. Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design, although at a larger spatial scale (400 x 400m). In this example, the initial grid would be subsampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles. Initially establishing a relatively fine-scale grid allows flexibility in scaling up to meet different design requirements. Finally, vegetation community monitoring methods are time consuming and intensive; therefore, total sample sizes must remain small. Given relatively small sample sizes and the desire to capture heterogeneity in vegetation communities that reflects underlying differences in soil type and aspect, a stratified random sample is drawn. In this example, three sample sites are drawn at random from strata A and B with the number of sites per strata proportionate to the area of the strata, creating equal probability for selection. At points represented by solid red dots, invasive non-native plant species and vegetation community monitoring are co-located. ## Invasive plant monitoring: Invasive plant monitoring: - rapid data collection - maximum spatial coverage - all points in the reference frame are sampled - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site ## Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design at a larger spatial scale. In this example, the initial grid would be sub-sampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles. Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design at a larger spatial scale. In this example, the initial grid would be sub-sampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles. - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site - INP _and_ bird community sample site ## For vegetation community monitoring, the grid vertices form a pool of potential sample sites from which a stratified random sample is drawn. For vegetation community monitoring, the grid vertices form a pool of potential sample sites from which a stratified random sample is drawn. - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site - INP and bird community sample site - INP and vegetation community sample site Notes: vegetation community monitoring methods are time consuming and intensive; therefore, total sample sizes must remain small. Given relatively small sample sizes and the desire to capture heterogeneity in vegetation communities that reflects underlying differences in soil type and aspect, a stratified random sample is drawn. In this example, three sample sites are drawn at random from strata A and B with the number of sites per strata proportionate to the area of the strata, creating equal probability for selection ## Example 2: Systematic, Unequal Probability Sampling Design Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) _Protocols Spatially Integrated:_ Vegetation Soil/Site Stability Hydrologic Function Soil Crust Structure Nutrient Cycling _Protocols Temporally Integrated:_ TBD _Probability of site inclusion determined by:_ Accessibility “Ecological Sites” ## Accessibility Model Example from Zion National Park Accessibility Model Example from Zion National Park Selection probabilities for sample plots are defined by accessibility (high or low) ## Selection probabilities for sample plots are also determined by “ecological sites” Selection probabilities for sample plots are also determined by “ecological sites” Ecological sites are defined by climate, geology, and soils. ## Sample grid overlaid on an Sample grid overlaid on an Ecological Site map A final sample is drawn from this pool of points utilizing the inclusion probabilities. ## Example 3: Two Stage Systematic Sampling, Central Alaska Network (CAKN) _Protocols Spatially Integrated:_ Vegetation Passerine Birds Snow depth _Protocols Temporally Integrated:_ Vegetation and Passerine Birds (~50%) _Strata:_ Road corridor at DENA ## Stage one - a systematic grid, 20 x 20 km Stage one - a systematic grid, 20 x 20 km Stage two – a 25 point “mini grid,” 500 x 500 m ## Benefits of the two-stage systematic grid design: effectively samples both regional and meso-scale gradients in resource conditions relies on a sampling frame that is not tied to any preconceived notions of how changes in the ecosystem will occur concentrates landscape-scale sampling effort within study areas provides a multiple-scale sampling frame that allows for “nesting” of monitoring efforts that occur at different spatial scales or at different levels of intensity - access cost per data point is lower - fewer trips into wilderness are required per sample if funding is interrupted prior to completion of the full park-wide sample, partial data set remains a valid network of monitoring sites with interpretable data – and a subset of sites may be continued into the future ## Temporal Design for Vegetation and Snow Depth Monitoring Projects ## Temporal Design for the Passerine Birds Monitoring Project - Group A – sites near the main road - Group B – sites dispersed throughout parks, provides statistical “connectivity” - Group C – sites dispersed throughout parks, provides broad spatial coverage Temporal Design for the Passerine Birds Monitoring Project ## Example 4: GRTS Design for Aquatic Resources Monitoring – Heartland Network (HTLN) _Protocols Spatially Integrated:_ Fish Communities Water Chemistry Aquatic Invertebrates Geomorphology Ozark Hellbender (T&E) _Protocols Temporally Integrated:_ Fish, Invertebrates, and Water Chemistry _Strata:_ None ## Ozark National Scenic Riverways Stream Network = 508 KM GRTS: spatially-balanced sample, n = 50 ## Slide 24 ## Temporal Design for Hellbender, Fish, Geomorphology, and Aquatic Invertebrate Monitoring Projects Temporal Design for Hellbender, Fish, Geomorphology, and Aquatic Invertebrate Monitoring Projects ## Acknowledgments: - Trent McDonald (West, Inc.), - Tony Olsen (EPA), - Paul Geissler (USGS), - and others.	en
converted_docs	078063	1. ACD 1. [Requirements for ACD and Summary of Accomplishments]{.smallcaps} The Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD) is designed to reject the majority of charged particles, which are the background for any gamma-ray experiments. The ACD of EGRET has suffered from the self-veto effect when the products of the high energy photon interactions in the instrument's calorimeter cause a veto signal in ACD (backsplash effect), resulting in the significant degradation of the efficiency for high energy (\> 5 GeV) gamma rays. To avoid this effect, the ACD for GLAST is designed to be subdivided into many scintillating tiles with wave-shifting fiber readout. In GLAST, the requirements for background rejection and rate control are system-wide requirements and all subsystems play a role. In determining the requirements for the ACD, we need to understand the various fluxes involved and the functional approach to triggering GLAST. We pointed out that for studies of photons, eliminating the electron background, not the proton background, is the dominant and driving requirement for the ACD-tracker combination because the calorimeter cannot distinguish between them. The scientific requirement that drives the instrumental background rejection requirement is the study of the diffuse high-latitude background. We need to separate the contribution from point sources and find out if there is any residual diffuse emission. We require that the background due to charged particles be less than 10% of this signal. We spent considerable effort in validating the background intensities (Ormes et al. 1999) and including the effects of albedo fluxes from the atmosphere. We set the GLAST system level design requirements for the misidentification of charged cosmic rays to be 3×10^-5^ or a detection efficiency of 0.99997. The electron component drives the requirement for ACD to have 0.9997 efficiency. We can expect one \"9" from the top tracker layer to meet our requirement. The ACD subsystem has had modest funding during the technology development phase. This decision was based on the minimal need for development work in this area. Nevertheless, we have accomplished a number of things during this technology development phase. - Analyzed 1997 beam test data and determined the relationship of backsplash signals to ACD panel size, distance from calorimeter, electronics threshold, and energy dependence of response so that flight design could be specified. - Exposed the paddles built for the 1997 beam test to a higher energy beam at CERN and measured backsplash at higher energies up to 300 GeV. - Developed specifications for flight unit electronics. - Built 13 paddle ACD units for the beam test engineering model (BTEM) with electronics fabricated to flight-like specifications built with commercial parts. - Delivered BTEM/ACD to SLAC and supported beam test. All electronics and hardware functioned as specified and preliminary results are included with this report. - Conducted simulations of instrument response to determine optimal arrangement and sizing of ACD tiles to minimize background, enable ACD to be included into trigger and determined its impact on trigger rates. - Conducted simulations of the rejection of electrons by the ACD, especially with respect to the objective of searching for gamma-ray lines using events whose trajectory intercepts a large path length in the calorimeter. These events will have the best energy resolution for energies \> 50 GeV where lines are most likely to be found. - Based on the above, arrived at a configuration for the flight unit ACD, developed resource requirements (e.g. volume, mass, power, cost) to build it, and determined its power to reject background and control event rates. ### 1.2 Flight Anticoincidence Detector (ACD) Development Plan The ACD will be designed, fabricated and tested at GSFC. It is the only GLAST subsystem that is not modular, so it will be delivered to SLAC for integration as a unit. Table 1.1 lists the parts and materials needed in its construction. The assembly procedure is outlined below, based on methods already used for fabrication of the ACD for the upcoming beam test: - Complete the design of ACD within allocated mass (175kg + 54 kg reserve) and electrical power (29W + 26W reserve) budgets. - Fabricate support structure, including attachment points for scintillators and phototubes (PMT). Because the ACD is a large structure, a full-scale mechanical model will be constructed and tested at GSFC (vibration and acoustics). ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Purchase scintillator tiles with grooves. Bond waveshifting fibers into grooves and gather into bundles for attachment to PMT. Wrap tiles and fibers with Tyvek and light barrier, then attach fibers to PMT interface. Connect PMT power and signal cables to prototype power converters and electronics. Test all assemblies using ground-level cosmic rays and laboratory sources - Develop and test ASIC for front end electronics, FPGA for digital logic. - Attach tile/fiber/PMT assemblies to the support structure, using Velcro and carbon fiber ribbons. Wire cable harness for all PMTs to power supplies/electronics. Attach thermal blanket/micrometeoroid shield. Conduct full performance test before delivery to SLAC, using sources and cosmic rays. [1.3. ACD Development Status]{.smallcaps} *1.3.1 ACD Status/Description* A scaled-down version of the flight ACD was developed and delivered according to schedule to the SLAC facilities for the December 1999 beam-test. The delivery of the beam-test ACD was the culmination of an integrated development plan that took the results of the simulations and trade studies performed in the basic period of the contract, plus our previous experience with charged particle and gamma-ray detectors, to develop our baseline ACD design concept. The main components (detector, mechanical, electrical, and software) of the beam-test ACD were conducted in parallel. The ACD components were integrated and tested together as a complete subsystem in a bench/laboratory environment before delivery to SLAC. Functional and performance/characterization tests of the ACD were performed during this integration and test period. The beam-test ACD consists of the main ACD "hat" structure and the ACD Electronics Cardcage assembly. The beam-test ACD "hat" was designed to fit over the one-tower beam-test prototype implementation of the Tracker/Calorimeter assembly. The ACD electronics box was designed to be mounted external to the ACD "hat" and to be connected via a short electrical harness to the detectors and signal processing electronics located inside the ACD "hat". Fig.1 has pictures of the completed system; a) shows the assembled "hat", b) is a schematic view of ACD, and c) is a photo of one electronic board. A more detailed description of the beam-test implementation follows. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="1.8534722222222222in" height="2.3in"} In order to assist the flight design, the beam-test design has a combination of flight-like details that will be used to mimic as close as possible the proposed flight design and different experimental configurations. That will explore different detailed implementation options. This includes selecting and using flight qualified materials, mounting tiles that closely resemble the expected flight configuration, and placing PMTs under the tiles and elsewhere to determine where best to place them for flight. *1.3.1.1. ACD Detector Design/Development![](media/image4.jpeg){width="3.6131944444444444in" height="1.9930555555555556in"} The beam-test ACD used plastic scintillator tiles as the charged particle detector for the subsystem. Each tile is read out using a set of wave-shifting fibers (embedded into the tiles) that are connected to a Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT). A total of 12 scintillator tiles, four on the top and 2 on each side, were mounted to the main mechanical structure (hat) of the ACD. The PMTs of the side tiles are located underneath the tiles, while the PMTs for the top tiles are located underneath the upper side tile (fig.1b). The eight side tiles were all designed and manufactured as flat tiles, while the four tiles on the top were designed and manufactured with a bend/curve. The curved tiles allow us to \"seal\" the corners of the detector against charged particle leakage. The manufacturing of bent/curved tiles for this application was new, therefore the tiles were procured as early as possible to minimize unforeseen problems with this new process. The company Bicron, which has extensive experience producing plastic scintillators of the type we needed, manufactured the tiles. Bicron also machined the grooves for the wave-shifting fibers into the tiles. This decision helped to save us time and money. All the work with the tiles was done by one company, minimizing the problems and paperwork. In addition, this provided the additional benefits of having the machining done by a company that had extensive experience machining plastic scintillator, thus ensuring that our cleanliness and polish requirements would be met. The flat, grooved tiles were delivered without much problems in the beginning of June 1999, however, Bicron did encounter some difficulties manufacturing the bent, curved tiles. The problems were solved and they were delivered at the end of July 1999, about 2 months late. This did not affect the ACD schedule due to the early procurement of the tiles. Assembly of the flat tiles with the fibers and PMTs proceeded in parallel. The PMTs and the wave-shifting fibers were all received by the end of March 1999. The PMT used for the beam-test was the Hamamatsu R-1635. All PMTs were tested and characterized upon their arrival. The assembly of the tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies began once the flat tiles were delivered in June 1999. All tiles had their wave-shifting fibers glued into their grooves and each tile was wrapped with two layers of light-reflecting TYVEC paper, and one layer of black paper (for light isolation). The PMT was then attached to the tile/fiber subassembly (Fig.2). All tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies were completed by the beginning of September and each subassembly was tested initially with laboratory test equipment. All subassemblies were subsequently tested and characterized with one channel of the beam-test Front-End-Electronics (FEE) boards to determine their effective gain, efficiency, noise and uniformity of response. 1.3.1.2. ACD Mechanical Design/Development* A mechanical subassembly was designed and developed to allow mounting of all tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies and to permit it to fit snugly over the top of the tracker/calorimeter subsystems. The beam-test mechanical subassembly does not extend below the Simulated Grid Top; the ACD covers the majority of the tracker portion of the tower only. The mechanical subassembly consists of two main components: the support structure and the channel frame assembly. The mechanical support structure is made out of 1/16" thick aluminum. It consists of a 380mm by 380mm by 540mm(h) box that was manufactured using sheet metal construction methods and whose surfaces were black anodized. The mechanical channel frame assembly was machined out of a single piece of aluminum and was also black anodized. The channel frame assembly attaches to the bottom of the support structure and contains helicoil inserts that allow it to be attached via bolts to the designated interface points of the beam-test simulated grid top. The mechanical interfaces between the ACD and the beam-test tower were established early in the development, before initiating the detailed design of the ACD mechanical components. Interface drawings were exchanged, reviewed and approved between GSFC and SLAC. A mechanical template with the locations of the bolt holes was sent to SLAC before the delivery of the ACD to ensure the interfaces were correct. Once the interfaces and mechanical requirements had been finalized, the detailed design and manufacturing of the mechanical components began. The mechanical components were completed on schedule at the end of April 1999. At this point they were delivered for integration and mounting of the detectors and "hat" electronics. The support structure was used for optimum layout of the tiles/fibers/PMTs and the electrical harnesses. The channel frame assembly was used to determine the placement of all Pre-Amp printed circuit boards (PCBs), connectors, trim potentiometers, and internal harnesses located inside the channel. Once the location of all these channel components had been established, holes and cutouts were made to the channel frame assembly to allow placement of all connectors and trim-potentiometers. *1.3.1.3. ACD Electronics Design/Development* The ACD beam-test electronics consists of two main sections: the main FEE boards and the Pre-Amp boards. The Pre-Amp boards are a set of twelve small PCBs that fit into the channel frame assembly and interface directly with each of the twelve PMTs located underneath the plastic scintillator tiles. An electrical harness connects the preamplifier boards directly to the signal processing circuits on the main FEE boards. The electrical harness also provides the ACD "hat" with the high voltage needed for the PMTs and the power necessary for all internal "hat" electronics. The main FEE boards are located inside a VME cardcage that is mounted externally to the beam-test prototype tower. Each FEE board contains four analog signal processing channels that allow it to process the signals from 4 separate PMT/Pre-Amps. Each analog processing chain contains two main discriminator circuits (one that corresponds to minimum ionizing particle (mip) and the other for heavy ions) and a Pulse Height Analysis (PHA) circuit. In addition, each FEE board is controlled by one Atmel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which contains all the digital control logic needed to control each analog channel individually and provides the necessary interface logic and protocol needed to communicate with the TEM-ACD board. Various Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) are used in each analog channel for programmable threshold set points and programmable high voltage settings. These DACs are controlled via the FPGA and can be reprogrammed by sending a command to the FEE board via the TEM-ACD board. Analog and digital housekeeping circuits are also present on each FEE board to allow monitoring of key channel and board parameters (Fig.1c). A common design and PCB layout was used for all FEE boards. All the boards are identical except for special jumper settings used to identify each board. This modular PCB design proved advantageous because it provided cost and times savings due to the fact that only one PCB layout was necessary. In addition it facilitated testing because the same test procedure used to test the first board was used to test each additional board. The use of the Atmel FPGA also proved to be beneficial due to its reprogrammable nature, which allowed us to make logic modifications to the board after the FPGA had been soldered onto the board. Seven FEE boards were manufactured and populated allowing us to process and control not only the 12 detectors present on the ACD "hat" but also various stand-alone detector subassemblies used for testing purposes during the beam runs. The FEE boards were tested using the TEM-ACD subsystem delivered to GSFC at the end of June 1999. Special software was developed to run with the Vx-Works operating system used by the TEM-ACD board and the ground station computers. The latter were used to send commands and collect all science and housekeeping date from the beam-test ACD electronics. Integration and testing of the first FEE board with the TEM-ACD subsystem took place during the months of July and August. This included functional testing of the complete FEE board in addition to characterization and performance tests for each analog channel of the board. The integration and testing of the remaining 6 FEE boards occurred during the months of September and October. During this time an easier-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) software was developed to send commands and view histograms of the PHA data. The FEE electronics were integrated to the completed ACD "hat" assembly and a complete end-to-end test, which also included the TEM-ACD board and the ground station computers took place during the month of November 1999. At this point a new, updated TEM-ACD board was delivered to GSFC. New electrical harnesses were fabricated to accommodate the new MDM connectors of the updated TEM-ACD board. New software was generated to interface and control the additional features of the new TEM-ACD board. The board was subsequently integrated and tested with the complete ACD subsystem at this time. [1.4. Summary of Measurements and Laboratory Developments]{.smallcaps} *[1.4.1 Measurements Using Breadboard Designs]{.smallcaps}* We have spent considerable time analyzing and understanding the results of the 1997 SLAC beam test, verifying the efficiency measurements in the laboratory and extending the backsplash measurements to the top of the GLAST energy range. The goals of these tests were the following: - verification of the choice of wave shifting fibers for light collection - study of angular distribution and energy spectrum of backsplash - measurement of the ACD efficiency for electrons (minimum ionizing particles) - test use of 2 layers - validation of extrapolation of backsplash to higher energies Two sets of scintillating paddles read out by waveshifting fibers were designed and built for the 1997 SLAC beam test. The results and detectors are described in detail elsewhere (Atwood et al. 2000). The first module was placed on the side of the tracker/calorimeter tower, and the second one upstream of the tower in the beam. By identifying the incident particles, carefully counting them and then examining those detector paddles outside of the beam, we could measure detector efficiency, the probability of an event of given energy producing a backsplash signal and the backsplash energy deposited. Efficiency measurements were also carried out in the laboratory using cosmic ray mouns. Monte Carlo GEANT codes and GLASTSIM runs were created and compared for the beam test configuration and results. To extend the backsplash measurements the instrumental hardware used in SLAC'97 beam test was refurbished and exposed in the proton/electron beam at CERN in June, 1999. The approach and experimental setup were very similar to the SLAC'97 beam test. ![](media/image7.wmf){width="1.1875in" height="2.6in"} a) Backsplash measurements: A high energy (\> 5 GeV) photon/electron initiated shower in a calorimeter produces a large number of soft photons some of which may penetrate through the calorimeter and other material and produce signals in the anticoincidence detector through the Compton scattering. For EGRET this effect resulted in \~50% efficiency degradation at 10 GeV, relatively to 1 GeV. The experimental setup for the measurement of backsplash from the test calorimeter at SLAC (\'97) is shown in Fig. 3. The measured fraction of events accompanied by backsplash above 0.2× mip (energy loss of a minimum ionizing particle) is shown in Fig. 4 for different direction on the scintillating tile, and for energy of photons of 20 GeV. A similar setup was used at CERN in the summer of 1999. The fraction of events with backsplash above different discriminator thresholds for the energy range from SLAC energies (5 GeV) to CERN energies (300 GeV) are presented in Fig. 5.![](media/image8.png){width="3.0743055555555556in" height="2.3381944444444445in"} b) Efficiency: The measured efficiency of electron detection as a function of discriminator threshold (in the units of mean mip energy loss) is shown in Fig. 6. It was measured using both the electron beam at SLAC (filled circles) and in the laboratory using cosmic ray muons (open circles). Unidentified background in the beam could have degraded the measured efficiency, so we believe that the presented values of the efficiency are conservative. They agree with estimates based on photoelectron statistics and indicate the detection of 30 photoelectrons for a minimum ionizing particle (mip) traversing the detector with normal incidence. These measurements are consistent with the pulse height distribution widths made with the BTEM paddles built this year. c) Configuration studies: Various investigations were also conducted to study and determine the most effective way to collect the light from the scintillator tiles. Wave-shifting bars (WSB) and direct-coupled PMTs were considered as alternatives to the baselined wave-shifting fibers (WSF). Laboratory tests were conducted to compare their light collection responses. The test results conclude that the WSF provide much better uniformity of response and that it is still the best choice. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure the WSF readout sensitivity area. These tests were in support of a concept of segmenting the ACD based on how groups of fiber are bundled instead of physically having separate ACD tiles. The results show that concept would not work because the fibers are sensitive to a distance of up to 10-15 cm from their edge. ![](media/image9.wmf){width="1.9847222222222223in" height="3.775in"} As a result of this work we determined that: a) An efficiency of more than 0.9995 for single charged minimum ionizing particles (mip) is achievable without problems, with discriminator setting of \>15-20% of a mip. This discriminator threshold avoids any problems from noise and reduces the backsplash effect. b) The angular distribution of backsplash has a broad minimum of ±60^o^ around backward direction, in agreement with the models for electromagnetic shower development in high Z (atomic number) materials. c) GEANT and GLASTSIM simulations, performed for the beam test configuration, predict less backsplash than measured in beam test. We have used the beam test results to make probabilities estimates of self-veto. We determined that additional measurements at higher energy are needed for the self-veto prediction at energies up to 300 GeV. d) The two layer design gave a factor of only 2-3 reduction in the self-veto. We determined that a single layer is adequate and optimal because the much more complicated 2-layer design would require significant additional mass and budget. e) These data allowed us to determine an empirical formula to calculate the backsplash above a given discriminator threshold in a tile of any area placed at different distances from the calorimeter for the given incident photon/electron energy and in various orientations. We have sized the ACD tiles on the top of the GLAST tracker to be 1000 cm^2^ so that the relative efficiency for this instrument will be degraded by no more than 20% at 300 GeV, the highest energy accessible to GLAST, as per specification (Fig. 7). *1.4.2 1999 SLAC beam test.* The major effort of the past year has been the development of a higher fidelity ACD that can simulate flight like performance and test the design concepts. The concepts were developed as described in the previous section. They have been implemented for the 1999 beam test unit, known as the GLAST BTEM. The goals for the ACD portion of the technology development effort were:![](media/image12.wmf){width="3.2in" height="3.0in"} Primary goals: a) verify ACD design -- physics, mechanics, electronics b) verify simulations of the ACD design -- efficiency, leakage, backsplash avoidance c) test and validate DAQ interface design concepts > Secondary goals: a) study possible high-voltage electromagnetic interference with other components b) study bending, routing, and mounting of wave-shifting fibers c) test attachment of scintillators to structure d) test methods of building light-tight housings Knowing that we wish to validate the performance of a GLAST tower and DAQ on a balloon flight, we designed the BTEM/ACD so that it could be flown on a balloon with minimum modification. The design concept and a photo of the BTEM/ACD before integration to the remainder of the system was shown earlier in Fig. 1.![](media/image13.jpeg){width="2.7631944444444443in" height="2.303472222222222in"} The BTEM/ACD design can be summarized as follows a) ACD is a separate unit (aka a "hat") that covers the tracker part of the tower. b) All scintillating tiles (12 in total) are viewed by Hamamatsu R1635 phototubes through multicladding BC-91MC wave-shifting fibers. c) Top ACD is divided into four tiles with some gaps in between with the goal to study the efficiency degradation around possible gaps in real design; these top scintillators are bent with embedded fibers solving the problem of using the ACD to "seal" the corners of GLAST against charged particles. d) Some PMTs are hidden under side scintillators, others are not so that the impact of cascades from the calorimeter hitting the PMTs can be evaluated. e) Lower side tiles have a curved fiber groove pattern designed to minimize the distance to the PMT (Fig. 8). This is to test the design for flight when we will have very limited space for the fibers and PMT accommodation on the bottom of ACD. ![](media/image14.wmf){width="2.9in" height="2.775in"}Preliminary tests showed that all the tiles worked as expected. Fig.9 presents the data collected in 5 GeV electron run: the left upper panel shows the ACD pulse-height vs. the calorimeter summed pulse-height. Events with 1, 2, 3 and 4 particles are clearly separated. The ACD data applying calorimeter selections are shown in right upper panel (1-particle events are selected), in left lower panel (2-particle events) and in right lower panel (3 particle events). Variation of the resolution with signal obtained is consistent with about 36 photoelectrons, indicating the expected improvement in light collection over the earlier units. Detailed analysis of the collected experimental data is in process. *1.4.3 Flight ACD trade study and design.* Combining the extensive Monte Carlo simulations and and the beam and laboratory test results completed during this period allowed us to define the flight unit ACD specifications and requirements. Most of the simulations have to do with the overall configuration of the plastic scintillator tiles. Some of the simulations/investigations and their results are summarized below: - [ACD tile area required]{.underline} : \~1000cm^2^ (On top. For the sides, specification varies with distance of tile from calorimeter and is science driven.) - [1 tile layer vs. 2 tile layers (on top)]{.underline} : 1 Layer is Acceptable (Charged particle detector efficiency requirement can be met with only 1 layer and certain gap size between adjacent tiles) - [Gap Width]{.underline} : \<2mm gap, overlap of tiles is desirable (Simulations show that the efficiency requirements are marginally met for this gap width and provide a conservative number for fabrication of the "hat".) - [Tile gap alignment with respect to Towers]{.underline} : Misalignment recommended (Simulations have shown that misaligning the tile gaps with the tower gaps improves the leakage performance of the ACD -- from \<10^-2^ to \<10^-3^) - [Importance of Efficiency and Leakage Requirements]{.underline} : \<10^-3^ required (Simulations and investigations have shown that additional factor of ten needed to reject electrons can be obtained by combining the ACD information with tracker information.) The simulation and modeling effort will continue to study the design margin and different failure modes of the present design configuration and to see if a less conservative design can still meet background rejection requirements. These studies and measurements combined with the scientific goals for GLAST and the background rejection requirements demonstrate that the following design specifications for the GLAST ACD can be met: a) ACD must be \>0.9997 efficient to the singly charged minimum ionizing particles and have leakage \< 3×10^-4^. This drives the requirement for photoelectrons from the tile and its light collecting system, the thickness of scintillator, the fiber frequency and placement, and uniformity of response. b) Efficiency degradation due to backsplash-caused self-veto should be not more than 20% over the entire energy range up to 300 GeV. If this requirement is met at 300 GeV, it can be met at all lower energies. c) Redundancy needs to be carefully considered. All critical elements are currently designed to be redundant. The failure of a single tile would cause 10-15% increase in the trigger rate after application of the ACD. d) Optimized footprint of GLAST dictates very limited room for the ACD on the sides; design studies and laboratory models show that this can be less than 5cm (excluding thermal blanket). e) Resistance of the ACD to accidental puncture by a micrometeoroid requires each tile to be independently enclosed and light tight. The possibility to do this is an important motivation for our choice of the tiling structure of the ACD. f) Unique possibility to detect high energy gamma-ray lines, possibly originating from dark matter annihilation, would be improved if we use off-angles events with long paths in the calorimeter and consequently better energy resolution. These trajectories typically have shorter paths from ACD to the calorimeter. We have set the sizes of the tiles on the tracker sides to maintain the self-veto at the level of \<20% at 300 GeV. We meet these requirements with the design shown in Fig. 10. It is a single layered ACD with a total of 145 separate tiles. Each tile is viewed by 2 redundant PMT through two separate wave-shifting fibers sets. All tiles are overlapped to eliminate the gaps between them. The goal is to seal all gaps by bending tiles at the corners (a capability proven during the fabrication of the BTEM/ACD) and by overlapping tiles. In the process of conducting these tests and developing the BTEM/ACD, we have developed a set of electronics specifications for the flight unit. They are presented in DRAFT form in Appendix. > [References:]{.smallcaps} 1. J.F.Ormes et al. Report on Rates, 1999, GLAST website 2. 2\. W.Atwood et al. NIM 2000, in press # [Appendix A.I: ACD Electronics Requirements]{.smallcaps} ## 1.2.1 Purpose of the ACD Electronics ### 1.2.1.1 Primary -- The primary function of the GLAST ACD electronics is to deliver a logic signal to the data acquisition system (DAQ) when a minimum ionizing particle (MIP) hits one of the scintillator tiles. ## 1.2.1.2 Secondary (must not interfere with primary function) -- The secondary function of the electronics is to deliver a logic signal to the DAQ when a highly-ionizing particle (Carbon, Nitrogen, or Oxygen nucleus) hits one of the scintillator tiles. 1.2.1.3 Tertiary (must not interfere with other functions) -- The third function of the electronics is to deliver a pulse height analysis (PHA) signal to the DAQ for each tile with a MIP signal, upon receipt of a Level 1 Trigger (L1T) signal from the DAQ. ## 1.2.2 Background Information The ACD signals are generated as follows: A MIP hitting a 1 cm thick plastic scintillator tile deposits \~2 MeV, which appears in the form of optical light (\~21,000 photons with peak wavelength 425 nm). The light is absorbed by wavelength-shifting fibers embedded in the scintillator and then re-radiated at a wavelength of 490 nm. A fraction of this light is trapped in the fibers and carried by total internal reflection to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The photocathode converts the light to electrons, \~35 electrons for a MIP. With a gain of 1 x 10^6^, the phototube produces 35 x 10^6^ electrons in a short pulse (\< 10 ns). This is equivalent to about 6 picoCoulombs (pC). Averaged over 10 ns, this is 0.6 milliAmps (mA), which produces a signal of 30 milliVolts (mV) in a 50Ω resistance. Typical rate of MIPs in each of the scintillator tiles is 1 KHz. ## Descriptions of Functional Elements ## ## 1.2.3.1 Preamplifier The PMT signal is used for three different functions. The preamplifier converts the charge signal to a voltage signal that is easily divided for the three paths. It reduces the capacitive loading on the PMT. Output: voltage proportional to input charge; voltage range as needed for discriminators and PHA; width and timing jitter as needed to meet overall timing requirement. ## 1.2.3.2 VETO Circuit for MIPs -- Primary Function of ACD This is the primary function of the ACD, allowing veto of incident charged particles. ### Discriminator Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Outputs: (1) logic signal, 0-5V; width \<50 ns; latency and timing jitter to meet overall trigger timing requirement. For test purposes, the signal width can be longer, but the beam test, balloon flight, and flight versions should all have short signals. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) All discriminator signals feed into one FPGA in the single ACD electronics box. Input: 0-5V logic signal from discriminator L1T Logic: FPGA forms logic signals for "tower" based on MIPs seen in tiles nearest each tower. L1T Output: one VETO logic signal sent by hard wire to each tower if a MIP is seen in a tile associated with that tower. Timing: the VETO logic signal for the L1T must arrive at the tower TEM no more than TBD nsec after the initial MIP passage. The nominal value for this has been carried as 110 nsec, as follows: Scintillator response 2 nsec Waveshifter fibers 12 Phototube 9 Preamp/discrim/FPGA 80 Cable propagation 7 The requirement is that the VETO signal arrive before the L1T from the tracker or calorimeter. The minimum time for these the tracker or calorimeter signals has not yet been defined. We need to know if this timing requirement produces a significant impact on the power of the electronics, compared to a value of 200 nsec or more. The VETO signal should not arrive at the tower TEM less than TBD nsec after the initial MIP passage. The current value for this is 50 nsec. We may want to tighten up this range of timing values for the flight unit. Level 2 and 3 Trigger (L2T and L3T) VETO signal Logic: the FPGA passes the MIP signals for each tile to the DAQ after receipt of a L1T signal. ## 1.2.3.3 HIREQ Circuit for High-Ionizing Particles (CNO Nuclei) -- Secondary Function of the ACD Electronics This signal provides a trigger to the calorimeter when a heavy nucleus has hit, allowing calibration of the calorimeter. ### Discriminator Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Output: logic signal, 0-5V; width \<50 ns; timing to meet overall trigger timing requirement. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) HIREQ Trigger signal Logic: FPGA forms logic signals for "tower" based on High-Ionizing signals seen in tiles nearest each tower. Output: one HIREQ logic signal sent by hard wire to each tower if a High-Ionizing signal is seen in a tile associated with that tower. Timing: The requirement is that the HIREQ signal arrive before the calorimeter signal is formed. Logic: the FPGA passes the HIREQ signals for each tile to the DAQ after receipt of a L1T signal. ## 1.2.3.4 Pulse Height Analysis (PHA) -- Tertiary Function of the ACD Electronics Rationale -- this signal provides diagnostic information about the operation of the ACD. ### Peak Shaper Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Output: shaped voltage signal, with height proportional to peak of input signal voltage. ### Pulse Height Analyzer (Analog to Digital Converter, ADC) Input: shaped voltage signal from peak shaper Trigger to digitize signal: MIP signal from L1T discriminator or L1T from DAQ (TBD which) Output: digitized pulse height value (channel) FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) All digital signals feed through one FPGA in the single ACD electronics box. This is a different FPGA from the one that handles the trigger signals. Input: digitized PHA value L1T trigger Logic: FPGA formats PHA values for a given L1T Output: PHA values transferred to DAQ by IDB Timing: time tag or other signal needed in order to identify the event. ## 1.2.3.5 Other Functions of the ACD Electronics ### Commands High voltage for PMTs -- format TBD Threshold setting for VETO discriminator. A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is needed. Threshold setting for HIREQ discriminator. A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is needed. Gain setting for PHA -- if needed? ### Housekeeping Data The following values should be read out periodically: HV setting for PMT Temperatures at selected locations	en
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all-txt-docs	085214	USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a Clark and others 2007, USGS, Data Series 231. 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log-files	475454	<!-- Title: 14:55:24 Mon Jun 12 2006 --> <!-- Crewchief: Sasha (MPC) --> <!-- Op1: Ankush (SPL) --> <!-- Op2: The Silis --> <!-- Op3:   --> <!-- Op4:   --> <!-- Op5:   --> <!-- Op6:   --> <!-- Notes: --> <h4>Waiting for good beam</h4> <p>We now await for good beam....until then we sit out...</p> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 12 18:28:20 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8724&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8724 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>E-Log Abuse. I am using this for graphics storage.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 12 18:31:09 2006 --> <h3>Possible 36x36 store tonight</h3> <p>Apparently we will have a 36x36 store sometime tonight. Silicon will not be in...it's not even on(!). However I will be here to see how things look beam-wise.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 12 19:00:38 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8725&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8725 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>More E-Log abuse: Another plot needed for ACE Talk.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 12 19:05:56 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8726&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8726 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>Even more E-log Abuse: BLM plot for ACE Talk</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 00:09:56 2006 --> <h3>Store 4759</h3> <p>Yes we have a 36x36 store !!!. The intial lumi was 29.35e30...not super-duper, but a decent value. Shot set up was originally delayed when they discovered a power-supply needed to be swapped. However after scraping the Tev losses looked very good; all below 1 KHz.</p> <p>Now some things which are curious. TevMon shows <em>warm</em> for MEAN LOSTP and MEAN AGIGI2. Mean LOSTP is 497Hz and Mean AGIGI2 is -0.03. The Mean AGIGI2 could be warm since it may not be reporting ???...that's the only explanation I can think for it to report a negative value. But I do not understand why LOSTP is warm. We need to understand these two before we go into serious silicon data taking.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 00;22;54 comment by...Ankush --> <p>Steve rang up the MCR and found out AGIGI2 is not working. So NO SILICON until this is up and running!!</p> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 00;55;06 comment by...Ankush --> <p>I restarted TevMon to see if that would fix the pink LOSTP. However it is still pink...I do not understand why this is so...</p> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 08:35:28 2006 --> <pre>I was paged because new shift crew didn't know what to do about pink (warning) state of TevMon. It turns out that LOSTP and AGIGI2 are pink, they have the same funny values (LOSTP=533, AGIGI2=-0.03) as it was noticed earlier by Ankush. It also appeared that ACEs were not running the TevMon page (global page with all params), so they didn't know what was going on. I had to explain them that TevMon should be running all the time and they should pay attention what parameters are not green. </pre> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 10:19:17 2006 --> <h3>COT Primary Vertex Positions and Slopes</h3> I have compared the COT vertex positions and slopes of the current run with an old run from February. The results can be found in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=397&frame=2&anchor=09:18:31.896'> main e-log</a>. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 11:44:02 2006 --> <h3>TevMon State</h3> After digging through some source code we discovered the reason why MEAN LOSTP is still pink in TevMon while the losses are reasonable (300-500 Hz). The reason is that the status for LOSTP changes to "Warning" if C:B0PLOS (sum of bunch-by-bunch losses) is below 20. We have checked that this is indeed the case now. We will ask Rick Tesarek about this reading. <p> In other notes, Randy (Thurman-Keup?) has started to work on calibrating AGIGI2, so hopefully, this warning will vanish soon. <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 12;20;51 comment by...Ankush --> <p>Just heard AGIGI2 has just been calibrated. So it should be "good to go" for the next store...</p> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 22;00;34 comment by...Ankush --> <p>In the end, Koji was the one responsible for the B0PLOS counter. He went in to fix it. He discovered a clock card they were using had goen bad. He swapped in a new one and that fixed B0PLOS straight away. It started giving sensible values and the pink LOSTP in TevMon went away.</p> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 12:44:00 2006 --> <h3>Cooling Trip</h3> Bill Noe and I were trying to understand how the PID loops work which regulate the electric bypass valves on the SVX and ISL chillers. In the course of doing so, we tripped SVX and L00 on overpressure in the supply line. The silicon is still off, and everything recovered fine. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 12:51:56 2006 --> <h4>PID Loops</h4> Bill and I are confused about the way the PID (proportional-integral-differential) loops for the chiller bypass valves work. The process variable is the supply pressure. To regulate this variable against a set point, an e-valve is opened/closed. This is done to have kind of a buffer between the pressure delivered by the chiller and the cooling system. <p> The SVX loop is current doing what we want, but we do not understand why. The current pressure is at 26 psi, and the set point is at 30 psi. To get the pressure up to the set point, the bypass should be closed, right? Wrong, the valve is open at 36%. The ISL loop has a set point of 31.1 psi and runs at 23-24 psi. The e-valve is fully closed all the time. Weird. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 12:55:51 2006 --> <h3>Tev work done so far and plans for the next store</h3> <p>The Tev has done the following: <ul> <li>AGIGI2 has now been calibrated. So it should be running for the next store.</li> <li>Tev have worked on abort timinig and position.</li> </ul> Both of these are nice to hear.</p> <p>For the end of this store, they want to do: <ul> <li>2 hours of separator scans</li> <li>check the A48 collimator position</li> </ul> Then they plan to end the store via the "Big Red Abort Button". If this drops the beam permit, then we should check our BLMs and see how clean it is.</p> <p>Then we should expect shot setup around 4-5pm. Then Ulrich and I will have to decide if we are going to put silicon in for a few hours in the middle of the store.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 12:57:19 2006 --> <h4>Resin exchange</h4> The cryo techs have exchanged resin two weeks ago to bring back the conductivity of the coolant after the long shut down. The SVX conductivity came back very slowly to 13.4 μSiemens/cm, still to high. The ISL conductivity is still not within the range of the conductivity measuring device, so it shows 16 μSiemens/cm. Jim Humpert will change the resin once more this afternoon. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 16;15;57 comment by...Jennifer :-) --> <pre>All set. No trips, no problems.</pre> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 13:49:05 2006 --> <br><br><b>CCC status</b><br> <ul> <li> 0x3000: this is the most reliable CCC, had no problems this far, it is connected to the SVX SRC and working fine. <li> 0x7000: This was the one that <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=303&frame=2&anchor=19:01:01'> was not locking to RF</a>. Bill burned again the firmware and since then it is working fine, both at FCC and at tstsvx1. 0x7000 is in tstsvx1 and is being tested, so far it looks good. <li> 0x5000: still has the <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=303&frame=2&anchor=19:01:01'> problem</a> that the delay is sometimes stuck at 0x10. This causes a GAP error (which is not always reflected in the from LEDs). This CCC has to be debugged further. The problem is that at FCC we could reproduce the error for a while, but then it went away, it can not be reproduced reliably at tstsvx1 either. </ul> While checking the CCC I found that one of the AMP cables is bad (I could see this because some clock signals were absent in the SRC MCLK LA pod, and by just moving a little the conector they were fine, changing the cable solved the problem (the old cable is labeled as bad). <br> <!-- Author: Sebastian --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 15:39:13 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W5L4 <li>problem n: 11 <li>Status: unfixable <li>Type: DropReadOut_nonRX <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: mhartz <li>description is: Since we have given up on this BE kludge, we add all chips to the stuckChips.txt to SVXMon will ignore capid errors. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W5&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 15:44:44 2006 --> <h3>More alphanumeric pager use...</h3> Now, sent to the alphanumeric pager are errors from the CCC, letting me (or Ulrich) know when SVX and ISL are not receiving consistent clock signals. Mark made it so that it gives me a message letting me know of the problem, and kindly instructing me to page Sebastian. <p> Sorry, Sebby. <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 17:18:16 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8727&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8727 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Here's our FIFO plot from the "abort". We didn't see anything appreciable.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 18;05;57 comment by...Marcel --> In a really clean abort, the line should be just flat .... <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 19;22;38 comment by...Ulrich --> Come on, we are talking about radiation levels around the integration threshold (2 mrad/s without bleed current, 8 mrad/s with bleed current). Around here, one ADC count corresponds to roughly 1 mrad/s. <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 23;51;59 comment by...Marcel --> It is not the dose, but it is an abort, our BLM's usually do not even latch after the abort. At least that was the case before the shutdown. And if the abort works, there should be really nothing, since the beam is kicked out at A0. <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 09;03;19 comment by...Ulrich --> The BLM FIFOs latched because MCR aborted the beam via the "Red Button" on purpuse (i.e. in order to use all the abort diagnostics, including our BLM FIFOs). <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 17:57:22 2006 --> <h3>Cooling Down the Silicon</h3> In preparation for the second 36x36 store after the shutdown, we bring the SVX set point back to -10°C (from -6°C). We proceed in two steps, first going to -8°C, then to -10°C. Currently, the silicon is still OFF. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 17;59;39 comment by...Ulrich --> As expected, all pressures go up with the lower temperature. The BHW1 pressure exceeds the iFix warning limit of 13.3 psi. Since there is plenty of flow, I reduce the valve opening from 80% to 75%, which brings the pressure down to 12.8 psi. <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 18;06;42 comment by...Ulrich --> Also the SVX chiller has some calibration issues: it is slightly colder than we want. Due to the lack of time to play around with temperatures, I decided to calibrate the issue away by just changing the BIAS setting for INPUT1 on the chiller controller. It is now at -1.5 (was -0.7 before. <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 18;34;49 comment by...Ulrich --> The calibration seems to be ok. The chiller is now at -10°C, both according to the controller and according to iFix. <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 18;37;09 comment by...Ulrich --> Since we are 4°C colder now, I have adjusted some limits: <ul> <li>The PLC hardware trip limit for the BH temperatures is now at +2°C (from +5°C). Note: this one was wrong when Ankush hit the crash button.</li> <li>I have hit "Set A/W Limits" to update all limits in the system.</li> </ul> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 18:52:33 2006 --> <h3>The Plan</h3> <p>The previous store was pretty much perfect. <ul> <li>The losses were low and similar to the values before the shudown</li> <li>The store was aborted with the "MCR red abort button" and the BLM losses were very,very small (...but they were non-zero).</li> </ul> Also the Tev have worked on the abort timing and position, conditioned separators several times and today checked the A48 collimator position. So it would appear this time they have done much more preparation work.</p> <p>So if this next store is similar to the previous store we will put Silicon in 2 hours after shot setup. We will first put silicon to STANDBY (it is still OFF) and then put silicon to ON. Silicon will remain in for 3 hours and then be put back to STANDBY, not OFF. From then on, silicon will remain at STANDBY.</p> <p>We will be in the control room for the whole period watching the fast time plotter. Before we start powering the silicon, we will tell MCR the silicon is being powered up and NO tuning, adjustments, etc are to be made. The beam must be stable. The same must be true for CDF. No more fiddling, adjusting any parts of the dectector, trigger, etc.</p> <p>If the beam for any reason does not look right, Silicon will be taken to STANDBY.</p> <p>If shot setup is delayed till after 8pm, we will postpone the Silicon inclusion until the following morning and start after the 8am meeting. Also if CDF is not running stably after 10pm, we shall do the same.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 21:49:43 2006 --> <h3>Store 4760</h3> <p>This store appeared to come in OK. Proton and pbar transfers went in very smoothly. However the intial lumi was surprisingly low...it was only ~20e30. This surprised us and the MCR. Then they discovered the D17V vertical separator was switched with the wrong polarity !!! It turns out the separator never reached 0 Volts during the squeeze and so the polarity never flipped. This was fixed and the beam has to be re-scrapped. Then the lumi jumped up to ~50e30.</p> <p>Given the beam adjustments & rescraping, I do not feel too confident putting the Silicon in now. So Ulrich and I will go home now and see how the stores pans out overnight. If the store is still in, the losses remain static and no further adjustments are made, then Silicon will go in for its short 3 hour run.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 22:00:38 2006 --> <h3>Warming up the Silicon</h3> This afternoon we have cooled down SVX to -10°C to prepare for the store. The detector was still OFF, because we wanted to wait into the store to decide if we put it to STANDBY. Shortly before data-taking, we got COT alarms. Morris identified them as <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=398&frame=2&anchor=21:13:36.314'> temperature problems</a>. As it turned out, things became too cold for the COT, the lowest temperature being below 60°F. When we realized that the store was not as smooth, we took SVX back to -8°C, and now that we have canceled our plans for tonight, it is back to -6°. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 22:04:06 2006 --> <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8728&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8728' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8730&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8730' width='300'></a></center> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 22;10;16 comment by...Ankush --> <h3>ACNET Plots for Store 4759</h3> <p>Here are the loss plots for store 4759. The large losses at the start are from scraping. The large losses at the end are from Tev studies where they did a separtor scan and checked the position of the A48 collimator. During the normal store, B0PAGC increases in time. But the upper value is less than 3KHz and this feature was seen in plots before the shutdown, ever since the Tevatron changed its "tunes" to a new operating point.</p> <p>The right hand plot shows the variation of AGIGI2 and its pedestal value AGIGPED. Druing the store AGIGI2 started to increase and then became very big during the Tev end-of-store studies. It was during these end-of-store studies that AGIGI2 was calibrated and this is seen in the shift of AGIGPED.</p> <!-- Date: Tue Jun 13 22:05:50 2006 --> <h3>TevMon and AGIGI2</h3> TevMon still has a problem with AGIGI2. We see this variable updating fine in ACNET (from the .CDF logger), but TevMon thinks it is not updating. Therefore, TevMon is in warning. We will mail Ray Culbertson about this problem. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Tue Jun 13 23;58;21 comment by...Ankush --> <p>Ray restarted the ACNET monitor log and now TevMon is no longer reporting any problems with AGIGI2 and it is updating nicely.</p> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 00:58:46 2006 --> I have the SRC pager working (722-7599), if there are SRC/clock problems please let me know. <!-- Author: Sebastian --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 03:48:34 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8732&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8732 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h4>Got paged about AGIGI2</h4> <p>I was paged as TevMon was alarming AGIGI2 is too high...and indeed it is. It is currently around 5 and looking at the trend it may go higher.</p> <p>Now AGIGI2 was recalibrated earlier in the day so one may expect the absolute value to be different. However, seeing such a postitive growth makes me worried.</p> <p>There does appear to be a small dip for recent values. I look again in a few hours and see if it settles some more. it looks like the battle with AGIGI2 has recommenced.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 07;41;25 comment by...Ulrich --> Here are a couple of comments about AGIGI2 from the MCR log: <pre> 05:37:07- CDF silicon is off. They turned off due AGIGI2 level. Attempts to scrub the abort gap were not that successful. Reduced AGIGI2 from 7 to 5.5 before D0AHTL and LOSTPB started to increase. Paging Dean for other ideas. - dln -- Wed Jun 14 05:43:23 comment by...dln -- Operational note: The timing delay baseline for the TEL, T:L1DLY, probably changed after the shutdown. Previously it was commonly set around 173 rfc and the upper and lower limits for scrubbing were 190 rfc and 125 rfc. Now it is at 193 rfc so I ran the timing from 145 rfc to 225 rfc to get any affect. We should confirm this with Xiaolong. -- Wed Jun 14 05:50:20 comment by...dln -- AGIGI2 only dropped to 5.5 on the scrubbing. Informed CDF that we could insert a collimator or rescrape. They have decided not to attempt to turn on the silicon until after their 0800 meeting. So we aren't going to risk the collimator move or the rescrape. Tev experts should consult with CDF this morning. </pre> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 07:20:18 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8733&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8733 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>COT beam positions for Store 4760. They are virtually unchanged compared to yesterday.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 08:38:32 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8734&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8734 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>The rise and rise of AGIGI2</h3> <p>In the middle of the night, an attempt was made to reduce AGIGI2. It did lower a little but started rising again at a steeper rate.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 11:35:46 2006 --> <h3>Cooling down again</h3> The abort gap has been cleaned up significantly by MCR, and everything is looking nice and stable right now. We decide to get our silicon data. As a first step, we cool down the detector to -10°C (via -8°C) <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 12;16;37 comment by...Ulrich --> The set point is now at -10°C. I have hit "Set A/W Limits" and unignored all iFix alarms except the conductivity. We will have to wait for about 1/2 hour for everything to settle down. <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 11:53:52 2006 --> <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8735&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8735' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8736&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8736' width='300'></a></center> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 11;55;18 comment by...Ankush --> <h3>Abort Gap Clean Up</h3> <p>In the morning, the TeV experts were able to clean up the abort gap. Now AGIGI2 is down to ~0.5 and all other losses are low. However B0PAGC is a little high at 6kHz but it is stable and it is well below our limits.</p> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 12:05:57 2006 --> <h3>The Plan</h3> <p>As the beam looks much cleaner now and is looking stable, we are going to put silicon in for 3 hours. Ulrich has already started cooling down SVX to -10C. When the detector is cold, we will bring SVX, ISL and L00 to STANDBY. Then we shall wait for whole detector temperature to be completly stable. For this cool down we have already informed the COT folks.</p> <p>We have already done a Ghost Buster check. It is working. We should also reset any IMON AVDD/DVDD pinkies we have been putting off.Stefano Torre will be here keeping an eye on SVT.</p> <p>We shall keep an eye on initial trigger rates and any IMON pinkies. SVXMon will need to be running.</p> <p>At the first sign the the beam looks unstable, Silicon will immediately go to STANDBY.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 12;23;01 comment by...Ankush --> <table border=0><td><tr><td bgcolor=#e0e030><p> CAEN 5V Enables are ON<br> All iFIX alarms are re-enabled<br> Silicon is at STANDBY<br> </p> <p>We are back to normal operations mode. Do NOT turn silicon OFF, do NOT touch the 5V enables, do NOT disable alarms. All alarms are now real.</p></td></tr></td></table> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 13;26;12 comment by...Ankush & Ulrich --> The silicon is biased now. <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 13:51:08 2006 --> <h3>Tevatron Abort</h3> We were just running for a couple of minutes, when the Tevatron was aborted: <pre> 13:46:14- Tev abort, A0 coasting beam valve. Investigating. - djinn </pre> Seemed to be very clean for us. Working on post quench checkout now. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 13;59;58 comment by...Ulrich --> And the silicon is back to STANDBY, of course. <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 14;01;00 comment by...Ulrich --> As I said before, the abort was very clean for us. Please find the BLM plots in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=400&frame=2&anchor=13:54:31.651'> main e-log</a>. <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 17;42;05 comment by...Ulrich --> MCR has investigated the abort, and found out that the coasting beam valve was not the cause. Rather, somebody working there bumped into a loose cable. In Jim Morgan's words: <pre> 14:51:51- The store was lost due to a spurious A0 beam valve abort. It appears the combination of a loose cable and unauthorized work in the service building combined to cause the abort. CDF is making their 2.5 hour access, D0 is also taking advantage of the time. After the accesses are over, we will proceed with shot setup. - J. Morgan </pre> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 17;43;32 comment by...Ulrich --> My initial guess was that the Fussballgott has caused the abort, just in time for the match. B.t.w.: <b>Germany 1 - Poland 0</b>. <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 14:12:59 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W1L2 <li>problem n: 1666 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>reduced limits after shutdown</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>755.767</td><td>590</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>655.0</td><td>525</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>785</td><td>655</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 14:20:15 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L1 <li>problem n: 1667 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After shutdown, the IMON limits had to be lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>487.886</td><td>496</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>480.0</td><td>486</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>490</td><td>506</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L1">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:03:17 2006 --> <p><font size=+1> D-mode Calibration Job Started </font> <p><pre> Job id : 440 Calibration type : standard Run period tag : Jun_2006 DPS-off run : 218259 DPS-on run : 218262 Requested by : Ed Main process id : 13351 Comment : after 1st run with Si </pre> <!-- Author: CDF silicon D-mode calibration job server v1.4 --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 15;04;49 comment by...Ankush --> <p>As the silicon is up and we have quiet time I requested a quiet time D-Mode Calibration.</p> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:22:31 2006 --> <h3>Restarted IMON. Now running from b0dasvx03</h3> <p>IMON was running really slow. You would click on a button and it would react with a few second delay. So I decided to restart it. So as we now have b0dasvx03 running scientific linux, I decided to log into that machine and run IMON off it.</p> <p>If IMON starts acting strangley, switch to running IMON on b0dasvx01 or b0dasvx02; the two Red-Hat machines.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:26:41 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L3 <li>problem n: 1668 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved the IMON limits down after the 2006 shutdown.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>821.626</td><td>760</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>815.0</td><td>720</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>855.0</td><td>800.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L3">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:34:44 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L0 <li>problem n: 1669 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved IMON limits down after 2006 shutdown.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>78.2237</td><td>26</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>65.0</td><td>16</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>85</td><td>36</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L0">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:41:22 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L4 <li>problem n: 1670 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved IMON limits down after 2006 shutdown</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>207.522</td><td>100.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>155.0</td><td>55.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>245.0</td><td>145.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:46:49 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L0 <li>problem n: 1671 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, I raised the IMON limits.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1142.5</td><td>1160</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1105.0</td><td>1137.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1150.0</td><td>1182.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:51:18 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W2L1 <li>problem n: 1672 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>268.488</td><td>245.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>270.0</td><td>145.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>370.0</td><td>345.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W2&layer=L1">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 15:57:11 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB4W0L0 <li>problem n: 1673 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits had to be adjusted.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>359,799</td><td>500.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>340.0</td><td>447.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>445.0</td><td>552.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B4W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 16:05:10 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W0L0 <li>problem n: 1331 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1122.55</td><td>1095.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1115.0</td><td>1090</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1125.0</td><td>1100</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 16:11:59 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W0L3 <li>problem n: 1674 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limit were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1178.31</td><td>1155.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1170.0</td><td>1147.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1185.0</td><td>1162.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W0&layer=L3">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 16:16:49 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L2 <li>problem n: 1675 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>346.758</td><td>310.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>330.0</td><td>260.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>430.0</td><td>360.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 16:59:15 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L4 <li>problem n: 1676 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limit was lowered</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>322.315</td><td>285</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>300.0</td><td>235.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>395.0</td><td>315.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:05:04 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were adjusted.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1020</td><td>1030</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1016</td><td>1026</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1024</td><td>1034</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:09:08 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L2 <li>problem n: 1622 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Removed_hdwdb <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder stopped returning data back in Jan 2006. Many attempts were made to revive this ladder. As I cannot think of any thing else to do for this ladder I am taking it out of the hardware database.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:09:08 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L2 <li>problem n: 1622 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Removed_hdwdb <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder stopped returning data back in Jan 2006. Many attempts were made to revive this ladder. As I cannot think of any thing else to do for this ladder I am taking it out of the hardware database.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:23:56 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W1All <li>problem n: 1678 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the 2V Doim IMON limit was increased.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1087.15</td><td>1115.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1055.0</td><td>1090</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1100.0</td><td>1140</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W1&layer=All">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:29:59 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W1All <li>problem n: 1679 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were increased.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1937.03</td><td>1965.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1925.0</td><td>1952.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1950.0</td><td>1977.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W1&layer=All">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:35:14 2006 --> <h3>ISL teststand at FCC</h3> <p>Jeannine and I had a trip to FCC this afternoon. We tried to make the ISL 1/4 ladder working --- no success. We hooked up the SVX PS to the ISL JC. The ISL ladder was connected to channel 3 on PC, and we were using 8chip.isl in esevme17.crate file. We couldn't power up the ladder -- it was tripping. The next time, we'll try to reproduce what Corrine was doing, i.e. we'll gang together two ISL hybrids (ESE20 & ESE21) and try to make them work.</p> <!-- Author: sasha/jeannine --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 17:43:55 2006 --> <h3>Summary of afternoon work (14 June 06)</h3> <p>After the premature end of the Tev store, I asked the ACEs to carry out without-beam DMode calibration. Then I did some work adjusting the IMON limit for the following ladders: <ul> <li>The following has AVDD adjusted: <ul><li> e012, e291, e293, f000, f500, f503, e084</li></ul> </li> <li>The following has DVDD adjusted: <ul><li> e290, e294, f021, f400, f512, f514</li></ul> </li> <li>The 2V DOIM limit for e11 was adjusted.</li> </ul> </p> <p>After a few weeks of running, we should check the IMON limits again. If we need new limits, we should ask Dean to generate new ones.</p> <p>I also took f002 out of the Hardware Database. This ladder stopped returning data in Jan '06. Many attempts to revive the ladder failed. So I took it out of the HWDB. If anyone has any clever ideas, they will be welcomed.</p> <p>While doing the IMON work, IMON became very slow. So I restated it but this time running off b0dasvx03. This will allow us to test our Scientific Linux robustness.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 19:07:41 2006 --> <h3>Lammel strikes back !!!</h3> <p>During the previous store I tried to run the SVT spymon which failed to work. Of course the perl wrapper was still pointing to the old web address. I updated but SVTSpymon still failed...</p> <p>Ulrich suggested to check we didn't need to be authenticated. So I fired up a browser and type the address for the original web page and it asks for a password....aghhh!!!!</p> <p>We have been Lammelled</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Wed Jun 14 19;12;02 comment by...Ankush --> <p>..but all evil creatures must be destroyed. Ulrich used wget inside the PERL wrapper and we are back in business.</p> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 19:26:35 2006 --> <p><font size=+1> D-mode Calibration Job Finished </font> <p><pre> This is a computer-generated silicon D-mode calibration status report. Silicon D-mode calibration job 440 FAILED. Job info -------- Calibration type : standard DPS-off run : 218259 DPS-on run : 218262 Requested by : Ed Submitted : 2006-06-14 15:02:59 Completed : 2006-06-14 19:26:16 Status : FAILURE Comment : after 1st run with Si Last processing stage reported : updating ped tables with fibkill channels Failure diagnostics : child process exited abnormally </pre> <!-- Author: D-mode script --> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 11;23;57 comment by...Jason Nielsen --> Restarted job from this point, and it finished fine. <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 19:51:10 2006 --> <h3>Tally of ladders in/out since the shutdown</h3> <p>For documentation, here is a list of ladder put in/out the HWDB during the shutdown.</p> <ul> <li>Ladders in: e084, e0b2, e130, e404</li> <li>Ladders out: e244, f002</li> </ul> <p>In a month or two, we should have a look at e522. This ladder has a history of coming and going. So it may decide to come back.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 20:51:51 2006 --> <h3>Tevatron Quench</h3> The Tevatron quenched again, this time during acceleration. The aces did a post-quench checkout (BLM FIFOs <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=401&frame=2&anchor=20:28:12.551'> here</a>). Everything was clean for us. Here is the current hypothesis why this happened from the Tevatron e-log: <pre> Wed Jun 14 20:39:53 comment by...rm, bh -- Recall this is the first store in which we turned off the TEL-1 at 150 GeV since we wanted a longer electron pulse for abort gap cleaning during HEP. Without the TEL @ 150 GeV, the accumulated DC beam likely fell out and quenched us @ B26 - one of those high dispersion areas that got us in the past. -- Wed Jun 14 20:44:08 comment by...rm, bh -- We could 1) change the TEL-1 pulsing scheme back to the shorter pulse that can fit between the protons and pbars @ 150; 2) start making orbit bumps. Option 1) is probably the best choice since if we bump at B26, we'll just push that DC beam loss somewhere else around the ring and we'll be chasing it for a few shots. (We've suffered through that before.) </pre> <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 20:52:52 2006 --> <h3>Possible problem with f54/f55</h3> <p>For the short 10 minute run we had in the morning, DS has already processed the data and the results show CAP-ID errors for all ladders in wedges f54/f55 ==> Maybe a FIB problem?</p> <p>However we now have a small bit of quiet time. We ran f54/f55 quickly and we got errors for f551 and f553. f551 has a known CAP-ID problem. However we are now getting 00 Sequence errors for f553...this may be temperature related ? Unfortunatly we did not get time to run the ladder in NN mode.</p> <p>So let's wait for the next store, try to put the silicon in for a few hours and see if these errors are persistant.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 21:05:29 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L3 <li>problem n: 1680 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Pinkie in AVDD after 2006 shutdown. Bumping up IMON limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1103.01</td><td>1120</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1065.0</td><td>1100</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1105.0</td><td>1140</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L3">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 21:09:05 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1681 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: DOIM currents went slightly down after shutdown. Adjusted limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1128.01</td><td>1000.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1050.0</td><td>960</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1135.0</td><td>1040</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 21:10:02 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1681 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Previous entry is for 2V DOIM voltage. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 21:13:13 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1682 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: 5V DOIM current went slightly down after the 2006 shutdown. Adjusting limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1963.9</td><td>1830.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1885.0</td><td>1790.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1970.0</td><td>1870.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Wed Jun 14 23:14:56 2006 --> <h3>The Plan from Jim Morgan</h3> <pre> The Collider Plan: Tevatron studiers will do a series of aperture scans after the Tevatron is turned back on. Send pbars to the Recycler when the stack is in the 60-80E10 range. The Crew Chief should coordinate with Tev studies and maximize the stash size. Shot setup would follow the studies, protons 240-260E9 per bunch in the Tevatron at 150 GeV unless specified otherwise by the Machine Coordinator. </pre> <p>The aperture scan makes me a little worried as the Silicon is now at STANDBY.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 09:15:39 2006 --> SVXIICON rebooted. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 09:47:44 2006 --> <h2>The Supplies are in!</h2> Yesterday our first two shipments of supplies from CAEN came back (2 forward ISL supplies, 2 L00 supplies). Hank did a quick check on them, the crate sees them all, and I picked them up this morning. Now I'll do more detailed burn-in tests to make sure all the problems are really fixed (and we didn't develop any new ones going through customs). IF these 4 supplies are all ok, then we're sitting pretty good as far as power supplies go - we already have 2 SVX and 1 L00 spare.<br> <!-- Author: Jen --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 13:07:37 2006 --> <h3>CCC ready to HALT data taking if no RF</h3> With Bill and Mousumi we have a version of FER that will pick the interrupt from the CCC is lock to RF is lost and will go to HALT and give a warning (asking to page Silicon). We tested this yesterday in the teststand and everything worked fine. Other errors (different from !RF) are ignored and cleared for now). I have modified the CCC interface module, so that it does not conflict with the ISR used by FER. <br> We have to give Bill the OK so that he changes to FER version and we soft reboot b0svx02 and 06 to pick the changes. The idea is to do this during the next quiet time. <br> <!-- Author: Sebastian --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 13:09:34 2006 --> A new radiation entry at the entry in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=403&frame=2&anchor=13:06:16.148'> Main e-log</a> <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 13:24:11 2006 --> <h3>Store 4772</h3> Store #4772 is in with an initial luminosity of 68e30. Currently, all TevMon parameters look nice and stable. The plan for this store is: <ul> <li>Watch the beam conditions for the first hour into the store.</li> <li>Go in after an hour, beam conditions allowing, and run for about 3 hours.</li> <li>Run with L3 filters on Scientific Linux.</li> </ul> <!-- Author: Ankush & Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 14:36:34 2006 --> <h3>Taking data with Silicon</h3> After watching the store for 3/4 of an hour, Ankush and I decided that it is stable enough to include the silicon. We ramped the silicon without problems and started a first run. <p> After a couple of minutes, b0svx02 got stuck and would not go to HALT. I called Marcel to the rescue. We could vxlogin to the crate, and all relevant processes were running. However, the crate lost contact to run control. Marcel rebooted the crate and asked the shift crew to start a new run. The crate came back fine. Note: Steve Nahn and Marcel have disabled the possibility to reset the crate from run control, so Marcel did the reboot "by hand" via vxlogin. <p> The new run is now proceeding fine. After a couple of pre-scale changes, the L1A rate is now at 24 kHz. <!-- Author: Ulrich with the help of Marcel --> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 14;37;32 comment by...Ulrich --> Shortly after the new run came on, SVXMon discovered a lot of stuck cell IDs. The Ace did an HRR, and they came back fine. <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 16;24;49 comment by...Marcel --> Some comments from one of the old guys:<br> <ul> <li>If a b0svxXX crate gets stuck (it turns yellow/red) in RunControl, you have to end the Run and start from scratch. These crates cannot be sherperded, rebooted or send the transition command again. This is a feature originating from Steve N. to avoid people muppeting around with these crates. Keep in mind, these crates host the SRc's, the Ghostbuster and now the CCC. You don't want Aces to monkey around with these. </li> <li> In this case, the crate was fine, but it did not recieve any RunControl commands anymore. So doing a reboot of the crate CPU is the way to go and the fastest way to get things back </li> </ul> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 17:04:03 2006 --> <h3>Silicon status for store 4772</h3> <p> <li>IMon is very slow on b0dasvx03.</li> <li>a link to SpyMon is broken.</li> </p> <p> Yellow in SVXMON: <ul><li>e124--- this ladder had problems before, but it fixed itself on 01/02/06. So, it looks like it decided to unfix itself now. One needs to check this ladder during quiet time.</li></ul> <ul><li>e564---no data from z-side; it has known bit7 low problem; it also had 99% of "no first chip" and "drop readout" in recent runs (caused by bit7 problem).</li></ul> <ul><li>e154--- we gave up on this ladder. One should put it in SVXMON_IGNORE at the end of this run or before next store. </li></ul> </p> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 20;08;20 comment by...Ankush --> <p>I've added "needs work" threads e123 to e564. So now they have "checks disabled" in SVXMon. e154 is marked as unfixable so I thought SVXMon would not check it. But it still does. So I added the "SVXMon Ignore" status to the problem DB. Now all these ladders do not appear yellow in SVXMon.</p> <p>But as soon as the BitReporter is updated we should check these ladders.</p> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 19:43:23 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1683 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run of Silicon after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning any data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 19:43:37 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1684 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run of Silicon after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning any data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 19:46:10 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB5W6L4 <li>problem n: 345 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B5W6&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 19:47:20 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W5L4 <li>problem n: 11 <li>Status: svxmon_ignore <li>Type: DropReadOut_nonRX <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder has been declared unfixable according but SVXMon is still checking it. Now adding the SVXMon ignore to mask it in SVXMon.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W5&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:06:48 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W1L2 <li>problem n: 1666 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: And bumped up AVDD limits again by around 200. Apparently, there are chips coming and going in this ladder.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>755.767</td><td>750.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>525.0</td><td>690.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>655.0</td><td>810.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:10:57 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: ... and adjusted back to the old values.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1030.0</td><td>1020.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1026.0</td><td>1016.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1034.0</td><td>1024.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:13:01 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L2 <li>problem n: 1685 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Slightly changed AVDD current limit after 2006 shutdown.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>805.294</td><td>790.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>800.0</td><td>775.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>830.0</td><td>805.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L2">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:21:07 2006 --> <h3>HRR to fix e2b3</h3> <p>While going over the yellow ladders I noticed e2b3 went yellow. A quick HRR fixed it.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:24:56 2006 --> <h3>Fighting Pinkies: Part II</h3> We have the silicion biased for more than 6 hours now - time to re-visit a couple of AVDD pinkies: <ul> <li>e012: AVDD limit was adjusted to a lower value yesterday, back to old value today (a couple of chips coming and going?)</li> <li>e084: AVDD current went slightly up yesterday, came down by the same amount today.</li> <li>e292: AVDD dropped by 30 - this is new. </ul> All the remaining bias pinkies are in Micron ladders. The symptoms in all of them are very similar. They behaved stably before the shutdown, and now they jump all over the place. There is still hope that they come back to normal after being biased for a couple of days. Therefore, the bias currents for these ladders have been put to ignore for the time being: <ul> <li>e1a4</li> <li>e3b2</li> <li>e564</li> </ul> I will insert a typical plot of the bias current over time later. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 20:25:53 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8737&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8737 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Example for current bias current pinkie: e564.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 21:53:55 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8738&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8738 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Consistent L2A without L1A SRC error</h3> <p>During this run there was a L2A without L1A SRC error. After an HRR it reappeared. A new run was started but the error reappeared. Silicon was taken out of the run and then a COLDSTART was done. Again the same error. But if you look at the LA plot, it looks like the CLOCK and L1A, L1D and L2A are fine. So I do not understand this error.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 22;18;17 comment by...Sebastian --> So, the CCC lost lock to RF, the LA did not trigger (did it? at least no page was recieved, right?) and since the new FER is not in place we did not get a warning. The question is why we lost lock. Could have been a real glitch, which with no CCC could have meant a trip of SVX, or someting bogus in the CCC (but this is the first time the CC looses lock afaik). <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 22;37;47 comment by...Unreliable Lady in Pink :-( --> <pre>Sorry Guys, I'm a big jerk... I had it with me, but forgot to un-silence it after the lecture this afternoon!! :-(</pre> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 22;54;47 comment by...Ankush --> <p>I think particular page was sent by me by accident. So this was not a real CLK sync problem. But it was certainly a good test of the paging system.</p> <!-- Comment: Thu Jun 15 22;58;18 comment by...Ankush --> <p>After Sebastian cleared the CCC errors COLDSTART ran without L2A without L1A errors. We then put silicon back in and ran AAA_CURRENT and we have been running for about an hour with no further SRC errors.</p> <!-- Date: Thu Jun 15 22:56:56 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8739&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8739 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>The relentless rise of AGIGI2</h3> <p>In red is the history of AGIGI2 over the last few hours. You can see it rise and rise monotonically with time. By midnight it will probably hit 5.0 and TevMon will start complaining. So for the time being Ulrich and I will take Silicon out and so it will not run overnight.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 10;13;48 comment by...Ulrich --> And here is the experts working on the problem (from Tevatron e-log): <pre> -- Fri Jun 16 09:35:21 comment by...m.m -- Knobbed T:L1DLY to lower AGIGI2 rate. Started at about 9, got to about 4.8 but it bounced back to 6 quickly. Got greedy and whacked the beam with TEL, taking a nibble out of luminosity. </pre> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 10:12:56 2006 --> <h3>Unbiased Ladders</h3> Yesterday I had a look at the bias currents in IMON. After eliminating most pinkies (and giving three Micron ladders a little more time), we are left with four ladders which show zero bias current: <ul> <li><b>e0b1</b>: re-included during PDB review, known to show no physics before, ADCMON: only noise</li> <li><b>e130</b>: re-included during PDB review, known to show no physics before, ADCMON: only noise</li> <li><b>f223</b>: known to show very small bias current, ADCMON spectrum ok.</li> <li><b>f411</b>: known to show very small bias current, ADCMON spectrum ok.</li> </ul> We will probably have to exclude the bad SVX ladders again. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 11:23:45 2006 --> <h3>D0 2 shift access: coming soon...</h3> <p>D0 have requested a 2 shift access to address a noise problem in their calorimeter. Apparently it's related to their muon system. It is most likely to occur during a week day.</p> <p>Given we potentially have a long access, we should come up with a plan to use this long access & quiet time. Things which come to mind are: <ul> <li>List of ladders which have now stopped working</i> <ul> <li>Do we just need to adjust chip settings?</li> <li>Do we need to do fibre swaps,etc in the collision hall</li> </ul> <li>The BUSY TO with COLDSTART has reappeared. This should be reinvestigated</li> <li>Remeasure the light levels of the permananent LL system in the collision hall.</li> </ul> </p> <p>Please add any extra items which need to be done.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 12:15:03 2006 --> <h3>AGIGI2 successfully reduced - starting to take silicon data</h3> MCR has manage to reduce AGIGI2 from around 5.0 to 3.2. The SciCo called them, and they told them they are done with the tuning and expect AGIGI2 to be stable until the TeV studies (scheduled for 15:00). All other TevMon variables look fine. Now we are waiting for the aces to start a new run with silicon. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 12:49:55 2006 --> <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8740&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8741' ></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8742&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8743' ></a></center> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 12;53;16 comment by...Ankush --> <h3>Store 4772: Run # 218424</h3> <p>At last SVTSPYMon. But something does not look right. SVTSPYMon shows wedges 10,11 on the first plot. On the second plot , 5<phi<6 is empty. I don't this is real as SVXMon shows all ladders in those wedges are OK. So this may be a software problem or SVT is not seeing those wedges.</p> <p>We will let Stefano Torre know about this.</p> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 13;20;06 comment by...Ankush --> <p>Stefano and Alberto are here. This is a real SVT problem. A card in one of their crates needed a reboot. SVT is now receiving data in all wedges. But Silicon is OK.</p> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 13:48:36 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8744&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8744 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>SVTSPYMon Store 4772: Run # 218426</h3> <p>After the SVT boys fixed the problem, SVTSPYMon looks much better now.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 13;56;00 comment by...Ankush --> <p>...and SVXMon looks OK.</p> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 14:22:15 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8745&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8746 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>e012: Went PINK</h3> <p>There was a large drop in AVDD for this ladder. A quick HRR and the current went back to normal.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 14;27;01 comment by...Ulrich --> This ladder had a history of AVDD currents jumping up and down after the shutdown. We have adjusted the IMON limits to the upper state, such that we can spot the jump down and correct it via HRR. <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 14:25:23 2006 --> <h3>3 Bias Cells set to ignore</h3> <p>Ulrich found 3 bias PINKIES which have some history of jumping around after a shutdown. So while we wait for the currents to settle, I have set them to ignore in IMON. The ladders are: e1a4, e3b2, and e564.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 15:03:09 2006 --> <h3>Interesting note about AGIGI2 from the Tev elog</h3> <p>Over the past few stores AGIGI2 has been growing monotonically and required one the Tev experts to fix it. From reading this entry from the Tev elog, they are also keeping an eye on AGIGI2.</p> <pre> Click here to make a comment, Email or link this entry Fri Jun 16 14:54:34- Comments about Abort Gap Losses (T:AGIGI2): Past couple of stores have had problems with maintaining T:AGIGI2 below 7 E9. It appears there is more information about what can effect these values so those who have to reduce this value can have something to tune. the TEL timing T:L1DLY has been scanned from 146 to 226 with its nominal around 193. It should not be scanned below 150 because it is good probablity that the pbar bunches around the gaps will be clipped. A value of around 150 seem to be a good place to effect AGIGI2. Also the vertical tune plays into this equation. We have noticed that keeping the vertical tune around .583 will also help decreases these losses. The T:TFPMON wants to adjust the tunes through a store in order to keep the pbar tunes constant. If these changes make AGIGI2 grow rapidliy we should suspend the tune changes. Finally, the vertical position of the collimators should have some effect on AGIGI2. The D173 vertical collimator could be placed closer to the beam using C10 MANUAL PAGE with a step size of 1mil into the beam. Plot the BLM T:LD1733 and do not let it grow to a value bigger than 2.5V. Plans for keeping AGIGI2 over Weekend: 1) Monitor T:AGIGI2 and if it is on the rise and starts exceding 3E9 a scan of the TEL timing using T:L1DLY can be done from 150 to 200. 2)The vertical tune can also be used to help decrease these losses. Most likely it will want to decrease the vert tune. 3) Finally moving D173 vert collimator closer may help. </pre> <p>If we spot AGIGI2 growing, one could also look at some of the ACNET variables quoted above.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 15:14:56 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: The range of limits turned out to be a little too tight. Bumping up the upper limit to increase the range from 8 μA to 18 μA.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1020</td><td>1020</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1016</td><td>1016</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1024</td><td>1034</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 16:21:08 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L0 <li>problem n: 1019 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: Chip_bit_error <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: sasha <li>description is: No problems in recent data runs. Need to continue observations for one more week. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 18:17:03 2006 --> <h3>Permananent Light Level Measurements: 1st repeat</h3> <p>During the quiet time, Ulrich and I went to the first floor while Sasha turned on e2b2. Here are the results</p> <table border="1"> <tr><td>Bit</td><td>Measurement 1 (8 June 06) (μW)</td><td>Measurement 2 (16 June 06) (μW)</td></tr> <tr> <td> OBDV </td> <td> 240 </td> <td> 276 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 0 </td> <td> 340 </td> <td> 352 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 1 </td> <td> 470 </td> <td> 468 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 2 </td> <td> 390 </td> <td> 404 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 3 </td> <td> 450 </td> <td> 456 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 4 </td> <td> 420 </td> <td> 420 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5 </td> <td> 380 </td> <td> 392 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 6 </td> <td> 53 </td> <td> 48 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 7 </td> <td> 448 </td> <td> 440 </td> </tr> </table> <p>So the two measurements aren't exactly the same to 3 digits but they are certainly comparable. A few more repeat measurements to get some confidence in the repeatability and then we can do this every month.</p> <p>One more thing to try again is to do another repeat measurement of the light levels in the collision hall.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 18:33:51 2006 --> <h3>SVTSPYMon Edited and Updated</h3> <p>A few edits to SVTSPYMon had to be made to cope with the change of the online web addresses and the change in the order of grpahs in the original SVTSPYMon PostScript File.</p> <p>So I renamed the original SVTSPYMon perl script as svtspymon_old.pl. I then modified a version of the original one to implement the changes mentioned in the previous paragraph. If you have any problems with SVTSPYMon, let me know.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 18:44:14 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L1 <li>problem n: 1637 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: Chip_bit_error <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: jwagner <li>description is: There are no errors in data and in SVXDAQ we (Sasha and I) saw in NN and RA 00_sequence errors at very low rate (10/1000). If there are no errors in data for one more week, we can declare it as fixed. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L1">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 18:58:46 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1638 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Chip_capid <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: jwagner <li>description is: In the recent data 100% errors occur (cap_id a6, old AVDD2 problem).We get no physics data from chip 10. Before the SVXDAQ test, this ladder triped at DVDD2 overcurrent. However this ladder behaves well in SVXDAQ (RA and NN mode). The settings of SVXDAQ and in the real data taking are the same. The ISEL settings of chip 10 are in both cases: 00-000-00-000. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 19:13:44 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8748&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8748 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Termination of Store 4772</h3> <p>The store was terminated via the "The Big Red Button". As this also latches our BLMs I was curious to see what was recorded.</p> <p>The store termination was benign for us.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 19:25:27 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/elog/notebooks/silicon/Fri_Jun_16_2006_192518.ps align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8750 align='top'></a></td><td>SVXDAQ output of e124 (RA)</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Jeannine & Sasha --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 19:36:46 2006 --> Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1243 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Chip_other <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: sasha <li>description is: This ladder was yellow in SVXMON during past few runs and it had ~100% rate of 'No first chip' errors. ADCMon shows that there is no data from chips 9-13. We tested this ladder in SVXDAQ and confirmed that there is <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=305&frame=2&anchor=19:25:27'> no data</a> from chips a3-a0 (sometimes a4 as well). We also confirmed that this ladder gives 00_sequence errors (troubled chips are a4-a0). We want to keep this ladder in HWDB for a few runs because it had some miraculous recoveries in the past. If this is not going to happen any time soon, then we want to chop the troubled chips out. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul> <!-- Author: Problem DB --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 22:20:57 2006 --> <h3>CCC and DAQ work</h3> Today we worked on the CCC-run control interface. Though we tested the code in the teststand in the past (see <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=305&frame=2&anchor=13:07:37'> here</a>) we found more problems today when trying the software in b0svx02. The problem was that the mvme would not catch the IRQs after the config transition. This was traced to the fact that during the config transition something (not clear what) is done to the mvme that screws up the ISR (interrupt routine). This was solved by setting the interrupts again after config. The code was tested in all RC states and it worked correctly. We posponed the release of the code till we have time to test it carefully next week. <br> During the test we tripped some wedges, with was cause while switching clock modes. A config is needed to ensure that the system is fine, though this is upsetting because it beats the idea of the CCC (though problems in any other of the clk signals cause no problems, and we have seen that sometimes switching clk modes will upset the SRC, but not always).<br> <!-- Author: Mousumi, Bill, Shulamit and Sebastian --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 22:32:43 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8751&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8752 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Store 4774</h4> <p>Inital Lumi: 103.23E30. This is the usual SVTSPYMon. Looks good. Silicon included from the <b>start</b> of the store.</p> <p>Silicon is back in the game :-)</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 22:39:29 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8754&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8754 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Losses at the start of store 4774</h3> <p>At the start of the store LOSTP started increasing after scraping. So we held off starting the run. However it settled around 3kHz and stay=ed there for about 5mins. At that time I decided to put the silicon in. Since starting, LOSTP is decreasing. </p> <p>Unfortunatly we haven't recorded much data for last 30 mins due to L2 and SVT problems.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush & Jose --> <!-- Date: Fri Jun 16 23:41:59 2006 --> <h3>Silicon back to STANDBY</h3> <p>We haven't taken data for quite some time. Also there a chilled water problen at the same time. So Silicon has gone back to STANDBY.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush & Jose --> <!-- Comment: Fri Jun 16 23;50;15 comment by...Ankush --> <h3>Just realised the ramification of the chilled water problem</h3> <p>With a chiller having a problem this will eventually affect the detector temperature if we cannot get chilled water. We have to keep an eye on the detector temperature if the chiller takes some time to repair.</p> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 09;49;49 comment by...Ulrich --> <h3>Chilled water: a reminder</h3> Ankush is right, we had problems with the chilled water last summer when it was hot and dry. This is to remind everybody what the symptoms and possible remedies were: <ul> <li>Symptom: SVX chiller cannot hold its set point. <br> This can be seen from the Alcove temperature in iFix. Normally, the SVX chiller return temperature is between -8°C and -9°C and very stable. The temperature will go up in case of chilled water problems.</li> <li>Reason: not enough chilled water to SVX chiller.<br> The chillers use the ECW (electronics cooling water) circuit in their heat exchangers. The efficiency of the heat exchanger depends on the flow and the temperature of the chilled water. According to the chiller technician from RAM, the flow is the bigger issue. With enough flow, the temperature does not matter too much.</li> <li>Remedy 1: increase chilled water flow to chillers<br> The chilled water circuit to the chillers does not have a flow meter or a separate pump. However, the flow to the chillers (and to the SUVA) can be increased by closing EV-5 of the ECW circuit. Last summer, it was closed to 30%. <li>Remedy 2: clean the strainer. <br> The chilled water goes through a strainer before it arrives at the silicon chillers. Last year, the cryo techs found that this strainer had never been cleaned and was clogged. We do not expect that it is clogged again after just one year.</li> </ul> So we (i.e. the Main Pager Carrier and the cooling experts) should have a regular look at the chiller return temperatures in the weeks to come. <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 01:40:46 2006 --> <h3>Lost the Beam!!</h3> <p>While in the control room watching the SVT boys trying to fix SVT the beam is lost...MCR are working out what happended.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 13;48;15 comment by...Ankush --> <h4>Helping the SVT Boys</h4> <p>During the night SVT ran into trouble. They were losing SNYC on one of their crates due to Bunch Counter mis match. It seem to appear with Silicon. As the beam had just gone I decided to help these guys out. So after checking with MCR we were given 1 hour of quiet time. (in the end we had much more). So we ran the silicon COSMICs tape, with Silicon ON, to feed data from Silicon to SVT. After doing this for about ~30 mins, we realised SVT just needed silicon data....so even noise would be OK. So for safety I put Silicon to STANDBY and ignored all the HV inhibits. SVT were fed with chip noise. They were able to get their error with that.</p> <p>I hung around into the wee hours helping SVT out. In the end they isolated to a few boards and then their FAKE HITs could generate the error. At that point (~5:30am) I went home as they no longer needed silicon. I read in the elog the problem was located to one of their PULSAR boards. More details in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=408&frame=2&anchor=05:59:31.242'> CDF shift e-log</a>.</p> <p>In doing this it occured we could try something which could help our SVT brethren and be safe for Silicon. For some SVT tests, they just need FIB headers and cc. So could we not have a run configuration which just reads out the FIB headers without reading out any FIB channels. (in a similar way we test the GB). We can help SVT by sending data to them and we do not have to readout our chips...so our ladders stays happy....as long as we have power in the collision hall, thats all that is required. The detector could even be off......comments anyone ??</p> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 12:38:35 2006 --> <h3>Chiller Compressor unhappy: SVX and L00 tripped off</h3> Here is a list of relevant alarm log file entries: <pre> 6/17/2006 11:30:39.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_CHL_COMP_STATE CFN OFF STATE OF SVX CHILLER COMPRESSOR 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1306 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW3 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1305 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW2 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1304 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW1 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1303 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE3 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1302 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE2 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1301 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE1 6/17/2006 11:30:43.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_PS_TRIP CFN TRIP B5W11 layer 0, maybe others 6/17/2006 11:30:43.9 [SVXIICON] L00_PS_TRIP CFN TRIP B1W5 layer 3, maybe others 6/17/2006 11:30:44.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3302 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED L00W 6/17/2006 11:30:44.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3301 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED L00E 6/17/2006 11:30:45.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1801 CFN BAD SVX Chiller Status 6/17/2006 11:30:53.0 [CDFS5 ] GEN3_IT_ALM COS ALARM generator3, current alarm 6/17/2006 11:30:57.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_CHL_COMP_STATE OK ON STATE OF SVX CHILLER COMPRESSOR 6/17/2006 11:30:58.9 [CDF_S1 ] R_SOUND_ALM COS RACKS ALARM Sound Rack Alarm - CDF3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1306 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1305 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW2 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1304 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW1 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1303 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1302 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE2 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1301 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE1 6/17/2006 11:31:02.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3302 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED L00W 6/17/2006 11:31:02.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3301 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED L00E 6/17/2006 11:31:05.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1801 OK OK SVX Chiller Status </pre> <p> We are currently investigating why/how/when our interlocks came back in response to seeing a happy chiller once again. <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) & Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 13;30;25 comment by...Jennifer :-) & Ulrich --> <h3>Summary of investigation</h3> Here is a summary of the things we checked: <ul> <li>The SVX chiller compressor tripped off at 11:30:40. This caused the SVX and L00 power supply enables to trip. </li> <li>18 seconds later, the compressor switched on again, which enable the power supplies again. The interlock coil C1801 for the SVX chiller status was tripped because X1305 indicated a compressor trip. Note that all chiller status coils do not latch and therefore do not have to be reset by the trip acknowledge buttons. That is the reason why the interlocks were fine again when we arrived.</li> <li>The question is: why did the compressor trip in the first place. There is no indication that something went wrong with the chiller or the chilled water circuit beforehand. However, there was some problems with the chilled water earlier (see picture below). We will send mail to Andy Hocker and Bill Noe, maybe they remember earlier incidents like this. </ul> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 12:40:34 2006 --> <h3>Cooling Trip !!</h3> <p>SVX + L00 Tripped due to cooling alarm(?) Investigating now!!</p> <!-- Author: Ankush, Ulrich & Jennifer :-) --> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 12:44:35 2006 --> <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8756&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8756' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8755&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8755' width='300'></a></center> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 12;50;42 comment by...Ankush --> <h3>Aghhh...Cooling Trip!!</h3> <p><b>Newbies:</b>This is what a cooling trip looks like!. Note the lines of "External Trip..External Trip". Also you can see in IMON that SVX and L00 went red. Indicating they were all tripped OFF.</p> <p>When you are main pager carrier and you are paged about a cooling trip, you should ask the ACEs if they see something like this picture. If you cannot understand them or they cannot describe it to you, use the smiley faces to capture the image.</p> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 12:54:24 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8757&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8757 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>We have to fix this!!!!</h3> <p>After the cooling trip I brought L00 and SVX back to STANDBY. I then wanted to take the detector through activate just to exercise it a bit. But of course I am hit by this DONE TO. We <b>have</b> to fix this!!!</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 13:20:12 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8758&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8758 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Here is the alcove temperatures and CV-4 and CV-5 from ECW. The compressor tripped off, but nothing indicates a problem shortly before. Certainly, CV-4 was closed around 9:00. Our guess is that the PID loop which steers CV-5, closed it down to 35%. Now this action should give us <em>more</em> flow, not less, so we have even less reason to trip anything. Weird.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) & Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 13:32:53 2006 --> Fix <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=409&frame=2&anchor=13:30:44.543'> this</a> pinkie, please. <!-- Author: Jennifer :-) --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 18;36;43 comment by...Ulrich --> <h4>AVDD pinkie in B0L2W1 still there</h4> The pinkie we saw yesterday is still around. This time, not even an HRR helps to bring it back in line. Apparently, there are chips coming and going. We should use the quiet time to examine the ladder. The pinkie is documented in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=410&frame=2&anchor=18:17:10.830'> main e-log</a>. <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 18:00:50 2006 --> <h3>Store 4778: Running with Silicon</h3> Store 4778 came in around 17:30 today. The initial luminosity was around 58 e30 cm<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. All losses were fine, so I decided to include silicon right away. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 19;05;00 comment by...Ulrich --> All losses are still very good, and AGIGI2 is stable. So we keep silicon in for the rest of the store. Sasha has the main pager. I have warned him that we are running with silicon, and he should expect pages. The shift crew is instructed to page him in case of questions, problems, etc. I will be available per pager and phone as well. <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 18:02:38 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8760&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8761 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Also SVT is fine for store 4778.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 19:02:07 2006 --> <h3>More on Pinkies</h3> I have just posted <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=410&frame=2&anchor=18:57:27.000'> instructions into the main e-log</a> to ignore a couple of BIAS line pinkies and the known AVDD pinkie. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Date: Sat Jun 17 23:42:52 2006 --> <h4>Trip: I B5 W1 L2 AVDD</h4> Got paged for trips in I B5 W1 L2 for the second time tonight. The first time around 9:00, the ace had never recovered a trip before, and I walked her through the procedure. The second time now, the wedge tripped again after being recovered. A second attempt did the trick. <p> The second time, Sasha on the Main Pager was paged first. The shift crew got impatient already after 5 minutes, so they paged me. <!-- Author: Ulrich --> <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 23;47;46 comment by...sasha --> I got only one page and responded as soon as got to the phone (~1 min). It's strange, Scico told me that they paged me twice, but I got only one page. By some reason I've not been paged for the first trip. <!-- Comment: Sat Jun 17 23;51;51 comment by...Ulrich --> Well, for the first trip, they paged me instead of the Main Pager. Maybe they tried twice now... <!-- Date: Sun Jun 18 03:03:33 2006 --> <pre>I was paged because SB1W5L1 tripped and ACE could not recover it. The PS Gui was not responding, so I told ACE to restart it. After PS Gui was up, ACE recovered the trip without problems. After that I was asked by CO about Silimon problems. During my conversation with CO, there was a PS10 problem. I had to explain the ACE (Deepak Kar) how to hockerize the crate. The hockerization was successfull. </pre> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Sun Jun 18 08:24:27 2006 --> <h4>Downtime so far for this store</h4> <p>I thought I 'd just post this table from the downtime summary.</p> <P> <I>Lost Time is in minutes, Lost Lumi is in nb<SUP>-1</sup>; click on the Down time to go to the approximate Shift eLog time <P></i> <TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=2> <TR> <TH>Store</th> <TH>Category</th> <TH>Down</th> <TH>DownClink</th> <TH>Time</th> <TH>Lumi</th> <TH>Text</th> </tr> <TR> <TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=ISL_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>ISL HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 22:20</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150600800>1150600800</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>17</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>33.5</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Had to reset ISL twice</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=ISL_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>ISL HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 20:05</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150592700>1150592700</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>9</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>21.8</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Trip in ISL</font></td> </tr> <TR bgcolor=#e0e030><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=SVX_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>SVX HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sun_Jun_18_2006_Owl&anchor=>2006.06.18 00:55</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150610100>1150610100</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>57</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>91.6</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVX/ISL power supply trip</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGLVL2><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGLVL2</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 18:28</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150586880>1150586880</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>5</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>15.4</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVT issues</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGSVT><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGSVT</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 20:41</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150594860>1150594860</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>12</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>27.2</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Restart run for SVT experts</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGSVT><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGSVT</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 19:17</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150589820>1150589820</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>7</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>18.8</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVT requests shephard b0svt05 and b0svt06</font></td> </tr> </table> <p>What can we learn from this. For the usual PS trips, it has taken the ACES 15-20 mins to recover. To be honest, that's no so bad for completely new ACEs. Remember I have insisted the ACEs page silicon first before attempting to recover any silicon probem. So at least 5 minutes can be attributed to the pager response. Once they get some more experience, I hope this downtime due to PS trips to drop to much smaller value.</p> <p>...but one entry does stick out. <b>57 minutes to hockerise a crate!!</b>. No surprise but this is acssociated to one of our <em>favourite aces</em>. My sympathies to Sasha who to talk him through the whole procedure at 3AM. An <em>attitude adjustment</em> may be required.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Sun Jun 18 14;28;46 comment by...sasha --> A small correction... Hockerization took a long time, but it wasn't 57 min. There were a few things happening simultaneously. The 57 min of down time which are entered in the logger have to be atributed to a trip recovery for e151, restarting runs (during trip recovery and hockerization, DAQ ACE was starting a new run), and a hockerization. My estimate is that hockerization itself took ~25-30 min---still too long. So, here is how the situation unfolded. I was paged because ACE couldn't recover a trip on e151. PS gui was not responding to his commandes, however it was updating (according to ACE's words). I think this has confused ACE on the first place and made him to page me. So, I asked ACE to restart the GUI and trip was recovered without problems after that. A few minutes later (I was still on a phone talking to CO), PS10 failed, so I was switched back to MON ACE. It appeared that ACE didn't know (he said he wasn't on that lecture) what hockerization is and where to go to do it. So, I had to explain him. ACE failed to hockerize from the first attempt because he couldn't find a power cord (?). He also flipped Off/On 5V enables for SVX---something he shouldn't do at all. After that, I wasn't sure he would be able to do a hockerization, so I asked the second ACE. It turns out the second ACE also didn't know how to do a hockerization, but at least he heard this word. After that, I told MON ACE how to find the instructions for a hockerization on the silicon webpage and he finally was able to do it. I guess my mistake was that I started explaining the ACE about the hockerization instead of pointing to instructions with pictures. <!-- Date: Sun Jun 18 12:21:32 2006 --> <h3>Lots of RXPT errors for b0svx02</h3> <p>During the current run the shift crew have seen quite a few RXPT errors for b0svx02 followed by a resonnance error. An example can be found <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=412&frame=2&anchor=11:36:28.265'> here</a>.</p> <p>Our current whipping boy, the CCC, is not to be blamed. I check the lights on the CCC and I logged into b0svx02 to check it from there. CCC is still locked to RF and no other errors are present. So I am now stuck.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Comment: Sun Jun 18 12;23;10 comment by...Ankush --> <p>forgot to mention there were also L1 DONE Timeouts...this makes it even stranger...</p> <!-- Date: Sun Jun 18 13:28:18 2006 --> I have checked the plots from ADCMon for the runstaken so far. Most of the ladders are fine giving results comparable to the references before th shutdown. <br> This is the summary for ladders giving troubles or that are new: <li> <b>e084</b> and <b>e404</b> were recovered during the shutdown. They seem to perform well. Perhaps tail from physics is not as high as they should be (pinhole?), but they definetely see physics. Keep them taking data. </li> <li> <b>e0b1</b> and <b>e130</b> were put online during the shutdown. They see signal, but they look as not biased. They are useless for physics in the current situation. Further studies may be needed to recover them.<br> <font color=yellow>Need to decide if they are taken out</font> </li> <li> <b>e564</b> did not see physics in run 218620. It sees physics for other runs. However, around 60% of the events have "Unknown channel errors". </li> <li> <b>e012</b> see physics (although not clean behavior from some the chips). It was reported to have unstable AVDD. It seems similar to the state before the shutdown. </li> <li> <b>e244</b> and <b>f002</b> are out of the HWDB after the shutdown. Known. </li> <li> <b>e1a4</b> is bad. It has no data for the runs. <font color=yellow>Need to decide if kept in</font> </li> <li> A couple of ladders with DPS off (known). </li> <!-- Author: Oscar --> <!-- Date: Sun Jun 18 22:00:44 2006 --> <h4>Just added Tuula's Bias Checker web page to main silicon web page</h4> <p>I have just added a link to Tuula's Bias Checker script to the main silicon web page. You can find the link under <em>Current state of the detector</em>.</p> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 01:22:39 2006 --> <pre>Store 4781 went in with initial lum at ~107. The losses were unstable in the beginning of the store (see plot below), so I asked Steve to call MCR and investigate what was going on. Unfortunately MCR didn't know a reason. I decided to include silicon after losses stabilized and were flat for a few min.</pre> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 01:23:37 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8762&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8762 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>LOSTP plot from MCR e-log.</td></tr></table> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 01:31:41 2006 --> <pre>SPYMon takes forever to make a plot. I gave up after 10 min of waiting. So, no SVT plot for this store...at least for now.</pre> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 01:34:29 2006 --> <pre>While in the control room, I gave a brief training session for MON ACE on how to recover trips and hockerize PS.</pre> <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 06:54:18 2006 --> <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8763&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8764 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h4>SVTSPYMon plot for store 4781</h4> <p>The usual 3 SVT holes. Looks like SVT + Silicon are still working.</p></td></tr></table> <!-- Author: Ankush --> <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 06:55:59 2006 --> I was paged because of freequent resonance problems (<a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=414&frame=2&anchor=06:05:32.390'> example from e-log</a>). They were happening every 5 min and ACE got worried something bad may happen, so he halted the run and paged me. I asked him to check lights on CCC---they were OK. The resonances mostly came from the same ladders, they started happening after a prescale change. I didn't know how else to help ACE except asking him to restart the run and see what happens. <!-- Author: sasha --> <!-- Comment: Mon Jun 19 07;03;19 comment by...Ankush --> <p>This also occured yesterday. It starts with a series of L1 DONE TIMEOUTs and then we end up with a resonnance. We simply do <b>not</b> get L1 DONE TIMEOUT. Something is not right here.</p> <!-- Comment: Mon Jun 19 07;52;44 comment by...Ulrich --> I saw the problem while reading the elogs from home. I have logged into b0svx02 and checked the CCC via the CCCCC. It was locked to RF and did not show any errors. <!-- Date: Mon Jun 19 10:57:02 2006 --> <h3>Week summary</h3> <p> <h4>Monday</h4> <lu><li>waiting for the 36x36 store...</li></lu> <h4>Tuesday</h4> <lu><li>Store 4759 with lumi ~30. Problems with AGIGI2 calibration and LOSTP in TEVMON (got fixed later during the day).</li></lu> <lu><li>SVX and L00 tripped on overpressure in the supply line (silicon was off).</li></lu> <lu><li>Resin ecxange.</li></lu> <lu><li>CCC work in preparation for running.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store aborted manually on purpose---it was clean for us.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4760 with lumi ~20. Beam was re-scraped and lumi jumped to ~50.Silicon was not included in the beginning.</li></lu> <h4>Wednesday</h4> <lu><li>Silicon was included at the end of store. TevAbort a few minutes later after silicon was included--- didn't hit us.</li></lu> <lu><li>IMon is slow. It generates lots of java processes each consuming ~2% of memory. </li></lu> <lu><li>Work on ISL test stand at FCC---still can't power the ladder.</li></lu> <lu><li>TevQuench during acceleration--- no hit for us.</li></lu> <h4>Thurtsday</h4> <lu><li>CCC commissioned.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4772 is in with Lumi ~68. Silicon was included after ~1h. </li></lu> <lu><li>L2A without L1A SRC error</li></lu> <h4>Friday</h4> <lu><li>Quiet time sturdies.</li></lu> <lu><li> Store 4774 is in with Inital Lumi: 103.23E30. Silicon was included after a few min when losses stabilized.</li></lu> <lu><li>Chilled water problem.</li></lu> <h4>Saturday</h4> <lu><li>Store 4774 was lost.</li></lu> <lu><li>Cooling trip on SVX and L00.</li></lu> <lu><li>DONE TO problem when do COLDSTART.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4778 is in with initial lumi ~58.</li></lu> <lu><li>IB5W1L2 AVDD trip.</li></lu> <lu><li>SB1W5L1 tripped. PS10 was hockerized.</li></lu> <h4>Sunday</h4> <lu><li>Lots of RXPT errors for b0svx02.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4781 went in with initial lum at ~107. Silicon was included after a few min.</li></lu> <lu><li>freequent resonance problems preceeded by L1 DONE TIMEOUT.</li></lu> </p> <!-- Author: sasha -->	en
converted_docs	578359	Required Report - public distribution Date: 1/22/2004 GAIN Report Number: AR4006 AR4006 Argentina Fresh Deciduous Fruit Annual 2004 Approved by: ![](media/image1.wmf)Kari Rojas U.S. Embassy Prepared by: Francisco Pirovano Report Highlights: The Argentine fresh deciduous fruit crop in calendar year (CY) 2004 is forecast at 1.36 million metric tons (MT), a 17 percent drop with respect to CY 2003 due to unfavorable weather conditions. In addition to the fall in production, the poor quality of the crop will be an issue in CY 2004, due to damages from frost, wind, and insects. Exports of fresh apples and pears are expected to decline due to the poor quality of CY 2004 despite the exporters\' desire to increase their shipments. The strength of the dollar against the Argentine peso is expected to continue to discourage imports. Domestic consumption of fresh pears and apples is also forecast to decline because the limited amount of good quality fresh fruit will be destined to the export market. Concentrated apple juice (CAJ) production and exports are forecast to remain high, as more low quality fruit will be available for this sector this year. Includes PSD Changes: Yes Includes Trade Matrix: Yes Annual Report Buenos Aires \[AR1\] \[AR\] Table of Contents [Section I. Situation and Outlook 3](#section-i.-situation-and-outlook) [Production 3](#production) [Domestic Consumption 6](#domestic-consumption) [Trade 6](#trade) [Factors Affecting Industry Structure 7](#factors-affecting-industry-structure) [Cost of production 8](#cost-of-production) [Marketing activities 8](#marketing-activities) [Financial Constraints 8](#financial-constraints) [Quality 8](#quality) [Prices 9](#prices) [Section II. Statistical Tables 10](#section-ii.-statistical-tables) # Section I. Situation and Outlook # Production Fresh Deciduous Fruit production in CY 2004 is forecast to drop to 1.36 million MT, a 15-percent fall compared with the CY 2003 harvest. The unfavorable weather conditions in the main producing regions provoked a significant drop in CY 2004 yields. In addition to the fall in production, the quality of the fruit has been affected the frost and winds, as well as damage by coddling moth (Cydia pomonela). Planted area in Mendoza Region shrunk in a remarkable manner. As shown in table 2 below, this steep fall was due to a data adjustment from the 2002 National Agricultural Census, which was released in 2003. Reportedly, this industry lost a great deal of profitability in the 1990's and many farmers converted their fields into more profitable crops such as grapes for wine. Although planted area in the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region has probably changed as well, no new official figures have been released. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Ta \| \| \| \| \| \| ble 1. \| \| \| \| \| \| Fresh \| \| \| \| \| \| Dec \| \| \| \| \| \| iduous \| \| \| \| \| \| Fruits \| \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| \| \| \| Produc \| \| \| \| \| \| tion \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| # \| 2003 \| \| 2004 \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| \| Area \| * \| Area \| * \| \| \| \| Production* \| \| Production* \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Men \| 11500 \| 230000 \| 8200 \| 160000 \| \| doza \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Rio \| 59500 \| 1380000 \| 59500 \| 1200000 \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| \| egro \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| T \| 71000 \| 1610000 \| 67700 \| 1360000 \| \| otal \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Argentine apple production in CY 2004 is expected to fall 10 percent to 900,000 MT due to unfavorable weather conditions. The apple crop in the Mendoza region is expected to fall 30 percent as a result of a 35 percent reduction in planted area and expected lower yields for CY 2004. The reduction of the yields was caused mainly by extremely hot days in November 2003 and strong winds in December 2003. Apple yields in the Region of Rio Negro and Neuquen, also fell by 8 percent due to unfavorable climatic events. Firstly, a late frost that occurred on October 10 affected a large part of the southern valleys and accounted for 90 percent of the yield loss. --------------------------- ------------------------------------------- Table 2. Effect of the December 10, 2003 frost Affected area Yield Loss (%) From Villa Regina to Valle 60 -- 70 Medio From General Roca to Villa 20 Regina From Chipoletti to General 10 Roca From Neuquen to Chipoletti No reduction in yield was registered --------------------------- ------------------------------------------- Secondly, a number of days with strong winds in the first two weeks of December blew off fruits and damaged a large portion of the remaining crop. Reportedly, 5 percent of the losses were caused by winds. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. \| \| \| \| \| \| Ap \| \| \| \| \| \| ples* \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| # \| 2003 \| \| 2004 \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| \| Area \| * \| Area \| * \| \| \| \| Production* \| \| Production* \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Men \| 7000 \| 140000 \| 4600 \| 100000 \| \| doza \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Rio \| 46000 \| 870000 \| 46000 \| 800000 \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| \| egro \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| T \| 53000 \| 1000000 \| 50600 \| 900000 \| \| otal \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Argentine pear production in CY 2004 is forecast to fall to 460,000 MT, a 23-percent drop with respect to CY 2003 at 600,000 MT. The pear crop in Mendoza region is forecast at 60,000 MT in 2004, 30 percent less than CY 2003. Reportedly, pear orchards suffered severely the effects of strong winds in December 2003. The results have not only been in fruit losses, but also in a reduction of fruit quality. In CY 2004, a large amount of fruit will only be suitable for either the domestic market or less strict foreign markets such as Brazil due to the low quality. In the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region, the pear-picking season started during the third week of CY 2004 with the Bartlet variety. While the first vessels bound for Europe are ready to depart, those leaving for the United States will be loaded by January 24, 2004. Pear production in this region is forecast to decline to 400,000 MT, nearly 20 percent less than in CY 2003, due to unfavorable weather conditions. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| P \| \| \| \| \| \| ears* \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| # \| 2003 \| \| 2004 \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| \| Area \| * \| Area \| * \| \| \| \| Production* \| \| Production* \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Men \| 4500 \| 90000 \| 3600 \| 60000 \| \| doza \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| Rio \| 13500 \| 510000 \| 13500 \| 400000 \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| \| egro \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ \| T \| 18000 \| 600000 \| 17100 \| 460000 \| \| otal \| \| \| \| \| +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Concentrated Apple Juice (CAJ) production is expected to increase 6 percent in CY 2004 to 66,000 MT. The more stringent plant protection regulations imposed by the Argentine Plant Health Agency (SENASA) to combat coddling moth (Cydia pomonela), are expected to result in 10 percent increase of deliveries to the crushing industry in CY 2004. # The following tables show the Government of Argentina's official forecasts for the two most important producing regions in Argentina. These figures do not take into consideration the unfavorable weather conditions that affected production in December 2003. CY 2004 pear and apple forecast for Mendoza province for different varieties ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ Table 7. Pear Production forecast CY 2004 Zones Eastern Northern Central Southern Total Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Bartlet 238 4734 398 5144 1311 28665 901 18008 2848 56550 Beurre 6 136 16 360 6 136 105 2388 133 3021 Giffard Packham 21 473 17 393 282 6351 70 1574 390 8791 Others 17 333 65 833 139 3045 0 0 221 4210 Grand Total 282 5676 496 6729 1738 38196 1076 21969 3592 72571 ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ Table 8. Apple Production forecast CY 2004 Zones Eastern Northern Central Southern Total Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Red 0 0 53 1341 2311 58512 115 2911 2479 62765 Delicious Gala 0 0 0 0 106 1970 0 0 106 1970 Chañar 0 0 0 0 899 18424 8 164 907 18588 Others 14 300 49 1238 1025 24391 0 0 1088 25929 Total 14 301 102 2579 4341 103298 123 3075 4580 109253 ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ Source: The Institute for the Rural Development (IDR -- www.idr.org.ar) ## CY 2004 pear and apple forecast for the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region for the most relevant varieties ------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ Table 9. Apple Production forecast CY 2004 Zones Rio Neuquen Total Negro Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Red Delicious 658792 149482 808274 Granny Smith 241992 34403 278395 Total 900784 185885 1086699 ------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ ## -------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ Table 10. Pear Production forecast CY 2004 Zones Rio Neuquen Total Negro Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Bartlet 180480 21658 202138 Packham's Triumph 129880 20680 150560 Beurre D'anjou 47186 6882 54068 Total 357546 49220 406766 -------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ Source: Secretariat of Fruit Production of the Province of Rio Negro ## # # # Domestic Consumption Domestic consumption of apples and pears will suffer a downturn in CY 2004 because of the contraction in supply due to lower production and competition with the export sector. Pear domestic consumption is forecast to drop 35 percent in CY 2004. While in CY 2003 domestic consumption of fresh pears was 123,000 MT, it is expected that no more than 80,000 MT will reach the market in CY 2004. Regarding apples, the reduction in consumption is projected to be in the order of 30 percent, from 350,000 MT in CY 2003 to 250,000 in CY 2004. The poor quality expected in CY 2004 will determine a drop in the domestic price. # Trade While exporters are keen on expanding their business in CY 2004, exports of fresh pears and apples are forecast to decline in CY 2004 due to unfavorable weather conditions, which affected production and quality. Apple exports in CY 2004 are forecast to fall to 170,000 MT, 15 percent less than CY 2003. Pear exports in CY 2004 are expected to drop 20 percent compared with CY 2003 to 260,000 MT due to the lack of good quality fruit to satisfy international standards. Regarding the destination of the produce, sources in the industry believe that the current strength of the Euro will make exporters look to the old continent in CY 2004. According to industrial sources, the European Union is going to attract more pear shipments in CY 2004 than in CY 2003. Shipments to the U.S. are forecast to decline from the 50,000 MT in CY 2003 to 36,000 MT in CY 2004, due to better prices in Europe. Quality will be another issue that will constrain exports in CY 2004. In general terms, pear quality will not reach the high standards demanded by the United States and the E.U. markets due to damages on the fruit's skin from the strong winds in the region. Russia, one of the least strict markets, will probably take most of the fruit. The more stringent plant protection regulations imposed by the Argentine Plant Health Agency (SENASA) is expected to result in 10 percent more fruit going to the crushing industry. This new measure is part of an eradication campaign set by the Argentine government to combat coddling moth. Exports of CAJ in CY 2004 are expected to increase by 6 percent to 64,000 MT, as more fruit is likely to be delivered to processor due to stricter controls over codling moth in the Patagonia Valley growing region. Historically, Argentina has exported nearly 97 percent of its national production of CAJ. Exports of CAJ reached 63,600 MT in 2003, 98-percent of which was destined to the United States in bulk (307 Kg drums or 1535 Kg bins). In CY 2004 the logistics for fruit exports from the San Antonio Este port in Southeastern Argentina will be more efficient. Industry sources report that all the export groups (one export group can be made up of many exporters or packers) have agreed to share vessels, leading to faster loading and less delays than in previous years. Imports of apples, pears and CAJ continued to decline (see statistical tables: Imports) as the Argentine peso remains far below the dollar. Imports of CAJ were mainly from Brazil and are used as sweetener by the soft drink industry. Import and Export Regulations +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ######### Table 5. Fresh Apples and Pears \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ######### Outside the Mercosur Area \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Import Tariff (%) \| 11 \| \| \| .50 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Statistical Tax (%) \| 0 \| \| \| .50 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Export tax (%) \| 10 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Rebate (%)Cases containing between 2.5 Kg. and 20 Kg. \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| \| Cases containing 2.5 Kg. or less \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ####### Within the Mercosur Area \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Import tariff (%) \| 0 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Export tax (%) \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Rebate (%) Cases containing between 2.5 and 20 kg. \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| \| Cases containing 2.5 kg. or less \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ An additional 3 percent rebate for all fresh fruit being exported through the San Antonio Este port is being granted. This special rebate will be reduced to 2 percent in CY 2004, 1 percent in CY 2005 and eliminated in January 2006. +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ######### Table 6. Concentrated Apple Juice \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ######### Outside the Mercosur Area \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Import Tariff (%) \| 15 \| \| \| .50 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Statistical Tax (%) \| 0 \| \| \| .50 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Export tax (%) \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Rebate (%) Containers larger than 1 liter \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| \| Containers of 1 liter or less \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| ####### Within the Mercosur Area \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Import tariff (%) \| 0 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Export tax (%) \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ \| Rebate (%) Containers larger than 1 liter \| 5 \| \| \| .00 \| \| Containers of 1 liter or less \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| .00 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ # # Factors Affecting Industry Structure Brazil For decades, Brazil has been the first market for the Argentine fresh apples and pears. Argentina used to supply 90 percent of Brazil's domestic consumption. Brazilian apple production grew drastically in the last forty years. Currently, with production close to self-sufficiency, it only imports limited amounts of fruit. ----------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ------------- Evolution of the apple production in Brazil Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 Area (ha) 1000 20000 25000 30000 Production (MT) 1500 50000 330000 860000 ----------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ------------- This situation has modified the commercial relationship between Argentina, as an apple supplier, and Brazil. Argentine apple exports started to fall in 2003 when Brazil reinforced its sanitary measures to avoid the risk of introducing Coddling moth (an endemic disease in Argentina) in its territory. As a result, many exporters have turned their attention to other less strict markets such as Russia. In CY 2003, Russia replaced Brazil as the top importer of Argentine apples. # ## Cost of production Sources in the industry informed that the cost of producing one metric ton of fruit has increased over the last year. Labor, which is nearly 25 percent of the annual operative cost of a plantation, increased 100 percent in CY 2003. Currently, unions are on strike asking for a salary increase, which will take the wage of an apple picker up to \$12. Sources in the industry assert that an increase in wages will compromise the business in CY 2004. ## Marketing activities In the second part of CY 2003, one of the largest Argentine packinghouse began with what they called an "aggressive marketing strategy" oriented to high-income consumers. Branded with its logo, they presented their apples in tasting shows in 70 stores. In addition, they carried out opinion polls in all the shops that they supplied. Also, this firm created alliances with the supermarkets in order to continuously supply them with the highest quality in the market. After six months of work, this company is now the number one in sales in the Argentine domestic market. ## Financial Constraints After the banking crisis began in December 2001, very little sign of financial recovery has been seen in Argentina. The 70 percent peso devaluation and the conversion of all the debts from their original currency to Argentine pesos, helped producers solve their financial problems for a while. However, the lack of foreign credit leads packinghouses to rely more heavily on letters of credit from importing countries in order to attain foreign exchange to finance their domestic operations. Due to the lack of quality in CY 2004, the most important challenge for this industry will be to find the way to supply the domestic market. ## Quality The stiffer plant protection measures that Brazil imposed on the Argentine fruit because of codling moth (Cydia pomonela), an endemic pest in the Patagonian valleys, resulted in a reduction of the Argentine shipments in CY 2003. After the one-month ban on Argentine apples in May 2002, the Brazilian and Argentine plant protection authorities agreed on a more stringent pre-clearance export program to avoid this pest encroaching on the Brazilian border. With this new program in force, the number of lots rejected has increased considerably and as a result, the amount of fresh fruit suitable for export declined. ## Prices --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Domestic Wholesale Prices for all Varieties (\$/kg.) 2002 2003 Pear Apple Pear Apple January 0.28 0.21 0.29 0.48 February 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.43 March 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.31 April 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.30 May 0.17 0.16 0.26 0.29 June 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.31 July 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.30 August 0.21 0.26 0.29 0.30 September 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.32 October 0.33 0.39 0.41 0.48 November 0.35 0.36 0.43 0.43 December 0.30 0.44 0.68 0.49 --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Source: Buenos Aires Central Market (www.mercadocentral.com.ar) ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- Domestic Retail Prices, Red Delicious Variety (\$/Kg.) 2002 2003 January 0.63 0.78 February 0.58 0.68 March 0.41 0.59 April 0.40 0.60 May 0.37 0.57 June 0.37 0.58 July 0.40 0.57 August 0.44 0.57 September 0.50 0.62 October 0.58 0.70 November 0.62 0.73 December 0.70 0.77 ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- Source: The National Institute for Statistics (INDEC -- www.indec.gov.ar) # Section II. Statistical Tables +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Country \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| #### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Arg \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| enti \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| na* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Commodity \| F \| \| \| \| ( \| \| \| \| \| resh \| \| \| \| HA)( \| \| \| \| \| Appl \| \| \| \| 1000 \| \| \| \| \| es \| \| \| \| TR \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| EES) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (MT) \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| 20 \| R \| 20 \| Es \| 20 \| Fo \| \| \| \| 01 \| evis \| 02 \| tima \| 03 \| reca \| UOM \| \| \| \| ed \| \| te \| \| st \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| \| \| \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| \| \| \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \| \| \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| \| \| \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Market Year \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| * \| \| Begin** \| \| 1/20 \| \| 1/20 \| \| 1/20 \| MM/Y \| \| \| \| 02* \| \| 03 \| \| 04 \| YYY \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Area \| 54 \| 54 \| 54 \| 50 \| 0 \| 50 \| (HA) \| \| Planted \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Area \| 53 \| 53 \| 53 \| 51 \| 0 \| 51 \| (HA) \| \| Harvested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Bearing \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| 7100 \| 7100 \| 7100 \| 1000 \| \| 1000 \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Non-Bearing \| 4000 \| 4000 \| 4000 \| 4000 \| 0 \| 4000 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| \| \| \| \| \| \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Total \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| 1100 \| 1100 \| 1100 \| 5000 \| \| 5000 \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Commercial \| 90 \| 90 \| 100 \| 100 \| 0 \| 90 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Non-Comm. \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 90 \| 90 \| 100 \| 100 \| 0 \| 90 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 2918 \| 369 \| 320 \| 500 \| 0 \| 600 \| (MT) \| \| Imports \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 90 \| 90 \| 100 \| 100 \| 0 \| 90 \| (MT) \| \| SUPPLY \| 2918 \| 0369 \| 0320 \| 0500 \| \| 0600 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Domestic \| 37 \| 37 \| 35 \| 35 \| 0 \| 25 \| (MT) \| \| Fresh \| 8784 \| 5369 \| 0320 \| 4500 \| \| 0600 \| \| \| Consump \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Exports, \| 14 \| 16 \| 20 \| 19 \| 0 \| 17 \| (MT) \| \| Fresh Only \| 4134 \| 5000 \| 0000 \| 6000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| For \| 38 \| 36 \| 45 \| 45 \| 0 \| 48 \| (MT) \| \| Processing \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Withdrawal \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| (MT) \| \| From Market \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 90 \| 90 \| 100 \| 100 \| 0 \| 90 \| (MT) \| \| UTILIZATION \| 2918 \| 0369 \| 0320 \| 0500 \| \| 0600 \| \| +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| ######## \| \| \| \| \| Export Trade Matrix \| \| \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Country \| ##### \| \| \| \| \| ## Argentina \| \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Commodity \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Fresh Apples \| \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Time Period \| ###### CY \| Units: \| ###### MT \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Exports for: \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| U.S. \| 1810 \| U.S. \| 4657 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Russia \| 34382 \| Russia \| 52763 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Belgium \| 21786 \| Belgium \| 31131 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Netherlands \| 24626 \| N \| 30155 \| \| \| \| etherlands \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Brazil \| 39527 \| Brazil \| 23344 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Spain \| 8002 \| Spain \| 10622 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Sweden \| 4908 \| Sweden \| 9880 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Norway \| 9589 \| Norway \| 9817 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Portugal \| 8742 \| Portugal \| 7165 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Spain \| 8002 \| Italy \| 5700 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Italy \| 3813 \| Bolivia \| 1450 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Total for Others \| 163377 \| \| 182027 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Others not \| 757 \| \| 8868 \| \| Listed \| \| \| \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ \| Grand Total \| 165944 \| \| 195552 \| +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| ######### I \| \| \| \| \| mport Trade Matrix \| \| \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Country \| #### \| \| \| \| \| ### Argentina \| \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Commodity \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Fresh Apples \| \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Time Period \| CY \| Units: \| MT \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Imports for: \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| U.S. \| 59 \| U.S. \| 0 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Chile \| 43 \| Chile \| 472 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Brazil \| 248 \| Brazil \| 46 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| France \| 19 \| \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Total for Others \| 310 \| \| 518 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Others not \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| Listed \| \| \| \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Grand Total \| 369 \| \| 518 \| +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Prices Table \| \| \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Country** \| ####### * \| \| \| \| \| Argentina* \| \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Commodity \| Fresh \| \| \| \| \| Apples \| \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Prices in \| \$ FOB \| per uom \| ###### MT \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Year \| 2002 \| 2003 \| % \| \| \| \| \| Change \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Jan \| 390 \| 420 \| 8% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Feb \| 420 \| 460 \| 10% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Mar \| 460 \| 410 \| -11% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Apr \| 400 \| 410 \| 3% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| May \| 370 \| 410 \| 11% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Jun \| 360 \| 390 \| 8% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Jul \| 360 \| 390 \| 8% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Aug \| 300 \| 370 \| 23% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Sep \| 310 \| 380 \| 23% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Oct \| 320 \| 400 \| 25% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Nov \| 360 \| 410 \| 14% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Dec \| 370 \| \| -100% \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Exchange Rate \| 2.98 \| Local Currency/US \| \| \| \| \| \$ \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ \| Date of Quote \| 11/30/2003 \| MM/DD/YYYY \| \| +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Country \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| #### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Arg \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| enti \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| na* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Commodity \| ### \| \| \| \| ( \| \| \| \| \| #### \| \| \| \| HA)( \| \| \| \| \| F \| \| \| \| 1000 \| \| \| \| \| resh \| \| \| \| TR \| \| \| \| \| Pea \| \| \| \| EES) \| \| \| \| \| rs \| \| \| \| (MT) \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| 20 \| R \| 20 \| Es \| 20 \| Fo \| \| \| \| 01 \| evis \| 02 \| tima \| 03 \| reca \| UOM \| \| \| \| ed \| \| te \| \| st \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| \| \| \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| \| \| \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \| \| \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| \| \| \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Market Year \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| \| 0 \| * \| \| Begin** \| \| 1/20 \| \| 1/20 \| \| 1/20 \| MM/Y \| \| \| \| 02* \| \| 03 \| \| 04 \| YYY \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Area \| 18 \| 18 \| 18 \| 18 \| 0 \| 17 \| (HA) \| \| Planted \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Area \| 18 \| 18 \| 18 \| 18 \| 0 \| 17 \| (HA) \| \| Harvested \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Bearing \| 9100 \| 9100 \| 9100 \| 9100 \| 0 \| 9100 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| \| \| \| \| \| \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Non-Bearing \| 1300 \| 1300 \| 1300 \| 1300 \| 0 \| 1000 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| \| \| \| \| \| \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Total \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| (1000 \| \| Trees \| 0400 \| 0400 \| 0400 \| 0400 \| \| 0100 \| T \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REES) \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Commercial \| 55 \| 55 \| 66 \| 60 \| 0 \| 46 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Non-Comm. \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 55 \| 55 \| 66 \| 60 \| 0 \| 46 \| (MT) \| \| Production \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 432 \| 250 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| (MT) \| \| Imports \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 55 \| 55 \| 66 \| 60 \| 0 \| 46 \| (MT) \| \| SUPPLY \| 0432 \| 0250 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Domestic \| 13 \| 10 \| 16 \| 12 \| 0 \| 8 \| (MT) \| \| Fresh \| 7898 \| 5250 \| 0000 \| 3000 \| \| 0000 \| \| \| Consump \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Exports, \| 28 \| 31 \| 35 \| 32 \| 0 \| 26 \| (MT) \| \| Fresh Only \| 2534 \| 5000 \| 0000 \| 7000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| For \| 13 \| 13 \| 15 \| 15 \| 0 \| 12 \| (MT) \| \| Processing \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Withdrawal \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| (MT) \| \| From Market \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 55 \| 55 \| 66 \| 60 \| 0 \| 46 \| (MT) \| \| UTILIZATION \| 0432 \| 0250 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Export Trade \| \| \| \| \| Matrix \| \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Country \| ##### \| \| \| \| \| ## Argentina \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Commodity \| Fresh Pears \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Time Period \| CY \| Units: \| MT \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Exports for: \| 2002 \| November \| 2003 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| U.S. \| 22000 \| U.S. \| 48765 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Brazil \| 28862 \| Russia \| 63325 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Italy \| 24976 \| Italy \| 59419 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Russia \| 17059 \| Brazil \| 49331 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Belgium \| 15865 \| Belgium \| 33084 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Netherlands** \| 11848 \| * \| 31503 \| \| \| \| Netherlands* \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| France \| 4013 \| France \| 7594 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Portugal \| 2967 \| Portugal \| 6819 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Mexico \| 1214 \| Sweden \| 5080 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Sweden \| 1001 \| Mexico \| 4820 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Spain \| 1094 \| Spain \| 4312 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Total for Others \| 108899 \| \| 265287 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Others not Listed \| 4567 \| \| 12452 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ \| Grand Total \| 314052 \| \| 326504 \| +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Import Trade \| \| \| \| \| Matrix \| \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Country \| ##### \| \| \| \| \| ## Argentina \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Commodity \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Fresh Pears \| \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Time Period \| CY \| Units: \| MT \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Imports for: \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| U.S. \| 0 \| U.S. \| 0 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Brazil \| 249 \| Brazil \| 19 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| \| \| Chile \| 5 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Total for Others \| 249 \| \| 24 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Others not Listed \| 0 \| \| 0 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ \| Grand Total \| 249 \| \| 24 \| +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| ## \| \| \| \| \| ###### Prices Table \| \| \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Country \| Argentina \| \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Commodity \| Fresh \| \| \| \| \| Pears \| \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Prices in \| \$ FOB \| per uom \| MT \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Year \| 2002 \| 2003 \| % \| \| \| \| \| Change \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Jan \| 490 \| 470 \| -4% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Feb \| 480 \| 460 \| -4% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Mar \| 440 \| 450 \| 2% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Apr \| 420 \| 440 \| 5% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| May \| 380 \| 430 \| 13% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Jun \| 390 \| 420 \| 8% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Jul \| 350 \| 450 \| 29% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Aug \| 350 \| 430 \| 23% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Sep \| 350 \| 470 \| 34% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Oct \| 360 \| 530 \| 47% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Nov \| 380 \| 560 \| 47% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Dec \| 410 \| \| -100% \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Exchange Rate \| 2.98 \| Local \| \| \| \| \| Currency/US \| \| \| \| \| \$ \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ \| Date of Quote \| 11/30/2003 \| MM/DD/YYYY \| \| +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| ######### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Country \| # \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| #### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Arg \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| enti \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| na* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Commodity \| #### \| \| \| \| (MT) \| \| \| \| \| ### \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Co \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ncen \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| trat \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ed A \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| pple \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Jui \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ce \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| 20 \| R \| 20 \| Es \| 20 \| Fo \| \| \| \| 01 \| evis \| 02 \| tima \| 03 \| reca \| UOM \| \| \| \| ed \| \| te \| \| st \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| Offi \| Esti \| \| \| \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| cial \| mate \| \| \| \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \| \| \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| [Old \| [New \| \| \| \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \] \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Market Year \| \| 01/ \| \| 01/ \| \| 01/ \| MM \| \| Begin \| \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| \| 2004 \| /YYYY \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Deliv. To \| 38 \| 36 \| 45 \| 45 \| 0 \| 48 \| (MT) \| \| Processors \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| 0000 \| \| 0000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Beginning \| 1 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| (MT) \| \| Stocks \| 1725 \| 1725 \| 0699 \| 3333 \| 0899 \| 0233 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Production \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 0 \| 6 \| (MT) \| \| \| 3000 \| 0000 \| 2000 \| 2000 \| \| 6000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Imports \| 106 \| 108 \| 200 \| 500 \| 0 \| 500 \| (MT) \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 6 \| 6 \| 9 \| 7 \| 3 \| 7 \| (MT) \| \| SUPPLY \| 4831 \| 1833 \| 2899 \| 5833 \| 0899 \| 6733 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Exports \| 2 \| 4 \| 6 \| 6 \| 0 \| 6 \| (MT) \| \| \| 8132 \| 2500 \| 0000 \| 3600 \| \| 4000 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Domestic \| 6000 \| 6000 \| 2000 \| 2000 \| 0 \| 2000 \| (MT) \| \| Consumption \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| Ending \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| (MT) \| \| Stocks \| 0699 \| 3333 \| 0899 \| 0233 \| \| 0733 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ \| TOTAL \| 6 \| 6 \| 9 \| 7 \| 0 \| 7 \| (MT) \| \| DISTRIBUTION \| 4831 \| 1833 \| 2899 \| 5833 \| \| 6733 \| \| +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Export Trade Matrix \| \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Country \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Argentina \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Commodity \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Concentrated \| \| \| \| \| Apple Juice \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Time Period \| CY \| Units: \| MT \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Exports for: \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| U.S. \| 42217 \| U.S. \| 62524 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Chile \| 76 \| Russia \| 771 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Dominican Republic \| 72 \| Trinidad & \| 184 \| \| \| \| Tobago \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Brazil \| 57 \| Dominican \| 45 \| \| \| \| Rep. \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Trinidad & Tobago \| 35 \| Uruguay \| 23 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Paraguay \| 7 \| Colombia \| 11 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| El Salvador \| 4 \| Paraguay \| 8 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| # \| \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Total for Others \| 251 \| \| 1042 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Others not Listed \| 1 \| \| 5 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Grand Total \| 42469 \| \| 63571 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Import Trade Matrix \| \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Country \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Argentina \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Commodity \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Concentrated \| \| \| \| \| Apple Juice \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Time Period \| CY \| Units: \| MT \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Imports for: \| 2002 \| \| 2003 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| U.S. \| 0 \| U.S. \| 0 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Others \| \| Others \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Brazil \| 231 \| Brazil \| 491 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Total for Others \| 231 \| \| 491 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Others not Listed \| 0 \| \| 0 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ \| Grand Total \| 231 \| \| 491 \| +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Prices Table \| \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Country \| ####### \| \| \| \| \| Argentina \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Commodity \| C \| \| \| \| \| oncentrated \| \| \| \| \| Apple \| \| \| \| \| Juice \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Prices in \| US\$ \| per uom \| MT \| \| \| FOB \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Year \| 2002 \| 2003 \| % \| \| \| \| \| Change \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Jan \| 700 \| 690 \| -1% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Feb \| 780 \| 710 \| -9% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Mar \| 740 \| 730 \| -1% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Apr \| 650 \| 730 \| 12% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| May \| 670 \| 790 \| 18% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Jun \| 680 \| 780 \| 15% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Jul \| 670 \| 780 \| 16% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Aug \| 1170 \| 800 \| -32% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Sep \| 710 \| 890 \| 25% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Oct \| 680 \| 790 \| 16% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Nov \| 610 \| 800 \| 31% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Dec \| 690 \| \| -100% \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Exchange Rate \| 2.98 \| Local \| \| \| \| \| Currency/US \$ \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ \| Date of Quote \| 11/30/2003 \| MM/DD/YYYY \| \| +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+	en
converted_docs	356003	![](media/image1.jpeg){width="2.716666666666667in" height="1.0361111111111112in"} October 8, 2007 Dear Mr. Levitt & Honorable Committee Members, I would like to draw your attention to a simple idea that would dramatically improve audit quality, industry conditions, investor confidence and communications. As a wise man wrote in the book Take on the Street, "to stop the numbers game, Warren Buffet believes, and I agree, that corporate boards should require auditors to rate the aggressiveness of accounting policies." (This has been echoed by several academics.) However, going one step further, checks and balances will be enhanced if the analysis is conducted by a third party, instead of their auditors. Actually, this already exists today, and it's a \$60 million business. But, by making it a regulatory requirement, the dynamics of this fast growing research service would dramatically change, and in its place would be a "rating agency" type structure leveraging market forces to improve accounting. As a former Sr. Director at Standard & Poor's, I have seen first hand how benchmarks can temper management's aggressiveness and increase the flow of information to the capital markets. Earnings Quality Rating Non-auditing, third party accounting examiners exist today. According to Integrity Research Associates, there are 19 companies currently sell earnings quality/forensic accounting research. They observe how conservative/aggressive management is in their application of accounting polices (choices within Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), while alerting investors to possible "shenanigans." Bought mostly by hedge funds, its primary value is identifying "red flags" or short opportunities. This research [must]{.underline} be democratized! By simply making it a listing requirement, researchers would change their business model from subscription (available only to wealthy investors), to "issuer paid" (available to everyone similar to financial statements). (Note: The credit rating industry transitioned to an issuer paid model when bank regulators mandated that only "high quality" bonds could satisfy reserve requirements). Earnings rating agencies would be hired by a company's Independent Audit Committee to ensure unprejudiced analysis. They'd issue letter grades (AAA, AA,... B,\... D, etc) that would be freely distributed though the Internet to all investors. I'm sure Mr. Autoworker would like to know if there's a "D" rated company in his retirement account. Extensive research and tools would be sold to institutional investors. It's true the credit rating agencies have come under fire recently, but as they say "you can't let perfection be the enemy of good." Image where the financial world would be today if investors didn't have easy access to corporate or municipal bond ratings? Business Model Benefits While the concept of an earnings ratings agency is simple, the benefits would be enormous: • More Conservative Accounting - According to CFO.com, 47% of America's CFO's still feel pressure from management on accounting. After all, the more aggressive they are (without stepping over the line) the bigger their bonus will be. There's little downside. But the scandals occurred when previously good people influenced by fame and the seduction of stock option rewards crossed the narrow line they had been inching towards. Earnings ratings are a necessary counter incentive that can easily be written into management compensation agreements, investment policy statements, loan convents, etc.. Their gradual grading method would keep managers far from the edge. Currently, management is free to choose their level of allowance for doubtful accounts, and it may be used to manipulate earnings. But would they if they if variation from previous levels risked a downgrade? This gives the CFO's cover. It also gives auditors cover. According to many, their relationship with the companies has become adversarial to the point where valuable advice is being withheld due to "paranoia." By establishing an earnings rating agency structure it would allow audit firms to return to their role as "good cop." Earnings ratings also provide upside for managers. How many chief executives would be anxious to have their conservative accounting recognized versus their aggressive peers? • Ever-Present Watchdog - In the aftermath of the scandals, Congress sought to examine the breakdown of "watch-dog groups" including securities analysts, the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC), and the credit rating agencies. The report concluded that none were fully equipped or oriented to serve that function. Effectively, little has changed with these groups. Securities analysts have been separated from investment banking, but realistically their bonuses are still dependent upon the overall bonus pool, which ultimately is driven by investment banking profits. Credit agencies maintain their role is not auditing. The SEC did increase its staff to do more spot checks, but will they have the same budgets a few years from now when the scandals have faded from memory? Initially, Congress pushed for mandatory auditor rotation. They reasoned accounting firms would be less likely to be seduced (e.g. Anderson audits of Enron) if the chance of discovery was greater. Industry pushed back citing the high costs, and congress instead established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Although they do quality control checks on auditors, the bottom line is that there still isn't a watch dog on every audit. But, as banking analyst Joseph Stieven of Stifel Nicholas observed on the SEC's Advisory Panel for Smaller Public Companies, "there is a true extra set of eyes in the bank regulators." As a result, he "defied anyone to name five major bank failures \[from accounting\]." Can an accounting "watch-dog" be establish at a reasonable cost to issuers? Leave it to private enterprise. Credit rating agencies, which are granted special access to non-public information, charge issuers a reasonable fee, but earn revenues in multiple ways. Publishers are adept at repurposing the same information with varying depths for different markets. Earnings rating agencies can accomplish the same. The \$60 million now paid by the buy-side can used to subsidize accounting investigation for all. • Increase Information Flow -- For individual investors, earnings rating agencies would broadcast their "seal of approval" through every financial distributor and website (e.g. Bloomberg, Reuters, Yahoo Finance, Google Finance, etc). It would be a daily reminder of the presence of another watch-dog. This availability and branding will truly restore investor confidence. Institutional investors would be able to purchase accounting analysis like what is produced today, but for every listed company. Though it's no longer a short idea since everyone is aware, it does reduce the analyst's work. The first stage of equity research is accounting examination in order to establish a solid base for which to make projections. Since this same work is performed by every analyst researching a company, it is redundant (and generally outsourced to India today). This solution is especially ideal for smaller public companies that have no Wall Street analyst coverage, which is a separate but critical problem in the capital markets. With the accounting investigation already completed, Wall Street analysts can increase the number of companies they cover. Perhaps they still won't cover the smallest companies, but the reports still provide a company a means to get their message to the institutional investor community since they contain an examination of current earnings streams, which is included in most all definitions of earnings quality. • Facilitate Investment Comparison -- Leaving aside fraud, let's look at accounting from a means to facilitate investment comparison. In 2002, Standard & Poor's calculated what they considered to be "core earnings", or earnings associated with the operations of the business (thus excluding investment windfalls, adding stock option expenses, and other items). How big was the difference between core and reported? According to S&P, companies in the S&P 500-stock reported on average \$26.74 earnings per share for the 12-months ending June 2002, but the core earnings were just \$18.48, a [31%]{.underline} difference. Clearly, with a 31% average variation in the denominator, the widely used price-to-earnings ratio has little true value. Earnings ratings examiners look at the accounting policies and whether they mirror the operations of the business. Entities in similar businesses should have made similar accounting choices. Earnings ratings would put pressure on management to confirm to others in the industry and this will naturally narrow that gap. In Conclusion In short, earnings ratings would be an effective measure that uses market forces to encourage more conservative accounting while constantly reminding the public of another watch-dog. It would correct the shortfalls in our financial systems that directly led to the accounting scandals and would right a gross misconception in equity evaluation. Sincerely, Richard S. Furlin	en
all-txt-docs	410824	DATABASE FOR THE EAST HALF OF "PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE BLYTHE 30' BY 60' QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA" (U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497) By Paul Stone 2006 U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 225 DESCRIPTION OF DATA FILES INTRODUCTION This report contains a digital geologic map database created from the east half of a previously published geologic map entitled, "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' Quadrangle, California and Arizona" (Stone, 1990). That map was published as U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 90-497 and is available from the USGS in the form of paper copies reproduced from a scale- stable film original. The scale of the previously published map is 1:100,000. The digital database of this report is intended to contain exactly the same geologic data as the east half of the published map that comprises USGS Open- File Report 90-497. No geologic line, polygon, or point data have been intentionally added, subtracted, or modified from the original map. The database has been carefully prepared and reviewed to ensure that it constitutes a faithful digital representation of the geologic data presented in the original analog map. A digital geologic map database of the west half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle also is available. That database was published as part of U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM) 2922 (Stone, 2006). Unlike the database of the present report, the database of SIM 2922 contains new geologic data in addition to, or in place of, the data contained in the original map of Open-File Report 90-497. This document describes the types and contents of files comprising the database. Information on how to extract and plot the map also is provided. This publication includes ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 8.1.2 coverages and associated tables; Portable Document Format (PDF) files of four illustrations that accompany the database; and a text file of FGDC-compliant metadata for the report. GEOLOGIC MAP DATABASE FILES AND ASSOCIATED FILES The files listed in this section are in a compressed tar file named ds225.tar.gz; see section below titled, SOFTWARE UTILITIES. ARC/INFO Coverage Contains Interchange file ble_geo.e00 ble_geo Contacts, faults, and rock units ble_str.e00 ble_str Folds; attitudes and dip values The directory, info/, is produced in the process of importing interchange files to ARC coverages in ARC/INFO. The info/ directory contains: Polygon attribute table ble_geo.pat Arc attribute tables ble_geo.aat, ble_str.aat Point attribute table ble_str.pat FILES FOR VIEWING AND PLOTTING PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES bl_map.pdf Map of Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle showing major geographic features and area covered by geologic database of this report. bl_cmu.pdf Correlation of map units diagram for "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona" (copied from USGS Open File Report 90-497). bl_index.pdf Illustration showing sources of mapping for "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona" (copied from USGS Open-File Report 90-497). bl_mccoy.pdf Chart showing correlation of members A through L of the McCoy Mountains Formation with units recognized by Pelka (1973) and Harding and Coney (1985) (copied from USGS Open-File Report 90-497). METADATA ble_met.txt Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata file derived from the digital database SOFTWARE UTILITIES Files that have the .gz file extension were compressed using gzip. Gzip utilities are available free of charge via the Internet at the gzip home page, http://www.gzip.org. The data package is additionally bundled into a single tar (tape archive) file. The individual files must be extracted using a tar utility, available free of charge via the Internet through links on the Common Internet File Formats page, http://www.matisse.net/files/formats.html. One such utility is WinZip, available at http://www.winzip.com (WinZip can also decompress files). HOW TO OBTAIN THE DIGITAL FILES The digital files constituting the geologic map database of this report may be obtained via the Internet from the U.S. Geological Survey publications website. Go to the web page at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/225 and follow the directions to download the files. EXTRACTING THE GEOLOGIC MAP DATABASE FROM THE TAR FILE After downloading the files, they must be uncompressed using a gzip utility such as gzip itself or WinZip. The data files must then be extracted using the appropriate tar utility. To do this Type this at the Unix command prompt Uncompress ble.tar.gz gzip -d ble.tar.gz (or use gzip utility to ble.tar of choice) Go to the directory that will cd local_directory hold the directory ble/ (if different from local_directory) Extract the Blythe East tar -xvof {path to tar file}/ble.tar directory from the tar file (or use tar utility of choice) This process will create a directory, ble/, that contains the ARC/INFO interchange files and supporting files. CONVERTING THE ARC/INFO EXPORT FILES ARC interchange (.e00) files are converted to ARC coverages using the ARC command IMPORT with the option COVER. ARC interchange files also can be read by some other Geographic Information Systems. Please consult your GIS documentation to see if you can use ARC interchange files and to determine the procedure for importing them. PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES The PDF files are accessed using Adobe Reader software, available free from the Adobe website http://www.adobe.com. Follow instructions at the website to download and install the software. REFERENCES CITED Stone, Paul, 1990, Preliminary geologic map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-497, scale 1:100,000. Stone, Paul, 2006, Geologic map of the west half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, Riverside County, California and La Paz County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2922, scale 1:100,000, 21 p. APPENDIX: DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS, DESCRIPTION OF MAP SYMBOLS, AND REFERENCES CITED IN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497 [This text is presented as an aid to users of the database for the east half of "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' Quadrangle, California and Arizona" (USGS Open-File Report 90-497). Each section of text has been retyped in its entirety from Open-File Report 90-497; the text has not been intentionally modified from the original except to correct a small number of typographical errors. Notes in brackets have been added for clarity.] DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS [Units present in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (). Units without an asterisk are present only in the west half of the quadrangle.] Qw ALLUVIUM OF MODERN WASHES (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated, locally derived gravel and sand Qr* ALLUVIUM OF THE MODERN COLORADO RIVER FLOODPLAIN (QUATERNARY)-- Unconsolidated sand, silt, and mud, largely converted to farmland Qp PLAYA LAKE DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated silt, mud, and evaporitic sediment Qs* WINDBLOWN SAND (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated sand dunes and sheets QTa* ALLUVIAL-FAN AND FLUVIAL DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY AND TERTIARY?)-- Unconsolidated to weakly consolidated gravel and sand forming alluvial fans and sediment bodies that underlie terraces of the Colorado River. Alluvial-fan deposits consist of angular, poorly sorted gravel and sand derived from local mountains. Fluvial deposits, primarily exposed adjacent to the Colorado River where they interfinger with alluvial-fan deposits, consist of rounded, moderately to well sorted gravel and sand carried into the area by the ancestral Colorado River. Fluvial deposits commonly are crossbedded. Unit may include equivalents of the dissected fan deposits (unit QTdf), fluvial gravel deposits (unit QTfg), and fluvial sand deposits (QTfs) QTdf* DISSECTED FAN DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY OR TERTIARY)--Weakly consolidated, locally derived gravel and sand (fanglomerate) forming dissected, longitudinal hills and ridges near mountain fronts FLUVIAL DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY OR TERTIARY)--Deposits of weakly consolidated, distantly derived gravel and sand forming dissected hills that protrude a few to several meters above the surrounding fan or terrace surfaces. Interpreted as deposits of the ancestral Colorado River or related streams. Divided into: QTfg* FLUVIAL GRAVEL DEPOSITS--Deposits composed primarily of rounded gravel QTfs FLUVIAL SAND DEPOSITS--Deposits composed primarily of well-sorted, light-colored sand and minor rounded gravel; commonly crossbedded BOUSE FORMATION (PLIOCENE)--Marine to brackish-water sedimentary rocks interpreted to have been deposited in an embayment of the Gulf of California (Metzger and others, 1973). Divided into: Tbs* FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS--Thin-bedded mudstone, siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, and limestone. Mudstone is green to red and plane bedded; siltstone and sandstone are tan and plane bedded to crossbedded. Equivalent to the basal limestone unit and the interbedded unit of Metzger and others (1973) Tbt* TUFA--Thin (generally less than 2 m), locally extensive sheets of white to light-gray limestone coating Miocene and older bedrock units. Locally includes minor conglomerate Tbx* SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Unbedded, unsorted deposits of angular gravel and slide blocks, commonly monolithologic. Interpreted as landslide deposits. Largest slide blocks are shown as a separate unit (Tsb) Tsb* SLIDE BLOCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Large, angular blocks and slabs of Mesozoic(?) and Paleozoic carbonate rocks and quartzite interpreted to have been deposited by landslides. Generally brecciated Tvs* VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--In upper plate of detachment fault in northern Plomosa Mountains. In descending order, general stratigraphic sequence is: fanglomerate; rhyolitic to andesitic volcanic rocks and carbonate slide blocks; limestone, shale, and ash-flow tuff; arkosic sandstone and fanglomerate (Scarborough and Meader, 1983, 1989). Includes ash-flow tuff that has a biotite K-Ar age of 24.6 1.6 Ma (Eberly and Stanley, 1978; age recalculated by the method of Dalrymple, 1979) Tf* FANGLOMERATE (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Distinctly to indistinctly bedded, poorly to well sorted conglomerate and sandstone containing angular, locally derived clasts Tfbx FANGLOMERATE, SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA, AND SLIDE BLOCKS, UNDIVIDED (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--In Riverside Mountains Ti* FELSIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Light-colored, fine- grained, hypabyssal intrusive rocks of probable rhyolitic to dacitic composition. In Big Maria Mountains, includes dacite that has a hornblende K-Ar age of 21.7 2.8 Ma (Martin and others, 1982) Tv* VOLCANIC ROCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Rhyolitic to basaltic volcanic rocks including lava flows, flow breccia, airfall tuff, ash-flow tuff, and domes. In Riverside Mountains, includes andesite that has a whole-rock K-Ar age of 23.5 1.0 Ma (Martin and others, 1982). In Plomosa Mountains, includes rhyodacite that has a hornblende K-Ar age of 19.6 0.6 Ma and a biotite K-Ar age of 20.7 0.6 Ma (Miller and McKee, 1971; ages recalculated by the method of Dalrymple, 1979) Tbbm* BASALT OF BLACK MESA (MIOCENE)--Olivine basalt flows that cap Black Mesa and other mesas in the southern Plomosa Mountains. K-Ar whole-rock age of 17.24 0.43 Ma (Shafiqullah and others, 1980) Tls* LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE (MIOCENE)--Fine-grained, thin-bedded calcareous rocks near base of the Tertiary section in central Plomosa Mountains Tg* GRANITE (MIOCENE)--Fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite and hornblende- biotite granite, locally faulted and lineated. U-Pb zircon age of 20.8 3.2 Ma (Knapp, 1989) TKg* GRANITE (TERTIARY AND (OR) CRETACEOUS)--Fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite that intrudes the migmatitic gneiss of Mesquite Mountain (unit KPm). Age is inferred to be either latest Cretaceous and (or) earliest Tertiary (Knapp, 1989) Kgp* GNEISSIC PORPHYRITIC GRANITE (CRETACEOUS)--Distinctly to indistinctly foliated and lineated, medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite to granodiorite containing phenocrysts of potassium feldspar 1 to 5 cm long. Age in northern Dome Rock Mountains is Late Cretaceous on the basis of unpublished U-Pb analysis of zircon (R.M. Tosdal, oral commun., 1990). Rocks in Little Maria Mountains are considered part of the Late Cretaceous Cadiz Valley batholith (K.A. Howard, oral commun., 1990), parts of which intrude the McCoy Mountains Formation in the Coxcomb Mountains 30 km west of the map area. A biotite K-Ar age of 55.2 7.8 Ma, indicating the minimum age of crystallization, has been reported for a sample from the Little Maria Mountains (Martin and others, 1982) Kd* DIORITE (CRETACEOUS)--Foliated and metamorphosed mafic igneous rocks that intrude the McCoy Mountains Formation and some of the underlying Jurassic volcanogenic rocks. Youngest unit intruded is member F of the McCoy Mountains Formation (unit Kmf), which is of Late Cretaceous age. Some of the diorite may possibly be as old as Jurassic in age(Tosdal, 1988) MCCOY MOUNTAINS FORMATION OF HARDING AND CONEY (1985) (CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC?)--Sandstone and conglomerate; minor shale, mudstone, and siltstone; and rare volcanic rocks. Weakly to strongly foliated; metamorphosed to greenschist and lower amphibolite facies. Maximum exposed thickness approximately 8,000 m. Age range based on stratigraphic position above Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Dome Rock sequence of Tosdal and others (1989) within and outside map area and on intrusion by latest Cretaceous plutons outside map area (Tosdal and others, 1989). Divided into: Kml MEMBER L (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, and minor shale, all micaceous and phyllitic. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, volcanic rocks, and granitic rocks. Base and top faulted; exposed thickness approximately 300 m Kmk MEMBER K (CRETACEOUS)--Dark-gray, fine-grained arkosic to volcanic- lithic sandstone; light-gray phyllitic shale; and minor conglomerate. Conglomerate clasts are volcanic and granitic rocks. In fault contact with member L (unit Kml). Exposed thickness approximately 300 m Kmj MEMBER J (CRETACEOUS)--Dark-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkosic to volcanic-lithic sandstone and conglomerate, interbedded in lowermost part with minor light-gray arkosic sandstone. Conglomerate clasts are granitic and volcanic rocks. Thickness approximately 350 m Kmi MEMBER I (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkosic and micaceous sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, and conglomerate. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, carbonate rocks, and granitic rocks. Thickness approximately 300 m Kmh MEMBER H (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray, fine-grained arkosic sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, and shale, all micaceous and phyllitic. Thickness approximately 50 to 250 m Kmg MEMBER G (CRETACEOUS)--Lower part consists of light-gray to tan phyllitic and calcareous shale; tan calcareous sandstone; and conglomerate containing clasts of quartzite and carbonate rocks. Upper part consists of dark-greenish-gray, fine-grained arkosic to volcanic-lithic sandstone. Basal contact truncates beds in member F (unit Kmf) at a low angle and is interpreted as an intraformational unconformity. Thickness approximately 200 to 600 m. Locally contains late Early Cretaceous or younger fossil wood fragments (Pelka, 1973) Kmf* MEMBER F (CRETACEOUS)--Light- to medium-gray, fine- to coarse- grained arkosic sandstone and conglomerate interbedded with less abundant light- gray phyllitic shale. Dark-gray to dark-greenish-gray, very fine grained to fine-grained volcanic-lithic sandstone and siltstone present in upper part. Conglomerate clasts are granitic rocks, quartzite, volcanic rocks, and minor carbonate rocks. Fines upward from conglomerate and sandstone in lower part to very fine grained sandstone and siltstone in upper part. Basal contact with lower part of McCoy Mountains Formation (unit KJmlu) is locally unconformable. In Dome Rock Mountains, includes a lenticular, 5-m-thick tuff bed that has a U- Pb zircon age of 78 2 Ma (Tosdal, 1988). On this basis, members F through L (units Kmf through Kml) are considered to be of Late Cretaceous age. Thickness in McCoy Mountains approximately 2,600 m KJmlu* LOWER PART, UNDIVIDED (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--In Dome Rock Mountains, Plomosa Mountains, and Livingston Hills. Lower part of unit consists of tan quartzose sandstone and maroon mudstone and siltstone correlative with member A (unit KJma). Upper part consists of greenish-gray, impure quartzose sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and minor conglomerate that may be correlative with members C and E (units KJmc and KJme). Conglomerate clasts are quartzite and volcanic rocks. Strata equivalent to members B and D (units KJmb and KJmd) are not recognized. Maximum thickness approximately 2,350 m (Harding, 1982; Harding and Coney, 1985) KJme MEMBER E (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Light-gray phyllitic shale; light-gray, dark-gray, and greenish-gray arkosic and volcanic-lithic sandstone; and minor conglomerate and calcareous rocks. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, volcanic rocks, and granitic rocks. Grayish-orange, calcareous shale present near top. Thickness approximately 1,500 m KJmd MEMBER D (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Dark-maroon phyllitic shale and silty to sandy shale interbedded with minor volcanic-lithic sandstone and conglomerate containing clasts of quartzite and volcanic rocks. Locally intruded by diorite (not shown). Thickness approximately 300 m KJmc MEMBER C (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Dark-gray to dark-greenish-gray, very fine grained to fine-grained volcanic-lithic sandstone and siltstone; dark- gray to dark-greenish-gray mudstone; and minor conglomerate. Mudstone commonly contains brown calcareous pods and lenses. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite and volcanic rocks. Thickness approximately 1,200 m KJmb MEMBER B (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Maroon mudstone and siltstone, commonly containing brown calcareous pods and lenses, interbedded with minor tan quartzite and brown, recrystallized limestone. Thickness approximately 100 m KJma MEMBER A (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Tan, fine- to medium-grained quartzite and minor chert- and quartzite-clast conglomerate interbedded with varying amounts of maroon mudstone and siltstone that commonly contain brown calcareous pods and lenses. Thickness approximately 350 m Kgm* GRANITE OF THE MUDERSBACH MINE AREA (CRETACEOUS)--Unfoliated, fine- grained, equigranular granite. K-Ar age of 85 Ma (Amoco Minerals, oral communication, in Stoneman, 1985a; dated mineral not specified) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF APACHE WASH (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Fining-upward sequence of conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone, structurally interleaved on low-angle faults with the lower part of the McCoy Mountains Formation (unit KJmlu) in the southern Plomosa Mountains. Age relation to the McCoy Mountains Formation uncertain (Harding and Coney, 1985). Thickness in the vicinity of Apache Wash approximately 1,900 m (Harding, 1980). Divided into: KJas* SILTSTONE--Light- to medium-gray, thin-bedded siltstone and minor fine-grained sandstone. Graded beds common. Thickness approximately 900 m (Harding, 1980) KJac* CONGLOMERATE AND SANDSTONE--Brownish-yellow to reddish-brown, massive conglomerate composed primarily of poorly sorted, angular clasts of quartzite, carbonate rocks, and volcanic rocks; and medium- to dark-gray arkosic sandstone. Conglomerate decreases in abundance upsection and from south to north. In southern part of outcrop area, conglomerate locally contains large, angular blocks and slabs of quartzite and carbonate rocks as much as several hundred meters long, interpreted as slide blocks. Graded beds locally present in sandstone. Thickness in vicinity of Apache Wash approximately 1,000 m (Harding, 1980) JTRu* VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC)--In Big Maria and Riverside Mountains Jv* VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE DOME ROCK SEQUENCE OF TOSDAL AND OTHERS (1989) (JURASSIC)--Consists primarily of rhyolitic to dacitic, massive volcanic rocks commonly referred to as quartz porphyry. Rocks typically are composed of a microcrystalline, felsic groundmass and phenocrysts of quartz, feldspar, and rare biotite mostly 2 mm in diameter or smaller. Commonly foliated and metamorphosed to greenschist and lower amphibolite facies. Interpreted to have originated as ash-flow tuff, tuff, flows, and hypabyssal porphyry (Tosdal, 1988; Tosdal and others, 1989). Locally includes sandstone and conglomerate composed of reworked volcanic detritus, particularly near top of unit. Geochronologic data indicate a minimum age of early Late Jurassic (Tosdal and others, 1989). In Dome Rock Mountains, locally includes: Jvbu* UPPER BEDDED UNIT--Thin- to thick-bedded, fine-grained, felsic tuff and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks that form the uppermost part of the Dome Rock sequence and concordantly underlie the McCoy Mountains Formation Jvbl* LOWER BEDDED UNIT--Dark, thin-bedded, strongly metamorphosed sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks that form the lowermost exposed part of the Dome Rock sequence. Rocks are composed largely of calc-silicate minerals, quartz, and biotite Jp* PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE KITT PEAK-TRIGO PEAKS SUPER-UNIT OF TOSDAL AND OTHERS (1989) (JURASSIC)--Porphyritic granitoid rocks (ranging in composition from granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite to quartz syenite), leucocratic granite, granodiorite, and diorite. Most abundant rock type is medium- to coarse-grained, strongly foliated to unfoliated, porphyritic granodiorite characterized by potassium feldspar phenocrysts 1 to 5 cm long and by clotted mafic minerals, primarily biotite. Leucocratic granite is fine to coarse grained, equigranular, and unfoliated to weakly foliated; it commonly intrudes the porphyritic granitoid rocks. Fine-grained, foliated granodiorite and diorite are present locally. U-Pb zircon ages of porphyritic granodiorite and leucocratic granite of the Kitt Peak-Trigo Peaks super-unit within and outside the map area are approximately 160 to 165 Ma and 158 to 161 Ma, respectively (Tosdal, 1988; Tosdal and others, 1989; R.M. Tosdal, oral commun., 1990). Quartz syenite in the Moon Mountain area has a U-Pb zircon age of 160 15 Ma (Knapp, 1989). Locally divided into: Jplg* LEUCOCRATIC GRANITE--In Dome Rock Mountains Jpgd* FOLIATED GRANODIORITE AND DIORITE--In Little Maria Mountains and northern Dome Rock Mountains Jpgb HORNBLENDE GABBRO--In Big Maria Mountains Jai* ALTERED IGNEOUS ROCKS (JURASSIC)--Light-colored, fine-grained, strongly metamorphosed, foliated, sheared igneous rocks in central Dome Rock Mountains. Probably derived from Jurassic volcanic rocks and (or) leucocratic granite JTRs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks generally consisting of, in descending order: fine-grained, locally crossbedded quartzite correlated with the Jurassic Aztec Sandstone (Hamilton, 1982, 1987); conglomeratic rocks containing clasts of quartzite, carbonate rocks, and granite; greenschist, gypsiferous schist, and calcareous quartzite correlated with the Triassic Moenkopi Formation. Includes conglomerate that unconformably overlies rocks of Proterozic age in the southern Plomosa Mountains (Reynolds and others, 1989; M.F. Lerch, unpublished mapping) TRqm QUARTZ MONZONITE AND MONZODIORITE (TRIASSIC)--Porphyritic biotite quartz monzonite and hornblende monzodiorite in Mule Mountains. Age is about 213 Ma on the basis of unpublished U-Pb analysis of zircon (R.M. Tosdal, written commun., 1990). Petrologically similar to the Late Triassic Mount Lowe Granodiorite (Tosdal, 1988) TRd DIORITE AND GABBRO (TRIASSIC?)--Hornblende diorite and gabbro, locally metamorphosed to amphibolite, in Mule Mountains and Little Chuckwalla Mountains. Age alternatively could be Proterozoic (Tosdal, 1988; R.E. Powell, written commun., 1989). In Little Chuckwalla Mountains, mixed with gneiss of probable Proterozoic age (R.M. Tosdal, written commun., 1990) Pzs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (PALEOZOIC)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of presumed Paleozoic age consisting of limestone, dolomite, calcitic marble, dolomitic marble, calc-silicate rocks, quartzite, and schist. May include some rocks of Triassic and (or) Jurassic age PCs SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PERMIAN TO CAMBRIAN)--Complete, or nearly complete, sections of Permian to Cambrian strata equivalent to units PPs and MCs combined, but too thin (owing to tectonic attenuation) to show at the map scale PPs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PERMIAN AND PENNSYLVANIAN)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks consisting of, in descending order: cherty and non-cherty limestone, dolomite, and marble correlated with the Permian Kaibab Limestone; fine-grained quartz sandstone and quartzite correlated with the Permian Coconino Sandstone; quartzitic calc-silicate schist correlated with the Permian Hermit Shale; calcareous sandstone, quartzite, and calc-silicate rocks correlated with the Permian and Pennsylvanian Supai Formation (Miller, 1970; Hamilton, 1982; Stone and others, 1983). Thickness highly variable because of tectonic attenuation MCs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (MISSISSIPPIAN TO CAMBRIAN)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks consisting of, in descending order: massive limestone and marble correlated with the Mississippian Redwall Limestone or Escabrosa Limestone; massive dolomite and dolomitic marble of probable Devonian and Cambrian age; thinly banded limestone and marble of probable Cambrian age; shale, schist, and thin-bedded quartzite correlated with the Cambrian Bright Angel Shale or Abrigo Formation; feldspathic quartzite and conglomeratic quartzite correlated with the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone or Bolsa Quartzite (Miller, 1970; Hamilton, 1982; Stone and others, 1983). Thickness highly variable because of tectonic attenuation Ppg* PORPHYRITIC GRANITE AND AUGEN GNEISS (PROTEROZOIC)--Coarse-grained, variably foliated and metamorphosed plutonic rocks characterized by phenocrysts or porphyroblasts of potassium feldspar 1 to 5 cm long. In Big Maria Mountains, includes rocks that have a Middle Proterozoic U-Pb zircon age of about 1400 Ma (L.T. Silver, oral commun. in Hamilton, 1982). In parts of area, unit may include rocks of Early Proterozoic age in addition to rocks of Middle Proterozoic age. Depositionally overlain in several places by strata correlated with the Tapeats Sandstone (lowermost part of unit MCs) Pgg* GRANITE, GNEISS, AND DIORITE, UNDIVIDED (PROTEROZOIC)--In upper plate of detachment fault in northern Plomosa Mountains Pgd* GRANODIORITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Dark-colored, medium-grained, equigranular granodiorite in southern Plomosa Mountains. Early Proterozoic U-Pb zircon age of 1730 to 1750 Ma (L.T. Silver, cited in Miller, 1970) Pd* DIORITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Near Quartzsite Plg* LEUCOCRATIC GRANITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Quartz-rich, pink-weathering granite near Quartzsite Pms* METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PROTEROZOIC)--Fine-grained paraschist, paragneiss, and quartzite in Dome Rock Mountains. Age assignment is supported by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd analysis (F.M. Lerch, written commun., 1990) Pmv* METAVOLCANIC ROCKS (PROTEROZOIC)--Fine-grained, felsic metavolcanic rocks in Dome Rock and Plomosa Mountains. Rocks typically contain quartz phenocrysts 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Age assignment is supported by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd analysis (Reynolds and others, 1989; F.M. Lerch, written commun., 1990) UNITS OF MIXED AND (OR) UNCERTAIN AGE KPm* MIGMATITIC GNEISS OF MESQUITE MOUNTAIN (CRETACEOUS AND PROTEROZOIC)-- Quartzofeldspathic gneiss and amphibolite of probable Proterozoic protolith age interlayered with synmetamorphic sills of medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite of Late Cretaceous age (Knapp, 1989). U-Pb zircon age of granite crystallization and migmatization is 67.2 1.4 Ma (Knapp, 1989). Gneissic layering is overprinted by younger fabrics interpreted to be related to Miocene extensional deformation (Knapp, 1989) MzPgn* GNEISSIC ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (MESOZOIC AND PROTEROZOIC)--Strongly foliated and lineated mylonitic gneiss and augen gneiss interpreted to be derived primarily from protoliths of Jurassic plutonic rocks and Proterozoic metamorphic and plutonic rocks. Includes some migmatitic gneiss (Hamilton, 1984) MzPfg FINE-GRAINED GNEISS (MESOZOIC OR PROTEROZOIC)--Quartzofeldspathic gneiss of uncertain protolith. Intruded by plutonic rocks of the Kitt Peak- Trigo Peaks superunit (unit Jp) MzPh HORNFELS (MESOZOIC OR PROTEROZOIC)--Dark-brown to green, fine-grained siliceous hornfels in central Dome Rock Mountains. Intruded by plutonic rocks of the Kitt Peak-Trigo Peaks superunit (unit Jp) EXPLANATION OF GEOLOGIC FEATURES SYMBOLIZED BY LINES AND POINTS [Features present in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (). Features without an asterisk are present only in the west half of the quadrangle.] CONTACT FAULT--Showing dip where known. Bar and ball on downthrown side. Dotted where concealed THRUST FAULT--Sawteeth on upper plate. Dotted where concealed. Includes some ductile faults and tectonic slides (Hutton, 1979) with unknown or ambiguous senses of displacement. Largely or entirely of Mesozoic age DETACHMENT FAULT--Showing dip where known. Hachures on upper plate. Dotted where concealed. Used specifically for low-angle normal faults of known or inferred Tertiary (Miocene) age and large displacement ANTICLINE--Showing direction of plunge ASYMMETRIC ANTICLINE--Showing direction of plunge. Short arrow indicates steeper limb OVERTURNED ANTICLINE SYNCLINE--Showing direction of plunge OVERTURNED SYNCLINE--Dotted where concealed STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS--Includes flow structure in some volcanic rocks INCLINED* VERTICAL* HORIZONTAL* OVERTURNED* STRIKE AND DIP OF FOLIATION INCLINED* VERTICAL* STRIKE AND DIP OF FOLIATION AND PLUNGE OF LINEATION* STRIKE AND DIP OF INCLINED FOLIATION AND DIRECTION OF PLUNGE OF LINEATION--Used where plunge is not indicated in source of geologic mapping STRIKE AND DIP OF INCLINED FOLIATION AND HORIZONTAL LINEATION STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS AND INTERSECTING FOLIATION--Symbols joined at point of observation STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS AND INTERSECTING FOLIATION OF EQUAL STRIKE AND OPPOSING DIP SOURCES OF BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAPPING [Sources of mapping in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (). Sources of mapping without an asterisk are in the west half of the quadrangle.] 1. Ballard, 1990 (Little Maria Mountains, California) 2. Crowl, 1979; this study (central Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 3. Hamilton, 1964, 1984; Hamilton, Warren, unpublished (Big Maria Mountains, California) 4.* Knapp, 1989 (Mesquite Mountain and Moon Mountain areas, Arizona) 5.* Knapp, 1989; Spencer and others, 1988; this study (Copper Peak area, Arizona) 6.* Miller, 1970; Lerch, M.F., unpublished; Richard, S.M., unpublished; this study (southern Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 7. Powell, R.E., unpublished (Little Chuckwalla Mountains, California) 8. Scarborough and Meader, 1983, 1989 (northern Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 9. Stone and Pelka, 1989 (McCoy Mountains, California) 10. Stoneman, 1985a, 1985b; this study (central Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 11.* Tosdal, 1988; this study (southern Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 12.* Tosdal, R.M., unpublished; this study (Mule Mountains, California) 13.* Yeats, 1985a, 1985b; this study (northern Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 14.* This study (small areas in the Little Maria Mountains, California and in the Dome Rock and Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) Notes: Surficial deposits were mapped primarily by the author through air photo interpretation and local field study. Outcrops of the fine-grained sedimentary rocks unit of the Bouse Formation (Tbs) are from Metzger and others (1973) and A.V. Buising (unpublished mapping). REFERENCES CITED [IN USGS OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497] Ballard, S.N., 1990, The Mesozoic structural evolution of the Little Maria Mountains, Riverside County, California: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. dissertation, 380 p. Crowl, W.J., 1979, Geology of the central Dome Rock Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 76 p. Dalrymple, G.B., 1979, Critical tables for conversion of K-Ar ages from old to new constants: Geology, v. 7, p. 558-560. Eberly, L.D., and Stanley, T.B., Jr., 1978, Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 89, p. 921-940. Hamilton, Warren, 1964, Geologic map of the Big Maria Mountains NE quadrangle, Riverside County, California and Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-350, scale 1:24,000. Hamilton, Warren, 1982, Structural evolution of the Big Maria Mountains, northeastern Riverside County, southeastern California, in Frost, E.G., and Martin, D.L., eds., Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado River region, California, Arizona, and Nevada: San Diego, California, Cordilleran Publishers, p. 127. Hamilton, Warren, 1984, Generalized geologic map of the Big Maria Mountains region, northeastern Riverside County, southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-407, scale 1:48,000. Hamilton, Warren, 1987, Mesozoic geology and tectonics of the Big Maria Mountains region, southeastern California, in Dickinson, W.R., and Klute, M.A., eds., Mesozoic rocks of southern Arizona and adjacent areas: Arizona Geological Society Digest 18, p. 3348. Harding, L.E., 1980, Petrology and tectonic setting of the Livingston Hills Formation, Yuma County, Arizona, in Jenney, J.P., and Stone, Claudia, eds., Studies in western Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 12, p. 135-145. Harding, L.E., 1982, Tectonic significance of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, Ph.D. thesis, 197 p. Harding, L.E., and Coney, P.J., 1985, The geology of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 755769. Hutton, D.H.W., 1979, Tectonic slides: A review and reappraisal: Earth Science Reviews, v. 15, p. 151-172. Knapp, J.K., 1989, Structural development, thermal evolution, and tectonic significance of a Cordilleran basement thrust terrane, Maria fold and thrust belt, west-central Arizona: Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D. thesis, 262 p. Martin, D.L., Krummenacher, Daniel, and Frost, E.G., 1982, K-Ar geochronologic record of Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonics of the Big Maria-Little Maria- Riverside Mountains terrane, in Frost, E.G., and Martin, D.L., eds., Mesozoic- Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado River region, California, Arizona, and Nevada: San Diego, California, Cordilleran Publishers, p. 519557. Metzger, D.G., Loeltz, O.J., and Irelan, Burdge, 1973, Geohydrology of the Parker-Blythe-Cibola area, Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-G, 130 p. Miller, F.K., 1970, Geologic map of the Quartzsite quadrangle, Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-841, scale 1:62,500. Miller, F.K., and McKee, E.H., 1971, Thrust and strike-slip faulting in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 717-722. Pelka, G.J., 1973, Geology of the McCoy and Palen Mountains, southeastern California: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. thesis, 162 p. Reynolds, S.J., Spencer, J.E., Asmerom, Yemane, DeWitt, Ed, and Laubach, S.E., 1989, Early Mesozoic uplift in west-central Arizona and southeastern California: Geology, v. 17, p. 207-211. Scarborough, Robert, and Meader, Norman, 1983, Reconnaissance geology of the northern Plomosa Mountains: Arizona Geological Survey Open-file Report 83-24, 35 p. Scarborough, Robert, and Meader, Norman, 1989, Geologic map of northern Plomosa Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Map CM- 89-D, scale 1:24,000. Shafiqullah, M., Damon, P.E., Lynch, D.J., Reynolds, S.J., Rehrig, W.A., and Raymond, R.H., 1980, K-Ar geochronology and geologic history of southwestern Arizona and adjacent areas, in Jenney, J.P., and Stone, Claudia, eds., Studies in western Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 12, p. 201-260. Spencer, J.E., Duncan, J.T., and Burton, W.D., 1988, The Copperstone Mine: Arizona's new gold producer: Arizona Geological Survey Fieldnotes, v. 18, no. 2, p. 1-3. Stone, Paul, Howard, K.A., and Hamilton, Warren, 1983, Correlation of metamorphosed Paleozoic strata of the southeastern Mojave Desert region, California and Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 1135 1147. Stone, Paul, and Pelka, G.J., 1989, Geologic map of the Palen-McCoy Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2092, scale 1:62,500. Stoneman, D.A., 1985a, Structural geology of the Plomosa Pass area, northern Plomosa Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 99 p. Stoneman, D.A., 1985b, Geologic map of the Plomosa Pass area, northern Plomosa Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM-85b, scale 1:12,000. Tosdal, R.M., 1988, Mesozoic rock units along the Late Cretaceous Mule Mountains thrust system, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. thesis, 365 p. Tosdal, R.M., Haxel, G.B, and Wright, J.E., 1989, Jurassic geology of the Sonoran Desert region, southern Arizona, southeastern California, and northernmost Sonora: Construction of a continental-margin magmatic arc, in Jenney, J.P., and Reynolds, S.J., eds., Geologic evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 17, p. 397434. Yeats, K.J., 1985a, Geology and structure of the northern Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 123 p. Yeats, K.J., 1985b, Geologic map and structure section of the northern Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM-85-C, scale 1:12,000.	en
all-txt-docs	765397	WILLIAM E. BROCK, SECRETARY OF LABOR, AND ALAN C. MCMILLAN, REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, APPELLANTS V. ROADWAY EXPRESS, INC. No. 85-1530 In the Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 1986 On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia Brief for the Appellants TABLE OF CONTENTS Opinions below Jurisdiction Constitutional and statutory provisions involved Question presented Statement Summary of argument Argument: The temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in Section 405(c) does not violate the Due Process Clause A. The Due Process Clause almost never requires the government to hold an evidentiary hearing before effecting a temporary deprivation of property B. Consideration of the factors identified by this Court in Mathews clearly demonstrates that the temporary reinstatement remedy satisfies the requirements of procedural due process 1. Appellee's private interest 2. The government's interest 3. The risk of erroneous deprivation 4. Balance of the factors Conclusion OPINIONS BELOW The order of the district court (J.S. App. 1a-10a) is reported at 624 F. Supp. 197. The prior order of the district court granting appellee's motion for a preliminary injunction (J.S. App. 11a-19a) is reported at 603 F. Supp. 249. The Secretary's findings and preliminary order (J.S. App. 20a-23a) are unreported. The recommended decision and order of the administrative law judge (J.S. App. 29a-43a) are unreported. JURISDICTION The judgment of the district court (J.S. App. 24a) was entered on November 18, 1985. The notice of appeal to this Court was filed on December 17, 1985 (J.S. App. 25a-26a, 27a-28a). On February 6, 1986, Justice Powell issued an order extending the time within which to docket this appeal to and including March 17, 1986. The jurisdictional statement was filed on that date, and this Court noted probable jurisdiction on May 19, 1986. The jurisdiction of this Court rests upon 28 U.S.C. 1252. CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED 1. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides in pertinent part: No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law * * . 2. Section 405(a) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(a), provides: No person shall discharge, discipline, or in any manner discriminate against any employee with respect to the employee's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because such employee (or any person acting pursuant to a request of the employee) has filed any complaint or instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding relating to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety rule, regulation, standard, or order, or has testified or is about to testify in any such proceeding. 3. Section 405(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c), provides: (1) Any employee who believes he has been discharged, disciplined, or otherwise discriminated against by any person in violation of subsection (a) or (b) of this section may, within one hundred and eighty days after such alleged violation occurs, file (or have filed by any person on the employee's behalf) a complaint with the Secretary of Labor alleging such discharge, discipline, or discrimination. Upon receipt of such a complaint, the Secretary of Labor shall notify the person named in the complaint of the filing of the complaint. (2)(A) Within sixty days of receipt of a complaint filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary of Labor shall conduct an investigation and determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the complaint has merit and notify the complainant and the person alleged to have committed a violation of this section of his findings. Where the Secretary of Labor has concluded that there is reasonable cause to believe that a violation has occurred, he shall accompany his findings with a preliminary order providing the relief prescribed by subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. Thereafter, either the person alleged to have committed the violation or the complainant may, within thirty days, file objections to the findings or preliminary order, or both, and request a hearing on the record, except that the filing of such objections shall not operate to stay any reinstatement remedy contained in the preliminary order. Such hearings shall be expeditiously conducted. Where a hearing is not timely requested, the preliminary order shall be deemed a final order which is not subject to judicial review. Upon the conclusion of such hearing, the Secretary of Labor shall issue a final order within one hundred and twenty days. In the interim, such proceedings may be terminated at any time on the basis of a settlement agreement entered into by the Secretary of Labor, the complainant, and the person alleged to have committed the violation. (B) If, in response to a complaint filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary of Labor determines that a violation of subsection (a) or (b) of this section has occurred, the Secretary of Labor shall order (i) the person who committed such violation to take affirmative action to abate the violation, (ii) such person to reinstate the complainant to the complainant's former position together with the compensation (including back pay), terms, conditions, and privileges of the complainant's employment, and (iii) compensatory damages. If such an order is issued, the Secretary of Labor, at the request of the complainant may assess against the person against whom the order is issued a sum equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including attorney's fees) reasonably incurred, as determined by the Secretary of Labor, by the complainant for, or in connection with, the bringing of the complaint upon which the order was issued. QUESTIONS PRESENTED Whether Section 405(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(e), which provides that the Secretary of Labor -- upon a finding of "reasonable cause to believe" that an employee in the motor transportation industry was discharged in retaliation for the employee's safety complaints -- "shall" order the temporary reinstatement of the employee pending a hearing regarding the reasons for the discharge, is invalid under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because the Secretary is not required to afford the employer an evidentiary hearing before issuing the temporary reinstatement order. STATEMENT 1. Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. (& Supp. II) 2305, prohibits employers in the motor transportation industry from taking retaliatory action against employees who assert their rights to safe working conditions. The statute provides that "(n)o person shall discharge, discipline, or in any manner discriminate against any employee with respect to the employee's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment" because the employee filed a complaint or otherwise instituted a proceeding "relating to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety rule, regulation, standard, or order," or because the employee refused for safety reasons to operate a commercial motor vehicle. 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(a) and (b). /1/ An employee who "believes he has been discharged, disciplined, or otherwise discriminated against by any person" in violation of these statutory protections may file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(1)). /2/ Upon receipt of a complaint, the Secretary is required to "notify the person named in the complaint of the filing of the complaint" (ibid.). The Secretary must then investigate the complaint in order to "determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the complaint has merit" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /3/ If the Secretary concludes as a result of the investigation that there is "reasonable cause to believe that a violation has occurred, he shall accompany his findings with a preliminary order" providing for (1) abatement of the retaliatory conduct, (2) reinstatement of the employee to his or her former position, and (3) back pay and any other compensatory damages (ibid.). The employee or the employer may file objections to the Secretary's findings and request a "hearing on the record," which "shall be expeditiously conducted" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). The statute specifically provides that the filing by the employer of objections to the Secretary's findings and a request for a hearing "shall not operate to stay any reinstatement remedy contained in the preliminary order" (ibid.). The hearing is held before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who issues a recommended decision that is reviewed by the Secretary. The Secretary must issue a final order within 120 days of the conclusion of the hearing (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /4/ The order is subject to judicial review in the appropriate court of appeals (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(d)(1)). /5/ 2. Appellee, "one of the nation's largest over-the-road carriers" (J.A. 80), is engaged in the business of operating commercial motor vehicles interstate, principally to transport cargo (J.S. App. 1a, 20a). Appellee is therefore subject to the requirements of Section 405, 49 U.S.C. App. 2301(3); J.S. App. 1a, 20a; J.A. 90. On November 22, 1983, appellee discharged one of its truck drivers, Jerry Hufstetler, allegedly because Hufstetler had committed an act of dishonesty: appellee asserted that Hufstetler had intentionally disabled several of the lights on his truck, creating a false breakdown in order to obtain extra pay. On November 27, 1983, Hufstetler filed a grievance under the National Master Freight Agreement, a collective bargaining agreement between appellee and Teamsters Local Union No. 528, claiming that he had been fired in retaliation for his repeated safety-related requests for repairs to his truck. The grievance proceeded to arbitration in accordance with the agreement. The first arbitration panel was unable to reach a decision on the grievance; the second arbitration panel rejected Hufstetler's claim on January 30, 1984. J.S. App. 1a-2a, 21a; J.A. 40-76, 91-92. Hufstetler filed a complaint with the Secretary of Labor on February 7, 1984, alleging that he had been discharged in violation of Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act because he was discharged in retaliation for his requests for safety repairs. The Secretary notified appellee of Hufstetler's complaint and began an investigation of Hufstetler's allegations. J.S. App. 2a, 21a. In the course of the investigation, appellee was afforded "the opportunity to fully state and support (its) positions" (J.A. 79). Appellee submitted a "written position statement with supporting affidavits explaining the circumstances of (the) discharge" together with a copy of the arbitration decision. J.A. 93; see also id. at 6. Appellee's attorney subsequently submitted a letter setting forth appellee's legal arguments and presented appellee's views orally at a meeting with Labor Department officials (J.A. 6-7, 93). The Secretary's 11-month investigation found "credible, independent evidence" supporting Hufstetler's allegations (J.A. 79). On January 21, 1985, the Secretary concluded that there was reasonable cause to believe that appellee had discharged Hufstetler in violation of Section 405 and issued a preliminary order directing appellee to reinstate Hufstetler (J.S. App. 3a, 20a-23a). The Secretary found that "(Hufstetler) had a two year history of bringing vehicle safety problems to the attention of (appellee) and had complained to (the Department of Transportation) and to elected public officials. These complaints constitute protected activity under the (Surface Transportation Assistance) Act" (id. at 22a). The Secretary further found that "(appellee) had warned (Hufstetler) and threatened to get him due to his excessive breakdowns due to (Hufstetler's) recognition of safety violations" and that "(appellee) had threatened to do anything (it) could to catch (Hufstetler) doing something wrong, to get rid of him" (id. at 21a, 22a). With respect to appellee's allegation that Hufstetler had been dishonest, the Secretary determined that "(appellee's) evidence to support the discharge is conjecture. (Hufstetler) has presented evidence to support his innocence" (J.S. App. 21a). Based on these facts, the Secretary concluded that "(appellee's) termination of (Hufstetler's) employment was discriminatorily motivated by (Hufstetler's) protected activity" (id. at 22a), and he ordered appellee "to immediately offer reinstatement to (Hufstetler)," to compensate Hufstetler with back pay, and "to expunge from (Hufstetler's) personnel records any adverse references to his discharge or any protected activity" (id. at 23a). 3. On February 1, 1985 -- 11 days after the Secretary's issuance of the preliminary order -- appellee commenced this action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, seeking an injunction against the enforcement of the Secretary's order and a declaratory judgment that the Secretary's order was unconstitutional. Appellee claimed that the issuance of the reinstatement order without a prior "evidentiary hearing" violated its due process rights (J.A. 9-10). The district court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the Secretary's reinstatement order (J.S. App. 11a-19a). /6/ On November 18, 1985, the district court issued an order granting appellee's motion for summary judgment (J.A. App. 1a-10a). The court declared Section 405(c)(2)(A) "unconstitutional and void to the extent that it empowers (appellants) to order reinstatement of discharged employees prior to conducting an evidentiary hearing" (J.S. App. 9a). Accordingly, the court entered a permanent injunction "restrain(ing) and enjoin(ing) (appellants) from further issuance of preliminary orders of reinstatement * * without first conducting an evidentiary hearing which complies with the minimum requirements of procedural due process" (ibid.). /7/ The district court observed that in order to ascertain the requirements of due process it is necessary to consider "the private interest affected by the government's action; the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used; and, the government's interest, including the function involved and the administrative and fiscal burdens that the additional procedural requirement would entail" (J.S. App. 6a). The court found that appellee had "important interests in not being compelled to reinstate an employee discharged for wrongful conduct and in upholding the arbitration provisions of its bargaining agreement" (ibid.). The court further found that "the procedures used by (the Department of Labor) were inherently unreliable, inasmuch as they did not provide any means for resolving disputed issues of fact and credibility. An evidentiary hearing, prior to mandatory reinstatement, would clearly strengthen the reliability of the procedures and the ultimate decision, and hedge against the risk of erroneous deprivation" (J.S. App. 8a (citation omitted)). The court also noted that the Secretary "failed to make available the names and statements of witnesses upon which (the) decision was based" (id. at 7a). With respect to the government's interest, the court concluded that "(a)lthough the governmental interests in promoting safety on the highways and prohibiting retaliatory discharge are indeed valid, (the Department of Labor) has failed to show any compelling considerations which necessitate postponing the hearing" (J.A. App. 8a). It found that "the administrative or fiscal burdens attendant to such a hearing prior to reinstatement would be negligible" because the statute already provides for a post-reinstatement hearing (ibid.). Weighing these considerations, the court found that the temporary reinstatement procedures set forth in the statute failed to provide employers with a "meaningful opportunity to be heard" (J.S. App.9a). The court concluded that the requirements of due process could be satisfied only through a prereinstatement "evidentiary hearing" at which the employer is afforded "at minimum, an opportunity to present his side and a chance to confront and cross examine witnesses" (id. at 8a-9a). SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT This case concerns a challenge under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to an essential element of a statute enacted by Congress to maintain and improve highway safety. Congress concluded that its safety program should encourage motor carrier employees to report violations of federal highway safety standards. It therefore enacted Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which expressly prohibits discharge, discipline, or discrimination in retaliation for an employee's safety-related activities. In order to alleviate employees' fears of interim losses of jobs on account of safety complaints, the statute further provides that an employee who alleges that he was discharged in violation of Section 405 must be reinstated on a temporary basis, without a prior evidentiary hearing, if the Secretary finds reasonable cause to believe that the discharge was in fact retaliatory. Before issuing such a temporary reinstatement order, the Secretary affords the employer notice and an opportunity to present evidence and state his views. In addition, Section 405 provides for a prompt postreinstatement evidentiary hearing regarding the legality of the discharge. Despite these procedural protections, however, the district court held that Section 405 violates the Due Process Clause. The court concluded that the Constitution prohibits the temporary reinstatement remedy created by Congress because an evidentiary hearing must be conducted before the issuance of a reinstatement order. That determination not only ignores settled principles of deference to legislative determinations in assessing the constitutionality of an Act of Congress, it also reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of this Court's decisions interpreting the Due Process Clause and of Congress's objectives in enacting Section 405. This Court has considered in a variety of contexts the question whether the Due Process Clause requires that an evidentiary hearing be held prior to a temporary deprivation of property when a full post-deprivation hearing is provided under the relevant statutory scheme. The "ordinary principle" established by this Court's decisions is that due process is satisfied by "something less than an evidentiary hearing * * * prior to adverse administrative action" (Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 343 (1976)). In only one case, Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), has the Court required a full adversarial hearing before an initial deprivation of property, and the "crucial factor" in that case was that an erroneous decision would deprive an eligible welfare recipient of "the means to obtain essential food, clothing, housing, and medical care" (397 U.S. at 264 (footnote omitted)). An employer plainly would not suffer such drastic adverse consequences as a result of the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order; and, although the court below ignored this interest, the employee would suffer serious consequences if he is discharged for a lengthy period for a reason ultimately found to be unlawful. Under these circumstances, due process requires at most that the employer be provided with notice and an informal opportunity to respond prior to the issuance of the temporary order. An assessment of the specific interests relevant to the due process inquiry confirms this conclusion. The employer's private interest is relatively insubstantial because an employer required to pay the wages of a reinstated employee receives the benefits of the employee's labor. Although the employer does suffer some reduction in his control over his workforce by virtue of the temporary nullification of his decision to discharge one of his employees, the significance of this consideration is reduced by the fact that the employer's control of the workforce already is limited by statute and employment contracts. Thus, the interest of the employer affected by the temporary order simply is not substantial. On the other hand, the governmental interest implicated by the temporary reinstatement order is quite weighty. The order furthers the government's interest in promoting public safety by encouraging motor carrier employees to engage in safety-related conduct. The court below failed to recognize that the threat of a lengthy temporary discharge could be a substantial deterrent to safety complaints. But the increased delay in obtaining reinstatement for wrongfully discharged employees that would result from the elimination of the temporary reinstatement remedy undoubtedly would reduce employees' willingness to engage in safety-related activity. Requiring the Secretary to afford employers an evidentiary hearing before issuing a reinstatement order thus would reduce the effectiveness of Congress's safety program. Finally, the procedures utilized by the Secretary of Labor in determining whether to issue a temporary reinstatement order under Section 405 significantly reduce the risk of erroneous determinations. The notice and opportunity to respond provided to employers -- together with the requirement that the Secretary find "reasonable cause to believe" that the discharge was unlawful (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)) -- serve as the "initial check against mistaken decisions" generally required by this Court in connection with temporary deprivations of property (Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, No. 83-1362 (Mar. 19, 1985), slip op. 12). The district court erroneously concluded that an evidentiary hearing is always required to resolve disputed issues of fact in the temporary deprivation context. Even where factual disputes are involved, this Court has rarely concluded that the risk of an erroneous decision is so great as to require the government to stay its hand pending an evidentiary hearing. Notice and an opportunity to respond are all that is necessary to provide a sufficient check against erroneous decisionmaking. Since the procedures followed by the Secretary under Section 405 plainly satisfy that standard, the temporary reinstatement remedy should be upheld. ARGUMENT THE TEMPORARY REINSTATEMENT REMEDY SET FORTH IN SECTION 405(c) DOES NOT VIOLATE THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE The guarantee of procedural due process contained in the Fifth Amendment requires the government to treat an individual with fundamental fairness when it deprives him of his liberty or his property. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, No. 84-571 (June 28, 1985), slip op. 14; Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 24-25 (1981). Like "fundamental fairness" itself, a term "whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty" (Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24), procedural due process is "not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances" (Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 895 (1961)). Rather, due process is a "flexible concept," with the procedural requirements mandated by the Constitution depending upon the specific circumstances of the particular deprivation of liberty or property. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, slip op. 14; see also Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24, 31; Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334 (1976). This constitutional guarantee does not, of course, apply to every situation in which an individual is affected adversely by government action. The threshold question in assessing any claim that the government has failed to provide the requisites of procedural due process is whether the challenged government action deprived the claimant of a liberty or property interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, No. 83-1362 (Mar. 19, 1985), slip op. 4-5; Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-578 (1972). Appellee had a contractual right to discharge its employees for cause. /8/ Although the power of Congress to regulate in this area is very broad, we do not dispute that appellee's right to discharge constitutes a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause and that the Secretary's order -- had it gone into effect -- would have deprived appellee of this interest by requiring the reinstatement of an employee previously discharged by appellee. /9/ "Once it is determined that due process applies, the question remains what process is due" (Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481 (1972)). The "fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333, quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965); see also Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 (1950). As we have discussed (see pages 5-6), Section 405 provides employers such as appellee with several opportunities to be heard in connection with the assessment of the legality of a discharge. In the course of the investigation of an employee's complaint, the employer is given an opportunity to respond to the employee's charges and present witnesses and documentary evidence in support of its position. If the Secretary of Labor finds reasonable cause to believe that the discharge violated the statute, the employer may request a "hearing on the record," which "shall be expeditiously conducted" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /10/ Appellee contends that these procedures are inadequate under the Constitution, however, because an evidentiary hearing should be conducted before an employer may be required to reinstate a previously discharged employee, even when the reinstatement is on a temporary basis subject to the outcome of a later evidentiary hearing. Thus, the sole question before the Court in this case is whether Congress's remedy of temporary reinstatement prior to the evidentiary hearing comports with the requirements of the Due Process Clause in the present circumstances. The Court long has recognized that "(j)udging the constitutionality of an Act of Congress is properly considered '"the gravest and most delicate duty that this Court is called upon to perform."'" Walters, slip op. 13, quoting Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57, 64 (1981) (citation omitted). The starting point in undertaking this task is "the strong presumption in favor of the validity of congressional action" (Schweiker v. McClure, 456 U.S. 188, 200 (1982)), which rests on the fact that Congress's adoption of the statute constitutes the "duly enacted and carefully considered decision of a coequal and representative branch of our Government." Walters, slip op. 13; see also Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. at 64. Moreover, "(t)his deference to congressional judgment must be afforded even though the claim is that a statute Congress has enacted effects a denial of the procedural due process guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment" (Walters, slip op. 14). In view of the flexible nature of the requirements of due process, courts should be particularly receptive to legislative efforts to tailor administrative procedures to a specific decisional context. As the Court has observed, "(t)he role of the judiciary is limited to determining whether the procedures meet the essential standard of fairness under the Due Process Clause and does not extend to imposing procedures that merely displace congressional choices of policy. * * * (T)he courts must evaluate the particular circumstances and determine what procedures would satisfy the minimum requirements of due process * * ." Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 34-35 (1982); see also Walters, slip op. 20. The district court ignored these basic principles of constitutional adjudication and fundamentally misapplied this Court's decisions concerning the Due Process Clause in striking down the temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in Section 405(c). To discover the requisites of procedural due process, it is necessary to "first consider() any relevant precedents and then * * assess() the several interests that are at stake" in the particular situation (Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. at 25). This Court's decisions regarding temporary deprivations of property and an evaluation of the specific interests implicated in the present context establish beyond any doubt that Section 405(c) affords an employer all of the procedural protection required by the Constitution. A. The Due Process Clause Almost Never Requires The Government To Hold An Evidentiary Hearing Before Effecting A Temporary Deprivation Of Property This Court has considered in a variety of contexts the question whether the Due Process Clause requires that an evidentiary hearing be held prior to a temporary deprivation of property when a full postdeprivation hearing is provided under the relevant statutory scheme. The Court has consistently rejected claims that an evidentiary hearing, complete with an opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses, must be held before the government may temporarily deprive an individual of his property. The "'ordinary principle'" established by the Court's decisions is that "'something less than an evidentiary hearing is sufficient prior to adverse administrative action.'" Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. 1, 13 (1979) (citation omitted); see also, Loudermill, slip op. 8-9, 12; Mathews, 424 U.S. at 343. In Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. 600 (1974), the Court upheld the constitutionality of a state statute authorizing the issuance of an ex parte sequestration order that deprived a property owner of the possession of personal property without any prior notice or opportunity for a hearing. The statute required the filing of an affidavit and bond by the party seeking the order and specified that the order could be issued only by a judge. In addition, the owner of the property was free to seek the dissolution of the order immediately after the seizure of the property. The Court concluded that the statute "effect(ed) a constitutional accommodation of the conflicting interests of the parties" (416 U.S. at 607). The creditor was able to protect his security interest by obtaining control of the property, and the property owner was protected by the bond posted by the creditor and by the availability of post-sequestration judicial relief. The Court found that the statutory procedure established "an acceptable arrangement pendente lite to put the property in the possession of the party who furnishes protection against loss or damage to the other pending trial on the merits" (id. at 618). /11/ In most other situations, the Court has upheld predeprivation procedures against constitutional challenge as long as the party to be affected by the government action is provided with notice of the case against him and "an informal opportunity to tell his side of the story." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 14; see alo Loudermill, slip op. 12. This predeprivation hearing "need not definitively resolve the propriety of the (government action). It should be an initial check against mistaken decisions -- essentially, a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges * * * are true and support the proposed action." Loudermill, slip op. 12; see also Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13; Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535, 540 (1971). These limited procedural protections have been found to be sufficient to satisfy due process because the deprivation of property is temporary and "prompt postdeprivation review is available for correction of administrative error." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13; see also Loudermill, slip op. 13-14. For example, in Barry v. Barchi, 443 U.S. 55 (1979), the Court held that an evidentiary hearing was not required prior to the temporary suspension of a horse trainer suspected of complicity in the drugging of a race horse. The Court stated that "the State is entitled to impose an interim suspension, pending a prompt judicial or administrative hearing that would definitely determine the issues, whenever it has satisfactorily established probable cause to believe that a horse has been drugged and that a trainer has been at least negligent in connection with the drugging" (443 U.S. at 64). The Court held that the finding of the testing official that the horse was drugged, combined with a state law evidentiary presumption, was sufficient to establish probable cause. It noted that the trainer "was given more than one opportunity to present his side of the story to the State's investigators" (id. at 65), and concluded that these procedures "sufficed for the purposes of probable cause and interim suspension" (id. at 66). The Court has reached the same conclusion in a variety of other factual settings, holding that notice and an opportunity to respond -- not an evidentiary hearing -- are all that the Constitution requires prior to a temporary deprivation of property. Loudermill, slip op. 9-12 (employee discharge); Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13-19 (suspension of driver's license); Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. 105, 112-113 (1977) (same); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 332-349 (termination of disability benefits); Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 582-584 (1975) (suspension of student from school); Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 170 (1974) (opinion of Powell, J.) (employee discharge); id. at 196-202 (opinion of White, J.); see also McClelland v. Massinga, 786 F.2d 1205, 1210-1216 (4th Cir. 1986) (diversion of tax refund from taxpayer); Signet Construction Corp. v. Borg, 775 F.2d 486, 489-490 (2d Cir. 1985) (withholding contract payments); cf. Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 119-126 (1975) (adversarial hearing not required before depriving an individual of his liberty prior to trial). /12/ The Court has departed from this settled rule "(i)n only one case, Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), (where) the Court required a full adversarial evidentiary hearing prior to adverse governmental action" (Loudermill, slip op. 12). The Court held in Goldberg that a recipient of welfare benefits must be afforded an evidentiary hearing prior to the termination of such benefits. The Court stated that "the crucial factor in this context -- a factor not present in the case of * * * virtually anyone else whose governmental entitlements are ended -- is that termination of aid pending resolution of a controversy over eligibility may deprive an eligible recipient of the very means by which to live while he waits. Since he lacks independent resources, his situation becomes immediately desperate" (397 U.S. at 264 (emphasis in original)). The limited scope of the Court's decision in Goldberg was confirmed by its determination in Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, that a recipient of disability benefits is entitled only to notice and an informal opportunity to respond prior to the termination of his benefits. The Court found that an evidentiary hearing is not required because the hardship resulting from an erroneous deprivation of disability benefits, while "significant," is "likely to be less than that (imposed upon) a welfare recipient." 424 U.S. at 342; see also Walters, slip op. 27 ("dispositive" factor in Goldberg was that welfare recipients depended upon benefit payments "for their daily subsistence"). This Court's decisions make clear that the temporary reinstatement remedy at issue in this case does not violate the Constitution. Goldberg plainly is inapplicable because the consequences of the temporary restriction upon appellee's right to discharge one of its employees do not in any way resemble the hardship incurred by a welfare recipient who is deprived of his benefits. Appellee's property interest is instead sharply limited. See pages 26-30, infra. The present case more closely resembles the situation in Mitchell: the employer and the discharged employee each possess interests in the "property" at issue -- the discharged employee's job -- and the question addressed by Section 405 is how to allocate the interim burden of a disputed discharge pending a final resolution of the legality of the discharge. The power of Congress to regulate the surface transportation industry with regard to matters affecting safety and conditions of employment is, of course, extremely broad. In view of the offsetting interest of employees in that industry in not being temporarily discharged for what prove to be unlawful reasons under federal law, Congress could, we submit, have imposed any reasonable method of selecting who, as between employer and employee, will bear the interim burden while the legality of a discharge is determined. As we discuss below (see pages 47-49), Congress chose an eminently reasonable method of accommodating these interests when it enacted Section 405. Finally, the prereinstatement procedures afforded under Section 405(c) are essentially identical to the process that the Court has found to be required in connection with temporary deprivations of more significant property interests. The employer is made aware of the charges against him and afforded an opportunity to present his side of the story regarding the discharge; the reinstatement order must be preceded by a finding of "reasonable cause" to believe that the employer violated the applicable statutory standard (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A); and the statute provides a prompt post-deprivation evidentiary hearing (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(B)). The statute therefore amply affords employers the procedural protection required by the Constitution prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order. A fuller review of the interests implicated by a temporary reinstatement order confirms the correctness of this conclusion. B. Consideration Of The Factors Identified By This Court in Mathews Clearly Demonstrates That The Temporary Reinstatement Remedy Satisfies The Requirements Of Procedural Due Process The Court has made clear that "identification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335; see also Loudermill, slip op. 9. An assessment of these factors makes clear that the procedures currently followed by the Secretary provide an employer with all the deprivation process that could possibly be required in this setting. 1. Appellee's private interest The property interest affected by a temporary reinstatement order issued pursuant to Section 405(c) is the employer's right to discharge an employee for cause. By requiring the employer to reinstate a previously discharged employee, the order temporarily deprives the employer of this interest. It is clear, however, that the adverse consequences of this deprivation of property are extremely limited. The employer must pay the employee's salary pending a final determination of the legality of the discharge, but the employer, in turn, receives "the benefit of the employee's labors" (Loudermill, slip op. 11). The adverse effect of the deprivation of property is largely mitigated by the fact that the employer receives value in return for the funds he is required to expend. The only adverse consequence actually suffered by an employer is a reduction in his control over his workforce: he is unable to discharge an employee who he alleges is unsatisfactory. The district court noted that "'(p)rolonged retention of a disruptive or otherwise unsatisfactory employee can adversely affect discipline and morale in the work place, foster disharmony, and ultimately impair the efficiency of an office or agency.'" J.S. App. 7a, quoting Southern Ohio Coal Co. v. Donovan, 774 F.2d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 1985); see also Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. at 168 (opinion of Powell, J.). A reinstatement order obviously does limit an employer's absolute authority over the workforce, but, in assessing the magnitude of this consequence, it is important to note that the employer's authority is already circumscribed in a variety of ways. First, of course, he has no legal right to discharge an employee for safety complaints; depending on the ultimate outcome of the proceeding, therefore, a reinstatement order is either a mere implementation of that undoubtedly valid prohibition or a temporary restriction while the necessary determination is made. Other federal statutes forbid an employer from basing employment decisions upon characteristics such as race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(a)(1); see also 29 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 623 (age discrimination). And appellee's contract with its employees limits its discharge authority in the same manner as the reinstatement order, requiring appellee to reinstate an employee when a discharge is successfully challenged under the contract's arbitration procedures (J.A. 37-39). Thus, the sole effect of the reinstatement order is to impose some additional restriction in an area in which appellee already has lost a considerable degree of control. /13/ The adverse consequences suffered by an employer such as appellee in this setting are much less significant than the adverse consequences resulting from virtually all of the temporary deprivations of property previously considered by this Court. The Court observed in Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, that the withdrawal of welfare benefits threatens recipients with the deprivation "of the very means by which to live" (397 U.S. at 264). The discharge of a government employee similarly could "depriv(e) (the employee) of the means of livelihood" (Loudermill, slip op. 9). Other decisions have involved a license necessary to pursue one's livelihood (Barry v. Barchi, supra) and a drivers' license, the suspension of which could cause "personal inconvenience and economic hardship" (Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 11). Each of these government actions thus threatens the individual subjected to the temporary deprivation of property with immediate hardship. See Friendly, "Some Kind of Hearing," 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1267, 1295-1304 (1975) (discussing severity of government action). In terms of hardship, the adverse consequences to an employee of a wrongful temporary loss of his job come closer to the Court's past cases than do the consequences to the employer of a wrongful temporary reinstatement. An incremental reduction in the employer's control of his workforce, which involves one employee out of many and may not result in any adverse economic consequences, cannot be equated with these situations. The deprivation of property at issue here simply does not have the significant, life-altering adverse consequences that the Court has cited in concluding that due process requires specific procedural protections in connection with temporary deprivations of property. The present case instead resembles the consequences of the sequestration order at issue in Mitchell, where the property owner lost only the control of his property, and was protected to a large degree against economic loss. See page 20, supra. In view of the quite minor adverse consequences visited upon an employer as a result of the temporary deprivation of his property interest, a relatively small amount of procedural protection should be sufficient to satisfy due process. /14/ Of course, as we discuss below, even if these consequences are regarded as the equivalent of the consequences of a deprivation of these other sorts of property interests, the process provided by Section 405 is sufficient to satisfy the Constitution. 2. The government's interest In sharp contrast to the relatively minor nature of the employer's private interest affected by Section 405(c), the governmental interests furthered by the temporary reinstatement remedy are extremely weighty. This Court has observed several times that government has a "paramount" interest in "preserving the safety of its public highways." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 17; see also Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. at 114. The legislative history of the safety provisions of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which include the employee protection provision at issue here, establishes that Congress enacted these provisions in order to promote highway safety and thereby curb the "increasing number of deaths, injuries, and property damage due to commercial motor vehicle accidents." 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (summary of safety provisions submitted by Sen. Danforth). /15/ Evidence before Congress revealed that "(t)ruck and bus accidents play(ed) a major role in th(e) unacceptable" increase in deaths and injuries on the nation's highways (S. Rep. 96-547, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1979)). For example, the Department of Transportation reported a 42% increase in motor carrier accidents resulting in death or injury between 1975 and 1978, and pointed to a "disturbing trend" showing that truck accidents were increasing at a rate faster than the increase in the number of miles traveled by such vehicles. Truck Safety Act: Hearings on S. 1390 and S. 1400 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 1, 71, 84-85 (1979) (hereinafter cited as Truck Safety Act Hearings). In 1982, truck accidents resulted in over 2,800 deaths, 28,500 injuries, and $355 million in property damage (128 Cong. Rec. S15609 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth)). Congress found that a major reason for this increase in the danger on the nation's highways was that "(f)ederal commercial motor vehicle safety rules (were) being flagrantly ignored" (S. Rep.96-547, supra, at 3). During a random spot check of commercial trucks by the Department of Transportation, 44% of all vehicles inspected were ordered out of service because they were found to have serious safety violations. Truck Safety Act Hearings 71 (statement of John S. Hassell, Deputy Administrator, Federal Highway Administration). Large percentages of safety violations also were detected in the course of other inspection efforts. Id. at 56, 67 (statement of Sen. Percy); id. at 82 (statement of John S. Hassell). /16/ Congress concluded that "(t)his pattern of noncompliance with commercial motor vehicle safety requirements demonstrates that federal enforcement efforts have proven ineffective, and this pattern will continue as long as these violations are likely to go undetected" (S. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 4). It decided to adopt "a systematic and integrated approach to remedying the present regulatory deficiencies in the commercial motor vehicle safety area." Ibid.; see also 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth). One important element of this new motor vehicle safety program was the employee protection provision at issue in this case. Congress recognized that "employees and others in the commercial motor vehicle safety area are often in the best position to provide early detection of safety and health violations. Therefore, the legislation's complaint investigation and 'whistle-blower' protection provisions are directed to providing significant assistance to federal enforcement activities." S. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 4; see also id. at 17; 128 Cong. Rec. S14648 (daily ed. Dec. 14, 1982) (section-by-section analysis submitted by Sen. Baker) (stating in relation to the employee protection provision that "(e)nforcement of commercial motor vehicle safety laws and regulations is possible only through an effort on the part of employers, employees, State safety agencies, and the Department of Transportation"). Senator Percy, the original author of the employee protection provision, explained that employees must be insulated against economic retaliation if they are to assist in the enforcement of safety standards: "Because truck drivers are threatened with firing for cooperating with enforcement agencies, or for refusing to drive hazardous or overloaded vehicles, they have little choice other than to comply with their employer's instructions to violate the law. But, with the 'whistle-blower' protection of this legislation, drivers will be given the protection to refuse to violate the law." 128 Cong. Rec. S15769 (daily ed. Dec. 20, 1982); see also 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (summary of safety provisions submitted by Sen. Danforth) (the anti-retaliation provision "underscore(s) the strong Congressional policy that persons reporting health and safety violations should not suffer because of this action"). This Court has affirmed in other contexts the judgment made by Congress here -- that a program dependent upon the participation of employees to secure compliance with regulatory standards will be successful only if employees are protected against economic retaliation. In Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288 (1960), for example, the Court considered the employee protection provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Observing that Congress "chose to rely on information and complaints received from employees seeking to vindicate rights claimed to have been denied," the Court concluded that "(p)lainly, effective enforcement could * * * only be expected if employees felt free to approach officials with their grievances" (361 U.S. at 292). Since "it needs no argument to show that fear of economic retaliation might often operate to induce aggrieved employees quietly to accept substandard conditions," the statute's "proscription of retaliatory acts" served to "foster a climate in which compliance with the substantive provisions of the Act would be enhanced." Ibid.; see also NLRB v. Scrivener, 405 U.S. 117, 122 (1972) (citation omitted) (anti-retaliation provision of the National Labor Relations Act necessary "'to prevent the (government's) channels of information from being dried up by employer intimidation of prospective complainants and witnesses'"); Donovan v. Square D Co., 709 F.2d 335, 338 (5th Cir. 1983) (Occupational Safety and Health Act); Phillips v. Interior Board of Mine Operations Appeals, 500 F.2d 772, 778-783 (D.C. Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 938 (1975) (Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. /17/ Section 405 similarly encourages employees to report statutory violations and cooperate in agency investigative efforts by eliminating the possibility of employer retaliation. The provision thus plays an important role in furthering the compelling governmental interest in highway safety. The district court acknowledged that "the governmental interests in promoting safety on the highways and prohibiting retaliatory discharge are indeed valid," but concluded that these interests "would not be impaired by requiring a hearing prior to reinstatement" (J.S. App. 8a). This determination reflects a serious misunderstanding of the purpose of the temporary reinstatement remedy designed by Congress. As a threshold matter, the district court erred by dismissing out of hand Congress's determination -- reflected in the terms of the statute -- that a temporary reinstatement remedy is necessary to further the legislative purpose underlying the statute. Absent evidentiary support for its contrary determination, the district court was not free to ignore Congress's judgment that this remedy plays an important part in furthering the statutory goal by encouraging employees to come forward with safety complaints. Cf. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, slip op. 17. Moreover, the court wholly failed to appreciate the importance of temporary reinstatement of an employee who, there is reasonable cause to believe, has been wrongfully discharged for safety complaints. The purpose of Section 405 is to provide employees with as much protection as possible from retaliation by employers so that employees will feel free to report safety violations. An employee is likely to view the speed with which he will be reinstated to his previous position as an important element of this protection. As one truck driver stated in House committee hearings on the subject of motor carrier safety, "(t)he promise of back pay years down the road just is not enough protection when your car has been repossessed, your mortgage foreclosed, and your marriage broken up in the meantime." Commercial Motor Carrier Safety: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Surface Transportation of the House Comm. on Public Works and Transportation, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 35 (1980) (statement of Mel Packer); see also Truck Safety Act Hearings 160-161. The Court "frequently (has) recognized the severity of depriving a person of the means of livelihood" (Loudermill, slip op. 9). The longer the discharged employee remains unemployed, the more devastating the financial consequences are likely to be. And even if the discharged employee finds employment elsewhere, he may be forced to accept a reduced salary because he "is likely to be burdened by the questionable circumstances under which he left his previous job" (ibid.). Since the length of the delay prior to reinstatement thus affects the employee's ability to support himself and his family, it is likely to be the most significant factor considered by an employee deciding whether to exercise the rights protected by Section 405. Congress plainly was concerned about the speed of the remedial process under Section 405. Its decision to authorize the Secretary of Labor to consider employees' complaints instead of permitting employees to commence lawsuits against their employers rested upon the determination that "(r)edress through the court system is a very expensive and time-consuming process." 128 Cong. Rec. S14648 (daily ed. Dec. 14, 1982) (section-by-section analysis submitted by Sen. Baker); see also B. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 6 (discussing necessity for "rapid action" by Department of Labor). Congress obviously determined that an expeditious, temporary remedy also was necessary to fulfill the provision's purpose of encouraging employees to come forward with safety-related information. Requiring the Secretary to afford the employer an evidentiary hearing before ordering the temporary reinstatement of a discharged employee would thwart the accomplishment of Congress's purpose by delaying relief for employees who engage in safety-related activity. Indeed, the employer would be able to make use of the hearing and any possible appeal to delay the reinstatement of the employee. Cf. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 347 ("the fact that full benefits would continue until after such hearings would assure the exhaustion in most cases of this attractive option"). Mandating a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing thus would enable employers to continue to retaliate against an employee by prolonging the employee's unemployment. Such a vivid demonstration of the limited nature of the statutory protection undoubtedly would discourage other employees from engaging in safety-related actions, chilling the very conduct that Congress sought to promote when it enacted Section 405. The full force of the government's compelling interest in highway safety is therefore implicated by the temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in that provision. The district court also ignored the fact that requiring a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing would impose additional fiscal and administrative burdens upon the government. See Walters, slip op. 15 & n.9. As we have discussed, employers undoubtedly would request reinstatement evidentiary hearings in virtually every case, and "experience with the constitutionalizing of government procedures suggests that the ultimate additional cost in terms of money and administrative burden would not be insubstantial." Mathews, 424 U.S. at 347; see also Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. at 114. Accordingly, the government interest in conserving public funds is also relevant in determining the process that is due in this context. 3. The risk of erroneous deprivation An assessment of the risk that an employer will be erroneously deprived of his property interest requires consideration of two separate factors. First, it is necessary to evaluate the procedures followed by the Secretary prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order to ascertain the effectiveness of those procedures in limiting the risk of an erroneous determination. Second, the value of the additional procedures proposed by appellee and the district court must be considered. Of course, "the (Due Process) Clause does not require that 'the procedures used to guard against an erroneous deprivation . . . be so comprehensive as to preclude any possibility of error.'" Walters, slip op. 14-15, quoting Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13. "(W)hen prompt postdeprivation review is available for correction of administrative error, (the Court has) generally required no more than that the predeprivation procedures used be designed to provide a reasonably reliable basis for concluding that the facts justifying the official action are as a responsible governmental official warrants them to be" (Mackey, 443 U.S. at 13). This standard is satisfied by the procedure utilized by the Secretary in the present context. The risk that the Secretary will erroneously issue a temporary reinstatement order is reduced significantly by the procedures that precede the issuance of such an order. /18/ As soon as a complaint is received from an employer, an experienced investigator begins a thorough investigation to determine whether the allegations of the complaint are supported by independent evidence (J.A. 78-79). The employer is informed of the allegations of the complaint and of the substance of the case against him. /19/ The employer is also afforded a full opportunity to state his position and provide documentary evidence and oral testimony in support of that position. Ibid; see also pages 5-6 note 3, supra. Finally, a temporary reinstatement order is issued only if the Secretary finds credible evidence establishing "reasonable cause to believe" that the discharge of the employee was retaliatory (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /20/ These procedures were followed in the present case (J.A. 79). First, appellee was notified of the allegations made by employee Hufstetler. /21/ Second, Labor Department investigators conducted a thorough 11-month investigation and found "credible, independent evidence" supporting Hufstetler's claim of retaliatory discharge (ibid.). Third, appellee submitted a written position statement explaining the circumstances of the discharge, which was supported by affidavits from witnesses favorable to appellee (J.A. 6, 79, 93). Fourth, appellee's attorney submitted a letter setting forth appellee's legal arguments and orally presented appellee's side of the story in a meeting with Labor Department officials (J.A. 6-7, 93). Finally, the Secretary's designee reviewed the evidence and determined that there was "reasonable cause to believe" that Hufstetler had been discharged in violation of Section 405 (J.S. App. 20a-23a). These procedures clearly provided the "initial check against mistaken decisions" required prior to a temporary deprivation of property. Loudermill, slip op. 12; see also pages 19-23, 39, supra. The district court found that the Secretary's prereinstatement procedures did not sufficiently reduce the risk of an erroneous decision and concluded that an employer also must be provided with an evidentiary hearing and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order (J.S. App. 7a-8a). Each of these determinations is incorrect. The basis for the district court's requirement of a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing was its conclusion that the Secretary's procedures "were inherently unreliable, inasmuch as they did not provide any means for resolving disputed issues of fact and credibility" (J.S. App. 8a). However, even where the propriety of a temporary deprivation of property turns upon a factual dispute, this Court's decisions do not require the government to stay its hand pending the conclusion of an evidentiary hearing. In Loudermill, for example, the Court found that notice and an opportunity to be heard satisfied due process even though dismissals of employees for cause "often involve factual disputes" and the propriety of the discharge at issue in that case turned upon a credibility determination -- the "subjective question whether (the employee) had lied on his application form" (slip op. 9, 10 & n.9). Similarly, in Barry v. Barchi, supra, the trainer's assertion that he was not negligent in connection with the drugging of the race horse raised an issue regarding both his own credibility and the reliability of the evidence against him, but the Court did not require an evidentiary hearing prior to the temporary license suspension (443 U.S. at 64-66). Thus, the Court has already concluded that a predeprivation evidentiary hearing is not always necessary "to resolve questions of credibility or conflicts in the evidence" (Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 15). /22/ The Court's conclusion in Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, that an evidentiary hearing is required prior to the termination of welfare benefits did rest in part upon the observation that "written submissions are a wholly unsatisfactory basis for decision" when "credibility and veracity are at issue" (397 U.S. at 269). But the Court did not rely solely upon that rationale in requiring an evidentiary hearing. It also found that written submissions "are an unrealistic option for most (welfare) recipients, who lack the educational attainment necessary to write effectively and who cannot obtain professional assistance," and that a welfare recipient could not present his position "secondhand through his caseworker" because "the caseworker usually gathers the facts upon which the charge of ineligibility rests" (ibid.). The justifications that supported the Goldberg Court's determination simply do not apply in the present context. First, employers such as appellee do not in any way resemble welfare recipients who cannot "write effectively" or "obtain professional assistance." The present case demonstrates that appellee, which is one of the nation's largest trucking concerns (J.A. 80), is able to obtain high caliber professional assistance in presenting its views. Second, the Court's general observations regarding the disadvantages of written submissions in a case that involves credibility determinations are irrelevant here because appellee was not limited to submitting written evidence. The Secretary's written guidelines for the investigation of employee complaints direct Department of Labor investigators to ask the employer to identify favorable witnesses, who then may be interviewed by the investigator. The employer is also permitted to state its position for the investigator. OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5-V6 (Aug. 26, 1985); see also pages 5-6 note 3, supra. Thus, the employer is not precluded from presenting oral testimony that is relevant to the legality of the discharge. Third, in the present context, unlike the situation involving welfare recipients, there is no reason to require direct presentation of this oral evidence to the decisionmaker. The complaint under Section 405 is filed by the employee, not the Secretary of Labor. The Labor Department investigator is charged with gathering all relevant facts and acts essentially as the agent of the decisionmaker. Thus, unlike a welfare caseworker, who the Court in Goldberg indicated might be biased against the recipient because he had prepared the charge of ineligibility (397 U.S. at 269), the Labor Department investigator has no prior involvement suggesting any reason why he would not accurately convey to the decisionmaker the evidence presented by the employer's witnesses. /23/ Finally, the Secretary's determination is, of course, only preliminary; an evidentiary hearing is held prior to a final decision regarding the legality of the discharge. Indeed, the ultimate factual issue in this case -- ascertaining the reasons for the discharge of an employee -- is identical to the ultimate issue in cases involving due process challenges to the termination of government employees. Since an evidentiary hearing is not necessary before making a preliminary determination in the latter context (see Loudermill, slip op. 12), it similarly should not be required to ensure the accuracy of a preliminary determination in the present setting. The district court noted that the Secretary did not "make available (to appellee) the names and statements of witnesses upon which its decision was based" (J.S. App. 7a) and appellee appears to argue that the Secretary should be obligated to disclose this information prior to the issuance of the temporary reinstatement order, even if the evidentiary hearing is not held until after the issuance of the order (Mot. to Aff. 4, 11). However, there is no basis for the contention that appellee was entitled to this information in advance of the post-reinstatement evidentiary hearing. At the outset, making this information available to the employer would contribute only marginally to the accuracy of the preliminary determination. Since the employer will be aware of the employee's charges and the substance of the evidence supporting the charges, the only conceivable purpose that could be served by disclosure of the witnesses' statements and identities is to permit the employer more easily to discredit these witnesses. Deferring such challenges until the evidentiary hearing will not undercut the accuracy of the preliminary determination because, even at the preliminary stage, credibility challenges can be based upon the employer's rebuttal of the substance of the witness's testimony. See Friendly, supra, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. at 1286 (suppression of the names of witnesses and curtailment of access to adverse evidence is permissible when "the decision is preliminary"). Moreover, disclosure of a witness's identity at this early stage of the proceeding presents a very real threat to the integrity of the complaint investigation process. Common sense suggests that the very retaliation and coercion that Congress sought to prevent in enacting Section 405 could be directed against employees who support a discharged employee's retaliation claim. In NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214 (1978), the Court recognized this possibility in a related context. It held that witness statements in a pending unfair labor practice proceeding are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act because of the risk that unions or employees "will coerce or intimidate employees and others who have given statements, in an effort to make them change their testimony or not testify at all." 437 U.S. at 239; see also Cuccaro v. Secretary of Labor, 770 F.2d 355, 359-360 (3d Cir. 1985) (upholding nondisclosure of names of witnesses in OSHA investigation for similar reasons); L & C Marine Transport, Ltd. v. United States, 740 F.2d 919, 921-925 (11th Cir. 1984) (same); cf. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 567-569 (1974) (holding that confrontation and cross-examination of witnesses are not required in context of a prison disciplinary proceeding because of the "high risk of reprisal" and the danger that the witness "may refuse to testify or admit any knowledge of the situation in question"). /24/ The employer will, of course, learn the identity of the witness in the pre-hearing exchange of witness lists or when the witness takes the stand at the post-reinstatement evidentiary hearing. /25/ Maintaining the confidentiality of the witness's identity prevents the employer from taking coercive action designed to deter the witness from testifying at the hearing. Disclosure of this information, on the other hand, is not likely to have a measurable effect on the accuracy of the preliminary determination. For these reasons, disclosure of witnesses' statements and identities should not be required in the preliminary stage of the proceeding. 4. Balance of the factors The foregoing discussion makes clear that Section 405 provides an employer with all the prereinstatement process that is required by the Due Process Clause. The governmental interest furthered by the temporary reinstatement remedy is the compelling interest in promoting highway safety, which is no less weighty than the governmental interests implicated in this Court's previous cases. The private interest of the employer that is affected by the temporary order, on the other hand, is not very significant and is offset by the employee's interest in not being temporarily discharged for what may prove to be an improper reason. A balancing of the interests therefore indicates that only minimal procedural protections should be required prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order. The procedures followed by the Secretary are plainly sufficient to satisfy this requirement. Indeed, it is settled that the government may terminate an employee's interest in continued employment after affording the employee notice and an opportunity to respond (Loudermill, slip op. 9-11); the same process therefore must be sufficient to protect the employer's less weighty interest in removing unsatisfactory employees. At bottom, the question in this case is whether Congress acted reasonably in determining that an employer subject to the requirements of Section 405 -- rather than the discharged employee -- should bear the expenses associated with a disputed discharge, pending a final dispositon of the merits of the claim, where the Secretary's preliminary view is that there is reasonable cause to believe the employee's side of the story. In view of the significantly smaller economic burden that is imposed upon the employer, and the importance to the success of the highway safety program of affording strong anti-retaliation protection, Congress's judgment should be upheld. Cf. Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15 (1976) (discussing Congress's preeminent authority to "adjust() the burdens and benefits of economic life"). Of course, "(t)he duration of any potentially wrongful deprivation of a property interest is an important factor in assessing the impact of official action on the private interest involved." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 12; see also Loudermill, slip op. 13 ("(a)t some point, a delay in the (postdeprivation) hearing would become a constitutional violation"). Here, Section 405 itself provides the necessary post-reinstatement procedural protections. It states that the post-reinstatement hearing "shall be expeditiously conducted," and sets a time limit for the issuance of a final order. 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A); see also page 6 and note 4, supra. The Court has indicated that even if a statute provides for a prompt post-deprivation hearing and the statutory scheme therefore complies with due process, the delay in a particular case may amount to a violation of due process. Loudermill, slip op. 13; Barry v. Barchi, 443 U.S. at 66. There is no occasion to consider the permissibility of the delay in the present case because appellee never was subjected to a deprivation of property -- enforcement of the Secretary's order was enjoined by the district court. Accordingly, appellee cannot complain that its due process rights were violated by the length of the delay in issuing a final order. /26/ CONCLUSION The judgment of the district court should be reversed. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES FRIED Solicitor General LOUIS R. COHEN Deputy Solicitor General ANDREW J. PINCUS Assistant to the Solicitor General GEORGE R. SALEM Deputy Solicitor of Labor ALLEN H. FELDMAN Associate Solicitor MARY-HELEN MAUTNER STEVEN J. MANDEL Counsels for Appellate Litigation JEANNE K. BECK Attorney Department of Labor JULY 1986 /1/ The statute defines a "commercial motor vehicle" as a vehicle used "principally to transport passengers or cargo" that has a weight rating of ten thousand or more pounds, is designed to transport more than ten persons, or is used to transport hazardous materials. 49 U.S.C. App. 2301(1). /2/ The Secretary has delegated his authority under Section 405 to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, who, in turn, has delegated this authority to the Regional Administrators of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. /3/ The Secretary has adopted detailed written procedures governing the investigation of complaints filed by employees under Section 405. The current version of these procedures requires the Labor Department investigator to interview the complainant and encourage the complainant to identify witnesses who can support his allegations. The investigator must also "contact the (employer), notify the (employer) of the substance of the complaint and arrange to meet with the (employer) or its counsel to interview the appropriate witnesses." OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5 (Aug. 26, 1985). The written procedures emphasize that the investigator should obtain evidence corroborating the complainant's allegations, secure the employer's response to the allegations, and attempt to corroborate the employer's response (id. at V5-V7). The procedures in effect at the time of the events in this case similarly required the investigator to consult with the employer. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.45A CH-4, at X5 (Mar. 8, 1984); OSHA Instruction DIS.6, at 4, 8-9 (Dec. 12, 1983); OSHA Investigation Manual at V1, V13-V14 (1979). We have lodged copies of these written procedures with the Clerk of this Court and served a copy of the procedures upon counsel for appellee. /4/ The Secretary has interpreted the statute to require the issuance of a final order within 120 days after the ALJ's issuance of his recommended decision. /5/ If neither the employer nor the employee requests a hearing, "the preliminary order (is) deemed a final order which is not subject to judicial review" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /6/ Appellee also filed objections to the Secretary's findings and a request for an on-the-record hearing pursuant to 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A). The hearing was held before an administrative law judge on March 26-29, 1985, and the ALJ issued his recommended decision and order on October 30, 1985 (J.S. App. 29a-43a). The ALJ observed that Hufstetler had filed numerous safety-related complaints (id. at 32a-35a, 39a-41a) and found that "(t)he record is replete with many statements by (appellee's) supervisors demonstrating their animus toward (Hufstetler) as a result (of) his engaging in protected activities. The issuance of warning letters to (Hufstetler), while other employees were not reprimanded for similar acts, and the acrimonious statements cause the conclusion that the discharge had a retaliatory motive" (id. at 41a). The ALJ further found that the evidence did not indicate that Hufstetler was discharged for a reason other than his safety-related activities (id. at 41a-42a). The ALJ's recommended decision is pending before the Secretary; appellee has raised a number of objections to the ALJ's recommended decision. See Mot. to Aff. 5-6 n.4, A1-A9. /7/ The district court also held that appellee was not required to exhaust its administrative remedies (J.S. App. 4a-5a), that the controversy between the parties was not moot (id. at 5a), and that the district court did not lack jurisdiction over appellee's claim (ibid.). We have not sought review of these determinations. /8/ The contract between appellee and its employees indicates that appellee generally is free to terminate an employee for just cause so long as the employee has received at least one warning notice. Discharges for dishonesty and certain other infractions need not be preceded by a warning. J.A. 37-39. /9/ We also note, as the court below failed to do, that there is a competing private interest -- that of the employee in not being wrongfully discharged (see pages 33-38, infra). /10/ The provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act governing adjudications apply to the conduct of such hearings. 5 U.S.C. 554(a) (providing that such requirements apply "in every case of an adjudication required by statute to be determined on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing"). Thus, an employer is entitled to an independent hearing examiner, use of oral and documentary evidence, cross-examination of adverse witnesses, and other trial-type procedures (5 U.S.C. 556, 557). /11/ Ex parte proceedings also are permissible where "swift action is necessary to protect the public health and safety." Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass'n, 452 U.S. 264, 301 (1981) (upholding the issuance of orders requiring the immediate closure of surface mining operations under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977); see also Ewing v. Mytinger & Casselberry, 339 U.S. 594, 599-602 (1950) (summary seizure under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of misbranded goods is permissible where there is probable cause to believe that the misbranding is fraudulent or would result in injury or damage to the purchaser or user); North American Cold Storage Co. v. City of Chicago, 211 U.S. 306, 313-321 (1908) (upholding the seizure and destruction of unwholesome food products under a municipal ordinance without any prior notice or hearing). Predeprivation notice and a hearing also are not required in other circumstances in which predeprivation procedures are not feasible. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517 (1984); Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981). /12/ Appellee argues (Mot. to Aff. 10-13) that the Court has concluded that these predeprivation procedures satisfy due process only where the administrative decision does "not turn on resolving disputed questions of fact, credibility, or veracity" (id. at 11). That assertion is incorrect. In Loudermill, for example, the Court observed that the propriety of the dismissal of the government employee "turned not on (an) objective fact * * , but on the subjective question whether (the employee) had lied on his application form." Slip op. 10 n.9; see also Barry, 443 U.S. at 65-66 (evidentiary hearing not required despite factual dispute regarding trainer's negligence in connection with drugging of race hose); Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 15 ("even when disputes as to the historical facts do arise, we are not persuaded that the risk of error inherent in the statute's initial reliance on the representations of the reporting officer is so substantial in itself as to require that the (government) stay its hand pending the outcome of any evidentiary hearing necessary to resolve questions of credibility or conflicts in the evidence"); page 42, infra. /13/ Appellee suggests (Mot. to Aff. 8 n.6) that a reinstatement order would interfere with other "private property interests" because "it (would have) the effect of displacing employees junior to the complainant on the seniority roster and bumping an employee to lay-off status." Of course, a temporary reinstatement order does not require an employer to lay off an employee; any such layoff is a result of the employer's own choice and cannot be characterized as a necessary consequence of the reinstatement order, especially in a company the size of appellee. Moreover, an employee hired after the challenged discharge takes his position subject to being displaced as a result of the rehiring of his predecessor (J.A. 82). The reinstatement order accordingly does not disrupt his expectations. Appellee also observes (Mot. to Aff. 8 n.6) that the reinstatement order "had the effect of upsetting an arbitration decision rendered under the collective bargaining agreement which had sustained the * * discharge." But this is simply another way of stating that the order deprived appellee of its right to fire its employee; if the arbitration decision had overturned the discharge, appellee would have been required to reinstate its employee and the reinstatement order would have been unnecessary. The existence of the arbitration decision thus adds nothing to the analysis. Moreover, the arbitration decision rejecting the employee's claim clearly did not bar the Secretary from considering the complaint challenging the discharge. See McDonald v. City of West Branch, 466 U.S. 284 (1984) (arbitration decision finding that discharge was supported by just cause does not bar employee from challenging discharge under 42 U.S.C. 1983); Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, 450 U.S. 728, 745-746 (1981) (unfavorable arbitration decision does not bar subsequent suit based on the same facts alleging violation of Fair Labor Standards Act); Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36 (1974) (adverse arbitration decision does not bar employee from challenging discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and federal court need not defer to arbitrator's decision). /14/ Appellee argues (Mot. to Aff. 15) that "(t)he period of time that an employer would be required to have a reinstated individual on its payroll is a factor to be considered in measuring the weight of the private property interest." As we have discussed (see page 6), the statute imposes limitations upon the amount of time that the temporary order would remain in effect; these time limits comport with those that the Court previously has found permissible. See Loudermill, slip op. 13 (nine months); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342 (10-11 months). The particular delay in this case is irrelevant because the "very nature of the due process inquiry indicates that the fundamental fairness of a particular procedure does not turn on the result obtained in any individual case; rather, 'procedural due process rules are shaped by the risk of error inherent in the truth-finding process as applied to the generality of cases, not the rare exceptions.'" Walters, slip op. 15, quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 344; see also Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 612-613 (1979). Appellee has not shown that the length of delay in this case is typical of Section 405(c) proceedings generally. See also page 49, infra. Finally, the length of time obviously also affects the burden on the employee, should his claim of unlawful discharge be vindicated. /15/ The safety provisions contained in the 1982 statute are virtually identical to provisions contained in a bill that was passed by the Senate in 1980, but died in the House of Representatives. See S. 1390, 96th Cong. 2d Sess. (1980). The legislative history of the 1982 statute makes clear that the 1980 bill -- and a 1978 bill that was the predecessor of the 1980 bill -- were the sources of the 1982 provisions. See 128 Cong. Rec. S15609 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth); id. at S14018-S14019 (daily ed. Dec. 7, 1982); see also Highway Revenue Act of 1982: Hearing on S. 3044 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 45 (1982) (statement of R.V. Durham) (suggesting incorporation of provisions of S. 1390 into the 1982 bill). The legislative histories of these earlier measures therefore are relevant in analyzing Congress's purpose in enacting the 1982 statute. /16/ In hearings on the 1978 truck safety bill, Senator Cannon, the chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, noted that "one-third of the 54,800 trucks and buses inspected by Federal personnel during 1974 and 1975 were unsafe and taken off the road until repaired." Truck Safety Act of 1978: Hearing on S. 2970 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 1 (1978) (statement of Sen. Cannon); see also id. at 2 (54% of vehicles stopped on the basis of visual inspection were ordered out of service until violations were corrected because "in the judgment of the inspectors (the violations) were likely to cause accidents"); id. at 28-33 (summary of results of Department of Transportation roadside safety inspection). /17/ The fact that the reinstatement remedy "'operate(s) to confer an incidental benefit on private persons does not detract from (its) public purpose'" (Donovan v. Square D Co., 709 F.2d at 338 (citation omitted)). Rather, "(w)hile remedial, th(e) provision operates primarily toward furthering the public statutory goals" (ibid.). /18/ Appellee refers several times to an "ex parte decision-making process" (Mot. to Aff. 8, 14), even though the Secretary's written procedures require that an employer be given notice of the charges against it and an opportunity to present its views. Appellee may be arguing that only the provisions of the statute -- and not the procedures utilized by the Secretary in deciding whether to issue the temporary reinstatement order -- may be considered in evaluating the constitutionality of the process afforded under Section 405. That position is plainly incorrect. In Barry v. Barchi, supra, for example, the Court concluded that the requirements of due process were satisfied by the informal procedures utilized in issuing the interim suspension of the trainer, even though these procedures were not specified in the statute (443 U.S. at 60-61 n.8, 65-66). /19/ The Secretary's procedures specifically provide that the employer must be informed of the allegations of the complaint. OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5 (Aug. 26, 1985). Although the procedures do not in terms require the Labor Department investigator to inform the employer of the substance of the evidence supporting the employee's allegations, that requirement is implicit in the investigator's obligation to obtain the employer's response to those allegations. The Department of Labor informs us that the practice followed by its investigators is to inform the employer of the substance of the evidence supporting the employee's allegations. /20/ The evidence is reviewed by several Labor Department officials before a temporary reinstatement order is issued. The investigator, the supervisory investigator, a representative of the Office of the Solicitor of Labor, and the Regional Administrator each consider the sufficiency of the evidence developed in the investigation. J.A. 93-94. /21/ The record does not indicate whether appellee was informed of the substance of the evidence supporting the allegations. Appellee's reference (Mot. to Aff. 4) to "secret evidence gathered during the investigation from unknown parties" rings somewhat hollow, however, in view of the fact that the prior arbitration proceeding enabled appellee to become familiar with all of the circumstances relevant to the propriety of the discharge. Indeed, a comparison between the relevant portion of the temporary reinstatement order (J.S. App. 21a-22a) and the record of the arbitration proceeding (J.A. 40-76) indicates that the factors that influenced the Secretary had been brought out during that proceeding. Appellee therefore cannot claim that it was denied due process because it was not informed of the evidence supporting Hufstetler's allegations. /22/ Appellee's argument to the contrary (Mot. to Aff. 10-13) is simply incorrect. The portion of Justice Brennan's concurring and dissenting opinion cited by appellee (id. at 13) in support of its assertion that Loudermill did not involve a factual dispute appears to conflict with the majority's view of the case. Moreover, appellee erroneously states that Barry involved a statute holding a trainer "to the standard of an 'insurer'" (Mot. to Aff. 12). In fact, the statute simply established an evidentiary presumption that the trainer was free to rebut (443 U.S. at 59 & n.6). Since the trainer's statement obviously was relevant in determining whether the presumption had been rebutted, the propriety of the government action turned in part upon the trainer's credibility. /23/ The Court in Goldberg also observed that "(i)n almost every setting where important decisions turn on questions of fact, due process requires an opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses" (397 U.S. at 269 (emphasis added)). The Court tied this procedural requirement to the magnitude of the interest at stake in the proceeding. As we have discussed (see pages 28-30), appellee's interest is considerably less significant than a welfare recipient's interest in continued benefits. /24/ The Court indicated in Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, that the "policy of allowing the disability recipient's representative full access to all information relied upon by the state agency" provided a "further safeguard against mistake" (424 U.S. at 345-346). However, the Court did not state that disclosure of all such information was a necessary element of due process. In Loudermill, for example, the Court stated only that the party to be deprived of a property interest must be afforded "an explanation of the (adverse) evidence" (slip op. 12). /25/ A copy of the witness's interview statement is supplied to the employer when the witness begins to testify. /26/ The time between the issuance of the temporary reinstatement order and the ALJ's issuance of his recommended decision -- approximately nine months -- is within the time limits that this Court previously has held to be permissible. See Loudermill, slip op. 13; Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342. The delay in the issuance of the Secretary's final decision in this case is the result of a dispute regarding the ALJ's decision and the state of the evidentiary record. See Mot. to Aff. 5-6 n.4, A1-A9. There is no reason to believe that this delay is typical of proceedings under Section 405.	en
markdown	913417	# Presentation: 913417 ## NOT CHISELED IN STONE NOT CHISELED IN STONE - Joseph W. Howe ## Themes of This Talk Themes of This Talk - Creation of the General Schedule job evaluation system. - Evolution of the system over half a century. - Changes in the world and the system since it was created. ## FIFTY FIFTY - The number of years the General Schedule job evaluation system has been in operation. ## Two Years Two Years - 1923 - 1949 ## TWO TWO - The number of changes in the text of the General Schedule grade level definitions in the statutes over a period of half a century. ## FOUR FOUR - The number of times in 50 years CSC and OPM have started all over to create standards in a different format. ## THIRTEEN THIRTEEN - The number of studies of the General Schedule job evaluation system that have recommended major changes or elimination of the system. ## ONE ONE - The number of studies that actually changed the General Schedule job evaluation system. - The Test and Implementation Group created the Factor Evaluation System, 1972 – 1975. ## TWO TWO - The number of times the Executive Branch has actually sent to Congress legislative proposals to make major changes in the General Schedule job evaluation system during half a century. ## ZERO ZERO - The number of those legislative proposals that became law. ## Two numbers Two numbers 6.73 and 9.51 ## Slide 12	en
log-files	802309	! Started logfile: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.log on Tue Dec 18 12:44:29 2007 obs J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uva.fits ! Reading UV FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uva.fits ! AN table 1: 236 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 64 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 116 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 4: 27 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 5: 149 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 6: 99 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.154978 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: J0854+2006 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 2422 lines of history. ! ! Reading 81388 visibilities. select I ! Polarization I is unavailable. ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 print "field_size =",field_size ! field_size = 256 print "field_cell =",field_cell ! field_cell = 0.2 print "taper_size =",taper_size ! taper_size = 70 ![@muppet J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus] integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 6.0 float soltime1 soltime1 = 120 float soltime2 soltime2 = 20 float thresh thresh = 0.5 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float time_av time_av = 16 float old_peak float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size, field_cell ! Map grid = 256x256 pixels with 0.200x0.200 milli-arcsec cellsize. startmod ! Applying default point source starting model. ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 1 components and 1 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 3229 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1698 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1797 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1451 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 3235 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1671 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1797 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1445 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 3315 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1688 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1795 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1451 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 3244 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1688 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1807 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1454 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.390223Jy sigma=0.012959 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.815439Jy sigma=0.007926 ! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models. ! Redundant starting model cleared. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.535 mas, bmaj=0.8919 mas, bpa=-5.484 degrees ! Estimated noise=612.014 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.867942 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.25997 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 1.25997 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.046987 max=0.250324 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000969 rms=0.015235 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.25997 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 5 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 5 components and 1.25997 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.612735Jy sigma=0.006036 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.598882Jy sigma=0.005959 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-0.6, -0.2). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.279592 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.433742 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.433742 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.031156 max=0.123259 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000526 rms=0.008402 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.69371 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 8 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 9 components and 1.69371 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.381712Jy sigma=0.003500 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.364243Jy sigma=0.003394 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.119294 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.188344 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.188344 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021345 max=0.057846 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000338 rms=0.005577 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.88205 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 12 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 14 components and 1.88205 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.299641Jy sigma=0.002522 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.296359Jy sigma=0.002503 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0549971 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0920379 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0920379 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018534 max=0.041098 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000244 rms=0.004760 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.97409 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 13 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 21 components and 1.97409 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277042Jy sigma=0.002188 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.276377Jy sigma=0.002184 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-1.4, -0.2). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0402851 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0668018 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0668018 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.019085 max=0.026642 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000170 rms=0.004308 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.04089 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 14 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 26 components and 2.04089 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.266542Jy sigma=0.002014 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.265745Jy sigma=0.002007 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec print "************ FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **********" ! ********** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN ************ ! uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. win_mult = win_mult * 1.6 clean_niter = clean_niter * 2 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7033 mas, bmaj=1.187 mas, bpa=-8.602 degrees ! Estimated noise=313.002 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0537014 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0868001 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.108666 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.123486 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.123486 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.013801 max=0.026887 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000321 rms=0.005188 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16438 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 44 components and 2.16438 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.257406Jy sigma=0.001838 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256788Jy sigma=0.001830 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec print "************ FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **********" ! ********** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN ************ ! gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 57 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.98 HH 0.88 ! HN 0.94 KK 1.00 KP 0.99 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.46 MK 1.00 NY 0.98 ON 0.97 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 1.05 TS 0.89 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.05 GN 0.98 NL 0.97 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 0.95 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.94 KP 0.99 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.96 PT 1.02 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 45 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.45 GC 1.00* HH 0.87 ! HN 1.06 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.35 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.00 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 1.78 SC 1.09 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.98 WZ 0.95 GN 1.00 NL 1.01 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 1.03 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.95 KK 1.01 KP 1.01 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00 NY 1.03 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.10 TS 1.00 ! WF 0.96 WZ 1.00* GN 1.03 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 18 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.98 GC 1.07 HH 0.97 ! HN 1.10 KK 1.00* KP 1.01 LA 0.98 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.97 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.98 SC 0.98 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 1.05 GN 0.97 NL 1.01 ! ! A total of 21 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.97 FD 0.99 GC 0.96 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.96 KK 1.00* KP 1.01 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.08 MK 2.13 NY 1.01 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.00 PT 1.01 SC 0.97 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.12 WZ 0.99 GN 1.00* NL 0.99 ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.93 HH 0.79 ! HN 0.94 KK 0.99 KP 0.94 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.47 MK 1.02 NY 0.99 ON 0.98 ! OV 0.99 PT 0.99 SC 1.00 TS 0.83 ! WF 1.00 WZ 1.04 GN 0.96 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 0.90 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.93 KP 0.95 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.01 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 72 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.52 GC 1.00* HH 0.90 ! HN 1.10 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.40 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.07 SC 1.01 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.97 WZ 0.88 GN 1.03 NL 1.00 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.02 GC 1.00 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.94 KK 1.03 KP 0.95 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 0.99 NY 1.03 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 0.99 SC 1.04 TS 0.97 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.01 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 18 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.99 GC 1.00 HH 1.00 ! HN 1.08 KK 1.00* KP 0.96 LA 0.97 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 0.97 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.02 PT 0.97 SC 0.92 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 0.99 GN 0.98 NL 1.02 ! ! A total of 27 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.93 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.94 KK 1.00* KP 0.96 LA 1.02 ! MC 1.04 MK 2.02 NY 0.99 ON 1.02 ! OV 1.00 PT 0.99 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.13 WZ 0.99 GN 1.00* NL 1.00 ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 129 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.00 GC 0.97 HH 0.91 ! HN 0.96 KK 1.15 KP 0.97 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.45 MK 0.98 NY 0.96 ON 0.99 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 1.01 TS 0.81 ! WF 1.01 WZ 1.03 GN 1.00 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.01 GC 0.94 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.92 KP 0.97 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.06 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.97 PT 1.02 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.76 GC 1.00* HH 1.38 ! HN 1.23 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.62 ! MC 1.00 MK 1.00* NY 0.99 ON 1.00 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.96 SC 0.96 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.94 WZ 1.07 GN 1.05 NL 1.07 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.95 FD 1.02 GC 1.04 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00 KP 0.97 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00 NY 1.00 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.06 TS 0.98 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.03 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 24 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.96 FD 0.99 GC 1.09 HH 1.13 ! HN 1.11 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 0.98 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 0.93 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.99 SC 0.94 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.07 WZ 1.05 GN 0.97 NL 1.02 ! ! A total of 33 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.00 GC 0.97 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.03 MK 2.26 NY 0.97 ON 1.03 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.01 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.10 WZ 1.03 GN 1.00* NL 0.99 ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 48 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.00 GC 0.98 HH 0.94 ! HN 0.96 KK 0.99 KP 0.95 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.50 MK 0.98 NY 1.01 ON 0.99 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 0.99 TS 0.83 ! WF 1.00 WZ 1.03 GN 0.99 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.97 FD 1.01 GC 0.95 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.95 KP 0.95 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.01 SC 1.00* TS 0.85 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.60 GC 1.00* HH 0.87 ! HN 1.12 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.51 ! MC 0.94 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.03 SC 1.02 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.95 WZ 0.96 GN 1.02 NL 1.03 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.01 GC 1.04 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.96 KK 1.01 KP 0.96 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 0.96 NY 1.05 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.04 TS 1.01 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.01 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 24 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.99 GC 1.13 HH 1.00 ! HN 1.14 KK 1.00* KP 0.97 LA 0.99 ! MC 0.95 MK 1.00* NY 0.95 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.99 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.08 WZ 1.08 GN 0.98 NL 1.04 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 1.00 FD 0.99 GC 0.96 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.05 MK 2.37 NY 1.01 ON 1.02 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.01 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 1.00 GN 1.00* NL 1.01 ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.256788Jy sigma=0.001830 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256668Jy sigma=0.001505 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7151 mas, bmaj=1.191 mas, bpa=-8.009 degrees ! Estimated noise=316.173 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-2.4, 0). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0127545 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0178966 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0190002 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0197111 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0197111 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.008134 max=0.008899 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000018 rms=0.001980 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18409 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 20 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 61 components and 2.18409 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.255687Jy sigma=0.001496 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256247Jy sigma=0.001494 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec selfcal true, true, soltime1 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 120 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.256247Jy sigma=0.001494 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.263863Jy sigma=0.001369 dynam = dynam - 0.75 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.728 mas, bmaj=1.194 mas, bpa=-6.848 degrees ! Estimated noise=321.705 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00018091 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000594557 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00128764 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00158635 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00158635 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004643 max=0.005304 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000061 rms=0.001151 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18568 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 14 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 69 components and 2.18568 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262901Jy sigma=0.001356 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.263283Jy sigma=0.001355 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000623812 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000875923 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00109748 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00149645 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00149645 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003441 max=0.004051 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000053 rms=0.001077 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18717 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 73 components and 2.18717 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262956Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.262998Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262998Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.270164Jy sigma=0.001347 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.729 mas, bmaj=1.195 mas, bpa=-6.664 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.403 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000296194 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000782188 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000975171 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00132096 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00132096 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003213 max=0.004281 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000060 rms=0.000985 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1885 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 20 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 76 components and 2.1885 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269907Jy sigma=0.001343 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.269972Jy sigma=0.001342 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-12.8, 12). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00198978 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00244416 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00272262 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00310829 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00310829 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003098 max=0.003723 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000041 rms=0.000941 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1916 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 80 components and 2.1916 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269819Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.269832Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths. win_mult = win_mult * 1.2 selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269832Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272814Jy sigma=0.001340 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.271 mas, bmaj=2.729 mas, bpa=-4.211 degrees ! Estimated noise=405.952 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00385635 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00486403 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00514991 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00534605 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00534605 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003623 max=0.004674 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000079 rms=0.001295 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19695 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 18 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 95 components and 2.19695 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272769Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272778Jy sigma=0.001339 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000762115 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000806114 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000887097 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000957842 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000957842 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004271 max=0.004674 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000070 rms=0.001315 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19791 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 18 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 101 components and 2.19791 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272757Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272756Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. win_mult = win_mult / 1.2 print "************ FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **********" ! ********** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL ************ restore ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7295 mas, bmaj=1.197 mas, bpa=-6.558 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.967 mJy/beam. ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7295 x 1.197 at -6.558 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0031635 max=1.2631 Jy/beam if(peak(flux) > thresh) selfcal true, true clean clean_niter,clean_gain selfcal flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) selfcal true, true end if ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272756Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.364977Jy sigma=0.001175 ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7308 mas, bmaj=1.195 mas, bpa=-6.629 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.914 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.00245712 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.00305481 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.00331373 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00354428 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00354428 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003220 max=0.002882 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000004 rms=0.000775 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19436 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 13 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 101 components and 2.19436 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.364951Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.365041Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000140685 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -3.97693e-05 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 5.05446e-05 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000134001 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000134001 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003257 max=0.002799 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000005 rms=0.000764 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1945 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 103 components and 2.1945 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.365020Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.365048Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.365048Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.433118Jy sigma=0.001172 print "************ CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ******" ! ********** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ******** clrmod true ! clrmod: Cleared the established and tentative models. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.5457 mas, bmaj=0.8996 mas, bpa=-3.436 degrees ! Estimated noise=641.269 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.912299 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.36261 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 1.60407 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 1.74438 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 1.74438 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.012120 max=0.073743 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000587 rms=0.005444 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.74438 Jy uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Adding 8 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 8 components and 1.74438 Jy ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7316 mas, bmaj=1.196 mas, bpa=-6.55 degrees ! Estimated noise=323.229 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.177027 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.269089 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.323155 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.35697 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.35697 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.006113 max=0.020876 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000468 rms=0.003697 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.10135 Jy ! Adding 46 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 46 components and 2.10135 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (0.6, 0.2). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0239393 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0411403 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0538936 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0634196 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0634196 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003233 max=0.005687 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000134 rms=0.001287 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16477 Jy ! Adding 46 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 84 components and 2.16477 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-1.4, -1.8). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00721684 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0128438 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0172837 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.020816 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.020816 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.002796 max=0.003092 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000019 rms=0.000811 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18558 Jy ! Adding 44 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 102 components and 2.18558 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.272 mas, bmaj=2.731 mas, bpa=-4.254 degrees ! Estimated noise=405.248 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00428993 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00633089 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00680846 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00725368 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00725368 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003610 max=0.004400 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000040 rms=0.001102 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19284 Jy flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00021173 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000361204 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000527714 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000559071 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000559071 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003561 max=0.004447 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000046 rms=0.001081 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19339 Jy ! Adding 44 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 140 components and 2.19339 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. clean ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7316 mas, bmaj=1.196 mas, bpa=-6.55 degrees ! Estimated noise=323.229 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000753587 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000579951 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.0003392 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -4.74727e-05 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -4.74727e-05 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003121 max=0.002859 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000018 rms=0.000735 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19335 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 150 components and 2.19335 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.433134Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.433121Jy sigma=0.001170 wmodel J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.mod ! Writing 150 model components to file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.mod wobs J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.fits ! Writing UV FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.fits wwins J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.win ! wwins: Wrote 7 windows to J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.win x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4 addwin -x,x,-x,x clean (field_size4),0.01 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=1024 gain=0.01 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.0013417 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.00188799 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.00179926 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00153671 Jy ! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = -0.00136589 Jy ! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = -0.00115801 Jy ! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = -0.000955225 Jy ! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = -0.000678001 Jy ! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = -0.000600178 Jy ! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = -0.000485364 Jy ! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = -0.000446964 Jy ! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = -0.000409458 Jy ! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = -0.000335977 Jy ! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = -0.000372245 Jy ! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = -0.000300415 Jy ! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = -0.000336227 Jy ! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = -0.000336304 Jy ! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = -0.00037119 Jy ! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = -0.000440264 Jy ! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = -0.000474401 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 1024 components = -0.000474348 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.001841 max=0.001785 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000008 rms=0.000636 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19287 Jy keep ! Adding 72 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 221 components and 2.19287 Jy ![Exited script file: muppet] wmap "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.fits" ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7316 x 1.196 at -6.55 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0030045 max=1.2638 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.fits float peak_flux peak_flux = peak(flux,max) print "The peak flux is",peak_flux ! The peak flux is 1.26375 invert ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec float image_rms image_rms = imstat(rms) print "The final image rms is",image_rms ! The final image rms is 0.000636487 device "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.eps/VPS" ! Attempting to open device: 'J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.eps/VPS' loglevs 1003image_rms/peak_flux ! The new contour levels are: ! -0.151095 0.151095 0.30219 0.604379 1.20876 2.41752 4.83503 9.67006 19.3401 38.6803 77.3605 print "clev=",int(3image_rms10000)/10000 ! clev= 0.0019 print "peak=",int(1000peak_flux)/1000 ! peak= 1.263 mapcolor none ! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5. mapplot cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7316 x 1.196 at -6.55 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0030045 max=1.2638 Jy/beam mapcolor color, 0.9 ! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5. device "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.gif/vgif" ! Attempting to open device: 'J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.gif/vgif' mapplot cln quit ! Quitting program ! Log file J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.log closed on Tue Dec 18 12:44:59 2007	en
markdown	731534	# Presentation: 731534 ## 5 most important scientific results over the 3 years:(not in order of importance) - Physics of the current hole phenomena - B.C. Stratton, J.A. Breslau, R.V. Budny, et al, “The Role of axisymmetric Reconnection Events in JET Discharges with Extreme Shear Reversal”, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 44,1127 (2002) - J. A. Breslau, S. C. Jardin, and W. Park, “Simulation Studies of the Role of Reconnection in the “Current Hole” experiments in JET”, Phys. Plasmas, 10, 1665 (2003) - W. Park, J. A. Breslau, J. Chen, et al, “Nonlinear Simulation Studies of Tokamaks and STs”, Nuclear Fusion, 43, 483 (2003) - Suppression of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability by a magnetic field - R. Samtaney, “Suppression of the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability in the Presence of a Magnetic Field”, Phys. Fluids, 15, L53-L56 (2003) - Diamagnetic stabilization of MHD modes and enhanced reconnection in stellarators - H. Strauss, G. Fu, W. Park, et al, “Nonlinear MHD and Energetic Particle Modes in Stellarators”, IAEA-CN-94/TH/P2-12 (19th IAEA Fusion Energy Conf. Lyon, France) - L. E. Sugiyama, H. R. Strauss, W. Park, G.Y. Fu, et al, “Two-fluid limits on stellarator performance” Explanation of three stellarator puzzles and comparison to axisymmetric plasmas, “submitted to IAEA 2004 - First-principles calculation of a tokamak thermal quench - S. E. Kruger, D. D. Schnack, D. P. Brennan, T. A. Gianakon, and C. R. Sovinec, “Nonlinear MHD dynamics of tokamak plasmas on multiple time scales”, submitted to Nuclear Fusion - E. D. Held, J. D. Callen, C. C. Hegna, et al, “Non-local closures for plasma fluid simulations”, Phys. Plasmas 11 2419 (2004) - MHD and energy transport in SSPX - R. H. Cohen, H. L. Berk, B. I. Cohen, et al, “Theoretical investigation of field-line quality in a driven spheromak”, Nuclear Fusion, 43, 1220 (2002) - G. A. Cone and C.R. Sovinec, “Controlled ramp-down of decaying spheromak plasmas”, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 152 (2003) ## What is the role of Advanced Computing? - All of the projects in our center make use of advanced computing - The CEMM center used over 6,000,000 NERSC node-hours in FY2003 - mp288, mp21, mp94, mp290, m127, m275 ## What have we learned from the ISICs? - It has been confirmed that high order (3-5th) finite elements are a big win for fusion MHD: - a must for highly anisotropic heat conduction - leads to smaller matrices for same accuracy, making an implicit time advance feasible - Adaptive Mesh Refinement is a powerful tool for some transient problems with a range of space scales, - but it’s usefulness for slow-growing MHD modes has not been demonstrated. - It is valuable to have multiple, interoperable linear solvers available. - this is especially true now that the Cray-X1 is in the mix of architectures available to us ## Is progress limited by computing power or by algorithms? - All of our new applications will be resource limited. - The resources available determine the allowed resolution, - This in turn determines what range of physical parameters can be realistically modeled. - However, our model extension activities require better algorithms.	en
markdown	185161	# Presentation: 185161 ## New Orleans Federal Executive Board Presents ## A Message from the Chair, 2004 Federal Executive Board “Imagine, if you can, a United States Government without public servants. I cannot imagine what our country would be like without them. Every day we are all touched in some way and our lives are enriched by the services, products, protections, and benefits provided by those in public service.” ## Greetings from the White House Public service is a high calling and an expression of responsible citizenship...I commend all those dedicated to helping others, and I applaud public servants for your leadership and patriotism...Laura joins me in sending our best wishes for a memorable week. ## FEB Policy Committee Marvel Robertson - Chairman, HUD Leslye Baronich - First Vice-Chairman, IRS William Gibson, Jr. - Second Vice Chairman, SPR Dennis Bruhl - SSA Alan J. Cousin, Sr. - US Postal Service - Captain James Stark for RADM Robert F. Duncan - 8th Coast Guard District ## FEB Policy Committee Rowland Christian - VARO Dr. John Patrick Jordan - ARS, SRRC - Orval Nangle for Lt. Gen Dennis M. McCarthy - Marine Forces Reserve Cyrus G. Lohfink - USDA/OFM/NFC Michael Loria - GSA - Mark Gant for Louis M. Reigel - FBI ## FEB Policy Committee Col. Peter J. Rowan - DOD, USACE - Charles Martino for RADM John G. Cotton - Naval Reserve Force Paul S. Trotter - NWS - _EX-OFFICIO_ - Dwayne Holland - United Way (CFC) - Linda Simmons - Federal Personnel Council ## Training & Awards Program - May 6, 2004 ## Pat Evans,Trainer - Building - Leadership *on* ## Eddie J. Jordan, Jr.Orleans Parish District Attorney ## Honoring America Daryl Ann Dabon, USDA National Anthem. MSgt. Julius B. Huggins, US MC, Pledge of Allegiance. Honoring America ## Mistress of CeremonyVanessa E. Winins US Department of State, PSRW Training & Awards Program Chair ## Opening PrayerDr. Warren V. Cooper, Jr. Pastor, Branch Bell Baptist Church & St. Andrew Baptist Church ## Welcome Marvel Robertson, FEB Chair JoAnn Rochon 2004 PSRW Chair ## Jackie ClarksonNew Orleans City Council On behalf of the Mayor, City Council, and all of New Orleans City government, Jackie Clarkson thanks Federal Employees for their service. ## Thank You Judges - Wayne Benjamin - Vice-President/Manager of Purchasing, - Times-Picayune Newspaper - Edgar Chase - Dean of Business, - Dillard University - Robert K. Whelan - Professor and Interim MPA Coordinator, - Freeport McMoran ## Distinguished Service Award Winners ## Richard B. PinnerOutstanding Professional Army Corps of Engineers ## Kathleen WilliamsOutstanding Administrative Naval Support Activity ## Thomas G. WaguespackOutstanding Technical Support Army Corps of Engineers Thomas G. WaguespackOutstanding Technical Support ## Sherri MageeOutstanding Administrative Support Naval Support Activity ## Lawrence A. White, Jr.Outstanding Trade/Craft Naval Air Station ## Gail NorrisOutstanding Federal Supervisor, Level I Naval Reserve Personnel Center ## Nadine M. TheodoreOutstanding Federal Supervisor Level II U.S. Coast Guard ## Kenneth A. FrickOutstanding Federal Manager Department of Veterans Affairs ## Charles J. RomeOutstanding Community Volunteer Army Corps of Engineers ## Ronald FoganOutstanding Military Officer Jr. Grade U.S. Coast Guard ## Verne B. GiffordOutstanding Military Officer Field Grade U.S. Coast Guard ## John DebboutOutstanding Military Flag Officer U.S. Naval Reserve ## Brett L. SprengerOutstanding Military Non-Commissioned Officer U.S. Coast Guard ## Timothy MurphyOutstanding Military Senior Non-Commissioned Officer U.S. Coast Guard ## The Benjamin Award Awarded to Alan J. Cousin, Sr., Postmaster, New Orleans by Anthony J. Ruda, District Manager, Louisiana Customer Service and Sales, U.S. Postal Service ## Honorable Mention - Nelson Alexander - Dept. Homeland Security - Merril Ben - Naval Reserve Personnel Center - Kevin Benit - USDA National Finance Center - Teresa Callahan - Dept. Homeland Security - Allen Carman - Dept. Homeland Security - Janell Coleman - Social Security Admin - Matthew Coman - Dept. of Justice - Robert Cosby - USDA National Finance Center ## Honorable Mention - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Leander Dent - Marine Forces Reserve - Glenda Dorsey - USDA National Finance Center - Rhonda Evans - Naval Reserve Forces - Jeffrey Fox - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Vernon Gardner - Naval Reserve Forces - Adam Gillespie - Naval Air Station - June Gordon - Naval Support Activity Honorable Mention ## Honorable Mention - Naval Reserve Forces - Judith Hamilton - Social Security Admin. - Deirdre Harris - Internal Revenue Service - Jason Jackson - Naval Support Activity - Antonio Jones - US Coast Guard - Darlene Larkin - Naval Reserve Forces - JoAnn Lawrence - Small Business Admin. - Candace Letort - USDA National Finance Center Honorable Mention ## Honorable Mention - Naval Support Activity - Meg Rapelye - US Coast Guard - Beatrice Roberson - Dept. Homeland Security - Senovia Robinson - Naval Reserve Forces - James Russell - Naval Reserve Forces - Justin Sidwell - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Katherine Taylor-Williams - HUD Honorable Mention ## Honorable Mention - Food & Drug Admin - Michael Wallace - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Jeanne Whitehurst - US Coast Guard - Edward Wright - Dept. Veterans Affairs Honorable Mention ## Special Recognition Barry Jackson, 2003 FEB Chair, retired with nearly 35 years of service from the Dept of Veterans Affairs. Patricia Tate Bivins, 1999 FEB Chair, retired with more than 37 years of service from the EEOC. ## U.S. Navy Band ## Special Thanks To.. - EEOC - Minerals Management Service - Strategic Petroleum Reserve - USDA-ARS,SRRC - Marine Corps Color Guard - US Navy Band - Sheraton Hotel - Ronnie Attaway Trophy House - N.O. District Attorney’s Office - University of New Orleans ..For their assistance ## Special Thanks To.. - Kathy Goss, Interpreter - Felicia Duhe, Interpreter - Donna Maeder, Photographer - Daryl Ann Dabon, Vocalist - New Horizon Computer Learning Center - City of New Orleans Mayor’s Office - N.O. City Council-woman Jackie Clarkson - Big Easy Flowers - Hamilton Enterprises Special Thanks To.. ..For their assistance ## Training & Awards Program Committee - Vanessa Winins, Chair, Dept. of State - Trinia Bax, USDA ARS - Kermit Brazley, Retired, US Navy - Karen Clampitt, Dept. of Labor - Hedy Duplessis, US Postal Service - Julius Huggins, US Marine Corps - Alma Reneau, US Postal Service - Tanya Shorter, US Postal Service - Sharon Varnado - US Postal Service ## Distinguished Service Awards Committee - Kathy Alost, Chair, Social Security Admin. - Karen Clampitt, Dept. of Labor - Kermit Brazley, Retired, US Navy - Vanessa Matthews, Minerals Mgmt. Service - Brenda Vincent, US Navy SPAWAR - Jelessa Hubbard, VA Regional Office ## Media/Publicity Committee - Trinia Bax, Chair, USDA - ARS, SRRC - Christine Albert, VA Medical Center - Tydell Nealy, EEOC - Audrey Grant, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Mall Outreach Program - Lakeside Mall - May 4, 2004 ## Mall Exhibits Committee - Andrea Foreman, Chair, Social Security Administration - Patricia Driscoll, Small Business Administration - Deanna Harvey, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Outreach Program Committee - Patricia Brown, Chair, National Weather Service - Erania Ebron, EEOC - Francine LaMothe, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve - Jan Pretus, Internal Revenue Service - Selina Fleury, VA Regional Office - Susan Massenburg, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Recognition of the Lakeside Recognition of the Lakeside Veterans Organization; Veterans of WWII & Korean War ## Hurricane SafetyPresentation by the National Weather Service ## JoAnn Rochon, PSRW Chair and Andrea Foreman (background) welcome everyone to the Public Outreach and Mall Event Welcome ## Opening Remarks Opening Remarks Patricia Brown Marvel Robertson ## U.S. Navy Color Guard U.S. Navy Color Guard ## U.S. Marine Corps Band U.S. Marine Corps Band ## Business PlanningService Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) ## Small Business AdministrationStarting a Small Business ## Department of LaborUnderstanding FMLA, Minimum Wages, and Overtime ## U.S. Postal Inspection ServiceIdentity Theft U.S. Postal Inspection ServiceIdentity Theft ## St. Louis Cathedral SchoolMusical Salute St. Louis Cathedral SchoolMusical Salute ## Participating Organizations - Customs & Border Protection - USDA Agriculture Research Service - USDA National Finance Center - DOE Strategic Petroleum Reserve - DOI Minerals Management Service - Drug Enforcement Agency - EEOC - Housing and Urban Development - Immigration and Customs Enforcement ## Participating Organizations - Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Advocate Service - Jefferson Parish Fire Department - DOL Management Standards - DOL Office of Federal Contracts Compliance - Jefferson Parish Housing Authority - Louisiana Dept of Health/ Human Resources - Louisiana Dept of Hospitals Children’s Special Health Services - Louisiana Dept of Social Services Office of Family Support ## Participating Organizations - Louisiana Dept of Social Services; Office of Family Support - LSU Agricultural Center - National Weather Service - Naval Reserve Recruiting Office - Small Business Admin - Social Security Admin - Army Corps of Engineers - Army Recruiting - Border Patrol - Coast Guard - Marine Crops Recruiting - Passport Agency - Postal Service ## Participating Organizations - Probation Office - VA Medical Center - VA Regional Office - Marine Corps Band - Navy Color Guard - St. Louis Cathedral School Choir - Service Corps of Retired Executives - Lakeside Veterans Organization (WWII and Korean War Veterans) ## Mall Exhibits U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits Department of Homeland Security Bureau of Customs Border Protection Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits Social Security Administration ## Mall Exhibits U.S. Dept. Veterans Affairs ## Mall Exhibits U.S. Postal Service Values Diversity ## Federal Employees Federal Employees *Employees were treated to discounted tickets at the May 9 game **against** the Orlando Predators. The VooDoo lost by a score of 40-45, but it was still a great game!* *GO Z’s! The New Orleans Zephyrs * *hosted both the Memphis Redbirds and Federal employees on May 7, culminating with a win 11-4 and fireworks spectacular.* *AT PLAY* ## The New Orleans Federal Executive Board thanks those who participated in this year’s events, and those who serve all year long.	en
converted_docs	087902	# GUIDANCE FOR THE # WILLIAM F. GOODLING EVEN START # FAMILY LITERACY PROGRAMS # PART B, SUBPART 3 OF TITLE I # OF THE # ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) ![](media/image1.png){width="2.6493055555555554in" height="2.6493055555555554in"} UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON, DC SEPTEMBER 2003 # [TABLE OF CONTENTS]{.underline} ## Introduction ## ## Background page 2 ## > Purpose of the Guidance page 3 ### State Administration State Plans page 4 ####### Committee of Practitioners page 4 Membership State-Level Activities page 5 #### Administration #### Technical Assistance Developing and Using Even Start Indicators of Program Quality Competition for Subgrants page 8 #### Review Panel > Selection Criteria > > Eligible Entity ######### Project Funding page 12 Minimum Subgrant Amounts Federal and Local Share Indirect Costs ######### Duration of a Project page 15 #### Start-Up Period Continuing Eligibility Insufficient Progress ### Local Administration Program Elements page 17 Identification and Recruitment of Families Most In Need of Even Start Services Screening and Preparation of Participants Flexible Scheduling and Support Services High-Quality, Intensive Instructional Services Staff Qualifications Staff Training Home-Based Instructional Services Year-Round Services Coordination with Other Programs Instructional Programs Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research Attendance and Retention Reading Readiness Activities Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research Continuity of Services Providing Services to Families Most In Need Local Independent Evaluation Participant Eligibility page 23 #### Parents #### Children Parents or Children in Private Schools #### Other Family Members #### Eligible Participants Enrolled in Other Programs ##### Migrant and Indian Families #### Continuing Family Eligibility #### Temporary Absence from the Project Local Application page 27 Fiscal Issues page 27 #### Title I, Part A Collaboration Allowable Costs Unallowable Costs Maintenance of Effort ## National Evaluation, Local Evaluation, and Indicators of Program Quality #### #### National Evaluation page 32 Classroom Literacy Interventions and Outcomes Study (CLIO) #### Local Evaluation page 34 ### Indicators of Program Quality page 34 ### Additional Resources for Family Literacy Common Definition of Family Literacy page 35 Title I, Part A page 35 Early Reading First, Title I, Part B, Subpart 2 page 35 Migrant Education, Title I, Part C page 36 Head Start page 37 Adult Education page 37 Bureau of Indian Affairs page 37 Education for Homeless Children and Youth, (McKinney-Vento Act) page 38 # GUIDANCE FOR THE WILLIAM F. GOODLING # EVEN START FAMILY LITERACY PROGRAMS ###### SEPTEMBER 29, 2003 ## [INTRODUCTION]{.underline} Even Start is an education program for the Nation's low-income families that is designed to improve the academic achievement of parents and their young children, especially in the area of reading. Researchers, teachers, and administrators alike now acknowledge the vital importance of high-quality early childhood education for all children. Young children who have good vocabularies and who are taught early reading skills before they start school are more likely to become good readers and to achieve academic success throughout their school careers. Education experts also acknowledge that parents play a critical role in the language and intellectual development of their children. Children who have parents who talk and play with them and who read to them have an important advantage. And parents who themselves are competent readers are more likely to have good jobs and be able to help their own children in school. Even Start provides educational services for the family, parents and children alike, so that adults and their children will be able to take advantage of and benefit from the tremendous opportunities available to them in this Nation. For adults and children with limited English proficiency, Even Start helps them make progress toward acquisition of the English language and attainment of a high level of literacy. The Even Start Family Literacy program was first enacted in 1988 as Part B of Chapter 1 of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). Most recently, the program was reauthorized and amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). With the enactment of NCLB, two programs that complement Even Start are the Reading First and Early Reading First programs. The Reading First program gives funds to States to invest in scientifically based reading instructional programs for the early grades; and the Early Reading First Program gives funds to districts and other entities to support the early language, literacy, and pre-reading development of preschool-age children. Even Start started in FY 1989 with an initial \$14.8 million appropriation that supported 76 projects and 2,460 families. By FY 2000, the appropriation was \$150 million, and 860 projects served 36,000 families. In FY 2003, the \$248.4 million appropriation will fund some 1,200 projects that will serve more than 50,000 families. From the total Even Start appropriation, the majority of the funds go to States for State-administered subgrants. With the remaining funds set aside at the Federal level, the following activities are conducted: (1) migrant, Outlying Areas, and Indian tribal programs; (2) a women\'s prison demonstration project; (3) evaluation, technical assistance, program improvement, and replication activities; (4) research on family literacy; and (5) Statewide family literacy initiative grants (depending on the appropriation level). BACKGROUND Even Start offers promise for helping to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and low literacy in the Nation. The program integrates early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and/or instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive parent and child literacy activities into a single, unified family literacy program. The design is based on the premise that these components build on each other and that families need to receive high-quality instructional services in all four areas \-- not just one or two \-- in order to bring lasting change and effectively improve parents' and children\'s literacy achievement. Even Start supports integrated family literacy services for parents and children, primarily from birth through age seven, and has three interrelated goals: - to help parents improve their literacy or basic educational skills; - to help parents become full partners in educating their children; and - to assist children in reaching their full potential as learners. The term "family literacy services" is defined in section 9101(20) of the ESEA as services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that are of sufficient intensity in terms of hours, and of sufficient duration, to make sustainable changes in a family, and that integrate all of the following instructional activities: (A) Interactive literacy activities between parents and their children. (B) Training for parents regarding how to be the primary teacher for their children and full partners in the education of their children. (C) Parent literacy training that leads to economic self-sufficiency. (D) An age-appropriate education to prepare children for success in school and life experiences. At minimum, a successful Even Start project should: build on high-quality, community resources; employ qualified staff; carry out instructional activities grounded in scientifically based reading research; be able to document significant literacy achievement results (for adults and children) for the majority of families served; and make sufficient program progress as defined by the State. We have learned from the previous national evaluations of Even Start that: - The instructional focus must be on literacy and cognitive development. - Intensity of services and duration of program participation are correlated with participant achievement. - Data must be used for program improvement. - State and local programs must develop and implement a well-defined system of ongoing program monitoring and evaluation that focuses upon effective practices and program results. PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDANCE This Guidance for the William F. Goodling Even Start Family Literacy Programs is written to assist States and local projects in understanding, administering, and implementing the Even Start program. The Guidance reflects changes made to the program by the Literacy Involves Families Together (LIFT) Act of 2000 that are reinforced and further strengthened by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Guidance in this document replaces all prior nonregulatory guidance for Even Start and also addresses questions raised by State and local officials regarding the law. States may refer to this guidance when administering funds under the State-administered portion of the Even Start program, and local recipients of Even Start funds may refer to this guidance when administering or operating projects supported by subgrants awarded by States or by direct grants from the U.S. Department of Education. This document includes an explanation of the statutory requirements authorized by NCLB and provides guidance for carrying out these requirements. Citations in the document, unless otherwise indicated, are to the ESEA. This document does not impose any requirements beyond those in the Even Start statute and other applicable Federal statutes and regulations. While States may consider this guidance in developing their own guidelines and standards, they are free to develop alternative approaches that are consistent with applicable Federal statutes and regulations. In other words, this document contains acceptable but not exclusive guidance concerning Even Start. However, compliance with the guidance in this document will be deemed by U.S Department of Education (ED) officials, including the Inspector General, as compliance with the applicable Federal statutes and regulations. [STATE ADMINISTRATION]{.underline} The Department awards formula grants to State educational agencies (SEAs or States), with each State receiving funding based on the relative proportion of funds it receives under the Part A of Title I allocation formula. States subsequently make competitive discretionary subgrant awards to partnerships of local educational agencies (LEAs) and other public and private entities for Even Start Family Literacy projects. State Plans States must submit a State plan to the U.S. Department of Education for their administration of Even Start, but may apply for Even Start funds either through a consolidated State plan under section 9302 or through a separate Even Start State plan. (See the Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR), sections 76.100 -- 76.106.) ## Committee of Practitioners Each State must form a Committee of Practitioners to advise the State in carrying out its responsibilities under Even Start and other programs under Title I of the ESEA. The Committee of Practitioners reviews, prior to publication, any proposed or final State rules or regulations issued concerning the program. (Section 1903(b)) The Committee of Practitioners must also be substantially involved in the development of the separate or consolidated State plan and continue to be involved in the monitoring of the plan's implementation by the State. For example, the Committee reviews portions of the State plan describing the Even Start subgrant competition process. *Membership* At a minimum, the Committee of Practitioners must include the following: - representatives of LEAs, as a majority of its members; - administrators; - teachers, including vocational educators; - parents; - members of local boards of education; - representatives of private school children; and - pupil services personnel. A State may also include additional members, such as family literacy experts or other individuals, who are familiar with Even Start. If no family literacy experts or individuals familiar with Even Start are formally on the Committee of Practitioners, a State is encouraged to invite such persons to participate in Committee of Practitioners meetings if Even Start or family literacy policies are on the agenda for discussion. State-Level Activities A State may reserve up to 6 percent of its Even Start grant for the following State-level activities: - administration (Section 1233(a)(1)); - technical assistance under section 1233(a)(2), provided to Even Start subgrantees for program improvement and replication through one or more subgrants or contracts with third parties; - technical assistance under section 1234(c), provided to Even Start subgrantees to improve the quality of Even Start family literacy services (early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive parent and child literacy activities) through a subgrant, contract, or cooperative agreement with a qualified entity; - technical assistance under section 1234(c) to help local programs raise additional funds, provided through a subcontract, contract, or cooperative agreement with a qualified entity; and - activities to develop, implement, and use the State's Even Start indicators of program quality under section 1240. As explained in more detail below, in order to support the high quality implementation of local projects, a State has significant flexibility under these various functions in how it divides State-level activities. The Secretary encourages States to specify in their accounting records how, and under what authority, the State is using its State-level funds. However, of the total that the State reserves for these State-level activities, the State may use no more than one-half of the total amount for administrative activities. (Section 1233(a)) #### After determining the amount of funds to be used for State-level activities (up to 6 percent of the State's total grant amount) and identifying the portion of those funds to be used for activities that it categorizes as administrative (up to one half of the total amount reserved), the State may use the balance of its State-level funds as described below to provide technical assistance and to carry out the State's indicators of program quality. The technical assistance should be designed to improve local programs and support the replication of successful programs, help local programs raise additional funds and improve the quality of Even Start family literacy services, and develop, implement, and use the State's indicators of program quality. #### Administration As explained above, a State may use up to one half of the total amount it reserves for State-level administrative activities. The State may use its administrative funds for indirect and direct administration costs, and to provide technical assistance and training to local Even Start projects to improve participant achievement results. Under section 9201, a State may consolidate its Even Start administrative funds with State administrative funds from some of the programs under the ESEA if the SEA is able to demonstrate that the majority of the agency's resources come from non-Federal sources. Eligible programs under section 9201 include any ESEA program in which funds are authorized to be used for administration, and any other programs that the Secretary designates. #### Technical Assistance A State may provide training and technical assistance for local subgrantees in several ways. Different statutory requirements apply depending upon the type of training and technical assistance that the State chooses to provide. States may provide these activities directly, as part of the State's administrative function discussed above or as a part of its implementation of the State's Even Start indicators of program quality discussed below. In addition, a State may use a portion of the non-administrative State-level funds it has reserved to provide technical assistance to Even Start projects under section 1233(a)(2), to improve those projects and replicate those of high quality. If the State chooses to provide technical assistance under section 1233(a)(2) to improve or replicate Even Start projects, it must also do so through a subgrant or contract with another entity. A State may also use a portion of the non-administrative State-level funds it reserves to provide technical assistance and training under section 1234(c), to assist local Even Start projects in improving the quality of their family literacy services (that is, to improve one or more of the Even Start core components that make up "family literacy services"). The State must provide this technical assistance and training through one or more subgrants, contracts, or cooperative agreements with an entity that has experience in offering high-quality training and technical assistance to family literacy providers. In addition, the State must give priority to programs of low quality as evaluated based on a State's indicators of program quality. For local programs that the State determines to have demonstrated effectiveness, the State also may use technical assistance funds under section 1234(c) to help those programs access and leverage additional funds to expand services to families and reduce waiting lists for services, including through using such mechanisms as requesting and applying for non-Federal resources. ######## ######## The State's use of funds for technical assistance and training in improving family literacy services under section 1234(c) may not result in a decrease from the level of activities and services that subgrantees provided to program participants in the previous year (section 1234(c)(1)). In other words, a State's reservation of funds for technical assistance and training under section 1234(c) cannot negatively affect the quality and intensity of services that can be provided by subgrantees to their program participants. ######## ######## Developing and Using Even Start Indicators of Program Quality A State may also use funds it reserves for technical assistance to develop and use its State indicators of program quality, as described in section 1240, to monitor, evaluate, and improve local projects within the State. These technical assistance activities, for example, may include training local project staff and evaluators on the following: how to improve the content of local evaluations so that they are aligned with State indicators of program quality; how to better use local evaluations for continuous program improvement; how to identify high quality professional development activities for local Even Start staff; and strategies to improve participant retention and literacy achievement results. (See National Evaluation, Local Evaluation, and Indicators of Program Quality \-- Indicators of Program Quality section.) In addition, a State could use those funds to provide the technical assistance required under section 1233(a)(3) to improve local projects that have made insufficient progress on the State's indicators of program quality before the State discontinues those projects for insufficient progress. Unlike the technical assistance and training that a State provides under sections 1233(a)(2) and 1234(c), a State may provide technical assistance and training under section 1240 to local subgrantees and evaluators on its indicators of program quality either directly or through a contract with another qualified entity. Competition for Subgrants The Even Start statute establishes certain required information that each local subgrant application must contain. (Section 1237) However, each State may develop its own application for funding and may require additional information relevant to its own subgrant competition. (EDGAR, section 80.37(a)) For example, a State may require applicants to address that State's Even Start indicators of program quality, priorities for funding that target areas that are especially underserved and in need of Even Start services, or any other relevant criteria to obtain the most qualified applicants. (See Local Application section.) However, any State priorities must be consistent with the statutory competitive priorities in section 1238(a)(2) explained below. A State must follow certain statutory requirements in awarding subgrants, including using statutory selection criteria and statutory priorities and using a review panel that includes certain required members. (Section 1238(a), and the Review Panel and Selection Criteria sections.) However, except as required by the Even Start statute or other Federal statutes or regulations, a State follows its own policies and procedures when awarding subgrants and, therefore, has substantial discretion over the competitive process for allocating funds to high-quality local projects that can help families most in need of Even Start services attain literacy achievement results. (EDGAR, section 80.37(a)) For example, a State's process could include such things as on-site reviews, convening of panelists in one location for a paper review, or a two-tiered review process (using a combination of an on-site review and paper review). Before issuing their instructions for a subgrant competition, the Department encourages States to consult with their Committees of Practitioners in developing the application review process, and any additions to the statutory selection criteria, and priorities that are consistent with those statutory requirements. (See Committee of Practitioners section.) #### Review Panel The SEA must establish a review panel to review and approve local subgrant applications. The review panel must consist of at least three members, including one early childhood professional, one adult education professional, and one individual with expertise in family literacy. Additional members may include one or more of the following: a representative of a parent-child education organization, a representative of a community-based literacy organization, a member of a local board of education, a representative of business and industry with a commitment to education, or an individual who has been involved in the implementation of the State's Title I programs, which include Reading First and Early Reading First. (Section 1238(a)(3)) In order to ensure a fair and objective evaluation of applications, an SEA must follow State conflict-of-interest requirements or policies that it may have with respect to the review of subgrant applications. *Selection Criteria* The review panel evaluates and approves local applications in accordance with the statutory selection criteria and priorities in section 1238(a) of the ESEA and any additional State requirements that are consistent with those statutory selection criteria and priorities. Those criteria include the likelihood of success in meeting the purposes of the Even Start program, and effectively implementing the 15 required program elements (see the Local Administration -- Program Elements section). The approved applications also must be representative of urban and rural regions of the State. (Section 1238(a)(1)(G)) In addition, the applicant must demonstrate that the area to be served has a high percentage or a large number of children and families who are in need of Even Start services as indicated by high levels of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, limited English proficiency, or other need-related indicators. (Section 1238(a)(1)(B)) Applicants must also show how they will provide services for at least a three-year age range, demonstrate the greatest possible cooperation and coordination between a variety of relevant service providers, include a cost-effective budget, demonstrate the applicant's ability to provide the local share of the program's costs, and show the greatest promise for providing models that may be adopted by other family literacy projects and other LEAs. (Sections 1238(a)(1)(C)-(F) and (H)) The SEA must give priority to applications that target services to areas of the State with a high percentage or large number of children and families in need of Even Start services, as indicated by high levels of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, limited English proficiency, or other similar need-related factors. (Section 1238(a)(2)(A)) Examples of other similar need-related factors, as listed in section 1238(a)(1)(B), are: a high number or percentage of children to be served by the program who reside in a school attendance area eligible for participation in Title I, Part A programs, a high number or percentage of parents who have been victims of domestic violence, and a high number or percentage of parents who are receiving "Temporary Assistance to Needy Families." In addition, the SEA must give priority to applications for projects that are located in areas designated as empowerment zones or enterprise communities. (Section 1238(a)(2)(B)) To find areas in the State that have been designated as empowerment zones or enterprise communities, contact the Governor's office. #### #### Eligible Entity To qualify as an "eligible entity" for an Even Start subgrant, an applicant must be a partnership between one or more LEAs [and]{.underline} one or more nonprofit community-based organizations, public agencies other than an LEA, institutions of higher education (including two- and four-year institutions), or public or private nonprofit organizations of demonstrated quality other than an LEA. (Section 1232(e)(1)) A partnership may take a number of different forms and can designate any partner as the fiscal agent for the subgrant or form a formal legal entity that is a partnership to serve as the fiscal agent. However, in each case, the partners should clearly delineate their respective roles and functions, identify the partner(s) that will serve as the fiscal agent, and agree in writing to any required assurances and authorizations. The partnership provisions in the Even Start law strengthen the connections between schools and communities and improve a project's ability to reach families in greatest need of services through community outreach. The connection of a project to an LEA and a school's resources also allows for greater ease in the continuity of family literacy services, especially when children make the transition between an early childhood education provider to a school. In order to reach out to the greatest number of possible applicants, the Secretary encourages States to inform all potentially eligible partners of the availability of funds for an Even Start program and the process they should follow in applying for a subgrant. Even Start projects are cooperative projects that build on high-quality, existing community resources to create a new range of services to serve families\' educational needs. (Section 1231(2)(A)) In addition to the formal partners who comprise the eligible entity applying for funding and administering the grant, an Even Start project has a number of collaborators who provide direct instructional or support services to participating families and may contribute to the local project's matching or cost share. These collaborators might include such local agencies as: the community library, the community college, the welfare agency, a day care program, a professional association, a faith-based organization, or a volunteer organization. The Department encourages projects to cultivate community investment in the program by building on high-quality community resources or bolstering the quality of these community resources, if necessary by supplementing those services. Project Funding *Minimum Subgrant Amounts* The Secretary encourages States to make subgrants that are of sufficient size, scope, and quality to be effective in meeting the purposes of Even Start, allow projects to meet their program objectives and participant achievement goals, and make maximum use of the resources available at the local community level. (Section 1233(b)) SEAs are encouraged to make continuation awards of sufficient size to ensure each project's continuity of high-quality services and successful program outcomes and participant achievement results. After reserving funds for administration and technical assistance and funding continuation grants for projects that demonstrate sufficient progress toward meeting their individual program objectives and the State's Even Start indicators of program quality, States must use the remaining funds to award new subgrants. (Section 1233(b)) The minimum amount of Federal funds required for a subgrant for programs in their first through eighth year of operation generally is \$75,000 per year. The minimum subgrant size of \$75,000 per year is reduced to \$52,500 for recipients in their ninth and succeeding years. If less than \$75,000 of Federal funds remain available for a fiscal year after the State has awarded all other subgrants, the SEA may fund one subgrant of less than \$75,000 for a project in its first through eighth year of operation for that fiscal year, or one subgrant of less than \$52,500 for a project in its ninth or subsequent year of operation for that fiscal year. However, each State may have only one project operating under these conditions at any given time. (Section 1233(b)(2)) *Federal and Local Share* An Even Start project's funding is comprised of a portion of funds attributable to the Federal grant (Federal share) and a portion contributed by the project (local share). The amount of the local share in the first year of the local project's grant must be at least 10 percent of the [total cost]{.underline} of the project. In the second year of Federal funding, the project must provide at least 20 percent of the total cost of the second-year budget; in the third year, at least 30 percent of the third-year total budget cost; in the fourth year, at least 40 percent of the fourth-year total budget cost; in the fifth through eighth years, at least 50 percent of each year's total budget cost; and in each subsequent year, at least 65 percent of each year's total budget cost. (See Duration of a Project -- Continuing Eligibility section.) (Section 1234(b)(1)) It is not necessary to reduce a project's grant award each year in order to satisfy the requirements for the progressively increased local share. Instead, a State may keep a project's grant award constant and require a sufficient increase in the local share. Or, a State may even increase the grant award for subsequent years, so long as there is a sufficient local share. The important consideration is that each project receives sufficient funds to operate a high-quality program that generates successful participant achievement results. A local project may provide its local share in cash or through in-kind contributions, fairly evaluated. The project may obtain its local share from any source, including any Federal funds other than Even Start funds. (Section 1234(b)(1)(B)) For an explanation of how to place a value on specific third-party in-kind contributions, see EDGAR, section 74.23 (for institutions of higher education and non-profit organizations) and section 80.24 (for LEAs and Indian tribes). An Even Start project may only use allowable costs to satisfy the project's local share. (See EDGAR, section 80.24.) For example, indirect costs are not allowable for Even Start local projects and, therefore, may not be used to meet a project's local share. (Section 1234(b)(3)) In addition, a project may only count costs or values of third-party in-kind contributions toward satisfying its local share for one Federal grant or contract at a time. For example, if Head Start is a collaborating agency with an Even Start project and counts a volunteer teacher's time for all of the children (including the children participating in Even Start) toward satisfying a Head Start matching requirement, the Even Start project may not count that same teacher's time toward meeting the Even Start local share. In the alternative, the Head Start program and the Even Start program may agree to split the value of the volunteer teacher's time proportionately, based on the numbers of Head Start and Even Start children served by that teacher, between the two programs for the purpose of each program's respective matching requirement. #### #### Indirect Costs Under the statute, Even Start funds generally may not be used for the indirect costs of a local Even Start project. Under certain circumstances, the Secretary may waive this limitation for Indian tribe or tribal organization Even Start grants from the Department. (Section 1234(b)(3)) Duration of a Project A local project's grant period may not exceed four years. (Section 1238(b)(1)) The Secretary encourages SEAs to award grants for periods of at least two years to allow projects sufficient time to implement fully all program elements and core components and have one year of data to use for demonstrating continuous improvement. After the end of a project's grant period, the Even Start project may reapply and compete for additional grants or subgrants of Even Start funds. (Section 1238(b)(5)) #### Start-Up Period Implementing a new Even Start project presents many challenges, and experience has shown that the average new project takes several months to become fully operational. At an applicant's request, an SEA may provide funds to a subgrantee for a three-to-six month start-up period during the first year of a grant period before requiring full implementation of the project. During this start-up period, a project may use its Even Start funds for such activities as staff recruitment and training, and coordination of services. (Section 1238(b)(2)) *Continuing Eligibility* In making continuation awards from year to year during a project's grant period, an SEA has considerable discretion over the amount of the continuation award and may weigh a variety of factors in determining whether a subgrantee has made sufficient progress. However, in an SEA's review of a subgrantee's progress, it must always consider the subgrantee's progress in meeting the objectives of its program and its progress on the State's Even Start indicators of program quality. (Section 1238(b)(3)) *Insufficient Progress* An SEA may refuse to award continuation funds to a subgrantee if the SEA determines that the program has not made sufficient progress, as evaluated against the State's Even Start indicators of program quality. Before discontinuing a subgrantee, a SEA must first provide technical assistance to see if the program can improve its progress on the State indicators of program quality and also give the subgrantee notice and an opportunity for a formal or an informal hearing. (Section 1238(b)(4)) The hearing requirement can be satisfied by the SEA providing a formal hearing on the record as described above under the Selection Criteria section, or by providing an informal hearing before the denial and the formal hearing on the record if requested by the applicant after the final denial of funds. SEAs are encouraged to keep records describing the technical assistance that has been given in compliance with these requirements. [LOCAL ADMINISTRATION]{.underline} Program Elements Each local Even Start program is a complex project comprised of many different elements that when added, should equal more than the sum of each individual element. The fifteen statutory required program elements for Even Start projects, primarily grounded in research and national evaluation data, are intended to ensure that projects offer high-quality services so that all participating families can achieve their literacy goals. (Section 1235) It is important to note that all Even Start projects funded both before and after the December 21, 2000 LIFT Act reauthorization are subject to that law's new requirements and, therefore, must be implementing all fifteen required program elements. Note that, the following program elements (numbered by their statutory paragraph number in section 1235) were new in 2000: #5 (staff qualifications); #10 (instructional programs based on scientifically based reading research); #11 (attendance and retention of families); #12 (reading readiness activities based on scientifically based reading research); and #13 (continuity of family literacy services). In addition, program element numbers 8 (year-round services) and 15 (local independent evaluation) have been amended. Local applications for continuing subgrantees should be amended to reflect compliance with the new requirements. (Section 1237(c)(2)(B)) These program elements clarify the methods for the best implementation of the four Even Start core requirements \-- early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and/or instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive literacy activities between parents and their children \-- and the activities needed to support successful programs. Program elements 1, 2, 11, and 14 relate to the targeting of Even Start services to the families most in need and ready to commit to the four-component program. Program elements 3-8 and 10 and 12 focus on the delivery of high-quality instructional and support services so participants can better achieve literacy gains. Program elements 9 and 13 describe coordination with relevant programs to complement and supplement the work of the local Even Start project. And program element 15 highlights program accountability and linkages between program implementation and participant outcomes. An elaboration of each program element is provided below. 1. *Identification and Recruitment of Families Most In Need of Even Start Services. (Section 1235(1)) Each project must identify and recruit families most in need of Even Start services, as indicated by a low level of income, a low level of adult literacy or English language proficiency of the eligible parent or parents, and other need-related indicators. It is important to note the distinction between families that are considered "eligible" for Even Start services and those actually served by a project. Even Start projects serve a small subset of the "eligible" population and must target families who are most in need of family literacy services. 2. Screening and Preparation of Participants. (Section 1235(2)) Each project must screen and prepare parents (including teenage parents) and children to enable such parents and children to participate fully in Even Start activities and services. This includes testing of parents to ensure eligibility for services, referral to necessary counseling, other developmental and support services, and related services. A project should ensure that each member of an eligible family is fully ready to commit to the entire four-component Even Start program prior to considering them for program participation. 3. Flexible Scheduling and Support Services.* (Section 1235(3)) Each project must be designed to accommodate participants' work schedules and other responsibilities. This includes providing support services, when such services are unavailable from other sources, which are necessary for full participation in the Even Start program. Flexibility in scheduling classes in order to optimize family participation and retention is especially critical given the demands of work participation requirements for public assistance, as is providing support services such as transportation, child care, and meals. However, the main focus of the Even Start program should still remain on providing high-quality instructional services and ensuring that participants make literacy gains. 4. *High-Quality, Intensive Instructional Programs. (Section 1235(4)) Each project must provide high-quality, intensive instructional programs that promote adult literacy and empower parents to support the educational growth of their children, developmentally appropriate early childhood services, and preparation of children for success in regular school programs. Each of the four core components is considered an instructional program. 5. Staff Qualifications. (Section 1235(5)) Each project must meet the following staff qualification requirements for staff whose salaries are paid in whole or in part with Even Start funds. Staff who are not paid with Even Start funds, such as staff supported by collaborators or partners, are not subject to the requirements of this program element. However, whatever the funding source, the Secretary encourages a project to make a concerted effort to use the most highly qualified staff available. > [Staff providing academic instruction]{.underline} > > Instructional staff are considered those staff members who provide > instruction in the four core Even Start components. All instructional staff --* by December 21, 2004, a majority of the individuals providing academic instruction: 1. must have obtained an associate\'s, bachelor\'s, or graduate degree in a field related to (see Q11) early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education; and > 2\. if applicable, must meet qualifications established by the State > for early childhood education, elementary or secondary school > education, or adult education provided as part of an Even Start > program or another family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(A)(i)) New instructional staff who are hired to work in Even Start projects must, when they are hired: 1. have obtained an associate\'s, bachelor's, or graduate degree in a field related to early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education; and 2. if applicable, meet qualifications established by the State for early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education provided as part of an Even Start program or another family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(B)) [Project Director]{.underline} Not later than December 21, 2004, the individual responsible for administration of family literacy services must have received training in the operation of a family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(A)(ii)) [Paraprofessionals]{.underline} > Not later than December 21, 2004, paraprofessionals who provide > support for academic instruction must have a high school diploma or > its recognized equivalent. (Section 1235(5)(A)(iii)) 6. *Staff Training.* (Section 1235(6)) Each project must train staff, including child care staff, to develop the skills necessary to work with parents and young children in the full range of Even Start instructional services offered. Effective staff professional development may include a set of activities that produce a demonstrable and measurable effect on student academic achievement, and may include activities such as coaching and mentoring. While not directly applicable to the Even Start program, you may find useful concepts on high-quality professional development in Part B of the Title II, Part A guidance (Improving Teacher Quality, State Grants), located at www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SIP/TitleIIguidance2002.doc. 7. *Home-Based Instructional Services.* (Section 1235(7)) Each project must provide and monitor integrated instructional services to participating parents and children through home-based services. Even Start projects should provide home-based services for every Even Start family on a regular basis. These services should be designed to improve the literacy skills of parents or their children, or both, and communicate the message that the home is a child's first classroom, just as the parent is a child's first teacher. 8. *Year-Round Services.* (Section 1235(8)) Each project must operate on a year-round basis, including the provision of some program services, instructional and enrichment, during the summer months. This allows families to receive continuous opportunities to improve their learning and avoid the drop-off in achievement that often occurs during long breaks or vacations. Therefore, the families served during the summer should be the same families served during the school year. 9. *Coordination with Other Programs.* (Section 1235(9)) Each project must coordinate with relevant programs, such as Title I, Part A, Early Reading First, Reading First, Migrant Education, 21^st^ Century Community Learning Centers, Head Start, and volunteer literacy programs. Local projects must also coordinate with any relevant programs under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, and any other relevant programs. 10. *Instructional Programs Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research. (Section 1235(10)) Each project must use instructional programs based on scientifically based reading research (as defined in section 1208) for children and adults, to the extent such research is available. The underlying premise of basing instructional programs on scientifically based reading research is that using strategies and techniques that are demonstrated to be effective through the application of scientific research methods will give States, districts, and schools a higher probability that children enter school prepared to learn to read and adults significantly improve their literacy and help their children succeed in school. 11. Attendance and Retention.* (Section 1235(11)) Each project must encourage participating families to attend regularly and to remain in the program a sufficient time to meet their program goals. Each individual program determines what is reasonable attendance for a family in order to achieve its educational goals and to remain as active participants in the program. If a family is not attending regularly, the project needs to work with the family to determine what is needed to allow them to be active participants. If such attempts still fail, the project should transition the family out of Even Start, perhaps to a more suitable program, and recruit a more committed family. 12. *Reading Readiness Activities Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research.* (Section 1235(12)) Each project must base its reading readiness activities for preschool children on scientifically based reading research (as defined in section 1208), to the extent available, to ensure children enter elementary school with the language, cognitive, and early reading skills necessary for reading success. Research shows that the most effective ways to reach this goal include: 1) creating classroom environments rich in age-appropriate print (from sources such as books, labeling, and posting the alphabet and children's pre-writing work); 2) teachers who deliver intentional, contextualized, and explicit instruction that supports children's age-appropriate development of oral language, phonological awareness, print awareness, and alphabet knowledge; 3) progress monitoring to determine which skills children are learning; and 4) intensive and ongoing professional development that includes mentoring and coaching in the classroom. 13. *Continuity of Services.* (Section 1235(13)) Each project must promote the continuity of family literacy, to the extent applicable, to ensure that individuals retain and improve their educational outcomes. Educational services supplementing in-school instruction provided through the early school years can be critical to sustaining gains made during the preschool years. 14. *Providing Services to Families Most In Need.* (Section 1235(14)) Each project must ensure that the program will serve those families most in need of Even Start activities and services. This is related to Program Element #1. 15. *Local Independent Evaluation.* (Section 1235(15)) Each project must provide for an independent evaluation of the program that it will use for program improvement. The independent evaluation generally is conducted annually and provides critical data and information to the local program on the performance of each family, as well as on the quality of the implementation of the core components and program elements. The project must use the data and information for participant progress monitoring and continuous program improvement to lead to better participant outcomes. (See the Local Evaluation section of this guidance for further information.) Although included as an application requirement rather than as a program element, each project must also provide services for at least a three-year age range of children, which may begin at birth. (Section 1238(a)(1)(C) and the State Administration -- Selection criteria section.) Participant Eligibility To be eligible for Even Start, a family that qualifies as "most-in-need" (Program Element section, Program Element #1) must have at least one eligible parent and one eligible child, as described below, participating together. (Section 1236) #### Parents The definition of "parent" includes, in addition to a biological or adoptive parent, a legal guardian or other person standing "in loco parentis." Generally, "in loco parentis" means a person acting in place of a parent and may include a person such as a grandparent or stepparent with whom the child lives, or a person legally responsible for the child's welfare. (Section 9101(31)) To be eligible for Even Start, an adult must be the "parent" of an eligible child, and either be: (1) eligible for participation in adult education and literacy activities under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act; (2) within the State's compulsory school attendance age range, so long as an LEA provides or ensures the availability of the basic education component required under this part; or (3) attending secondary school. > (Section 1236(a)(1)) Eligible participants under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act are individuals: (1) who have attained 16 years of age; (2) who are not enrolled or required to be enrolled in secondary school under State law; and (3) who\-- \(i\) lack sufficient mastery of basic educational skills to enable the individuals to function effectively in society; \(ii\) do not have a secondary school diploma or its recognized equivalent, and have not achieved an equivalent level of education; or \(iii\) are unable to speak, read, or write the English language. (Section 203(1) of the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, 20 U.S.C. 9202(1)) #### Children Children at birth through age seven are eligible to participate in Even Start if their parent or parents are eligible for and participating in Even Start services. (Section 1236(a)(2)) Children over the age of seven also are eligible to participate in Even Start with an eligible parent if the local project collaborates with a program under Title I, Part A of ESEA, and Title I, Part A funds contribute to the cost of providing Even Start program services to those children. Although the participation of families with children over the age of seven is now permissible, the focus of a local program must continue to remain on families with young children. (See the Title I, Part A Collaboration section of this guidance for further information.) *Parents or Children in Private Schools* # The equitable participation provisions, applicable to Even Start for the first time under NCLB, are found in sections 9501-9504. These provisions require recipients of Federal funds to provide eligible school-age children who are enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, and their teachers or other educational personnel, educational services and benefits under those programs on an equitable basis. Eligible entities must provide the equitable services after timely and meaningful consultation with the appropriate private school officials. The services must be provided by the eligible entity or through a contractor that is independent of any private school or religious organization. This means that Even Start projects must consult with private school officials to determine how to ensure that private school students (elementary and secondary) are given the same opportunity to participate in the Even Start project as their public school counterparts. (See the Parents and Children sections of this guidance above for further information on who is eligible for Even Start, whether they attend public or private schools.) Specifically, the eligible entity must consult with private school officials to determine how to provide equitable Even Start services to eligible families in Even Start that have children enrolled in private elementary schools or parents enrolled in private secondary schools. Consultation between public and private school officials must occur before any decision is made that could affect the ability of private school families to participate (that is, as the project is being designed and before the application is submitted to the subgrant competition) and should continue throughout the implementation and assessment of activities. Consultation generally must include discussions on such issues as: how the private school families' needs will be identified; what services will be offered; how and where the services will be offered and provided; who will provide the services; how the services will be assessed and how the results of assessments will be used to improve those services; the amount of funds available for services; the size and scope of services to be provided; and how and when the LEA/agency will make decisions about the delivery of services. The Even Start services for eligible private school students must be comparable to the services for their public school counterparts in terms of quality, scope, and opportunity for participation. In addition, total program expenditures for services and benefits for participating elementary and secondary private school students must be equal (taking into account the relative numbers of those private and public school students participating in the Even Start program and their needs) to the expenditures for participating elementary and secondary public school students. #### Other Family Members Family members of eligible participants may participate in activities and services provided by an Even Start project, when appropriate, to serve the purposes of the program. For example, if the participation of an older sibling would enhance learning for the participating parent and child, then the older sibling may participate in appropriate Even Start activities such as home-based interactive literacy activities between parents and their children. #### Eligible Participants Enrolled in Other Programs So long as participating families meet the Even Start eligibility requirements described in section 1236, and qualify as most in need of Even Start services, they may participate in the program. Even Start is designed to build on, rather than duplicate, already existing high-quality community resources. Therefore, a child's enrollment in a high-quality Head Start program or, for school-age children, enrollment in a high-quality, regular school program, could satisfy the required early childhood education component of Even Start. Likewise, a parent's enrollment in a high-quality, adult basic education program could fulfill the adult education component of the Even Start program. In both examples, the Even Start project should provide supplemental learning opportunities to reinforce what is being taught through its collaborators and partners. The project\'s responsibility is to ensure the family receives all four core components at high enough levels of quality, either through a collaborator or directly from the project, in order for families to make literacy achievement gains. *Migrant and Indian Families* Eligible migrant and Indian families in need of family literacy services may participate like any other family in an Even Start project under the State-administered program. Organizations serving migrant families or Indian tribes or tribal organizations may also apply to SEAs for subgrants in partnership with an LEA, if the organizations qualify as one of the required entities under section 1232(e)(1)(B). In addition, migrant and Indian families may participate in programs funded through the Federal set-aside programs for migrant and federally recognized Indian tribes and tribal organizations. For each fiscal year in which the appropriation is greater than \$200 million, the Secretary must reserve six percent of the funds appropriated for the Even Start program (if the appropriation is \$200 million or less, five percent of such amount) for grants to projects serving migrant families, the outlying areas, and federally recognized Indian tribes and tribal organizations. (Section 1232(a)(1)) However, if the same migrant or Indian tribe or tribal organization receives both a grant from the Secretary and a subgrant from the SEA for an Even Start project, the funds may not be used for duplicative purposes (that is, the funds may not be used to provide the same services to the same families). (EDGAR, sections 75.531 and 76.760) #### Continuing Family Eligibility Families generally may participate in Even Start Family Literacy program services until all family members become ineligible for participation. In the case of families who enter the program with children ages birth through seven, when the parent has achieved his or her educational goals, the family continues to be eligible until all children in the family reach age eight. In contrast, if all children in a family have reached the age of eight and the participating parent has not achieved his or her educational goals, the family continues to be eligible for two more years until the youngest participating child is 10 years old or until the parent is no longer eligible for adult education services under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, whichever occurs earlier. In both situations, if a family chooses to continue participating in Even Start under the provisions for continuing family eligibility, the family must participate in all remaining appropriate Even Start services (parenting education, interactive parent and child literacy activities, home visits) until the family exits the program. (Section 1236(b)(2)) If the Even Start program collaborates with a Title I, Part A program and Part A contributes to paying the cost of the Even Start program, families are eligible and may participate in the Even Start program until the parent reaches his or her educational goals, regardless of the age of the child. However, the focus of the local program must continue to remain on serving families with young children. Family ineligibility in this situation occurs when the parent attains his or her educational goals. (Section 1236(b)(3) and the Title I, Part A Collaboration section of this guidance.) #### Temporary Absence From the Project Even Start is unique in that it is designed as a family literacy program, in which the eligibility of parents and children is interdependent. (Section 1236) To be eligible, at least one parent and one or more eligible children must participate together in an Even Start project. However, should a child or parent be temporarily absent due to extenuating circumstances, the other eligible family members may continue to receive Even Start services. Local Application In order to be eligible to receive a subgrant, an applicant must submit an application to the SEA in the form and containing the information required by the SEA. (See the Eligible Entity section of this guidance for further information on what constitutes an eligible applicant.) At a minimum, each application must demonstrate that the applicant has the qualified personnel needed to develop, administer, and implement a high-quality Even Start program and provide access to the special training necessary to prepare staff for program implementation. (Section 1237(b)) Each application must also include a plan of operation and continuous improvement for the program. (Section 1237(c)(1)) The plan must include the following information, as well as any other information required by the SEA: (A) a description of the program objectives, strategies to meet those objectives, and how the objectives are consistent with the State\'s indicators of program quality; (B) a description of the activities and services to be provided by the program, including a description of how the program will incorporate all of the program elements required by section 1235 (See the Local Administration -- Program Elements section.); (C) a description of the population to be served and an estimate of the number of participants to be served; (D) as appropriate, a description of the applicant\'s collaborative efforts with institutions of higher education, community-based organizations, the SEA, private elementary schools, or other eligible organizations, in carrying out the program; (E) a statement of the methods that the project will use to: ensure that it will serve families most in need of Even Start activities and services, provide Even Start services to individuals with special needs such as individuals with limited English proficiency and individuals with disabilities, and encourage participants to remain in the program for a time sufficient to meet the program\'s purpose; (F) a description of how the plan is integrated with other ESEA programs or other programs, as appropriate; and (G) a description of how the plan provides for rigorous and objective evaluation of progress toward the program objectives described in (A) and for continuing use of evaluation data for program improvement. Each plan submitted as part of an application is effective for the duration of the subgrantee's participation in Even Start and may be periodically reviewed and revised as needed. The plan may be submitted as part of a consolidated local application. (Section 1237(d)) Fiscal Issues An Even Start project must use Federal Even Start funds to support the cost of providing family literacy services that involve parents and children, primarily from birth through age seven, in a cooperative effort to help parents become full partners in the education of their children and to assist children in reaching their full potential as learners. (Section 1234(a)) The remaining cost of the program may be provided in cash or in kind from any source, including any Federal funds other than Even Start. (See the Federal and Local Share and Indirect Costs sections of this guidance for further information.) #### Title I, Part A Collaboration If a project collaborates with a program under Title I, Part A, and Title I, Part A contributes to paying the cost of providing programs under this part to children 8 years of age or older, the Even Start project can allow the participation of families with children 8 years of age or older. (See the Continuing Family Eligibility section of this guidance.) However, the focus of the local program must continue to remain on families with young children. (Section 1236(b)(5)) The intent of this provision is not to divert substantial Even Start funds to families with older children, but to encourage greater contribution from the Title I, Part A program. #### Allowable Costs Projects may use Federal Even Start grant funds and matching resources only for the allowable costs of those projects. (EDGAR, section 80.22) For each type of organization, there is a separate set of Federal principles for determining allowable costs. State-administered grants that have LEAs as the fiscal agent, and Indian tribes and tribal organizations, must use the cost principles in OMB Circular A-87. Grantees that have institutions of higher education (IHEs) as the fiscal agent must use the cost principles in OMB Circular A-21, and non-profit organizations that are fiscal agents must use OMB Circular A-122. (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/index.html) The cost principles provide general rules for allowability, and in addition, list alphabetically certain specific items of cost (such as "materials cost"), indicating whether those specific cost items are allowable, unallowable, or allowable only with the prior approval of the awarding agency. In general, unless prohibited by the statute, regulations, or cost principles, local projects may use Even Start funds and matching resources for costs that are necessary and reasonable to meet the objectives of their projects and provide each of the 15 required program elements, including the four core family literacy service instructional components. Following are some examples of allowable costs. Other allowable costs are found in EDGAR and the applicable cost principles. - [Materials and supplies]{.underline}. Generally, a project may use Federal Even Start funds and matching resources to purchase materials and supplies related to the Even Start project. (See the applicable cost principles under "material costs" or "materials and supplies.") - [Equipment]{.underline}. Generally, capital expenditures for equipment are allowable as a direct cost when approved by the awarding agency. The cost principles define "equipment" as an article of nonexpendable, tangible personal property having a useful life of more than one year and an acquisition cost which equals the lesser of (a) the capitalization level established by the governmental unit for financial statement purposes, or (b) \$5,000. Items of equipment with an acquisition cost of less than \$5,000 are considered to be supplies under Circular A-87 and are allowable under all of the cost circulars as direct costs of Federal awards without requiring specific awarding agency approval. (See the applicable cost principles under the paragraph of selected cost items concerning "Equipment and other capital expenditures": Circular A-87, Attachment B, paragraph 19; Circular A-21, Section J, paragraph 16; Circular A-122, Attachment B, paragraph 15.) - [Food and meals for project participants.]{.underline} A project may use Federal Even Start funds to purchase food and meals for project participants to the extent those expenditures are reasonable and necessary as a support service under section 1235(3), when unavailable from other sources and when necessary for a person's participation in the Even Start program. For example, providing food may be reasonable and necessary when academic instruction is provided in the evening and participants do not have time to eat at home before coming to the program, at recruitment functions, or when individuals otherwise would not participate in the program. However, entertainment costs, including meals when provided for the purpose of being a social activity or amusement, are unallowable under all of the cost principles. - [Minor remodeling.]{.underline} Even Start projects may use funds for the reasonable and necessary costs of minor remodeling, as that term is defined in EDGAR, section 77.1. Under that definition, "minor remodeling" means, in general, minor alterations to a previously completed building. The specific term does not include building maintenance and repairs, but both are allowable expenditures to the extent they are necessary and reasonable. The term excludes building construction or structural alterations to buildings, which are unallowable expenditures. - [Rental costs of buildings and equipment.]{.underline} Generally, reasonable rental costs are allowable under all of the OMB cost circulars, subject to specific requirements in each applicable OMB cost circular that should be reviewed before a project enters into a rental agreement. The rental or lease costs of buildings and equipment, which are owned by a partner to an Even Start grant (or to another entity with a less-than-arms-length relationship with any of the partners), generally are valued on a different basis than are buildings and equipment rented or leased from a third-party. (Refer to the applicable OMB cost circulars for more detail about valuation.) - [Transportation]{.underline}. Projects may spend Even Start funds on transportation for participants as a support service under section 1235(3), when unavailable from other sources and when necessary for a person's participation in the Even Start program. Transportation costs must be reasonable and necessary. If a project wishes to provide this transportation through the lease or purchase of a vehicle, such a lease or purchase would be considered a capital expenditure and the applicable OMB cost circular rules for equipment and capital expenditures apply, including the requirement to obtain the approval of the awarding agency. *Unallowable Costs* Following are some examples of unallowable costs. Other unallowable costs are found in EDGAR and the applicable cost principles. - [Indirect costs]{.underline}. Local Even Start projects may not use project funds (including Even Start funds and matching funds) for any indirect costs of a project. (Section 1234(b)(3)) The differences between direct and indirect costs are explained in the applicable cost principles described above. In general, indirect costs are those costs that are incurred for common or joint purposes among multiple cost objectives (for example, the Even Start program and the school district's program) and cannot be readily and specifically identified with a particular final cost objective without effort disproportionate to the results achieved (for example, the cost of heating and lights for a building in which multiple programs are located). States may use the Even Start funds that they reserve for State-level activities for indirect costs at the State level. - [Constructing, renovating, or acquiring real property.]{.underline} An Even Start project may not use Federal Even Start funds or matching resources to acquire real property, or for construction or renovation. (See EDGAR, section 75.533 for direct grantees of the Department, and section 76.533 for State-administered subgrants.) Construction includes structural alterations to buildings, but does not include minor remodeling (see above). - [Organized fundraising.]{.underline} Under OMB Cost Circular A-87, the costs of organized fundraising, including financial campaigns, solicitation of gifts and bequests, and similar expenses incurred to raise capital or obtain contributions are unallowable. However, expenditures of funds to obtain the statutorily required cost or matching share for Even Start grants are not considered to be unallowable fundraising. *Maintenance of Effort* Beginning with FY 2002, Even Start programs are subject to a maintenance-of-effort requirement (section 9521), which is the same as the requirement that has applied to Title I, Part A for a number of years (section 1120(A)(a)). As applied to Even Start, the maintenance-of-effort requirement means that an Even Start project may receive funds only if the SEA determines that the project's LEA partner's combined fiscal effort per student or the aggregate expenditures of the LEA and the State with respect to the provision of free public education by the LEA for the preceding fiscal year was not less than 90 percent of the combined fiscal effort or aggregate expenditures for the second preceding fiscal year. However, in cases where a school district has failed to maintain effort in education expenditures, ED may waive that requirement if such a waiver would be equitable due to\-- (1) exceptional or uncontrollable circumstances such as a natural disaster; or (2) a precipitous decline in the financial resources of the local educational agency. For additional information on the maintenance-of-effort requirement, you may want to talk with your Title I State or LEA director. [NATIONAL EVALUATION, LOCAL EVALUATION,]{.underline} [AND INDICATORS OF PROGRAM QUALITY]{.underline} #### National Evaluation Since Even Start's first year, the legislation has included an evaluation requirement at the national level. Though the legislative mandate has changed slightly over the years, the national evaluation's basic purposes have remained the same \-- to describe Even Start projects and participants, to examine the performance and effectiveness of Even Start projects, and to identify effective Even Start projects for use in program improvement and technical assistance. There have been three national Even Start evaluations since the inception of the program. The following overall findings have emerged from the three national evaluations completed to date: 1) Even Start projects are generally able to implement the legislatively required program elements. We cannot say that all of the services provided by Even Start projects are of excellent quality, but we do know that all of the legislatively required program elements are being provided and that the letter of the law is met by all but a very few grantees. 2) On average, Even Start participants make gains on measures of literacy. These gains are generally small, particularly given the very low literacy levels of children and adults when they start the program. 3) When information has been available from a randomly-assigned control group, Even Start participants have made literacy gains; however, the gains are no greater than the gains made by members of the control group. The latest available evidence is from the third national Even Start evaluation's Experimental Design Study (EDS). (To access a copy of the Third National Even Start Evaluation, go to www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/disadv/evenstartthird/toc.html.) Compared with the Even Start population, the 18 EDS projects over-represent Even Start programs that serve ESL Hispanic families in urban areas. While such over-representation means that care should be taken in applying the findings to Even Start projects as a whole, almost 50 percent of the families served by Even Start are Hispanic and about 50 percent of the projects are in urban areas. Hence, the EDS findings apply to an important and growing part of the Even Start population. The key findings include: - While Even Start children and parents made gains on literacy assessments and other measures, children and parents in the 18 Even Start programs that participated in the EDS did not gain more than children and parents in the control group, about one-third of whom also received early childhood education or adult education services. - Even Start serves a very disadvantaged population. Compared with Head Start, Even Start parents are much less likely to have a high school diploma, and Even Start families have substantially lower annual household income. - Even Start children and parents made small gains on literacy measures and scored low compared to national norms when they left the program. Even Start children gained four standard score points on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the same gain made by control group children and by children in the Head Start FACES study. - Families in the program do not take full advantage of the services offered by Even Start projects; they participate in a small amount of instruction relative to their needs and program goals. - While the early childhood classroom experiences provided by the EDS projects were of overall good quality, there was not sufficient emphasis on language acquisition and reasoning to produce measurable impacts and hence to achieve legislative outcomes. Further study is needed to better document the quality and content of Even Start's instructional services. - The extent to which parents and children participated in literacy services is related to child outcomes. Each of the national evaluations has shown that Even Start is a complicated program that takes time to understand and implement fully. The focus on literacy for the family as a unit is a special challenge, as is the requirement to build on existing services to create a unified family literacy program in a community. Maintaining a literacy focus and ensuring that collaborators share the goals and objectives of Even Start are critical factors, since Even Start projects are held accountable for literacy outcomes, regardless of collaborators' objectives. By integrating the four core instructional components, Even Start projects seek to provide a value-added dimension to families' literacy experiences and outcomes. These characteristics make Even Start unique and exciting, but also difficult to evaluate. The Department is implementing several strategies to help States and local projects improve program performance, in part, to directly respond to findings from the Third National Even Start Evaluation. ED is working with States and local projects to strengthen the quality of each instructional component and identify examples of local projects that are achieving significant results in student achievement. In addition, ED will conduct a peer review of State indicators of program quality to ensure that all States have indicators that reflect high standards, use appropriate assessment tools, and allow States to use their indicators to monitor and improve local projects. Also, ED is helping to improve the quality of State and local evaluations through development of a revised guide to local evaluation and accompanying technical assistance. # *Classroom Literacy Interventions and Outcomes Study (CLIO) (2003-07)* # # Research evidence from previous national Even Start evaluations has prompted an evaluation effort to identify effective family literacy models. Two experimental evaluations have shown that Even Start projects, as currently implemented, have not been effective at increasing the literacy skills of participating children and their parents over and above that of control children and their parents. The CLIO study will test the effectiveness of various enhanced family literacy interventions in promoting: (a) literacy and other school readiness skills in low-income children; (b) parent literacy; and (c) parent involvement as teachers of their own child, especially in the area of early literacy. The goal of the CLIO study is to provide information for Even Start family literacy projects on the literacy gains made by children and parents who participate in projects offering different family literacy curricula. #### Local Evaluation Each Even Start project is required to conduct an independent evaluation of the program to be used for continuous program improvement. (Section 1235(15)) These evaluations are generally conducted annually and provide local projects with critical information on individual participant achievement results and areas of program strength and weakness. These evaluations also provide local projects, States, the Department, and the Congress with objective data about the activities and services provided by the project, all the participants served, the retention rates of those participants, and the achievement of all families in the project. (See Local Administration -- Program Element #15 for more information.) ### Indicators of Program Quality Section 1240 requires each State that receives Even Start funds to develop indicators of program quality to use in monitoring, evaluating, and improving local Even Start programs within the State. In addition, the Department encourages States to develop performance standards and benchmarks for each program indicator and use them for increased local program accountability and program improvement. Development of a complete system of accountability \-- comprised of indicators of program quality and performance standards and benchmarks \-- is important so that each State will have its own uniform and workable method to measure and evaluate whether or not local programs have made sufficient progress and improvement in participant outcomes. This accountability system will give each State objective and explicit data on which programs are showing gains in participant literacy, which ones need technical assistance and in what areas, and which programs should or should not receive continued funding. Starting in 2003, the Department will also use it monitoring authority, under the General Education Provisions Act: (20 USC 1232f(b), 1234(c), and 1234(f)), to perform a peer review of States' Even Start performance indicators. The review process will be used to ensure that all States have indicators that reflect high standards, and use appropriate assessment tools, and that States are able to use their indicators to monitor and improve local Even Start programs and participant literacy achievement results. [ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR FAMILY LITERACY]{.underline} Federal Even Start funds are not the only source of funding for family literacy programs. Funding for family literacy programs or for individual components of a family literacy program may come from a variety of sources at the Federal, State, and local levels. Common Definition of Family Literacy # The following Federal legislation shares a generally common definition of "family literacy services": - Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) # Head Start Act of 1998 - Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (Workforce Investment Act) - Community Services Block Grant Act Title I, Part A Title I, Part A of the ESEA provides formula grants to LEAs to improve the teaching and learning of children in high-poverty schools to enable them to meet challenging academic content and performance standards. The program emphasizes parental involvement and encourages each school to provide training to help parents work with their children to improve their school achievement. Schools may use Title I, Part A funds to provide necessary literacy training for parents if all reasonably available sources of funding have been exhausted, and they are encouraged to work with communities to provide health, nutrition, and social services that are not otherwise available to the children being served. LEAs must reserve at least one percent of their Title I, Part A allocations for parent involvement activities including promoting family literacy and parenting skills, unless the one percent is \$5,000 or less. (Section 1118(a)(3)) Title I, Part A funds may also be used for preschool programs for educationally disadvantaged children who reside in high-poverty areas. In addition, section 1111(c)(14) requires SEAs to encourage LEAs and individual schools participating in Title I, Part A programs to offer family literacy services (using Title I, Part A funds), if the LEA or school determines that a substantial number of disadvantaged students have parents who do not have a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent or have low levels of literacy. (For additional information on Title I, Part A, go to www.ed.gov/programs/titleiparta/index.html.) Early Reading First, Title I, Part B, Subpart 2 The Early Reading First program provides competitive grants to eligible school districts and other public and private organizations located in those school districts, to transform existing early education programs into centers of excellence that provide high-quality, early education to young children, especially those from low-income families. The overall purpose of the Early Reading First program is to prepare young children to enter kindergarten with the necessary language, cognitive, and early reading skills to prevent reading difficulties and ensure school success. A variety of preschool programs located in eligible school districts, including Even Start family literacy programs, may apply for Early Reading First funds. All programs receiving Early Reading First grants must demonstrate how they: provide children with a high quality language- and literature-rich environment; provide professional development for staff in research-based early language and reading development; use a language and early literacy curriculum based in scientific research; and use screening assessments to effectively identify preschool-age children who may be at risk for reading failure. As Even Start programs primarily serve children from ages birth through seven, they are well equipped to ensure that there is continuity between preschool and kindergarten educational experiences, which is a key objective of the Early Reading First program. (For additional information on Early Reading First, go to http://www.ed.gov/programs/earlyreading/index.html.) Migrant Education, Title I, Part C The Migrant Education program (MEP) authorizes States to design services that bridge gaps in a student's education caused by his or her parents' moves to work in agriculture and other qualifying industries. Each State designs its services by giving priority to migratory children who are failing, or most at risk of failing, academically and whose education has been interrupted during the regular school year. Because of the nature of the migrant family lifestyle, migrant education programs generally coordinate resources and integrate services using Federal sources including Title I, Part A, State-administered Even Start, 21^st^ Century Community Learning Centers, Head Start, and Migrant and Seasonal Head Start programs, as well as State and local education, health, housing, and other programs. State and local migrant programs have also developed a wide array of strategies that enable projects that serve the same migrant students to communicate and coordinate with one another. Family literacy activities are among the allowable strategies cited in section 1304 to meet the unmet needs of preschool migratory children. Migrant education funding is derived from a count of eligible children ages 3-21. Migrant education funds may provide family literacy services to children from birth, and to their parents as well, depending on the State's priority for providing services to migrant students. States and local migrant education projects, therefore, may choose family literacy as a means to serve migrant children and their parents. It is important to note that, for highly mobile migrant families, progress in reaching literacy goals may require access to family literacy services that operate across school district, State, program, and national boundaries. Migrant Education Even Start (MEES), a set-aside program in Title I, Part B, Subpart 3 of the ESEA, is strengthening the capacity of its grantees to provide high-quality intensive services on a year-round basis. With planning, collaboration, and coordination that includes education funding, as well as community-based and volunteer programs, migrant education programs can leverage family literacy services no matter where migratory agricultural families travel to work and live. (For additional information on Migrant Education, go to http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/ome/index.html.) Head Start Head Start provides comprehensive early childhood, health, disabilities, and family support services to 905,000 young children from low-income families, including more than 55,000 infants, toddlers, and pregnant women. Head Start\'s historic focus on serving economically disadvantaged young children through a two-generational strategy of early childhood and parent services meshes well with the goals and strategies of Even Start. Many local Head Start agencies are collaborating with Even Start programs, adult education providers, and other family literacy organizations in providing family literacy services. The Head Start and Even Start legislation share a common definition of \"family literacy services". The HHS Head Start Bureau and ED are partnering in a variety of initiatives, including national leadership forums, a major jointly funded training and technical assistance project with the National Center for Family Literacy, and joint efforts to develop outcome measures for local programs. Adult Education The Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (Title II of the Workforce Investment Act) provides important resources to fund the adult literacy component of a family literacy program. The three most common types of instruction that States support through adult education grants are: adult basic education for basic literacy services for adults whose skills are below the eighth grade level; adult secondary education for services designed to prepare students to obtain a high school equivalency diploma; and English literacy services for adults with limited English proficiency. Adult education funds may also be used in family literacy programs for support services such as child care and transportation. (For additional information on Adult Education, go to http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/index.html.) Bureau of Indian Affairs The BIA/Office of Indian Education Programs funds family literacy programs that are similar to Even Start family literacy programs. The Family and Child Education (FACE) program is implemented in 32 Bureau-funded schools, integrated within each school's Consolidated School Reform Plan, and adopted as a research-based school reform model. FACE funds are provided to Bureau-funded schools to implement unique and culturally appropriate family literacy models. FACE serves American Indian families with children ages birth to eight at home and at Bureau-funded schools. The requirements for enrollment are that families served live within the boundaries of a Bureau-funded school to which their children attend or would be eligible to attend upon reaching school age. FACE is a full-day program operating four days per week with one day set aside for planning. FACE operates on a school-year basis. Technical assistance is provided in an ongoing commitment to all FACE staff, K-3 teachers and school administrators at national meetings and on-site. Other non-Bureau programs such as Even Start and Indian Head Start have participated in the technical assistance trainings. Education for Homeless Children and Youth, (McKinney-Vento Act) Title X, Part C of the No Child Left Behind Act amended the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, which authorizes State formula grants for the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program. The McKinney-Vento Act was enacted to confront the problems of homelessness in this nation and mandates State action to ensure that State and local educational agencies address barriers to the enrollment, attendance, and success in school of children and youth who are experiencing homelessness. The McKinney-Vento program establishes an Office for the Education of Homeless Children and Youths in participating States and a local liaison in all LEAs. One of the duties of the local education agency liaison is to ensure that homeless families and pre-school-aged children receive educational services such as Even Start family literacy programs, if needed. LEA subgrants may be used to support developmentally appropriate early childhood education programs, not otherwise provided through Federal, State, or local funding, for preschool-aged homeless children. (For additional information on Education for Homeless Children and Youth, go to http://www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/index.html.)	en
markdown	668804	# Presentation: 668804 ## Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento - julio 2007 - Principales Tendencias y Patrones en la - Salud y Envejecimiento ## Esta presentación resalta varios de los hallazgos más interesantes que posee el sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento - _[www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm)_ - Existe mucha más información en este y otros temas en el sitio Web. ## Cita sugerida: Sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento, www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm, (Fecha de acceso) Comuníquese con nosotros si tiene alguna pregunta a: nha@cdc.gov - Cita sugerida: - Sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento, _[www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm)_, (Fecha de acceso) - Comuníquese con nosotros si tiene alguna pregunta a: _[nha@cdc.gov](mailto:nha@cdc.gov)_ ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Edad, 1980, 1990 y 2005 - Año 1980 - Año 1990 - Año 2005 - 85+ - 80-84 - 75-79 - 70-74 - 65-69 - 60-64 - 55-59 - 50-54 - 45-49 - 40-44 - 35-39 - 30-34 - 25-29 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - 0% 5 % 10% - 0% 5 % 10% - 0% 5 % 10% - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2005 - Hispana - Negra no-Hispana - Blanca no-Hispana - 85+ - 75-84 - 65-74 - 55-64 - 45-54 - 35-44 - 25-34 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Sexo, 2005 - Mujer - Hombre - 10% 5 % 0% - 0% 5 % 10% - 85+ - 80-84 - 75-79 - 70-74 - 65-69 - 60-64 - 55-59 - 50-54 - 45-49 - 40-44 - 35-39 - 30-34 - 25-29 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Tipos de Alojamiento Según Edad y Sexo, 2006 - Porcentaje (%) - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Poblacional Actual ## Nivel de educación alcanzado entre personas de 65 años en adelante (ajustado por edad) según sexo y raza/grupo étnico, 2006 - Porcentaje (%) - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Poblacional Actual ## Porcentaje de Personas No-institucionalizadas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Reportó Estado de Salud Regular/Mala según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1982-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Porcentaje de personas de 65 años de edad adelante (ajustado por edad) que reportó tener enfermedades crónicas específicas según sexo, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Diabetes Diagnosticada y no-Diagnosticada entre Personas No-institucionalizadas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Sexo, 2001-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) Diabetes Diagnosticada según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1999-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) con Hipertensión según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1999-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Indicadores de Salud Mental entre Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Porcentaje de Beneficiarios de Medicare que Reportaron Dificultad con Actividades Cotidianas (ADLs) o con Actividades Cotidianas Esenciales (IADLs) según Edad, 2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Edentulismo entre Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Edad y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Consumo Actual de Cigarrillo según Edad y Sexo, 1965-2005 - Porcentaje (%) 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud - Porcentaje (%) - Porcentaje de la Población Obesa (IMC* igual o mayor a 30) - según Edad, Años Seleccionados - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición - También conocido como BMI, por sus siglas en inglés ## Porcentaje de la población de 65 años en adelante que es obesa (IMC igual o mayor que 30) y severamente obesa (IMC* igual o mayor que 40) según sexo, 2001-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud - También conocido como BMI, por sus siglas en inglés ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) Vacunadas Contra la Neumonía según Estado, 2002-2004 - Fuente de datos: Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo del Comportamiento ## Tasa de Altas Hospitalarias por cada 1,000 Habitantes según Edad,1970-2004 - Altas por cada 1,000 habitantes - 65-74 - 75-84 - 85 años o más - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Altas Hospitalarias ## Tasa Anual de Visitas a Especialistas Seleccionados entre las Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), Años Seleccionados - Tasa por 100 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Medicina Ambulatoria ## Tiempo de Permanencia Promedio (en días) según Edad, 1970-2004 - Tiempo de permanencia promedio en días - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Altas Hospitalarias ## Residentes de Asilos de Ancianos por Cada 1,000 Habitantes según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1977-2004 - Residentes por cada 1,000 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Asilos de Ancianos ## Residentes de Asilos de Ancianos por Cada 1,000 Habitantes según Edad, Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004 - Residentes por cada 1,000 habitantes - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Asilos de Ancianos ## Gastos Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Fuente de Pago, 1992 y 2003 - Medicare - Medicaid - Seguro privado - Pago directo - Otra - Dólares 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Gasto Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) - Dólares 2003 - Gasto Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) - según Tipo de Servicio, 1992 y 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Promedio de Gastos para la Adquisición de Medicamentos Recetados por Parte de los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Viven en la Comunidad según Fuente de Pago, 1992 y 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare - Dólares 2003 - Nota: Dos grupos de beneficiarios de Medicare fueron considerados residentes en la comunidad. El primer grupo vivió exclusivamente en unidades residenciales durante todo el año. El segundo grupo vivió parte del año en una institución de cuidado a largo plazo y parte del año en la comunidad. ## Gastos por Cuidado de Salud Personal entre los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) en Dólares del 2003 según Estado Funcional, 1992-2003 \| Limitaciones \| 1992 \| 1997 \| 2003 \| % cambio, 1992-2003 \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Ninguna \| 4,257 \| 5,180 \| 6,683 \| 57.0 \| \| Limitación física solamente \| 4,954 \| 6.720 \| 7,639 \| 54.2 \| \| Actividades cotidianas esenciales (IADLs) \| 8,243 \| 9,273 \| 11,660 \| 41.5 \| \| 1-2 actividades cotidianas (ADLs) \| 10,533 \| 12,222 \| 14,573 \| 38.4 \| \| 3-6 actividades cotidianas (ADLs) \| 24,368 \| 28,240 \| 29,433 \| 20.8 \| - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Porcentaje de Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Viven en la Comunidad por Cobertura Suplementaria de Seguro de Salud según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Expectativa de Vida a la Edad de 65 según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1950-2003 - Años - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes entre la Población de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1984-2004 - Hispana - Blanca no-Hispana - Negra no-Hispana - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes por Causas Seleccionadas entre Mujeres de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), 1981-2004 - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes - Enfermedades del corazón - Cáncer - Enfermedades cerebrovasculares ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes por Causas Seleccionadas entre Hombres de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), 1981-2004 - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Enfermedades del corazón - Cáncer - Enfermedades cerebrovasculares ## Multilingual Services - Order #4608 Multilingual Services - Order #4608*	es
converted_docs	117266	PARK-SPECIES LIST NPSpecies Report Generated: 2/8/2006 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- TSN Std. Scientific Name Preferred Scientific Name Std. Common Name(s) Preferred Common Name(s) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- HOME - Homestead Animalia - Fish Order: \_Unassigned Animalia - Family: \_Unassigned Animalia -9739820 Sander vitreus Order: Clupeiformes - Family: Clupeidae 161737 Dorosoma cepedianum American gizzard shad eastern gizzard shad gizzard shad hickory shad mud shad skipjack Order: Cypriniformes - Family: Catostomidae 163919 Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker 163917 Carpiodes cyprinus quillback quillback carpsucker 163895 Catostomus commersoni white sucker 163928 Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse Order: Cypriniformes - Family: Cyprinidae 163508 Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller 163350 Carassius auratus goldfish 163792 Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner 163344 Cyprinus carpio CYPRINUS CARPIO common carp COMMON CARP European carp 163873 Margariscus margarita pearl dace 163368 Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner 163446 Notropis heterolepis blacknose shiner -501259 Notropis ludibundus sand shiner 163419 Notropis stramineus sand shiner 163502 Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow 163592 Phoxinus eos northern redbelly dace 163594 Phoxinus neogaeus finescale dace 163516 Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow 163517 Pimephales promelas fathead minnow 163376 Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub Order: Esociformes - Family: Esocidae 162139 Esox lucius northern pike Order: Perciformes - Family: Centrarchidae Page 1 of 2 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- TSN Std. Scientific Name Preferred Scientific Name Std. Common Name(s) Preferred Common Name(s) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 168097 Ambloplites rupestris rock bass 168132 Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish 168144 Lepomis gibbosus kiver pumpkinseed 168151 Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish 168141 Lepomis macrochirus bluegill 550562 Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass 168160 Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass 168166 Pomoxis annularis white crappie 168167 Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie Order: Perciformes - Family: Moronidae 167682 Morone chrysops white bass Order: Perciformes - Family: Percidae 168469 Perca flavescens yellow perch 168506 Stizostedion vitreum walleye Order: Perciformes - Family: Sciaenidae 169364 Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum Order: Siluriformes - Family: Ictaluridae 164039 Ameiurus melas black bullhead 164041 Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead 164040 Ictalurus melas ICTALURUS MELAS black bullhead BLACK BULLHEAD 164042 Ictalurus natalis yellow bullhead 163998 Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish graceful catfish 164013 Noturus flavus stonecat 164003 Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom 164029 Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish Page 2 of 2	en
converted_docs	226342	Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 ) In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Section 73.622(b), ) MM Docket No. 01-222 Table of Allotments, ) RM-10240 Digital Television Broadcast Stations. ) (Charleston, South Carolina) ) ) ) [NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING]{.underline} Adopted: September 5, 2001 Released: September 7, 2001 Comment Date: October 29, 2001 Reply Comment Date: November 13, 2001 By the Chief, Video Services Division: 1\. The Commission has before it a petition for rule making filed by WCIV, LLC (\"WCIV\"), licensee of station WCIV(TV), NTSC channel 34, Charleston, South Carolina. WCIV requests the substitution of DTV channel 34 for station WCIV(TV)\'s assigned DTV channel 53. 2\. In support of its proposal, WCIV states that implementing it\'s DTV operation on an in-core channel would eliminate the need to change DTV channels at the end of the DTV transition period, thereby enabling the station to complete its DTV build-out earlier and at less cost. WCIV maintains that utilizing DTV channel 34 would also achieve an eight percent increase in interference-free population over that of its current NTSC facility\'s licensed Grade B contour service area. WCIV further contends that adoption of its proposal to vacate an out-of-core DTV channel would serve the Commission\'s objective to reallocate certain broadcast spectrum for multiple uses. 3\. We believe petitioner\'s proposal warrants consideration. DTV Channel 34 can be substituted for DTV Channel 53 at Charleston, South Carolina, as proposed, in compliance with the principle community coverage requirements of Section 73.625(a) at coordinates (32-55-28 N. and 79-41-58 W.). In addition, we find that this channel change is acceptable under the 2 percent criterion for [de]{.underline} [minimis]{.underline} impact that is applied in evaluating requests for modification of initial DTV allotments under Section 73.623(c)(2). We propose to substitute DTV Channel 34 for DTV Channel 53 for station WCIV(TV) at Charleston with the following specifications: ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- State & City DTV Channel DTV power (kW) Antenna HAAT (m) SC Charleston 34 340 597 ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- 4\. Accordingly, we seek comments on the proposed amendment of the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules, for the community listed below, to read as follows: [Channel No.]{.underline} [City]{.underline} [Present]{.underline} [Proposed]{.underline} Charleston, South Carolina 35, 40, \49 34, 35, 40, 52[^1] , 53, 59 \49, 52, 59 5\. The Commission\'s authority to institute rule making proceedings, showings required, cut-off procedures, and filing requirements are contained in the attached Appendix and are incorporated by reference herein. In particular, we note that a showing of continuing interest is required by paragraph 2 of the Appendix before a channel will be allotted. 6\. Interested parties may file comments on or before October 29, 2001, and reply comments on or before November 13, 2001, and are advised to read the Appendix for the proper procedures. Comments should be filed with the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 20554. Additionally, a copy of such comments should be served on the petitioner, or its counsel or consultant, as follows: Thomas P. Van Wazer Sidley & Austin 1722 Eye Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (Counsel for WCIV, LLC) 7\. The Commission has determined that the relevant provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 do not apply to rule making proceedings to amend the TV Table of Allotments, Section 73.606(b) and 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules. [See]{.underline} [Certification That Sections 603 and 604 of the Regulatory]{.underline} [Flexibility Act Do Not Apply to Rule Making to Amend Sections 73.202(b), 73.504]{.underline} [and 73.606(b) of the Commission\'s Rules]{.underline}, 46 FR 11549, February 9, 1981. The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 would also not apply to rule making proceedings to amend the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules. 8\. For further information concerning this proceeding, contact Pam Blumenthal, Mass Media Bureau, (202) 418-1600. For purposes of this restricted notice and comment rule making proceeding, members of the public are advised that no [ex parte]{.underline} presentations are permitted from the time the Commission adopts a Notice of Proposed Rule Making until the proceeding has been decided and such decision is no longer subject to reconsideration by the Commission or review by any court. An [ex parte]{.underline} presentation is not prohibited if specifically requested by the Commission or staff for the clarification or adduction of evidence or resolution of issues in the proceeding. However, any new written information elicited from such a request or a summary of any new oral information shall be served by the person making the presentation upon the other parties to the proceeding unless the Commission specifically waives this service requirement. Any comment which has not been served on the petitioner constitutes an [ex parte]{.underline} presentation and shall not be considered in the proceeding. Any reply comment which has not been served on the person(s) who filed the comment, to which the reply is directed, constitutes an [ex parte]{.underline} presentation and shall not be considered in the proceeding. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Barbara A. Kreisman Chief, Video Services Division Mass Media Bureau Attachment: Appendix [APPENDIX]{.underline} 1\. Pursuant to authority found in Sections 4(i), 5(c)(1), 303(g) and (r), and 307(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and Sections 0.61, 0.204(b) and 0.283 of the Commission\'s Rules, IT IS PROPOSED TO AMEND the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, as set forth in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. 2\. [Showings Required]{.underline}. Comments are invited on the proposal(s) discussed in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. Proponent(s) will be expected to answer whatever questions are presented in initial comments. The proponent of a proposed allotment is also expected to file comments even if it only resubmits or incorporates by reference its former pleadings. It should also restate its present intention to apply for the channel if it is allotted and, if authorized, to build a station promptly. Failure to file may lead to denial of the request. 3\. [Cut-off protection]{.underline}. The following procedures will govern the consideration of filings in this proceeding. \(a\) Counterproposals advanced in this proceeding itself will be considered, if advanced in initial comments, so that parties may comment on them in reply comments. They will not be considered if advanced in reply comments. ([See]{.underline} Section 1.420(d) of the Commission\'s Rules). \(b\) With respect to petitions for rule making which conflict with the proposals in this [Notice]{.underline}, they will be considered as comments in the proceeding, and Public Notice to this effect will be given as long as they are filed before the date for filing initial comments herein. If they are filed later than that, they will not be considered in connection with the decision in this docket. \(c\) The filing of a counterproposal may lead the Commission to allot a different channel than was requested for any of the communities involved. 4\. [Comments and Reply Comments; Service]{.underline}. Pursuant to applicable procedures set out in Sections 1.415 and 1.420 of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, interested parties may file comments and reply comments on or before the dates set forth in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. All submissions by parties to this proceeding or by persons acting on behalf of such parties must be made in written comments, reply comments, or other appropriate pleadings. Comments shall be served on the petitioner by the person filing the comments. Reply comments shall be served on the person(s) who filed comments to which the reply is directed. Such comments and reply comments shall be accompanied by a certificate of service. ([See]{.underline} Section 1.420(a), (b) and (c) of the Commission\'s Rules.) Comments should be filed with the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 20554. 5\. [Number of Copies]{.underline}. In accordance with the provisions of Section 1.420 of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, an original and four copies of all comments, reply comments, pleadings, briefs, or other documents shall be furnished the Commission. 6\. [Public Inspection of Filings]{.underline}. All filings made in this proceeding will be available for examination by interested parties during regular business hours in the Commission\'s Reference Center (Room CY-A257) at its headquarters, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. [^1]: We note that on June 25, 2001, the Commission released a Notice of Proposed Rule Making proposing the substitution of DTV channel 47 for station WCSC-TV\'s assigned DTV channel 52 at Charleston, South Carolina. See MM Docket No. 01-128, (DA 01-1465).	en
log-files	614375	# # An unexpected error has been detected by Java Runtime Environment: # # SIGSEGV (0xb) at pc=0xfac3c298, pid=1438, tid=3 # # Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (1.6.0_02-b05 mixed mode, sharing) # Problematic frame: # C [libGL.so.1+0x32298] # # If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit: # http://java.sun.com/webapps/bugreport/crash.jsp # --------------- T H R E A D --------------- Current thread (0x0808f000): VMThread [id=3] siginfo:si_signo=11, si_errno=0, si_code=1, si_addr=0xfe49ffe0 Registers: EAX=0x00000000, EBX=0x0806c940, ECX=0x00000000, EDX=0xffffffe0 ESP=0xfe4fda3c, EBP=0x0000059e, ESI=0x00000003, EDI=0x0806c950 EIP=0xfac3c298, EFLAGS=0x00010246 Top of Stack: (sp=0xfe4fda3c) 0xfe4fda3c: 00000000 00000003 0000059e fac5544a 0xfe4fda4c: 00000000 00000003 0000059e feffa7d8 0xfe4fda5c: fef0e613 feffa288 01ffa7d8 0000059e 0xfe4fda6c: f9cf0024 face0d58 fe4fdab4 fac558e2 0xfe4fda7c: 00000003 0000059e 00000001 f9cf0024 0xfe4fda8c: feffa7d8 fe4fdab4 feffa7d8 fefd47e1 0xfe4fda9c: feffcc68 feffa288 feffa7d8 00000000 0xfe4fdaac: fac558a0 fe4fdad0 fe4fdad0 fefd4970 Instructions: (pc=0xfac3c298) 0xfac3c288: 89 04 24 e8 10 41 fc ff 31 c9 8b 15 20 d5 ca fa 0xfac3c298: 65 89 0a 8b 15 24 d5 ca fa 65 89 0a 8b 15 28 d5 Stack: [0xfe4be000,0xfe4fe000), sp=0xfe4fda3c, free space=254k Native frames: (J=compiled Java code, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code, C=native code) C [libGL.so.1+0x32298] VM_Operation (0xfb657624): exit, mode: safepoint, requested by thread 0x08164400 --------------- P R O C E S S --------------- Java Threads: ( => current thread ) 0x084c6400 JavaThread "J3D-InputDeviceScheduler-1" [_thread_blocked, id=47] 0x084ca000 JavaThread "J3D-SoundSchedulerUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=46] 0x084c9000 JavaThread "J3D-RenderStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=45] 0x084c8400 JavaThread "J3D-BehaviorScheduler-1" [_thread_blocked, id=44] 0x084cd400 JavaThread "J3D-TransformStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=43] 0x084cc400 JavaThread "J3D-RenderingEnvironmentStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=42] 0x084b6800 JavaThread "J3D-SoundStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=41] 0x08417000 JavaThread "J3D-GeometryStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=40] 0x08426400 JavaThread "J3D-BehaviorStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=39] 0x0841c400 JavaThread "J3D-Renderer-1" [_thread_blocked, id=38] 0x083fac00 JavaThread "J3D-MasterControl-1" [_thread_blocked, id=37] 0x083fa400 JavaThread "J3D-NotificationThread" [_thread_blocked, id=36] 0x08387c00 JavaThread "J3D-TimerThread" [_thread_blocked, id=35] 0x0841d800 JavaThread "J3D-RenderingAttributesStructureUpdateThread" [_thread_blocked, id=34] 0x08164400 JavaThread "AWT-EventQueue-0" [_thread_blocked, id=32] 0x08371c00 JavaThread "Keep-Alive-Timer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=20] 0x0836ec00 JavaThread "TimerQueue" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=19] 0x081c0800 JavaThread "CacheCleanUpThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=18] 0x081bfc00 JavaThread "ConsoleWriterThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=17] 0x081be400 JavaThread "AWT-EventQueue-1" [_thread_blocked, id=16] 0x081bd800 JavaThread "AWT-Shutdown" [_thread_blocked, id=15] 0x081af800 JavaThread "traceMsgQueueThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=14] 0x08070400 JavaThread "DestroyJavaVM" [_thread_blocked, id=2] 0x08163400 JavaThread "Javaws Secure Thread" [_thread_blocked, id=12] 0x08162000 JavaThread "AWT-XAWT" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=11] 0x080f3400 JavaThread "Java2D Disposer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=10] 0x080de000 JavaThread "Low Memory Detector" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=8] 0x080d9800 JavaThread "CompilerThread0" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=7] 0x08099400 JavaThread "Finalizer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=5] 0x08098400 JavaThread "Reference Handler" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=4] Other Threads: =>0x0808f000 VMThread [id=3] VM state:at safepoint (shutting down) VM Mutex/Monitor currently owned by a thread: ([mutex/lock_event]) [0x0806f6e0/0x0806f710] Threads_lock - owner thread: 0x0808f000 Heap def new generation total 960K, used 432K [0xd1600000, 0xd1700000, 0xd1ae0000) eden space 896K, 43% used [0xd1600000, 0xd16608f8, 0xd16e0000) from space 64K, 71% used [0xd16e0000, 0xd16eb7d0, 0xd16f0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0xd16f0000, 0xd16f0000, 0xd1700000) tenured generation total 5256K, used 4083K [0xd1ae0000, 0xd2002000, 0xd5600000) the space 5256K, 77% used [0xd1ae0000, 0xd1edcf90, 0xd1edd000, 0xd2002000) compacting perm gen total 12288K, used 5239K [0xd5600000, 0xd6200000, 0xd9600000) the space 12288K, 42% used [0xd5600000, 0xd5b1df50, 0xd5b1e000, 0xd6200000) ro space 8192K, 78% used [0xd9600000, 0xd9c51a00, 0xd9c51a00, 0xd9e00000) rw space 12288K, 59% used [0xd9e00000, 0xda5296d0, 0xda529800, 0xdaa00000) Dynamic libraries: 0x08050000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/java 0xfefa0000 /lib/libthread.so.1 0xfef80000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/../lib/i386/jli/libjli.so 0xfef60000 /lib/libdl.so.1 0xfee70000 /lib/libc.so.1 0xfe800000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/client/libjvm.so 0xfee40000 /lib/libsocket.so.1 0xfee60000 /usr/lib/libsched.so.1 0xfee00000 /lib/libm.so.1 0xfedd0000 /usr/lib/libCrun.so.1 0xfedb0000 /lib/libdoor.so.1 0xfed10000 /lib/libnsl.so.1 0xfecb0000 /lib/libm.so.2 0xfec80000 /lib/libscf.so.1 0xfe7d0000 /lib/libuutil.so.1 0xfe7b0000 /lib/libgen.so.1 0xfe790000 /lib/libmd5.so.1 0xfe760000 /lib/libmp.so.2 0xfe6b0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/native_threads/libhpi.so 0xfe660000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libverify.so 0xfe620000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libjava.so 0xfe5e0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libzip.so 0xfbff0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libawt.so 0xfbed0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libmlib_image.so 0xfbe80000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so 0xfbe50000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXext.so.0 0xfbdc0000 /usr/openwin/lib/libX11.so.4 0xfbda0000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXtst.so.1 0xfbd80000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXi.so.5 0xfbcd0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libfontmanager.so 0xfbb50000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libdeploy.so 0xfb950000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libnet.so 0xfb930000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libnio.so 0xfb900000 /lib/librt.so.1 0xfb8e0000 /lib/libaio.so.1 0xfb8b0000 /usr/lib/libsendfile.so.1 0xfb750000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libcmm.so 0xfb460000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libj2pkcs11.so 0xfb410000 /usr/lib/libpkcs11.so 0xfb3f0000 /usr/lib/libcryptoutil.so.1 0xfb350000 /usr/lib/security/pkcs11_softtoken.so 0xfb2e0000 /usr/lib/libgnomevfs-2.so 0xfb290000 /usr/lib/libgconf-2.so.4 0xfb220000 /usr/lib/libbonobo-2.so.0 0xfb1f0000 /usr/lib/libbonobo-activation.so.4 0xfb190000 /usr/lib/libORBit-2.so.0 0xfb140000 /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0 0xfb0f0000 /lib/libresolv.so.2 0xfb0d0000 /usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 0xfb0b0000 /usr/lib/libgthread-2.0.so.0 0xfb010000 /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 0xfaf00000 /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2 0xfb3c0000 /lib/libpthread.so.1 0xfaee0000 /usr/lib/libz.so.1 0xfae90000 /usr/sfw/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7 0xfad60000 /usr/sfw/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.7 0xfad40000 /usr/lib/libORBitCosNaming-2.so.0 0xfad20000 /usr/lib/libpopt.so.0 0xfacf0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libjawt.so 0xfacb0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libj3dcore-ogl.so 0xfac0a000 /usr/lib/libGL.so.1 0xfa200000 /usr/lib/libGLcore.so.1 0xfac00000 /usr/lib/libnvidia-tls.so.1 VM Arguments: jvm_args: -Xbootclasspath/a:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/javaws.jar:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/deploy.jar -Djava.security.policy=file:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/security/javaws.policy -DtrustProxy=true -Xverify:remote -Djnlpx.home=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin -Djnlpx.remove=false -Djnlpx.splashport=33778 -Djnlpx.jvm=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/java java_command: com.sun.javaws.Main http://download.java.net/media/java3d/webstart/test/HelloUniverse.jnlp Launcher Type: SUN_STANDARD Environment Variables: PATH=/home/bharris/opt/python/bin:/opt/SUNWspro/bin:/home/bharris/opt/SUNWappserver/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/jwsdp-shared/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/jaxrpc/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/apache-ant/bin:/home/bharris/opt/tomcat50-jwsdp/bin:/usr/local/bin:/home/bharris/opt/bin:/usr/xpg4/bin:/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/dt/bin:/usr/bin:/etc:/opt/sfw/bin LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/client:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/../lib/i386::/home/bharris/Projects/Spdf/cdasWebServices/lib:/home/bharris/Projects/Spdf/cdasWebServices/lib SHELL=/bin/ksh DISPLAY=:0.0 Signal Handlers: SIGSEGV: [libjvm.so+0x35e37c], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGBUS: [libjvm.so+0x35e37c], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGFPE: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGPIPE: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGILL: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGUSR1: SIG_DFL, sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000000 SIGUSR2: SIG_DFL, sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000000 SIGHUP: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGINT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGQUIT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGTERM: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGQUIT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGTERM: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIG39: [libjvm.so+0x2d6e14], sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000008 SIG40: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c --------------- S Y S T E M --------------- OS: Solaris 10 11/06 s10x_u3wos_10 X86 Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Assembled 14 November 2006 uname:SunOS 5.10 Generic_125101-10 i86pc (T2 libthread) rlimit: STACK 10240k, CORE infinity, NOFILE 65536, AS infinity load average:0.11 0.04 0.03 CPU:total 1 (1 cores per cpu, 1 threads per core) family 15 model 39 stepping 1, cmov, cx8, fxsr, mmx, sse, sse2, sse3, mmxext, 3dnow, 3dnowext Memory: 4k page, physical 1047008k(376556k free) vm_info: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (1.6.0_02-b05) for solaris-x86, built on Jun 14 2007 16:20:54 by "" with unknown Workshop:0x580	en
all-txt-docs	438262	\|CZG \|15218.A \|AEA \|1.07\| \|TRI-CITIES AIRPORT \|1292007\| \|ENDICOTT \|NEW YORK \| \|NAD83 \|5 CM \|15 CM \|NAVD88 \|25 CM \| \| 12.3\|1292007\| \| 832.7\| \|3+1379 \|1292007\| \| \| \| \| \| 420442.7\| -760546.8\| @ \|3 \|P\|1292007\| \|X\| \| \| 420425.0861\| -760557.1812\| 234056\| 3900\| 75\|1292007\| \| 832.7\| \|1292007\| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0\| 829.9\| \|1292007\| \| 3900\| 826.2\| \|1292007\| # \|21 \|P\|1292007\| \|X\| \| \| 420500.3633\| -760536.4102\|2034110\| 3900\| 75\|1292007\| \| 832.7\| \|1292007\| \| \| \| \| \| \| 0\| 826.2\| \|1292007\| \| 3900\| 829.9\| \|1292007\| @ \|VORTAC (CFB) \| 420926.9837\| -760811.2901\| 1581.6\| \| \| \|1292007\| # # @ \|3 \|ANALPV \| \|TREE \| 420535.97\| -760600.05\|2C\| 1239\| \| \| 409\| 406\| 406\| -6485\| \| 3080L\| 192\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420455.22\| -760605.87\|2C\| 1096\| \| \| 266\| 263\| 263\| -2531\| \| 1826L\| 148\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420453.60\| -760609.93\|2C\| 1155\| \| \| 325\| 322\| 322\| -2257\| \| 2040L\| 214\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420427.33\| -760539.19\|2C\| 920\| \| \| 90\| 87\| 87\| -753\| \| 1152R\| 17\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420423.87\| -760555.16\|1B\| 902\| \| \| 72\| 69\| 69\| 51\| \| 189R\| 72\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420423.85\| -760611.04\|1B\| 918\| \| \| 88\| 85\| 85\| 534\| \| 907L\| 47\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420419.92\| -760606.15\|1B\| 911\| \| \| 81\| 78\| 78\| 750\| \| 410L\| 71\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420418.76\| -760606.58\|1B\| 905\| \| \| 75\| 72\| 72\| 871\| \| 391L\| 62\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420413.70\| -760556.40\|1B\| 916\| \| \| 86\| 83\| 83\| 1032\| \| 517R\| 57\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420416.23\| -760606.77\|1B\| 911\| \| \| 81\| 78\| 78\| 1112\| \| 302L\| 63\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420413.55\| -760558.68\|1B\| 906\| \| \| 76\| 73\| 73\| 1115\| \| 365R\| 57\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420408.90\| -760550.12\|1B\| 911\| \| \| 81\| 78\| 78\| 1287\| \| 1146R\| 59\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420415.41\| -760613.94\|1B\| 922\| \| \| 92\| 89\| 89\| 1405\| \| 764L\| 22\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420414.34\| -760615.85\|1B\| 927\| \| \| 97\| 94\| 94\| 1562\| \| 853L\| 12\|1292007\| \|POLE \| 420407.47\| -760603.51\|1B\| 875\| \| \| 45\| 42\| 42\| 1825\| \| 279R\| 13\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420405.22\| -760559.42\|1B\| 918\| \| \| 88\| 85\| 85\| 1910\| \| 654R\| 26\|3322007\| \|POLE \| 420407.03\| -760605.45\|1B\| 878\| \| \| 48\| 45\| 45\| 1924\| \| 163R\| 13\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420405.59\| -760607.74\|1B\| 929\| \| \| 99\| 96\| 96\| 2127\| \| 63R\| 61\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420403.05\| -760602.07\|1B\| 922\| \| \| 92\| 89\| 89\| 2191\| \| 558R\| 40\|1292007\| \|POLE \| 420405.82\| -760610.83\|1B\| 876\| \| \| 46\| 43\| 43\| 2200\| \| 159L\| 6\|1292007\| \|BLDG \| 420403.21\| -760606.56\|1B\| 878\| \| \| 48\| 45\| 45\| 2312\| \| 241R\| 6\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420403.39\| -760608.14\|1B\| 932\| \| \| 102\| 99\| 99\| 2343\| \| 125R\| 59\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420403.64\| -760610.87\|1B\| 921\| \| \| 91\| 88\| 88\| 2403\| \| 74L\| 47\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420400.47\| -760603.97\|1B\| 932\| \| \| 102\| 99\| 99\| 2487\| \| 532R\| 49\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420400.72\| -760606.96\|1B\| 941\| \| \| 111\| 108\| 108\| 2555\| \| 315R\| 64\|1292007\| \|BLDG \| 420400.56\| -760606.48\|1B\| 879\| \| \| 49\| 46\| 46\| 2556\| \| 355R\| 2\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420401.26\| -760609.07\|1B\| 946\| \| \| 116\| 113\| 113\| 2570\| \| 148R\| 69\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420358.64\| -760603.31\|1B\| 925\| \| \| 95\| 92\| 92\| 2637\| \| 652R\| 23\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420300.89\| -760614.47\|2C\| 1459\| \| \| 629\| 626\| 626\| 8330\| \| 2229R\| 195\|1292007\| \|TRMSN TWR \| 420250.69\| -760618.34\|2C\| 1473\| \| \| 643\| 640\| 640\| 9392\| \| 2377R\| 162\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420300.10\| -760700.15\|2C\| 1175\| \| \| 345\| 342\| 342\| 9786\| \| 895L\| 66\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420253.69\| -760641.15\|1B\| 1254\| \| \| 424\| 421\| 421\| 9806\| \| 678R\| 166\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420205.45\| -760728.60\|3D\| 1640\| \| \| 810\| 807\| 807\| 15715\| \| 640L\| 378\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420205.81\| -760731.32\|3D\| 1651\| \| \| 821\| 818\| 818\| 15765\| \| 844L\| 388\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420206.42\| -760744.57\|3D\| 1681\| \| \| 851\| 848\| 848\| 16109\| \| 1784L\| 292\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420120.58\| -760655.69\|3D\| 1788\| \| \| 958\| 955\| 955\| 18879\| \| 3458R\| 92\|1292007\| # \|21 \|ANALPV \| \|TREE \| 420349.32\| -760533.56\|2C\| 1085\| \| \| 259\| 252\| 252\| -6500\| \| 3086L\| 42\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420356.35\| -760531.82\|2C\| 1088\| \| \| 262\| 255\| 255\| -5795\| \| 2920L\| 63\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420455.22\| -760605.87\|2C\| 1096\| \| \| 270\| 263\| 263\| -1369\| \| 1826R\| 181\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420502.03\| -760541.49\|1B\| 907\| \| \| 81\| 74\| 74\| 1\| \| 418R\| 81\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420503.02\| -760539.14\|1B\| 891\| \| \| 65\| 58\| 58\| 163\| \| 297R\| 15\|1292007\| \|RR \| 420503.70\| -760539.56\|1B\| 856\| \| \| 30\| 23\| 23\| 214\| \| 353R\| 30\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420505.46\| -760539.21\|1B\| 896\| \| \| 70\| 63\| 63\| 388\| \| 400R\| 66\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420507.87\| -760543.88\|1B\| 956\| \| \| 130\| 123\| 123\| 469\| \| 821R\| 87\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420507.80\| -760542.47\|1B\| 944\| \| \| 118\| 111\| 111\| 506\| \| 721R\| 76\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420509.48\| -760535.22\|1B\| 896\| \| \| 70\| 63\| 63\| 881\| \| 288R\| 56\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420514.56\| -760543.86\|1B\| 967\| \| \| 141\| 134\| 134\| 1090\| \| 1092R\| 113\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420514.64\| -760543.13\|1B\| 965\| \| \| 139\| 132\| 132\| 1120\| \| 1045R\| 112\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420512.29\| -760532.06\|1B\| 886\| \| \| 60\| 53\| 53\| 1237\| \| 184R\| 39\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420513.56\| -760534.94\|1B\| 918\| \| \| 92\| 85\| 85\| 1268\| \| 435R\| 70\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420516.94\| -760542.20\|1B\| 956\| \| \| 130\| 123\| 123\| 1361\| \| 1074R\| 16\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420513.96\| -760521.92\|1B\| 915\| \| \| 89\| 82\| 82\| 1699\| \| 448L\| 58\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420513.72\| -760521.07\|1B\| 913\| \| \| 87\| 80\| 80\| 1703\| \| 516L\| 48\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420515.74\| -760520.98\|1B\| 913\| \| \| 87\| 80\| 80\| 1893\| \| 440L\| 53\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420517.30\| -760517.05\|1B\| 906\| \| \| 80\| 73\| 73\| 2157\| \| 648L\| 16\|1292007\| \|TRMSN TWR \| 420523.23\| -760519.18\|1B\| 907\| \| \| 81\| 74\| 74\| 2641\| \| 260L\| 32\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420522.71\| -760516.05\|1B\| 909\| \| \| 83\| 76\| 76\| 2689\| \| 497L\| 32\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420526.68\| -760521.72\|1B\| 911\| \| \| 85\| 78\| 78\| 2885\| \| 56R\| 30\|1292007\| \|TREE \| 420536.76\| -760518.91\|1B\| 917\| \| \| 91\| 84\| 84\| 3904\| \| 272R\| 6\|3322007\| \|TREE \| 420635.29\| -760515.23\|2C\| 1367\| \| \| 541\| 534\| 534\| 9441\| \| 2398R\| 55\|1292007\| @ \|Additional Information: \| \|THIS DATA WAS COLLECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FAA AREA NAVIGATION APPROACH (ANA-LPV) SURVEY SPECIFICATIONS. \| \| \| \|THE AIRPORT LOCATION IDENTIFIER HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE CHANGED FROM N17 TO CZG . \| \| \| \|NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY \| EOF	ja
markdown	912076	# Presentation: 912076 ## PubMed Central - Brooke Dine - National Library of Medicine - Medical Library Association Conference - May 2004 ## What is PubMed Central? - PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. - PMC serves as a... - a permanent archive - a platform for enriched linking, analysis, and use of research reports and data - one of many sources of full-text articles linked to PubMed/MEDLINE citations ## Access to PMC Content - Free access to full-text articles and supporting data - A journal may delay free access to its content - Research articles are generally free in a year or less - Non-research articles may have a delay of 6-24 months depending on the journal - Full-text searching of current and back issue content via PMC Entrez - Citations for articles included in PubMed - Fully integrated with other Entrez databases – sequence data, taxonomy, books, etc. ## PMC Participation & Usage - Currently, PMC includes: - 150 life sciences journals - over 300,000 articles, letters, etc. - 700,000 unique users monthly - 1.75 million full-text retrievals per month - Total retrieval is nearly 4 million pages per month ## PMC Home Page ## PMC Journal List – Full List ## PMC Journal List – Tabbed List ## PMC and Open Access - Deposit of Open Access (OA) content is subject to normal PMC standards and requirements - OA source files can be downloaded by anyone: - PMC-OAI service for full-text XML - FTP service to download complete article packet – XML, images, PDF and supplemental data files - OA simplifies distribution of content to collaborating archives - Opens door for data mining and creation of innovative products by others - Open Access may apply to an entire journal and its content or at the article-level when authors have retained the copyright ## Open Access Journals in PMC - Open Access Journals in PMC: - Amphibian and Reptile Conservation - BioMed Central Journals - PLoS Biology - Journals in PMC which offer authors the option to publish open access articles: - Nucleic Acids Research - PNAS - In October 2003, PMC began accepting individual open access articles from journals that do not participate in PMC on a routine basis. - Science ## Open Access & Copyright ## Open Access & Copyright ## PubLink with Open Access ## Open Access TOC ## Open Access Articles ## Ahead of Print Articles ## Back Issue Digitization in PMC - Create a complete digital archive of PMC journals - Bring the collection to today’s “if not online, it doesn’t exist” user - Cover-to-cover digital copy of everything up to where journal began producing electronic copy - Publisher gets free, unencumbered digital copy - First complete archive, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association (1911), released in November 2003 ## What’s Being Digitized? - 50 journals that deposit current issues including: - American Society for Microbiology (10 journals) - BMJ Publishing Group (BMJ and specialist journals) - Bulletin of the Medical Library Association - Journal of Clinical Investigation - Molecular Biology of the Cell - Nucleic Acids Research - Plant Physiology - PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA ## Archive Table of Contents (TOC) ## Digitized Issue TOC ## Digitized Article – Summary ## Digitized Article – Page Browse ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Entrez - Entrez retrieval system supports access to PubMed, online books, the sequence databases, a taxonomy database, and more. - Users can now search the full text of all SGML- or XML-based content deposited in PMC, including articles for which the full text is viewable only at the journal’s site. - Back issue content is also searchable via PMC Entrez. ## PMC Entrez – Journal Limits ## PMC Entrez Limits ## PMC Entrez Results ## Linking Options within PMC - Articles within PMC offer various linking options across articles, issues, and journals. These include: - Commentaries - Cited In - Referenced Articles - Corrections ## Linking: Commentary Articles ## Linking: Commentary Articles ## Cited In ## Cited In TOC ## Referenced Articles ## Linking: Corrected Articles ## Linking: Original Article ## PMC - PubMed Central Site: - _[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov](http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/)_ - Questions about PMC: - pubmedcentral@nih.gov	en
markdown	194290	# Presentation: 194290 ## SNAP baseline Existing technologies Improvements needed for SNAP Scope of possible FNAL involvement Highly elliptical orbit 2.5 Re x 25 Re 3 day cycle 85% data collection ~12 hrs in low orbit (5 hrs over Berkeley) - Existing technologies - Improvements needed for SNAP - Scope of possible FNAL involvement - Highly elliptical orbit - 2.5 Re x 25 Re - 3 day cycle - 85% data collection - ~12 hrs in low orbit - (5 hrs over Berkeley) - SNAP Data Recorder ## SNAP Baseline - “A solid state recorder – a shoebox” - No moving (rotating) parts - Lots of memory - Radiation / space qualified - Low power - SNAP plans to transmit data in K band @ 150-300 Mbs with 6W transmitter. - 375 Gbyte (Levi, DOE talk) might grow to ~500 Gbyte storage (expanded science). ## Memory technologies - Memories - Dynamic RAM - Parasitic capacitance needs power to refresh - Static RAM - 2 transistors + 4 resistors FLIP-FLOP - FLASH memories - Floating gate with tunneling processes - FeRAM - Ferromagnetic crystal storage - Holographic and other technologies - Tape and disk recorders are candidates ## Some current missions - Cassini - Two SSRs each of 2.5 Gbit - 640 4Mbit DRAMs - Early 90’s technology => ’97 launch - Multiple-bit upsets observed despite testing (architecture flaw) - 3 control ASICs - 120 DRAM/board - Error detection and - correction circuitry ## Hubble Space Telescope Reel-to-reel tape replaced by SSR 1.2 Gb -> 12 Gb 1440 16 Mbit DRAM Two stacks of 10 (+2 spare) for 320 Mb packages (still 12500 chips for 500 GB) Single event upsets observed EDAC (Reed-Solomon scheme) Two events where memory corrected but damaged Kepler (earth size planets transiting stars) Large CCD array, but only star’s pixels Xmit’d - Reel-to-reel tape replaced by SSR - 1.2 Gb -> 12 Gb - 1440 16 Mbit DRAM - Two stacks of 10 (+2 spare) for 320 Mb packages (still 12500 chips for 500 GB) - Single event upsets observed - EDAC (Reed-Solomon scheme) - Two events where memory corrected but damaged - Kepler (earth size planets transiting stars) - Large CCD array, but only star’s pixels Xmit’d - Some current missions ## Challenges for SNAP - Amount of memory - No examples of large (>>1 GB) SSRs found - Moore’s Law growth. Need ~4000 x 1 Gbit - Mass budget - Boards with 1000’s of chips is several 10’s lbs - Power budget - Need more information - Radiation tolerance - Space qualification ## Radiation Tolerance - Ionizing radiation small (<50 Krad) - SEE (Single Event Effects) include many failure mechanisms - SEU (Single Event Upset) can change state of a bit - DRAM - Sensitive - area - SRAM - Sensitive - area ## Radiation Tolerance - FLASH memories - Very thin oxides make FLASH susceptible - Charge pump is the suspect for many failures - Limited number of read/write cycles ## Space qualification - Thermal-Vac - Vacuum and Temperature extremes (-40 to +90 degC) - Vibration facility - Hard shake - More Thermal-Vac and vibration testing after mount - Room filled with engine noise simulation - HST HOST - Mission ## Space qualification ## Space qualification ## Space qualification ## FNAL Involvement - Large robust memory is nicely associated with expanded science program of deep field sky survey - Radiation issues (tie-in with shield) are already studied at FNAL - Next steps - Continue to get working knowledge - Contact vendors - Narrow technologies to working concept - ASIC resources are possible ## Conclusions - No clear technology solution - High density, low power, radiation hard - Flash memories x10 less power (big difference between 100 W and 1 kW) - New concepts not ready for 1 Gb scale - Dense technologies use smaller feature sizes that are more prone to some failures - ASIC solution is possible, but could memories be made dense enough with accessible minimal feature sizes	en
converted_docs	042651	Wednesday, March 22, 2006 Note to Members of the Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Rick Freeman and Hal Mooney have asked me to begin our work together on the national rulemaking source example. Thanks especially to all who can participate in the face-to-face meeting planned for April 18-19, 2006 in Washington, DC. We hope that we can engage other subcommittee members who cannot attend through two pre-meeting teleconferences that we have scheduled for: > April 4, 2006 from 11 a.m. to 12 p.m., Eastern Time > > Purpose: to discuss the goals and strategy for working together and > preparing for a face-to-face meeting May 9-10, 2006. > > Teleconference number: Call 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 and > press the \# sign. > > April 11, 2006 from 11:00 - 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time > > Purpose: Subcommittee to discuss with Agency staff background > questions about the Agency's benefit assessments for the proposed and > final aquaculture rules and about the process used for developing > those assessments. > > Teleconference number: Call 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 and > press the \# sign. Please RSVP (<nugent.angela@epa.gov>) by Wednesday March 22 to confirm your availability for the calls. Please find attached background materials for subcommittee's work and preliminary agendas for our face-to-face meeting and pre-meeting teleconferences. The draft face-to-face meeting agenda assumes that members who are not able to attend the face-to-face meeting will be contributing text and ideas to the discussion through email or teleconference participation. Please read the background material described in the Aquaculture Overview and, at a minimum, the key sections of the final benefit assessment (identified on page 6 in the table "Key Sections of EPA Documents"\--web links provided) before the first planning call, April 4, 2006. Please let me know if I can be helpful as you begin work on the source example. Angela Table of Contents [Appendix 1: Aquaculture Overview 3](#__RefHeading___Toc130781593) [Appendix 2: Suggested Guidance 10](#__RefHeading___Toc130781594) [Appendix 3: Draft Agenda for Face-to-face Meeting April 18-19, 2006 15](#__RefHeading___Toc130781595) [Appendix 4: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 4, 2006 18](#__RefHeading___Toc130781596) [Appendix 5: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 18-19, 2006 19](#__RefHeading___Toc130781597) . []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781593 .anchor}Appendix 1: Aquaculture Overview C-VPESS Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking: Aquaculture Rule Source Example: Overview of Aquatic Rule for C-VPESS Subcommittee Valuation Issue: What are the benefits associated with the new regulations in the final rule? What were the benefits associated with options described in the proposed rule? EPA Decision/Reason for Valuation: On June 30 2004, EPA finalized a new rule establishing effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs) for concentrated aquatic animal production (CAAP), or aquaculture, facilities. The regulation applied to CAAP facilities that generate wastewater from their operations and discharge that wastewater directly into waters of the United States. The scope of the rule is described in Attachment 1. Attachment 2 provides a table of technologies required by the final rule compared with other options considered by EPA [Authority for and Genesis of Rule]{.underline} Title III of the Clean Water Act (CWA) gives EPA authority to issue effluent guidelines, national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (municipal sewage treatment plants). The standards are technology-based (i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies). They are not based on risk or impacts upon receiving waters. When EPA completed this regulation, it completed all the regulations required by a January 1992 settlement with the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, which established a schedule by which EPA would consider regulations for 19 industrial categories. Section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act governs how EPA works with the public in identifying identify industries for which effluent guidelines need to be revised or developed. [Requirements for and Use of Cost-benefit Analysis]{.underline} The CWA includes no mandate for cost-benefit analysis. As a technology-based rule, decision-making centers on analysis of cost-effectiveness. The CWA, however, does not prevent EPA decision-makers from considering cost-benefit analysis as part of the entire technical analysis supporting a decision. Under Executive Order 12866 the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action falls under the definition of a "significant regulatory action" which requires a cost-benefit analysis and OMB review. EPA generally conducts a cost-benefit analysis for rules that might meet this trigger. Information in cost-benefit analysis is used by decision makers, especially for controversial issues. Analysts supplement formal monetized cost-benefit analysis with narrative description of non monetized benefits to explain benefits of different regulatory options. These narrative descriptions are often removed stripped from final assessments because of the time involved in developing them and negotiating final language with OMB. Decision-maker who was to use analysis: Acting Administrator, Other audiences for valuation information: Other audiences include: OMB and interested and affected parties (e.g., regulated entities, trade associations, environmental groups, and the technical experts hired by these parties. In the case of some effluent guidelines (not the aquaculture guidelines) regulated parties may be interested in the valuation because they may have the ability to apply for waivers from site-specific permits because particular circumstances do not justify the cost-benefit standard established in the final economic assessment. Status of Valuation Work and Chronology of Valuation Effort: ------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Final rule published June 30, 2004 http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2004/August/Day-23/w15530.htm Final benefit analysis[^1] June 2004. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA/index.html published Due date for comments on January 27, proposed rule: 2003. Proposed rule published September 12, http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2002/September/Day-12/w21673.htm 2002 Proposed benefit analysis[^2] September http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/ea/ea.htm published 2002. ------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The web page for the rule (<http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/>) contains a more complete chronology and links to relevant documents: ["Bottom-line" Costs and Benefits]{.underline} In the final assessment, EPA described the costs and benefits of the final rule option in the following ways. The Agency provided "Estimated Pre-Tax Annualized Compliance Costs and Monetized Benefits" (2003 dollars) (see Table ES-4 in the final assessment) ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Estimated Total Costs \$1,445,000 Estimated total Benefits \$66,000 to \$99,000 ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- > "Monetized benefit categories are primarily in the areas of improved > surface water quality (measured in terms of enhanced recreational > value). EPA also identified a number of benefits categories that could > not be monetized, including reductions in feed contaminants and > spilled drugs and chemicals released to the environment, as well as > better reporting of drug usage to permitting authorities." (p. ES-12) In the proposed assessment (see p. 10-1), EPA described the benefits in the following way: > "EPA has quantified and monetized a subset of the anticipated benefits > of the proposed action listed above. The central basis for the > quantitative benefits analysis is a water quality modeling assessment > that estimates water quality responses to the pollutant loading > reductions under technology options described earlier in this > document. Specifically, the benefits that EPA has been able to > quantify are (a) water quality improvements in stream reaches > downstream of flow-through and recirculating systems, and (b) > improvements in the recreational use value of these same reaches. > Benefits that were not quantified include water quality and ecological > responses to pollutant loading reductions at net pen systems and > ecological and other water resource benefits from reductions in > releases of non-native species, aquatic animal pathogens, and drugs > and chemicals used at CAAP facilities. EPA did not quantify or > monetize these potential benefits due to lack of readily available > assessment modeling tools for such an analysis. Thus, the estimated > monetized benefits of the proposed action are based only on a portion > of the expected environmental benefits of the proposed regulation." [Overview of EPA Valuation: Key Sections of EPA Documents]{.underline} +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ \| Identif \| Final benefit \| http://www.epa.gov/waters \| \| ication \| assessment: Chapter 7 on \| cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA \| \| of \| Environmental Impacts from \| /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%207.pdf \| \| pote \| Aquaculture Facilities. \| \| \| ntially \| \| \| \| im \| \| \| \| portant \| \| \| \| eco \| \| \| \| logical \| \| \| \| changes \| \| \| +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ \| \| Proposed benefit \| ht \| \| \| assessment: Chapter 9 on \| tp://www.epa.gov/waterscience \| \| \| Environmental Impacts of \| /guide/aquaculture/ea/ch9.pdf \| \| \| the AAP Industry in the \| \| \| \| U.S \| \| +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ \| Ch \| Final benefit \| http://www.epa.gov/waters \| \| aracter \| assessment: Chapter 8 on \| cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA \| \| ization \| Environmental Benefits of \| /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%208.pdf \| \| and /or \| Final Regulation, \| \| \| quantif \| \| \| \| ication \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| b \| \| \| \| enefits \| \| \| \| (non-m \| \| \| \| onetary \| \| \| \| terms \| \| \| \| and \| \| \| \| m \| \| \| \| onetary \| \| \| \| terms) \| \| \| +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ \| \| Proposed benefit \| <http \| \| \| assessment: Chapter 10 on \| ://www.epa.gov/waterscience/g \| \| \| Environmental Benefits of \| uide/aquaculture/ea/ch10.pdf> \| \| \| Proposed Regulation and \| \| \| \| Chapter 11., Section 1, \| htt \| \| \| Cost-Benefit Comparison \| p://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ \| \| \| \| guide/aquaculture/ea/ch11.pdf \| +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ \| Ch \| Final benefit \| http://www.epa.gov/waters \| \| aracter \| assessment: Chapter on \| cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA \| \| ization \| Environmental Benefits of \| /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%208.pdf \| \| of \| Final Regulation, Chapter \| \| \| unce \| 8, especially section \| \| \| rtainty \| 8.2.7, Source of \| \| \| and \| Uncertainty \| \| \| data \| \| \| \| quality \| \| \| +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ [Other Aspects of the Analytical Process]{.underline} Data constraints: The CWA provides direct authority for EPA to survey industries concerning technologies and costs related to effluent guidelines. OMB review of such surveys under the Paperwork Reduction Act does not impede development of regulations. There is no authority provided for data collection related to the benefit of such regulations. Resource constraints: The Office of Science and Technology prepared the final assessment with the support of Eastern Research Group, Incorporated and Tetra Tech. Peer review: The economic assessments were not peer reviewed nor were sections of the documents peer reviewed because they did not include novel methods or approaches. Attachment 1: Scope of Final Rule Excerpt from "Effluent Guidelines Aquatic Animal Production Industry Final Rule - Fact Sheet" http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/fs-final.htm# The rule requires that all applicable facilities: - Prevent discharge of drugs and pesticides that have been spilled and minimize discharges of excess feed. - Regularly maintain production and wastewater treatment systems. - Keep records on numbers and weights of animals, amounts of feed, and frequency of cleaning, inspections, maintenance, and repairs. - Train staff to prevent and respond to spills and to properly operate and maintain production and wastewater treatment systems. - Report the use of experimental animal drugs or drugs that are not used in accordance with label requirements. - Report failure of or damage to a containment system. - Develop, maintain, and certify a Best Management Practice plan that describes how the facility will meet the requirements. The rule requires flow through and recirculating discharge facilities to minimize the discharge of solids such as uneaten feed, settled solids, and animal carcasses. The rule requires open water system facilities to: - Use active feed monitoring and management strategies to allow only the least possible uneaten feed to accumulate beneath the nets. - Properly dispose of feed bags, packaging materials, waste rope, and netting. - Limit as much as possible wastewater discharges resulting from the transport or harvest of the animals. - Prevent the discharge of dead animals in the wastewater. Attachment 2 Technologies Required by the Final Rule Compared with other options considered by EPA Image below taken from final assessment, page 4-2 ![](media/image1.png){width="5.9944444444444445in" height="4.495833333333334in"} []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781594 .anchor}Appendix 2: Suggested Guidance Suggested Guidance for C-VPESS Subcommittees Preparing Draft Text Relating to EPA Valuation "Source Examples" for the May 9-10, 2006 C-VPESS meeting At the C-VPESS planning call on February 3, 2006, committee members agreed to work in March and April in three subcommittees focusing on three types of source examples of most apparent interest - Valuation for national-level rule-making: Tentative focus: EPA Office of Water Aquaculture rule; - Valuation for regional decision-making: Tentative focus: Green Infrastructure Mapping as a Decision-Support Tool - Valuation for local decision-making: (tentative focus: Superfund Site(s) combined with Traditional versus Sustainable Redevelopment of Contaminated Properties) C-VPESS members asked for guidance on the scope and general approach for the source example exercise. The suggested guidance below is offered to help subcommittees work in parallel to achieve the two major purposes of the source-example exercise: - to help the C-VPESS develop its Applications Report, which will examine how EPA might conduct valuation studies in particular decision contexts (e.g., national rule-making, regional decisions, local decision-making) using a variety of methods.[^3] - to help C-VPESS identify the extent to which the various methods included in the current draft SAB C-VPESS Methods Report might be used by EPA, to assess their strengths and weaknesses; and to shed additional light on a number of cross-cutting issues that have been identified for inclusion in that report. This guidance suggests that subcommittees consider three major questions: A. How could EPA conduct ecological valuation as completely as possible in the specific context provided by the source example? B. How could EPA conduct ecological valuation in other contexts that are similar to the specific context provided by the source example but differ in some key aspect such as scale, data availability, scientific uncertainty, etc.? In other words, how can the source examples provide a starting point for a more general approach to ecological valuation that would be useful to EPA? C. Based on subcommittee discussions, how can the C-VPESS refine the discussion of cross-cutting issues currently in the October 18, 2005 draft of the Methods Report[^4] and address other cross-cutting issues identified at the December 2005 SAB Workshop, Science for Valuation of EPA\'s Ecological Protection Decisions and Programs? More detail related to these questions can be found in the attachment to this guidance. Subcommittee draft expanded narrative outline for the May 9-10 meeting should represent the consensus views of subcommittee members or the range of views held by them. Draft expanded narrative outlines should be approximately 15-25 pages in length, provided to the Designated Federal Officer by May 1, 2006 for distribution to the full committee. Attachment: Additional Detail on Three Major Questions for C-VPESS "Source Example Subcommittees" A. How could EPA conduct ecological valuation as completely as possible in the specific context provided by the source example? > As a guide to this effort, each subcommittee can refer to the process > diagram discussed earlier by the committee (see figure 1) and ask: 1. how could you identify the potentially important ecological changes? 2. how could you determine what people care about, and hence what changes to focus on? 3. how can you quantify the ecological impacts in bio-physical terms? 4. how can you characterize and, if possible, quantify these impacts in human (but non-monetary) terms? 5. if necessary, how might you quantify these impacts in monetary terms? ![](media/image2.png){width="6.0in" height="4.743055555555555in"} > In the process of answering these questions, each subcommittee can > identify the extent to which the various methods included in the > current draft SAB C-VPESS Methods Report > > (<http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/c-vpess_oct_18_2005_draft_12_methods_report.pdf>) > might be used by EPA and assess their strengths and weaknesses. > > In regard to question 3, each subcommittee can also consider whether > they found the Boyd and Banzhaf approach (Boyd and Banzhaf 2006)[^5] > to defining ecosystem services to be helpful? If not, why not? B. What questions should be asked related to this type of valuation that would make C-VPESS advice more generally useful to EPA? How can the subcommittee change aspects of the source example to illuminate potentially useful applications of analytical processes, methods and data sets? - Subcommittees should ask: - Are there special features to this valuation exercise that analysts don't generally encounter? - Are there regular features or issues associated with other valuation exercises that this source example doesn't involve? - Some suggestions from Committee Members: - Could the issue raise concerns about the value of "natural" vs. non-natural (e.g., genetically engineered, engineered, exotic species) components of the ecosystem and does EPA's valuation approach address these concerns? Are there appropriate methods that could? - Could the valuation issue involve valuation issues regarding "bio-ecological" benefits (biodiversity, protection/restoration of native plant/animal species, "naturalness") and some important aesthetic benefits that can be represented visually (e.g., natural beauty---which requires some specific piece of landscape to represent)? If so present and discuss the role that (non-economic) verbal and perceptual survey methods might play in such a decision making process C. Based on subcommittee discussions, how can the C-VPESS refine the discussion of cross-cutting issues currently in the October 18, 2005 draft of the Methods Report and address other cross-cutting issues identified at the December 2005 SAB Workshop, Science for Valuation of EPA\'s Ecological Protection Decisions and Programs? - Determination of who is appropriate to assign ecological values (e.g., experts, non-experts) and related issues of sampling and representativeness - Selecting the endpoint or target to be valued - Choice of spatial and temporal scale for the valuation - Selecting appropriate descriptions or expressions of the endpoint or target - Spatial data issues - Importance of quantifying and/or characterizing non-monetized benefits in a way that is scientifically based, defensible, verifiable (not just listing them and including as +B); standardization is key; metrics to use? - Data quality -- general characterization of data quality, importance (or lack thereof) of response rates; use of knowledge networks; questions about reaction vs. introspection; tradeoffs between Type I and Type II errors; role of information (how informed) - Characterization of uncertainties - Potential for data sharing -- making existing data (ecological, economic, survey) readily available; data, model, and parameter "banks"; making use of LTER, NEON; standardization of data []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781595 .anchor}Appendix 3: Draft Agenda for Face-to-face Meeting April 18-19, 2006 Meeting of the Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking, SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Draft Agenda April 18-19, 2006 Science Advisory Board Conference Center, 1025 F Street, NW, Suite 3705, Washington, D.C. 20004 Purpose: Subcommittee to develop the Aquaculture Rule source example to develop draft text for full C-VPESS consideration on May 9-10, 2006 that will • help the C-VPESS develop the national rule-making portion of the Applications Report rule-making, regional decisions, local decision-making) using a variety of methods. • to help C-VPESS identify the extent to which the various methods included in the current draft SAB C-VPESS Methods Report might be used by EPA, to assess their strengths and weaknesses; and to shed additional light on a number of cross-cutting issues that have been identified for inclusion in that report. [Day 1]{.underline} +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 9:00 - \| Welcome \| Dr. Angela Nugent, \| \| 9:10 \| \| EPA, SABSO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Vanessa Vu, EPA, \| \| \| \| SABSO \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 9:10 - \| Review of agenda \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| 9:20 \| \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| \| Mooney, Co-Chairs \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 9:20 - \| Identification of ecological \| Dr. A. Myrick Freeman \| \| 9:40 \| stressors associated with \| \| \| \| concentrated aquatic animal \| \| \| \| production (CAAP) \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 9:40 - \| Identification of potentially \| Dr. Robert Huggett \| \| 10:30 \| important ecological changes \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Harold Mooney \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 10:30 - \| Break \| \| \| 11:00 \| \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:00 - \| Identification of related human \| Dr. Douglas MacLean \| \| 12:00 \| values and ecological changes \| \| \| \| for what people care about, and \| Dr. William Ascher \| \| \| the ecological changes to focus \| \| \| \| on \| Dr. Paul Slovic (not \| \| \| \| attending in person) \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 12:00 - \| Lunch \| \| \| 1:00 \| \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 1:00 - \| Quantification of ecological \| Dr. Robert Huggett \| \| 2:30 \| impacts in bio-physical terms \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Harold Mooney \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 2:30 -- \| Characterization and \| Dr. Douglas MacLean \| \| 3:30 \| quantification of impacts in \| \| \| \| human (but non-monetary) terms \| Dr. William Ascher \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Paul Slovic (not \| \| \| \| attending in person) \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 3:30 - \| Lunch \| \| \| 3:45 \| \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 3:45 - \| Quantification in monetary \| Dr. A.Myrick Freeman \| \| 4:45 \| terms \| \| \| \| \| Dr. V. Kerry Smith \| \| \| \| (not attending in \| \| \| \| person) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Robert Stavins \| \| \| \| (not attending in \| \| \| \| person) \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 4:45 - \| Characterization of data \| Dr. William Ascher \| \| 5:30 \| quality and uncertainty \| \| \| \| \| Dr. Robert Stavins \| \| \| \| (not attending in \| \| \| \| person) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 5:30 \| Adjourn \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ [Day 2]{.underline} +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ \| 8:30 - \| Opening of Meeting/Review of \| Drs. A. Myrick Freeman \| \| 8:35 \| Agenda \| and Harold Mooney \| +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ \| 8:35 -- \| Additional methodological \| All \| \| 11:00 \| issues to address of importance \| \| \| \| to valuation for rulemaking \| \| +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ \| 11:00 -- \| Working Lunch \| All, based on \| \| 2:45 \| \| assignments \| \| \| Discussion of Cross-Cutting \| \| \| \| Issues[^6] \| \| +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ \| 3:00 \| Adjourn \| \| +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781596 .anchor}Appendix 4: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 4, 2006 Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Draft Agenda Planning Teleconference #1: April 4, 11:00 - 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time Teleconference number: 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 \# Purpose: Subcommittee to discuss the goals and strategy for working together and preparing for a face-to-face meeting May 9-10, 2006. [Day 1]{.underline} +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:00 -- \| Welcome and review of agenda \| Dr. Angela Nugent, \| \| 11:10 \| \| EPA, SABSO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| \| \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| \| Mooney, Co-Chairs \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:10 - \| Review of goals for \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| 11:20 \| subcommittee and review of \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| materials sent to subcommittee \| Mooney \| \| \| members \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:20 \| Discussion of pre-meeting \| All \| \| -11:30 \| teleconference (April 1?, 2006) \| \| \| \| with Agency \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Purpose: to raise questions \| \| \| \| about the Agency's benefit \| \| \| \| assessments for the proposed \| \| \| \| and final aquaculture rules and \| \| \| \| about the process used for \| \| \| \| developing those assessments \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:30 -- \| Proposed agenda and assignments \| All \| \| 11:50 \| for April 18-19^th^ \| \| \| \| face-to-face Subcommittee \| \| \| \| meeting \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:50 -- \| Summary of Action Items \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| 12:00 \| \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| \| Mooney \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 12:00 \| Adjourn \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781597 .anchor}Appendix 5: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 18-19, 2006 Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Draft Agenda Planning Teleconference #2 April 11, 11:00 - 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time Teleconference number: 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 \# Purpose: Subcommittee to discuss with Agency staff background questions about the Agency's benefit assessments for the proposed and final aquaculture rules and about the process used for developing those assessments. +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:00 -- \| Welcome, introductions, and \| Dr. Angela Nugent, \| \| 11:10 \| review of agenda \| EPA, SABSO \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| \| \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| \| Mooney, Co-Chairs \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:10 - \| Response from Agency Staff to \| Dr. Julie Hewitt \| \| 11:30 \| questions provided in advance \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 11:30 \| Discussion of additional \| All \| \| -12:15 \| questions \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 12:15 -- \| Summary of Action Items \| Drs. A. Myrick \| \| 12:30 \| \| Freeman and Harold \| \| \| \| Mooney \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ \| 12:30 \| Adjourn \| \| +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ [^1]: Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Industry Point Source Category (hereafter called "final assessment"), EPA-821-R-04-013 [^2]: Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of the Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Industry (hereafter called "proposed assessment") EPA-821-R-02-015 [^3]: More specifically, the source examples are intended: to provide specifics about what should be done to characterize ecological values more fully, not to critique EPA efforts or provide detailed advice on specific cases to provide context for a discussion of the practical issues that EPA is likely to face in doing valuations, not to provide EPA with analysis on specific valuations. to provide a starting point for discussion of how varying details of the examples (e.g., changing scale, type of pollutant, data availability) might lead to use of different methods or approaches, so that C-VPESS can generate general principles with applicability beyond the specific details of the source examples. to help the C-VPESS draft an Applications Report that would offer guidelines for conducting ecological valuation in different decision contexts with enough specificity to allow EPA analysts and decision makers to make better informed choices about how to conduct and use ecological valuations. [^4]: on the web at <http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/c-vpess_oct_18_2005_draft_12_methods_report.pdf>) , [^5]: Boyd, J. and S. Banzhaf (2006). What are Ecosystem Services? The Need for Standardized Environmental Accounting Units. RFF Discussion Papers. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future. On the web at: http://www.rff.org/rff/News/Features/What-are-Ecosystem-Services.cfm [^6]: > We could tag subcommittee members to come prepared to address the > topics below and have them come with brief text Determination of who is appropriate to assign ecological values and related issues of sampling and representativeness (Slovic-not attending in person, MacLean) Selecting the endpoint or target to be valued (Huggett) Choice of spatial and temporal scale for the valuation (Ascher) Selecting appropriate descriptions or expressions of the endpoint or target (Slovic-not attending in person) Spatial data issues (Smith-not attending in person) Importance of quantifying and/or characterizing non-monetized benefits in a way that is scientifically based, defensible, verifiable (not just listing them and including as +B); standardization is key; metrics to use? (Ascher) Data quality -- general characterization of data quality, importance (or lack thereof) of response rates; use of knowledge networks; questions about reaction vs. introspection; tradeoffs between Type I and Type II errors; role of information (how informed) (Smith-not attending in person, Ascher) Potential for data sharing -- making existing data (ecological, economic, survey) readily available; data, model, and parameter "banks"; making use of LTER, NEON; standardization of data (Smith-not attending in person)	en
markdown	164740	# Presentation: 164740 ## Environmental Health Environmental Health Progress Review March 19, 2003 ## Key Components of Environmental Health - Source: Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd edition. With understanding and improving health - and objectives for improving health. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. November 2000. Water Quality Toxics and Waste Outdoor Air Quality Healthy Homes and Healthy Communities Global Environmental Health Infrastructure and Surveillance Health of Individuals & Communities Notes: EH objectives are organized into 6 topic areas. This presentation highlights one to two objectives from each topic area. Begin at one o’clock and progress clockwise. ## Outdoor Air Quality 8-2. Alternative modes of transportation 8-3. Cleaner alternative fuels 8-4. Airborne toxins Outdoor Air Quality Notes: 8-1 is a Leading Health Indicator. ## 8-1a. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA standards† for ozone - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. Total American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Percent 2010 target‡ = 0% 1997 2001 Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only Notes: Data are available for all years (1997-2001). Between 1997 and 2000: No change in data point for any group in the template between (because regions keep their “non-attainment” designation for three years). Thus, trend data not shown. 1997 and 2001 provide only point of comparison. ## 8-1b. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA standards† for particulate matter Total American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Percent 2010 target‡ = 0% 1997 2001 Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. † - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). ‡ ## meet EPA standards† for carbon monoxide meet EPA standards† for carbon monoxide - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. 2010 target‡ = 0% 1997 2001 Percent American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Total † - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for carbon monoxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only ‡ ## 8-1d. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA standards† for nitrogen dioxide - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. 2010 target‡ = 0% Percent American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Total 1997 2001 † - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for nitrogen dioxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only ‡ - * - * - * - * - * - * - * ## meet EPA standards† for sulfur dioxide meet EPA standards† for sulfur dioxide - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. 2010 target‡ = 0% 1997 2001 Percent American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Total † - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for sulfur dioxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only ‡ ## 8-1a-f. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA standards† for criteria pollutants, 2001 - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. 2010 targets‡ = 0% Percent Ozone Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Particulate matter - * - * Lead Outside MSA Within MSA Total - MSA: Metropolitan Statistical Area ## 8-1g. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA standards† for criteria pollutants, by race/ethnicity - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. American Indian/ Alaska Native only White only, not Hispanic Black only, not Hispanic Hispanic Asian only Number (thousands) 2010 target = 0 1997 2001 Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander only ## standards† for criteria pollutants, by age and standards† for criteria pollutants, by age and geographic location - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. Less than 10 65 and over 10-64 Number (thousands) Age in years .................... .................... Within Outside .............. .............. MSA 2010 target = 0 1997 2001 - MSA: Metropolitan Statistical Area ## EPA-designated nonattainment areas, 1990 and 2000 - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. 1990 2000 - * Criteria pollutants are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead. - * ## EPA-designated nonattainment areas for EPA-designated nonattainment areas for criteria pollutants†, September 2001 - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. ## Water Quality 8-6. Waterborne disease outbreaks 8-7. Water conservation 8-8. Surface water quality (developmental) 8-9. Beach closings (developmental – proposed baseline data shown) 8-10. Fish contamination (developmental) Water Quality ## Number of beaches in the 2001 National Number of beaches in the 2001 National Health Protection Survey of Beaches - Source: EPA/OW. BEACH Watch Program: 2001 Swimming Season. May 2002. ## 8-9. Beaches experiencing one or more - <date/time> 8-9. Beaches experiencing one or more advisories or closings, 1997-2001 - Source: National Health Protection Survey of Beaches, EPA/OW. Number Beaches surveyed Beaches experiencing _>_ 1 advisories/closings 23% 25% 24% 27% 27% - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## Sources of pollution causing beach advisories and closings, 2001 - Source: EPA/OW. BEACH Watch Program: 2001 Swimming Season. May 2002. Unknown 52% Storm water runoff 20% Other 3% Wildlife 10% Combined sewer overflow 3% Boat discharge 2% Sanitary sewer overflow 2% Sewer line blockage or break 4% Publicly owned treatment works 1% Septic system 3% ## Toxics and Waste 8-12. Risks posed by hazardous sites 8-13. Health care visits due to pesticide exposure 8-14. Toxic pollutants generated for energy recovery (developmental) 8-15. Recycled municipal solid waste Toxics and Waste ## 8-11. Children ages 1-5 years with elevated blood lead levels† - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Percent 1988-1991 1999-2000 1976-1980 1991-1994 88.2% 8.9% 4.4% 2.2% **** ## Mean blood lead concentration in children ages 1-5 years - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. † Geometric mean Mean**† blood lead concentration (ug/dL) - I 95% Confidence Interval 1976-1980 1988-1991 1999-2000 1991-1994 ## Mean blood lead concentration in children ages 1-5 years, by race/ethnicity - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. † Geometric mean Mexican American* White, not Hispanic Mean† blood lead concentration (ug/dL) - I 95% Confidence Interval Black, not Hispanic - * Can be of any race Total 1991-1994 1999-2000 ## Healthy Homes and Communities 8-17. Office building air quality 8-18. Homes tested for radon 8-19. Radon-resistant new home construction 8-20. School policies to protect against hazards 8-21. Disaster preparedness plans and protocols 8-22. Lead-based paint testing in pre-1950s homes 8-23. Substandard housing Healthy Homes and Communities ## 8-16. Indoor allergens: Dust mite and cockroach allergens in bed dust - Source: National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, NIH/NIEHS; and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Group 1 dust mite > 2 ug/g Millions of homes 1998-99 level 2010 target Direction desired Group 1 dust mite > 10 ug/g German cockroach > 0.1 unit/g Allergen concentration in bed dust ........................... ............................ 44.3 23.2 5.8 ## Homes with group 1 dust mite allergen concentrations at or above threshold, 1998-1999 - Source: Arbes SJ, Cohn RD, Yin M, et al. House dust mite allergens in US beds: Results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens - in Housing. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. February 2003. _>_ 0.025 ug/g Percent of homes _>_ 2.0 ug/g _>_ 10.0 ug/g Allergen concentration in bed dust ........................ ........................ Lower limit of detection Threshold for allergic sensitization Threshold for asthma sensitization - I 95% Confidence Interval* of any race. 84.2% 46.2% 24.2% ## Mean dust mite concentrations, by housing unit characteristics, 1998-1999 - Source: Arbes SJ, Cohn RD, Yin M, et al. House dust mite allergens in US beds: Results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. February 2003. Construction Year - _<_ 1939 - 1940-1959 - 1960-1977 - 1978-1998 1990 census region - West - Midwest - South - Northeast Household income - < $20,000 - $20,000-39,999 - $40,000-59,999 - _>_ $60,000 Mean concentration (ug/g) - I 95% Confidence Interval* of any race. ## Infrastructure and Surveillance 8-25. Exposure to heavy metals and other toxic chemicals (developmental – proposed baseline data shown) 8-26. Information systems used for environmental health 8-27. Monitoring environmentally related diseases 8-28. Local agencies using surveillance for vector control Infrastructure and Surveillance ## 8-24a-d. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, persons ages 6 and over - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). 1-Napthol (carbaryl) Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion/ parathions) 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyfifos) Metabolite (pesticide) Isopropoxyphenol (propoxur) - Note: 1988-1994 data are for persons ages 6 and over. 1999-2000 data are for persons ages 6-59 years. < LOD † 95th percentile - I 95% Confidence Interval - LOD: Limit of detection Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)† 1988-94 1999-2000 2010 target - * ## 8-24a-c. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, persons ages 6-59 years, by race, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). 1-Napthol (carbaryl) Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion/ parathions) 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyfifos) Metabolite (pesticide) † 95th percentile - Can be of any race. Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)**† Mexican American Black, not Hispanic 2010 target White, not Hispanic** - * ## 8-24a-c. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, persons ages 6-59 years, by age, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). 1-Napthol (carbaryl) Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion/ parathions) 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyfifos) Metabolite (pesticide) † 95th percentile Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)† 6-11 years 12-19 years 2010 target 20-59 years - * ## 8-25b,c,e. Heavy metals in the blood, persons ages 1 year and over, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. † 95th percentile - I 95% Confidence Interval Cadmium Lead Blood concentration (ug/dL)† Females & Males 1-5 years Females 16-49 years - .......... .......... Mercury ## 8-25c. Mean blood lead concentrations, persons ages 1 year and over, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). Total 1-5 years Mexican American* Male Female Black, not Hispanic White, not Hispanic 6-11 years 12-19 years 20 years and over - * Can be of any race - I 95% Confidence Interval* Mean blood lead concentration (ug/dL) - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## 8-25f,g,i. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, persons ages 6-59 years, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - LOD: Limit of detection. - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid *ortho*-Phenlyphenol 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl- 6-hydroxypyrimidine (Diazinon) Metabolite (pesticide) Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)† < LOD < LOD ## 8-25m,o,p. Organochlorine compounds in the blood serum, persons ages 12 years and over, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. Oxychlordane Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane Organochlorine compound Serum concentration (ng/g lipid)† † - I - 95th percentile - 95% Confidence Interval* ## 8-25o. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) in the blood serum, persons ages 12 and over, 1999-2000 - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). Total 12-19 years Mexican American* Serum concentration (ng/g lipid)† 20+ years Males Females Black, not Hispanic White, not Hispanic - * Can be of any race - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## Global Environmental Health 8-30. Water quality in the U.S.-Mexico border region Global Environmental Health ## U.S.-Mexico border region U.S.-Mexico border region - Source: U.S.-Mexico Border Health Commission ## 8-30a-f. Wastewater sewer service in selected U.S.-Mexico border communities - Sources: EPA; Mexico’s Comision Nacional de Agua; State and local health departments; American Water Works Association; Rural Water - Association; U.S.-Mexico Border Health Association. Ciudad Acuna Percent 1997 2002 2010 target Mexicali Piedras Negras Matamoros Nogales, Sonora Reynosa NA NA - NA: Data not available. - * - * - * ## 8-30g-l. Wastewater receiving treatment in selected U.S.-Mexico border communities - Sources: EPA; Mexico’s Comision Nacional de Agua; State and local health departments; American Water Works Association; Rural Water - Association; U.S.-Mexico Border Health Association. Ciudad Acuna Percent 1997 2002 2010 target Mexicali Piedras Negras Matamoros Nogales, Sonora Reynosa NA - NA: Data not available. NA - * - * - * ## For more information Progress Review data and slides can be accessed on the web at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hphome.htm	en
markdown	658344	# Presentation: 658344 ## PERSONAL PROPERTY - Status Meeting - October 12, 2006 ## AGENDA - Audit Calendar - Unresolved Audit Issues - Anticipated Projects by Line/Staff Office - Matrix of Missing Documentation - Unreconciled Payments Report (UPR) - Annual Inventory - FY07 - Training - Reports - General Information - Separation of Duties - Object Class Codes - Change of Property Custodians - Property Accountability and Security - 37-40 Hand Receipt - New DoC Reports ## AUDIT CALENDARhttp://www.pps.noaa.gov/audit_calendar.html \| Date \| Task \| Whom Responsible \| To Whom \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Oct. 16 \| Run depreciation reports for October \| Personal Property \| n/a \| \| Oct. 19 \| Financial reports due \| Personal Property \| Finance \| \| Oct. 27 \| Audit field work ends at the Bureau level \| \| \| \| Nov. 6 \| Documentation due to the Property Office for any adds, deletes or changes \| Line/Staff Property Managers \| Personal Property \| ## DOCUMENTATION - Timely submission of documentation to the Property Office is _critical_ ## UNRESOLVEDAUDIT ISSUES Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - NWS - NWS Radio Transmitters – Donated - Received all but 5 - Project Manager: Mark Paese - PDA: March 31, 2006 - Est. Cost: ## UNRESOLVEDAUDIT ISSUES (cont.)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - OAR - Components of eJet (Boulder) - Project Manager: Bobby Kelly - PDA: February 2005 - Documentation Required - Est. Cost: ## NESDIS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - 13 M Antenna Control System - Project Manager: - PDA: - Est. Cost: $210K - 14.2 M Antenna Control System - Project Manager: - PDA: - Est. Cost: $500K ## NESDIS PROJECTS (Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Critical Single Points of Failure - Project Manager: Chung Wu - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $6.6 million - GOES Ground Projects - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $8 million ## NESDIS PROJECTS(Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission) - Project Manager: - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: - EMWIN (Emergency Manager Weather Information Network) - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: October 2006 - Est. Cost: $1.5 million ## NESDIS PROJECTS(Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - NSOF (NOAA Satellite Operations Facility) Antenna Systems - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $8 million - NSOF Network Core - Project Manager: - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: $1 million ## NESDIS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Svalbard System - Project Manager: Col. Dan Stockton - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: $10.6 million Is there anything else? ## NMAO PROJECTS Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Twin Otter Aircraft - Project Manager: Michelle Fynn/Julie Robertson - PDA: October 2006 or January or February 2007 - Est. Cost: $1.5 million - Sonar for Long Range Fishery Vessel - Project Manager: Michael Webb - PDA: Dispute with Vendor. May default - Est. Cost: $5.6 million Is there anything else? ## NMFS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) Is there anything? ## NOS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - ADCAT Software - Project Manager: Dennis Hoar - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: - Two 35-39 ft. Research Vessels - Project Manager: ? - PDA: ? - Est. Cost: Is there anything else? ## NWS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - IBM Computer Lease - Project Manager: - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: - Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for NWS Telecommunication Gateway (NWSTG) - Project Manager: William Johnson - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: ## NWS PROJECTS (CONT)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Wind Profilers Upgrade - Project Manager: Al Wissman - PDA: FY 2007 - Est. Cost: - Air Handling Replacement NWSTG - Project Manager: William Johnson - PDA: Sept/Oct 2006 - Est. Cost: ## NWS PROJECTS (CONT)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Radiosonde Replacement System (RRS) - Project Manager: Edward C. Roberts - PDA: Oct 2006 - Est. Cost: 4.5M Is there anything else? ## MATRIX OF MISSING DOCUMENTATION - NWS - CD0001461661: Missing invoices (4 months old) - CD0000683693: Missing CD 509 (New) - CD0001445926: Missing CD 509 (New) - CD0001041943: Missing Receiving Report/Acceptance (New) ## UPR TRENDS \| \| FY 2005 \| \| FY 2006 \| \| Combined \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| \| TOTAL \| 200 \| 200 \| 2,656 \| 4,672 \| 2,856 \| 4,872 \| \| AGO \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| CAO \| 0 \| 0 \| 197 \| 191 \| 197 \| 191 \| \| CFO \| 0 \| 0 \| 430 \| 7 \| 430 \| 7 \| \| CIO \| 0 \| 0 \| .3 \| 20 \| .3 \| 20 \| \| GC \| 0 \| 0 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| NESDIS \| 0 \| 0 \| 117 \| 67 \| 117 \| 67 \| - In thousands (000s) ## UPR TRENDS (cont.) \| \| FY 2005 \| \| FY 2006 \| \| Combined \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| Sept 1 \| Oct 6 \| \| NMAO \| 0 \| 0 \| 525 \| 1,340 \| 525 \| 1,340 \| \| NMFS \| 0 \| 0 \| 333 \| 684 \| 333 \| 684 \| \| NOS \| 177 \| 177 \| 213 \| 703 \| 390 \| 880 \| \| NWS \| 0 \| 0 \| 361 \| 682 \| 361 \| 682 \| \| OAR \| 23 \| 23 \| 466 \| 969 \| 489 \| 992 \| \| USAO \| 0 \| 0 \| .4 \| .8 \| .4 \| .8 \| \| WFM \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 1 \| 5 \| 1 \| - In thousands (000s) ## AGED UPR(90 DAYS & OLDER) \| \| FY 2005 \| FY 2006 \| Total 90 Days & Older UPR \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| TOTAL \| 200 \| 464 \| 664 \| \| AGO \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| CAO \| 0 \| 190 \| 190 \| \| CFO \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| CIO \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| GC \| 0 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| NESDIS \| 0 \| 36 \| 36 \| - In thousands (000s) ## AGED UPR (cont.)(90 DAYS & OLDER) \| \| FY 2005 \| FY 2006 \| Total 90 Days & Older UPR \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| NMAO \| 0 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| NMFS \| 0 \| 41 \| 41 \| \| NOS \| 177 \| 39 \| 212 \| \| NWS \| 0 \| 21 \| 21 \| \| OAR \| 23 \| 124 \| 147 \| \| USAO \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| WFM \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - In thousands (000s) ## FY 2007 INVENTORYSCHEDULE - Annual Physical Inventory \| Quarter \| Norfolk \| Kansas City \| Boulder \| Seattle \| Natl. Capital Region \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| First \| AGO NMFS OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO \| AGO NLSC NMFS OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO \| AGO OCAO OCFO OCIO OIG WFMO \| AGO OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO OIG NMFS WFMO \| AGO OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO \| \| Second \| NESDIS NOS \| NESDIS NOS \| NESDIS OAR \| NESDIS NOS \| NESDIS NOS \| \| Third \| NWS NMAO OAR OGC \| NMAO NRC(NWS) NWS OGC \| NWS \| OGC NWS NMAO \| OGC PPI NMAO NMFS NWS USEC \| \| Fourth \| \| \| \| \| \| ## FY 2006 INVENTORY OVERDUE - NESDIS (2nd Qtr) - 2 Headquarters - Joe Brust - Kent Hughes - NMFS (3rd Qtr) - 3 Headquarters - Jan Charity (2) - William Bradley ## FY 2006 CAPITALIZED INVENTORY OVERDUE - NWS - 1 Headquarters - Alan Lackas - 1 Kansas City - Boris Taubvurtzel - Emails sent to the HQS PC & PM on 7/03/2006 - Emails sent to the HQS PC & PM on 7/25/2006 ## PROPERTY ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICERS (PAO) REQUIRING TRAINING - NMFS - Herbert Kaufman - Garry Mayer - Scott Nichols - Emails sent to the PAO and PM on 07/03/056 - Emails sent to the PAO and PM on 07/24/06 - NOS - Daniel Basta - Rolin Meyer ## PROPERTY CUSTODIAN (PC) TRAINING - e-Learning: - Sunflower Training Course – - link has been established and is available on the e-Learning Website - _http:__//e-learning__.doc.__gov/noaa/index__.__cfm_ - Access through e-Learning ## SEPTEMBER REPORTS - Financial Reports - Submitted: September 19th ## General Information - Separation of Duties - To prevent even the appearance of waste, fraud or abuse, it is essential that there be a clear separation of duties between the purchaser and the recipient of new items, and the individual who enters the information about this newly acquired property into Sunflower. These processes should be performed by different individuals to ensure that the risk of loss through undetected diversion of property is minimized. When office size does not permit separation of these functions, internal procedures should demonstrate checks and balances exist to ensure that the possibility of fraud and abuse are minimized. The office manager will provide a written justification to their supervisor for the assignment of these multiple duties to one individual. ## General Information (Cont) - Change of Procedures for reviewing CD435/ Purchase Requisitions - Effective October 16th with the implementation of C-Request, Personal Property will no longer review CD 435’s and Purchase Requisitions - Requisitioners and all approvers in the approval chain need to be reminded that Object Class Codes that start with 31 should be used and should only be used when acquiring accountable property. ## General Information (Cont) - Change of Property Custodians - Whenever a Property Custodian leaves their position, they must be cleared of responsibility for the property for which they have been accountable by conducting a physical inventory and by the transfer of responsibility to another person, if even for a short time. ## General Information (Cont) - Physical Security - Remind employees to keep all property secure. - Encourage the use of locks and cables on sensitive, portable equipment, especially laptops. ## General Information (Cont) - New DoC Reports - Weekly – Personal Property program improvements NOAA is implementing. - Monthly - Report of missing laptops, recovered laptops. - New DoC Training Requirements for PMOs, PAOs, PCs - New Performance Element for PMOs, PAOs, PCs ## General Information (Cont) - Terminology - THE ASC’s NO LONGER EXIST - Business Management Branch - Norfolk, etc. - Norfolk Property Office, etc. - ERAD, CRAD, etc. = Eastern Region Acquisition Division, Central Region Acquisition Division, etc. ## What are your questions or comments? ## What are your agenda items for our next meeting? Date, time and location for next meeting November 2, 2006 @ 11:00 a.m. SSMC4 - Rm 8150 - Date, time and location for next meeting - November 2, 2006 @ 11:00 a.m. - SSMC4 - Rm 8150 ## HEADQUARTERS CONTACTS - NOAA Research (OAR) - Ryland Pine - NESDIS - Holly E. Turri - Ryland Pine - NOAA Weather & Climate (NWS) - Doreen A. Kaduri - NOAA Fisheries (NMFS) - Dominic Blakey - NOAA Marine & Aviation Operations (NMAO) - Melissa Nelson - NOAA Ocean Service (NOS) - Melissa Nelson - NOAA Staff Offices (AGO, CAO, CIO, CFO, USAO, WFM) - Melissa Nelson ## HEADQUARTERS CONTACTS (cont.) - Branch Chief - Jon Pinner - Audit Leads - Brian Mason - Tom Deckard - Support - Paul Myers - Ann Marquez - Heritage Assets - Lynette Joynes - Inventory - Larry Oates - Ryland Pine - Norfolk - Anita Holley, Acting Branch Chief (RPM) - Robin MacMillan (RPAM) - Boulder - Rudy Nunez (RPM) - Sheila Hensley (RPAM) - Kansas City - Anthony Harrison, Branch Chief - Seattle - David Petre, Branch Chief - Elizabeth Valezona (RPM) - Kim Hutchinson (RPAM) ## PROPERTY MANAGERS - The following people have been identified: - Carol Christian, AGO - Judy Mickens, CAO - Randy Hill, CIO - Barbara Beasley, CFO - Regina Jackson, GC - Bernadette Foreman, NESDIS - Jeanette McDonald, NMAO - Robert Ziobro, NMFS - Sloane Strother, NOS - Jan Evans, NWS - Deborah Martin, OAR - Jonathan Bailey, USAO - Linda Adkins, WFM ## PROPERTY MANAGERS (cont.) ALTERNATES - Denise Tyler-Littleford, AGO - Cynthia Burley, CAO - Gail Perry, CFO - Kathy Stowe, CIO - Thornette Johnson, GC - NESDIS - Sheila Foster, NWS - Millie Ingels, NMAO - Rhonda Perry, NMFS - NOS - Mary Manoogian, OAR - Danyale Little, USAO - Michelle Masias, WFM	en
converted_docs	416527	June 27, 2006 Contacts For Immediate Release Erica Rychwalski, (703) 841-4837, <erychwalski@tnc.org> NOAA AWARDS \$600,000 TO THE NATURE CONSERVANCY # * Funds will be used to restore critical marine habitat and protect aquatic species* WASHINGTON, DC -- Across the United States, the loss and degradation of coastal habitats has led to detrimental impacts on marine life and the people who depend on our oceans and coasts. But increasing conservation efforts and effective management can result in healthier oceans and coasts for the benefit of people and nature. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Community-based Restoration Program supports projects to address the conservation needs of America's critical coastal habitats. This year, NOAA awarded The Nature Conservancy a grant of \$600,000 to implement habitat restoration projects that will restore important marine habitat and protect aquatic species across the country. Since 2001, the Conservancy has partnered with the NOAA Restoration Center to implement innovative conservation activities that benefit marine, estuarine and riparian habitats on both coasts of the country, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and Hawaii. The Conservancy engages coastal communities, stakeholders and other partners to carry out conservation strategies that are tailored to local needs. These projects protect coastal and marine habitat, restore species that are important to ecosystem functions, remove invasive species, create shellfish spawning sanctuaries and re-establish water flows to estuaries. "NOAA's goals for habitat restoration are best accomplished through strong community-based stewardship," said retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA Administrator. "The public's active commitment to restoring fisheries resources is integral to our success. I commend NOAA CRP and partners like The Nature Conservancy for their dedication to restore high quality fish habitat throughout our nation's coastal states and Great Lakes, as well as parts of Canada and the Caribbean." "As the Community-based Restoration Program celebrates 10 successful years, we are proud to continue our partnership with NOAA in restoring our country's coastal waters," said Steve McCormick, president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy. "These waters are a critical resource for millions of Americans, as well as marine plants and animals, and NOAA's support is essential to our effective conservation work." To date, NOAA grants to The Nature Conservancy have supported 58 on-the-ground restoration projects in 17 coastal states in the U.S. Current projects identified for funding include oyster reef restoration on the Pacific, East and Gulf of Mexico Coasts, salt marsh restoration in Maine, clam and scallop restoration in New York and Florida, and coral reef restoration in Florida and Hawaii. The Conservancy connects people and ideas through the NOAA partnership, helping to build restoration expertise and knowledge around the nation. The NOAA Restoration Center Community-based Restoration Program (CRP) is celebrating its 10-year anniversary as a financial and technical assistance program that promotes strong partnerships at the national, regional, and local level to restore fisheries habitat. NOAA CRP works with organizations and government to support locally-driven habitat restoration projects in marine, estuarine, and riparian areas. NOAA CRP funds on-the-ground habitat restoration projects that (1) offer educational and social benefits for citizens and their communities, and (2) provide long-term ecological benefits for fishery resources. Since 1996, more than 1000 projects in 26 states, Canada, and the Caribbean have been implemented using NOAA funding and leveraged funding from national and regional habitat restoration partners. Each year, NOAA awards approximately \$950 million in grants to members of the academic, scientific, governmental, and business communities to assist the agency in fulfilling its mission to study the Earth's natural systems to predict environmental change, manage ocean resources, protect life and property and provide decision makers with reliable scientific information. NOAA goals and programs reflect a commitment to these basic responsibilities of science and service to the nation for the past 36 years. \# \# \# The Commerce Department\'s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and to providing environmental stewardship of our nation's coastal and marine resources. To learn more about NOAA, please visit [http://www.noaa.gov](http://www.noaa.gov/). The Nature Conservancy is a leading international, nonprofit organization that preserves plants, animals and natural communities representing the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. To date, the Conservancy and its more than one million members have been responsible for the protection of more than 117 around the world. To learn more about The Nature Conservancy's Marine Initiative, visit <http://nature.org/initiatives/marine/work/>.	en
converted_docs	116753	GLOSSARY The abbreviations and terms listed below are not intended to be an exhaustive sample of what is or should be used in the preparation of descriptions of events pertaining to aeronautical products. The list was compiled from Service Difficulty Report (SDR) data submitted to the FAA. The duplication of abbreviations is deliberate to allow users to see the variations and difficulties that are encountered by the FAA and industry in collecting and analyzing the text of maintenance related data. This document may help lay the foundation for the development of standard terminology for the text. ABBREVIATION/TERMS CODE ABBREVIATION/TERMS CODE A AAP (AUTOFLT ANNUNCIATOR PANEL) 2210 ABS (ANTI-SKID BRAKE SYSTEM) 3241 ACARS (PULSE CODED TRANS SYS) 2320 ACM (AIR CYCLE MACHINE) 2150 ACW (AIR CREW WARNING) 3150 ADC (AIR DATA COMPUTER) 3417 ADF SYSTEM (AUTO DIRECTION FINDER) 3455 ADI (ATTITUDE DIRECTION INDICATOR) 3425 ADU (ATTITUDE DIRECTION UNIT) 3421 AFCS (AUTOFLT CONTROL SYSTEM) 2210 AHC (AUTO HEADING COMARATOR) 3425 AHRS (ATTITUDE HEADING REFERENCE SYS) 3425 AIRSTAIR DOOR 5260 AIRSTAIRS-INDEPENDENT 5260 AIRPHONE 2300 ALTITUDE ALERTER 3444 AOA (ANGLE OF ATTACK SENSOR) 3418 APP (AUTO-PILOT PANEL) 2210 APU GENERAL REPORTS 4900 ARP (AIR DATA REFERENCE PANEL) 3410 ARTS (FLT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 3460 ASDAR (ACFT TO SATELLITE DATA RELAY) 3170 ATC (TRANSPONDER SYSTEM) 3452 ATM (AIR TURBINE MOTOR) (HYD PUMP) 2923 ATM (AIR TURBINE MOTOR-STC APJC) 2420 ATM (COOLING TURBINE) 2150 ATTACH (TRUNNION) 3211 AUA (WASTE WATER HEATER) 3070 AUTO ALTITUDE SYSTEM 2220 AUTO COURSEN 6120 AVIONIC FLOW LIGHT 2120 AVM SYSTEM (VIBRATION ANALYZE SYS) 7732 B BATT CHARGER (BATTERY CHARGER) 2432 BETA SWITCH 6140 BIRD STRIKE-ENGINE COWL/INJESTION 7200 BPCU (BUS POWER CONTROL UNIT) 2450 BRAKE DE-ICE 3240 BREATHER TUBE 7261 BULLET 7220 BLEED AIR FAILURE-DUAL (BEECH 1900) 3610 C CADC (CENTRAL AIR DATA COMP) 3417 CAWS (CENTRAL AURAL WARNING SYS) 3150 CCAS (COCKPIT CREW ALERTING SYSTEM) 3150 CDU (CENTRAL DATA UNIT) 3460 CGCC (CENTER OF GRAV CONT COMPUTER) 2820 CHIP DETECTOR 7260 CISW HDS LIGHTS 3150 COALESCER SOCK (HUMIDITY CONTROL) 2170 COMPASS SYSTEM 3420 CONE BOLTS (ENGINE MOUNTING SYSTEM) 7120 COOLING FAN-EQUIP.RACK.GEN.DISTRI.) 2121 COOLING TUBE (JT8D ENGINE) 7520 COWLING (ENGINE) 7110 CPU (CONTROL PROTECTION UNIT) 2430 CROSS TIE LIGHT \"ON\" 2425 CROWN INSP. (TOP OF FUSELAGE STRUCT) 5310 CRT (CATHODE RAY TUBE) 3442 CRUISE TRIM (HORIZ. STAB. CONT. SYS) 2740 CSD (CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE) 2410 CSEU CONTROL SYSTEM ELECTRONIC UNIT 3140 CTA CURRENT TRANSFORMER ASSY 2433 CTOT (CONSTANT TORQUE ON TAKEOFF) 7712 CTC (CABIN TURBO COMPRESSOR) 2110 CUD (COURSE UNIT DISPLAY) 3425 CV (CONVERTER/REGULATOR) 2436 CVR (COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER) 2370 CW LIGHTS (CENTRAL WARNING SYS) 3150 CWP (COCKPIT WARNING PANEL) 3150 CWS (CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEM) 3150 D DADC DIGITAL AIR DATA COMPUTER 3417 DBU DATABASE UNIT 3140 DCAS (DIGITAL CORE AVIONIC SYSTEM) 3140 DECU (DIGITAL ELECT CONTROL UNIT) 7321 DFDR (DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER) 3130 DFGC (DIRECT FLIGHT GUIDANCE CONP) 3460 DFGS (DIRECT FLIGHT GUIDANCE SYSTEM) 3460 DME SYSTEM (DISTANCE MEASURE EQUIP) 3451 DRAIN MAST HEATER (PITOT ANTI-ICE) 3030 DRIP STICK (FUEL QTY.IND.TANK.MNT) 2840 DUAL BLEED AIR FAILURE (BEECH 1900) 3610 E EADI (ELECTRONIC ATTITUDE DIR.IND) 3421 ECU (ENGINE CONTROL UNIT) 7321 ECU ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT 2750 EDC (ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSOR) 3610 EDP (ENG.FUEL PUMP-RECIP ENGINE) 7314 EDP (ENG.FUEL PUMP-TURBINE ENGINE) 7314 EDP (ENGINE HYDRAULIC PUMP) 2913 EEC (ELECTRONIC ENGINE COMPUTER) 7321 EEL (EMERGENCY EXIT LIGHTS) 3350 EFIS (ELECT.FLITE INDICATION SYSTEM) 3425 EICAS (ENG IND CENTRAL ALERT SYS) 7200 EICAS (PANEL MOUNT-ENG IND/ALERT) 3150 EMERGENCY LANDING GEAR EXTENSION 3230 ENG SCREENS (TURBINE ENG. OIL SYSTEM) 7261 ENG SLOW ACCESS (FUEL CONTROL SYS) 7320 ENGINE CHANGE \-- ROUTINE 7200 ENGINE COMPRESSOR FAN-NO ROTATE 7230 ENGINE STALL/COMPRESSOR STALL 7230 ENGINE VIBRATION 7200 EPA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT.AGENCY) 7170 EPC (EXTERNAL POWER CONTAINER) 2440 EPR (ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO SYSTEM) 7711 EPR BRACKET (ENG.PRESSURE RATIO) 7711 EVBC (ENGINE VARIABLE BLEED CONTROL) 7530 EVC (ENGINE VANE CONTROL) 7530 F FDAU (FLITE DATA ACQUISITION UNIT) 3460 FDI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 FEEL SENSOR (STICK SHAKE TEST FAIL) 3418 FETM (FUEL ENRICHMENT TQ MOTOR) 7320 FFG (FUEL FLOW GOVERNOR) 7320 FFR (FUEL FLOW REG) 7320 FGC (FLIGHT GUIDANCE COMPUTER) 3460 FIREWALL 5412 FIRST AID KIT 2560 FLAP CONTROL UNIT 2750 FLIGHT DIRECTOR 3425 FLIGHT RECORDER 3130 FLUX DECTECTOR 3422 FMC (FLT.MANAGEMENT COMPUTER) 3460 FMCS (FLT MNGMNT COMPUTER SYS) 3460 FMS (FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 3460 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE-ENG) 7200 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE AIRFRAME 5101 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE FUSELAGE 5300 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE WING 5700 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE EMPENNAGE) 5500 FSEU (FLAP/SLAT ELECTRONIC UNIT) 2750 FUEL FLOW INDICATION 7331 FUEL HEATER/SYSTEM 7312 FUEL LEAK-ENGINE/PYLON/COWL AREA 7310 FUEL LEAK-WING AREA 2810 FUEL LINE FROM VSV-MEC 7310 FUEL NOZZLE 7313 FUEL PRESSURE WARNING SWITCH 2840 FUEL TEMP (TANK PROBE) 2843 FUEL TOTALIZER (FUEL QUANTITY IND) 2841 G GALLEY EQUIPMENT LIFT 2530 GARLOCK SEAL (STARTER SEAL) 7261 GASPER FAN 2121 GCU (GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT) 2424 GIRT BAR (ESCAPE SLIDE SYSTEM) 2560 GPWS (GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYS) 3444 GROUND RANGE LIGHT (PROP INDICATING) 6140 H H.P. BLEED AIR VALVE-JET ENGINE 7532 HASOV (HOT AIR SHUT-OFF VALVE) 2120 HMU (HYDROMECHANICAL UNIT) 7320 HOC (HIGH OIL CONSUMPTION-JET ENGINE) 7261 HOT SECTION (ENGINE COMBUSTION SECT) 7240 HOT/HUNG START/LOW ENGINE POWER 7320 HPT BORESCOPE-HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE 7250 HSI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 HSTCU (HORIZ STAB TRIM CONTROL UNIT) 2740 HYD ISO VALVE (HYDRAULIC ISOLATION) 2910 I IDG (INTEGRATED DRIVE GENERATOR) 2421 IFS (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 IGV (INLET GUIDE VANE) 7230 ILS SYSTEM (INSTRUMENT LANDING SYS) 3431 INLET BULLET/CONE 7220 INU (INERTIAL NAVIGATION UNIT) 3441 IRS (INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM) 3420 IRU (INERTIAL REFERENCE UNIT) 3441 ISOLATION VALVE 3610 ISOV (ISOLATION SHUTOFF VALVE) 3610 ISU (INTERTIAL SENSING UNIT-FLT IN) 3441 ITT (INLET TURBINE TEMP) 7722 IVSI (INSTANT VERTICAL SPEED IND.) 3413 IEC (INTEGRAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL 7600 J JFC (ENGINE FUEL CONTROL) 7321 L LAV LEAK - NOT SPECIFIC 3800 LBA LOW BLADE ANGLE 6120 LDG PROXIMITY BOX 3260 LIGHT/LAMP/SWITCH-OIL FILTER BYPASS 7931 LIGHTNING STRIKE-ENGINE COWLING 7200 LOC (LOCALIZER - VOR SYSTEM) 3454 LOP (LOW OIL PRESSURE ACTUAL JET ENG) 7261 LRRA (LOW RANGE RADIO ALTIMETER) 3444 M MACH TRIM & MACH SPEED CONTROL 2220 MAGNA STICK 2840 MASTER WARN ANN PANEL 3150 MAXARET (BRAKE ANTI-SKID SENSOR) 3241 MCDU (MULTIPURP CNTL DISPLAY UNIT) 3150 MEC MAIN ENGINE CONTROL 7321 MEGAPHONE 2560 MFDU (MULTI FUNCTION DISPLAY UNIT) 3140 MFQ (MAIN FUEL QUANTITY) 2841 MH4 (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 MHDI (HORIZON DIRECTION IND) 3425 MHR4 3425 MICROPHONE/HEADSET/SPEAKER/NOISE 2350 MITP (METAL IN TAIL PIPE) 7200 MUX (MULTIPLEXER) 2330 N N1/N2 (TACHOMETER) 7714 NAV RECEIVER (NAVIGATION) 3454 NAV. NO.1 ILS 3431 NAV/COM REPORTS (CODE TO COMM 23) 2312 NOSE BULLET (ENGINE INLET CENTER) 7220 NOSE CAL VALVE 3020 NTS (NEGATIVE TORQUE SENSOR) 6120 O OAT (OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 OIL CAP/LOW OIL LEVEL-TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL FILTER\--TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL LEAKAGE (TURBINE ENGINE ONLY) 7261 OIL PUMP, TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL REPLENISH (TURBINE ENGINE) 7261 OVERTEMP-TURBINE ENGINE (ACTUAL) 7250 P P & D VALVE (ENG FUEL PRESS/DUMP) 7320 P/S (POWER SECTION-RECIP ENGINES) 8520 P2 LINE 7320 P3 LINE 7320 PCU (PROP CONTROL UNIT) 6120 PDC PERFORMANCE DATA COMPUTER 3460 PDU (INDEPENDENT POSITION UNIT) 3440 PERSONNEL LIFT 2530 PFCS (SPOILER SYSTEM) 2760 PFP4 (BLEED AIR SENSE LINE FILTER) 7320 PGB (PROPELLER GEAR BOX) 7210 PMC (POWER MANAGEMENT CONTROL) 7320 PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR 3600 POWER BUSS 2450 PRBCV (BLEED CONTROL VALVE) 7532 PRE-COOL BLEED AIR (BEFORE CABIN) 3610 PRESS/VENTURI FAN (BAE125) 2130 PROXIMITY SWITCH 3260 PSEU (PROXIMITY SENSE ELECT UNIT) 3260 PSU (PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT) 2520 PT2 PROB (TEMPERATURE PROBE) 7320 PTU POWER TRANSFER UNIT 2910 PYLON BLOWOUT PANEL 5400 Q Q HEAT (PITOT HEAT) 3030 R RADIO ALT (RECEIVER) 3444 RADIO ALT (RADIO ALTIMETER) 3444 RADOME STRUCTURE 5350 RAT (RAM AIR TEMP) 3412 RAT (RAM AIR TURBINE) 2920 RCCB (REMOTE CTRL CIRCUIT BREAKER) 2430 RDI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 RMDI (COURSE DIRECTION INDICATOR) 3425 RMI (RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR) 3454 ROOTS BLOWER 2121 ROSEMONT HEAT 3030 ROSEMONT PROBE (STALL WARNING) 3418 RTOP (RESERVE TAKEOFF POWER) 7320 RVDT (ROTARY VARIABLE DISPL TRANSD) 3418 S S DUCT 5400 S/G (STARTER-GENERATOR) 2435 SAI (STANDBY ATTITUDE INDICATOR) 3420 SAS (STALL WARNING SYSTEM TEST) 3418 SAT (STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 SBC (SURGE BLEED CONT. COMP STALL) 7530 SCAT (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 SIF (ACFT STALL INDICATOR FAILURE) 3418 SIGN (NO SMOKE/SEAT BELTS SIGN) 3320 SKIN AIR VALVE (RAM AIR VLV) 2150 SLIDE PRESSURE LOW (BOTTLE REPLACE) 2560 SLIDE PRESSURE LOW (SLIDE REPLACE) 2565 SNUBBER.TIRE IN WELL AFTER RETRACT) 3230 SPEED TRIM FAIL LIGHT 2220 SPOOL DOWN-ENGINE 7200 SPR (SINGLE POINT REFUELING) 2810 SQUAT SWITCH (FLT/GROUND SWITCH) 3260 SRL (SINGLE RED LINE COMPUTER) 7722 SSB (SPLIT SYSTEM BREAKER) 2450 STABILON 5510 START VALVE (ENGINE MANUAL START) 8010 STATIC WICKS 2360 STATOR BLADE-VARIABLE 7530 STAUS MESSAGE PRI CONTL.CLEAR.MES 3160 SWIVEL FITTING(LDG.GEAR RETR.SYS) 3230 SWIVEL FLAP (ENG.THRUST REVERSER) 7830 SYMB GEN (ELECTRIC POWER IND.SYS) 2425 T T.O. WARN HORN (TAKEOFF WARN HORN) 3150 T/R (THRUST REVERSER SYSTEM) 7830 TACAN (MILITARY TYPE NAVIGATION) 3451 TAI (TAIL ANTI-ICE) 3010 TAIL CONE 5350 TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED) 3414 TAT (TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 TGT (TURBINE GAS TEMP) 7722 TMS (THRUST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 7600 TMS ACTUATOR (THRUST MGMT SYS) 7600 TO (TAKEOFF WARNING) 3150 TORLON INSERT 7210 TORQUE COND UNIT 7712 TORQUE RING 7712 T TPU (TRANSIT PRESSURE UNIT) 7532 TRAP PANEL (TRAPEZOIDAL) 5320 TRI (THRUST RATING INDICATOR) 7711 TRU (TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNIT) 2433 TRUNNION-MLG 3211 TRUNNION-NLG 3221 TSCU )TORQUE SENSING CONTROL UNIT) 7712 TSCU (TORQUE SIGNALING COND.UNIT) 7712 TTL (TOTAL TORQUE LIMITER) 7712 TTL VALVE 7712 TURBOCOMPRESSOR (DC8, 880, 707, 720) 2110 U UBR UTILITY BUS RELAY 2450 UER (UNSCHEDULED ENGINE REMOVAL) 7200 V VARIABLE STATOR VANE (VSV) TUBE 7530 VBV (VARIABLE BLADE VANE) 7530 VERNATHERM VLV 7922 VHF (COMM 1 OR COMM 2) 2312 VOICE RECORDER 2370 VOR SYSTEM (VISUAL OMNI RANGE) 3454 VORTILON (AIR DAM ON WINGS) 5720 VOT (VARIABLE OMNI TEST-VOR) 3454 VSI (VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR) 3413 W WEU WARNING ELECTRONIC UNIT 3150 WOW (WEIGHT ON WHEELS) SQUAT SWITCH 3260 WSW (WIND SHEAR WARNING) 3436 WXR (WEATHER RADAR) 3442 Y YAW DAMPER 2210	en
converted_docs	149474	# Archived Information U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FY 2000 GRANTS TENNESSEE *Prepared by the Office of Intergovernmental and Interagency Affairs* *(October 1, 2000)* This document highlights major FY 2000 competitive grant programs: • 21st Century Community Learning Centers • Advanced Placement Incentive • Bilingual Professional Development • Class Size Reduction • Community Technology Centers • Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration • Effective Alternative Strategies • Elementary School Counseling • English Literacy/Civics Education • GEAR UP • Learning Anytime Anywhere Partnerships • Middle School Coordinators • New American High Schools \-- second FY 2000 showcase sites pending • Preparing Tomorrow\'s Teachers to Use Technology • Public Charter Schools • Reading Excellence • Safe Schools/Healthy Students • Smaller Learning Communities • Teacher Quality Enhancement • Technology Innovation Challenge • TRIO Programs [Note]{.underline}: The year listed after each grantee is the year of initial funding. [21st Century Community Learning Centers]{.underline} \$453 million in FY 2000 \$1 billion requested for FY 2001 Funds school-community partnerships to keep schools open after-school and summers as safe havens for enhanced learning. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Blount County Schools \$ 389,098 (2000) - Claiborne County School System \$ 119,140 (2000) - Cleveland City Schools \$ 564,129 (2000) - Dyer County School System \$ 357,618 (2000) - Greene County Schools \$ 100,000 (1999) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 650,177 (1998) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 614,859 (2000) - Kingsport City Schools \$ 203,382 (1999) ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Memphis City Schools \$ 1,720,629 (1999) - Memphis City Schools \$ 1,273,645 (1998) - Murfreesboro City School System \$ 723,901 (2000) - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 1,235,590 (2000) - Sumner County Board of Education \$ 390,012 (2000) [Advanced Placement Incentive]{.underline} \$15 million in FY 2000 \$20 million requested in FY 2001 Enables states to reimburse part or all of the cost of Advanced Placement test fees for low-income individuals who are enrolled in an AP class or plan to take an AP test and provides for the development of activities directly related to increasing: (1) the enrollment of low-income individuals in AP courses; (2) the participation of low-income individuals in AP tests; and (3) the availability of AP courses in schools serving high-poverty areas. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is for the first year.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Tennessee State Department of Education \$ 400,150 (2000) [Bilingual Professional Development]{.underline} \$71.5 million in FY 2000 \$100 million requested in FY 2001 Helps meet the critical need for fully certified bilingual and ESL teachers and other educational personnel. > FY 2000 Personnel Training Grantees: > > Awarded to local school districts, state education agencies, and > higher education institutions to prepare new teachers or current > teachers to better serve LEP students. (Five year grant \-- amount > listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future > appropriations.) - University of Tennessee \$ 192,746 (2000) > FY 2000 Training For All Teachers Grantees: > > Awarded to support school reform efforts by encouraging the > development of training curricula needed to improve the skills of > teachers and other personnel relating to > > the needs of LEP students. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is > awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future > appropriations.) - Franklin Special School District \$ 76,843 (2000) [Class Size Reduction]{.underline} \$1.3 billion in FY 2000 \$1.75 billion requested in FY 2001 Helps school districts hire 100,000 teaches over seven years to reduce class sizes in grades 1-3 to a nationwide average of 18. (Amount listed is the second year of an anticipated seven year effort.) In FY 2000, Tennessee will receive \$21,746,713 in program funds. [Community Technology Centers]{.underline} \$32.5 million in FY 2000 \$100 million requested in FY 2001 Expands access to information technology and learning services through the creation of computer learning facilities in low-income communities. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three year total.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 889,133 (1999) - Nashville READ \$ 372,947 (2000) [Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration]{.underline} \$220 million in FY 2000 \$240 million requested in FY 2001 Helps raise student achievement by assisting public schools across the country to implement comprehensive school reform programs that are based on reliable research and effective practices and that include an emphasis on basic academics and parental involvement. (Amount listed is the third year of program funding.) In FY 2000, Tennessee will receive \$3,787,765 in program funds. [Effective Alternative Strategies]{.underline} \$10 million in FY 2000 \$10 million requested in FY 2001 Helps school districts create effective procedures, policies, and programs that serve to discipline students without suspending or expelling them as well as continue to educate students who have been suspended or expelled. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.) FY 2000 Grantees: - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 541,805 (2000) [Elementary School Counseling]{.underline} \$20 million in FY 2000 \$20 million requested in FY 2001 Establishes or expands counseling programs in elementary schools. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the three year total.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 297,504 (2000) [GEAR UP]{.underline} \$200 million in FY 2000 \$325 million requested in FY 2001 Gives disadvantaged students and their families pathways to college by partnering middle and high schools with colleges and community organizations. FY 2000 Partnership Grantees: > Awarded to locally-designed partnerships between colleges and > low-income middle schools, plus at least two other partners, to > increase college-going rates among youth. (Five year grant \-- amount > listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance, number of students served, and future > appropriations.) - Dyersburg State Community College \$ 345,621 (1999) - Memphis City Schools \$ 607,069 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 237,394 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 227,731 (2000) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 427,200 (2000) - Vanderbilt University \$ 319,294 (2000) [Learning Anytime Anywhere Partnerships]{.underline} \$23 million in FY 2000 \$30 million requested in FY 2001 Supports national or regional partnerships among colleges, businesses, and other organizations to deliver postsecondary life-long learning via asynchronous, Internet-based distance education. (Three to five year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three to five year total.) FY 2000 Grantees: - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 1,170,339 (2000) [Middle School Coordinators]{.underline} \$50 million in FY 2000 \$50 million requested in FY 2001 Helps school districts recruit, hire, and train drug prevention and school safety coordinators in middle schools. (Two year grant \-- amount listed is the two year total.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Dickson County Board of Education \$ 110,767 (1999) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 347,366 (2000) - Hickman County Board of Education \$ 174,488 (2000) - Memphis City Schools \$ 533,957 (1999) - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 535,189 (2000) - Robertson County Board of Education \$ 210,584 (2000) - Sumner County Board of Education \$ 391,506 (1999) [Preparing Tomorrow\'s Teachers to Use Technology]{.underline} \$75 million in FY 2000 \$150 million requested in FY 2001 Supports innovative teacher preparation programs to develop well-prepared, technology-proficient educators. FY 2000 Implementation Grantees: > Awarded to consortia that are now ready to implement full-scale > innovations to improve the preparation of technology-proficient > teachers. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three > year total.) - Tennessee Technological University \$ 834,859 (1999) FY 2000 Catalyst Grantees: > Awarded to consortia with a proven track record and the resources to > stimulate > > large-scale innovative improvements for developing or certifying > technology-proficient educators. (Three year grant \-- amount listed > is the projected three year total.) - Vanderbilt University \$ 2,822,303 (1999) [Safe Schools/Healthy Students]{.underline} \$82 million in FY 2000 \$122 million requested in FY 2001 Supports linking community-based services and prevention activities into one community-wide approach to violence prevention and healthy child development. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.) FY 2000 Grantees: - Clinch-Powell Educational Cooperative \$ 929,359 (1999) [Smaller Learning Communities]{.underline} \$45 million in FY 2000 \$120 million requested in FY 2001 Helps large high schools (1,000 or more students) create smaller, more personalized learning communities. FY 2000 Planning Grantees: Provides large high schools the means to develop a viable SLC implementation plan. (One year grant.) - Anderson County Board of Education \$ 50,000 (2000) - Jefferson County Board of Education \$ 50,000 (2000) FY 2000 Implementation Grantees: Provides large high schools the means to either implement or expand an SLC program. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is approximately two-thirds of the total grant award. The remaining balance will be available in July 2001, contingent upon appropriations.) - Sevier County Schools \$ 154,435 (2000) [Teacher Quality Enhancement]{.underline} \$98 million in FY 2000 \$98 million requested in FY 2001 Funds systemic change to state teacher licensure policies and practices. FY 2000 Partnership Grantees: > Awarded to partnerships between teacher preparation programs, schools > of arts and sciences, and a high-need school districts to bring about > fundamental change. (Five year grant \-- amount listed is for the > current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance, extent of need, and future appropriations.) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 697,994 (1999) > FY 2000 Recruitment Grantees: > > Awarded to states and school-university partnerships to reduce > shortages of qualified teachers in high-need areas. (Three year grant > \-- amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts > are based on program compliance, extent of need, and future > appropriations.) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 407,228 (1999) FY 2000 State Grantees: > Awarded to states to improve the quality of their teaching force > through comprehensive changes in teacher preparation, licensure, > certification, and professional development. (Three year grant \-- > amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are > based on program compliance, extent of need, and future > appropriations.) - Tennessee State Department of Education \$ 544,104 (1999) [TRIO Programs]{.underline} \$645 million in FY 2000 \$725 million requested in FY 2001 Helps disadvantaged students progress from middle school to postsecondary education programs. (Includes eight outreach and support programs. Competitions are held every fourth year, except TRIO Dissemination Partnership \-- every third year \-- and TRIO Staff Training \-- every other year.) FY 2000 Educational Opportunity Centers Grantees: > Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to provide counseling and > information on college admissions to qualified adults who want to > enter or continue a program of postsecondary education. (Four year > grant \-- amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual > amounts are based on program compliance and future appropriations.) - Austin Peay State University \$ 320,263 (1998) - University of Tennessee \$ 348,580 (1998) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 197,676 (1998) > FY 2000 Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Grantees: > > Awarded to institutions of higher education for projects designed to > prepare participants for doctoral studies, through involvement in > research and other scholarly activities. (Four year grant \-- amount > listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.) - East Tennessee State University \$ 223,827 (1999) - Middle Tennessee State University \$ 203,700 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 276,781 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Memphis \$ 221,827 (1999) > FY 2000 Student Support Services Grantees: > > Awarded to institutions of higher education to provide opportunities > for academic development, assist students with basic college > requirements, and motivate students toward the successful completion > of their postsecondary education. (Four year grant \-- amount listed > is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.) - Austin Peay State University \$ 198,582 (1997) - Dyersburg State Community College \$ 227,411 (1997) - East Tennessee State University \$ 206,328 (1997) - Hiwassee College \$ 203,893 (1997) - Lane College \$ 200,903 (1997) - Lemoyne-Owen College \$ 198,582 (1997) - Lincoln Memorial University \$ 198,582 (1997) - Martin Methodist College \$ 198,582 (1997) - Northeast State Community/Technical College \$ 209,801 (1997) - Tennessee State University \$ 200,903 (1997) - Tusculum College \$ 198,582 (1997) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 200,896 (1997) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 247,148 (1997) > FY 2000 Talent Search Grantees: > > Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to identify and assist > individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who have the potential to > succeed in higher education. Talent Search also serves high school > dropouts by encouraging them to reenter the educational system and > complete their education. (Four year grant \-- amount listed is for > the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance and future appropriations.) - Clinch-Powell Educational Cooperative \$ 238,083 (1998) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 273,262 (1998) - East Tennessee State University \$ 197,676 (1998) - Girls, Inc., of Memphis \$ 273,682 (1998) - Girls, Inc., of Memphis \$ 197,676 (1998) - Hiwassee College \$ 236,866 (1998) - Lane College \$ 253,512 (1998) - Tennessee State University \$ 236,866 (1998) - Tusculum College \$ 255,832 (1998) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 282,784 (1998) > FY 2000 Upward Bound Grantees: > > Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to provide fundamental support > to participants in their preparation for college entrance. Upward > Bound serves high school students from low-income families, families > in which neither parent holds a bachelors degree, and low-income, > first generation military veterans. (Four year grant \-- amount listed > is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.) - Austin Peay State University \$ 360,190 (1999) - Austin Peay State University \$ 308,670 (1999) - Austin Peay State University \$ 205,400 (1999) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 246,867 (1999) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 205,400 (1999) - Dyersbug State Community College \$ 253,423 (1999) - East Tennessee State University \$ 348,199 (1999) - East Tennessee State University \$ 233,690 (1999) - East Tennessee State University-Bristol \$ 205,400 (1999) - Hiwassee College \$ 254,450 (1999) - Lane College \$ 403,701 (1999) - Lemoyne-Owen College \$ 1,943,999 (1999) - Lincoln Memorial University \$ 260,694 (1999) - Shelby State Community College \$ 254,450 (1999) - Tennessee State University \$ 389,390 (1999) - Tusculum College \$ 345,300 (1999) - Tusculum College \$ 205,400 (1999) - University of Tennessee \$ 283,440 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 246,867 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 335,466 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 300,522 (1999) > FY 2000 Upward Bound Math/Science Grantees: > > Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to fund specialized Upward > Bound math and science centers. (Four year grant \-- amount listed is > for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance and future appropriations.) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 206,000 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 266,498 (1999)	en
markdown	468445	# Presentation: 468445 ## Welcome Curators of Marine (& now Lacustrine) Geological Samples 30th Anniversary Meeting ## Greetings from Floyd McCoy, Chairperson of the original Curators’ Meeting in 1977 - “Please express my happiness that curatorial things continue from those slight beginnings so long ago...” - 2007 – Floyd on sabbatical, about to crawl into a Greek submersible Notes: And now a note from the Chairperson of the original Curators’ Meeting: “Well hi- from Crete! Oh my, 30 years... that's so nice to have an anniversary meeting. How I wish I could be there, but this coming academic year I am on sabbatical in Greece, first as a visiting research prof. at the Am. School of Classical Studies at Athens, and, second, as a Senior Fulbright Scholar (one of seven from the US to Greece). After seven years of running the faculty senate at UH, I need this break - and hope to get caught up in research with a bunch of papers done. At the moment I am on Crete doing geology at three arch. sites, and am just back from a 3 week cruise using the Greek ocean. ship "Aegeio" for geol., geophys. and arch. surveys just SE of Crete (no cores, though). I've attached a photo of me about to crawl into the Greek submersible for a deep dive (only to 500 m - my deepest was on Alvin to 10,000 ft. in the Pacific) where we found active methane vents. So, you see, my roots stay deep with going to sea as well as mapping on land. Please express my happiness that curatorial things continue from those slight beginnings so long ago.... Aloha and Yia sou, Floyd” ## Congratulations to Woody Wise for participanting in 1st meeting & the 30th! - Woody Wise - for participanting in - 1st meeting & the 30th! Notes: Congratulations to Woody Wise for participating in the first gathering of Curators in the summer of 1977 and this meeting 30 years later. In the summer of 1977, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Representatives from LDGO, SIO, UW, FSU, USC, RSMAS, WHOI, OSU, USGSMP, URI, USGSWH, HIG, U Wisc, UT, and NGDSDC met in La Jolla, CA to discuss data dissemination, standardization of curating techniques and methods, funding problems, responsibilities of curators, and sampling equipment. Following the meeting, a common data format was circulated. The format was finalized later in the fall of 1977 at a second meeting sponsored by NSF in Seattle. ## The Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples The Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples - Conceived at the first NSF-supported Curators’ meeting - in 1977 by participants from the following institutions: - FSU, HIG, LDEO, RSMAS, OSU, SIO, URI, USC, - USGS, UW, U Wisc, UT, WHOI, & NGDC Objective of the Database: *Dissemination of standardized information on sample collections * *to the scientific community* Notes: NGDC realizes that the Curators’ Consortium, begun 30 years ago, is much more than a common database. NGDC congratulates this group and all previous participants for their success in sharing best practices, ideas, and information through this remarkable gathering of institutions. NGDC also salutes the National Science Foundation (NSF) for their vital role in supporting the curation of sea floor and lakebed sample material. From the NGDC perspective, the Index to Marine and Lacustrine Geological samples database, built by both past and present contributing institutions, epitomizes the spirit of collaboration of the Curators’ group. NGDC is proud to be an honorary member of this group through our role as steward of your collective database. ## Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples30 years of progress - 2004 NSF Division of Ocean Sciences Data and Sample Policy (NSF 04-004) - 2003 EOS article “Curators of Sea Floor and Lakebed Samples Celebrate 25 Years of Service.” - 2002 NRC “Geoscience Data and Collections, National Resources in Peril” - 1996 IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data & Information Exchange, Resolution IODE-XIV.2 - _[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/)_ Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples30 years of progress ## Not shown: newest contributor, the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) Notes: Again, welcome and congratulations! ## U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic & Atmospheric AdministrationNational Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)Marine Geology and Geophysics Division & Collocated World Data Center for MGG, Boulder - _http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/_ ## Where is NGDC within NOAA? NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service National Ocean Service Oceanic and Atmospheric Research National Weather Service National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service - Satellite Operations - Satellite Data Processing & Distribution - Research & Applications - Systems Development - National Climatic Data Center National Geophysical Data Center - National Oceanographic Data Center Program Planning and Integration Marine and Aviation Operations ## The Environmental Data Spectrum The Environmental Data Spectrum NGDC Lower Atmosphere NCDC Wet Ocean NODC Land Surface Snow and Ice NSIDC Ocean Floor Earth’s Interior - NGDC NGDC Solar Activity Space Environment Upper Atmosphere Notes: NODC – The “wet ocean” NCDC – The weather-making portion of the atmosphere NSIDC – Snow and ice NGDC – Everything else from the surface of the sun to the Earth’s interior, including the ocean floor. ## What’s New at NGDC? Ms. Susan McLean is Acting Chief of MGG, and Dr. George Sharman is now a special Assistant to the Office of the Director. What’s New at NGDC? ## NGDC Organizational Structure NGDC Organizational Structure - Mr. David Clark, Assistant Center Director - Dr. George Sharman, Special Assistant - Ms. Rashelle Richardson, Administrative Officer Notes: NGDC has two scientific divisions, the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Division (STP) and the Marine Geology and Geophysics Division (MGG). NGDC also operates several collocated international entities including the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) World Data Centers for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Solid Earth Geophysics, and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Data Center for Digital Bathymetry, among others. ## NGDC provides scientific stewardship for data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, and for data related to natural hazards including tsunamis. NGDC provides scientific stewardship for data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, and for data related to natural hazards including tsunamis. Notes: In 1975, responsibility for sea floor data was transferred to NGDC from NODC as part of the Solid Earth Geophysics Division. The Marine Geology and Geophysics (MGG) Division was formed in 1981, and the World Data Center for MGG, Boulder was created in 1982. MGG is responsible for stewardship of data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, lakebed data, and natural hazards data and information. Key data types include bathymetry and gridded relief, trackline geophysics (gravity, magnetics, seismic reflection), sediment thickness, data from ocean drilling and sea floor sediment and rock samples, digital coastlines, and data related to tsunamis including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Data Scope & Mandate - NGDC serves as the US National Repository for marine geological and geophysical data from the sea floor collected with public funds. - Internationally, NGDC operates the World Data Center for MGG, Boulder, and the International Hydrographic Organization Data Center for Digital Bathymetry. Notes: Nationally, MGG maintains the official archive for marine geological and geophysical data collected with public funds. Internationally, MGG operates the co-located World Data Centers for both Marine Geology and Geophysics and Solid Earth Geophysics, and maintains the IHO Data Center for Digital Bathymetry. NGDC also serves as the bathymetric data assembly center for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Notes: NGDC manages all types of data and information from the sea floor and lakebeds, including derived gridded data sets and products. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship International Partnerships & Project Participation - Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) - Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) - General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) & associated regional mapping projects sponsored by the IOC and IHO - Conducting IOC-sponsored international training in tsunami inundation DEM development - Managing the Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples database - Serving as a Bathymetric Data Assembly Center for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) - Cooperating with international projects like the Solid Earth Sample Registry (SESAR) and goSEABED Notes: NGDC cultivates data management partnerships around the world to promote excellence in data management. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Notes: NGDC has a mandate and commitment to provide long-term archival for marine geological and geophysical data, including data pertaining to geophysical measurements and sea floor samples. NGDC archives data in both original and processed forms, prepares documentation according to FGDC/ISO standards for metadata, and archives metadata along with the data to increase its long-term utility. Data are currently archived in an ADIC system at NGDC, but digital archives are periodically migrated to new technology as necessary. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Data Rescue & Digitizing *Rescuing data from scientists’ desks and file cabinets.* NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP) - 31,825 core photographs/negatives scanned - 7,234 core X-rays scanned - 6,202 core logs and smearslide descriptions key-entered - 1,043 coring data sheets scanned - 5,069 sea floor photographs scanned - plus seismic reflection data from the NGDC archives - (sea floor materials digitized 2005 through August 2007 – many other categories not shown) Notes: Part of NGDC’s commitment to archiving sea floor data includes locating and rescuing data at risk from outside sources, and digitizing historic analog data records to preserve their contents in the digital archive, as well as to make them more accessible to users. Over the years, NGDC has accomplished data rescue through several means, including contracts to some institutions to code data, data exchange, and most recently through the NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). Since 2005, NGDC has been able to tap into over $550k of NOAA funds to scan seabed materials for partner institutions, and also to begin scanning analog seismic data in the NGDC archive. Digitized materials are offered to the contributing institutions for their use, placed in the NGDC archive, and made available online at NGDC, with the consent of the contributor. ## Slide 18 Notes: Data held by NGDC are in the public domain and freely accessible unless restrictions are placed on data by the contributor. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Access Interfaces and Tools *Making data freely and publicly available.* - Geospatially-enabled relational databases - Interactive browse tools - Web Feature Services - Web Map Services - File download in multiple forms Notes: NGDC is constantly implementing new data access technologies. Most sea floor data at NGDC are made available on the web via geospatially-enabled relational databases with ArcIMS interfaces. Standard protocols including Web Map Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS) are used to make data available. Multiple data formats are offered for data download, as appropriate for the individual data set. User interfaces are developed in a collaborative environment using version control software. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship - Example - ArcIMS Interface: DEM Discovery Portal - Locate DEMs - View images - Link to DEM, Project, Source - Download data ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to Sea Floor Data Stewardship Notes: NGDC data are documented using FGDC-compliant metadata with remote-sensing extensions. NGDC is working to make all metadata records compliant with International Standards Organization (ISO) metadata standards, as well. NGDC is participating in development of Marine XML (MML) to facilitate tracking of data from collection through to the generation of of integrated datasets. MML also supports metadata describing the data collection, quality control and processing. NGDC metadata use NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) keywords for scientific themes and places, validating records against the latest official GCMD vocabularies. NGDC metadata records are offered in XML for harvesting by the GCMD and the US Geospatial-One-Stop (GOS) indexing sites. ## National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) - _[http://](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)__[www.ngdc.noaa.gov](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)__[/](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)_	en
all-txt-docs	269930	Release Number: DA-01-376 Release Date: February 15, 2001 218-219 MHz Service (formerly known as IVDS) Refund Procedures This Public Notice summarizes the procedures and identifies the points of contact for the processing of refunds authorized by the 218-219 MHz Order released by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC or Commission") on September 10, 1999. For detailed information, refer to additional Public Notices and other Commission decisions for the 218-219 MHz Service, which are at http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/218rest/218rest.html. Refunds will be processed via Automated Clearing House (ACH) credits. In order for the Commission to issue refunds, each entity due a refund must submit a written request (see sample attached to this Public Notice) along with information required to process the ACH transaction through the banking system. The Commission will endeavor to issue refunds to all approved entities within 90 days of receipt of written request. Please note that refunds related to the remedial bidding credit will be issued to the payor of record of the up-front, first, and second down payments consistent with Auction procedures on the refunds of up-front payments. Refunds of installment payments will be to the current licensee of record as of the election date. I. How do entities request refunds? All refunds must be requested in writing to the Office of the Managing Director, Tom Putnam. Requests may be mailed or delivered to: Federal Communications Commission, Office of the Managing Director, Attn: 219-219 MHz Refunds (Mr. Putnam), Suite 1-A840, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554 or via fax to (202) 418-2843, Attn: Tom Putnam. The attachment to this Public Notice contains sample refund requests and the SF 3881, ACH VENDOR/MISCELLANEOUS PAYMENT ENROLLMENT FORM. You may obtain additional copies of the SF 3881 at http://www.fms.treas.gov/pdf/3881.pdf or at the GSA web site at http://fillform.gsa.gov/. II. Installment Payment Refunds Both eligible and ineligible licensees qualify for a refund of their installment payments as outlined below: A. Eligible Licensees of Record as of the Election Date: The approval of a refund request depends upon the election made for each license. 1. Amnesty The Commission will refund installment payments in their entirety to Eligible Licensees in this category who have previously made installment payments. For an Eligible Licensee that elected Amnesty for all of its licenses, the Commission will retain the down payment (less any remedial bidding credit refund) and forgive the original principal balance and all interest payments due thereon. 2. Amnesty and Reamortization/Resumption No installment payment refunds will be made to Licensees in this category; however, a credit may be applied. For an Eligible Licensee that held more than one license and elected Amnesty for one or more of its licenses, and Reamortization/Resumption for its other license(s), all installment payments made on the Amnesty license(s) will be credited towards the outstanding balance due on the license(s) for which Reamortization/Resumption was elected. The installment payment credits will be applied against the accrued and unpaid interest on the retained license(s), with any excess funds being applied to the principal balance on each retained license. The installment payment credits will be prorated based on the net high bids of the retained licenses. 3. Prepayment (Prepayment-Retain/Prepayment-Return) Eligible Licensees electing Prepayment were permitted to retain or return as many licenses as they wished. The Commission will forgive all of the interest due on the retained licenses from grant date until the Election Date; however, Eligible Licensees must pay off the original principal balance of the license(s) they retained. Eligible Licensees will be given a prepayment credit equal to 85% of the down payment and 100% of the installment payment(s) made on the license(s) they returned to the Commission. If the original principal balance of the license(s) the Eligible Licensee retained is greater than the prepayment credit, the additional amount due is called "new money," and must be remitted to the Commission on or before April 30, 2001. If the prepayment credit is greater than the original principal balances, the excess prepayment credits will be refunded to the licensee to the extent that the funds were generated from installment payments. No excess prepayment credits generated from down payments will be refunded. B. Ineligible Entities: Ineligible Entities will have all previously paid installment payments refunded. III. Remedial Bidding Credits Where an Eligible Licensee or Ineligible Entity paid its first and second down payment and met the small business qualifications at the time of the July 1994 auction, but did not receive a woman- or minority- owned small business bidding credit at the time of auction, the Commission will process a refund based on the 25% remedial bidding credit. Because entities that registered as a woman- or minority-owned small business received a biding credit at the time of auction, no refund is generated by the small business bidding credit. Where licensees paid for their licenses in full and met the qualifications for a small business at the time of auction, and did not receive the credit as a women- or minority- owned business, the Commission will process a refund based on the remedial bidding credit. The refund of excess down payment due to the remedial bidding credit is separate and distinct from the 218-219 MHz restructuring plan. Eligible Licensees should not anticipate utilizing the remedial bidding credit refund to meet any payment obligations to the Commission that may exist after the recalculation of balances or installment payments due on retained licenses. The payment deadline obligations of the licensee may not correspond with the refund of the remedial bidding credit, and the Commission will not credit, or offset, the amount owed after the recalculation based upon the anticipated refund. In addition, the Commission is not responsible for remitting any remedial bidding credit refund before the licensee's payment deadline. IV. Whom do I contact for a status of my refund? Tom Putnam at (202) 418-8242 or Gail Glasser at (202) 418-1995 in the Office of the Managing Director. V. When should I expect to receive my refund? The Commission will endeavor to issue refunds to all parties within approximately 60 from the receipt of the completed written request. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Web site Documents related to the earlier rule making proceeding and its implementation are located at the Federal Communications Commission web site: http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/218rest/218rest.html FCC Reference Center Documents related to this issue may also be examined and copied during normal business hours in the FCC Reference Center, 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-A257, Washington, DC 20554. Call (202) 418-0270 for further information concerning the business hours. ITS In addition, documents may be purchased from the Commission's copy contractor, ITS, Inc., 1231 20th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. The telephone number for ITS is: (202) 857-3800. For additional questions or further information concerning the 218-219 MHz restructuring, contact Rita Cookmeyer of the Auctions and Industry Analysis Division at (202) 418-0660 or Jamison Prime of the Public Safety and Private Wireless Division at (202) 418-0680. SAMPLE COVER LETTER INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS REQUEST FOR REFUND Date Federal Communications Commission Office of the Managing Director Revenue & Receivables Operations Group 445 12th Street, S.W. Suite 1-A840 Washington, D.C. 20554 Mr. Putnam, Enclosed please find a completed ACH Vendor/Miscellaneous Payment Enrollment Form for the 218-219 MHz service for the following license(s). License Number(s): ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Winning Bidder Name: __________________________ Current License Holder Name: __________________________ If you have any questions, please contact: Name: _______________________ Phone: ______________________ E-mail: _____________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ Please remit the funds to the payee on the enclosed form. Sincerely, _____________________________________ Payor or Authorized Representative for Payor SAMPLE COVER LETTER REMEDIAL BIDDING CREDIT REQUEST FOR REFUND Date Federal Communications Commission Office of the Managing Director Revenue & Receivables Operations Group 445 12th Street, S.W. Suite 1-A840 Washington, D.C. 20554 Mr. Putnam, Enclosed please find a completed ACH Vendor/Miscellaneous Payment Enrollment Form for the 218-219 MHz service for the following license(s). License Number(s): ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Winning Bidder Name: __________________________ Current License Holder Name: __________________________ If you have any questions, please contact: Name: _______________________ Phone: ______________________ E-mail: _____________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ Please remit the funds to the payee on the enclosed form. Sincerely, _____________________________________ Payor or Authorized Representative for Payor See In the Matter of Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Provide Regulatory Flexibility in the 218-219 MHz Service, Report and Order and Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 99-239, WT Docket No. 98- 169, RM-8951, (rel. Sept. 10, 1999) at 3, 2. (218-219 MHz Order). PUBLIC NOTICE Federal Communications Commission 445 12th St., S.W. Washington, D.C. 20554	en
markdown	559745	# Presentation: 559745 ## Testing General Relativity in Fermilab: - Sergei Kopeikin - University of Missouri-Columbia * **A Bridge between the Particles Physics and Relativistic Gravity* ## Photograph by Paul Ehrenfest. Image Source: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives . Photograph by Paul Ehrenfest. Image Source: _[AIP Emilio ](http://photos.aip.org/)__[Segrè](http://photos.aip.org/)__[ Visual Archives](http://photos.aip.org/)_* .* - The U.S. program in particle physics is at a crossroads. The continuing vitality of the program requires new, decisive, and forward-looking actions. In addition, sustained leadership requires a willingness to take the risks that always accompany leadership on the scientific frontier. Thus, the committee recommends the thoughtful pursuit of a high-risk, high-reward strategy. Committee on Elementary Particle Physics in the 21st Century, National Research Council (2006) Revealing the Hidden Nature of Space and Time: Charting the Course for Elementary Particle Physics ## It seems natural to neglect gravity in particle physics ## Tests of Gravity at Macroscopic Distances - Laboratory - Earth/Moon (Lunar Laser Ranging) - Solar System (VLBI, Doppler/radio ranging, GPS) - Binary Pulsars - Black Hole in the Milky Way - Cosmic Microwave Background - Gravitational-wave detectors (bars, interferometers) Gravity regime tested in the solar system: - weak field (U << c2) - slow motion (v << c) Gravity regime tested in binary pulsars: - strong field (U ≤ c2) - slow motion (v << c) - radiation-reaction force 2.5 post-Newtonian approximation ## Why Do We Need to Measure Gravity at Microscopic Scale? Over the past 50 years accelerators have explored the energy range from 1 MeV in nuclear reactions up to about 1000 GeV at the Tevatron. We have a remarkably accurate theory to predict and explain what we see at present ## Cosmological Evidence for Vacuum Energy ## Revolution in Gravity - Cris Quigg: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ## Newton’s Law in n dimensional space ## Testing Newtonian 1/r2 Law - 2- limits on 1/r2 violations. - [Credit: Jens H Gundlach 2005 New J. Phys. 7 205 ] - Eöt-Wash 1/r2 test data with the - rotating pendulum - =1; =250 m - Casimir force+1/r2 law -  parameterization of the presumable violation of the Newtonian 1/r2 law. ## Gravity Field in Fermilab - Weak (U << c2) - Ultra-relativistic (v  c) - Post-Newtonian - _Possible experiments:_ - Post-Newtonian gravity force produced by magnetic stresses and mechanical strains - Gravity force at ultra-relativistic velocities (testing standard theory extension, other possible long-range relativistic forces between particles) ## The Tevatron Characteristics The Tevatron Characteristics 6 ## Local Inertial Reference Frame x1 = X x3 = Z x2 = Y ## The metric tensor in the local frame - Acceleration of gravity 9.81 m/s2 - Luni-solar tidal force - Angular velocity of - the Earth’s rotation ## Forces exerted on proton in the beam - Protons in the beam falls down to Earth - with acceleration of gravity twice as g=9.81 m/s2 ## Tevatron Magnets *Two main types of magnets: dipole and quadrupole. Dipoles are able to bend a particle beam. Quadrupoles focus the particle beams. * *The strength of the magnetic field is determined by the amount of electric current flowing through the coils. The 8-Tesla magnetic field requires current of 12,000 amperes. * *The SC magnets rely on a niobium-titanium compound. At ~10 K, the NTC becomes super-conducting and carries electric currents without resistance. * *Fermilab operates its 4.4 Tesla magnets. * *The magnets are bathed in 4.2-Kelvin liquid helium**.** * Tevatron Magnet Cross Section ## Magnetic Field Structure in Tevatron Magnet ## Gravity by the Magnetic Stress - General relativity predicts that gravity should be produced by stress as well as by mass-energy of matter - Magnetic field is a matter field with energy and stresses (Maxwell’s tensor) - Post-Newtonian gravity field of a magnet crucially depends on the magnetic (and mechanical) stress besides the part generated by mass-energy “Believe it or not, gravity and magnetism are two totally different and really unrelated phenomena.” WikiAnswers http://wiki.answers.com/ ## The Gravity by the Magnetic Stress Why is it important to study? - _Astrophysics:_ the maximum mass of neutron (and quark) stars depends on stress-produced by magnetic field - _Gravitational Physics:_ validity of the principle of equivalence depends on how the stress contributes to the inertial and gravitational masses of a self-gravitating body (motion of binary pulsars, the effacing principle _[gr-qc/0612017](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006gr.qc....12017K)__)_ ## Gravity by the Magnetic Stress. - Current circulating in magnet’s coil generates the magnetic force - The magnetic force leads to mechanical deformations that cause stresses in the material of the magnet that are comparable with the magnetic stress - Strain-stress tensor calculation: - L. Landau & E. Lifshitz “Electrodynamics of Continuum Media” ## Magnetic Strain-Stress Tensor ## Gravitational Field of the Magnet ## Gravitational Field of a Magnetized Sphere Gravitational Field of a Magnetized Sphere ## Gravitational Field of the Magnetized Sphere ## Gravitational Force of the Magnetized Sphere ## Numerical Estimate and Measurability -  -  -  ## Torsion balance in University of Washington - The free resonant period of our balances is about 2 mHz. - The torsional spring constant is about 0.03 in cgs units and the angular displacement sensitivity is about radians. A typical level arm of - our torsion balances is about 2.5 cm. So the force sensitivity is about - cgs units or Newtons. - The quality factor of our torsion oscillator is about 5000. But if the signal has a definite period (as is the case in all of our experiments so far) one can integrate much for longer longer times (and we do so). - To resolve radians of angular deflection (given our noise and other disturbances) we need days of running time. Torsion balance in University of Washington ## Long range forces and spontaneous violation of the Lorentz symmetry - One may expect that the Lorentz invariance for gravity field is spontaneously broken. - Theories with spontaneous local Lorentz and diffeomorphism violation contain massless - Nambu-Goldstone modes, which arise as field excitations in the minimum of the - symmetry-breaking potential. If the shape of the potential also allows excitations above - the minimum, then an alternative gravitational Higgs mechanism can occur in which - massive modes involving the metric appear (see discussion of a class of bumblebee models by A. Kostelecky et al. _[gr](http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4119)__[-qc 0712.4119](http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4119)_) ## Local Lorentz Invariance - [Credit: Clifford M. Will] *The limits* *assume a speed of the solar system of* 370 km/s *relative to the mean rest frame of the universe that is considered as a preferred frame. * *However, a genuine test of the Lorentz invariance of gravity must not rely upon this assumption (requires an experiment in a variable gravitational field)* ## The speed-of-gravity VLBI experiment with Jupiter(Kopeikin, ApJL, 556, 1, 2001; Fomalont & Kopeikin, ApJ., 598, 704, 2003) The speed-of-gravity VLBI experiment with Jupiter(Kopeikin, ApJL, 556, 1, 2001; Fomalont & Kopeikin, ApJ., 598, 704, 2003) - Position of Jupiter from JPL ephemerides (radio/optics) - Position of Jupiter as - measured from the - gravitational deflection - of light by Jupiter - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 4 10 microarcseconds = the width of a typical strand of a human hair from a distance of 650 miles ! - Measured with 20% of accuracy, thus, proving that the fundamental speed in General Relativity (the speed of gravity) equals the speed of light. - gravity-unperturbed position of quasar ## Relativity in high-energy accelerators Fermilab’s Tevatron: CERN’s Large Hadron Collider ## The Minkowski geometry of the gravity force measurement at ultra-relativistic speed - World line of the detector - World line of the - proton bunch - space - time - In general relativity ultra- - relativistic gravity force behaves - similar to the synchrotron EM radiation ## What makes it plausible to measure the ultra-relativistic force of gravity in Tevatron? - The bunch consists of N=3×1011 protons - Ultra-relativistic speed = large Lorentz factor -  =1000 - Synchrotron character of the force = beaming factor gives additional Lorentz factors - Spectral density of the gravity force grows as a power law as frequency decreases - The gravity force is a sequence of pulses (45000 “pushes” per second  36 bunches =1,620,000) ## Einstein-Maxwell Equations ## The Reissner-Nordström Metric (an exact solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations) - If q>>m, the two horizons disappear and the singularity becomes a naked one. Many physicists believe that such a situation can't arise: there is a principle of "cosmic censorship", which prevents naked singularities from ever forming. Theories with super-symmetry usually guarantee that such "super-extremal" black holes can't exist. The Reissner-Nordström Metric (an exact solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations) - Main features of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. Credit: N. Rumiano ## Electromagnetic-Gravitational Field Model in a post-Minkowskian Approximation - Gravity field potentials - Lorentz – de Donder gauge - Linearized field equations - = ## Electromagnetic Lienard-Wiechert Potentials Electromagnetic Lienard-Wiechert Potentials - Retarded time s=s(t,x) ## Electromagnetic Stress-Energy Tensor ## Gravitational Lienard-Wiechert Potentials - Gravitational mass of the particle - Inertial mass of the particle ## The frame used for calculation of the gravity force Z Y X - O  - Gravity force detector - (torsion balance) - X-Z plane is the plane of the Tevatron ring. - Y axis is a local vertical. -  ## Slide 41 ## Equations of Motion of a Mechanical Detector - Braginsky V.B. and Manukin, A.B., “Measurement of Weak Forces in - Physics Experiments”, Univ. Chicago Press, 1977 - Braginsky, V.B., Caves, C.M. & K.S. Thorne, “Laboratory experiments to test relativistic - gravity”, PRD, 15, 2047-2068, 1977 - Braginsky, V.B., “Experiments with Probe Masses”, PNAS, 104, 3677-80, 2007 ## Gravitational versus Lorentz Force - Tensor force - Vector force ## Gravitational versus Lorentz Force ## Gravity Force in ultra-relativistic approximation ## Motion of the particle in the beam ## The Dipole Approximation -  ## The ultra-relativistic approximation ## Fourier Transform of the Gravity Force - Fourier frequency ## Fourier Transform in The Ultra-relativistic Approximation ## Numerical estimate of the gravity force -  -  -  ## Respond of the detector to the gravity force -  ## Laser Interferometer for Gravity Physics at Tevatron? -  -  - L -  = 999.5 m - d = 0.07 m - L = 16.7 m - Current technology of LIGO coordinate meters allows to measure position with an error - +d - Probe mass - Proton’s beam - Probe mass	en
markdown	064614	# Presentation: 064614 ## SEDAR 8 - Caribbean Yellowtail Snapper - And - Spiny Lobster - Data Workshop - December 6 – 10 2004 ## Welcome - Introductions - Materials - Process - Products - Deadlines ## Introductions ## Materials - Additional Papers - #12 - Updated Papers #1, #8 ## Process - SEDAR is a Council Process - Cooperative with Councils, NOAA Fisheries, and States – Territories - Participants appointed by the Councils and NOAA fisheries - Open, Public Meetings - Opportunity for public comment during Plenary sessions ## Process - Housekeeping - Please sign in each day - Sheets are on the materials table - Network - Please see Loyd Darby to configure your computer for the network – ASAP ## Process - Largely Group Work - Flexible, Adaptive Schedule - Group Leader/Rapporteur provide summary presentations of issues with alternatives for Plenary - Groups Draft Report Sections - Goal – Decisions made by 5pm Wednesday - Drafts of Sections by 10 am Thursday ## Process - Decision Making - By Consensus not Vote - All Decisions by Plenary - Expect suggestions and ideas, not simply criticisms - Establish bounds when single values/decisions are not feasible ## Process - Terms of Reference - Specify general data areas to address - Required to “Evaluate” the data ## Work Groups - Commercial Statistics - Landings, Age & Length Characterization - Dependent Indices - Recreational Statistics - Landings, Age & Length Characterization - Dependent Indices - Life History - Growth Models, Reproduction, Sex Ratios, M - Independent Indices - Measure of abundance ## Work Groups - Leader Responsibilities - Group Report Sections - Provide data files and programs - Present to Plenary - Rapporteur - Each group select a rapporteur to take notes during group and plenary sessions ## Work Group Assignments - Commercial Statistics - Leader: Josh Bennett - Members: Daniel Matos, Roger Uwate, Cheryl Ondeka, David Die, David Berry, Juan Agar - Recreational Statistics - Leader: Craig Liliestrom - Members: Joe Kimmel ## Work Group Assignments - Life History - Leader: Nancie Cummings - Members: Miguel Figuerola, William Tobias, Edwin Hernandez - Independent Indices - Leader: Jerry Scott - Members: Francisco Pagan, Steven Saul, Ron Hill ## Products - Assessment Report Section - Complete documentation of input data and modifications - Tabulation of all data - Supporting Files - Spreadsheet files of input data - Spreadsheet files of final assessment data - Program files and code ## Products - Provide Materials to Jennifer - Working papers - electronic - Report drafts - Plenary presentations - Data sets - Programs ## Deadlines - Decisions : 5 pm Wednesday - Draft Sections : 10 am Thursday - Data Files/Programs : 10 am Thursday - Loaded onto network - Draft Final Report: January 21, 2005 - Final Report Comments: February 2, 2005 - Final Report Completed: February 11, 2005 - ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP : March 14 - 18 ## Agenda - Monday, 2pm Convene - Introductory Materials - Group Breakout - Plenary 1: 5 pm - Initial group reports - Discussion of Working Papers - Tuesday, 8:30 am Convene - Continue Plenary (working papers) - Group breakout	en
converted_docs	122575	### DELAWARE VALLEY # FOOD SERVICE DEPARTMENT ## NUTRITION PROGRAM [Breakfast]{.underline} - Breakfast includes some traditional comfort foods such as pancakes, eggs and sausage. However, we make our pancakes fresh! We mix the batter and grill the flapjacks. We also offer scrambled eggs and three choices of sausages (pork, turkey and vegetarian) to ensure all students have dining options. - Fresh fruit, both fruit salad and whole fruit, is served at breakfast everyday. Fresh fruits, especially strawberries, honeydew melon, watermelon, and mangos have been a huge hit with the students. There is often a line at the fruit bar! - Our cereal bar has such cereals as Grape Nuts, Just Right, and Special K among others. - We have found that students are very visual when it comes to products served to them. For instance, we were buying name brand Yoplait yogurts and they were going uneaten. We switched to TRIX yogurt (made by the same manufacturer). This yogurt tastes the same and has the same calories, fat, and nutrients as the Yoplait, but the label is different, and the students could not get enough. [Lunch and Dinner]{.underline} - Many foods, including ethnic dishes, are prepared from scratch, in lieu of heat and serve items. To save time, some precut, frozen vegetables and other products are used, but sauces, garnishes, and seasonings are always homemade. - Food preparation has undergone dramatic changes. Fish is baked or broiled; meats are grilled, steamed or baked. Frying is avoided whenever possible. - Students always have choices. Our lunch menu always consists of two meat entrees, a fish entrée and a vegetarian entrée. We acknowledge that vegetarian students need more than a salad bar. We serve vegetable ravioli, wraps, tofu, Veggie Riblets, roasted portabella mushroom caps, sautéed spinach with griller strips, and stuffed butternut squash regularly. - An extensive salad bar is available to the staff and students. The salad bar consists of two types of lettuce or spinach, fresh seasonal vegetables, low-fat side salads, and fruit. Entrée salads, such as Greek or Caesar salads are often offered as a menu item. - Specialty dishes include shrimp lo-mein and the ethnic meals that our students request. We strive to make ethnic meals authentic. Many recipes come from students or their parents. We also have the students help prepare their recipes (after a food safety course). - As a treat, our center often serves fresh seafood. We make snow crab legs, shrimp skewers, catfish, salmon, Pollack filets and flounder. We have baked or broiled fish available daily at lunch and dinner. [Beverage Service]{.underline} - We have added more juice selections, removed the Cola and replaced it with coke zero- a no sugar, cola that does not taste like diet. We have also added a Crystal Lite machine in the café that offers a low calorie, sugar free beverage that is refreshing to drink. - Vending machines contain fruit drinks and water. Students have to actively seek out soft drinks. [Weight Improvement Programs]{.underline} - We use a point system (similar to Weight Watchers) for students who are concerned about their calorie and fat intake. The points are based on each individual's needs. - The USDA food guide, mypyramid.gov, is used to plan healthy meals. Students are able to log on, type in their age and gender, and the system will give them information on what foods to eat, how much of each food to eat, and exercise. - Students can use a brochure created by the Health and Wellness Center and Food Services to keep track of what they eat. Students are encouraged to utilize this system after leaving Job Corps. [Food Procurement/Budgeting]{.underline} In order to serve healthy foods within a budget, much work is put into comparison-shopping and negotiating prices with vendors. - Products are purchased from several different vendors to create competition and allow for comparison-shopping. Items are purchased from two large national vendors, a local vendor, a bakery, and a local dairy, among others. This allows the center to offer a larger variety of items, ensure freshness of items through multiple deliveries, and keep prices down. - Heat and serve convenience foods are limited. This allows the center to purchase more fresh items. [Teamwork]{.underline} - Food service works very close with the wellness center and with the recreation department to make sure the students learn about and see results from a healthier lifestyle. - A food committee is active in menu planning.	en
converted_docs	347550	Recent Gains and Losses in Maryland Stream-Gaging Network The Maryland stream-gaging network has had some ups and downs in 2005-2006. Eight long-term stream gages were threatened with discontinuation due to lack of State and local funding in the fall of 2005. The affected gages are on Big Elk Creek, Casselman River, Piscataway Creek, Zekiah Swamp Run, St. Mary's River, St. Clements Creek, Morgan Creek, and Unicorn Branch. Two of these eight have since been funded by the State---DNR agreed to support the gage on Big Elk Creek and MDE agreed to support the gage on Casselman River. Following an unsuccessful attempt to identify potential new funding partners, the other six gages were discontinued in February 2006. However, in May 2006, DNR agreed to provide support for restarting these six discontinued gages beginning in July 2006. In addition, gages in Baltimore City on Maidens Choice Run and Gwynns Run, and a Baltimore County gage on Minebank Run, were discontinued as planned in October 2005. A long-term gage on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown was discontinued in the spring of 2005 due to funding problems. On the positive side, new gages were started on Stony Run in Baltimore City in the spring of 2005, on Powder Mill Run and Scotts Level Branch in Baltimore County in the fall of 2005, and on Sand Spring Run on the campus of Frostburg State University in the spring of 2005. Plans are underway to restart two discontinued gages in July 2006---Pocomoke River near Willards and Town Creek near Oldtown---and to establish new gages on Evitts Creek and Fifteenmile Creek. The Pocomoke gage will be supported by DNR and the three western Maryland gages will be supported by the Pennsylvania DEP. Also, DNR plans to support a gage on Corsica River in the summer of 2006, and MDE plans to support a gage on Little Blackwater River, also this summer. Finally, a proposal has been submitted in collaboration with the U.S. Forest Service to initiate two to three new gages in the Gunpowder River watershed in late 2006.	en
markdown	797088	# Presentation: 797088 ## doi> - Digital Object Identifier doi> - A Handle Implementation - Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation ## Digital Object Identifier - Object - Identifier - What is DOI? - A unique identifier for "a piece of content“ on digital networks - Digital object interoperability doi> ## doi> - DOI – a Handle implementation doi> - DOI – more than a Handle implementation: - uses Handle as one component, of several that make up the DOI system - analogy: - engine and car? - Handle and DOI ## doi> * *by _structured _ metadata Resolution * *by Handle Numbering scheme * *Policies doi> ## A unique identifier for "a piece of content" in the physical world single, common system: UPC/EAN Bar Code components: code writers, readers, policies, etc. many uses : once assigned, usable by anyone in chain wide community support made it work self-sustaining cost recovery model etc. standard – helps to integrate systems efficiently - A unique identifier for "a piece of content" in the physical world - single, common system: UPC/EAN Bar Code - components: code writers, readers, policies, etc. - many uses : once assigned, usable by anyone in chain - wide community support made it work - self-sustaining cost recovery model etc. - standard – helps to integrate systems efficiently - Analogy: the physical bar code doi> ## "The DOI is the UPC (Bar Code) for objects of intellectual property on the Internet.” 1. Uniquely identifies “content” enables management of transactions of all kinds 2. Provides a stable, persistent link to the content itself or to services 3. Can be used to articulate services as real world applications using metadata, multiple resolution, rules, etc. - 1. Uniquely identifies “content” - enables management of transactions of all kinds - 2. Provides a stable, persistent link - to the content itself or to services - 3. Can be used to articulate services as real world applications - using metadata, multiple resolution, rules, etc. - What is the DOI? doi> doi> ## Show DOI as combination of components use existing standards including Handle Show examples of services (applications) built on DOI Examples here web–based but DOI applicable to all platforms - use existing standards including Handle - Show examples of services (applications) built on DOI - Examples here web–based - but DOI applicable to all platforms - This presentation doi> doi> ## An identifier “container” e.g. 10.1234/5678 10.2341/0-7645-4889-1 10.5678/978-0-7645-4889-4 10.1000/ISBN 0764548891 10.1234/Norman_presentation 10.2224/2003-1-29-CENDI-DOI etc - can include any existing identifier, - formal or informal, - of any entity - An identifier “container” e.g. - 10.1234/5678 - 10.2341/0-7645-4889-1 - 10.5678/978-0-7645-4889-4 - 10.1000/ISBN 0764548891 - 10.1234/Norman_presentation - 10.2224/2003-1-29-CENDI-DOI - etc ## Resolve from DOI to: - allows a DOI to link to any & multiple pieces - of current data - Resolve from DOI to: - Location (URL) – persistence - Resolve to multiple data: - Multiple locations - Metadata - Services - Nested DOIs (related objects etc) - Extensible: new types ## Metadata - DOI can describe any form of - intellectual property, - at any level of - granularity - For interoperability - Kernel metadata - A standard, interoperable, small set of data - Able to use existing metadata - Mapped using standard dictionary - Providing a standard way of accessing and using the object - “Hooks” to Open URL, UDDI, etc - DOI Applications, Services ## Common rules of the road (IDF) - allow any business model - for practical - implementations - Governance and agreed scope, policy, rules - Cost-recovery (self-sustaining) - Registration agencies (cf ISBN, Visa) - Each can develop own applications, services, sector rules, business model, fees, metadata etc - DOI at cost - DOI free - DOI with other services - etc ## <indecs> framework: - DOI can describe any form of - intellectual property, - at any level of - granularity Handle resolution - allows a DOI to link to any & multiple pieces - of current data DOI syntax - can include any existing identifier, - formal or informal, - of any entity DOI policies - allow any business model - for practical - implementations ## doi> - The combination of components is unique - Aim to use existing standards or, if not available, to develop standards with others - Numbering: standard principles - (Naming authorities, delegated responsibility, uniqueness, non-intelligent numbering, etc) - Resolution: DOI is a Handle implementation - (Initially single, now multiple resolution; close collaboration with CNRI as technology partner) - Metadata: indecs framework - (Initially <indecs> consortium, now ISO MPEG) - Policies: based on similar business models - (UPC, ISBN, Visa, etc.) doi> - DOI components ## doi> Single redirection (persistent identifier) Metadata W3C, WIPO, NISO, ISO, MPEG etc. Multiple resolution A continuing development activity - DOI: development path doi> ## “Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems” <indecs> – a multi-partner effort: see www.indecs.org Became adopted and now basis of ISO MPEG-21 Dictionary approach: see the paper “Towards a Rights Data Dictionary” Unique Identification Functional Granularity Designated Authority Appropriate Access Metadata as “a relationship between two entities” - The “metadata” component doi> doi> - “Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems” - <indecs> – a multi-partner effort: see www.indecs.org - Became adopted and now basis of ISO MPEG-21 Dictionary approach: see the paper “Towards a Rights Data Dictionary” - Unique Identification - Functional Granularity - Designated Authority - Appropriate Access - Metadata as “a relationship between two entities” doi> ## Precision – a consistent extensible framework, for automation Terminology – defined scope “content” more precisely In relation to “Digital Objects”, W3C “resources”, WIPO “works”: description by precise attributes, ontology Ability to interoperate with any existing metadata SCORM, MARC, ONIX, etc Link to standards work like MPEG, XML A way of defining “Application Profiles” sets of metadata plus rules, a way of grouping DOIs the basis of applications beyond simple persistence documentation now being completed - The “metadata” component doi> doi> - Precision – a consistent extensible framework, for automation - Terminology – defined scope “content” more precisely - In relation to “Digital Objects”, W3C “resources”, WIPO “works”: - description by precise attributes, ontology - Ability to interoperate with any existing metadata - SCORM, MARC, ONIX, etc - Link to standards work like MPEG, XML - A way of defining “Application Profiles” - sets of metadata plus rules, a way of grouping DOIs - the basis of applications beyond simple persistence - documentation now being completed doi> Why this has been important to DOI ## doi> - in DOI can describe any form of - intellectual property, - at any level of - granularity - Text objects (ONIX) - Art objects (CIDOC) - Learning objects (SCORM) - Audio objects (GRID) - Video objects (SMPTE) - etc - Metadata efficiency doi> doi> ## doi> - DOI can describe any form of - intellectual property, - at any level of - granularity - Text objects (ONIX) - Art objects (CIDOC) - Learning objects (SCORM) - Audio objects (GRID) - Video objects (SMPTE) etc - Metadata efficiency doi> - Common single mapping doi> ## Acrobat plug-in as focus example here (web based) Four example demonstrations shown here: Version (provide a dynamic update version of the pdf in hand) Multiple resolution (retrieve multiple data: a URL and some metadata in this case) CrossRef (retrieve a standard set of metadata and use it in an application, a citation builder) Rights (very simple e-commerce interface as an illustration) - Adding value: services doi> doi> - Acrobat plug-in as focus example here (web based) - Four example demonstrations shown here: - Version (provide a dynamic update version of the pdf in hand) - Multiple resolution (retrieve multiple data: a URL and some metadata in this case) - CrossRef (retrieve a standard set of metadata and use it in an application, a citation builder) - Rights (very simple e-commerce interface as an illustration) doi> ## doi> PDF Tool Bar Plug-In [ cache ] - Acrobat Reader doi> - Adobe plug-in concept: what - PDF document viewed - through Acrobat reader doi> doi> ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” Tool Bar Demo 1 – “get latest version” ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” - cnri.test.jsn/pdf - TYPE - DATA - http://host-4-211/book-newversion.pdf - url - last_modified - 2002-06-13T14:06:03-03:00 - DOI - Handle Record 2002-06-13T14:06:03-03:00 _http://host-4-211/book-newversion.pdf_ Internet Handle System Demo 1 – “get latest version” ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” Tool Bar Demo 1 – “get latest version” ## Demo 2 – MultiRes Demo 2 – MultiRes ## Demo 2 – MultiRes Demo 2 – MultiRes ## Demo 2 – MultiRes Demo 2 – MultiRes ## Demo 2 – MultiRes Demo 2 – MultiRes ## Demo 3 –Citation Tool Bar Demo 3 –Citation ## Demo 3 –Citation Demo 3 –Citation ## Demo 3 –Citation Demo 3 –Citation ## Demo 3 –Citation Demo 3 –Citation ## Demo 4 – Permissions Tool Bar Demo 4 – Permissions ## Demo 4 – Permissions Tool Bar Demo 4 – Permissions ## Demo 4 – Permissions Tool Bar Demo 4 – Permissions ## Demo 4 – Permissions Demo 4 – Permissions ## Put the DOI data in functional units in the DOI record [Handle]; and the knowledge of what to do with them in the client Demonstrated with an end-user client (Acrobat) but equally applicable to middleware No constraints on adding additional functional units to a given DOI A common approach – could use same Handle record to manage pdf, html, mobile, etc., hence efficient in deploying content across platforms The resolution to returned metadata through Application Profiles allows complex applications Provided a complete packaged solution: numbering, resolution, metadata, policies On which individual applications and services can be built The same additional components could be of interest to other Handle applications: metadata, policies Avoid reinvention of the wheel - Demonstrated with an end-user client (Acrobat) but equally applicable to middleware - No constraints on adding additional functional units to a given DOI - A common approach – could use same Handle record to manage pdf, html, mobile, etc., hence efficient in deploying content across platforms - The resolution to returned metadata through Application Profiles allows complex applications - Provided a complete packaged solution: numbering, resolution, metadata, policies - On which individual applications and services can be built - The same additional components could be of interest to other Handle applications: metadata, policies - Avoid reinvention of the wheel doi> - What we have done doi> ## doi> 10.123/456 URL http://www.... - Handles in DOI doi> ## Several hundred organisations Several million DOIs Examples: CrossRef Content Directions Inc TSO The Stationery office + others (Europe, US, Asia) Of special interest to CENDI: TSO – UK government documents Learning Objects Network - the ADL initiative Office of Publications of European Union* British Library* etc [under discussion] - Several million DOIs - Examples: CrossRef** * Content Directions Inc TSO The Stationery office + others (Europe, US, Asia) - Of special interest to CENDI: - TSO – UK government documents - Learning Objects Network - the ADL initiative - Office of Publications of European Union* - British Library* - etc - [under discussion] - Who is using it now? do*i> doi> doi> ## International DOI Foundation (IDF) Open member organisation, launched 1998 Members; publishing, technology, intermediaries Modelled on W3C, and on the Bar code development www.doi.org - Open member organisation, launched 1998 - Members; publishing, technology, intermediaries - Modelled on W3C, and on the Bar code development - www.doi.org - Who has done this? doi> doi> doi> ## Web site at http://www.doi.org DOI Handbook [http://www.doi.org/hb.html] DOI news [e mail sign up on site] DOI FAQs – in your pack [http://www.doi.org/faq.html] Metadata: Indecs framework [http://www.indecs.org] And see e.g. “Towards a Rights data Dictionary” [http://www.doi.org/topics/020522IMI.pdf] - DOI Handbook [http://www.doi.org/hb.html] - DOI news [e mail sign up on site] - DOI FAQs – in your pack [http://www.doi.org/faq.html] - Metadata: - Indecs framework [http://www.indecs.org] - And see e.g. “Towards a Rights data Dictionary” [http://www.doi.org/topics/020522IMI.pdf] - More information? doi> doi> doi> ## doi> - Digital Object Identifier doi> - Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation	en
all-txt-docs	169738	392 APPENDIX. XV. CLASS MONADELPHIA. * ' 66. Geranium robertianum, Nutt. Gen. II. p. 80. Common in Pennsylvania. XVI. CLASS DIADELPHIA. 67. Petalostemum candidum, Pursh, p. 461. Indigenous to the western country. 68. Petalostemum violaceum, Pursh, p. 461. Likewise peculiar to the western countries. Both these plants are well described by Michaux, and figured on his Tab. 37, f. 1 and 2. 69. Corydalis glauca, Pursh, p. 463. Common among rocky hills. 70. Amorpha canescens, Nutt. Gen. II. p. 92. Peculiar to the north-western country. 71. Lathyrus palustris, Pursh, p. 471. Found in Canada by Michaux, and common in Europe. 72. Lathyrus venosus, Pursh, p. 471. Common in the Pennsylvania mountains. 73. Vicia *tridentata, L. v. Schw. The single, but good specimen of this plant, does not agree,, I think, with any one described by American authors or Persoon. I therefore venture to point it out by the above name, taken from the singular form of its stipules. It approaches nearest to V. sylvatica. Stem flexuosely bent, subpubescent, angular and much grooved. Peduncles equal to the leaves. Leaflets numerous, sometimes alternate, sometimes opposite, narrow, oblong, entire, obtuse, with a short mucro, sprinkled with hair on the upper surface, and almost canescently so on the under. Stipules, upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate,	en
markdown	937632	# Presentation: 937632 ## caTissue Suite 1.1 ## caTissue Big Picture Web based open source application Track receipt, processing, storage, quality review, and distribution of biospecimens. Certified on - JBoss App. Server(4.2.2 GA) - Oracle(10.2.0.2) and MySQL(5.0.45) databases - Windows and Linux servers - Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari (on Mac) ## Features Customizable user roles and privileges structure to support multiple repositories within single caTissue instance Flexible storage container hierarchy Enhanced Collection Protocol Definition - Pre-define specimen processing schemes - Define multiple study arms and time points Patient registry & in-built duplicate check algorith Specimen accession, derivatives, and processing Pathology Annotation (CA) - CAP protocol pathology annotation for major organ systems caTIES-like Pathology Report Annotation Custom Annotation (Dynamic Extensions) Advanced Query “Wizard” - Create and save complex, pre-defined or parameterized searches Specimen Requisition and Request Tracking caGrid data share and API access ## Biospecimen Functional Outline ## Functional Outline Log In ## ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS ## Privileges at user level Privileges at user level 2. Select Sites 1. Select Role 3. Select CPs 4. Select Privileges ## Multi-Site Repository \| Role \| Description \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Super Administrator \| A Super Administrator can perform any operation within the application. \| \| Administrator \| An Administrator registers new users, containers, and collection protocols and distribution protocols into the system. \| \| Supervisor \| A Supervisor adds participants and registers them to collection protocols. \| \| Technician \| A Technician adds specimens into the system. \| \| Scientist \| A Scientist performs a query and orders specimens and specimen arrays of interest. \| \| Custom \| The role can be customized and certain required privileges can be assigned to the user. \| User Roles ## Multi-Site Repository User Provisioning \| Privilege \| Description \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| User Provisioning \| Create a user and assign privileges. \| Administrator \| \| Storage Administration \| Add and edit storage containers. \| Administrator \| \| Protocol Administration \| Add and edit CP Assign privileges for each protocol \| Administrator \| \| Registration \| Add or edit a Participant without registration Register Participants, Consents, and Specimen Collection Group(SCG) Add and edit Specimen and Consents \| Administrator or Supervisor \| \| Specimen Processing \| Aliquot and Derive Add Events Add Specimen Annotations Create Specimen Array Specimen Array Aliquots \| Administrator, Supervisor, or Technician \| \| Distribution \| View orders Process Ordering Requests(changing status of specimen orders) Distribution \| Administrator, Supervisor, or Technician \| \| Read Denied \| Disallow read access to data under a CP. \| Scientists except the Principal Investigator or the coordinators of the CP. By default Scientists have de-identified read privilege to everything. \| ## Multi-Site Repository Bank A Bank B Protocol B A Protocol Protocol C B Banker A Banker *Shipping / Tracking* Register a participant to “A” Accession a tissue Ship tissue to Bank B Receive tissue *X** Query tissue Derive into RNA Ship RNA back to Bank A* ## Creating a storage container Creating a storage container 1. Select a container Type 2. Select parent location details 3. Name the container 4. Restrict a container to a specific protocol 5. Restrict what the container can hold ## Storage Container Map ## Creating a Collection Protocol Ability to define consent questions, time points and specimen collected per time point Ability to define derivatives and aliquots that needs to be created on the specimens collected System will use this information to create *anticipated* specimens for each participant registration Support for complex protocols with arms and phases ## Enhanced Protocol Definition Enhanced Protocol Definition Pre-define Specimen requirements and properties at multiple time points in a collection protocol. Calendar Clock Define required specimens, Derivatives, and aliquots expected at collection event ## Privileges at CP level ## Complex protocol Notes: Study arms are alternative pathways with alternative visit timelines, and participants are assigned to one of these alternative arms by inclusion criteria and/or randomization. Study phases are successive pathways that may or may not apply in the cause of a treatment for one participant. Some phases may apply to all participants and some phases are used for unplanned course of disease progression or relapse. ## BIOSPECIMEN MODULE ## Collection Protocol Based View Collection Protocol Based View CP registration Register New Participant demographics Participants registered to the selected protocol Specimens collected/to be collected under a registration for a time point ## Facilitated Bio-specimen Accession Facilitated Bio-specimen Accession Label printing Creation of all expected specimens, derivatives, and aliquots based on CP definition 1.Indicate expected specimens collected 2.Indicate expected derivatives / aliquots created 3. Pre-defined / editable labels, quantities, and storage destination. ## Other specimen operations Other specimen operations - Whole Blood - Spin - Derive - Cell pellets - DNA samples Create child specimens: Aliquot or derivatives Add specimen events : spin, thaw, freeze, check in, check out, transfer, embedded and so forth Add clinical or pathology annotations Bulk specimen operations ## Consent Tracking Consents tiers can be defined at collection protocol level Consents can be tracked at participant registration, specimen collection group and each specimen level. Consents are verified during distribution for concurrence ## Consent Tracking Capturing participant responses for consent tiers ## LOADING SURGICAL PATHOLOGY REPORTS LOADING SURGICAL PATHOLOGY REPORTS ## caTIES-Like Path Report Annotation Surgical Pathology Report loading pipeline: - HL7 reports are loaded - The identified information in the report can be de-identified using different de-id tools. - Reports are concept coded using NCI's EVS meta-thesaurus. - These reports are associated with the Participants and Specimen Collection Groups within caTissue. - Finally the reports can be viewed and queried with caTissue. - Path reporting system (coPath) - Concept Coder - De-ID Tool Plug-In ## De-identified report with highlighted concept codes ## ANNOTATIONS – CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGY ## Clinical & Pathological Annotations CAP (College of American Pathologists) checklist based annotations Can be collected at participant and specimens Clinical: Smoking and Alcohol Use, Family History, Lab Values, Treatment Information, Comorbidities, Followup Information Pathology: Breast, CNS, Colorectal, Heme, Kidney, Lung, Melanoma, Pancreas, Prostate ## Forms hooked to different entities \| Participant \| Specimen Collection Group \| Specimen \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Lab Annotation Family History Annotation Treatment Annotation Rad RX Annotation Chemo RX Annotation Treatment Regimen Environmental Exposure Health Annotation Alcohol Health Annotation Smoking Health Annotation Health Examination Annotation New Diagnosis Health Annotation No Evident Disease Health Annotation Recurrence Health Examination Annotation Local Recurrence Health Examination Annotation Distant Recurrence Health Examination Annotation \| Base Solid Tissue Pathology Annotation Base Hematology Pathology Annotation Radical Prostatectomy Pathology Annotation Needle Biopsy Prostate Pathology Annotation Retropubic Enucleation Pathology Annotation Transurethral Prostatic Resection Pathology Annotation Pancreas Pathology Annotation Lung Biopsy Pathology Annotation Lung Resection Based Pathology Annotation Kidney Biopsy Based Pathology Annotation Kidney Nephrectomy Pathology Annotation Melanoma Pathology Annotation CNS Pathology Annotation Breast Pathology Annotation Local Excision Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation Excisional Biopsy Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation Resection Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation \| Specimen Based Solid Tissue Pathology Annotation Colorectal Specimen Pathology Annotation Pancreas Specimen Pathology Annotation Melanoma Specimen Pathology Annotation CNS Specimen Pathology Annotation Prostate Specimen Pathology Annotation Kidney Specimen Pathology Annotation Lung Specimen Pathology Annotation Breast Specimen Pathology Annotation \| ## Local Extensions Add new forms on the fly – without any code changes Can be used to collect local or custom data elements Automatically generates forms without any programming efforts Can add, edit and query for dynamic data elements along with static data elements Example annotation loaded using this feature: ## Workflow ## Dynamic Form Builder ## QUERY CAPABILITIES QUERY CAPABILITIES SIMPLE QUERY INTERFACE ADVANCED QUERY INTERFACE ## Query Interface caTissue query interface supports following features: - Query any data in caTissue allowing both simple and complex conditions/associations - Filtering results based on the access rights based on HIPAA compliance - Save query – Canned and parameterized - Export query results as a CSV file - Define results view - Select specimens from multiple queries and create a list for further actions(Ordering, shipping, bulk operations ) ## Simple Query Interface Simple Query Interface Form the query Results view ## Advance Query Wizard Advance Query Wizard 1. Find object of interest in data model 2. Define search conditions for selected object 3. Create complex query based on combinations of selected objects and conditions ## Advanced Query results: Tree view of results Results table view with pre-defined data elements Advanced Query results: ## Temporal Queries Advanced Search Query Builder Build the Query with Data Types Select the subjects of the query Define the temporal expression and name the result field ## Advance queries Through Advance Query Interface, complex queries are possible. Some examples are: - Query with complex criteria - Malignant breast DNA specimens from African American participants who are registered to protocol with the “Breast" in the title. - Query on reports - Find all surgical pathology reports that have text content ‘viral’ present. - Technician query - Find all the specimens that are to be collected today. - Query across static and dynamic data - Find male participants suffering from prostate tumor whose biospecimen samples were tested two weeks after recording the PSA value. - Temporal query - Find all the biospecimens which were fixed within 30 minutes of collection. ## Shipping & Tracking Shipping & Tracking Users can send/receive bio-specimens from one site to another. The specimens will be placed in a shipment having a unique shipment label and optionally a barcode. The system tracks the shipments moving between the sites and sends email notifications to appropriate personnel at both sites. - Site-A - Site-B - Send/Receive Bio-Specimens ## Creating a shipment Specimens to be shipped Containers to be shipped Shipment details ## Receiving shipment Accept shipment and allocate storage ## Ordering and Distribution - Allows scientist to query for specimens of interest and place order. - Allows ordering specimens, specimen arrays, tissue blocks from pathology reports. - Tissue bank staff can view the order list and process the distribution. - Generates distribution report which can be exported in CSV format. ## Biospecimen Ordering Biospecimen Ordering Step1: Create specimen list Step2: Provide Order title and protocol title Step3: Provide order details ## Biospecimen Distribution Order List Dash Board Processing the distribution Once distributed, report is generated which can be exported Verify consents before Distribution ## For More Information... The TBPT KC site- - _[https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/KC/index.php/Main_Page](https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/KC/index.php/Main_Page)_ Log on and try out the demo site for caTissue Suite v1.1- _[http://catissue.wustl.edu:8080/catissuecore/](http://catissue.wustl.edu:8080/catissuecore/)_ For additional questions, post them to the KC Forum- - _[https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/forums/](https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/forums/)_	en
markdown	119364	# Presentation: 119364 ## Important note to readers - The “bell curve” slides in this presentation (slides number 20 & 21) were designed to simply give a non-technical audience in a few seconds a feel for the implications of the complicated analytical model recommended by the Institute of Medicine for assessing the percent of a population with inadequate (or excessive) intakes. Those seeking a more complete description of this assessment methodology should see the excellent description in *Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. *Institute of Medicine, 2000 ## 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the New Dietary Reference Intakes:Potential Implications for the NSLP and SBP Meals Jay Hirschman, MPH, CNS - Director, Special Nutrition Staff - Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation - USDA Food and Nutrition Service Clare Miller, MS, RD - Senior Nutritionist - Child Nutrition Division - USDA Food and Nutrition Service ## FNS Programs - FNS administers 15 domestic nutrition assistance programs - these programs serve 1 in 5 people in the U.S. each year - While the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) will influence most programs, a few merit special attention: National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) - Food Stamp Program (FSP) - Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) - These four programs represent roughly 89% of FNS program spending in FY 2005 ## The 2006-2007 Horizon Publication of Proposed Rule regarding implementation of 2005 DGA in NSLP and SBP Publication of Proposed Rule regarding WIC food package changes Publication of revised Thrifty Food Plan market basket (FSP) ## Nutrition Standards Governing FNS Programs NSLP: Meet 1/3 of the RDAs, and are consistent with goals of the DGA SBP: Meet 1/4 of the RDAs, and are consistent with the goals of the DGA WIC: Foods that promote the health of the population served...as indicated by relevant nutrition science, public health concerns, and cultural eating patterns FSP: Raise nutrition levels of low-income households; benefit levels are based on the cost of USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan, a low-cost nutritious diet for a family of four persons ## General Considerations for Program Change - Administrative - Cost - Burden - Feasibility - Customers/Target Population - Participation & Satisfaction - Hunger prevention -  Hungry children don’t learn as well -  Disruptive children impede the learning of others - Net Value of the Changes ## 16 Percent of Children and Adolescents are OverweightPrevalence of Overweight among Children and Adolescents NHANES 1999-2002 DHHS/NCHS: % with BMI at or above 95th percentile 16 Percent of Children and Adolescents are OverweightPrevalence of Overweight among Children and Adolescents ## NSLP/SBP: Reimbursable Meals - Key issue is defining the food and nutrient requirements for a *reimbursable meal* Reimbursable meals - meals served through NSLP and SBP that meet the _food and nutrient_ requirements outlined in regulation are eligible for federal reimbursements; - foods served outside of NSLP/SBP (e.g. a la carte, vending) are not reimbursable. ## NSLP/SBP: Current Requirements for Reimbursable Meals Nutrients in meals are averaged over a school week; weekly averages must meet regulatory standards 1/3 of RDA for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C at lunch; 1/4 of RDA for these nutrients at breakfast Appropriate level of _calories_ for age/grade groups Consistent with the DGA Limit the percent of calories from _total fat_ to 30% of the actual number of calories offered Limit the percent of calories from _saturated fat_ to less than 10% of the actual number of calories offered Reduce _sodium_ and _cholesterol_ levels Increase the level of dietary _fiber_ ## NSLP/SBP: Current Requirements for Reimbursable Meals - Four menu planning options - Two food-based systems - schools must offer at least five food items - specified quantities of milk, meat/meat alternates, fruits/vegetables, and grains - Two nutrient-based systems - reimbursable meals must contain a minimum of three menu items - specific food requirements include an entrée and fluid milk - Offer vs. Serve (OVS) - Students may refuse certain menu items, as long as they accept the minimum number of components ## In 1998-99 More Schools Offered Students the Opportunity to Select a Low Fat Lunch ...but even a dietitian couldn’t select a low fat NSLP meal at 10 to 35% of schools In 1998-99 More Schools Offered Students the Opportunity to Select a Low Fat _Lunch_ *...but even a dietitian couldn’t select a low fat NSLP meal at 10 to 35% of schools * Elementary Schools Secondary Schools School Year 1991-92 School Year 1998-99 ## In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for Lunches Offered on Average...but most schools were not “there” yet In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for _Lunches_ Offered on Average*...**but most schools were not “there” yet* Elementary Schools Secondary Schools School Year 1991-92 School Year 1998-99 ## In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for Breakfasts Offered on Average...but 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 still needed to improve In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for _Breakfasts_ Offered on Average...*but 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 still needed to improve* Elementary Schools Secondary Schools School Year 1991-92 School Year 1998-99 ## NSLP Lunches Are (still) NutritiousProvide One-third Or More Of The Daily RDA - Percent of 1989 RDA Target For Lunches: 33% ## SBP Breakfasts Are (still) NutritiousProvide One-quarter Or More Of The Daily RDA, Except for Calories - Percent of 1989 RDA Target For Breakfast: 25% ## Why is change needed?A Bit of History on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) - First published in 1943 to serve as goals for planning food supplies and interpreting food consumption by groups - 1968: 101 pages - 1974: 128 pages - 1980: 185 pages - 1989: 284 pages ## Why is change needed?Dietary Reference Intakes: A New Approach to RDAs 1994: began creation of the *Dietary Reference Intakes* (DRIs), including new RDAs Joint US + Canada effort *“**there has been a significant expansion of the research base, an increased understanding of nutrient requirements and food constituents...”* ## Why is change needed?Dietary Reference Intakes: A New Approach to RDAs 1997: DRIs for Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Flouride (a.k.a. the bone nutrients) 432 pages 1998 DRIs for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (a.k.a. the B vitamins report) 564 pages 2000: DRIs for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids (a.k.a the antioxidant report) 506 pages 2001 DRIs for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (a.k.a. the micronutrient report) 773 pages 2002 DRIs for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (a.k.a. the macronutrient report) 1331 pages 2004 DRIs for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (a.k.a. the electrolyte report) 617 pages  TOTAL: 4,223 pages *not including two additional reports on * *uses of the DRIs in assessment and planning* ## First published in 1943 to serve as goals for planning food supplies and interpreting food consumption by groups 1968: 101 pages 1974: 128 pages 1980: 185 pages 1989: 284 pages DRIs 1997-2002: 4,223 pages - 1968: 101 pages - 1974: 128 pages - 1980: 185 pages - 1989: 284 pages DRIs 1997-2002: 4,223 pages Why is change needed? The current NSLP/SBP Rules are based on the 1989 RDAs ## The Old RDA Approach The Old RDA Approach Mean Intake 1. Mean Intake as Percent of RDA2. Percent of Population Meeting the RDA ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate orPercent Excessive Not Just Mean Intake DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing *Percent **Inadequate **or**Percent **Excessive *Not Just Mean Intake UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level EAR Estimated Average Requirement Mean Intake INADEQUATE Usual Intake EXCESSIVE Usual Intake ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean Intake TOTAL FAT in 1994-96 + 1998 by Poverty LevelPercent of School-Aged Children With Excessive Usual Intake of Percent of Calories from Total Fat CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005 ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeTOTAL FAT in 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Excessive Usual 24-Hour Intake of Percent of Calories from Total Fat by NSLP Participation CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005 ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin A 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005 DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing *Percent Inadequate or Excessive *Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin A 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A <1% ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin C 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005 DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing *Percent Inadequate or Excessive *Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin C 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C <1% ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeMAGNESIUM 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005 DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing *Percent Inadequate or Excessive *Not Just Mean IntakeMAGNESIUM 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium <1% ## Percent InadequateHow are children doing?2001-2002 ## Percent Inadequate: Magnesium 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS Percent Inadequate: Magnesium 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium <3% ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin A 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS Percent Inadequate: Vitamin A 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin C 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS Percent Inadequate: Vitamin C 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C <3% ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin E 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin E NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS Percent Inadequate: Vitamin E 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin E <3% >97% >97% ## Why is Change Needed?A Bit of History on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) First issued in 1980 by USDA and DHHS By law, updated every 5 years 1990: first DGA quantitative recommendations for: percent of calories from total fat (not more than 30% of total calories) saturated fat (less than 10% of total calories) ## Why is Change Needed?The New Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) The current NSLP/SBP Rules are Based on the 1995 DGAs 2005 DGAs 10 years newer; Reflect the DRIs ## Why is Change Needed?The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) New quantitative recommendations for certain foods and nutrients Nutrients: total fat: ages 2 - 3 years = 30 to 35% of calories ages 4-18 years = 25 to 35 % of calories mostly from fish, nuts and vegetable oils saturated fat: less than 10% of total calories cholesterol: less than 300 mg/day sodium: less than 2,300 mg/day fiber: 14 grams per 1,000 calories Foods: fat-free or low-fat milk: 2 cups/day for ages 2-8 3 cups/day for ages 9-18 whole grains: at least 1⁄2 of bread/grain consumption ## 2005 DGAs: Nine Focus Areas Adequate nutrients within calorie needs Weight management Physical activity Food groups to encourage Fats Carbohydrates Sodium and potassium Alcoholic beverages Food safety ## Basic premises of the Dietary Guidelines... *“**Good nutrition is vital to good health and is absolutely essential for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.”* *“...**nutrient needs should be met primarily through consuming foods.”* ## Grain Recommendations Compared to Consumption - Consumed* - Recommended *Consumption by males 9-13 Refined grains Whole Grains ## Vegetable Recommendations Compared to Consumption Vegetable Recommendations Compared to Consumption - Consumed* - Recommended *Consumption by females 9-13 Dark Green Orange Legumes Starchy Other Vegetables ## Nutrients of Concern for Children - Calcium - Potassium - Fiber - Magnesium - Vitamin E Notes: The 2005 DGA have now identified nutrients that are of special concern for children. Calcium Potassium (currently not on Nutrition Facts label) Fiber Magnesium (not on Nutrition Facts label) Vitamin E (not on Nutrition Facts label) With the SMI nutrition standards, we have been tracking or monitoring certain nutrient as an indicator of an adequate diet. These proxy nutrients are: calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber. These nutrients are also identified on the Nutrition Facts Panels, making the information readily available for schools and state reviewers. ## MyPyramid Recommendations Compared to Consumption* Increases Current Consumption Decreases Fruits Vegetables Grains Meat & Beans Milk - Consumption data from NHANES 2001-2002 Notes:* How do the final food intake patterns compare with what Americans now eat? This graph depicts that comparison for two age-sex groups, shown as the percent change needed to meet recommendations. The zero line indicates the amount currently consumed, and the bars indicate the percent increase (above the zero line) or decrease (below the zero line) in consumption that is needed to meet recommendations. This slide shows the five food groups. To meet recommendations individuals need a substantial increase in consumption for four food groups—fruits, vegetables, meat and beans, and milk. Consumption data is based on NHANES 01-02 data ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Calories How should _calorie_ levels be determined? School meal calorie levels are currently based upon the 1989 RDA for calories; this RDA provided one calorie level per age The 2005 DGA and the new DRIs provide calorie ranges based on activity level (sedentary, low active, active, very active) at each age Challenge to meet individual needs of children in a group feeding situation while minimizing both hunger and obesity ## DRI Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) by Activity Level, Ages 6 to 11 Yearsvs. Current Basis for NSLP/SBP Calories ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Sodium Should a maximum level be set for _sodium_? Previous DGAs have not recommended a specific value for sodium intake, rather to consume sodium in moderation Both DGA 2005 and the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) now recommend a clear Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for daily sodium intake Data from the *School Nutrition and Dietary Assessment Study-II* (SNDA-II) indicate that high school lunches contain about 1,380 mg of sodium  if current DGA/DRI guidance is followed, the maximum amount of sodium allowable in a high school lunch would be about 770 mg *(44% reduction)* Notes: UL: 4-8 yrs = 1900mg 9-13 yrs = 2200mg ≥14 yrs = 2300mg ## Current Sodium Intake - Source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/calories.pdf 3877 2896 3500 2993 ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Trans Fats Should a maximum level be set for *trans* fats? *trans* fats have not previously been addressed in the DGA or monitored in school meals The 2005 DGA recommends that intake of *trans* fats be minimized; *trans* fats will be added to the nutrition facts panel of food products in January, 2006 Challenge in minimizing planning & monitoring requirements while following DGA ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Fiber Should a minimum level be set for _fiber_? Currently, schools are encouraged to increase fiber in school meals, but a specific numeric target is not set The 2005 DGA offers clear recommendation of 14 g/1000 kcal for fiber intake across all ages Data from CSFII 1994-96 indicate that the mean intake of fiber at lunch by NSLP participants was about 5 g SBP participants consumed about 3 g at breakfast The new guidelines would necessitate offering approximately 6 to 8 g of fiber at breakfast 7 to 11 g at lunch depending on the age group being served ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Which nutrients should be regulated? - Three of the “nutrients of concern” for children in the 2005 DGA are not on the nutrition facts panel - magnesium - potassium - vitamin E _Challenge_: - determining which nutrients are the best “proxies” for overall diet quality among school children - how to reliably estimate the content of nutrients not on the nutrition facts panel of school foods ## FNS Program Considerations Beyond the DGA - Reducing the prevalence of inadequate and excessive nutrient intakes among participants (DRI) -  including reducing excess calories that contribute to overweight and obesity - Foods are readily acceptable, widely available and commonly consumed; take into account cultural food preferences; and provide incentives for program participation - Program design must facilitate good management and integrity *And in the non-school programs...* Foods are available in forms suitable for low-income persons who may have limited transportation, storage, and cooking facilities ## Slide 49	en
markdown	119269	# Presentation: 119269 ## Terascale computational atomic physics for the plasma edge PSACI PAC PPPL June 5-6, 2003 Mitch Pindzola Department of Physics Auburn University - and David R. Schultz Physics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory ## Mitch Pindzola - Francis Robicheaux - Eugene Oks - James Colgan - Stuart Loch - Michael Witthoeft - Turker Topcu Auburn University - Don Griffin - Dario Mitnik - Connor Ballance Rollins College - Hugh Summers - Nigel Badnell - Alan Whiteford Strathclyde University JET, UK - Phil Burke - Brendan McLaughlin Queen’s University, Belfast - Cliff Noble Daresbury Laboratory - David Schultz - Tatsuya Minami - Jack Wells ORNL - Keith Berrington Sheffield Hallam University - Klaus Bartschat Drake University Notes: This is title of our SciDAC project – emphasize again that SciDAC funded by Dept of Energy. This slide shows our (many) collaborators both in the U.S. and the U.K. Also that we use some of the largest non-defense supercomputers in the country, and use substantial proportions of computing time available. (millions of CPU hours) ## Direct Dissemination of Atomic Data Controlled Fusion Atomic Data Center, ORNL www-cfadc.phy.ornl.gov Atomic Data and Analysis Structure International consortium lead by Strathclyde University and JET adas.phys.strath.ac.uk/adas/docs/ manual H. P. Summers, ADAS Users Manual (2nd Edition, 2003) Notes: So how do we go about providing atomic data for these (fusion) plasma processes? One way is through setting up of atomic databases: eg ORNL and ADAS. Provide data on all collisional radiative processes: e-impact excitation/ionization, Charge exchange, proton/heavy particle impact excitation, recombination (dielectronic and radiative) etc. More available information on websites shown. Emphasize that most of the atomic calculations made by our group result in (possibly large quantities) of atomic data which is then posted on these websites in formats suitable for use by plasma modelers. We aim to provide high-quality atomic data and so we use some leading theoretical methods ## Scientific Advances, Accomplishments Importance of continuum coupling in electron-impact excitation of light elements H (JPB 2000), He, He+, Li (PRA 2001), ... Importance of three-body dynamics in the electron-impact ionization of light elements Li, Li***** (PRL 2001), He+ (PRA 2003), Li2+ (PRA 2002) Importance of correlation and coupling in the dielectronic recombination of atomic ions DR project (2003), Cl13+ (PRL 2003) Importance of continuum coupling in proton scattering from light elements H (PRL 1999), H (PRA 2002), Li***** (PRA 2003) Importance of three-body dynamics in the double photoionization of atoms and molecules He (JPB 2001), Be (PRA 2002), (2,2e) He (PRL 2002), H2 Importance of four-body dynamics in the triple photoionization of atoms Li photoionization Behavior of solitons in Bose-Einstein Condensates (JPB 2003) Simulations of the behavior of ultracold plasmas (PRL 2002) Notes: These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## Electron-impact excitation of Li and Li+ *Electron-impact excitation of Li and Li**+* - R-matrix with Pseudo States (RMPS) method has been used for many electron-impact excitation cross section calculations - In these calculations use of pseudo states reflected the importance of accurately representing the coupling to the continuum - Systems of importance in fusion research, dramatic revision of accepted rate coefficients Li: Griffin et al, Phys. Rev. A (2001) Li+: Ballance et al, J. Phys. B (2003) C2+: Mitnik et al, J. Phys. B (2003) C3+: Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2000) Notes: So, studied electron-impact excitation of many light atoms and atomic ions; some examples given here. Chiefly used RMPS method although for some calculations these have been confirmed by selected TDCC calculations. However, including these states can give an order of magnitude increase in the size of the matrices which would lead to three orders of magnitude increase in the time required for the calculations Importance of coupling of the bound states to the continuum in R-matrix calculations Y-axis is collision strength which is closely related to the cross section (find out exactly how?) ## Electron-impact excitation of heavier ions *Electron-impact excitation of heavier ions* - Large R-matrix calculations (with no pseudo states) contain many levels to represent the low-lying bound states accurately - Ne+: Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Ne4+: Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2000) - Ne5+: Mitnik et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe20+: Badnell & Griffin, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe21+: Badnell et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe23+: Whiteford et al, J. Phys. B (2002) - Fe24+: Whiteford et al, J. Phys. B (2002) - Fe25+: Ballance et al, J. Phys. B (2002) Notes: Massively parallel computer codes needed to run these large calculations Neon calculations made in ICFT representation Point to make here is that previous calculations (on Li, C, etc) had relatively small structure components (few electrons) and large pseudo state expansions to get accurate continuum coupling effects incorporated. These calculations on neon and iron type systems need large structure (also with intermediate coupling) to get low-lying bound states accurately. These massive calculations cannot, yet, have pseudo state incorporated into them, so we only can examine transitions to low lying states. Also, big effort of course to look at Fe systems due to its importance astrophysically. (Ask Mitch; should I mention Iron Project of Berrington/Badnell UK group?) ## Electron-impact ionization of lithium - Demonstrated importance of treating the three-body Coulomb problem using non-perturbative methods - Large differences with perturbative calculations on the order of 50 – 100 % in ionization cross section *J. Colgan, M. S. Pindzola, D. M. Mitnik, D. C. Griffin, and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001)* *Li (2s)* *Li (2p)* Notes: Here say experimental measurements (of Zapesochnyi and Aleksakin) are from 1969(!). It seemed distorted-wave theory (perturbative) agreed well with them. When this was revisited, recently, it was found that new, state-of-the-art theoretical calculations were significantly below the old experiment and perturbative theory. 3 completely independent theories now were in excellent agreement, highlighting need for new experimental measurements, and also showing that previous plasma models using older theoretical/experimental data would be using data in error by ~50% or more. Make sure that I explain what ‘new’ theoretical calculations are; TDCC time-dependent (wave-packet) close-coupling calculations. RMPS are based on well-known R-matrix theory (of Burke), and CCC are convergent close-coupling calculations. Ionization of excited state lithium (from 2p). NO experimental measurements. Again perturbative theories way too high – almost by a factor of 2 at the peak of the cross section. Although population of excited states will probably be lower than that of ground state, magnitude of the cross sections shows that it will contribute significantly to the ionization rate (coefficients). good agreement with a more recent experiment in a higher energy range (away from the peak of the cross section). ## Electron-impact ionization of Be Red line: TDCC Green line: DWIS(N) Black line: DWIS(N-1) Blue circles: CCC - Large differences near ionization threshold and cross section peak between the perturbative and nonperturbative calculations - No experimental measurements with which to compare for either configuration * **J. Colgan, S. D. Loch, M. S. Pindzola, C. P. Ballance, and D. C. Griffin, Phys. Rev. A (2003)* *Be(1s**2**2s**2)* *Be(1s**2**2s2p)* Notes: Needs to be obvious what each line is – bigger legend or put it in right hand box. Explain 2 different types of DW; DWIS(N) is both incident and scattered electrons calculated in VN potential; DWIS(N-1) is both incident and scattered electrons calculated in VN-1 potential Also mention (if pushed) that lower graph has TDCC calculations from the 2p sub-shell of Be only! Lower line shows the DW contribution from the 2s sub-shell. Also talk about difference in rate coefficient with distorted-wave – around a factor of 10 at low energy. Got a figure if required? ## Dielectronic Recombination *Dielectronic Recombination* - Project well underway to calculate dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for complete isoelectronic sequences - Currently completed H-like through Be-like sequence - Moving onto second row of periodic table - Theoretical approach most accurate at high temperatures where recombination project is focused towards fusion plasma applications _*Theory & Methodology:_ Badnell et al, A&A (2003)* _*H-like ions:_ Badnell et al, A&A (2003)* _*He-like ions:_ Badnell et al, A&A (2003)* _*Li-like ions:_ Colgan, Pindzola, and Badnell, A&A (2003)* _*Be-like ions:_ Colgan, Pindzola, Whiteford, and Badnell, A&A (2003)* Notes: Many experiments for Li-like systems; good agreement found Again, this project has astrophysical relevance (as well as fusion) as DR is probably dominant electron-ion recombination mechanism in astrophysical plasmas. Plays important role in determining the level populations and ionization balance of both high and low-temperature non-LTE plasmas for a wide range of electron densities Important therefore in modeling of transient astrophysical plasmas such as solar flares Cannot no longer assume coronal approximation; that all the ion population is in the ground state – there may well be significant population in metastable states Could mention (if they don’t know) that: DR can be viewed as a two-step process: 1) free electron excites an electron in an ion and is captured into an autoionizing state of the ion (reversible) 2) an electron can make a spontaneous radiative transition, leaving the ion in a non-autoionizing ie. a bound state – or – 3) an electron autoionizes leaving the ion in a bound state e- + X+z  X+z-1  (X+z)* + e-  (X+z)* + h DR can proceed via many intermediate autoionizing states (possible entire Rydberg series) – underlining its importance ## Dielectronic Recombination of Cl13+ - Dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for Be-like Cl13+ - Comparisons of our theoretical calculations with experiment of Heidelberg group at the TSR - Experimental confirmation of DR project results - Trielectronic recombination (core excitation of two electrons) observed for the first time * **Schnell et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2003)* - Rate coefficient - Energy (eV) Notes: Emphasize these experimental measurements confirm our DR project results for Be-like system investigated here. For Li-like systems many more experimental measurements; our DR project in good agreement with these, especially at higher electron temperatures. Will probably need a little explanation of TR; core excitation of TWO electrons into a triply intermediate state (DR is core excitation of ONE electron). This process is automatically included in our DR calculations, but this is first time it has been isolated experimentally (as DR will in most situations, dominate it in the cross section, TR is significantly weaker). TR resonances represent more complex features than DR resonances because radiative stabilization competes with additional autoionizing decay channels not present in DR. Chlorine was picked as the TR resonances were most striking for this case. Was observed (though perhaps not as clearly) in other beryllium-like ions. ## Ion-Atom Collisions Large scale calculations have established benchmarks by which to judge and evaluate other calculations and experiments, have lead to significant revisions of accepted results p + H: Kolakowska, et al, Phys. Rev. A (1998) p + H: Schultz, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1999) p + Li: Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (1999) p + Li:* Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) * *+ H: Pindzola, Minami, and Schultz, Phys. Rev. A (2003) - Currently working on: - Be4+, C6+* + H total and state-selective charge transfer* * *p + H in ExB fields** *with the goal of reaction and population control Time-dependent evolution of electronic wave function during p + Li collision p Li Notes: Time-dependent evolution of electronic wave function during collision – ask Mitch or look at papers; this is proton on Li(2p) I think? Yes. Proton on Li (2py) at 15 keV with b=5. This was proton-impact excitation also. TD methods – following evolution of time-dependent wave function on a grid allows us to extract scattering information after collision is over. That’s what we are showing here. Looked at many ion-impact situations as listed. Currently looking at some directly relevant to fusion plasmas, eg Be4+ on hydrogen atoms and effect of crossed fields on excitation and charge exchange rates. One-electron two-center problem solved exactly on a numerical 3D lattice – large calculations even on a parallel computer. ## Double photoionization of helium *Triple differential cross section at equal energy sharing between the ejected electrons* *(****,2e) *He: Colgan, Pindzola, and Robicheaux, J. Phys. B (2001) *(****,2e) *He: Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) *(****,2e) *Be: Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) *(2****,2e) *He: Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002) *(****,2e) **He: Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2003) Notes: This is a more fundamental atomic collision process – three-body Coulomb break-up problem – much experimental interest here on electron-electron correlation. A single photon knocks out both electrons from the helium atom – so electron-electron correlation is crucial to correctly calculating the cross section for this process. The figure shows the differential cross section for helium calculated using the time-dependent method. Calculated many related quantities of two-electron systems such as in He, Be, etc (Could also mention now looking a 4 body break up problems such as triple photoionization of lithium). ## Mode excitation of a BEC soliton state Density plot of a sodium condensate in a soliton state undergoing mode excitation*** * - Feder, Pindzola, Collins, Schneider, Clark, Phys. Rev. A (2000) - Denschlag et al, Science (2000) - Pindzola and Texier, J. Phys. B (2003) - Currently working on BEC’s in wave-guides in collaboration with the MIT group of Pritchard and Ketterle Notes: Time evolution of Bose-Einstein condensates on a lattice. Direction numerical solution of Gross Pitaevskii equation in all 3 dimensions. ## Simulations of ultra-cold plasmas *Inclusion of electron - Rydberg atom scattering and three-body recombination is necessary to properly simulate the expansion of an ultra-cold plasma* - Robicheaux and Hanson, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002) - Robicheaux and Hanson, Phys. Plasmas (2003) - Asymptotic expansion velocity - Initial average ion energy - Experiment - With new effects - Without new effects Notes: Looking at atomic physics phenomena in different plasma regime – ultra-cold plasmas. By ultra cold we mean in micro-Kelvin range Models of experiments which looked at plasma expansions and thermalizations required atomic physics calculations (electron Rydberg scattering and 3-body recombination) to accurately model the experiment. ## Science Applications Li beam diagnostics at General Atomic’s DIIID Rate data: Physica Scripta (2003), modeling comparisons: Phys. Rev. E (2003) Be wall studies at PISCES-B experiment at UCSD Rate data to be published in Physica Scripta He beam diagnostic at University of Wisconsin PPPL, GA Beam penetration modeling GA Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy Kr diagnostics at Tore-Supra Krq+ (PRA 2002) W, Hf wall erosion studies at JET X-ray spectra from Chandra and XMM-Newton Fe20+ (JPB 2001), Fe21+ (JPB 2001), Fe23+ (JPB 2002), ... Early universe isotope abundances He (PRA 2002), Li (PRA 2003) Hypernovae spectra Fe3+ (JPB 2003) Notes: These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## Electron-impact ionization data for fusion plasmas - Program initiated to completely revise atomic collisional data for lithium - Calculations have been used to perform modeling in support of plasma edge diagnostics made by Todd Evan’s group at *DIIID * - Accurate atomic data essential for collisional radiative modeling to be meaningful - Plasma modeling calculations also improve edge diagnostics at *JET* Notes: It was realized, in recent years, that the current atomic data for lithium and its ions was pretty much inadequate. There has been little recent experimental measurements of fundamental processes (such as ionization of Li etc) and, before 5/10 years ago, most theoretical calculations were perturbative in nature; also it was not clear how accurate they were. Also there was a demand for high quality data since lithium has been used (or proposed) as a plasma diagnostic within fusion devices. Indeed experiments have already been made using such diagnostics. Also liquid lithium was also considered as a plasma wall component, although it is unclear how viable this is! So our group decided to carry out a series of calculations, using several different theoretical techniques, for scattering processes from lithium and all its ions. ## Effective ionization rates for Li - New data for excitation, ionization, and recombination has been incorporated into an ADAS plasma modeling calculation - Also available at CFADC database - Very large differences compared to model using older atomic data (log scale!) - Significant increase in the accuracy of the plasma modeling for lithium *Loch et al, Physica Scripta, (2003)* *Effective ionization rate for Li at an electron density of 10**14** cm**–3 **as a function of electron temperature* Notes: Emphasize log scale on both axis. LARGE difference in the effective ionization rates from old data and rates from new calculations. Increase in the accuracy of plasma modeling for lithium now. Ask Stuart – what exactly is ‘effective’ ionization rate? Effective is density dependent; also it gives the total loss out of a given ion stage; i.e. includes ionization from all excited states of that ion. So this would include ionization from all excites states (2p,3l,4l) etc. ## Li emissivity coefficients - Emissivity coefficients as a function of electron temperature and density - Obtained from ADAS modeling calculation - Data such as this is used in a wide range of fusion plasma edge diagnostics - Also comparing these and similar plasma characteristics with modeling calculations made using Los Alamos set of computer codes *Loch, Fontes, et al, Phys. Rev. E, (2003)* Notes: Mention that we are currently working on comparing our ADAS plasma modeling calculations (incorporating our new data) with plasma modeling calculations based on the Los Alamos suite of computer codes. LA data typically uses plane-wave Born/distorted wave type of data but they usually look at heavier elements – are their models less accurate than ours for light systems? Number of photons lost: This is 2p-2s transition. A-value times the upper level population.... No of photons emitted per second per unit volume from a given transition As you increase the temperature the 2p level can be reached – so the emissivity turns on. Also as you increase the electron density the emissivity initially increases. At high densities, it drops as the lithium is preferentially ionized instead of excited. ## Collisional Data for modeling plasmas - ITER may use Be as a plasma wall component – our calculations made in support of the ITER fusion development program of Alberto Loarte (MPI – Garching) - Collisional Radiative modeling also made for the PISCES-B fusion device which will use Be as a potential plasma-facing wall component – in collaboration with Russ Doerner’s group at UCSD *ITER * Notes: In current calendar year we started new program to examine similar scattering quantities for beryllium. Important to fusion as it has been proposed as a first wall component in plasma devices. Thus interaction with plasma (in the form of excitation, ionization, and charge transfer) is important. Just recently submitted to PRA Large differences found between TDCC calculations and perturbative distorted-wave calculations for neutral Be Program currently underway to revise electron-impact excitation and ionization data for beryllium ## Be data applications - Ratio of ionization rate coefficients for Be - Large difference between typically employed DW calculations and new TDCC results show as much as a factor of 10 difference in the rate coefficient ## Revision of TRANSP and ONETWO collision data - Data needed to update the inelastic, heavy-particle collision database used by TRANSP (PPPL, McCune) and ONETWO (GA, Murakami) for neutral beam deposition, transport modeling - Priorities include charge transfer, ionization/excitation of light impurity ions (C6+, O8+, Be4+) between 10 eV and 150 keV colliding with hydrogen - Next phase, excited hydrogen targets, other light impurities, helium - Synergy with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy data production Notes: In current calendar year we started new program to examine similar scattering quantities for beryllium. Important to fusion as it has been proposed as a first wall component in plasma devices. Thus interaction with plasma (in the form of excitation, ionization, and charge transfer) is important. Just recently submitted to PRA Large differences found between TDCC calculations and perturbative distorted-wave calculations for neutral Be Program currently underway to revise electron-impact excitation and ionization data for beryllium ## Status of recommended charge transfer cross section for C6+ + H *Status of recommended charge transfer cross section for C**6+** + H* ## LTDSE calculations to address charge transfer data needs - Asymmetric nuclear charges necessitate larger grids with high-order methods, 2453 and 5123 Fourier collocation – ORNL Cheetah IBM SP4 - First case Be4+ + H, H(2s) - Impurity charge exchange database project, ions + H, H(2s) *LTDSE calculations to address charge transfer data needs* ## LTDSE results for Be4+ + H charge transfer *LTDSE results for Be**4+** + H charge transfer* - State-selective charge transfer results are providing stringent test of other theories - First results show significant deviations from best existing calculations - State-selective results will benefit spectroscopy diagnostics ## New results relevant to CHERS *New results relevant to CHERS* - For highly charged ions of great importance to diagnostics (e.g. C6+), optical transitions are detected between relatively high-lying n-levels - MPP computer have enabled half-billion trajectory simulations to produce new results pertaining to GA diagnostics - C, O, N, Ne, ..., data will be generated for H and H* ## Heavy species plasma studies - Plasma transport models study heavy species impurity transport studies - Our calculations generated collisional rate coefficients for all ion stages of krypton - Work has impacted plasma modeling of Mario Mattioli and coworkers at the CEA, Cadarache, France *Reverse field pinch plasma device (RFX) at Padova, Italy* ## Computational Aspects NERSC support by Ng and Lamoureux on memory access by lattice codes – Winter 2001/02 Fourier transform method by Robicheaux and Colgan for lattice codes – Spring 2002 Comparison study of TDSE1 and TDSE2 codes by Minami – Summer 2002 Variable mesh studies by Pindzola and Witthoeft – Fall 2002 Propagator studies by Robicheaux and Pindzola for lattice codes – Winter 2002/03 Comparisons of ADAS and Los Alamos plasma modeling codes by Loch and Fontes – Spring 2003 ORNL PERC evalution of R-matrix and LTDSE codes – Summer 2003 NERSC support by Schwartz on 3-d visualization for four-body codes – Summer 2003 Comparison study of PRMAT1 and PRMAT2 codes by Ballance and McLaughlin – Summer 2003 Notes: These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## LTDSE calculations of proton-lithium excitation - Parallel time-dependent evolution of electronic wavefunction during collision - Parallel computation of time evolutions for required impact parameters  cross sections - 2p  3s - 2p  3p - 2p  3d - p + Li(2p) ## Scaling of the time-dependent codes on Seaborg - Calculation of proton Li charge exchange cross sections - LTDSE finite differences code ## Science Education PhD students: M. C. Witthoeft (BS Kansas State University) T. Topcu (BS Mamara University) Post-doctoral Fellows: J. Colgan (PhD Queen’s University, Belfast) D. M. Mitnik (PhD Hebrew University) S. D. Loch (PhD Strathclyde University) C. P. Ballance (PhD Queen’s University, Belfast) T. Minami (PhD Tokyo University) Long term visitor: C. Fontes (LANL) Short term visitors: H. P. Summers (Strathclyde University) N. R. Badnell (Strathclyde University) M. O’Mullane (JET) K. Berrington (Sheffield-Hallam University) B. M. McLaughlin (Queen’s University) T. W. Gorczcycz (Western Michigan University) Notes: These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics	en
all-txt-docs	838740	PROJECTID,DEVICE,CORE_ID.,LATITUDE,LONGITUDE,DESCRIPTION,MEDIAN_PHI,MEAN_PHI,STDEV_PHI MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,151,42.60013,-70.6764,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,152,42.55,-70.7583,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,153,42.5122,-70.8111,FINE SAND,2.62,2.57,0.48 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,154,42.5203,-70.8218,MEDIUM SAND,1.63,1.69,0.49 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,155,42.5197,-70.8177,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,156,42.41881,-70.8147,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,157,42.41282,-70.8384,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,158,42.38798,-70.879,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,159,42.44071,-70.8756,FINE SAND AND SHELLS,2.7,2.56,0.86 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,160,42.45029,-70.8957,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,161,42.40689,-70.9607,FINE SAND AND GRAVEL,2.95,2.57,1.06 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,162,42.40144,-70.95,FINE SAND AND SHELLS,2.51,2.48,0.83 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,163,42.40477,-70.9505,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,0.31,0.37,1.08 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,164,42.37626,-70.9522,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,165,42.39185,-70.9391,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,166,42.40283,-70.9376,"SAND, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,167,42.4051,-70.9183,SILTY FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,169,42.39085,-70.9202,MEDIUM SAND,1.2,1.39,0.67 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,170,42.3754,-70.9202,FINE SAND,2.6,2.38,0.8 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,171,42.33262,-70.8572,FINE SAND,2.14,1.99,0.84 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,172,42.2988,-70.8574,FINE SAND,2.27,2.17,0.68 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,173,42.29168,-70.8578,FINE SAND,2.37,2.34,0.46 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,174,42.28067,-70.8567,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,175,42.28288,-70.7785,SILTY FINE COARSE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,176,42.28902,-70.807,"SILT, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,177,42.28221,-70.8093,MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,178,42.28874,-70.8179,FINE SAND AND GRAVEL,1.87,1.97,0.41 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,179,42.2744,-70.8353,"SILT, SAND AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,180,42.30468,-70.8375,"SAND, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,181,42.29716,-70.8227,MEDIUM SAND,1.85,1.65,0.83 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,182,42.30569,-70.8173,FINE SAND,2.38,2.32,0.53 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,183,42.30228,-70.7986,MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,184,42.31095,-70.7967,FINE COARSE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,185,42.31401,-70.7951,MEDIUM SAND AND GRAVEL,1.55,1.69,0.52 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,186,42.36067,-70.7569,SILTY MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,187,42.32556,-70.757,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,188,42.32102,-70.7592,SILTY SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,189,42.28934,-70.7583,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,190,42.19362,-70.6763,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,191,42.17885,-70.6927,SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,192,42.16804,-70.6904,MEDIUM SAND,1.73,1.74,0.4 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,193,42.16878,-70.6963,MEDIUM SAND,1.95,1.91,0.86	en
log-files	928875	! Started logfile: 2053+156_K.log on Wed Oct 1 17:04:07 2003 observe 2053+156_K ! Reading UV FITS file: 2053+156_K ! find_subarrays: No Antenna tables found. ! Error occured in command: observe ! print "*********************************" ! ******************************* print "* Using gonzo instruction set *" ! * Using gonzo instruction set * print "*******************************" ! ********************************* float field_size field_size = 1024 float field_cell field_cell = 0.03 integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 8.0 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float solint solint = 3.6/6.0 logical doflt doflt = true logical doamp float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size,field_cell ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.0300x0.0300 milli-arcsec cellsize. select ! select: No UV data has been read in yet - use the 'observe' command. ! Error occured in command: select ! quit ! Quitting program ! Log file 2053+156_K.log closed on Wed Oct 1 17:04:07 2003	en
converted_docs	128619	+-----------------------------------------------------+---+-------------+ \| UNAPPROVED PARTS\ \| \| ![](me \| \| NOTIFICATION \| \| dia/image1. \| \| \| \| png){width= \| \| SUSPECTED UNAPPROVED PARTS PROGRAM OFFICE, AVS-20 \| \| "0.72986111 \| \| \| \| 11111111in" \| \| 13873 PARK CENTER ROAD, SUITE 165 \| \| height=" \| \| \| \| 0.741666666 \| \| HERNDON, VA 20171 \| \| 6666667in"} \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| U.S. \| \| \| \| Department \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| Tra \| \| \| \| nsportation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Federal \| \| \| \| Aviation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Admin \| \| \| \| istration \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ** \| \| \| \| REVISED** \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No. \| \| \| \| 2005-00208 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December \| \| \| \| 5, 2006 \| +-----------------------------------------------------+---+-------------+ *http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/safety/programs/sups/upn/* (See revisions in "Partial List of Parts" below. Changes to part numbers are highlighted.) ## AFFECTED PARTS Boeing 737 galley kits. ## PURPOSE The purpose of this notification is to advise all aircraft owners, operators, manufacturers, maintenance organizations, and parts suppliers and distributors regarding the production of unapproved parts applicable to Boeing 737 galley kits. ## BACKGROUND Information received during a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) suspected unapproved parts investigation revealed that Commercial Aircraft Parts Services Engineering, Design, Inc. (CAPSED, Inc.), located at 17012 Roper Street, Mojave, CA 93501, had manufactured various parts applicable to Boeing 737 galley kits without holding a parts manufacturing approval. CAPSED, Inc., holds FAA Air Agency Certificate No. P24R2420 with a limited airframe rating. CAPSED, Inc., produced the galley kit parts for installation on type-certificated aircraft. Regulations require that no person may produce a modification or replacement part for sale for installation on a type-certificated product unless it is produced pursuant to a parts manufacturer approval. The galley kit parts were identified with Boeing part numbers followed by the letter "C." Below is a partial list of parts that CAPSED, Inc., manufactured and approved for return to service. PARTIAL LIST OF PARTS ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ITEM PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY 1 65-45815-32C STIFFENER 1 2 65-46814-80C VERT. STIFFENER 1 3 65C27018-275C INTERCOSTAL 5 4 65C27020-276C BRACKET 4 5 65C27020-277C BRACKET 1 6 65C27020-308C BRACKET 2 7 [65C27721-20C]{.mark} STRINGER CLIP 1 ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- 8 65C32337-24C FILLER 1 9 65C32337-25C FILLER 1 10 65C32337-26C FILLER 2 11 65C32337-27C FILLER 1 12 65C33972-26C INTERCOSTAL 1 13 65C33972-27C INTERCOSTAL 1 14 65C33972-28C INTERCOSTAL 1 15 [65C33972-33C]{.mark} INTERCOSTAL 1 16 65C33972-6C INTERCOSTAL 1 17 65C33972-7C INTERCOSTAL 1 18 [65C33986-115C]{.mark} J SUPPORT 1 19 65C33986-117C PANEL DIVIDER 1 20 65C33986-118C PANEL DIVIDER 1 21 65C33986-119C FILLER 1 22 [65C33986-189C]{.mark} J_SUPPORT 1 23 65C33986-20C SUPPORT ANGLE 1 24 65C33986-21C SUPPORT ANGLE 1 25 65C33986-224C J SUPPORT 1 26 [65C33986-22C]{.mark} WEB CHORD 1 27 65C33986-23C WEB 1 28 65C33986-33C PHENOLIC BLOCK 9 29 65C33986-44C J SUPPORT 1 30 [65C33986-503C]{.mark} SUPPORT TEE 1 31 66-12945-14C CHANNEL STIFFENER 1 32 69-75996-20C TIE DOWN FITTING 2 33 69-75996-3C TIE DOWN FITTING 2 34 69-76488-2C SUPPORT FITTING 1 35 69-77952-125C SUPPORT CLIP 1 36 69-77952-126C SUPPORT CLIP 1 37 69-77952-18C SUPPORT CLIP 1 38 69-77952-1C SUPPORT CLIP 1 39 69-77952-39C SUPPORT CLIP 1 40 69-77952-41C SUPPORT CLIP 1 41 69-77952-50C SUPPORT CLIP 1 42 69-77952-51C SUPPORT CLIP 1 43 69-77952-5C SUPPORT CLIP 2 44 69-77952-83C SUPPORT CLIP 1 45 69-77952-84C SUPPORT CLIP 1 46 69-87876-6C SHEAR TIE 1 47 69-87876-7C SHEAR TIE 1 48 BACF3F012H013NGC FILLER 1 ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- RECOMMENDATIONS Regulations require that type-certificated products conform to their type design. Aircraft owners, operators, manufacturers, maintenance organizations, and parts suppliers and distributors should inspect any aircraft and/or galley equipment for galley kits maintained, altered, or returned to service by CAPSED, Inc. If any referenced galley kit has been installed, appropriate action should be taken. If any kits are found in existing inventory, it is recommended that the kits be quarantined to prevent installation of their parts until a determination can be made regarding their eligibility for installation. FURTHER INFORMATION Further information concerning this investigation, and guidance regarding the above-referenced galley kit parts, can be obtained from the FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) shown below. In addition, the FAA would appreciate any information concerning the discovery of the referenced galley kit parts, the means used to identify the source, and the actions taken to remove the galley kit parts from the aircraft or inventory. This notice originated from the Van Nuys FSDO, 16501 Sherman Way, Suite 330, Van Nuys, CA 91406, telephone (818) 904-6291, ext.352, fax (818) 786-9732; and was published through the FAA Suspected Unapproved Parts Program Office, AVS-20, telephone (703) 668-3720, fax (703) 481-3002.	en
markdown	851681	# Presentation: 851681 ## STEP from a Life Cycle Point of View - The PLCS Initiative Position: * *Chairman of the Board, PLCS Inc. * Chairman, ISO TC184 SC4* STEP from a Life Cycle Point of View - The PLCS Initiative *NASA STEP for Aerospace Workshop* *JPL Pasadena, 17 January 2001* ## Agenda *Key Business Drivers* *Impact of the Internet - B2B exchanges* *Overview of Current Standards* *About the PLCS initiative* *The PLCS Technical Approach* *Questions* ## Key Business Drivers *International Collaboration demands product data exchange and sharing across many organisations* *Defence and Airline customers and major aerospace companies want a single way to exchange digital product data* *Suppliers want a unified approach from prime contractors* *Worldwide operation demands a worldwide standard* ## Key Business Drivers *Shared or Integrated Digital Environments demand accurate information on product configuration, which is:* *Achieved on delivery* *Maintained through the lifecycle* *Communicated between customer and supplier* *Communicated along the supply chain* *Integrated software needs configuration management * *Product software is a key element of the platform* *Need closer control of product structure than ever before* *Need to integrate and maintain information from multiple sources and systems* ## The Internet changes everything... *“**The emergence of the internet and the associated opportunities has sounded **a wake-up call to all product development organisations** across the world to change and adapt the way they do business or risk being run over”** * *GartnerGroup, Strategic Analysis Report* - “*How you gather, manage and use information will determine whether you **win or lose**”* *Bill Gates, Microsoft Corporation* *“**The internet is driving business change and technology change and it lets you use the **open standards** to run your business”* *Oracle Corporation* ## Which industries are likely to embrace B2B solutions? *“ **We conclude that industries that are B2B inclined exhibit certain key characteristics. * *Some of these characteristics include the following:* *The supply chain is highly diffuse* *Techno-innovators dominate the culture* *Process represents more than 20% of total costs* *Products exhibit complex configurations* *Expense pressure is intense” * _* __ __ __ __ _ _www.goldmansachs.com/hightech/research/b2b_ ## “Opportunity of a lifetime” or “Business as usual” ? “*Opportunity of a lifetime” or “Business as usual” ? *“**by 2004 the aerospace sector will have the largest proportion of internet-based Business to Business (B2B) sales,** **35%**...” ** ** ** ** ** ** **B2B: 2b or not 2B?, Goldman Sachs, 11/99* *but today...* *“**only 3%** **of all transactions involving sales of aviation parts are conducted on line” * * ** ** **Shop Talk: Parts. Planes and B2B exchanges, Red Herring, 24 Feb 2000* ## Different types of B2B Exchanges *Capitalize on Supplier Competency and Capacity* *Sub-contractors,* *contract manufacturers, **and strategic **suppliers* *Few large**strategic customers* *Capture Customer Requirements and Develop Winning Products* *Many customers* *(potentially unknown)* *Attract New Customers**through Personalized Products* *Dynamically Identify Sources and Reduce Transaction Costs* *Direct Materials* * **Indirect Materials* * **New suppliers* ## Overview of current standardsfor the Aerospace Industry *Transaction oriented* *Defence: AECMA 2000M* *Commercial: ATA Spec 2000, EDIFACT, ANSI X.12* *Content oriented* *Manufacturing and process centric:* - ISO 9000, STEP *Operations and maintenance centric:* - Defence: MIL-STD-1388, Def-Stan 00-60, AECMA 1000D - Commercial: ATA Spec 100, 200, 2100 *Summary* *Current standards are very specialized and focus on either:* - a piece of a business transaction, I.e. Order, Part or Invoice - presentation of specific content, I.e. Aircraft maintenance manual ## What is the adoption rate of these standards? *ATA Spec 2000* *342 Spec2000 participants* - 84 airlines out of 750+ - 78 ‘non-airlines’ out of thousands - 180 suppliers out of tens of thousands *AECMA 2000M* *many of the recent large defence programs, i.e. Tornado, Eurofighter...* - only the largest EU A&D manufacturers - some of the larger EU defence ministries *Conclusion* *modest penetration, mainly with the largest Tier 1 operators/suppliers* *barrier to entry ( $, expertise...) is too high for the majority* ## So what is missing? *support the forecasted growth in e-business * So what is missing? *Available standards do not address product support requirements* *Major problems keeping technical information in line with the changing physical product through life* *Major problems linking support information to relevant product information* *Software applications use proprietary data standards and are often difficult to integrate* *Inconsistent data definitions* ## Business Problem... Business Problem... *How to keep the data needed to operate and maintain a product in line with the changing product over its life cycle?* *Product* *in Focus* ## The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) initiative *About PLCS* *A joint industry and government initiative to accelerate development of new standards for product support information* *An international project, managed within the ISO framework, to produce draft standard(s) within 3 years.* * **PLCS utilizes ISO 10303 STEP - the **ST**andard for **E**xchange of **P**roduct model data * *PLCS Inc. established in 1999 by 14 leading private and public sector organisations* ## PLCS Launch Members PLCS Launch Members Notes: Very A&D and Mil 1) want to correct inbalance and add 2-3 air carriers ASAP 2) expand beyond A&D/Avtn and pick-up ind. Equip, maritime, rail, auto... ## Goals of PLCS Goals of PLCS *Improve product availability* *Reduce operating,support and maintenance costs* *Improve quality and accessibility of Product Life Cycle Support information* *Accelerate technical development of the ISO standards* *Encourage early implementation commercial software vendors* *Encourage early industry participation in the development and testing of the standard* ## The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) Initiative - today - Shared - Data - Life - Cycle - Data The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) Initiative ## Key Deliverables *New capability for support**, based on simplified and integrated process components* *Interface **standards defined** to support enterprise integration * *Integrated data models using **common terminology* *Cost drivers and performance **metrics identified** - generic and industry specific* *Information available for **education and awareness** programmes* *ISO standard** for the exchange of product life cycle support data* ## The PLCS Technical Approach *Organisation * *Links to ISO * *Activity Modelling* *Data Modelling* *Testing * ## PLCS Organisation Contract Service Provider PLCS Board Project Management Academic Experts Vendor Experts Domain Experts STEP Experts ## Links to ISO Links to ISO - ISO Ballots and Publication - Outline - PLCS Scope, - Activity Model, - Module - Structure - Define - Activity Model, - Data Planning - Model, - APs &AMs - AM - development - AP - development - NWI - CD - Draft for - ballot - AM Comment - Resolution - AP Comment - Resolution - DIS - TS - Vendor testing - Q - Q - Q - Q ## PLCS helps facilitate business improvement As-Is/To-Be process PLCS helps facilitate business improvement As-Is/To-Be process ## Top Level Model Provide Life Cycle Support ## Level 1 Model: Major Work Areas *Configuration Management* *and Change Control* *Support* *Engineering* *Resource* *Management* *Maintenance and * *Feedback * ## Areas of Development Areas of Development *Support Engineering* *Provide and sustain the support infrastructure* *Resource Management* *Buy, store, pack, move, issue and dispose of the physical product* *CM/Change Control* *Manage change to a configured item throughout the life cycle including tracking of serial number where applicable* *Maintenance and Feedback* *Maintain, test, diagnose, calibrate, repair and modify physical product, including schedules, resources and feedback* ## PLCS - main activity areas PLCS - main activity areas *Usage Guides* *“**To be” Scenarios* *Automate Current Processes* *New Integrated Processes* *NATO CALS PP1 and TLBM* *ISO Prelim Work Item* *PLCS Launch* *Better , Cheaper Information* ## PLCS: Inputs to project PLCS: Inputs to project - ISO - 15288 - OMG - STEP - Mil Spec - 2549 - ATA - Effectivity - AP208 - POSC/ - Caesar - FMV - CTG2 - AP203 - TC184/SC4 - WG3/T8 - PWI - PDM - Schema - Def Stan - 00-60 - AECMA - 1000D - 2000M - Mil Spec - 1388 - AP 233 - AP214 - NCDM ## Proposed PLCS Data Modules (20 off) Proposed PLCS Data Modules (20 off) *SE* *MF* *IM* *CM* *Core* *Work* *Areas* *Key* - Requirements Analysis - Data Modelling - Established Standards *Time* ## Implementation Plan Summary *Year 1 - Nov 99 to October 2000* *Develop and document process models, and associated process definitions, for the top level support processes* - Support Engineering - Configuration Management - Maintenance and Feedback - Inventory Management *Develop scenarios for testing* *Year 2 - Nov 2000 to October 2001* *Develop data exchange modules* *Develop pilot implementation scenarios* *Year 3 - Nov 2001 to October 2002* *Trial data exchanges using draft ISO standard* *Progress standard through stages of ISO approval* ## Current status *Progressive release of Activity models and scenarios for industry review - from end 2000* *Launch development of data modules* *PLCS Core - PDM schema plus extensions from AP 214 for “tail-number” tracking* *Resources and Task Planning* *Feedback from Operations and Maintenance* *Initial data modules available April-June 2001* *Trial implementation by October 2001* *Key customers looking a the process changes to take full advantage of PLCS approach* ## Business benefits of PLCS ... Business benefits of PLCS ... *Improved quality** and access to support information, throughout the product life cycle and across the supply chain* *Reduced costs** of acquiring, maintaining and delivering Product Support information* *Improved asset availability* *Provides **ability to communicate** consistently across COTS software* *Makes product **change easier to manage* *Protects investment** in product data * ## In addition- the benefits of joining PLCS as a member... *Membership of PLCS during the development of the standard provides the following additional benefits...* *Forum for exchange of views, experience and discussion of critical issues* *Develop new relationships, business contacts and sales opportunities** * *Ability to influence the direction and scope of PLCS to ensure it meets your business needs** * *Opportunity to learn about STEP and its benefits* *Early visibility of requirements to allow effective planning for implementation* *Access to existing data, business models and improvement initiatives from world leading organisations* ## Summary *B2B e-commerce is set to grow** significantly in the next 5 years* *There is a growing **trend towards leveraging the information asset** to win new business in the Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) market* *After-market service** is forecast to be a significant element of the B2B market* *Existing **standards** do not fully address the product support requirement* *PLCS standards will allow **support information **to be** aligned with the changing product** over its entire life cycle* *Adoption of PLCS standard will lead to **reduced operating costs** and **increased product availability* ## Visit the PLCS web site: or contact any of the PLCS core team members: John Dunford <john.dunford@eurostep.com> Nigel Shaw <nigel.shaw@eurostep.com> Chuck Stark <stark@aticorp.org> *or contact any of the PLCS core team members: * *John Dunford <john.dunford@eurostep.com>* *Nigel Shaw <nigel.shaw@eurostep.com>* *Chuck Stark <stark@aticorp.org>* www.plcsinc.org For more information ... ## Any Questions?	en
markdown	487376	# Presentation: 487376 ## FTA Prescription and Over-The-Counter Drug Use In The Transit Industry Presented by: Robbie L. Sarles ## The information provided herein should be used only as guidance and does not constitute Federal Regulations. Sound medical knowledge and understanding of the pharmacological properties of prescription and over-the-counter medications, and detailed knowledge of an employee’s medical history and safety-sensitive job duties must guide the final assessment of potential risks to the public. - FTA Disclaimer ## Overview - National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Directive - Overview of the issue - Developing an Rx/OTC policy - Elements - Roles and responsibilities - Establishing medical review procedures - Employee Rx/OTC training Notes: NTSB Directive to all transit vehicle operators from the January 13, 2000 ## NTSB Directive to FTA - Educate transit systems - Potential safety risks of Rx and OTC - Require notification of Rx/OTC use by safety-sensitive employees - Incorporate qualified medical personnel in Fitness for Duty Assessment - Train employees on roles and responsibilities Notes: NTSB Directive to all transit vehicle operators from the January 13, 2000 ## Definitions - Prescription drugs (Rx) are medications which require written authorization for use by a healthcare professional whose license permits them to prescribe medication - Must include: - Patient’s name - Name of substance - Quantity/amount dispensed - Instructions on dosage, frequency, and method of administration - Refills - Date Notes: Common types of prescription medication include: Anti-inflammatory/Pain Medication (Relieves pain); Antidepressants and Psychoactive Medication (Relieves depression and other psychological conditions); Antihistamines (Reduces allergy & cold symptoms – also used to treat insomnia); Stimulants (Causes user to be more alert); and Tranquilizers & Sedatives (Relieves anxiety, stress & insomnia). ## Definitions - Over-The-Counter (OTC) medications are any legal, non-prescription substance taken for relief of discomforting symptoms - May include capsules, powders, tablets, or liquids Notes: Common over-the-counter medications include: Pain relief/fever reducer Colds/Flu medication Appetite Suppressants Bowel Preparations Sleeping Aids Stimulants ## Cause for Concern - Some side effects of Rx and OTC medications can be a safety issue when taken by safety-sensitive employees - Can include: - Agitation - Anxiety - Blurred vision - Breathing difficulty - Chest pain - Chest tightness - Confusion - Dizziness - Disorientation - Double vision - Drowsiness - Emotional instability - False sense of well being - Fatigue Notes: Transit systems should consult with competent medical professionals if deciding to use a side effect list to develop a medication list. The FTA is not saying if the medication causes these side effects they can not be used. Remind the participants that these side effects have the potential to affect employees performing safety sensitive functions. Side effects of both Rx and OTC medications vary greatly and can include a number of side effects, including: Agitation, Anxiety, Blurred vision, Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Chest tightness, Confusion, Dizziness, Disorientation, Double vision, Drowsiness, Disorientation, Emotional instability, False sense of well being, Fatigue, Fever, Hallucinations, Severe Headache, Hyperventilation, Insomnia, Light headedness, Muscle cramps/spasms, Nausea/vomiting, Nervousness, Palpitations, Poor coordination, Rapid or irregular heart beat, Restlessness, Ringing in the ears, Sedation, Seizures, Severe diarrhea, Tremors, and Weakness. ## Cause for Concern (Cont’d) - Hallucinations - Severe headache - Hyperventilation - Insomnia - Light headedness - Muscle cramps/spasms - Nausea/vomiting - Nervousness - Palpitations - Poor coordination - Rapid or irregular heart beat - Restlessness - Ringing in the ears - Sedation - Seizures - Severe diarrhea - Tremors - Weakness ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements - Purpose of policy - Acknowledges risks associated with Rx/OTC use - Emphasizes safety - Balances the treatment of medical conditions and the requirements of performing safety-sensitive job duties Notes: The goal of an Rx/OTC policy is not to force employees in need of medical attention to work or keep employees who are eligible to work off duty for receiving treatment of a medical condition. Rather, it should be to ensure that those receiving medical attention are aware of the potential impacts on safety of the medication that they are taking, and to establish a process for addressing safety-sensitive work when employees are taking medication. ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Purpose of policy (cont’d) - Not intended to force employees in need of medical attention to work or keep employees who are eligible to work off duty for receiving treatment of a medical condition - Define processes and procedures that implement the policy, such as: - Medical review/authorization - Reporting - Use of leave benefits; limitations Notes: It will fall to Transit agency management to establish policy and procedures. These are likely to include procedures for: Determining content/process for medical review; Defining an employer notification process; Determining a process for employer physician/MRO review. Establishing record keeping, information disclosure and confidentiality protection procedures; Establishing procedures for removing employees from duty; Establishing consequences for policy violation; and Incorporating into the existing absenteeism policy topics such as type of leave and limitations on leave. ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Define consequences of violating specific policy provisions - Use of Rx/OTC that contribute to cause or increase the severity of an accident - Failure to report use - Failure to obtain medical authorization - Other policy provision violations Notes: Many transit systems have failed to include specific discipline in their Rx/OTC policies. Recommend to the participants that they need to define specific provisions to the policy to avoid having a big dog with no teeth. (a lot of bark but no bite) ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Ensure that the policy emphasizes and maintains confidentiality - Records - Interaction with medical practitioner Notes: Any records or documentation generated as part of the RX/OTC program are MEDICAL records not drug and alcohol records. Ensure participants understand that they must maintain the RX/OTC records separate from the Drug and Alcohol records. ## Suggested Medical Review Process - Conduct a baseline medical assessment of safety-sensitive employees - CDL holders; expand scope and rigor of CDL biannual physical - Non-CDL holders; introduce biannual examination that mimics CDL physicals ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Biannual physical to include: - Assessment of medical fitness for the conduct of safety-sensitive duties - Physical - Mental - - List of all current prescriptions - List of all commonly used prescriptions - List of all commonly used over-the-counter medications - List of all commonly used dietary supplements / herbal remedies ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Review in light of safety-sensitive job duties - Essential job functions - Biannual physical results: - Approved - Approved with conditions - Medically disqualified - Temporary - Permanent ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Limit number of medical practitioners - Establish high standard and philosophy of exams - Notification / education of medical practitioner - Responsibility to protect public safety - Safety-sensitive job responsibilities ## Employee Report New Medications - If medication is on list provided as part of exam, provide to human resources to verify: no additional action - If medication is not on list provided as part of the exam: - Employee should notify employer - Contact designated physician - Physician reviews in light of medical history contained on physical documentation - Documentation ## Suggested Employer Physician Responsibilities - Provide information on Rx/OTC hazards - Serve as resource by responding to questions - Consult with prescribing medical practitioner as appropriate and make final determination - Consult with prescribing medical practitioners as needed ## Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities - Establish policy and procedures - Determine content/process for medical review - Define employer notification process - Determine process for employer physician/MRO review - Institute employee Rx/OTC awareness and training program - Establish consequences for policy violation ## Establish record keeping, information disclosure and confidentiality protection procedures Based on medical review, determine if employee is authorized to perform safety-sensitive duties Establish procedures for removing employees from duty - Based on medical review, determine if employee is authorized to perform safety-sensitive duties - Establish procedures for removing employees from duty - Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities ## Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities - Incorporate into absenteeism policy - Type of leave - Limitations on leave - Use Rx/OTC program as a method for improving employee and public safety ## Suggested Employee Roles and Responsibilities - Be aware of medical condition and implications for job - Be aware of possible Rx/OTC side effects which may compromise safety - Read warning labels/side effects - Rx labels and warnings - Pharmacy information summaries - OTC Labels - OTC Package inserts Notes: In understanding medication, the types of things an employee would be expected to be aware of could include: Dosage Frequency Routes of administration – The way the medication is taken, oral, topical, or injected Possible side effects Interaction with other drugs and/or alcohol Impact on other medical conditions In this section remind participants that if the label lists alcohol as an ingredient that use before the performance of a safety-sensitive function is prohibited by Part 655. ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Discuss Rx or OTC with prescribing/ medical practitioner or pharmacist - Dosage - Frequency - Method of use (capsule, liquid, suppository) - Possible side effects - Interaction with other medications - Impact on other medical condition Notes: Method of use may include oral, topical, or injection. ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Inform medical practitioner of: - Safety-sensitive job duties - Other Rx, OTC, vitamins, herbal remedies, dietary supplements - Medical history - Previous experience with Rx/OTC’s - Medical treatment and prescriptions given by other medical practitioners ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Questions for medical practitioner: - Enquire into alternative dosage schedules that minimize impact on work performance (i.e., dose at end of shift rather than before) - Enquire into alternative treatment options that do not jeopardize safety ## When ill or injured obtain appropriate medical treatment Only use medications for their intended purpose Check the strength of the medication Keep your medical practitioner informed of your reaction to Rx/OTC Always take medication as directed - Only use medications for their intended purpose - Check the strength of the medication - Keep your medical practitioner informed of your reaction to Rx/OTC - Always take medication as directed - Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) ## Do not take larger doses than prescribed Do not take longer than prescribed Do not double dosage after missing a dose Do not self-medicate with OTC or someone else’s Rx in lieu of obtaining medical treatment - Do not take longer than prescribed - Do not double dosage after missing a dose - Do not self-medicate with OTC or someone else’s Rx in lieu of obtaining medical treatment - Employee Warnings ## Do not use an expired prescription Do not stop taking medication because you begin to feel better – take for length prescribed Do not take for granted that a prescription is correct Always read the label every time you get it filled Make sure you have the right medication at the proper dosage - Do not stop taking medication because you begin to feel better – take for length prescribed - Do not take for granted that a prescription is correct - Always read the label every time you get it filled - Make sure you have the right medication at the proper dosage - Employee Warnings ## Never combine medications in the same bottle Never store in humid locations (bathroom) Make sure you understand the directions Ask questions if you don’t understand or the prescription doesn’t seem right Use the same pharmacy Always ask about interactions Keep medication in original labeled bottle - Never store in humid locations (bathroom) - Make sure you understand the directions - Ask questions if you don’t understand or the prescription doesn’t seem right - Use the same pharmacy - Always ask about interactions - Keep medication in original labeled bottle - Employee Warnings Notes: Humid locations may weaken or increase the strength of the medication by exposing it to the water/steam vapors. Using the same pharmacy allows the pharmacist to keep records of medications which may interact. ## Individual often can not judge level of own impairment Side effects may change/intensify/lessen with prolonged use Some medications should be taken with food to minimize adverse reaction while other should be taken on an empty stomach Changing dosage schedule (without medical practitioner approval) can alter effect - Side effects may change/intensify/lessen with prolonged use - Some medications should be taken with food to minimize adverse reaction while other should be taken on an empty stomach - Changing dosage schedule (without medical practitioner approval) can alter effect - Employee Warnings ## Monitor your reaction to the Rx/OTC Do not perform safety sensitive duty if impaired - Do not perform safety sensitive duty if impaired - Employee Warnings ## Summary The primary objective of developing and implementing a Prescription/OTC policy and training employees, is to enhance the safety of employees, customers, and the public Employees must accept responsibility for their own medical treatment They must also accept responsibility for protecting the public safety - The primary objective of developing and implementing a Prescription/OTC policy and training employees, is to enhance the safety of employees, customers, and the public - Employees must accept responsibility for their own medical treatment - They must also accept responsibility for protecting the public safety Notes: All information obtained for this presentation was gathered from the following sources: The Federal Aviation Administration (Office of Aviation Medicine) The Federal Railroad Administration The Food and Drug Administration All medical information was reviewed by Natalie Hartenbaum, M.D., MPH ## Relevant Web Sites - Aviation medicine – www.aviationmedicine.com/ - Food & Drug Administration – www.fda.gov - FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research – www.fda.gov/cder/ - Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality –www.ahrq.gov - U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services – www.hhs.gov - National Health Info Center – www.health.gov/nhic - The Internet drug list –www.rxlist.com Notes: Common Rx and Potential Side Effects (Lists of medications and potential side effects are not all-inclusive. In all cases competent medical opinions must be sought in order to accurately determine which medication is right for the condition being treated. Always consult a medical practitioner for potential risks and side effects based on your own medical history.) Common Anti-inflammatory and Pain Medications Aspirin Talwin Celebrex Talacet Darvon/Darvocet Tylenol with codeine Demerol Naprosyn Indocin Ultram Methadone Vioxx Morphine Vicodin Motrin Voltaren Percodan/Percocet Anti-inflammatory and Pain Medication Possible Side Effects Anxiety Fatigue Breathing difficulties Lightheadedness Constipation Nausea/vomiting Chest tightness Palpitations Dizziness Sedation Drowsiness Restlessness False sense of well being Weakness Common Antidepressants and Psychoactive Medications Adapin Nardil Buspar Pamelor Celexa Paxil Desyrel Prozac Elavil Tofranil Effexor Vivactil Limbitrol Zoloft Lithium Antidepressant and Psychoactive Medication Possible Side Effects Agitation Drowsiness Anxiety Nausea/vomiting Blurred vision Rapid heartbeat Chest pain Restlessness Confusion Seizures Dizziness Weakness	en
converted_docs	916609	STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN MICHAEL K. POWELL Re: Review of the Emergency Alert System For over a half century, the United States has had in place a national warning system utilizing, in part, our Nation's broadcast outlets. From the CONELRAD, established in 1951 by President Truman during the Korean War to its replacement, the Emergency Broadcast System, established in 1963 by President Kennedy to the modern day Emergency Alert System (EAS), our government has sought to employ our country's media outlets as a mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency. A lot has changed since 1951. As the primary role of EAS remains a national public warning system, increasingly state and local jurisdictions have used its capabilities to notify their citizens of local emergencies, including natural weather disasters and in saving the lives of many abducted children through the Amber Alert. In addition, EAS has grown from its predecessor's birth on AM radio to FM radio, broadcast television and wireline and wireless cable systems. Of course, the threats to our homeland have also changed dramatically over the last fifty years. As the world around us has changed, however, the import of the EAS as a tool for reaching our citizenry during time of need remains high. We are proud to adopt this Notice today, as a result, in part, of the recommendations of the Media Security and Reliability Council and the Partnership for Public Warning and in coordination with our partners at the Department of Homeland Security and its component, FEMA and the Department of Commerce and its component, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. This proceeding will provide one of many vehicles by which we collectively explore the most effective mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency and the role of EAS as we move further into our digital future. I commend my colleagues here at the Commission and our partners at DHS, FEMA, DoC and NOAA for their dedication to making our homeland a safer place for our citizens.	en
markdown	559450	# Presentation: 559450 ## Mobile Ground-Based Observations of Landfalling Hurricanes: Current Capabilities and Future Plans - Kevin Knupp, Walt Peterson and Dan Cecil - Department of Atmospheric Science - and - Earth System Science Center - University of Alabama in Huntsville ## Outline - Goals (previous deployments) - Instruments - Past research activities – some highlights - Future research possibilities ## General Research Goals - _Topics that have been considered at least superficially_ - Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Processes ABL transition: land-to-water and water-to-land Wind profiles - Structure of ABL eddies, damaging wind streaks, etc. Intensity change around the landfall time - What factors, such as cold air production over land, control intensity? - _Topics not yet addressed_ - QPE (radar) and raindrop size distribution variability - Horizontal and vertical variability; factors controlling variability - Related mesoscale phenomena - Rainband/stratiform region kinematics and vertical transports - Tornadoes, gravity waves, fronts (and their interaction) ## UAH deployments to date Hurricane Earl (1998), Tallahassee, FL - Adjacent to TLH WSR-88D, east of circulation center Hurricane Georges (1998), N of Gulfport, MS - Close to two DOW radars, remained within west eyewall for several hours - Hurricane Irene (1999), NC - Irene turned to the right; no landfall - Tropical Storm Helene (2000), Panama City, FL - Modest rain, east of circulation center Tropical Storm (Hurricane) Gabrielle (2001), Venice, FL - Center passed over MIPS, co-located with SMART-R - Hurricane (Tropical Storm) Isidore (2003), Gulfport, MS - Sampled the right side, co-located with TTU towers and SMART-R Hurricane Ivan (2004), 5 km N of Orange Beach, AL - Sampled right eyewall, co-located with DOW ## Instrumentation *Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS)* - 915 MHz Doppler wind profiler - X-band Profiling Radar (under construction) - 12-channel microwave profiling radiometer - Lidar ceilometer - Surface instrumentation *Mobile Meteorological Measurement Vehicle (M**3**V)* - Surface measurements *Mobile Alabama X-band (MAX) radar* - Dual polarization capability - Under construction, will be ready for the 2007 season. - Future ## Components of the Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) - Components of the _M_obile _I_ntegrated _P_rofiling _S_ystem (MIPS) - 1) 915 MHz Doppler wind profiler - 2) 12 channel microwave profiling radiometer - 3) Lidar Ceilometer - Doppler sodar - Electric field mill - Surface instrumentation - 7) Satellite communication - 8) Parcival disdrometers (new, not shown) - Future: X-band Profiling Radar (XPR) will replace the sodar - _[http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips](http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips)_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ## An ideal MIPS location on 23 June 2003 (BAMEX) - 3. Mobile Meteorological Measurement Vehicle - (M3V) - MIPS van and instrument trailer - 2. Pickup & power trailer - 6/23/03 ## Past research topics - Examination of wind profiles and their variability - Boundary layer properties - Fronts – in hurricanes? – yes - Cooling over land can be prominent and important - Cool air + convergence can produce frontogenesis - Intensity change? - Gravity waves - Prominence (Gabrielle) - A noteworthy gravity wave event in Hurricane Earl - The most active weather was associated with a gravity wave - Impact – unknown ## Analysis of TS Gabrielle (NASA CAMEX-4 campaign) Boundary layer transition for both on-shore and off-shore flow. (The circulation center passed very close to the MIPS) - Generation of shallow warm and cold fronts Production of cold air over land Leading Rainband x - Intense deep convection - Reflectivity from Tampa Bay WSR-88D *MIPS & SMART-R* ## 915 MHz - 915 MHz - profiler moments - Regions in terms of precipitation characteristics: - Leading stratiform - Convective region - Inner core region - West flank stratiform - Flow regimes - Off-shore: 0400-1100 UTC - On-shore: after 1200 UTC - The stable off-shore regime does not exhibit enhanced spectral width, but the on-shore regime does. - Core ## 915 MHz wind profiles at 30 min intervals - off-shore, veering with height - cool surface air, stable BL - on-shore, backing with height - warmer surface air, neutral to stable ABL *TS Gabrielle* ## Surface fluxes produced from cool air flowing over warm water  production of temperature gradient along the coastal waters - coastline land water - Cool air, 22 C - Warm water, 28 C - Surface fluxes Off-shore flow Spatial variability across the coastal zone - MIPS - profile Isotachs (m s-1) - Descending jet - Analysis based on Doppler radar + profiler ## Spatial variability across the coastal zone - Flow deceleration is apparent at flow levels over land. - Flow deceleration begins over water, prior to air reaching the land surface. Implication: perturbation pressure gradient force from dynamic forcing. - BL height is not well defined by the isotachs. - Vertical shear above the jet over water is greater than that over land. Near surface winds are slowed by increase in surface roughness ## Temporal variability in the 915 MHz wind profiles, 1330-1430 UTC - Systematic wind variation during this period: - Rapid changes in the wind profile close to the core region - General backing below 1 km - Sharp backing of wind with height is large initially. - Wind speed profile evolves from maximum at 200 m to a jet profile in which the maximum ascends with time. Thus, the jet is initially within the turbulent BL (consistent with Kepert 2001). Jet location near the surface ## Fronts - 0553 - 0553 - 0853 - Cool air (T≤23 C) covers a large area (50,000 km2). - Stratiform rainfall is widespread downshear of the core of Gabrielle. - A warm front formed as Gabrielle approached. This front was associated with tornadoes near 0800 UTC - Surface Analysis - MIPS - location *Fronts* *Cool air** * *Tornadoes formed along a warm front* ## Surface Analysis - 1153 - 1453 - A cold front appeared after 1200 UTC; occlusion by 1453 UTC. - The fronts were shallow, confined to the ABL. - The strongest frontal signature occurred at the MIPS site (near the center of the storm) *Cold front* *Fronts* ## With regard to cold air production over land, the observations suggest the following hypothesis: ## Hypothesis: Landfalling hurricanes weaken at an accelerated rate upon ingesting cold (low-valued e) continental air from the ABL - The presence of cold air within the ABL will produce a rapid weakening in the storm if entrained into the core region. - The cold air is produced by rainfall evaporation within mesoscale downdrafts whose characteristics (relative distribution relative to the center, minimum e) are predictable. - This hypothesis is consistent with observed rapid weakening over cool water. In fact, the weakening from cold air intrusion may be even more dramatic. ## Cooling within stratiform precipitation Cooling within stratiform precipitation Significant mesoscale downdrafts provided downward transport of low-valued e air, and thereby produced appreciable cooling at low levels. w derived from EVAD analyses - Gabrielle ## Is this process observed in other storms?The case of Ivan:Cold air from the continent may have produced weakening in the NW flank just before landfall ## Surface 0043 16 September 2004 - Cold feeder flow - e = 343 K - Extensive stratiform precipitation is present to the north of the circ center. - Ivan appeared to weaken rapidly around the time of landfall, more so than was forecast. ## Future work in this area: - Further examine the “cold air” hypothesis. - Relate the production of cold air to: - Thermodynamic vertical profiles in advance of the hurricane - Rainband kinematics, i.e., a more detailed description of the mesoscale downdrafts within rainbands and stratiform precipitation - Precipitation properties ## Future plans - More of the same, plus: - QPE (Quantitative Precipitation Estimation) - Disdrometers  profiler  radar calibration and improved Z-R (and eventually polarimetric) relations - Improved real-time QPE with the WSR-88D network - Precipitation growth processes (and drop breakup) - Mesoscale dynamics - Rainband and stratiform kinematics - Inner core processes - Thermodynamics – cooling within stratiform precipitation ## Rainband Kinematics: Rainband Kinematics: - A future research thrust - Kinematic structure of rainbands in TS Gabrielle (dual Doppler analysis using SMART-R and TBW WSR-88D) - Peak values of updrafts and reflectivity in the rainband : - 20 m s-1 and >50 dBZ - Vertical E-W section *TS Gabrielle* ## Raindrop spectrum and size distributions Convolved distribution Observed distribution Hydrometeor size distribution - Raindrop spectrum and size distributions Time: 060226 UTC Ht : 3.578km Vobs: 8.06m/s Dm: 1.67mm Spectral width: 2.52m/s  = 3 Doppler spectra Size distributions - Develop a better understanding of precipitation processes, and drop break-up in the turbulent boundary layer. ## Summary - Mobile instruments have been used to examine: - Flow transition within the ABL across the coastal zone - Gravity waves in the hurricane environment - Cold air production over land, which appears to exert a large impact on hurricane intensity around the time of landfall - Future work should continue to investigate the above plus - Investigations of rainband & stratiform kinematics and thermodynamics - Precipitation physics and improved Z-R relations for accurate QPE, with applications to the future dual-pol capability of the WSR-88D ## But, this will require a dedicated multi-year field campaign utilizing other resources - WC-130 - NOAA P-3 (2) - In situ, dropsondes, radar - In situ, Dropsondes - Radars, Cloud physics - radar - Doppler radar - Atmospheric & BL profiling - (wind, T, v, cloud, precipitation) - Mobile Doppler radars - Towers - (~10) ## Questions? - E-mail: _[kevin@nsstc.uah.edu](mailto:kevin@nsstc.uah.edu)_ - Web site: _[http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips](http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips)_ ## Hurricane Earl (1998) - Cold air at the surface can provide an environment conducive to gravity waves - Doppler profiler observations of a gravity wave associated with Hurricane Earl at landfall (M.S. thesis by Barry Roberts) ## Combined analysis Combined analysis - Maximum updraft and downdraft of +13 and -9 m s-1 near the 0.8 km AGL level - Low uniform cloud base within the updraft ## FutureX-band Profiling Radar (XPR) - 9.4 GHz ( = 3.3 cm) - Peak power: 50 kW - Min detectable Z at 4 km: -20 dBZ - Time resolution 1-20 s - PRF ~ 2500 s-1 - Minimum gate spacing: ~30 m - Profiles of Z, W, Doppler spectra - Precipitation & clouds - Boundary Layer Properties 915 XPR ## Surface instrumentation - T - RH - p - Wind - Solar radiation - Rainfall rate - Electric field - DSD (Parcival optical disdrometers) ## Conclusions (ABL transition) - Significant temporal variability in airflow at the MIPS site related to gravity waves, large eddies (and boundaries). - Stable off-shore flow exhibited a jet profile that descended from land to water. Wind shear below the jet decreased over water. - On shore flow produced a more unstable BL. - In both cases, flow adjustment within the BL occurred within about 5 km of the coast line - A transition in flow occurs in the onshore (off-shore) cases as deceleration (acceleration) is observed to occur before air passes over the coast line.	en
all-txt-docs	314902	[Emerging Infectious Diseases * Volume 4 * Number 1 * January - March 1998] Synopses Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy Philip J. Rosenthal San Francisco General Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The increasing resistance of malaria parasites to antimalarial drugs is a major contributor to the reemergence of the disease as a major public health problem and its spread in new locations and populations. Among potential targets for new modes of chemotherapy are malarial proteases, which appear to mediate processes within the erythrocytic malarial life cycle, including the rupture and invasion of infected erythrocytes and the degradation of hemoglobin by trophozoites. Cysteine and aspartic protease inhibitors are now under study as potential antimalarials. Lead compounds have blocked in vitro parasite development at nanomolar concentrations and cured malaria-infected mice. This review discusses available antimalarial agents and summarizes experimental results that support development of protease inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. Hundreds of millions of cases of malaria occur annually, and infections with _Plasmodium falciparum_, the most virulent human malaria parasite, cause more than one million deaths per year (1). Despite extensive control efforts, the incidence of the disease is not decreasing in most malaria-endemic areas of the world, and in some it is clearly increasing (2). Malaria also remains a major risk to travelers from industrialized to developing countries. Because malaria parasites are increasingly resistant to antimalarial drugs, appropriately counseled travelers to malaria-endemic regions are more likely to contract malaria now than they were 40 years ago. Malaria control efforts include attempts to develop an effective vaccine, eradicate mosquito vectors, and develop new drugs (2,3). However, the development of a vaccine has proven very difficult, and a highly effective vaccine will probably not be available in the near future (4). Efforts to control _Anopheles_ mosquitoes have had limited success, although the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets does appear to reduce malaria-related death rates (5). In addition, methods to replace natural vector populations with mosquitoes unable to support parasite development are under study and may contribute to malaria control in the long term (6). However, the current limitations of vaccine and vector control, as well as the increasing resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs, highlight the continued need for new antimalarial agents. Established Antimalarial Drugs Antimalarial drugs have been used for centuries. Early natural products, including the bark of the cinchona tree in South America and extracts of the wormwood plant in China, were among the first effective antimicrobial agents to be used. Cinchona bark was used in Europe beginning in the 17th century, and upon its isolation from bark in 1820, quinine became widely used. In the last 50 years, extensive efforts, including the screening of hundreds of thousands of compounds, have led to the development of a number of effective synthetic antimalarial drugs. The most important of these, chloroquine, has been the mainstay of antimalarial chemotherapy for the last 50 years. The compound eradicates parasites rapidly, has minimal toxicity, is widely available at low cost throughout the world, and needs to be taken only once a week for chemoprophylaxis. However, resistance to chloroquine has been steadily increasing since the drug's initial use in South America and Southeast Asia in the late 1950s. Chloroquine resistance is now widespread in most _P. falciparum_ -endemic areas of the world (3). Thus, the use of chloroquine for presumptive treatment of falciparum malaria or for chemoprophylaxis is usually no longer appropriate (7). Moreover, resistance to chloroquine of _P. vivax_, the second most lethal human malaria parasite, is increasing in South Asia (8). No other antimalarial drug (9-12) is as efficacious and safe as chloroquine (Table 1). The best antimalarial drug for treating chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria remains quinine (or intravenous quinidine), which is fairly toxic; quinine resistance is increasing in Southeast Asia, particularly in the border areas of Thailand (9). Amodiaquine, used to treat chloroquine-resistant malaria in developing countries, is also quite toxic, and resistance to it is also common (13). Mefloquine (14) is widely used for chemoprophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_, but its use is limited by toxicity (15) and (in the developing world) high cost. Mefloquine is not approved for treatment of malaria in the United States because of the neurotoxicity of doses required for the treatment. Fansidar, a combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, is no longer recommended for chemoprophylaxis because of its dermatologic toxicity (15). Fansidar is also not an ideal drug for treatment because it is slow acting, but it is increasingly important in treating chloroquine-resistant malaria in developing countries because economic constraints limit the use of other agents (16). The use of both mefloquine and Fansidar will increasingly be limited by drug resistance, already widespread in parts of Southeast Asia (9,17). Table 1. Established antimalarial drugs (sup a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Drug Role Best Feature(s) Limitations --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chloroquine TX of and CP Very safe; low Widespread R against non- Pf cost; long and sensitive Pf half-life parasites Quinine/quinidine Best TX for Pf Limited R; Fairly toxic malaria; low cost rapidly acting (cinchonism, cardiac) Amodiaquine (sup TX of R Pf malaria Low cost Toxicity (bone b) marrow, liver); R common Mefloquine CP against R Pf Relatively little Moderately toxic malaria; not R, though (mostly CNS); approved for TX in increasing; long high cost; R in United States half-life SE Asia Fansidar TX of Pf malaria; Relatively low Skin toxicity (can no longer cost; long be fatal); recommended for CP half-life increasing R Primaquine Eradication of Only drug for Hemolysis with chronic liver this indication G6PD deficiency; stage Pv, Po increasing R malaria Proguanil (sup b) CP only (often Low cost; R common with chloroquine) nontoxic Maloprim (sup b) CP only (often Low cost R common; skin with chloroquine) rashes Tetracyclines CP; TX of Pf Low cost Skin and malaria in gastrointestinal combination with toxicity quinine --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (sup a) TX, therapy; CP, chemoprophylaxis; R, resistance/resistant; Pf, _Plasmodium falciparum_; Pv, _P. vivax_; Po, _P. ovale_; CNS, central nervous system; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (sup b) Not available in the United States. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other antimalarial drugs have specialized uses. Tetracyclines and some other antibiotics (clindamycin, sulfas) are slow acting and generally best used as an adjunct to quinine therapy in treating falciparum malaria (9). Doxycycline is also used for chemoprophylaxis in regions with high levels of drug resistance, especially Southeast Asia (10,17). Other drugs for chemoprophylaxis include proguanil, which remains effective in combination with chloroquine in many areas other than Southeast Asia, and Maloprim, a combination of dapsone and pyrimethamine (10,17). Resistance to these drugs is fairly common, however. Primaquine has a well-defined specific role: eradicating chronic liver stages of _P. vivax_ and _P. ovale_ after treating the acute blood infection with chloroquine. New Antimalarial Drugs Relatively few new antimalarial drugs are undergoing clinical testing (Table 2). Halofantrine, identified in the 1940s, was not developed until the 1980s; its use has been limited by variable oral absorption and cardiac toxicity (12,18). The drug is approved in the United States for treatment of chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_ infection, although in most cases quinine (or intravenous quinidine) is preferable. The most effective new drugs are artemisinin and related compounds. Artemisinin was isolated in 1972 from _Artemisia annua_, a plant used in China for centuries to treat fever (19). Artemisinin derivatives (artesunate, artelinate, artemether, arteether, dihydroartemisinin) have been synthesized and are undergoing extensive clinical testing. These compounds, which are already widely used in some areas, are potent, rapidly acting antimalarials that are effective against chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_ (20). Because recrudescences of infection after treatment are common, however, artemisinin and related compounds might best be used in combination with another drug. Table 2. New antimalarial drugs --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Drug Role Best Feature(s) Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Halofantrine TX of Pf malaria; Usually effective Variable not approved for against R Pf bioavailability, CP malaria cardiac toxicity Artemisinin and TX of Pf malaria Rapidly acting; Recurrence after related compounds effective against TX fairly common (sup a) multidrug-R strains Atovaquone ? TX of Pf Limited toxicity Limited studies so malaria; ? CP far show frequent (probably in recurrence after combination with TX proguanil) Pyronaridine (sup ? TX of Pf Effective against Studies limited to a) malaria R strains date Desferrioxamine ? TX of severe Pf Well tolerated Studies limited to malaria when used for date iron overload Azithromycin ? CP Limited toxicity Studies limited to date -------------------------------------------------------------------------- For abbreviations, see Table 1, footnote a. (sup a) Not available in the United States. Other compounds are under evaluation. Atovaqone (21), which is approved for treating patients with _Pneumocystis_ infections, appears to be effective against malaria in combination with proguanil (22), but its use has been limited by recrudescence after treatment. Pyronaridine, an acridine derivative used to treat malaria in China, has shown efficacy against falciparum malaria (23). The iron chelator desferrioxamine enhances the clearance of parasites in mild malaria (24) and, in conjunction with quinine and Fansidar, hastens recovery from deep coma in severe falciparum malaria (25). Azithromycin, a quinolone antibiotic, appears efficacious in malaria chemoprophylaxis (26). Malarial Proteases: New Targets for Chemotherapy The limitations of antimalarial chemotherapy underscore the need for new drugs, ideally directed against new targets. Potential targets for chemotherapy include malarial proteases (27). The erythrocytic life cycle, which is responsible for all clinical manifestations of malaria, begins when free merozoites invade erythrocytes. The intraerythrocytic parasites develop from small ring-stage organisms to larger, more metabolically active trophozoites and then to multinucleated schizonts. The erythrocytic cycle is completed when mature schizonts rupture erythrocytes, releasing numerous invasive merozoites. Proteases appear to be required for the rupture and subsequent reinvasion of erythrocytes by merozoite-stage parasites and for the degradation of hemoglobin by intraerythrocytic trophozoites figure. [fig] Figure. Protease targets in erythrocytic malaria parasites. The _Plasmodium falciparum_ erythrocytic life cycle is shown schematically, and data supporting cysteine (CP), serine (SP), and aspartic (AP) proteases of the different parasite stages as chemotherapeutic targets are provided in italics. Proteases and Erythrocyte Rupture and Invasion The rupture of erythrocytes by mature schizonts and the subsequent invasion of erythrocytes by free merozoites appear to require malarial protease activity, possibly to breach the erythrocyte cytoskeleton, a complex network of proteins. In addition, a number of malarial proteins are proteolytically processed during the late schizont and merozoite life-cycle stages; for example, merozoite surface protein-1 is processed in a manner inhibited by serine protease inhibitors (28), presumably to facilitate the complex series of events involved in erythrocyte rupture and invasion (29). Although the specific roles of different classes of proteases are not completely clear, inhibitors of cysteine and serine proteases have consistently blocked erythrocyte rupture and invasion (27). Candidate _P. falciparum_ rupture/invasion proteases have been identified, but none has been fully characterized biochemically or molecularly: 1) a 68 kD cysteine protease was identified in schizonts and merozoites and localized to the merozoite apex, suggesting that it may be released from the rhoptry organelle during invasion (30); 2) a cysteine protease of mature schizonts and a serine protease of merozoites were identified in highly synchronized parasites (31); 3) a serine protease was shown to be bound to the schizont/merozoite membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor, to be activated by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C during the merozoite stage, and to be capable of cleaving the erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein band 3 (32,33); 4) another protease, inhibited by both cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, hydrolyzed the erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and band 4.1 (34); and 5) the serine repeat antigen (35,36) and the related protein SERP H (37), both expressed in mature schizonts, have important similarities in their sequences with cysteine proteases. Further research should identify the specific biologic roles of the proteases mentioned and better characterize these enzymes, thus fostering the development of specific inhibitors. Host proteases may also play a role in erythrocyte rupture by _P. falciparum_. In recent studies, host urokinase was shown to bind to the surface of _P. falciparum_-infected erythrocytes, and the depletion of urokinase from parasite culture medium inhibited erythrocyte rupture by mature schizonts (38). This inhibition was reversed by exogenous urokinase. Drug Development Efforts Synthetic peptide inhibitors of the _P. falciparum_ schizont cysteine protease Pf 68 inhibited erythrocyte invasion by cultured parasites (39,40). The most effective peptide, GlcA-Val -Leu-Gly-Lys-NHC (sub 2)H(sub 5), inhibited the protease and blocked parasite development at high micromolar concentrations (40; Table 3). Although these results do not demonstrate levels of inhibition expected to be therapeutically relevant, they suggest that a specific protease activity is required for erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites and thus is a potential target for antimalarial drugs. Proteases and Malarial Hemoglobin Degradation Extensive evidence suggests that the degradation of hemoglobin is necessary for the growth of erythrocytic malaria parasites, apparently to provide free amino acids for parasite protein synthesis (27,50). In _P. falciparum_, hemoglobin degradation occurs predominantly in trophozoites and early schizonts, the stages at which the parasites are most metabolically active. Trophozoites ingest erythrocyte cytoplasm and transport it to a large central food vacuole. In the food vacuole, hemoglobin is broken down into heme, a major component of malarial pigment (51), and globin, which is hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids. The food vacuole is an acidic organelle analogous to lysosomes. Several lysosomal proteases are well characterized, including cysteine (cathepsins B, H, and L) and aspartic (cathepsin D) proteases (52), and malaria parasites contain analogous food vacuole proteases that degrade hemoglobin. At least two aspartic proteases and one cysteine protease have been isolated from purified _P. falciparum_ food vacuoles (53). Malarial aspartic protease activities have been identified (54-60). Two recently characterized aspartic proteases (plasmepsin I and plasmepsin II) are located in the food vacuole, have acid pH optima, and share sequence homology with other aspartic proteases (41,53,61,62). Furthermore, the aspartic proteases can cleave hemoglobin. One of the enzymes, plasmepsin I, cleaves native hemoglobin (53,59). Plasmepsin II appears to prefer denatured globin as a substrate (53). On the basis of these data, plasmepsin I is thought to be responsible for initial cleavages of hemoglobin after the molecule is transported to the food vacuole (53). Incubation of cultured _P. falciparum_ parasites with the protease inhibitor leupeptin caused trophozoite food vacuoles to fill with apparently undegraded erythrocyte cytoplasm (63-65). Analysis of the leupeptin-treated parasites showed that they contained large quantities of undegraded globin, while minimal globin was detectable in control parasites (64,66). Leupeptin inhibits both cysteine and some serine proteases, but the highly specific cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 also caused undegraded globin to accumulate. After parasites were incubated with inhibitors of other classes of proteases including the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin (63-67), globin did not accumulate. More recent studies that used nondenaturing electrophoretic methods demonstrated that cysteine protease inhibitors not only blocked malarial globin hydrolysis, but also inhibited earlier steps in hemoglobin degradation, including denaturation of the hemoglobin tetramer and the release of heme from globin (68). Another study showed that E-64, but not pepstatin, inhibited the production of hemozoin (the malarial end product of heme) by cultured parasites (69). These results suggest that a cysteine protease is required for initial steps in hemoglobin degradation by _P. falciparum_. A _P. falciparum trophozoite cysteine protease with biochemical features expected for a food vacuole hemoglobinase has been identified (31) and biochemically (70-72) and molecularly (73) characterized. This protease, called falcipain, degraded denatured and native hemoglobin in vitro; its acid pH optimum, substrate specificity, and inhibitor sensitivity indicated that it was a papain family cysteine protease (64,70,71). Specific inhibitors of falcipain blocked hemoglobin degradation and prevented parasite development. The degree of inhibition of falcipain by fluoromethyl ketones (44) and vinyl sulfones (46) correlated with their inhibition of hemoglobin degradation and parasite development, supporting the hypothesis that falcipain is the cysteine protease required for hemoglobin degradation. The specific mechanism for hemoglobin degradation in the malarial food vacuole remains unclear. As noted above, both the aspartic protease plasmepsin I and the cysteine protease falcipain have been identified in parasite food vacuoles and shown to cleave denatured and native hemoglobin in vitro (53,71). Results showing that only cysteine protease inhibitors block hemoglobin processing and globin hydrolysis in cultured parasites suggest that falcipain is required for initial steps of hemoglobin degradation (66-68,74). However, other studies have shown that native hemoglobin is cleaved by plasmepsin I, but not falcipain, in nonreducing conditions that may be present in the food vacuole (53,59,72). In any event, regardless of the exact sequence of hemoglobin processing, multiple enzymes, including at least the three proteases already identified, appear to participate in the degradation of hemoglobin. These proteases are thus logical targets for antimalarial drug development. Aminopeptidase activity has also been described in malaria parasites (75-77). This activity, with a neutral pH optimum, was not found in food vacuole lysates (77). When these lysates were incubated with hemoglobin, discrete peptide fragments, but not free amino acids, were identified (77). These results suggest that hemoglobin is degraded to small peptides in the food vacuole, that these peptides are transported to the parasite cytosol, and that additional processing of hemoglobin peptides is mediated by cytosolic aminopeptidase activity (77). Drug Development Efforts Both the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 and the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin blocked _P. falciparum_ development (63-67). Administered together, the two inhibitors acted synergistically (67). However, only E-64 blocked globin hydrolysis (64-67). Numerous peptide-based cysteine protease inhibitors, including fluoromethyl ketones (44,70,78) and vinyl sulfones (46), inhibited falcipain at low nanomolar concentrations and inhibited _P. falciparum_ development and hemoglobin degradation at concentrations below 100 nanomolar (Table 3). In a malaria animal model, a fluoromethyl ketone that inhibited falcipain at low nanomolar concentrations blocked _P. vinckei_ protease activity in vivo after a single subcutaneous dose, and, when administered for 4 days, cured 80% of murine malaria infections (45). Thus, despite the theoretical limitations of potentially rapid degradation in vivo and inhibition of host proteases, peptide protease inhibitors show promise as candidate antimalarial drugs. Fluoromethyl ketones have subsequently shown toxicity in animal studies, but evaluations of related, apparently nontoxic inhibitors of falcipain as antimalarial drugs are under way. Table 3. Protease targets for chemotherapy --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Effective inhibitors (sup a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Protease Biologic Compound (Reference) In vitro (sup In vivo (sup role b) c) (mg/kg/day) (IC(sub 50); (Microgram M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pf68 Erythrocyte GlcA-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-NHC(sub 900 invasion 2)H(sub 5) (40) Plasmepsin Hemoglobin SC-50083 (41) 2-5 I degradation 0.25 Ro 40-4388 (42) Plasmepsin Hemoglobin Compound 7 (43) 20 II degradation Falcipain Hemoglobin Z-Phe-Arg-CH2F (44) 0.064 degradation Mu-Phe-HPh-CH2F (45) ~0.03 400 Mu-Leu-HPh-VSPh (46) 0.01 Oxalic bis ((2-hydroxy-1-naph- 7 thylmethylene)hydrazide) (47) 1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-3- 0.23 (4-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-one (48) 7-chloro-1,2-dihydro-2-(2,3-di- 2 methoxy-phenyl)-5,5-dioxide- 4-(1H,10H)-phenothiazinone (49) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (sup a) The structures of these compounds and details of the described studies are in the references noted. (sup b) Assays compared the development of new ring-form parasites or the uptake of [ (sup 3) H]hypoxanthine by treated and control parasites. (sup c) Cure of _Plasmodium vinckei_-infected mice. A computer model for the structure of falcipain was used to identify nonpeptide inhibitors (47). Screening of potential nonpeptide inhibitors identified a low micromolar lead compound (47; Table 3). Subsequent synthesis and testing of small molecules based on the structure of the lead compound have identified biologically active falcipain inhibitors, including chalcones that block parasite metabolism at submicromolar concentrations (48) and phenothiazines that block parasite metabolism and development at low micromolar concentrations (49). Peptidelike aspartic protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of plasmepsins I and II. In independent studies SC-50083 (41), Ro 40-4388 (42), and "compound 7" (43) inhibited plasmepsin I or II at nanomolar concentrations and blocked parasite development at high nanomolar to micromolar concentrations (Table 3). Drug development efforts should be assisted by the recent determination of the structure of plasmepsin II (43). Inhibitors of aspartic and cysteine proteases have synergistic effects in inhibiting the growth of cultured malaria parasites (67), and these proteases also act synergistically to degrade hemoglobin in vitro (41). Therefore, the combination of inhibitors of malarial cysteine and aspartic proteases may provide the most effective chemotherapeutic regimen and best limit the development of parasite resistance to protease inhibitors. 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Standard and reduced doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of _Plasmodium falciparum_ in Tanzania, with determination of drug concentrations and susceptibility _in vitro_. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990;84:469-73. 17. Bradley DJ, Warhurst DC. Malaria prophylaxis: guidelines for travellers from Britain. BMJ 1995;310:709-14. 18. Bryson HM, Goa KL. Halofantrine: a review of its antimalarial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 1992;43:236-58. 19. Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Kamchonwongpaisan S. Artemisinin and the antimalarial endoperoxides: from herbal remedy to targeted chemotherapy. Microbiol Rev 1996;60:301-15. 20. de Vries PJ, Dien TK. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic potential of artemisinin and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria. Drugs 1996;52:818-36. 21. Haile LG, Flaherty JF. Atovaquone: a review. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1488-94. 22. Radloff PD, Philipps J, Nkeyi M, Hutchinson D, Kremsner PG. Atovaquone and proguanil for _Plasmodium falciparum_ malaria. Lancet 1996;347:1511-4. 23. Ringwald P, Bickii J, Basco L. Randomised trial of pyronaridine versus chloroquine for acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Africa. Lancet 1996;347:24-8. 24. Gordeuk VR, Thuma PE, Brittenham GM, Biemba G, Zulu S, Simwanza G, et al. Iron chelation as a chemotherapeutic strategy for falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;48:193-7. 25. Gordeuk V, Thuma P, Brittenham G, McLaren C, Parry D, Backenstose A, et al. Effect of iron chelation therapy on recovery from deep coma in children with cerebral malaria. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1473-7. 26. Anderson SL, Berman J, Kuschner R, Wesche D, Magill A, Wellde B, et al. Prophylaxis of _Plasmodium falciparum_ malaria with azithromycin administered to volunteers. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:771-3. 27. McKerrow JH, Sun E, Rosenthal PJ, Bouvier J. The proteases and pathogenicity of parasitic protozoa. Annu Rev Microbiol 1993;47:821-53. 28. Blackman MJ, Holder AA. Secondary processing of the _Plasmodium falciparum_ merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) by a calcium-dependent membrane-bound serine protease: shedding of MSP1(sub 33) as a noncovalently associated complex with other fragments of the MSP1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992;50:307-16. 29. Perkins ME. Erythrocyte invasion by the malarial merozoite: recent advances. Exp Parasitol 1989;69:94-9. 30. Bernard F, Schrev el J. Purification of a _Plasmodium berghei_ neutral endopeptidase and its localization in merozoite. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987;26:167-74. 31. Rosenthal PJ, Kim K, McKerrow JH, Leech JH. Identification of three stage-specific proteinases of _Plasmodium falciparum_. J Exp Med 1987;166:816-21. 32. Braun-Breton C, Rosenberry TL, Pereira da Silva L. Induction of the proteolytic activity of a membrane protein in _Plasmodium falciparum_ by phosphatidyl inositol-specific phospholipase C. Nature 1988;332:457-9. 33. Roggwiller E, Btoulle MEM, Blisnick T, Braun Breton C. A role for erythrocyte band 3 degradation by the parasite gp76 serine protease in the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole during invasion of erythrocytes by _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996;82:13-24. 34. Deguercy A, Hommel M, Schrevel J. Purification and characterization of 37-kilodalton proteases from _Plasmodium falciparum_ and _Plasmodium berghei_ which cleave erythrocyte cytoskeletal components. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1990;38:233-44. 35. Knapp B, Hundt E, Nau U, Kpper HA. Molecular cloning, genomic structure and localization in a blood stage antigen of _Plasmodium falciparum_ characterized by a serine stretch. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989;32:73-84. 36. Li W-B, Bzik DJ, Horii T, Inselburg J. Structure and expression of the _Plasmodium falciparum_ SERA gene. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989;33:13-26. 37. Knapp B, Nau U, Hundt E, Kpper HA. A new blood stage antigen of _Plasmodium falciparum_ highly homologous to the serine-stretch protein SERP. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1991;44:1-14. 38. Roggwiller E, Fricaud A-C, Blisnick T, Braun-Breton C. Host urokinase-type plasminogen activator participates in the release of malaria merozoites from infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;86:49-59. 39. Schrevel J, Grellier P, Mayer R, Monsigny M. Neutral proteases involved in the reinvasion of erythrocytes by _Plasmodium_ merozoites. Biol Cell 1988;64:233-44. 40. Mayer R, Picard I, Lawton P, Grellier P, Barrault C, Monsigny M, et al. Peptide derivatives specific for a _Plasmodium falciparum_ proteinase inhibit the human erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. J Med Chem 1991;34:3029-35. 41. Francis SE, Gluzman IY, Oksman A, Knickerbocker A, Mueller R, Bryant ML, et al. Molecular characterization and inhibition of a _Plasmodium falciparum_ aspartic hemoglobinase. EMBO J 1994;13:306-17. 42. Moon RP, Tyas L, Certa U, Rupp K, Bur D, Jacquet C, et al. Expression and characterisation of plasmepsin I from _Plasmodium falciparum_. Eur J Biochem 1997;244:552-60. 43. Silva AM, Lee AY, Gulnik SV, Majer P, Collins J, Bhat TN, et al. Structure and inhibition of plasmepsin II, a hemoglobin-degrading enzyme from _Plasmodium falciparum_. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:10034-9. 44. Rosenthal PJ, Wollish WS, Palmer JT, Rasnick D. Antimalarial effects of peptide inhibitors of a _Plasmodium falciparum_ cysteine proteinase. J Clin Invest 1991;88:1467-72. 45. Rosenthal PJ, Lee GK, Smith RE. Inhibition of a _Plasmodium vinckei_ cysteine proteinase cures murine malaria. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1052-6. 46. Rosenthal PJ, Olson JE, Lee GK, Palmer JT, Klaus JL, Rasnick D. Antimalarial effects of vinyl sulfone cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1600-3. 47. Ring CS, Sun E, McKerrow JH, Lee GK, Rosenthal PJ, Kuntz ID, et al. Structure-based inhibitor design by using protein models for the development of antiparasitic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:3583-7. 48. Li R, Kenyon GL, Cohen FE, Chen X, Gong B, Dominguez JN, et al. _In vitro_ antimalarial activity of chalcones and their derivatives. J Med Chem 1995;38:5031-7. 49. Domnguez JN, Lpez S, Charris J, Iarruso L, Lobo G, Semenov A, et al. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of phenothiazine inhibitors of a _Plasmodium falciparum_ cysteine protease. J Med Chem 1997;40:2726-32. 50. Rosenthal PJ, Meshnick SR. Hemoglobin catabolism and iron utilization by malaria parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996;83:131-9. 51. Slater AFG. Malaria pigment. Exp Parasitol 1992;74:362-5. 52. Bond JS, Butler PE. Intracellular proteases. Annu Rev Biochem 1987;56:333-64. 53. Gluzman IY, Francis SE, Oksman A, Smith CE, Duffin KL, Goldberg DE. Order and specificity of the _Plasmodium falciparum_ hemoglobin degradation pathway. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1602-8. 54. Gyang FN, Poole B, Trager W. Peptidases from _Plasmodium falciparum cultured in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1982;5:263-73. 55. Aissi E, Charet P, Bouquelet S, Biguet J. Endoprotease in _Plasmodium yoelii_ _nigeriensis_. Comp Biochem Physiol 1983;74B:559-66. 56. Sherman IW, Tanigoshi L. Purification of _Plasmodium lophurae_ cathepsin D and its effects on erythrocyte membrane proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1983;8:207-26. 57. Sato K, Fukabori Y, Suzuki M. _Plasmodium berghei_: a study of globinolytic enzyme in erythrocytic parasite. Zbl Bakt Hyg A 1987;264:487-95. 58. Bailly E, Savel J, Mahouy G, Jaureguiberry G. _Plasmodium falciparum_: isolation and characterization of a 55-kDa protease with a cathepsin D-like activity from _P. falciparum_. Exp Parasitol 1991;72:278-84. 59. Goldberg DE, Slater AFG, Beavis R, Chait B, Cerami A, Henderson GB. Hemoglobin degradation in the human malaria pathogen _Plasmodium falciparum_: a catabolic pathway initiated by a specific aspartic protease. J Exp Med 1991;173:961-9. 60. Vander Jagt DL, Hunsaker LA, Campos NM, Scaletti JV. Localization and characterization of hemoglobin-degrading aspartic proteinases from the malarial parasite _Plasmodium falciparum_. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1122:256-64. 61. Dame JB, Reddy GR, Yowell CA, Dunn BM, Kay J, Berry C. Sequence, expression and modeled structure of an aspartic proteinase from the human malaria parasite _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994;64:177-90. 62. Hill J, Tyas L, Phylip LH, Kay J, Dunn BM, Berry C. High level expression and characterisation of plasmepsin II, an aspartic proteinase from _Plasmodium falciparum_. FEBS Lett 1994;352:155-8. 63. Dluzewski AR, Rangachari K, Wilson RJM, Gratzer WB. _Plasmodium falciparum_: protease inhibitors and inhibition of erythrocyte invasion. Exp Parasitol 1986;62:416-22. 64. Rosenthal PJ, McKerrow JH, Aikawa M, Nagasawa H, Leech JH. A malarial cysteine proteinase is necessary for hemoglobin degradation by _Plasmodium falciparum_. J Clin Invest 1988;82:1560-6. 65. Vander Jagt DL, Caughey WS, Campos NM, Hunsaker LA, Zanner MA. Parasite proteases and antimalarial activities of protease inhibitors. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;313:105-18. 66. Rosenthal PJ. _Plasmodium falciparum_: effects of proteinase inhibitors on globin hydrolysis by cultured malaria parasites. Exp Parasitol 1995;80:272-81. 67. Bailly E, Jambou R, Savel J, Jaureguiberry G. _Plasmodium falciparum_: differential sensitivity in vitro to E-64 (cysteine protease inhibitor) and pepstatin A (aspartyl protease inhibitor). Journal of Protozoology 1992;39:593-9. 68. Gamboa de Domnguez ND, Rosenthal PJ. Cysteine proteinase inhibitors block early steps in hemoglobin degradation by cultured malaria parasites. Blood 1996;87:4448-54. 69. Asawamahasakda W, Ittarat I, Chang C-C, McElroy P, Meshnick SR. Effects of antimalarials and protease inhibitors on plasmodial hemozoin production. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994;67:183-91. 70. Rosenthal PJ, McKerrow JH, Rasnick D, Leech JH. _Plasmodium falciparum_: inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteinases inhibit a trophozoite proteinase and block parasite development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989;35:177-84. 71. Salas F, Fichmann J, Lee GK, Scott MD, Rosenthal PJ. Functional expression of falcipain, a _Plasmodium falciparum_ cysteine proteinase, supports its role as a malarial hemoglobinase. Infect Immun 1995;63:2120-5. 72. Francis SE, Gluzman IY, Oksman A, Banerjee D, Goldberg DE. Characterization of native falcipain, an enzyme involved in _Plasmodium falciparum_ hemoglobin degradation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996;83:189-200. 73. Rosenthal PJ, Nelson RG. Isolation and characterization of a cysteine proteinase gene of _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992;51:143-52. 74. Kamchonwongpaisan S, Samoff E, Meshnick SR. Identification of hemoglobin degradation products in _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;86:179-86. 75. Vander Jagt DL, Baack BR, Hunsaker LA. Purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase from _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1984;10:45-54. 76. Curley GP, O'Donovan SM, McNally J, Mullally M, O'Hara H, Troy A, et al. Aminopeptidases from _Plasmodium falciparum_, _Plasmodium chabaudi_, and _Plasmodium berghei_. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994;41:119-23. 77. Kolakovich KA, Gluzman IY, Duffin KL, Goldberg DE. Generation of hemoglobin peptides in the acidic digestive vacuole of _Plasmodium falciparum_ implicates peptide transport in amino acid production. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;87:123-35. 78. Rockett KA, Playfair JHL, Ashall F, Targett GAT, Angliker H, Shaw E. Inhibition of intraerythrocytic development of _Plasmodium falciparum_ by proteinase inhibitors. FEBS Lett 1990;259:257-9. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emerging Infectious Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA URL: ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/EID/vol4no1/ascii/rosenth.txt Please note that figures and equations are not available in ASCII format; their placement within the text is noted by [fig] and [eq], respectively. Greek symbols are spelled out. The following codes are used: (ft) for footnote; (sup) for superscript; (sub) for subscript; >/= for greater than or equal to. Italics are indicated by underlining before and after the italicized word(s) (e.g., _E.coli_ for E. coli).	en
converted_docs	334291	# Instructions For Completing Service Difficulty Report (SDRX) Form 8070-1 (For Air Carrier And General Aviation) The following instructions are provided as an aid to accurately complete the Service Difficulty Report (SDRX), FAA Form 8070‑1. The numbers/letters on this instruction sheet correspond with numbers/letters on the SDR form. Please provide as much information as possible in addition to the required reporting items. In accordance with SDR regulations, certificated SDR submitters have a time frame (currently 96 hours) in which to submit an SDR. The following items are required on an initial report, if the remainder of information to complete the report is not known. The remainder of the report can be submitted as a supplemental report when the information is obtained. If all the information required to comply with the applicable regulations is on the initial report, a supplemental report is not required. - *Operator Control Number* - *Difficulty Date* - *Operator Designator* - *Submitter Designator* - *Submitter Type Code* - *SDR Type* - *JASC Code (ATA Code)* - *Nature Of Condition* - *Precautionary Procedure* - *Stage Of Operation Code* - *How Discovered Code* - *Aircraft Make* - *Major Equipment Identity:* > Choose the manufacturer and model (and serial number if available) for > the following equipment to best describe the failure, malfunction, or > defect: Aircraft, Engine, Propeller, Part, or Component. (The Aircraft > Make will be required on all SDR's.) - *Problem Description: > Include a clear and concise description of the problem. Be as > descriptive as needed to accurately describe the failure, malfunction, > or defect. If possible, please limit the description to 1500 > characters. For SDR's submitted in this electronic format, information needed to complete various parts of the report is provided in the form of drop-down tables. Further information can be obtained in the soon-to-be-released Advisory Circular. 1.* Submitter Information a. **[Operator Control Number (Unique Control #)\]{.underline}**: > Only those certificate holders required by regulation to submit > service difficulty reports should include an operator control number > on the SDR. The operator control number provides a means to: 1) track > SDR\'s in the database; 2) recall SDR\'s from the database to update > or add supplemental information; and 3) allow the submitter and the > FAA to reference a particular SDR. The operator control number should be composed of a total of seventeen (17) alphanumeric characters. The operator control number will always begin with the first four alphanumeric characters of the submitter\'s certificate number. The next eight numbers represent the date when the SDR is submitted, in the format of "YYYYMMDD". The remaining numbers represent a submitter‑designed numbering system; any submitter‑designed numbering system is acceptable. For example, given operator control number \"ABCD2008013100455\": - \"ABCD\" denotes the first four alphanumeric characters of the submitter\'s certificate number - \"20080131\" indicates that the SDR was submitted on January 31, 2008 - \"00455\" indicates that this was the 455th SDR submitted by ABCD When a supplemental SDR is submitted, the certificate holder will use the operator control number from the original SDR, add the new or modified information to the original SDR, and resubmit it as a supplemental report. \* This field is disabled on the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* b. *[Difficulty Date]{.underline}: > Enter the date the service difficulty was discovered. Submitters > should use the following format: \"MM/DD/YYYY". They year must contain > four digits. c. [Registration Number]{.underline}: > Enter the aircraft registration number, excluding the "N" for US > registered aircraft. Include the country code and as much of the > registration number as possible for foreign-registered aircraft. > Because this field is also used to record foreign‑registered aircraft, > the first characters entered here must be the letter(s) or number(s) > that denote the country of registry. For example, the registration > number \"455RC\" would denote an aircraft registered in the United > States; the registration number \"C-GPRV\" would denote an aircraft > registered in Canada. Enter any special characters such as the "-" > (dash) in the Canadian-aircraft example. For military aircraft, enter > as much of the tail number as possible. d. [Submitter Type]{.underline}:* > Enter the code that best identifies the person/organization initiating > the report. As an example, a part 121 air carrier would select 'a', a > repair station would select 'b'. Codes to aid selection are located in > a drop down table. e. **[Submitter Designator\:]{.underline}*** > If the report is submitted by a certificate holder, this field will be > auto-filled with the designator entered by the user when they > requested a user account for the application. > > \ This does not apply to the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* 2. Codes a. **[Operator Designator\:]{.underline}*** > Enter the operator designator, which is the first four alphanumeric > characters of the operator\'s certificate number. This designator will > always be the operator designator assigned to the operator of the > aircraft. Therefore, an SDR submitted by a repair station on behalf of > an operator should have the designator of the aircraft operator in > this block. The Operator Designator is required unless the Submitter > Type = 'Z' or the SDR Type = 'G'. \ This field is disabled on the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* b. *[Operator Type (SDR Type):]{.underline}* > The Operator Type indicates whether the operator is General Aviation > ('G') or an Air Carrier ('A'). No values besides 'G' or 'A' are > allowed. c. *[JASC/ATA Code:]{.underline}* > Enter the appropriate code selected from the Joint Aircraft > System/Component (JASC) Code table or enter the code in the field. > > A drop-down table has been provided to aid in selecting a JASC Code. A > selection from the drop-down table can be made either by scrolling > through the codes or by typing part of the name or code number in the > 'Search' field to help select the correct code. The JASC Code must > contain four digits. d. *[Stage of Operation:]{.underline}* > Select the two‑letter code that best describes the stage of operation > when the service difficulty was discovered. The Stage of Operation > codes are for flight and ground operations. A drop-down table is > provided to aid in selection. e. *[How Discovered:]{.underline}* > Select the appropriate code to indicate how the service difficulty was > discovered. A drop down table is provided to aid in selection. f. *[Nature of Condition:]{.underline}* > Select one to three codes that best describe the nature of the > condition associated with the service difficulty. These codes may be > entered in an order that best describes the observed conditions. A > drop-down table is provided to aid in selection. g. *[Precautionary Procedures:]{.underline}* > Select one to four codes that best describe any precautionary > procedures taken by the flight crew in response to the reported > service difficulty. For example, selecting codes \"E,\" \"J,\" and > \"A\" signify that an engine was shut down, fuel was dumped, and an > unscheduled landing was made. A drop-down table is provided to aid in > selection. h. *[FAA Region:]{.underline}* > This field will be auto-filled by the system but can be edited if > needed. i. *[FAA District Office:]{.underline}* > This field will be auto-filled by the system but can be edited if > needed. 3. Major Equipment Identity a. *[Aircraft/ Engine/ Propeller:]{.underline}* Enter the manufacturer, model, and serial number of the aeronautical product to which the service difficulty relates. The primary source for this information is the product\'s type certificate data sheet. Model and serial numbers should include prefix letters, if appropriate, but should not incorporate dashes, slashes, or blank spaces. If the product is amateur built, use the kit name. Avoid colloquial names and marketing titles. Engine and propeller data are not required unless related to the service difficulty. However, if the service difficulty concerns an engine or propeller, it is important to include engine or propeller information and aircraft make and model information. This information is needed because of the interchangeability of engine and propeller models on various aircraft. Submitters must use industry‑accepted abbreviations. For example, GE is the acceptable abbreviation for a General Electric engine and DOUG is the acceptable abbreviation for an aircraft manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Drop-down lists are provided for choices. b. *[Total Time:]{.underline}* If applicable, enter the aircraft, engine, or propeller total time in whole hours. c. *[Total Cycles:]{.underline}* If applicable, enter the aircraft, engine, or propeller total cycles. 4. Problem Description > Clearly identify and describe the details of the failure, malfunction, > or defect. Include descriptive details of the conditions concerning > the part/assembly that caused the reported service difficulty. Provide > any significant facts that may help reduce the recurrence of the > problem and assist in the investigation. Enter any corrective action > taken if available at the time of the report. For supplemental SDR's, > prefix the new or modified information with "SUP". 5. Specific Part Causing Difficulty a. *[Part Name:]{.underline}* Enter the applicable name given to the part by the manufacturer. A drop-down table provides a non-inclusive list to aid in part name selection. If your part name is not found on the list, simply enter the part name. The list will be continually updated. On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided and the Manufacturer's Name is not provided, you will be required to enter the Part Name. b. *[Manufacturer\'s Name (Part Make):]{.underline}* > Enter the name of the manufacturer of the part. Submitters should use > industry-accepted abbreviations. > > On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided and the > Part Name is not provided, you will be required to enter the > Manufacturer's Name. c. *[Part Number:]{.underline}* > Enter the applicable [manufacturer\'s]{.underline} part number, not an > airline/internally generated number. > > On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided, you will > be required to provide either the Part Name or the Manufacturer's > Name. d. *[Serial Number:]{.underline}* > Enter the manufacturer\'s serial number, if applicable. e. *[Part Condition:]{.underline}* > Enter the single term that best describes the part condition. Avoid > the use of such terms as \"unserviceable\" or \"repairable.\" If > multiple terms are needed, enter the most significant term in the > \"part condition\" field and reference the other(s) in the Problem > Description field. A drop-down table is provided with a non-inclusive > list to aid in part condition selection. If the condition you desire > is not on the list, simply enter the condition on the form. The list > will be updated continually. f. *[Part/Defect Location:]{.underline}* > Enter the location of the defect on the part or enter the part > location on the aircraft, engine, or propeller as applicable. For > example, the location of an engine part on an engine is more > significant than the engine position on a multiengine aircraft. If a > generator has failed and the teardown reveals a bearing failure, it > would be important to identify in this block which bearing in the > generator has failed. In this example, the SDR (block 5f) would > identify the engine on which the generator is located. (Please report > the location of structural defects in the Structure area). g. *[Total Time:]{.underline}* > Enter the part total time in whole hours, if applicable. h. *[Total Cycles:]{.underline}* > Enter the part total cycles, if applicable. i. *[Time Since:]{.underline}* > If applicable, enter the time in whole hours that the part has been in > service since its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. Mark > the appropriate box to indicate whether the time indicated is since > its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. If the part has not > been overhauled, repaired, or inspected since it was new, no > information would be entered in this field. 6. Component/Assembly That Includes Defective Part When completing this section of Form 8070‑1, provide information for the component/assembly that contains the defective part reported in item No. 5 of the SDR. The FAA requests that all references to components, assemblies, and parts (e.g., names and numbers) be those assigned by the manufacturer of those parts. It is difficult to perform meaningful trend analysis if submitters report problems using internally assigned names and numbers. a. *[Component Name:]{.underline}* > Enter the name of the malfunctioning or defective component/ assembly > containing the part that resulted in the generation of the SDR. The > component/assembly is the unit that includes the defective part. For > example, when the defective part is a bearing, the assembly will be > the unit that contains the bearing, such as a starter or alternator. > This name is important for output data sorting, interrogation, and > trend analysis. An initial SDR might only contain information on the component until teardown reveals the specific part that was defective. For example, an aircraft experiences an engine-driven generator malfunction. The generator is replaced after landing and an SDR is created and submitted. At that time, all that is known is that the generator has failed. During teardown of the generator, it is discovered that the shaft has broken. A supplemental SDR would be created with this new information. This would be a supplemental closed report, and the operator control number from the original report would again be used in this report. b. *[Manufacturer\'s Name:]{.underline}* > Enter the manufacturer of the component/assembly being reported. > Submitters should use industry‑accepted abbreviations such as PWA for > Pratt & Whitney. c. *[Part Number:]{.underline}* > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s part number for the component/ > assembly. d. *[Serial Number:]{.underline}* > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s serial number of the component/ > assembly. e. *[Model Number:]{.underline}* > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s model number of the > component/assembly. f. *[Location:]{.underline}* > Indicate the location of the component/assembly. For example, if > reporting a generator failure and the generator is on the No. 2 > engine, report the location as engine No. 2. (Do not enter the > geographical location where the service difficulty was discovered). g. *[Total Time:]{.underline}* > Enter the total time in whole hours of the component/assembly. If the > component/assembly total time is unknown, use the aircraft, engine, or > propeller total time as applicable. h. *[Total Cycles:]{.underline}* > If applicable, enter the component/assembly total cycles. i. *[Time Since:]{.underline}* > Enter the time in whole hours that the component/assembly has been in > service since its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. Mark > the appropriate box to indicate whether the time indicated is since > its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. If the > component/assembly has not been overhauled, repaired, or inspected > since it was new, no information would be entered in this field. 7. Structure Causing Difficulty (for SDR Submission Form and Batch Upload) If the service difficulty is structural in nature, use the appropriate blocks to identify the location of the defect. Use the manufacturer\'s standard location terminology as provided in the appropriate maintenance manual. The blocks provided identify some of the critical body and wing station locations. It is important to identify the location of the structural defect as specifically as possible because this information is used in trend analysis. Provide any additional location information in item No. 4, Problem Description. The following are some examples of additional location information: \"top of horizontal flange\", \"forward edge of attaching member\", \"forward surface of bulkhead\", \"inboard flange at nut plate\", and \"upper flange of stringer and skin surface\". If the SDR is related to aircraft structure, fill in the applicable blocks: a. *[Body or Fuselage Station]{.underline}* b. *[Waterline]{.underline}* c. *[Crack Length]{.underline}* If a crack is being reported, indicate crack length in inches. d. *[Number of Cracks]{.underline}* Normally one crack = one SDR. Use this block for multi-site cracking. e. *[Stringer]{.underline}* f. *[Buttline]{.underline}* g. *[Wing Station]{.underline}* h. *[Structural Other]{.underline}* i. *[Corrosion Level]{.underline}* > If corrosion is being reported, indicate corrosion level 2 or level 3 > by marking the appropriate block. Only those certificate holders with > a required corrosion prevention and control program (CPCP) are > required to report corrosion classification information in an SDR. For > corrosion reporting, corrosion levels are defined as follows: - [Level 2 Corrosion]{.underline}: > Level 2 corrosion is corrosion occurring between successive > inspections that requires rework/blend‑out that exceeds allowable > limits, requiring a repair or complete or partial replacement of a > principal structural element, as defined by the original equipment > manufacturer\'s structural repair manual. Level 2 corrosion is also > corrosion occurring between successive inspections that is widespread > and requires blend‑out approaching the allowable rework limits. - [Level 3 Corrosion:]{.underline} > Level 3 corrosion is corrosion found during first or subsequent > inspection(s) that is determined (normally by the operator) to be an > urgent airworthiness concern requiring expeditious action. 7. Submitted By (for Malfunction or Defect Submission Form only) > For SDR's submitted through the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form, > users can enter the following contact information: a. Name b. Telephone c. Email Address	en
markdown	657300	# Presentation: 657300 ## Health Effects of Exposure to Extreme Heat George Luber, PhD Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Notes: Good afternoon, I would like to begin by extending my thanks to the conference committee for orgainizing this session and giving for this opportunity to talk on an important emerging public health threat: heat waves. ## Presentation outline - An overview of the epidemiology of heat waves - The impact of climate change on extreme heat exposure - Current CDC activities Notes: Today’s talk will summarize some of the health impacts of exposure to extreme heat and highlight some of the activities CDC has undertaken to mitigate some of the effects I’ll begin this presentation will an overview of the heat related illnesses and discuss the current state of knowledge about the epidemiology of heat waves, This will be followed by a discussion of the potential impacts of climate change on extreme heat exposure and Finally, I will conclude with an overview of some current CDC activities in this area. ## Heat Waves High mortality - More deaths than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined. - From 1999–2003, total of 3,442 _reported_ heat-related deaths. Annual mean of 688 (MMWR 2006) Lack of public recognition - No damage to infrastructure (silent killer) - Many deaths go unreported or unattributed Every death is preventable Notes: Heat waves are not new phenomena; they have been quietly killing the most vulnerable residents of our cities for centuries In the United States, exposure to extreme heat is responsible for more deaths annually than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined. Over a 5 year period, from 1999–2003, there were a total of 3,442 reported heat-related deaths, for an annual average of 688. But, despite the lethality of heat and heat waves, there is still a lack of public recognition of the hazard of extreme heat exposure. Part of the problem lies in the fact that heat waves are silent killers--natural disasters that don’t leave a trail of destruction in their wake. Like other natural disasters they are sporatic phenomena, but unlike hurricanes, which leave lasting reminders of the devastation, memories of the heat wave disappears once cool weather arrives. From a public health viewpoint, another major obstacle lies in the fact that the true impact of heat waves is largely underestimated because many heat-related deaths are unreported or unrecognized as heat-related. Bodies found days after a heat wave, with no core temperature to record, often are not coded on death certificates as heat-related. Furthermore, increases in hospital visits and deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases have been documented during heat waves, suggesting that heat exacerbates these conditions as well. The inability, or failure to attribute these increases in mortality to the heat wave event has been a persistent challenge. At some fundamental level, each heat-related death represents a failure of the public health and social welfare system But despite these obstacles, it is our position that each and every heat-related death is preventable. ## Heat Wave Studies - 1980 St. Louis - 1st to highlight the magnitude of mortality from heat waves - All cause mortality increased 57% - 1993 Philadelphia - Identified cardiovascular mortality as a major cause of death associated with extreme heat - 1995 Chicago - Redefined heat-related death as used by medical examiners - Assisted with the development of a Heat Wave Response Plan ## MMWR 1995 MMWR 1995 2 day lag Notes: Another important finding to emerge from the 1995 Chicago heat wave investigation was the relation between peak temperature, heat index, and mortality. This graph shows maximum temperature, heat index, and the number of heat-related deaths during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago Note the two day lag between max temp and deaths. This finding has important implications for it suggests that medical examiner surveillance should not be used as triggers for the activation of a public health response, including the provisioning of emergency cooling centers, instead a response must be activated when a heat-wave is forecast, not after illness or deaths are reported. ## Heat Wave Studies - 2003 France - 34,000+ dead in Europe - 14,000+ dead in France - Many were elderly in nursing homes - No effective method to cool Notes: Perhaps the most startling reminder of the potential lethality of heat waves was the August 2003 European Heat Wave, which was responsible for over 34,000 deaths across Europe and more than 14,000 deaths in France alone. A combination of several factors were responsible for the high death rate, including a general lack of appreciation of the lethality of heat waves as evidenced by the fact that many health care professionals, who were on annual summer holiday in August, were not recalled to duty by the Ministry of Health. Tragically, many of the victims of this heat wave in France were the elderly under supervised care in nursing homes, most of which were not equipped with air-conditioning or other means of cooling. Even cold baths, an inconvenient but effective option, were not able to be used for cooling because of the high ratio of residents to showers. It would have taken days to give all the residents a single turn, ruling out this option. ## Lessons Learned - _Risk factors for hyperthermia:_ - Age - Underlying medical conditions / mental illness - Income and poverty status - Homelessness - Social isolation - Access to health care and cooling facilities - Neighborhood characteristics: land use/ land cover, crime rate, housing type, urban heat island Notes: These investigations, along with others have highlighted some of the most important risk factors for hyperthermia and heat-related death, including --age: the elderly and very young are most vulnerable because they are not able to thermoregulate efficiently because of their higher sweating thresholds,thus increasing the risk of life-threatening consequences when their body temperatures rise --those with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease, obesity, and even mental illness are at increased risk --poverty represents the combined risk of reduced health status and access to protective measures such as air conditioning: [CLICK] Increased risk is not limited to individual factors but also include features of the built environment that accentuate the health risks of heat waves including access to transportation, medical care and cooling centers as well as crime (necessitating keeping windows and doors closed for safety reasons), housing type and the urban heat island effect. ## Temperature-mortality relation for 11 US cities, 1973–1994 Notes: Another important epidemiologic insight gained from long term analysis of temperature and mortality is that cities have a temperature at which mortality is lowest. Mortality rates rise at temperatures outside this comfort zone This figure shws thel U-shaped relation between temperature and mortality for 11 US cities. The trough represents the comfort zone; the steeper (right-side) arm of each line shows the mortality increase at hot temperatures, and the shallower (left-side) arm of each line shows the increase with colder temperatures. What’s most important about this analysis is that the temperature-mortality relation varies greatly by latitude and climatic zone. In general, northern cities are more vulnerable to high temperatures and southern cities to low temperatures. Understanding the city-specific relation between temperature and mortality is critical for developing an appropriate public health respnse ## Climate Change Predictions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): * ** * * “Cities that currently experience heat waves are expected to be further challenged by an increased number, intensity and duration of *heat waves during the course of the century.” [very high confidence] Notes: While urban areas of the United States are currently challenged by the high morbidity and mortality of heat waves a larger challenge is looming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the leading international scientific body on the effects of climate change predicts an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of heat waves in the coming century. The fact that the IPCC, a body known for their highly conservative predictions of the impact of climate change, estimates this outcome with a very high confidence, underscores the certainty that this will become a major public health problem this century. ## A July day in Atlanta that now reaches a heat index of 105°F would reach a heat index of 115°F in the Hadley model, and 130°F in the Canadian model. - July Heat Index Change -- 21st Century - Map by B. Felzer, UCAR, based on data from Canadian and Hadley modeling centers. Notes: An indication of the magnitude of the impact climate change will have on temperatures is illustrated here. These maps show the projected increase in average daily July heat index (a measure which combines heat and humidity) for the coming century, relative to the present. The largest increases in temperature are found in the southeastern states, where the Canadian model projects increases of more than 25°F. For example, a July day in Atlanta that now reaches a heat index of 105°F would reach a heat index of 115°F in the Hadley model, and 130°F in the Canadian model. ## Urban “built” environments - Cities and climate are coevolving in a manner that will place more populations at risk. - Increase in vulnerable populations: - Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, up from 30% in 1950. - By 2100 there will be 100 million more people > 65 years old (relative to 2000) (Ebi et al. 2006). - Urban heat islands Notes: Adding to the climate change-driven increases in temperature are the added effects of the urban “built” environment In fact, cities and climate are co-evolving in a manner that will certainly amplify both the effect of heat as well as the vulnerability of urban populations to heat-related death, for example: More than half the planet now lives in cities, up from 30 percent only 50 years ago. Urban areas are gaining an estimated 67 million people per year—about 1.3 million every week. By 2030, approximately 60% of the projected global population of 8.3 billion will live in cities. Additionally, there is a projected increase of 100 million more persons greater than 65 years of age by the year 2100 This population increase will be accompanied with rapid urbanization which is quickly transitioning communities from native vegetation to an engineered infrastructure that increases thermal-storage capacity, resulting in significant change in the urban climate compared to adjacent rural regions, known as the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI) ## Urban Heat Island can add 7° – 12° F - Thermal Satellite Image of Phoenix, AZ Night Surface Temperature Notes: The urban heat island can be a powerful force in local climate, as illustrated by the urban heat island diagram on the upper right. The combined effect of the high thermal mass provided by concrete and blacktop roads, and the low ventilation ability of the urban “canyons” created by tall buildings serve to extend the temperature increases created by climate change. [CLICK] In real terms, relative to the surrounding rural areas, urban heat islands can add from 7 – 12 degrees Fahrenheit to the urban heat load. More importantly, the urban heat island serves to absorb heat during the daytime and radiate it out at night, raising the nighttime minimum temperatures, which have been epidemiologically linked with excess mortality. This satellite thermal image of nighttime surface temperature in Phoenix vividly illustrates this effect. - Slide on the Phoenix neighborhood study - Neighborhood Microclimates within the UHI - Harlan et al 2006 Notes: In another study looking at the degree to which climate can vary within the urban heat island, Harlan and colleagues at Arizona State University compared 8 neighborhoods within Phoenix to look for differences in exposure to heat stress. They quantified and compared neighborhood ecological characteristics such as land cover, vegetation type, settlement density as well as sociodemographic characteristics such as age, income, education, and availability of resources to cope with heat such as air conditioning and swimming pools. They found statistically significant differences in temperatures between the study neighborhoods during the entire summer, which increased during a heat wave period. High settlement density typified by apartment buildings, sparse vegetation, and having no open green space in the neighborhood were significantly correlated with higher temperatures and thermal comfort index. Lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups, represented here by the Black Canyon Freeway neighborhood, were more likely to live in warmer neighborhoods with not only greater exposure to heat stress but in an environment that lacked resources to cope with it. In comparison, the upscale Historic Anglo Phoenix neighborhood, which has lush landscaped properties, ample greenspaces, and a high-percentage of houses with air-conditioning and pools experience significantly less heat exposure. If we compare average summertime mean maximum temperature for the two groups, we notice that the historic anglo neighborhood is about 7 degrees cooler on average. But these differences are amplified during the critical times such as heat waves where the difference jumps to 14 degrees Fahrenheit. In sum, people in warmer neighborhoods were more vulnerable to heat exposure because they had not only greater exposure to heat but also had fewer social and material resources to cope with it. ## CDC activities - Guidance on the development of city-specific heat response plans - Vulnerability mapping using remote sensing Notes: To respond to the multiple threats posed by heat waves, the urban environment, and climate change, CDC has have focused prevention efforts on developing tools that local emergency planners and decision-makers can use to prepare for and respond to heat waves. Two specific activities that I will highlight today include the creation of a guidance document for the development of heat response plans and the development of a methodology for mapping urban vulnerability to the effects of heat waves. ## Excessive Heat Events (EHE) Guidebook - City-specific heat response plans - The guidebook: - EPA, NOAA, CDC, FEMA collaboration - Options for defining EHE conditions - How to assess local vulnerability - EHE notification and response actions that work Notes: One critical lesson of previous investigations has been that excess mortality from heat waves can be prevented through the identification of relevant risk factors for a given locale and the development of written, city-specific heat response plans. Following this, CDC, in collaboration with colleagues at EPA, NOAA, and FEMA, have participated in the development of an Excessive Heat Events Guidebook, which provides a comprehensive set of guiding principle and a menu of options for cities and localities to use in the development of Heat Response Plans. These plans clearly define specific roles and responsibilities of government and non-governmental organizations during heat waves, They identify local populations at increased high risk for heat-related illness and death and determine which strategies will be used to reach them during heat emergencies. Heat response plans also include specific criteria for activation and deactivation of the plan and measures for periodic evaluation of the plan. ## Vulnerability Mapping using Remote Sensing - _Objective:__ _ - “to develop a new research methodology that provides local and regional governments a new set of skills and tools in prevention and emergency response planning for acute and chronic urban climate impacts.” Notes: A second activity focused on adapting to the challenges of climate change and heat waves centers on a collaboration between CDC and the National Center of Excellence on Urban Climate and Energy at Arizona State University. This project’s goal is to develop a research methodology that provides local and regional governments a new set of tools for prevention and emergency response planning for acute and chronic urban climate impacts. ## Identify Vulnerable Neighborhoods - Sorted spatially and temporally Notes: This approach attempts to understand the influence of built environment characteristics such as land use, housing stock and engineered materials on the spatial distribution of heat-related illness episodes, as quantified by EMS and Fire department dispatch data. This map of Phoenix Arizona shows the location of heat-related incidents for 2001-2005 ## Layers of Vulnerability / Risk Factors Layers include: - - Surface temp - - Land cover - - Power Outages - - Demographic variables - - Housing stock - - Engineered materials Notes: This heat incident data can then be overlayed with other layers of known risk factors to predict which neighborhoods are more likely to experience heat-realted morbidity and mortality during heat waves. This will allow local emergency response personnel to not only focus resources during these events but to also tailor prevention and health communication messages to specific ethnic or demographic groups. Prioirity areas for the provisioning of energy assistance and air conditioning can also be identified by this approach. ## Composite Vulnerability Map Notes: Colleagues at King’s College London are producing similar composite vulnerability maps which display a graduated sensitivity to heat stress index by district. This composite variable considers factors such as age, housing type, population density and poverty, but does not factor in the influence of the heat island effect through the use of satellite thermal imagery, as was shown in the previous work. We hope that future evaluations of these mapping techniques show that they are effective in predicting the location of deaths from heat waves and can prevent high mortality events like the one witnessed in Europe in 2003. ## Final thoughts: Morbidity and mortality related to summer heat can prevented. Adaptation measures such as city-specific Heat Response Plans are essential for prevention. Epidemiologic studies and ecological models of risk provide important guidance for prevention efforts. Notes: To conclude, it has become clear that the excessive temperatures brought about by climate change and enhanced by factors of the built environment cannot be prevented, but the high morbidity and mortality associated with these events can be. Public health can and should play an active role in the development of adaptation measures such as city specific heat response plans. And finally, we should ensure that the development of these plans are guided by the best evidence based data, generated by epidemiologic studies and ecological models, on the relation between hazard and health outcomes. Thank you	en
markdown	877401	# Presentation: 877401 - (Trying to have) - Fun at the Supercomputing 2006 ## Layout - Open flow - Cheap - Flexible - Easy to assemble/present/disassemble - SLAC is responsible/will come up with, but it is good to have an opinion/alternatives ## Content - Theme: ‘(Postcards from?) the Quantum Universe’ - Keywords: Einstein, Powerful, Beyond Imagination, (Quantum) Universe, Discovery, Colliders - Non-scietific audience  Minimum of words, maximum of images - Dynamic images rather than static (_short_) movies/slideshows/presentations (image rich) - Whenever possible: expose the role of computing and computers ## Hardware/equipment - 7 display segments: - 4 plasma (LCD?) screens - 3 posters - 4 projection screens - 2 interactive workstations ## Static posters - Questions for (about?) the Universe - Einstein’s dream of unified forces - The particle world - Birth of the Universe ## Presentations/slide shows - Experiments and Detectors - World Wide Web of Laboratories (FNAL/SLAC/CERN/KEK/DESY) - Images of the universe - Faces of Fermilab - Hadron Colliders - Arts and Physics - Tracking down particles - Oddone’s talk for summer students (abbreviated) ## Movies - SDSS (3D?) - The CMS quest - Atlas detector - LHC machine - MINOS experiment - Gravity waves - Gravitational lensing - Black hole - Powers of ten ## Movies (the lighter side) - NOVA: The Elegant Universe - The Quantum Café - Extra Dimensions? - LHC (Les Horribles Cernettes) - Quantum Universe by Fermi Singers (?) ## Interactive displays/activities - Cloud chamber - Silicon chip probe station - Hitting the beams head-on (?) - E-mailing postcards from the Quantum Universe - Live video link to CDF/MINOS control rooms and to some selected physicists ## Handouts - Quantum Universe - Discovering the Quantum Universe - Bluff your way in the Quantum Universe - Pieces of scintillator - Pieces of scintillating/waveshifting fibers - ILC Handouts - Neutrino Handouts	en
markdown	435907	# Presentation: 435907 ## NIH - Electronic Grant - Application ## Getting Started with Electronic Submission Notes: Let’s discuss what steps you need to take to get started submitting electronic applications to NIH. ## Finding Grant Opportunities How Do You Find Grant Opportunities? - All applications must be submitted in response to a Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) - FOAs are posted online in the _[NIH Guide for Grants & Contracts ](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)__and at __[www.Grants.gov](http://www.grants.gov/)__ (under “Find Grant Opportunities”)_ NIH Guide: _[http://](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)__[grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)_ Notes: All applications to NIH must be submitted in response to a Funding Opportunity Announcement. Search for announcements related to your area of science in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts. Once you find the FOA that fits, open the announcement and there will be a button to “Apply for Grants Electronically” this will take you to the appropriate application package for the opportunity. ## Parent Announcements “Parent” FOAs are your ticket to applying for investigator-initiated research Use the Parent electronic application package for your chosen grant program (i.e. R01, R03, R21 etc.) “Parent” FOAs are your ticket to applying for investigator-initiated research - Use the Parent electronic application package for your chosen grant program (i.e. R01, R03, R21 etc.) Parent FOAs Parent announcements listed at: - _[http://](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm)__[grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm)_ - Finding Grant Opportunities Notes: The move to electronic submission requires an electronic application package for each FOA so we created “Parent” FOAs to apply for Investigator-initiated research. Find the Parent announcement for your chosen grant program by typing in the word “Parent” while searching in the NIH Guide, or visit the Parent Announcement page at the URL listed. ## NIH – Two System Process Grants.gov - Grants.gov hosts standardized federal forms SF424 (R&R) and agency-specific forms (PHS 398) - Electronic application through Grants.gov using these forms is mandatory for most FOAs. Grants.gov checks the application for federal-wide requirements. eRA Commons - NIH retrieves the data from Grants.gov and checks the application against NIH-specific requirements - eRA Commons allows applicants to electronically track the status of submissions and to receive/transmit application and award information Notes: The electronic application process for NIH involves using standardized federal forms and some agency-specific forms provided online by Grants.gov. Once the forms are submitted to Grants.gov, the data is retrieved by NIH systems and checked against the rules and requirements for the Funding Opportunity Announcement. The vast majority of NIH Funding Opportunities require electronic submission through Grants.gov. Within NIH’s system, called the eRA Commons, Signing Officials and Principal Investigators can check the status of their applications and view the assembled application image. Each one of these systems has registration requirements that are independent of one another. ## Registration Grants.gov - Be sure your organization is registered! (one time) - U.S. organizations obtain EIN from IRS (foreign applicants see next slide) - Request DUNS # from Dun & Bradstreet - Register with Central Contractor Registry (CCR) – identify the eBiz Point of Contact (POC) - Register the Authorized Organization Reps (AORs) who can officially sign the application and submit - Visit: http://www.grants.gov/applicants/get_registered.jsp Grants.gov registration can take up to 8 weeks for international organizations. START NOW! Notes: Every organization that will be applying for grants must be registered with Grants.gov – this is a one time process. The Authorized Organizational Representatives are the only ones who may submit applications electronically for the organization. The Grants.gov registration is a multi-step process that can take several weeks to complete. Be sure to start early to ensure that all the requirements are met prior to the receipt date for the grant application. Contact the Grants.gov Contact Center (information is included at the end of the presentation) for assistance with Grants.gov registration or software questions. ## Registration - International Tips for Foreign Organizations - If you do not have an EIN number – use 44-4444444 on the application - You will need a NATO Commercial & Government Entity (NCAGE) Code prior to registering with CCR. The form and instructions can be found at: _[http://www.dlis.dla.mil/Forms/Form_AC135.asp](http://www.dlis.dla.mil/Forms/Form_AC135.asp)__ _ - Organizations with an address containing APO, FPO, or AE do not need an NCAGE code - A few countries may have trouble accessing the CCR website. If so, phone: 1-269-961-5757 (International) - For more details visit: _[h](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm)__[ttp://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm)__ _ Notes: There are some registration requirements that are specific to foreign organizations – those items are listed on this slide. ## Registration eRA Commons – *Register Your Organization * - Register your organization (one time) & register your Signing Officials (SO) - SOs register and create separate accounts for the Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PDs/PIs) - May be completed simultaneously with Grants.gov registration (as soon as the DUNS # is obtained) - Register at: - _[https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/registration/registrationInstructions.jsp](https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/registration/registrationInstructions.jsp)_ Allow 2 – 4 weeks to complete organization registration in the eRA Commons Notes: The NIH eRA Commons requires a one – time registration for the Organization. All Project Directors/Principal Investigators and Signing Officials must also be registered in the Commons. Signing Officials are able to view all applications that have been submitted on behalf of the organization. Contact the eRA Help Desk with any questions regarding registration or eRA Commons accounts. ## Registration eRA Commons – *PD/PI Registration* - The PD/PI needs to work with the SO to get registered in the eRA Commons - The PI and SO need separate accounts because each has different privileges - PIs have one account that follows them throughout their careers. They can view all applications where they are listed as “PI.” The same account may be affiliated with multiple organizations. - SOs can view all applications submitted on behalf of the organization Allow 4 – 5 business days to complete PI registration in the eRA Commons Notes: The organization’s SO must create the PD/PI account in the eRA Commons. Once created, the PD/PI is encouraged to review their profile and keep all personal information up to date. PD/PIs can only view the applications that were submitted where they were assigned the PD/PI role. This may include applications from multiple organizations if the PD/PI has worked with multiple organizations. Once a PI has an account, they will keep it throughout their career regardless of whether they change organizations/institutions. ## Software Requirements - Grants.gov Forms Viewer Software (Free) - PureEdge Forms Viewer - New Adobe Acrobat Viewer coming this Fall - _[http://](http://www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp)__[www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp](http://www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp)_ - PDF generation software – list provided on Grants.gov website _[http://www.grants.gov/agencies/software.jsp#3](http://www.grants.gov/agencies/software.jsp#Finding Grant Opportunities)_ Notes: In order to view the electronic application forms, you must download the required Forms Viewer that is available at no charge from the Grants.gov website. Mac users have a special viewer that they will need to use until Grants.gov releases a new viewer from Adobe Acrobat which will also be free of charge. This is anticipated for release at the end of summer 2007 or early fall. Applicants also need to have the ability to generate PDF (portable document format) documents to attach all of the required information to the application forms. Grants.gov provides a list of PDF software that is compatible on their website. ## Preparing Your Application - Download the Application Package and Instructions at the same time. NIH-specific instructions are denoted by the HHS logo - Save the application to your hard drive – remember to save it after each change - The application includes specific data fields as well as multiple attachments - All attachments must be saved as PDF documents Notes: Once you find the appropriate Funding Opportunity Announcement, download the application and the instructions at the same time to ensure they are the most up-to-date. Save the application to your computer’s hard drive so that you can work on it offline. Remember to save the changes each time you update the application. Special instructions for NIH applications are denoted by the HHS logo in the Application Guide. Applicants will open each form that is included with the application, complete the form data fields and attach additional information as PDF documents. ## Preparing Your Application Avoiding Common Errors - NIH requires all application attachments to be in *PDF* format - The eRA Commons Username must be entered in the “Credential, e.g. agency login” field for each PI. This field is located on the R&R Senior/Key Person Profile(s) form. - The Organization Name must be included for all Senior/Key Persons listed - Senior/Key Person effort listed on the R&R Budget form must be greater than zero For more information visit: - _[http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm)_ Notes: These four errors are the most common that applicants have been experiencing. Keep this as a handy reference to ensure that you don’t get caught by one of them! ## Submit Your Application - Registration with Grants.gov and eRA Commons must be complete prior to submission - Only the AOR may sign & submit the application on behalf of the organization - Grants.gov provides a Tracking Number and a Date/Time stamp when you click ‘Submit’ – save this information Notes: All registration requirements with Grants.gov and the eRA Commons must be completed prior to submitting the application. The application is submitted to Grants.gov by the Authorized Organizational Representative. Grants.gov will provide a Tracking Number and a Date/Time stamp as proof of receipt when the application is submitted. Be sure to print and save this information in the event that you need to contact Grants.gov or NIH for support. ## On Time Submission - All registrations with Grants.gov & eRA Commons must be complete - Initial submission must have a Grants.gov timestamp on or before 5:00p.m. local time of submitting organization on the receipt date - Errors in the application must be corrected within 5 business days of the receipt date Notes: On-time submission includes a Grants.gov timestamp on or before 5p (local time at the organization) on the receipt date. Grants.gov will notify the organization through the AOR the status of the application submission. Once NIH retrieves the application information, the SO, PD/PI and Person to be contacted that is listed on the application are all notified of the status at NIH. ## Errors & Warnings *Errors* stop processing and will keep your application from being accepted by NIH *Warnings provide caution for you to ensure the item is correct, but will not stop processing - “Changed/Corrected” applications may be submitted to Grants.gov again to address errors/warnings in the five business days* after the receipt date. - Initial application must have been on time - you must include a cover letter explaining your changes Limited Time! Notes: If you have errors in the application, it will stop processing and your application will go no further. Warnings are to provide an indication that something may not be correct and applicants should check to be sure that no changes to the application are needed. You must correct errors within 5 business days after the receipt date. This correction period is being provided for a Limited Time since the process is new for the community. In order to make changes to the application to correct errors and warnings, the AOR & PI must work together to make the necessary corrections and then the AOR must submit the entire application to Grants.gov again with a cover letter explaining the changes. ## Tracking Your Application - It is the applicants responsibility to track the application - Grants.gov will send status emails to the AOR. eRA Commons will send status emails to the Signing Official, PI & “Person to be contacted” listed on the application - Log into eRA Commons to check application status; do not rely on emails. If it is error-free, you will have an assembled application to view Notes: It’s important to track your application in the eRA Commons to ensure receipt by NIH from Grants.gov. Do not rely on the email notifications since email can be unreliable. ## Application – Viewing Window - Applicants have *two weekdays* (M-F, not including U.S. federal holidays) to view the assembled application. If no action is taken, it automatically proceeds to NIH’s Division of Receipt and Referral. - Signing Official has option to “Reject” - PI will receive e-mail notification if SO rejects application - If “Rejected” after receipt date for any reasonother than a Grants.gov or NIH system issue, the submission is subject to the NIH late policy Notes: An error free application will be assembled by the eRA Commons and an image of the application is available online. Be sure to check your application and all attachments to ensure it was assembled and formatted by the system correctly. ## Finding Help eRA Commons Help Desk Online Help Ticket : http://ithelpdesk.nih.gov/eRA/ Phone: 301-402-7469Hours : Mon-Fri, 7a.m. to 8 p.m. EST - Support for: Commons Registration, Application Status, Post-submission questions Grants.gov Contact Center Toll-free: 1-800-518-4726Hours : Mon-Fri, 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. ESTEmail : support@grants.gov - Support for: PureEdge Forms, PureEdge with a Mac, Grants.gov Registration Notes: Please do not hesitate to use the resources listed on this page for assistance with this new process! ## Online Resources - Overview of Electronic Submission http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/ - Frequently Asked Questions http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/faq.htm - Avoiding Common Errors http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm - Training Resources, Videos, Quick Reference Materials http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/training.htm	en
markdown	695035	# Presentation: 695035 ## Pbar Production Rates at Lithium Lens Collection - Steve Kahn - November 28, 2005 ## Iridium Target - 11 cm long - Target radius 1.5 mm - Beam spot 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Copper Target Case 1 - Copper Target - 11 cm long (remember that int=15 cm) - Radius is 1.5 mm - Beam spot is 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Copper Target Case 2 - Copper Target - 15 cm long (remember that int=15 cm) - Radius is 1.5 mm - Beam spot is 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Pbar Production Rates \| Case \| Protons on Target \| Pbars after Target \| Pbars Accepted after Li Lens \| Pbars collected in p/p=6% \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Iridium \| 7563715 \| 6666 8.8×104 \| 99 1.3×105 \| 16 2.1×106 \| \| Copper 11 cm \| 8000000 \| 6202 7.8×104 \| 99 1.2×105 \| 14 1.8×106 \| \| Copper 15 cm \| 6000000 \| 5639 9.4×104 \| 85 1.4×105 \| 10 1.7×106 \|	en
converted_docs	351235	![](media/image1.png){width="5.972916666666666in" height="0.4791666666666667in"} Top of Form ## Complete Summary #### TITLE Perioperative care: percentage of surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first or second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic who had an order for cefazolin or cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis. #### SOURCE(S) American College of Surgeons, Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement®, National Committee for Quality Assurance. Perioperative care physician performance measurement set. Chicago (IL): American Medical Association, National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2006 Oct. 11 p. \[8 references\] ### Measure Domain #### PRIMARY MEASURE DOMAIN Process The validity of measures depends on how they are built. By examining the key building blocks of a measure, you can assess its validity for your purpose. For more information, visit the [Measure Validity](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/resources/measure_domains.aspx) page. #### SECONDARY MEASURE DOMAIN Does not apply to this measure ### Brief Abstract #### DESCRIPTION This measure is used to assess the percentage of surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first or second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic who had an order for cefazolin or cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis. #### RATIONALE Current published evidence supports the use of either cefazolin, a first generation cephalosporin, or cefuroxime, a second generation cephalosporin, for many surgical procedures, in the absence of Beta-lactam allergy. An alternative antimicrobial regimen may be appropriate depending on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in an individual institution (potentially a medical reason for excluding patients treated at that institution from this measure).\* \The following clinical recommendation statements are quoted [verbatim]{.underline} from the referenced clinical guidelines and represent the evidence base for the measure: For most procedures, cefazolin should be the agent of choice because of its relatively long duration of action, its effectiveness against the organisms most commonly encountered in surgery, and it\'s relatively low cost. (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \[ASHP\]) In operations for which cephalosporins represent appropriate prophylaxis, alternative antimicrobials should be provided to those with a high likelihood of serious adverse reaction or allergy on the basis of patient history or diagnostic tests such as skin testing. The preferred antimicrobials for prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty are cefazolin and cefuroxime. Vancomycin or clindamycin may be used in patients with serious allergy or adverse reactions to Beta-lactams. The recommended antimicrobials for cardiothoracic and vascular operations include cefazolin or cefuroxime. For patients with serious allergy or adverse reaction to Beta-lactams, vancomycin is appropriate, and clindamycin may be an acceptable alternative. (Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup \[SIPGWW\]) #### PRIMARY CLINICAL COMPONENT Perioperative care; cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic; cefazolin; cefuroxime #### DENOMINATOR DESCRIPTION All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic (see the related \"Denominator Inclusions/Exclusions\" field in the Complete Summary) #### NUMERATOR DESCRIPTION Surgical patients who had an order for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis (see the related \"Numerator Inclusions/Exclusions\" field in the Complete Summary) ### Evidence Supporting the Measure #### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE CRITERION OF QUALITY - A clinical practice guideline or other peer-reviewed synthesis of the clinical evidence ### Evidence Supporting Need for the Measure #### NEED FOR THE MEASURE Use of this measure to improve performance\ Variation in quality for the performance measured #### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING NEED FOR THE MEASURE Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Making health care safer. A critical analysis of patient safety issues \[AHRQ Publication No. 01-E058\]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2001 Jul. 672 p.(Evidence report /technology assessment; no. 43). Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C, Steele L, Dellinger EP, Fry DE, Wright C, Ma A, Carr K, Red L. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the national surgical infection prevention project. Arch Surg2005 Feb;140(2):174-82. [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15724000) Leatherman S, McCarthy D. Quality of health care for medicare beneficiaries: a chartbook. Focusing on the elderly living in the community. Vol. 815New York (NY): Commonwealth Fund; 2005 May. 184 p. ### State of Use of the Measure #### STATE OF USE Current routine use #### CURRENT USE Internal quality improvement\ National reporting ### Application of Measure in its Current Use #### CARE SETTING Hospitals #### PROFESSIONALS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH CARE Physicians #### LOWEST LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY ADDRESSED Individual Clinicians #### TARGET POPULATION AGE Age greater than or equal to 18 years #### TARGET POPULATION GENDER Either male or female #### STRATIFICATION BY VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Unspecified ### Characteristics of the Primary Clinical Component #### INCIDENCE/PREVALENCE Unspecified #### ASSOCIATION WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Unspecified #### BURDEN OF ILLNESS Unspecified #### UTILIZATION Unspecified #### COSTS Unspecified ### Institute of Medicine National Healthcare Quality Report Categories #### IOM CARE NEED Getting Better #### IOM DOMAIN Effectiveness ### Data Collection for the Measure #### CASE FINDING Users of care only #### DESCRIPTION OF CASE FINDING All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic #### DENOMINATOR SAMPLING FRAME Patients associated with provider #### DENOMINATOR INCLUSIONS/EXCLUSIONS Inclusions\ All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic Exclusions\ Documentation of medical reason(s) for not ordering cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis #### RELATIONSHIP OF DENOMINATOR TO NUMERATOR All cases in the denominator are equally eligible to appear in the numerator #### DENOMINATOR (INDEX) EVENT Therapeutic Intervention #### DENOMINATOR TIME WINDOW Time window is a single point in time #### NUMERATOR INCLUSIONS/EXCLUSIONS Inclusions\ Surgical patients who had an order for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis Note: There must be documentation of order (written order, verbal order, or standing order/protocol) for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis OR documentation that cefazolin OR cefuroxime was [given]{.underline}. Exclusions\ None #### MEASURE RESULTS UNDER CONTROL OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR POLICYMAKERS The measure results are somewhat or substantially under the control of the health care professionals, organizations and/or policymakers to whom the measure applies. #### NUMERATOR TIME WINDOW Encounter or point in time #### DATA SOURCE Administrative data\ Medical record #### LEVEL OF DETERMINATION OF QUALITY Individual Case #### PRE-EXISTING INSTRUMENT USED Unspecified ### Computation of the Measure #### SCORING Rate #### INTERPRETATION OF SCORE Better quality is associated with a higher score #### ALLOWANCE FOR PATIENT FACTORS Unspecified #### STANDARD OF COMPARISON Internal time comparison ### Evaluation of Measure Properties #### EXTENT OF MEASURE TESTING Unspecified ### Identifying Information #### ORIGINAL TITLE Measure #3: selection of prophylactic antibiotic - first OR second generation cephalosporin. #### MEASURE COLLECTION [The Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® Measurement Sets](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/Browse/DisplayOrganization.aspx?org_id=1909&doc=178) #### MEASURE SET NAME [Perioperative Care Physician Performance Measurement Set](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/Browse/DisplayOrganization.aspx?org_id=1909&doc=10256) #### SUBMITTER American Medical Association on behalf of the American College of Surgeons, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® #### DEVELOPER American College of Surgeons\ National Committee for Quality Assurance\ Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® #### FUNDING SOURCE(S) Unspecified #### COMPOSITION OF THE GROUP THAT DEVELOPED THE MEASURE Ronald A. Gabel, MD (Co-Chair); R. Scott Jones, MD, FACS (Co-Chair*); Priscilla Arnold, MD; Raj Behal, MD, MPH; Dale W. Bratzler, DO, MPH; Quentin Clemens, MD; Charles Drueck, MD, FACC; Fred Edwards, MD; Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC; Alex Hannenberg, MD; Daniel L. Herr, MS, MD, FCCM; David Hunt, MD, FACS; Kay Jewell, MD; Rahul K. Khare, MD, FACS; Shukri F. Khuri, MD, MBA; Rick Leary, MD, MBA; Kenneth Moore, MD; Mark Morasch, MD; Stephen Novack, DO; Frank Opelka, MD; Laura Orvidas, MD; Tom Read, MD; Sam J.W. Romeo, MD, MBA; Jerry Shuster, MD; Carl A. Sirio, MD; Sandra Tunajek, CRNA, ND; Patrick Voight, RN, BSN, MSA, CNOR; William Wooden, MD Julie Lewis, American College of Surgeons; Karen Richards, American College of Surgeons Mark S. Antman, DDS, MBA, American Medical Association; Karen S. Kmetik, PhD, American Medical Association; Beth Tapper, MA, American Medical Association; Samantha Tierney, MPH, American Medical Association Joachim Roski, PhD, MPH, National Committee for Quality Assurance Tom Croghan, MD; Latousha Leslie, RN, MS, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Sylvia Publ, MBA, RHIA, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Michael Rapp, MD, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Lisa Buczkowski, RN, MS, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; Raquel Gabriel-Bennewitz, MS/MBA, BSN, RN, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Rebecca A. Kresowik, Facilitators; Timothy F. Kresowik, MD, Facilitator #### FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES/OTHER POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Conflicts, if any, are disclosed in accordance with the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® conflict of interest policy. #### ENDORSER National Quality Forum #### INCLUDED IN Ambulatory Care Quality Alliance\ Physician Quality Reporting Initiative #### ADAPTATION This measure was harmonized to the extent possible to measures included in the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP). #### PARENT MEASURE Unspecified #### RELEASE DATE 2006 Oct #### MEASURE STATUS This is the current release of the measure. #### SOURCE(S) American College of Surgeons, Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement®, National Committee for Quality Assurance. Perioperative care physician performance measurement set. Chicago (IL): American Medical Association, National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2006 Oct. 11 p. \[8 references\] #### MEASURE AVAILABILITY The individual measure, \"Measure #3: Selection of Prophylactic Antibiotic - First OR Second Generation Cephalosporin,\" is published in the \"Perioperative Care Physician Performance Measurement Set.\" This document and technical specifications are available in Portable Document Format (PDF) from the American Medical Association (AMA)-convened Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® Web site: [www.physicianconsortium.org](http://www.physicianconsortium.org/). For further information, please contact AMA staff by e-mail at <cqi@ama-assn.org>. #### NQMC STATUS This NQMC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on September 13, 2007. The information was verified by the measure developer on October 26, 2007. #### COPYRIGHT STATEMENT © Measures including specifications © 2005-6 American Medical Association and National Committee for Quality Assurance ### Disclaimer #### NQMC DISCLAIMER The National Quality Measures Clearinghouse™ (NQMC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the measures represented on this site. All measures summarized by NQMC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public and private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, individuals, and similar entities. Measures represented on the NQMC Web site are submitted by measure developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NQMC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at <http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/about/inclusion.aspx>. NQMC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or its reliability and/or validity of the quality measures and related materials represented on this site. The inclusion or hosting of measures in NQMC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes. Readers with questions regarding measure content are directed to contact the measure developer. Bottom of Form © 2008 National Quality Measures Clearinghouse Date Modified: 11/3/2008	en
converted_docs	036286	Intergovernmental Data Quality Task Force Workbook for Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans Evaluating, Assessing, and Documenting Environmental Data Collection and Use Programs Part 2A: UFP-QAPP Workbook ![](media/image1.png){width="1.2451388888888888in" height="1.2368055555555555in"} ![](media/image2.png){width="1.2458333333333333in" height="1.2458333333333333in"} ![](media/image3.png){width="1.2118055555555556in" height="1.1645833333333333in"} Final Version 1 March 2005 *This page intentionally left blank.* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION QAPP Worksheet #1. Title and Approval Page 1 QAPP Worksheet #2. QAPP Identifying Information 2 QAPP Worksheet #3. Distribution List 6 QAPP Worksheet #4. Project Personnel Sign-Off Sheet 7 QAPP Worksheet #5. Project Organizational Chart 8 QAPP Worksheet #6. Communication Pathways 9 QAPP Worksheet #7. Personnel Responsibilities and Qualifications Table 10 QAPP Worksheet #8. Special Personnel Training Requirements Table 11 QAPP Worksheet #9. Project Scoping Session Participants Sheet 12 QAPP Worksheet #10. Problem Definition 13 QAPP Worksheet #11. Project Quality Objectives/Systematic Planning Process Statements 14 QAPP Worksheet #12. Measurement Performance Criteria Table 15 QAPP Worksheet #13. Secondary Data Criteria and Limitations Table 16 QAPP Worksheet #14. Summary of Project Tasks 17 QAPP Worksheet #15. Reference Limits and Evaluation Table 18 QAPP Worksheet #16. Project Schedule/Timeline Table 19 QAPP Worksheet #17. Sampling Design and Rationale 20 QAPP Worksheet #18. Sampling Locations and Methods/SOP Requirements Table 21 QAPP Worksheet #19. Analytical SOP Requirements Table 22 QAPP Worksheet #20. Field Quality Control Sample Summary Table 23 QAPP Worksheet #21. Project Sampling SOP Reference Table 24 QAPP Worksheet #22. Field Equipment Calibration, Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table 25 QAPP Worksheet #23. Analytical SOP Reference Table 26 QAPP Worksheet #24. Analytical Instrument Calibration Table 27 QAPP Worksheet #25. Analytical Instrument and Equipment Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table 28 QAPP Worksheet #26 Sample Handling System 29 QAPP Worksheet #27. Sample Custody Requirements 30 QAPP Worksheet #28. QC Samples Table 31 QAPP Worksheet #29. Project Documents and Records Table 32 QAPP Worksheet #30. Analytical Services Table 33 QAPP Worksheet #31. Planned Project Assessment Table 34 QAPP Worksheet #32. Assessment Findings and Response Actions 35 QAPP Worksheet #33. QA Management Reports Table 36 QAPP Worksheet #34. Sampling and Analysis Verification (Step I) Process Table 37 QAPP Worksheet #35. Sampling and Analysis Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Process Table 38 QAPP Worksheet #36. Sampling and Analysis Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Summary Table 39 QAPP Worksheet #37. Data Usability Assessment 40 WORKBOOK FOR UNIFORM FEDERAL POLICY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLANS INTRODUCTION This Workbook for Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans is Part 2A of the Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans (UFP-QAPP). It provides examples of worksheets to assist with the preparation of QAPPs in accordance with Part 1 of the UFP-QAPP (the UFP-QAPP Manual) and Section 6 (Part B) of Quality Systems for Environmental Data and Technology Programs - Requirements with guidance for use, ANSI/ASQ E4 (February 2004). This Workbook may be used by the lead organization and its contractors to assist with the preparation of QAPPs for environmental data gathering activities. Each worksheet addresses specific requirements of the UFP-QAPP. Both the UFP-QAPP Manual and the Workbook are intended to be comprehensive and are not intended to be program-specific. Since the content and level of detail in a specific QAPP will vary by program, by the work being performed, and by the intended use of the data, specific worksheets may not be applicable to all projects. The ultimate success of an environmental program or project depends on the quality of the environmental data collected and used in decision-making, and this may depend significantly on the adequacy of the QAPP and its effective implementation. It is recommended that the individual worksheets included in this Workbook be taken to the project scoping and planning sessions. The use of the worksheets will aid in identifying the critical project information that will ensure that the right type, quality, and quantity of data are collected to meet all of the project's quality objectives. Though the format of each worksheet is not mandatory, the information required on the worksheets must still be presented in the QAPP, as appropriate to the project. In addition, QAPP preparers are encouraged to develop additional tables, as appropriate to the project. Sufficient written discussion in text format should accompany all tables. Certain sections, by their nature, will require more written discussion than others. In particular, Section 3.1.1 should provide an in-depth explanation of the sampling design rationale, and Section 5.2 should describe the procedures and criteria that will be used for data review. QAPP Worksheet #1 (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.1) Title and Approval Page Site Name/Project Name: Title: Site Location: Revision Number: Revision Date: > Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Document Title [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Lead Organization [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparer's Name and Organizational Affiliation [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparer's Address, Telephone Number, and E-mail Address [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparation Date (Day/Month/Year) Investigative Organization's Project Manager:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_ Printed Name/Organization/Date Printed Name/Organization/Date Investigative Organization's Project QA Officer:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_ > Printed Name/Organization/Date Lead Organization's Project Manager:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_ > Printed Name/Organization/Date Approval Signatures:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Printed Name/Title/Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Approval Authority Other Approval Signatures:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} # Printed Name/Title/Date Document Control Number: QAPP Worksheet #2 (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.2.4) QAPP Identifying Information Site Name/Project Name: Title: Site Location: Revision Number: Site Number/Code: Revision Date: Operable Unit: Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ Contractor Name: Contractor Number: Contract Title: Work Assignment Number: 1\. Identify guidance used to prepare QAPP: [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 2\. Identify regulatory program:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 3\. Identify approval entity:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 4\. Indicate whether the QAPP is a generic or a project-specific QAPP. (circle one) 5\. List dates of scoping sessions that were held:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} > \_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 6\. List dates and titles of QAPP documents written for previous site work, if applicable: Title Approval Date [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 7\. List organizational partners (stakeholders) and connection with lead organization:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 8\. List data users:[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} \_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 9\. If any required QAPP elements and required information are not applicable to the project, then circle the omitted QAPP elements and required information on the attached table. Provide an explanation for their exclusion below: \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Identify where each required QAPP element is located in the QAPP (provide section, worksheet, table, or figure number) or other project planning documents (provide complete document title, date, section number, page numbers, and location of the information in the document). Circle QAPP elements and required information that are not applicable to the project. Provide an explanation in the QAPP. +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| Required QAPP Element(s) and \| Required \| Crosswalk to \| \| Corresponding QAPP \| Information \| Related \| \| Section(s) \| \| Documents \| +================================+===================+================+ \| ## Pro \| \| \| \| ject Management and Objectives \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.1 Title and Approval Page \| \- Title and \| \| \| \| Approval Page \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.2 Document Format and Table \| \- Table of \| \| \| of Contents \| Contents \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.2.1 Document Control Format \| \- QAPP \| \| \| \| Identifying \| \| \| 2.2.2 Document Control \| Information \| \| \| Numbering System \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.2.3 Table of Contents \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.2.4 QAPP Identifying \| \| \| \| Information \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.3 Distribution List and \| \- Distribution \| \| \| Project Personnel Sign-Off \| List \| \| \| Sheet \| \| \| \| \| \- Project \| \| \| 2.3.1 Distribution List \| Personnel \| \| \| \| Sign-Off Sheet \| \| \| 2.3.2 Project Personnel \| \| \| \| Sign-Off Sheet \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.4 Project Organization \| \- Project \| \| \| \| Organizational \| \| \| 2.4.1 Project Organizational \| Chart \| \| \| Chart \| \| \| \| \| \- Communication \| \| \| 2.4.2 Communication Pathways \| Pathways \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.4.3 Personnel \| \- Personnel \| \| \| Responsibilities and \| Responsibilities \| \| \| Qualifications \| and \| \| \| \| Qualifications \| \| \| 2.4.4 Special Training \| Table \| \| \| Requirements and Certification \| \| \| \| \| \- Special \| \| \| \| Personnel \| \| \| \| Training \| \| \| \| Requirements \| \| \| \| Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.5 Project Planning/Problem \| \- Project \| \| \| Definition \| Planning Session \| \| \| \| Documentation \| \| \| 2.5.1 Project Planning \| (including Data \| \| \| (Scoping) \| Needs tables) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.5.2 Problem Definition, Site \| \- Project \| \| \| History, and Background \| Scoping Session \| \| \| \| Participants \| \| \| \| Sheet \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Problem \| \| \| \| Definition, Site \| \| \| \| History, and \| \| \| \| Background \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Site Maps \| \| \| \| (historical and \| \| \| \| present) \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.6 Project Quality Objectives \| \- Site-Specific \| \| \| and Measurement Performance \| PQOs \| \| \| Criteria \| \| \| \| \| \- Measurement \| \| \| 2.6.1 Development of Project \| Performance \| \| \| Quality Objectives Using the \| Criteria Table \| \| \| Systematic Planning Process \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.6.2 Measurement Performance \| \| \| \| Criteria \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.7 Secondary Data Evaluation \| \- Sources of \| \| \| \| Secondary Data \| \| \| \| and Information \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Secondary Data \| \| \| \| Criteria and \| \| \| \| Limitations Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 2.8 Project Overview and \| \- Summary of \| \| \| Schedule \| Project Tasks \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2.8.1 Project Overview \| \- Reference \| \| \| \| Limits and \| \| \| 2.8.2 Project Schedule \| Evaluation Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Project \| \| \| \| Schedule/Timeline \| \| \| \| Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| Measurement/Data \| \| \| \| Acquisition \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 3.1 Sampling Tasks \| \- Sampling \| \| \| \| Design and \| \| \| 3.1.1 Sampling Process Design \| Rationale \| \| \| and Rationale \| \| \| \| \| \- Sample \| \| \| 3.1.2 Sampling Procedures and \| Location Map \| \| \| Requirements \| \| \| \| \| \- Sampling \| \| \| 3.1.2.1 Sampling Collection \| Locations and \| \| \| Procedures \| Methods/ SOP \| \| \| \| Requirements \| \| \| 3.1.2.2 Sample Containers, \| Table \| \| \| Volume, and Preservation \| \| \| \| \| \- Analytical \| \| \| 3.1.2.3 Equipment/Sample \| Methods/SOP \| \| \| Containers Cleaning and \| Requirements \| \| \| Decontamination Procedures \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3.1.2.4 Field Equipment \| \- Field Quality \| \| \| Calibration, Maintenance, \| Control Sample \| \| \| Testing, and Inspection \| Summary Table \| \| \| Procedures \| \| \| \| \| \- Sampling SOPs \| \| \| 3.1.2.5 Supply Inspection and \| \| \| \| Acceptance Procedures \| \- Project \| \| \| \| Sampling SOP \| \| \| 3.1.2.6 Field Documentation \| References Table \| \| \| Procedures \| \| \| \| \| \- Field \| \| \| \| Equipment \| \| \| \| Calibration, \| \| \| \| Maintenance, \| \| \| \| Testing, and \| \| \| \| Inspection Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 3.2 Analytical Tasks \| \- Analytical \| \| \| \| SOPs \| \| \| 3.2.1 Analytical SOPs \| \| \| \| \| \- Analytical SOP \| \| \| 3.2.2 Analytical Instrument \| References Table \| \| \| Calibration Procedures \| \| \| \| \| \- Analytical \| \| \| 3.2.3 Analytical Instrument \| Instrument \| \| \| and Equipment Maintenance, \| Calibration Table \| \| \| Testing, and Inspection \| \| \| \| Procedures \| \- Analytical \| \| \| \| Instrument and \| \| \| 3.2.4 Analytical Supply \| Equipment \| \| \| Inspection and Acceptance \| Maintenance, \| \| \| Procedures \| Testing, and \| \| \| \| Inspection Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 3.3 Sample Collection \| \- Sample \| \| \| Documentation, Handling, \| Collection \| \| \| Tracking, and Custody \| Documentation \| \| \| Procedures \| Handling, \| \| \| \| Tracking, and \| \| \| 3.3.1 Sample Collection \| Custody SOPs \| \| \| Documentation \| \| \| \| \| \- Sample \| \| \| 3.3.2 Sample Handling and \| Container \| \| \| Tracking System \| Identification \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3.3.3 Sample Custody \| \- Sample \| \| \| \| Handling Flow \| \| \| \| Diagram \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Example \| \| \| \| Chain-of-Custody \| \| \| \| Form and Seal \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 3.4 Quality Control Samples \| \- QC Samples \| \| \| \| Table \| \| \| 3.4.1 Sampling Quality Control \| \| \| \| Samples \| \- \| \| \| \| Scree \| \| \| 3.4.2 Analytical Quality \| ning/Confirmatory \| \| \| Control Samples \| Analysis Decision \| \| \| \| Tree \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 3.5 Data Management Tasks \| \- Project \| \| \| \| Documents and \| \| \| 3.5.1 Project Documentation \| Records Table \| \| \| and Records \| \| \| \| \| \- Analytical \| \| \| 3.5.2 Data Package \| Services Table \| \| \| Deliverables \| \| \| \| \| \- Data \| \| \| 3.5.3 Data Reporting Formats \| Management SOPs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3.5.4 Data Handling and \| \| \| \| Management \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3.5.5 Data Tracking and \| \| \| \| Control \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| Assessment/Oversight \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 4.1 Assessments and Response \| \- Assessments \| \| \| Actions \| and Response \| \| \| \| Actions \| \| \| 4.1.1 Planned Assessments \| \| \| \| \| \- Planned \| \| \| 4.1.2 Assessment Findings and \| Project \| \| \| Corrective Action Responses \| Assessments Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Audit \| \| \| \| Checklists \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \- Assessment \| \| \| \| Findings and \| \| \| \| Corrective Action \| \| \| \| Responses Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 4.2 QA Management Reports \| \- QA Management \| \| \| \| Reports Table \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 4.3 Final Project Report \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| ## Data Review \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 5.1 Overview \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 5.2 Data Review Steps \| \- Verification \| \| \| \| (Step I) Process \| \| \| 5.2.1 Step I: Verification \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.2.2 Step II: Validation \| \- Validation \| \| \| \| (Steps IIa and \| \| \| 5.2.2.1 Step IIa Validation \| IIb) Process \| \| \| Activities \| Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.2.2.2 Step IIb Validation \| \- Validation \| \| \| Activities \| (Steps IIa and \| \| \| \| IIb) Summary \| \| \| 5.2.3 Step III: Usability \| Table \| \| \| Assessment \| \| \| \| \| \- Usability \| \| \| 5.2.3.1 Data Limitations and \| Assessment \| \| \| Actions from Usability \| \| \| \| Assessment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.2.3.2 Activities \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ \| 5.3 Streamlining Data Review \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.3.1 Data Review Steps To Be \| \| \| \| Streamlined \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.3.2 Criteria for \| \| \| \| Streamlining Data Review \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5.3.3 Amounts and Types of \| \| \| \| Data Appropriate for \| \| \| \| Streamlining \| \| \| +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ QAPP Worksheet #3 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.3.1) Revision Number: List those entities to whom copies of the approved Revision Date: QAPP, subsequent QAPP revisions, addenda, and amendments. Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ Distribution List -------------- ----------- ------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------- ------------ QAPP Title Organization Telephone Fax E-mail Document Recipients Number Number Address Control Number -------------- ----------- ------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------- ------------ QAPP Worksheet #4 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.3.2) Revision Number: Have copies of this form signed by key project personnel from each organization Revision Date: to indicate that they have read the applicable sections of the QAPP and will Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ perform the tasks as described. Ask each organization to forward signed sheets to the central project file. Project Personnel Sign-Off Sheet Organization:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --------------- ------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------- Project Title Telephone Signature Date QAPP Personnel Number Read --------------- ------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------- QAPP Worksheet #5 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.1) Revision Number: Identify reporting relationships between all organizations Revision Date: involved in the project, including the lead organization and all contractor and subcontractor Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ organizations. Identify the organizations providing field sampling, on-site and off-site analysis, and data review services, including the names and telephone numbers of all project managers, project team members, and/or project contacts for each organization. Project Organizational Chart ![](media/image4.wmf) QAPP Worksheet #6 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.2) Revision Number: Describe the communication pathways and modes of communication that will Revision Date: be used during the project, after the QAPP has been approved. Describe the procedures Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ for soliciting and/or obtaining approval between project personnel, between different contractors, and between samplers and laboratory staff. Describe the procedure that will be followed when any project activity originally documented in an approved QAPP requires real-time modification to achieve project goals or a QAPP amendment is required. Describe the procedures for stopping work and identify who is responsible. Communication Pathways -------------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ Communication Responsible Name Phone Procedure Drivers Entity Number (Timing, Pathways, etc.) -------------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ QAPP Worksheet #7 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.3) Revision Number: Identify project personnel associated with each organization, contractor, Revision Date: and subcontractor participating in responsible roles. Include data users, Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ decision-makers, project managers, QA officers, project contacts for organizations involved in the project, project health and safety officers, geotechnical engineers and hydrogeologists, field operation personnel, analytical services, and data reviewers. Identify project team members with an asterisk (\). Attach resumes to this worksheet or note the location of the resumes. Personnel Responsibilities and Qualifications Table* -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ------------------ Name Title Organizational Responsibilities Education and Affiliation Experience Qualifications -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ------------------ QAPP Worksheet #8 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.4) Revision Number: Provide the following information for those projects requiring personnel Revision Date: with specialized training. Attach training records and/or certificates to Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ the QAPP or note their location. Special Personnel Training Requirements Table +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| Pr \| Sp \| Tr \| \| *Pe \| \| *Location \| \| oject \| ecialized \| aining \| Trai \| rsonnel \| Pers \| of Training \| \| Funct \| Training \| Prov \| ning \| /Groups \| onnel \| Rec \| \| ion \| -- \| ider \| Da \| Re \| Ti \| ords/Certif \| \| \| \| \| te \| ceiving \| tles/ \| icates^1^ \| \| \| Title \| \| \| Tra \| Orga \| \| \| \| or \| \| \| ining \| nizat \| \| \| \| De \| \| \| \| ional \| \| \| \| scription \| \| \| \| Aff \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| iliat \| \| \| \| Course \| \| \| \| ion \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ ^1^If training records and/or certificates are on file elsewhere, document their location in this column. If training records and/or certificates do not exist or are not available, then this should be noted. QAPP Worksheet #9 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.5.1) Revision Number: Complete this worksheet for each project scoping session held. Revision Date: Identify project team members who are responsible for planning Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ the project. ### Project Scoping Session Participants Sheet +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| Project \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| Name\_\_\_\ \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| S \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| t \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| \| Projected \| \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| Date(s) of \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| Sam \| \| \| m \| \| \| \| \| pling\_\_\_ \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| Project \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| Ma \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| nager\_\_\_ \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_\_ \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \_\_\_\_\_\ \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| _\_\_\_\_** \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| S \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| t \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| e \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| L \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| o \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| c \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| a \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| t \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| i \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| o \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| n \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| _ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| * \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| Date of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Session: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Scoping \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Session \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Purpose: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| Name \| Title \| Affi \| \| Phone \| * \| \| \| \| \| liation \| \| \#** \| E-mail \| Project \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ad \| Role* \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dress \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ Comments/Decisions:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Action Items: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Consensus Decisions: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ QAPP Worksheet #10 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.5.2) Revision Number: Clearly define the problem and the environmental questions that should Revision Date: be answered for the current investigation and develop the project Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ decision "If\..., then\..." statements in the QAPP, linking data results with possible actions. The prompts below are meant to help the project team define the problem. They are not comprehensive. Problem Definition +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| The problem to be addressed by the project: \| \| \| \| The environmental questions being asked: \| \| \| \| Observations from any site reconnaissance reports: \| \| \| \| A synopsis of secondary data or information from site reports: \| \| \| \| The possible classes of contaminants and the affected matrices: \| \| \| \| The rationale for inclusion of chemical and nonchemical analyses: \| \| \| \| Information concerning various environmental indicators: \| \| \| \| Project decision conditions ("If\..., then\..." statements): \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ QAPP Worksheet #11 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.6.1) Revision Number: Use this worksheet to develop project quality objectives (PQOs) in terms of type, quantity, and Revision Date: quality of data determined using a systematic planning process. Provide a detailed discussion Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ of PQOs in the QAPP. List the PQOs in the form of qualitative and quantitative statements. These statements should answer questions such as those listed below. These questions are examples only, however; they are neither inclusive nor appropriate for all projects. Project Quality Objectives/Systematic Planning Process Statements +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Who will use the data? \| \| \| \| What will the data be used for? \| \| \| \| What type of data are needed? (target analytes, analytical groups, \| \| field screening, on-site analytical or off-site laboratory \| \| techniques, sampling techniques) \| \| \| \| How "good" do the data need to be in order to support the \| \| environmental decision? \| \| \| \| How much data are needed? (number of samples for each analytical \| \| group, matrix, and concentration) \| \| \| \| Where, when, and how should the data be collected/generated? \| \| \| \| Who will collect and generate the data? \| \| \| \| How will the data be reported? \| \| \| \| How will the data be archived? \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ QAPP Worksheet #12 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.6.2) Revision Number: Complete this worksheet for each matrix, analytical group, and concentration level. Revision Date: Identify the data quality indicators (DQIs), measurement performance criteria (MPC), Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ and QC sample and/or activity used to assess the measurement performance for both the sampling and analytical measurement systems. Use additional worksheets if necessary. If MPC for a specific DQI vary within an analytical parameter, i.e., MPC are analyte-specific, then provide analyte-specific MPC on an additional worksheet. Measurement Performance Criteria Table ----------------- ----------------- ------------ --------------- --------------- -------------- Matrix Analytical Group^1^ Concentration Level Sampling Analytical Data Measurement QC Sample QC Sample Procedure^2^ Method/SOP^3^ Quality Performance and/or Activity Assesses Error Indicators Criteria Used to Assess for Sampling (DQIs) Measurement (S), Performance Analytical (A) or both (S&A) ----------------- ----------------- ------------ --------------- --------------- -------------- ^1^If information varies within an analytical group, separate by individual analyte. ^2^Reference number from QAPP Worksheet #21 (see Section 3.1.2). ^3^Reference number from QAPP Worksheet #23 (see Section 3.2). QAPP Worksheet #13 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.7) Revision Number: Identify all secondary data and information that will be used for Revision Date: the project and their originating sources. Specify how the secondary data Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ will be used and the limitations on their use. Secondary Data Criteria and Limitations Table** +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| * \| Data \| Data \| How Data \| \| \| Secondary \| Source* \| Ge \| Will Be \| Limitations \| \| Data \| \| nerator(s) \| Used \| on Data \| \| \| \| \| \| Use \| \| \| (Originating \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| (Originating \| \| \| \| \| rganization, \| Org., Data \| \| \| \| \| Report \| Types, Data \| \| \| \| \| Title, and \| Generatio \| \| \| \| \| Date) \| n/Collection \| \| \| \| \| \| Dates) \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ QAPP Worksheet #14 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.1) Revision Number: Provide a brief overview of the listed project activities. Revision Date: Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ Summary of Project Tasks QAPP Worksheet #15 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.1) Revision Number: Complete this worksheet for each matrix, analytical group, and concentration Revision Date: level. Identify the target analytes/contaminants of concern and project-required Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ action limits. Next, determine the quantitation limits (QLs) that must be met to achieve the project quality objectives. Finally, list the published and achievable detection and quantitation limits for each analyte. Reference Limits and Evaluation Table Matrix: Analytical Group: Concentration Level: +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| An \| CAS \| P \| P \| Anal \| \| #### \| \| \| alyte \| Num \| roject \| roject \| ytical \| \| Achie \| \| \| \| ber \| Action \| Quanti \| Metho \| \| vable \| \| \| \| \| L \| tation \| d^1^ \| \| Labora \| \| \| \| \| imit \| Limit \| \| \| tory L \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| imits2 \| \| \| \| \| * \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (appl \| (appl \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| icable \| icable \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| un \| un \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| its) \| its) \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| ### \| ### \| ### \| ## \| \| \| \| \| \| # MDLs \| # Meth \| # MDLs \| ## QLs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| od QLs \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Analytical MDLs and QLs are those documented in validated methods. ^2^Achievable MDLs and QLs are limits that an individual laboratory can achieve when performing a specific analytical method. QAPP Worksheet #16 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.2) Revision Number: List all project activities as well as the QA assessments that will be Revision Date: performed during the course of the project. Include the anticipated start and Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ completion dates. Project Schedule/Timeline Table +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| Act \| Organ \| Dates \| \| Deli \| De \| \| ivities \| ization \| (MM \| \| verable \| liverable \| \| \| \| /DD/YY) \| \| \| Due \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Date \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| An \| An \| \| \| \| \| \| ticipated \| ticipated \| \| \| \| \| \| Date(s) \| Date of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Com \| \| \| \| \| \| of \| pletion \| \| \| \| \| \| Ini \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tiation \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ QAPP Worksheet #17 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) Revision Number: Describe the project sampling approach. Provide the rationale Revision Date: for selecting sample locations and matrices for each Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ analytical group and concentration level. Sampling Design and Rationale +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Describe and provide a rationale for choosing the sampling approach \| \| (e.g., grid system, biased statistical approach): \| \| \| \| Describe the sampling design and rationale in terms of what matrices \| \| will be sampled, what analytical groups will be analyzed and at what \| \| concentration levels, the sampling locations (including QC, critical, \| \| and background samples), the number of samples to be taken, and the \| \| sampling frequency (including seasonal considerations) \[May refer to \| \| map or Worksheet #18 for details\]: \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ QAPP Worksheet #18 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) Revision Number: List all site locations that will be sampled and include sample ID number, Revision Date: If available. (Provide a range of sampling locations or ID numbers if a site Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ has a large number.) Specify matrix and, if applicable, depth at which samples will be taken. Only a short reference for the sampling location rationale is necessary for the table. The text of the QAPP should clearly identify the detailed rationale associated with each reference. Complete all required information, using additional worksheets if necessary. ##### Sampling Locations and Methods/SOP Requirements Table +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Sa \| Ma \| D \| Anal \| C \| \| Sa \| Rat \| \| mpling \| trix \| epth \| ytical \| oncent \| Number \| mpling \| ionale \| \| Locat \| \| \| G \| ration \| of \| SOP \| for \| \| ion/ID \| \| (un \| roup \| L \| S \| Re \| Sa \| \| Nu \| \| its) \| \| evel \| amples \| ferenc \| mpling \| \| mber \| \| \| \| \| (id \| e^1^ \| Loca \| \| \| \| \| \| \| entify \| \| tion \| \| \| \| \| \| \| field \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| d \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| uplica \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| tes) \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Specify the appropriate letter or number from the Project Sampling SOP References table (Worksheet #21). QAPP Worksheet #19 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) Revision Number: For each matrix, analytical group, and concentration level, list the analytical Revision Date: and preparation method/SOP and associated sample volume, container Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ specifications, preservation requirements, and maximum holding time. Analytical SOP Requirements Table +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| Ma \| Anal \| C \| Anal \| \| Cont \| \| M \| \| trix \| ytical \| oncent \| ytical \| Sample \| ainers \| Preser \| aximum \| \| \| G \| ration \| and \| Vo \| (n \| vation \| H \| \| \| roup \| L \| Prepa \| lume \| umber, \| Requir \| olding \| \| \| \| evel \| ration \| \| size, \| ements \| Time \| \| \| \| \| Meth \| \| and \| (che \| (pr \| \| \| \| \| od/SOP \| \| t \| mical, \| eparat \| \| \| \| \| Re \| \| ype) \| temper \| ion/ \| \| \| \| \| ferenc \| \| \| ature, \| \| \| \| \| \| e^1^** \| \| \| light \| * \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| protec \| analy \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ted)* \| sis) \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). QAPP Worksheet #20 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) Revision Number: Summarize by matrix, analytical group, and concentration level Revision Date: the number of field QC samples that will be collected and sent to Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ the laboratory. Field Quality Control Sample Summary Table <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Matrix</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Analytical Group</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Concentration Level</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Analytical and Preparation SOP Reference<sup>1</sup></strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Sampling Locations<sup>2</sup></strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Field Duplicate Pairs</strong></td> <td><h2 id="inorganic">Inorganic</h2></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Field Blanks</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Equip. Blanks</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of PT Samples</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><h2 id="total-no.-of-samples-to-lab">Total No. of Samples to Lab</h2></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><strong>No. of MS</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). ^2^If samples will be collected at different depths at the same location, count each discrete sampling depth as a separate sampling location or station. QAPP Worksheet #21 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.2) Revision Number: List all SOPs associated with project sampling including, but not limited to, Revision Date: sample collection, sample preservation, equipment cleaning and decontamination, Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ equipment testing, inspection and maintenance, supply inspection and acceptance, and sample handling and custody. Include copies of the SOPs as attachments or reference all in the QAPP. Sequentially number sampling SOP references in the Reference Number column. The reference number can be used throughout the QAPP to refer to a specific SOP. ### Project Sampling SOP References Table +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| Title, Revision \| O \| Equ \| Mo \| Com \| \| Ref \| Date and/or \| riginating \| ipment \| dified \| ments \| \| ere \| Number \| Orga \| Type \| for \| \| \| nce \| \| nization \| \| \| \| \| Nu \| \| \| \| P \| \| \| mbe \| \| \| \| roject \| \| \| r \| \| \| \| W \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ork? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ( \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Y/N) \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ QAPP Worksheet #22 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.2.4) Revision Number: Identify all field equipment and instruments (other than analytical instrumentation) Revision Date: that require calibration, maintenance, testing, or inspection and provide the SOP Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ reference number for each type of equipment. In addition, document the frequency of activity, acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. Field Equipment Calibration, Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- Field Calibration Maintenance Testing Inspection Frequency Acceptance Corrective Responsible SOP Equipment Activity Activity Activity Activity Criteria Action Person Reference^1^ ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Project Sampling SOP References table (Worksheet #21). QAPP Worksheet #23 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.1) Revision Number: List all SOPs that will be used to perform on-site or off-site analysis. Indicate Revision Date: whether the procedure produces screening or definitive data. Sequentially number Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ analytical SOP references in the Reference Number column. Include copies of the SOPs as attachments or reference in the QAPP. The reference number can be used throughout the QAPP to refer to a specific SOP. Analytical SOP References Table +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| R \| * \| Def \| Ana \| Instr \| Organ \| *M \| \| efer \| Title, \| initive \| lytical \| ument \| ization \| odified \| \| ence \| R \| or \| Group \| \| Per \| for \| \| Numb \| evision \| Sc \| \| \| forming \| Project \| \| er \| Date, \| reening \| \| \| Ana \| Work? \| \| \| and/or \| Data \| \| \| lysis \| \| \| \| N \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| umber \| \| \| \| \| (Y/N) \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ QAPP Worksheet #24 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.2) Revision Number: Identify all analytical instrumentation that requires calibration and provide Revision Date: the SOP reference number for each. In addition, document the frequency, Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. ### Analytical Instrument Calibration Table ---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------- Instrument Calibration Frequency of Acceptance Corrective Person SOP Procedure Calibration Criteria Action (CA) Responsible Reference^1^ for CA ---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). QAPP Worksheet #25 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.3) Revision Number: Identify all analytical instrumentation that requires maintenance, testing, or inspection Revision Date: and provide the SOP reference number for each. In addition, document the Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ frequency, acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. ### Analytical Instrument and Equipment Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- Instrument/ Maintenance Testing Inspection Frequency Acceptance Corrective Responsible SOP Equipment Activity Activity Activity Criteria Action Person Reference^1^ --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). QAPP Worksheet #26 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Appendix A) Revision Number: Use this worksheet to identify components of the project-specific sample handling system. Revision Date: Record personnel, and their organizational affiliations, who are primarily responsible for Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ ensuring proper handling, custody, and storage of field samples from the time of collection, to laboratory delivery, to final sample disposal. Indicate the number of days field samples and their extracts/digestates will be archived prior to disposal. Sample Handling System ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SAMPLE COLLECTION, PACKAGING, AND SHIPMENT Sample Collection (Personnel/Organization): Sample Packaging (Personnel/Organization): Coordination of Shipment (Personnel/Organization): Type of Shipment/Carrier: SAMPLE RECEIPT AND ANALYSIS Sample Receipt (Personnel/Organization): Sample Custody and Storage (Personnel/Organization): Sample Preparation (Personnel/Organization): Sample Determinative Analysis (Personnel/Organization): SAMPLE ARCHIVING Field Sample Storage (No. of days from sample collection): Sample Extract/Digestate Storage (No. of days from extraction/digestion): Biological Sample Storage (No. of days from sample collection): SAMPLE DISPOSAL Personnel/Organization: Number of Days from Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- QAPP Worksheet #27 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.3.3) Revision Number: Describe the procedures that will be used to maintain sample custody and Revision Date: integrity. Include examples of chain-of-custody forms, traffic reports, sample Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ identification, custody seals, laboratory sample receipt forms, and laboratory sample transfer forms. Attach or reference applicable SOPs. Sample Custody Requirements +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Field Sample Custody Procedures (sample collection, packaging, \| \| shipment, and delivery to laboratory): \| \| \| \| Laboratory Sample Custody Procedures (receipt of samples, archiving, \| \| disposal): \| \| \| \| Sample Identification Procedures: \| \| \| \| Chain-of-custody Procedures: \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ QAPP Worksheet #28 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.4) Revision Number: Complete a separate worksheet for each sampling technique, analytical method/SOP, Revision Date: matrix, analytical group, and concentration level. If method/SOP QC acceptance Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ limits exceed the measurement performance criteria, the data obtained may be unusable for making project decisions. QC Samples Table --------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------- -------------- ------- ------------- -------- ----------- -------- --------------- ----------- Matrix Analytical Group Concentration Level Sampling SOP Analytical Method/ SOP Reference Sampler's Name Field Sampling Organization Analytical Organization No. of Sample Locations QC Sample: Frequency/Number Method/SOP Corrective Person(s) Data Measurement QC Acceptance Action Responsible Quality Performance Limits for Indicator Criteria Corrective (DQI) Action --------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------- -------------- ------- ------------- -------- ----------- -------- --------------- ----------- QAPP Worksheet #29 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.5.1) Revision Number: Identify the documents and records that will be generated for all aspects of the Revision Date: project including, but not limited to, sample collection and field measurement, Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ on-site and off-site analysis, and data assessment. Project Documents and Records Table -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Sample On-site Off-site Data Other Collection Analysis Analysis Assessment Documents and Documents and Documents and Documents and Records Records Records Records -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- QAPP Worksheet #30 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.5.2.3) Revision Number: Identify all laboratories or organizations that will provide analytical services Revision Date: for the project, including on-site screening, on-site definitive, and off-site Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ laboratory analytical work. Group by matrix, analytical group, concentration, and sample location or ID number. If applicable, identify the subcontractor laboratories and backup laboratory or organization that will be used if the primary laboratory or organization cannot be used. Analytical Services Table +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| An \| C \| S \| \| * \| Laborat \| Backup \| \| Matr \| alyt \| once \| ample \| Analy \| Data \| ory/Organ \| Laborat \| \| ix* \| ical \| ntra \| Lo \| tical \| Pa \| ization \| ory/Organ \| \| \| Gro \| tion \| catio \| SOP \| ckage \| \| ization \| \| \| up \| Lev \| ns/ID \| \| Turna \| (Name \| \| \| \| \| el \| Numb \| \| round \| and \| (Name \| \| \| \| \| ers \| \| T \| Address, \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ime \| Contact \| Address, \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Person \| Contact \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and \| Person \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Telephone \| and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number) \| Telephone \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number) \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ QAPP Worksheet #31 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 4.1.1) Revision Number: Identify the type, frequency, and responsible parties of Revision Date: planned assessment activities that will be performed for the project. Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ Planned Project Assessments Table -------------- --------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- Assessment Frequency Internal Organization Person(s) Person(s) Person(s) Person(s) Type or Performing Responsible for Responsible for Responsible for Responsible for External Assessment Performing Responding to Identifying and Monitoring Assessment Assessment Implementing Effectiveness of (Title and Findings (Title Corrective CA (Title and Organizational and Actions (CA) Organizational Affiliation) Organizational (Title and Affiliation) Affiliation) Organizational Affiliation) -------------- --------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- QAPP Worksheet #32 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 4.1.2) Revision Number: For each type of assessment describe procedures for handling Revision Date: QAPP and project deviations encountered during the planned Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ project assessments. Assessment Findings and Corrective Action Responses -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------- Assessment Nature of Individual(s) Timeframe of Nature of Individual(s) Timeframe Type Deficiencies Notified of Notification Corrective Receiving for Documentation Findings (Name, Action Response Corrective Action Response Title, Documentation Response (Name, Organization) Title, Org.) -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------- QAPP Worksheet #33 Title: (UFP QAPP Manual Section 4.2) Revision Number: Identify the frequency and type of planned QA Management Revision Date: Reports, the project delivery dates, the personnel responsible Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ for report preparation, and the report recipients. QA Management Reports Table +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| Type of \| Frequency \| Projected \| Person(s) \| Report \| \| Report \| (daily, \| Delivery \| Responsible \| R \| \| \| weekly \| Date(s) \| for Report \| ecipient(s) \| \| \| monthly, \| \| Preparation \| (Title \| \| \| quarterly, \| \| (Title and \| \| \| \| annually, \| \| Org \| and \| \| \| etc.) \| \| anizational \| Org \| \| \| \| \| Aff \| anizational \| \| \| \| \| iliation) \| Aff \| \| \| \| \| \| iliation) \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ \| \| \| \| \| \| +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ QAPP Worksheet #34 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.1) Revision Number: Describe the processes that will be followed to verify project data. Revision Date: Manual (Section 5.1). Describe how each item will be verified, when Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** the activity will occur, and what documentation is necessary, and identify the person responsible. Internal or external is in relation to the data generator. Verification (Step I) Process Table ---------------- --------------------------------- ------------- ----------------- Verification Description Internal/ Responsible for Input External Verification (Name, Organization) ---------------- --------------------------------- ------------- ----------------- QAPP Worksheet #35 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.2) Revision Number: Describe the processes that will be followed to validate project data. Revision Date: Validation inputs include items such as those listed in Table 9 Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ of the UFP-QAPP Manual (Section 5.1). Describe how each item will be validated, when the activity will occur, and what documentation is necessary and identify the person responsible. Differentiate between steps IIa and IIb of validation. Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Process Table ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------- Step Validation Description Responsible for IIa/IIb Input Validation (Name, Organization) ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------- QAPP Worksheet #36 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.2) Revision Number: Identify the matrices, analytical groups, and concentration levels that each Revision Date: entity performing validation will be responsible for, as well as criteria Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ that will be used to validate those data. Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Summary Table ----------- ------------ -------------- ----------------- -------------- ---------------- Step Matrix Analytical Concentration Validation Data Validator IIa/IIb Group Level Criteria (title and organizational affiliation) ----------- ------------ -------------- ----------------- -------------- ---------------- QAPP Worksheet #37 Title: (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.3) Revision Number: Describe the procedures/methods/activities that will be used to Revision Date: determine whether data are of the right type, quality, and quantity Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_ to support environmental decision-making for the project. Describe how data quality issues will be addressed and how limitations on the use of the data will be handled. Usability Assessment +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Summarize the usability assessment process and all procedures, \| \| including interim steps and any statistics, equations, and computer \| \| algorithms that will be used: \| \| \| \| Describe the evaluative procedures used to assess overall \| \| measurement error associated with the project: \| \| \| \| Identify the personnel responsible for performing the usability \| \| assessment: \| \| \| \| Describe the documentation that will be generated during usability \| \| assessment and how usability assessment results will be presented \| \| \| \| so that they identify trends, relationships (correlations), and \| \| anomalies: \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+	en
markdown	516440	# Presentation: 516440 ## IT Security Policy for Remote System Scanning and Patching - IT Security Committee - Presented to the CIO Council - February 6th, 2007 ## Outline - Purpose - Issue - Background - Alternatives - Recommendation - Backup Slides ## Purpose - Present results of the ITSC review of current IT Security policy to ensure that is sufficient for securing remote devices. - Options for additional policy for “on-access” scanning of remote devices when they connect to NOAA networks - Implementation assessment of additional policy (including cost and potential benefits) ## Background - Carl Staton and the NOAA CIO Council tasked IT Security Committee with evaluation of additional vulnerability scanning requirements on 08/22/06 - Presentation to CIO Council due 01/16/07 moved back due to CIO Council scheduling considerations until 02/06/07 ## Issue - Current vulnerability scanning requirements require remote devices to be scanned, but do not include “on-access” vulnerability scanning g) Remote Devices – Devices that connect indirectly to NOAA local area networks or NOAA-controlled wide area networks. Typically include dial-up modems and 3rd** party Internet connections to access NOAA networks. * i. All remote devices shall have corrective actions performed within time frame set by the vulnerability priority level. ii. Devices that cannot have corrective action performed within the allocated time frame should be denied access until such time as corrective action is performed. iii. Access to corrective action resources may be allowed if the connection established is limited by system controls to only those resources necessary to perform the required corrective action. ** Draft NOAA IT Security Manual update to NAO212-1300* ## Alternatives - Status Quo – - Quarterly vulnerability scanning of all devices including remote device - Alternative One – Broad Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring ALL remote devices to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two* connections to NOAA Networks & provide a licensing for scanning software - Alternative Two – Targeted Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two* connections to NOAA Networks & allow each system to implement scanning software as appropriate - * Tier 2 remote access is define by the DOC IT Security Program Policy Appendix D, section 4 as that where, “basic user privileges are allowed to access systems processing or storing non-national security information _inside the inner DOC firewalls and internal to the DOC computing environment _ ## Status Quo - The current version of the Draft NOAA IT Security Manual requires quarterly vulnerability scanning of all devices including remote devices - Scanning is not required before remote devices access NOAA Networks - Pros - Current policy draft has been vetted through all levels of the organization over the last three months - No additional resources requested - All DOC owned devices are required to be scanned quarterly - Cons - Systems are not scanned for vulnerabilities before connection to NOAA Networks - Corrective actions may not be validated in an automated fashion within the time frame for responding to a vulnerability (corrective actions may have been perform with manual validation) - Personally owned equipment used for remote access is not scanned at all ## Alternative One – Broad Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring ALL remote devices to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two connections to NOAA Networks & provide a licensing for scanning software iv. All remote devices shall be scanned for vulnerabilities before accessing NOAA networks to validate that corrective actions have performed as required. - Pros - Validation of corrective actions before potentially vulnerable systems are connected to NOAA networks - Software for performing “On Access” vulnerability scanning generally provides additional security benefits (see Backup Slide 1) - Validation of controls applied to all NOAA systems - Cons - Additional Software costs ~$313k (see Backup Slide 1) - Policy and Tool implementation time and resources - Running a scanning tool may affect performance of the end user device ## Alternative Two – Targeted Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two connection to NOAA Networks & allow each system to implement scanning software as appropriate iv. All remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems shall be scanned for vulnerabilities before accessing NOAA networks to validate that corrective actions have performed as required. - Pros - Validation of corrective actions before potentially vulnerable systems are connected to “High” or “Moderate” impact NOAA networks - Software for performing “On Access” vulnerability scanning generally provides additional security benefits (see Backup Slide 1) - Resources applied to systems with a greater level of security sensitivity - Cons - Additional Software costs ~$265k (see Backup Slide 1) - Policy and Tool implementation time and resources - Running a scanning tool may affect performance of the end user device ## Recommendation - Maintain Status Quo - Meets for current DOC and NOAA Policy requirements - Current policy requirement to scan all devices quarterly - IT Security priorities focusing on C&A and 800-53 controls - Minimal reduction of risk to systems (low % of incidents) - Recommendation for more comprehensive identification of Remote Access concerns to be addressed (inventory, authentication, auditing, and PII) - Recommendation approved by NOAA IT Security Committee - All LO representatives present agreed on the recommendation - NMAO and NESDIS were not present for the vote - No dissenting opinions ## Backup Slide 1 – “On Access” Scanning Software - Several “On Access” vulnerability scanning software packages available including products by Harris, Cisco, SAINT, & BigFix - For cost estimate purposes we used _Blink by eEye Digital_ - eEye’s Retina Vulnerability Scanning product in use by the IG - _[http://eeye.com/html/products/blink/index.html](http://eeye.com/html/products/blink/index.html)_ Capabilities Cost - Protocol based intrusion prevention - Anti-spyware technology - Anti-Phishing and Identity theft protection - System & Application firewall - Local vulnerability assessment based on - eEye's _[Retina® Network Security Scanner](http://eeye.com/html/products/retina/index.html)_ - Policy-based application and process control - Policy-based control over USB and other - removable storage devices - Attack and event reporting to _[REM Management Console](http://eeye.com/html/products/REM/index.html)_ - - Broad Policy assumes coverage for 13,000 laptops based on laptop numbers reported for encryption effort - - Targeted Policy assumes coverage for 11,000 laptops based on the percentage of High and Moderate systems within NOAA (111 out of 134)	en
all-txt-docs	260529	----------------------.------ llll-------Ml-^_ i THE ADVANCING SUFFRAGE CAUSE. ' I It is undeniable that Saturday's \ parade of the woman suffragists impressed all who beheld it./ Not that it was a great parade in the sense of numbers, for New York has beheld many fifteen, or twenty times the size. Nor did it haye the picturesqueness which has made of the London suffrage demonstra-i tions such wonderful pageants, armies with Banners, of which it has been writ-, ten that they were like mediaeval festi-' vals, "vivid with simple grandeur, alive with, ancient dignity." But the same ; earnestness actuated the New York women who personified their protest on Saturday. How they would be received, most of them did not know; To New York's credit be it said that the crowds were as respectfully silent or as friendly to the women marchers as the great London throngs who went to scoff and jeer and found it impossible to do so, because of the impressiveness of the scene and t.hfi nnwfir nf t.lia anneal in the cause itself. ,And Saturday's marchers, we are sure, felt elated and inspired by the privilege of displaying their devotion to the cause under their veteran leaders, In the years to come, if there are still years of battling for the suffragists, this parade will, we hope, become one of the features of the city's life. The numbers, the color, and. the picturesqueness will be added, in time and with experience, while the democratic features will not disappear. For tfye significance of Saturday's demonstration was double. Not only did it i recall to the beholders the ctknplete entrance of women into industrial life and economic activities whereby they come into competition with men fortified by the special privilege of the ballot, but it was essentially a democratic parade in that women of great wealth and women .wage earners and those in the whole range between were brought together by the in-! npiration of a common ideathe exten- sion of the right of self-governmentTI Those persons read amiss the signs I of the times and of history who believe that a movement with this i purpose can be ignored or hooted down: It has- the irresistible power of a glacier, however slowly it may seem to move at times. But, so far as the woman suffrage cause is concerned, its progress nowadays is marvellously fast, for those whose recollections of it antedate the militant movement in England.^ Not only has another State lately been won, but in four others the question is to be submitted to the people in November next. In several others outside o the conservative East, notably South :j Dakota, the battle was lost in. the Legislature only by the narrowest of mar-' gins, and everywhere the agitation for it goes on unceasingly. Unless it be Socialism, there is no other radical political doctrine so warmly and widely discussed to-day, and, like Socialism, wo-man suffrage wins many of its triumphs	en
converted_docs	821962	[Lamar Institute of Technology -- Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security and Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security]{.underline} Lamar Institute of Technology is offering an Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security. The Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security and the Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security provides standardized education and training with real world solutions to Homeland Security. The Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security combines disciplines in computer security, corrections, emergency medical, emergency management, fire technology, law enforcement, and private security. Lamar Institute of Technology is the first college in the State of Texas approved by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer an Associate of Applied Science degree and one year certificate in Homeland Security. [Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security Curriculum]{.underline} 1^st^ Year 1^st^ Semester: HMSY 1371 Introduction to Homeland Security 3:2:2 HMSY 1372 Understanding & Combating Terrorism 3:2:3 EMSP 1501 Emergency Medical Technician - Basic 5:3:6 EMSP 1160 Emergency Medical Services -- Clinical 1:0:6 ENGL 1301 Composition 3:3:0 SOCI 1302 Sociology 3:3:0 Total - 17:13:11 2nd Semester HMSY 1373 Weapons of Mass Destruction 3:2:2 CJLE 1394 Special Topics in Law Enforcement 3:2:2 HMSY 1374 Homeland Security Intelligence Ops 3:2:2 HMSY 1375 Critical Infrastructure Protection 3:3:2 COSC 1301 Microcomputer Application 3:3:0 HUMA 1315 Arts & Society 3:3:0 Total - 18:15:8 2nd Year 3rd Semester CJLE 2247 Tactical Skills for Police 2:1:4 FIRT 1347 Industrial Fire Protection 3:3:0 HMSY 1376 Homeland Security Emergency Communications Management 3:3:2 HMSY 1377 Homeland Security Contingency Planning 3:2:4 CJLE 1211 Basic Firearms 2:1:2 MATH 1332 College Mathematics 3:3:0 SPEC 1311 Fundamental of Public Speaking 3:3:0 Total - 19:16:12 4th Semester ITSY 1342 Information Technology Security \\ 3:2:2 ITSY 1300 Fundamental of Information Security\\ 3:2:2 SLPS 1391 Special Topics in Security & Loss Prevention 3:2:3 HMSY 2378 Managing a Unified Incident Command 3:2:4 CJCR 1307 LE-Correctional Systems \\ 3:2:4 Total - 15:10:15 \\ May be substituted for criminal justice or fire technology electives Electives: CJCR1300 LE-Basic Jail Course 3:3:0 CJLE 1358 Rights of Prisoners 3:3:0 CJCR2325 Legal Aspects of Corrections 3:3:2 CRIJ1301 Introduction to Criminal Justice 3:3:0 CRIJ1307 Crime in America 3:3:0 CJIJ1310 Fundamentals of Criminal Law 3:3:0 FIRT1301 Fundaments of Fire Protection 3:3:0 FIRT1303 Fire and Arson Investigation I 3:3:0 FIRT1338 Fire Protection Systems 3:3:0 [Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security]{.underline} Recommend Program of Study: 1^st^ Year, First Semester EMSP 1160 Clinical -- EMSP -- Introductory 1:0:6 EMSP 1501 Emergency Medical Technician-Basic 5:4:6 HMSY 1371 Introduction to Homeland Security 3:2:2 HMSY 1372 Understanding & Combating Terrorism 3:2:3 First Year, Second Semester CJLE 1394 Special Topics in Law Enforcement 3:2:2 HMSY 1373 Weapons of Mass Destruction 3:2:2 HMSY 1374 Homeland Security Intelligence Ops 3:2:2 HMSY 1375 Critical Infrastructure Protection 3:3:2 Lamar Institute of Technology (LIT) is a member of The Texas State University System and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission. LIT is the first college in Texas to receive approval from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer continuing education certificates in Homeland Security. For more information: > Contact: Chief Jim Doane, LIT Director, Homeland Security & Criminal > Justice Training > > Lamar Institute of Technology - Associate of Applied Science Degree > > 855 East Lavaca, P O Box 10043 > > Beaumont, Texas 77710 > > Phone: (409) 880-8293 > > Fax: (409) 880-2106 > > Email: <doanej@lit.edu> > > Additional Information: > [www.lit.edu/currentlinks.asp?PageID-153](http://www.lit.edu/currentlinks.asp?PageID-153) > > Additional Phone: (800) 518-2728 > > Updated: 11/09/05	en
converted_docs	282230	NCI Mammary Mouse Models Collective (MMMC) Minutes of Meeting---November 19, 2003 Building 41, Conference Room 507 1:15 p.m.--2:30 p.m. Next Meeting: December 8, 2003 Mouse Models of Mammary Cancer Retreat Marriott Washingtonian Center, Gaithersburg. 8:30 a.m. -- 5:30 p.m. ##### ACTION ITEMS: ### MMMC Members - Notify Jeff Green (<jg155c@nih.gov>) of the names of potential MMMC seminar speakers. - Send abstracts for the MMMC Retreat to Valerie Sanders (sanderva@mail.nih.gov) as soon as possible. ##### UPDATES AND NEW BUSINESS: ### Overview of MMMC-Interfaculty Retreat Dr. Green presented a brief overview of the upcoming retreat at the Marriott Washingtonian Center in Gaithersburg on December 8. The agenda, details on submitting abstracts, and other general information about the meeting, can be found at the following Web site: <http://www.palladianpartners.com/MMMammary/default.asp> ### Upcoming Seminar Dr. Andras Nagy will be the guest speaker at the January 14, 2004, meeting of the MMMC at 1 p.m. in the NIH Building 41 conference room. The seminar will be broadcast to the Lombardi Cancer Center, NCI-Frederick, and the Key West Center. ##### SEMINAR: ## Novel Signaling in Breast Cancer---Dr. Mien-Chie Hung, Chairman, Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas. Dr. Hung began by explaining that the first part of his talk would focus on "traditional" cell signaling, while the second part would be on more novel concepts in membrane signaling. He presented data from recent studies in his lab examining the relationship between the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her2/neu; erbB2) and the tumor suppressor p53. Her2/neu is an oncogene encoding a transmembrane receptor, tyrosine kinase. Overexpression of Her2/neu confers resistance to apoptosis, promotes cell growth, and is associated with poor clinical outcome in many human cancers. Regarding its mechanism of activity, earlier work had demonstrated that Her2/neu activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI(3)K)-Akt pathway, thus preventing cells from undergoing apoptosis. NIH3T3 cells overexpressing Her2/neu (Her2/neu 3T3 cells) are resistant to the DNA-damaging agent etoposide, while cells overexpressing Her2/neu and an inactive Akt protein (DN-Akt 3T3 cells) undergo etoposide-induced apoptosis. The protein p53 induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage of this sort. Blockage of the Akt pathway with PI(3)K inhibitors does not affect survival in either wild type or p53^-^/^-^ cells, but it dramatically increases the sensitization to etoposide in wild type cells---measured as lower cell activity and greater apoptosis---demonstrating that p53 is essential for etoposide-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, an intact Akt pathway seems to be required for Her2/neu-mediated chemoresistance, and there appears to be a relationship between Akt and p53 in etoposide-induced apoptosis. Additional evidence for this relationship is that DN-Akt 3T3 cells, unlike Her2/neu 3T3 cells, express elevated levels of p53 and that these levels increase following exposure to etoposide Dr. Hung reminded the audience that p53 levels are regulated by the interaction of several proteins, including MDM2, p300, and p19^ARF^. In unstressed cells, MDM2 binds p53, resulting in p53 ubiquitination, transport to the cytoplasm, and degradation. Following DNA damage, MDM2 is unable to bind p53 to facilitate nuclear export; consequently, levels of p53 rise. Nuclear accumulation of p53 was seen in DN-Akt 3T3 cells treated with etoposide---but not in Her2/neu 3T3 cells---implicating Akt in p53-MDM2 interaction. To allow p53 accumulation in the nucleus of Her2/neu 3T3 cells, nuclear export was inhibited by Leptomycin B. The p53 protein obtained from Her2/neu 3T3 cells, but not from DN-Akt 3T3 cells, was ubiquitinated. Further experiments demonstrated that Akt binds and phosphorylates MDM2 at two sites, Ser166 and Ser188, close to sequences crucial for the cellular location of MDM2; immunofluorescence staining showed that MDM2 is almost exclusively nuclear in Her2/neu 3T3 cells, while it is both nuclear and cytoplasmic in the DN-Akt 3T3 cells. Dr. Hung explained that this would suggest that Akt must phosphorylate MDM2 for it to be translocated to the nucleus. The phosphorylation state of MDM2 also affects its ability to bind p300 or p19^ARF^. Phosphorylated MDM2 binds p300, resulting in increased p53 degradation, while nonphosphorylated MDM2 binds p19^ARF^, inhibiting MDM2's ubiquitin-ligase activity and, thus, stabilizing p53. Dr. Hung emphasized how blocking the Her2/neu-Akt pathway to prevent the nuclear translocation of MDM2 has clinical implications for increasing the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging drugs. Dr. Hung concluded the first part of his presentation by describing how Her2/neu overexpression and subsequent activation of the Akt pathway promotes cell growth. Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21^Cip1/WAF1^ results in cytoplasmic localization and allows interaction with caspase 3 and apoptosis-signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), thus inducing resistance to apoptosis. Nuclear p21^Cip1/WAF1^, however, inhibits cell growth. The cellular localization of p21^Cip1/WAF1^ is clinically relevant, as Dr. Hung presented evidence correlating significantly greater survival in cancer patients with nuclear rather than cytoplasmic p21^Cip1/WAF1^ expression. In the second part of his talk, Dr. Hung discussed the nuclear localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its potential role as a transcription factor. A paper published by his group in 1994 showed that the Her2/neu-encoded protein p185 is localized in the nucleus and that its C-terminal domain possesses transcriptional activity when used as "bait" in the yeast two-hybrid system (Xie and Hung, BBRC 203; 1589-98). This was the first published report that a membrane-receptor tyrosine kinase had transcriptional activity. Work has since begun to address the function of nuclear EGFR. Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that EGFR is found in the nuclei of highly proliferating cells as well as those of tumor cells and that the C-terminal domain of EGFR is associated with strong transcriptional activity (see Lin et al., Nat. Cell Biol. (2001) 3:802-808). Dr. Hung explained that the cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing) technique was employed to determine whether the EGFR bound directly to DNA and to identify its DNA-binding site. An AT-rich minimal consensus sequence (ATRS) was identified and subsequently confirmed as an EGFR-binding site using gel-shift assays. Because EGFR was found in the nucleus of highly proliferative cells, Dr. Hung explained that its targets might be genes involved in cell growth; two ATRS consensus sequences were subsequently identified in the cyclin D1 promoter. A reporter gene containing the two ATRS sequences derived from the cyclin D1 promoter was activated in vitro by EGF treatment. Dr. Hung also presented chromatin immunoprecipitation results showing that EGFR was physically associated with the cyclin D1 promoter, confirming that cyclin D1 expression is regulated by EGFR. Dr. Hung concluded that further studies are required to explain how EGFR is translocated into the nucleus and to define the involvement of its ligand in regulating DNA-binding and transcriptional activation. He indicated that the mechanism involved may be common to many other transmembrane receptors that have also been found in the nucleus, such as FGFR, IL-1R, and c-erbB-4. He closed his presentation by speculating on how transmembrane receptors physically translocate to the nucleus. ATTENDANCE: Dalit Barkan Xavier Coumoul Chuxia Deng Lionel Feigenbaum Jeff Green Morihisa Hirota Jung-Im Huh Kent Hunter Sonia Jakowlew Mindy Lancaster Wenmei Li Luanne Lukes Cristina Montagna Tri Nguyen Thomas Ried Gertraud Robinson David Salomon Valerie Sanders Youping Sun Binwu Tang Lalage Wakefield Weihan Wang Yumei Ye ######## NOVA Research Company Mel Simpson	en
converted_docs	168099	Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau The FCC launched its new Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. The bureau, which officially began operations on Monday, September 25, 2006, will develop, recommend, and administer the agency\'s policies pertaining to public safety communications issues including 911 and E911, operability and interoperability of public safety communications, communications infrastructure protection, and network security and reliability. The new bureau also will act as a clearinghouse for public safety communications information and take the lead on emergency response issues.	en
all-txt-docs	076107	so BOOTS AND SADDLES. general to leave his bed. It was growing dark, and we were in the midst of a Dakota blizzard. The snow was so fine that it penetrated the smallest cracks, and soon we found white lines appearing all around us, where the roof joined the walls, on the windows and under the doors. Outside the air was so thick with the whirling, tiny particles that it was almost impossible to see one's hand held out before one. The snow was fluffy and thick, like wool, and fell so rapidly, and seemingly from all directions, thjt it gave me a feeling of suffocation as I stood outside. Mary was not easily discouraged, and piling a few light fagots outside the door, she tried to light a fire. The wind and the muffling snow put out every little blaze that started, however, and so, giving it up, she went into the house and found the luncheon - basket we had brought from the car, in which remained some sandwiches, and these*" composed our supper. The night had almost settled down upon us when the adjutant came for orders. Knowing the scarcity of fuel and the danger to the horses from exposure to the rigor of such weather after their removal from a warm climate, the general ordered the breaking of camp. All the soldiers were directed to take their horses and go into Yankton, and ask the citizens to give them shelter in their homes, cow-sheds, and stables. In a short time the camp was nearly deserted, only the laundresses, two or three officers, and a few dismounted soldiers remaining. The towns-people, true to the unvarying western hospitality, gave everything they could to the use of the regiment; the officers found places in the hotels.	en
markdown	322963	# Presentation: 322963 ## The validation of in situ measurements of water isotopes on the NASA WB-57: scientific implications of the Harvard Hoxotope and ICOS observations. - Hoxotope: Thomas F. Hanisco and J. M. St. Clair, - ICOS: E. J. Moyer, F. N. Keutsch, D. S. Sayres - Harvard Water: J. R. Spackman, J. Smith, R. Lockwood, and E. M. Weinstock, J. G. Anderson - Harvard CO2: B. Daube, E. Gottlieb, S. Wofsy - JPL H2O: R. Herman, R. Troy - ALIAS H2O/HDO: L. Christensen, C. Webster - MMS: T. P. Bui - Aura Validation Meeting - NASA Goddard - September 20, 2005 ## Compare isotopic results Quantify level of agreement Quantify discrepancies Identify possible sources Arrive at best values for D Discussion of scientific implications - Quantify level of agreement - Quantify discrepancies - Identify possible sources - Arrive at best values for D - Discussion of scientific implications - Hoxotope and ICOS intercomparison ## Water isotopes as tracers of Convection - HDO condenses more readily than H2O - Rainout leads to HDO depletion - Ice injection can make the stratosphere “Heavy” In situ water isotope measurements can offer a tracer for the condensation history of air parcels - D = 1000 ( HDO/H2O/SMOW – 1) ## HDO Measurement Comparison - Photofragment laser induced fluorescence - Integrated Cavity Absorption ## deltaD Comparison ## deltaD Difference ## H2O regression ## HDO regression ## HDO fractional difference - Large fractional differences in stratospheric HDO - ICOS HDO is greater than Hoxotope HDO - Likely due to ICOS offset (fit issues) - Fit issues are mostly absent on 20050707 ## 20050707 D ## presummary - ICOS D offset of up to 100 per mil is likely due to the ICOS HDO fit. - Source consistent with ICOS analysis - Consistency on 20050707 when ICOS works best gives added confidence to D: - Dstratosphere = DHox = -462 per mil ## January July comparison ## CRYSTAL Comparison ## ATMOS tropical profiles - Z. Kuang, G. C. Toon, P.O. Wennberg, and Y. L. Yung, Measured HDO/H2O ratios across the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1372, 2003. - WB-57 Houston profile ## Stratospheric CO2 H2O ## Ice lofting D ## Ice lofting D lines ## Rayleigh Fraction - XICE = (Dstratosphere – DRayleigh)/(DICE – DRayleigh) ## Summary - Hoxotope and ICOS water isotope measurements are in excellent agreement throughout most of the dataset - Within 3% difference in HDO for AVE_WIIF - D agree within 100 per mil (within instrument uncertainties) - Differences between Hoxotope and ICOS are in the stratosphere - HDO difference likely due to ICOS HDO spectral retrieval - Flight of 20050707 shows excellent agreement (-5 per mil) - Stratospheric D = -462 per mil - Significantly heavier than January (D = -590) - Significantly heavier than CRYSTAL/FACE (D = -713) - Ice lofting mechanism are likely dominant - Thanks to NASA IIP, NASA WB57, Harvard Engineering ## Rayleigh with Ice	en
converted_docs	898118	Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 +--------------------------------+---+---+-------------------------------+ \| # In the Matter of \| ) \| \| ## \| \| \| \| \| ##### File No.: EB-05-DT-278 \| \| Mr. Jim Humphrey \| ) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ##### \| \| d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance \| ) \| \| ## Citation No.: C20063236001 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grand Haven, Michigan \| ) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ) \| \| \| +--------------------------------+---+---+-------------------------------+ CERTIFIED MAIL NO.: 7003 1680 0001 9977 1784 RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED AND FIRST CLASS U.S. MAIL # CITATION Released: December 19, 2005 By the District Director, Detroit Office, Northeast Region, Enforcement Bureau: 1. This is an Official Citation issued pursuant to Section 503(b)(5) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended ("Act"),[^1] to Jim Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance for violation of Sections 15.5(b) and 15.5(c) of the Commission's rules ("Rules").[^2] 2. On February 23, 2005, Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel in the FCC's Enforcement Bureau, sent a letter notifying you that the office telephone system used in the offices of Farm Bureau Insurance apparently are causing interference to amateur radio operations.[^3] In a subsequent telephone message to Mr. Hollingsworth, you indicated that the telephone system had been repaired and that the harmful interference had been solved. The complainant, however, reported that the interference had been only minimally reduced and Mr. Hollingsworth sent a second letter requesting that you advise his office within twenty days what steps you are taking to resolve the interference.[^4] You did not respond to Mr. Hollingsworth's letter. 3. On August 19, 2005, an agent from the FCC's Detroit Field Office conducted an investigation at the offices of Farm Bureau Insurance in Grand Haven, Michigan, with Nancy Humphrey. The agent determined that the office telephones, which are Part 15 devices and part of a Panasonic KX-T7633 telephone system, were causing interference to amateur radio operations in the 3.82-3.870 MHz band. The agent informed Mrs. Humphrey of the interference findings and advised her that FCC's rules require that Farm Bureau Insurance discontinue use of the telephone equipment until the interference is eliminated, either through modification or replacement of the equipment. 4. As you previously were advised in the February 23, 2005 letter from Mr. Hollingsworth, Section 15.5(b) of the Rules states that "\[o\]peration of an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused . . . . "[^5] Section 15.5(c) of the Rules states "The operator of a radio frequency device shall be required to cease operating the device upon notification by a Commission representative that the device is causing harmful interference. Operation shall not resume until the condition causing the harmful interference has been corrected." 5. Violations of the Act or the Commission's Rules may subject the violator to substantial monetary forfeitures,[^6] seizure of equipment through in rem forfeiture action, and criminal sanctions, including imprisonment.[^7] 6. Mr. Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance may request an interview at the closest FCC Office, which is Federal Communications Commission, 24897 Hathaway Street, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48335.[^8] You may contact this office by telephone, (XXX) XXX-XXXX, to schedule this interview, which must take place within 14 days of this Citation. Mr. Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance may also submit a written statement to the above address within 14 days of the date of this Citation. Any written statements should specify what actions have been taken to correct the violations outlined above. Please reference file number EB-05-DT-278 and citation number when corresponding with the Commission. 7. Any statement or information provided by you may be used by the Commission to determine if further enforcement action is required.[^9] Any knowingly or willfully false statement made in reply to this Citation is punishable by fine or imprisonment.[^10] 8. IT IS ORDERED that copies of this Citation shall be sent by First Class U.S. Mail and Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested to Mr. Jim Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance at his address of record. > FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION > > James Bridgewater > > District Director, Detroit Office > > Northeast Region > > Enforcement Bureau [^1]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(5). [^2]: 47 C.F.R. §§ 15.5(b), 15.5(c). [^3]: See Letter from Mr. Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel, Spectrum Enforcement Division, Enforcement Bureau, to Jim Humphrey, dated February 23, 2005. [^4]: See Letter from Mr. Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel, Spectrum Enforcement Division, Enforcement Bureau, to Jim Humphrey, dated March 29, 2005. [^5]: [^6]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(b)(3). [^7]: 47 U.S.C. §§ 401, 501, 503, 510. [^8]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(5). [^9]: See Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a(e)(3). [^10]: See 18 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq.	en
markdown	909580	# Presentation: 909580 ## Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder ClO Measurements - Michelle Santee + MLS Team - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology - MkIV, SLS Teams - Odin/SMR Team - Aura Science and Validation Team Meeting - 11–15 September 2006 - Boulder, CO ## Overview of Aura MLS version 2.1 (v2.1) ClO Data - As in v1.5, the standard product for ClO is taken from the 640 GHz retrieval - v2.1 ClO data are scientifically useful over the range 100 to 1 hPa - ClO measurements are reported at 6 pressure levels per decade change in pressure - Vertical resolution is ~3 km from 100 to 10 hPa, ~5 km at 1 hPa - Adjacent profiles are separated by ~165 km along the orbit track - Horizontal resolution is ~250 km along-track, ~3 km cross-track - Brief review of the quality of the version 1.5 (v1.5) MLS ClO data: - Useful range: 100 – 1 hPa - Estimated precision: ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout the vertical range - Artifacts: pervasive negative bias of 0.2–0.3 ppbv in both daytime and nighttime mixing ratios below ~32 hPa; largely eliminated by taking Day-Night differences ## Comparisons between v2.1 and v1.5 MLS ClO Data - v2.1 vs. v1.5: Profiles are slightly noisier, max values at the secondary peak are smaller, and the negative bias at lowest levels is slightly larger ## Precision of Aura MLS v2.1 ClO Data - Scatter in the v2.1 data in a 20°-wide band centered around the equator (where atmospheric variability should be small) indicates ClO precision of ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout most of the vertical range - Observed scatter in the v2.1 ClO data is slightly larger than it was in v1.5, especially at the lowest retrieval levels - The single-profile precision reported by the Level 2 software agrees well with the observed scatter in the lower stratosphere but overestimates it slightly above 10 hPa ## Comparison with UARS MLS ClO Climatology & v1.5 - Time series of MLS ClO at 520 K (~46 hPa, 19 km) for both the Southern (left) and Northern (right) Hemispheres - Grey dots: daily means from UARS MLS for 1991–2000 - Blue dots: daily means from v1.5 Aura MLS for 2004–2006 - Red dots: daily means from v2.1 Aura MLS (17 available days, 2004–2006) - The evolution of ClO over an annual cycle, and the latitudinal distribution of enhanced wintertime ClO, generally matches that of UARS MLS very well - The low bias in Aura MLS ClO data is evident ## Comparisons with Balloon ClO Data - Comparisons with balloon measurements made near Aura overpasses in September 2005 show a significant negative bias in v1.5 MLS ClO mixing ratios below ~32 hPa that is even larger (~0.4–0.5 ppbv) in v2.1 - Taking Day-Night differences largely eliminates the low bias in MLS ClO ## Comparisons with Odin/SMR ClO Data - “Chalmers v2.0” SMR data - All coincident profiles from MLS and SMR for 17 days - Coincidence criteria: ±1° latitude, ±4° longitude, ±12 hours - No solar zenith angle (SZA) criteria have been imposed for these comparisons, which may affect agreement for some points - Agreement in general morphology is excellent - Compared to SMR, MLS v2.1 ClO is considerably smaller at the lowest retrieval levels, where MLS has a known negative bias ## Comparisons with Odin/SMR ClO Data - Average differences between MLS v2.1 and SMR ClO are small (less than 0.1 ppbv) except at the lowest levels, where they rise to 0.5 ppbv ## Summary of v2.1 MLS ClO Data Quality - v2.1 MLS ClO measurements are similar to those in v1.5 - Profiles are noisier and have slightly larger oscillations, and the low bias below ~32 hPa has been exacerbated - Useful range: 100 to 1 hPa - Vertical resolution: ~3 km from 100 to 10 hPa, ~5 km at 1 hPa - Estimated precision: ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout the vertical range - Artifacts: pervasive negative bias of 0.4–0.5 ppbv in both daytime and nighttime mixing ratios below ~32 hPa; largely eliminated by taking Day-Night differences - Significant changes are not expected for ClO in version 2.2	en
converted_docs	706649	FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION FISCAL YEAR 2009 OMB BUDGET JUSTIFICATION ![](media/image1.png){width="3.1243055555555554in" height="2.988888888888889in"} September 4, 2007 Concurrently submitted to Congress TABLE OF CONTENTS Proposed Appropriation Language 1 Executive Summary 2 Commission Structure 3 Mission Statement 4 Strategic Goal 5 Strategic Framework 5 Transparency 6 Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public 6 Review of Campaign Finance Filing Reports 10 Compliance 12 > Education 12 > > Enforcement 13 > > Administrative Fine Program 14 > > Alternative Dispute Resolution 15 > > Audit Program 15 Development of the Law 16 > Interpreting the Act 16 > > Administering the Act 17 Impact of Request for Increase 18 > Request for Additional Staffing 18 > > Request for Additional Technological Initiatives 22 Budget Request by Object Class 25 Proposed Appropriation Language *FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION* SALARIES AND EXPENSES For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended, \$63,897,315 of which not to exceed \$5,000 shall be available for reception and representation expenses. Provided, That, the FEC is authorized to establish, modify, charge, and collect registration fees for FEC hosted conferences; Provided further, That notwithstanding 31 U.S.C. 3302, funds received from fees charged to attend the campaign finance conferences shall be credited to and merged with this account, to be available without further appropriation for the costs of carrying out these conferences. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION BUDGET REQUEST EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The FY 2009 budget request of the Federal Election Commission (FEC or Commission) is for \$63,897,315. This request reflects an increase of \$4,673,315 (7.9%) over the FEC's anticipated FY 2008 appropriation level. The FEC is requesting this increase to ensure that the Commission remains equipped to effectively and efficiently meet an anticipated increase in responsibilities resulting from (1) recent changes in Federal campaign finance laws, (2) the continuing increase in the level of contributions to, and spending by, Federal candidates, and (3) the expanding timeframe that Federal candidates are engaged in their campaigns. A brief summary of this request is presented below. +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ \| Table 1: Budget \| \| \| \| \| Summary \| \| \| \| +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ \| Category: \| FY 2008 \| FY 2009 \| Percent \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Estimate \| Request \| Change \| +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ \| Personnel \| \$42,498,848 \| \$45,424,960 \| 6.9% \| +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ \| Non-Personnel \| \$16,725,152 \| \$18,472,355 \| 10.5% \| +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ \| Total \| \ \| \$ \| 7.9% \| \| \| $59,224,000 \| 63,897,315 \| \| +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ To successfully manage the continued and anticipated increase in responsibilities, the Commission would allocate funds from the requested budget increase to: - Add 12 full-time equivalent (FTE) positions to work in areas of the agency that are most impacted by the increased demands; - Invest in several technological advances, such as improvements to its public disclosure databases and internal compliance systems, that would allow the Commission to provide additional services to the regulated community and the public, while conducting business more efficiently; and - Sufficiently address internal control weaknesses relating to financial management and systems previously identified through the annual audits of the Commission's financial statements. A portion of the budget increase also supports the standard anticipated inflationary adjustments for salaries and benefits, as well as inflation-driven cost increases for non-personnel expenditures. ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- Table 2: Components of the Budget Request FY 2008 Congressional Request (anticipated level) \$59,224,000 Built-in requirements to maintain current services 1,825,000 FY 2009 Current Services \$61,049,000 Enhancements: Additional Staffing 1,431,110 Technological Initiatives 1,417,205 FY 2009 Budget Request \$63,897,315 ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- COMMISSION STRUCTURE The FEC ([www.fec.gov](http://www.fec.gov/)) is an independent regulatory agency with exclusive responsibility for administering, enforcing, defending and interpreting the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, 2 U.S.C. 431 et seq., as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), Pub. L. 107--155, 116 Stat. 81 (2002) (FECA or the Act). The Commission is also responsible for administering the public funding programs (26 U.S.C.) for presidential campaigns and conventions, which includes certification and audits of all participating candidates and committees, and enforcement of public funding legislation. The agency is directed by six Commissioners appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, no more than three Commissioners can be members of the same political party. Each Member serves a six-year term and two seats are subject to appointment every two years. The Commissioners meet regularly to formulate policy and to vote on significant legal and administrative matters. The Act requires at least a four-vote majority for the Commission to adopt any official action or policy. As part of its responsibilities, the FEC ensures transparency in the Federal campaign finance system by enforcing the Act's requirement that all Federal candidates and Federal political committees file financial disclosure reports, and by making those disclosure reports readily available to the public through the Commission's internet-based public disclosure system. The FEC also has exclusive responsibility for civil enforcement of the Act, including the handling of civil litigation arising from any legal actions brought by or against the Commission. All fines or civil penalties received are deposited with the U.S. Treasury and are not available for the Commission's use. Additionally, the Commission promulgates regulations implementing the Act and issues advisory opinions responding to inquiries generally from the regulated community. MISSION STATEMENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *To prevent corruption in the Federal campaign process by administering, enforcing and formulating policy with respect to Federal campaign finance statutes.* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The primary purposes of the Act are to: - Prevent improper influence or the appearance of improper influence of Federal candidates by imposing contribution limits; and - Provide transparency through mandatory disclosure of financial activity. In order to prevent improper influence of Federal candidates that might result from large campaign contributions, the Act limits the amount that any one person or entity may contribute to a Federal political candidate. The Act also prohibits certain entities, such as corporations and labor unions, from making Federal political contributions altogether. Beyond contribution limits and prohibitions, the Act also requires accurate and comprehensive public disclosure by Federal candidates and Federal political committees of all contributions and expenditures. The Commission facilitates transparency in the Federal campaign finance system through a state-of-the-art internet-based public disclosure system for all campaign finance activity. The FECA reflects a belief that democracy works best when voters can make informed decisions in the political process, decisions based in part on knowing the sources of candidates' financial support -- hence, the focus on transparency. Public confidence in the political process depends not only on laws and regulations to assure transparency, as well as on limits and prohibitions on the amounts and sources of contributions, but also on the knowledge that those who disregard those laws and regulations will face real consequences for non-compliance -- hence the focus on effective and fair enforcement to maintain the integrity of campaign financing. Despite a vigorous enforcement program designed to ensure compliance with both the Act's contribution restrictions and the disclosure provisions, voluntary compliance with the requirements of the Act remains a principal focus of the Commission's efforts. Because of the large and rising number of political committees and the ever-growing number and complexity of financial disclosure reports filed with the FEC, it would be cost-prohibitive to enforce the requirements of the Act without significant voluntary compliance. Accordingly, the Commission devotes significant resources to encouraging voluntary compliance through the widespread dissemination to the public, the press, political committees, and to State election officials of educational materials related to the campaign finance laws. STRATEGIC GOAL As reflected in an updated strategic plan that is being developed for FY 2008 through 2012, the FEC's mission is supported by a single, overarching strategic goal. The following goal is intended to succinctly, yet simply, characterize the fundamental responsibility with which the Commission has been entrusted. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To protect the integrity of the Federal campaign process by providing transparency, enforcing contribution restrictions, and fairly administering the FECA and related statutes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK This goal is pursued by three strategic objectives and underlying activities that guide the operations of the FEC. These are some of the many activities that constitute the day-to day work of the agency's staff. ## Objective A: Transparency -- Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public - Creating and maintaining a state-of-the-art electronic filing system for collecting financial disclosure reports from Federal candidates and political committees; - Making financial disclosure reports available to the public in a timely, efficient and useful manner; - Reviewing financial disclosure reports to ensure that the reports are accurate and complete; and - Encouraging candidates and political committees to correct inaccurate or incomplete reports. ### Objective B: Compliance -- Education and Enforcement - Expanding awareness of the campaign finance laws through creation and dissemination of educational materials, and instructional conferences and workshops; - Responding to complaints alleging violations of the campaign finance laws; - Imposing civil penalties for late-filed and non-filed disclosure reports; - Conducting audits in a timely and efficient manner; - Working with the Department of Justice regarding prosecution of criminal violations of the Act; and - Making findings in completed compliance matters available to the public in a timely and useful manner. Objective C: Development of the Law -- Interpreting and Administering the Act - Conducting rulemaking proceedings to promulgate Commission regulations consistent with revisions to the Act and judicial decisions related to the Act; - Issuing advisory opinions providing specific guidance to the regulated community; - Defending challenges to the Act, Commission regulations or actions; and - Certifying all presidential public funding payments in a timely and efficient manner. Management excellence is a key means to ensure that the FEC achieves these objectives in the most efficient and effective manner. Consistent with the President's Management Agenda (PMA), the Commission is updating its human capital plan to better address the following elements: (1) strategic alignment; (2) workforce planning; (3) leadership development; and (4) knowledge transfer and results-oriented performance. In addition to investing in its people, the Commission believes strong financial management and up-to-date technology are critical to supporting the mission and business operations, thereby ensuring that controls and systems meet applicable standards and can accommodate changes in stakeholder expectations and needs. Together these strategic objectives and management initiatives provide a strong foundation on which the FEC accomplishes its mission and plans for future challenges. The following section discusses the objectives mentioned above and presents brief descriptions of program activities, noteworthy trends and key accomplishments. Results achieved in carrying out these objectives and activities include (1) shorter processing times, (2) new procedures for informing the regulated community of the law, (3) an increase in the number and types of outreach activities, and (4) improved access to and the ease of use of the campaign finance data. # Objective A: Transparency Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public. One of the FEC's most important responsibilities is to receive campaign finance reports, which detail the sources and amounts of funds used to finance Federal elections, and to make the reports available to the public in a timely and efficient manner. During the 2006 election cycle, the Commission received over 127,000 financial disclosure reports and statements, the equivalent of 3.9 million pages of financial data, disclosing approximately \$4.1 billion in spending related to Federal elections. This represents an increase of approximately five percent from the 2004 election cycle. The Commission anticipates that the 2008 election cycle will see even a greater increase, especially since there is no incumbent running for the Presidency. For example, as of August 2007, the Commission has received approximately seven percent more financial disclosure reports and statements than what was received relative to the same period before the 2004 presidential election. ![](media/image2.wmf) As illustrated in the chart above, the Commission has seen a continued increase in the total reports and statements filed over the past 10 years. Despite this increase, the Commission continues to improve on the timeliness with which reports are processed and made available to the public on the Commission's website. For example, since the institution of mandatory electronic filing in 2000, the median time to process all documents has decreased from eleven to just two days. In addition to the rising number and complexity of filings, the volume of transactions disclosed on campaign finance reports has also grown dramatically. As illustrated in the charts below, every election cycle since 1990 has seen a new record in total contributions and spending in Federal elections. ![](media/image3.wmf)![](media/image4.wmf) ![](media/image5.wmf) ![](media/image6.wmf) Not only does the FEC's internet-based electronic filing system allow candidates and political committees to file electronically, it also permits the committees to disclose more detailed information than ever before. The rise in the volume of reported information and financial activity has placed an increased burden on the review and analysis that the Commission must perform to ensure completeness and accuracy for disclosure and compliance purposes. With the passage of mandatory electronic filing for the majority of committees, the FEC, political candidates and committees, and the public are experiencing the benefits of timeliness and work process improvements that a sophisticated system affords. For example, the Commission's electronic filing system provides a comprehensive on-line help feature to assist candidates and committees with preparation and filing of their disclosure reports. Furthermore, the system permits anyone with internet access to view the following campaign finance information: +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| - A list of all disclosure reports and other forms filed by a \| \| Federal candidate or a political committee, as well as a link to \| \| copies of the reports. \| \| \| \| - Summaries of financial activity, such as total receipts, \| \| disbursements, contributions to Federal committees, cash on hand \| \| and debts and obligations of a candidate or committee. \| \| \| \| - A list of all documents filed by a candidate with a cross \| \| reference to reports filed by other political committees, which \| \| disclose contributions and other expenditures related to that \| \| candidate. \| \| \| \| - An itemized list of each individual contribution to a candidate \| \| or committee. \| \| \| \| - An itemized list for each political committee of contributions \| \| made to candidates, including independent expenditures for or \| \| against candidates. \| \| \| \| - Documents related to FEC audits, enforcement actions and \| \| litigation regarding a candidate or political committee. \| \| \| \| - Documents related to FEC advisory opinions. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ In 2006, the FEC's electronic disclosure database and website received 3.8 million unique visits and over 101 million page hits by users seeking campaign finance data and other information. Each day, the FEC website continues to receive an average of 10,000 visitors. When on the FEC website, these visitors have access to over 27,000 documents, plus hundreds of thousands of pages of campaign finance data that have been submitted by candidates and committees and posted on-line by FEC staff. For FY 2007, it is anticipated that the FEC website will receive approximately 102 million hits. Also, as the 2008 presidential election nears, the Commission anticipates an even greater number of visits to the FEC website through FY 2009. ![](media/image7.wmf) To make campaign finance data contained in the disclosure reports filed with the Commission even more accessible to the public, in June 2007, the FEC launched a new interactive map of the United States at [www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do](http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do) that allows users to have immediate access to contribution information for the 2008 presidential race. With a simple click, users can access, through the map, the amount of funds raised on a state-by-state basis, with an option of viewing contributions to specific candidates, all candidates or all candidates from a particular political party. The map provides convenient access to the total contributions to each candidate, along with each candidate's cash-on-hand and the distribution of each candidate's contributions by amount. The map also allows the user to access lists of contributors by name, city, amounts of contributions and dates within the first three digits of their zip code, and can be sorted and downloaded to a spreadsheet format. Contribution data are updated within one day of the Commission's receipt of electronically-filed presidential disclosure reports. [Presidential Campaign Finance Map](http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do). Campaign finance information for the 2008 presidential election. ![](media/image8.png){width="5.081944444444445in" height="3.1770833333333335in"} This new interactive tool has already received nearly 500,000 hits since it was first made available in June 2007. The Commission is in the process of identifying other technological enhancements that will allow the public to access campaign finance data more easily and in more useful ways, thereby facilitating the public's capacity to conduct more sophisticated analyses of the available data. Review of Campaign Finance Filing Reports In addition to making available to the public all campaign finance disclosure reports that are filed, the Commission also reviews all reports for compliance with the law and to verify that the information is accurate and complete. This ensures that the public is provided a full representation of all candidates' and committees campaign finance activity. The following chart illustrates the (1) total number of reports and statements received; (2) total number of reports and statements processed; and (3) total number of reports and statements reviewed during an election cycle. ![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.626388888888889in" height="3.623611111111111in"} In the 2006 Congressional election cycle, nearly \$4.1 billion in campaign funds were disbursed by 8,000 committees that filed over 127,000 reports and statements. Together these reports contained information on 2.8 million separate campaign contribution and expenditure transactions. Despite an increase of nearly 15 percent between the 2004 and 2006 election cycles in the number of reports reviewed, and a continued increase in the amount of contributions and disbursements in the election cycles, the Commission was able to make significant improvements in the timeliness of the review of these reports. Although the Commission has achieved significant success in its effort to improve the review time for routine matters, it continues to face challenges in its efforts to analyze more complex matters. These include potential fraudulent activities designed to circumvent the limits of the Act, such as embezzlement and multi-tiered conduit schemes for making contributions in the name of another person. This budget request reflects the need for increased funding for staff with specialized expertise in identifying such complex, hard-to-detect schemes. The Commission also seeks funding to support this expertise through technological enhancements, such as data mining software. These resources will further assist the FEC in presenting financial data to the public and the regulated community in a manner that is even more transparent and beneficial to the public. # Objective B: Compliance Education The Commission continues to receive many telephone and written requests from the regulated community and the public for information, data and assistance in filing financial disclosure reports. Helping the regulated community understand its obligations under the Act is an essential component of improving voluntary compliance. One way the Commission continues to promote voluntary compliance with the law is by educating political committees and the public about the requirements of the Act. In FY 2006 alone, the Commission implemented several policy statements providing the regulated community with additional guidance on certain submissions by candidates and political committees. These include statements (1) to clarify and encourage self-reporting of violations, (2) to offer guidance on disclosure efforts including descriptions for the purpose of disbursements, and (3) to outline the requirements to show "best efforts" by committees to obtain and report financial information. The Commission also encourages voluntary compliance by hosting conferences in Washington, DC, and in other cities across the country, where Commissioners and staff explain how the Act applies to candidates and political committees. These conferences address recent changes in the campaign finance laws and focus on fundraising and reporting regulations. For both political committees and the public, the Commission's website has become the single-most important source of instantly accessible information about the Act and Commission regulations. While the Commission continues to make available printed copies of brochures and publications, documents related to all aspects of the FEC's work are available at [www.fec.gov](http://www.fec.gov/). These range from documents such as informational brochures on specific topics and the FEC's monthly newsletter, The Record, to copies of the Act, the Commission's regulations, advisory opinions, and litigation documents. Documents related to enforcement matters, including audit reports, are also available. The website also includes a query function for accessing documents related to final enforcement actions. The Commission strongly believes in all aspects of transparency, including making its internal process more accessible to the public. Through its continued efforts to improve the accessibility of data, in March 2007, a new tool to search for advisory opinions was implemented on the FEC website. The new search engine allows for full-text searches of all Commission advisory opinions issued since the beginning of 1990. When a specific opinion is selected, links to all related materials (e.g., copies of the original request, Commission draft opinions and third-party comments) are also provided, making the system a quick and comprehensive research tool. The Commission also recently expanded its information outreach on the internet to include (1) online presentations; (2) hypertext versions of the Explanations & Justifications for all FEC regulations; and (3) a "Tips for Treasurers" page that allows political committee treasurers and other interested individuals to receive automatic updates, even without having to visit the FEC's website. The Commission also recently transitioned to an e-mail distribution program for financial disclosure forms and other publications aimed at improving customer service, while simultaneously saving tax dollars by saving on costs associated with printing and postage. This program allows the Commission to distribute time-sensitive information to the regulated community more quickly and more efficiently than ever before. Furthermore, the FEC expanded its services by providing advance notices and reminders of filing deadlines. These investments represent a significant first step to help improve compliance with the Act and enable additional educational and outreach efforts. This budget request seeks to build on these accomplishments. Enforcement *Traditional Enforcement Program* Under the traditional enforcement program, the Commission learns of possible FECA violations primarily through: - The complaint process, whereby anyone may file a sworn complaint alleging violations of the Act; - The review of a committee's reports or through audit; - Voluntary self-reporting by candidates or political committees who believe that they may have violated the Act; and - The referral process, whereby other government agencies may refer possible violations of the Act to the FEC. The FEC has exclusive jurisdiction over civil enforcement of violations of the Act and coordinates with the Department of Justice on criminal enforcement of the Act. Whether initiated by outside complaint or internal referral, the most complex and legally significant enforcement matters, or matters under review (MURs), are handled by the Enforcement Division of the Office of General Counsel (OGC). The Enforcement Division: - Recommends to the Commission whether it should find "reason to believe" that the Act has been violated, a finding that formally initiates an investigation; - Investigates possible violations of the Act by requesting, subpoenaing, and reviewing documents and interviewing and deposing witnesses; - Conducts settlement negotiations seeking to culminate in conciliation agreements with respondents; - Recommends to the Commission whether it should find "probable cause" to believe the Act has been violated; and - Recommends to the Commission whether suit should be brought against a respondent in Federal district court if conciliation cannot be reached through settlement negotiations. If a conciliation agreement cannot be reached and the Commission votes to initiate civil litigation, it will file and prosecute a civil action in Federal district court to address the alleged violation of the Act. Depending on the size and complexity of the lawsuit, such cases may be resolved promptly or may require a significant amount of resources for several years. In calendar year 2006, the FEC closed 315 matters, the largest number since 2001, while the average time required to complete a case declined by nearly one third from earlier years. Over 85 percent of the agency's cases are now closed within 15 months, the fastest and most efficient processing of complaints in the Commission's history. Although swift resolution of enforcement matters is one of the Commission's highest priorities, efficiency cannot come at the expense of fairness to those regulated. The Commission remains focused on providing candidates and political committees with a fair opportunity to make appropriate presentations to the Commission in enforcement matters. As a result, the Commission recently adopted a test program allowing oral hearings in enforcement cases. The continued growth in the number and amounts of campaign contributions and disbursements, along with the increased volume in the number and length of reports filed with the Commission, has created an increased workload on the Commission's enforcement programs. This is especially true in election cycles, such as 2008, where the Commission expects to receive a high volume of complaints associated with the presidential election. These demands are further compounded by the number of increasingly complex schemes aimed at evading the law. Although the Commission attempts to maximize the effectiveness of its compliance and enforcement programs through increased use of technology and putting into place management initiatives to better focus available resources, it is vitally important that the agency attract and retain additional staff with the expertise to detect and investigate such schemes. *Other FEC Enforcement Programs* Administrative Fine Program (AFP) Based on the Commission's legislative recommendation and subsequent Congressional mandate, the FEC implemented an Administrative Fine Program (AFP) in July 2000. Through the AFP, the Commission addresses the timely filing of financial disclosure reports in a more streamlined fashion than permitted by the traditional enforcement process. Since its inception, the AFP has closed over 1,300 cases and assessed civil penalties totaling more than \$2.5 million for late-filed and non-filed reports. In FY 2006, the AFP assessed fines of approximately \$200,000 and closed 89 cases. In 2007, the Commission revised four aspects of its AFP regulations. One change completely replaces the "extraordinary circumstances" defense with a two-part "best efforts" defense. Another change includes the addition of examples of circumstances that will meet the new "best efforts" test. These revised regulations became effective April 30, 2007, however the Commission has not yet had an opportunity to handle a sufficient number of cases under the new regulations to assess the long-term impact on staff workload and appeal review turnaround time. Congressional approval for the program was initially provided through 2001. Since that time, it has been extended three times with the current extension through December 31, 2008. With the end of this extension approaching, the Commission recommends that Congress provides another extension to this program or make permanent the authority for the Administrative Fine Program. By making the program permanent, Congress would ensure that the Commission would retain one of the most cost-effective and successful programs in its history. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Program The Commission implemented an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) program in October 2001. This program is designed to promote compliance with the Act by encouraging settlements outside the traditional enforcement or litigation processes. The ADR program aims to expedite resolution of certain less complex enforcement matters and to reduce the cost of processing complaints through streamlined procedures. This program also promotes future compliance through settlements reflecting primarily remedial measures for respondents, such as training, audits and the hiring of compliance staff. Since the inception of the ADR program, the Commission has concluded settlements with respondents in 232 cases and closed 322 cases, negotiating approximately \$400,000 in civil penalties. Thus far in FY 2007, the Commission has already negotiated \$55,400 in civil penalties. Generally, all ADR cases have been closed within three months of referral to the ADR program, thus expediting this portion of the Commission's enforcement caseload. Both the AFP and the ADR programs allow the Commission to expand the reach of the enforcement process and to streamline case resolution for less complex matters. These programs focus resources to ensure enforcement of the Act is performed as efficiently and effectively as possible given current resources. Audit Program The Commission also enforces the Act through audits of candidates and political committees. In FY 2009, the Commission expects to conduct 40 to 50 "for cause" audits, under Title 2, in those cases where political committees have failed to meet the threshold requirements for substantial compliance with the Act and have failed voluntarily to correct errors or omissions in their disclosure reports. In addition, the Commission expects to conduct six to eight mandatory audits, under Title 26, for those presidential candidates who opt to receive presidential matching funds in the 2008 election. The Commission's audit presence not only contributes to the Commission's enforcement efforts but also encourages voluntary compliance within the regulated community. Objective C: Development of the Law Interpreting the Act The Commission provides formal interpretation of the Act through promulgation of regulations and the issuance of advisory opinions (AOs). *Regulations* Congressional action, judicial decisions, petitions for rulemaking or other changes in the campaign finance law often necessitate that the Commission update or adopt new regulations. Consequently, the FEC undertakes rulemakings to either write new Commission regulations or revise existing regulations. The Policy Division of OGC drafts Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRMs), which once adopted by the Commission, are published in the Federal Register. NPRMs are also made available on the FEC's website and on the U.S. Government website, [www.regulations.gov](http://www.regulations.gov/). NPRMs provide an opportunity for members of the public and the regulated community to review proposed regulations, submit written comments to the Commission and testify at public hearings, which are conducted at the FEC when appropriate. The Commission considers the public comments and testimony and deliberates publicly regarding the adoption of the final regulations. The text of final regulations and the corresponding Explanations and Justifications (E&J), once adopted by the Commission, are published in the Federal Register. The Commission has completed revisions to its regulations to comport with recent court decisions in the Shays v. FEC litigation, in which the court remanded certain regulations to the agency for further action. Currently, the Commission is devoting substantial resources to revisions of its regulations as required by the recent Supreme Court decision limiting the scope of the Act with respect to electioneering communications in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life. For FY 2009, the Commission expects that rulemaking proceedings will continue to require significant resources as a result of anticipated changes in the Act and final judicial decisions in challenges to the Act and to Commission regulations. *Advisory Opinions* The Commission responds to questions from the regulated community about how the Act applies to specific situations by issuing AOs. When the Commission receives a request for an AO, it generally has 60 days to respond. For AO requests from candidates in the two months leading up to an election, the response time for the Commission is reduced to 20 days. Nevertheless, the Commission instituted an expedited process last year for handling certain time-sensitive requests in even shorter timeframes. Last year the Commission placed special emphasis on expediting the processing and consideration of highly significant AO requests. Although the Act allows the agency 60 days to respond to most requests, the Commission issued some of its recent opinions within as little as two weeks. Although the number of AO requests that the Commission receives is subject to cycles dependent on whether or not it is a presidential election year, the Commission has received a steady increase in the number of requests in comparison to analogous prior years. Additionally, the complexity of the topics addressed in these AOs has increased because of BCRA, which required a number of new Commission regulations, and recent litigation. Despite this increased workload, the time that the Commission has issued these advisory opinions has decreased markedly due, in part, to the expedited AO program. As more requestors seek expedited advisory opinions on close questions of law under BCRA, the Commission anticipates these trends to continue well beyond the 2008 presidential election. In addition, the Commission anticipates additional rulemakings and advisory opinion requests as a result of the Wisconsin Right to Life decision. Administering the Act *Defending Challenges to the Act* The Commission is the exclusive representative of the FEC before the Federal district and circuit courts, and the Supreme Court with respect to cases involving publicly financed presidential candidates. It also has primary responsibility for defending the Act and Commission regulations against court challenges. In the case recently decided by the Supreme Court, FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, the Commission defended against an \"as applied\" challenge to the electioneering communication provision of BCRA. In the aftermath of that decision, the Commission is likely to defend similar challenges based on the new standard the Court established. The Commission is also likely to develop regulations implementing that standard, which in turn may lead to court challenges to whatever regulatory standard the Commission adopts. In other ongoing litigation, the Commission continues to defend its regulations implementing BCRA. After initial litigation challenging more than a dozen regulations led to a decision by the D.C. Circuit and subsequent rulemaking, the case (known as Shays III) is again before the district court in the District of Columbia. Likewise, the Commission is in the process of defending its "political committee status" rulemaking. On both these matters, a decision is expected in 2007 and could lead to an appeal or additional rulemaking. *Public Funding* In addition to administering the FECA, the Commission is responsible for administering the public funding of presidential elections, as outlined in Title 26. Public funding of presidential elections has been an important part of the Nation's presidential election system since 1976. The program is funded by the \$3 income tax checkoff and administered by the FEC. Through the public funding program, the Federal government provides (1) matching funds to candidates seeking their party's presidential nomination, (2) financing for presidential nominating conventions, and (3) grants to presidential nominees for the general election campaigns. Under the presidential public funding program, the Commission certifies a candidate's eligibility to participate in the program, establishes eligibility for payments, and conducts a thorough examination and audit of the qualified campaign expenses of every candidate who receives payments under the program. For the 2004 presidential elections, the Commission certified the eligibility for ten candidates and two convention committees. Impact of Request for Increase The requested increase of \$4,673,315 will enable the Commission to keep pace with the ever-increasing demands being placed on it by (1) changes in the campaign finance laws and regulations, (2) improvements in technology, (3) mandated reporting requirements; and (4) the need to maintain a clean audit opinion and sound internal controls. This increase will also provide for current services, adjusted for inflation. Today's changing technological advances and growth in campaign financing necessitate that the Commission employ additional staff with specialized skills and abilities to investigate complex issues and apply sophisticated legal expertise to interpret and defend the law. Misappropriation of campaign funds continues to be a special concern, and corruption allegations are among the most complex, sensitive and serious matters brought before the Commission. Such allegations must be investigated quickly, fairly, and accurately. Request for Additional Staffing The FEC's employees are its most valuable resource and sound workforce planning and management are critical to its operations. The President's Management Agenda requires agencies to assess their organizational structures and develop organizational plans to streamline operations and business processes. Even though the Commission has implemented a number of management and organizational initiatives over the past several years to increase the efficiency of processing enforcement matters, additional resources are needed to address the continued growth and complexity of finance campaign activity. This means building a human capital infrastructure that can fulfill its mission. Without these additional resources, the Commission's ability to maintain its current level of responsiveness would be jeopardized. Provided below is a more specific description of the Commission's request for \$1,431,110 in additional funding for an increase of 12 FTEs. *The Office of General Counsel (OGC).* The Commission requests a budget increase to support five additional FTE for OGC. The post-BCRA trend of more complex factual scenarios and legal issues continues to be presented in complaints, advisory opinion requests and litigation. Examples of these include complaints alleging embezzlement, complex conduit schemes, and attempts to evade the Commission's heightened enforcement of activity by unregistered political committees. Also, in FY 2009, the Commission projects that OGC will face a significant increase in workload demands because of the large volume and increased complexity of matters arising from the 2008 election cycle. Typically, presidential election years present peak workload demands for OGC. With an open presidential race and record-setting early fundraising by the candidates, the Commission expects an even greater volume of complaints and overall activity for the 2008 cycle. During presidential election years, the Commission typically receives the highest number of complaints over the four-year election cycle. In each of the past two presidential election years, OGC processed over 400 complaints each cycle. In contrast, OGC receives approximately 180 complaints during non-presidential election cycles. The expected record-level of complaints stemming from the 2008 presidential elections will add a considerable strain on OGC's ability to prepare cases for activation and handling by attorneys. For example, in FY 2002, it took 197 days on average to activate a case. By the midpoint of FY 2007, that time was reduced by more than half to 89 days. If historical averages hold, the Commission projects that it will see over 180 complaints filed from July 2008 through December 2008. Additional FTE are required to continue the Commission's progress in streamlining the activation process and to maintain the overall efficiency of the Commission's enforcement docket. Once cases are reviewed and activated, they are assigned to attorneys for handling, including making recommendations to the Commission about how to proceed at various stages of the enforcement process. Over the past several years, significant strides have been made in reducing the time it takes to prepare recommendations at the various enforcement stages and to complete enforcement matters. In FY 2002, it took, on average, 730 days to close an enforcement matter. By fiscal year 2006, the Commission reduced this number by 230 days to an average of 500 days. With additional FTE resources, OGC would be able to activate cases even more quickly and increase the total number of cases that are active at any one time. The Commission will also be able to close cases even more quickly so that the regulated community has the benefit of Commission decisions as soon as possible during an election cycle. The increased activity in the 2008 election cycle also will have an impact on the potential number of litigation matters. Over past cycles, there has been a sharp increase in the number of litigation cases handled by OGC. For example, by the middle of FY 2005, the litigation workload increased by approximately 20 percent compared with the number of cases being handled the previous year. OGC anticipates similar increases for the 2008 cycle. While it is too early to know what the exact impact of the recent Wisconsin Right to Life decision will be on the litigation workload over the next several years, the Commission expects at least a modest increase in the number and complexity of challenges that will arise. Similarly, the Commission expects that rulemaking proceedings, necessitated both by anticipated changes in the Act and by final judicial decisions in challenges to the Act and to Commission regulations, will have a significant impact on OGC\'s workload. The Commission also anticipates an increase in the number of advisory opinion requests in the run-up to the presidential election, particularly requests for expedited advisory opinions. For example, in 2002, a non-presidential election year, the Commission received a total of 15 advisory opinion requests. In 2006, another non-presidential election year, the number of advisory opinion requests increased to 38. However, in 2004, a presidential election year, the Commission received a total of 45 advisory opinion requests. Accordingly, for the 2008 presidential election year, the Commission projects that it will receive an even greater volume than in 2004. Also, the complexity of the topics addressed in these AOs has increased because of BCRA, such as the Millionaires\' Amendment, which increases the permissible contribution limits for the opponents of self-funded candidates. As more requestors seek expedited advisory opinions on close questions of law under BCRA, the Commission anticipates these trends to continue well beyond the 2008 presidential election. In addition, the Commission anticipates additional rulemakings and advisory opinion requests as a result of the Supreme Court's recent Wisconsin Right to Life decision. Since early 2006, new statutes and Executive Orders have added to the Commission's responsibilities in administering the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act, resulting in an increase in workload for the FEC without an accompanying increase in FTE. Specifically, Executive Order 13392 required the Commission to: - Appoint a Chief FOIA Officer, a role served by a senior level OGC manager; - Establish a FOIA Service Center for the intake and initial processing of FOIA requests; - Appoint a "FOIA Public Liaison," who is an official "to whom a FOIA requester can raise concerns about the services a FOIA requester has received from the Center;" and - Develop a plan to ensure that agency administration of FOIA complied with the law, and report the plan to OMB and the Attorney General. So far during FY 2007, increasing demands have been placed on OGC as a result of newly promulgated government-wide requirements related to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act. Consistent with these requirements, OGC is responsible for processing and coordinating responses to all FOIA requests, not merely those that present legal issues under the FOIA. Moreover, demand for Commission services under FOIA is increasing. With two months remaining in FY 2007, the Commission has already received 66 requests as compared to the 47 FOIA requests received in all of FY 2006. Similarly, in the privacy area, new legislation and directives from OMB have created new responsibilities for OGC. Specifically, Section 522 of the 2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act, OMB Memorandum M-05-08, Designation of Senior Agency Officials for Privacy, and other authorities impose more than a dozen new responsibilities and reporting requirements on the Commission. The Commission anticipates that these duties will be performed by a Chief Privacy Officer, who would be a senior-level OGC manager. The Office of the General Counsel has seen a large increase in demand for its full range of services without any corresponding increase in FTE. In part as a response to these increased demands, and in part as an effort to improve the overall operations, OGC has instituted management and process improvements that have resulted in handling matters as quickly and efficiently as possible with the current level of staffing. While there still remains room for additional improvements that may produce further benefits, the Commission believes it has done most, if not all, that it can to increase OGC's operational efficiency without additional staffing. *The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Office).* The Alternative Dispute Resolution Office seeks one additional FTE to address the anticipated growth in complaints that will be handled within this program, thereby freeing up other Commission resources for other, more complex enforcement matters. In the last several years, the ADR program has handled 60 to 100 cases per year, with each staff member handling 30 to 45 cases. The additional FTE will allow the ADR program to handle between 120 to 160 cases per year. The additional FTE will also free up resources from the existing ADR program staff to focus on ways to further expedite case processing. *The Office of the Inspector General (OIG).* The Commission requests a budget increase to support two additional FTEs in the Office of the Inspector General. One FTE would be an investigator and the other would be an auditor. The OIG has faced a considerable increase in workload in the past several years without an increase in staff. For example, since FY 2004, the OIG has been responsible for the oversight of the FEC\'s annual financial statement audit, as required by the Accountability of Tax Dollars Act of 2002, a new legislative requirement for the FEC. In addition, the OIG has experienced a significant increase in internal hotline complaints, some of which have resulted in criminal and administrative investigations. The increase in reporting requirements (e.g., FOIA, Privacy Act) places an additional burden on the OIG to conduct internal audits (1) to ensure compliance with applicable policies and procedures, and (2) to prevent and detect fraud, waste and abuse in FEC operations. *The Office of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Program.* The Commission requests two additional FTEs bringing the Commission's EEO staff to three. Staffing the EEO office at three FTE will further build upon the Commission's support of and commitment to equal opportunity and diversity by ensuring a strong and effective program. These resources will enable the Commission to conduct educational programs and other proactive measures to help prevent unlawful discrimination, to expeditiously address all cases that do arise, and to meet all regulatory and statutory reporting requirements to the Office of Personnel Management and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In pursuit of these commitments, the Commission is also striving to attain the status of a model EEO program, as prescribed by EEOC guidelines under CFR 1614, in implementing Title VII, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Rehabilitation Act programs, and relevant Executive Orders and policy guidance. # The Office of Communications (OC). The Commission requests a budget increase for one additional FTE in the Office of Communications. The additional FTE would enable the OC to expand its online educational initiatives, thereby reaching the segment of the regulated community that is unable to attend FEC regional conferences. For example, the Commission recently purchased software to develop new, interactive online training exercises for the regulated community. The software would allow the OC to create web-based training for the regulated community that is easy to navigate, available on demand and always up-to-date with new Commission regulations and initiatives. This new training initiative represents a fundamental change in the Commission's outreach efforts, and will provide the regulated community with 24-hour access to campaign finance training. However, at current staffing levels, development of these new exercises is often delayed by the staff's need to focus on maintaining existing services. An additional FTE would enable the Commission to move forward with this and other initiatives at an accelerated pace, providing better service to the public and the regulated community. *The Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO).* The Commission requests a budget increase to support one additional FTE in the Office of the Chief Financial Officer to strengthen financial management. The Commissioners recently restructured the role of the CFO to significantly enhance the CFO's responsibilities and to report directly to the Commission. The change was made to afford the Commission a higher level of oversight of financial management throughout the agency. The complexity and additional reporting requirements, such as the annual financial statement audit, have increased the visibility of the Commission's financial operations. Accordingly, the Commission believes having the CFO directly report to the Commissioners increases the objectivity and strengthens the internal controls surrounding financial management. This additional FTE would enhance the Commission's ability to properly address the underlying internal control weaknesses that resulted in a qualified audit opinion on the Commission's FY 2006 financial statements. Furthermore, resources would be allocated to maintain and update financial management policies and procedures, and provide training to FEC staff on these policies and procedures, such as travel, procurement, budget, and accounting matters. The increase would ensure that the CFO will be able to perform a higher-level review and analysis, thereby improving overall internal controls. The additional FTE also would facilitate succession planning to adequately prepare for the upcoming retirement of finance personnel; thereby reducing the risk of financial and payroll transactions not being processed timely or accurately. Finally, additional staffing also enables the CFO to communicate more effectively with the Commission and agency management. Request for Additional Technological Initiatives. The Commission requests a budget increase of \$1,417,205 to maintain a secure, flexible, and modern information technology system that fully supports the collection, analysis, and dissemination of campaign finance information. The Commission is in the early stages of developing a complete, integrated enterprise architecture consisting of infrastructure and applications that serve the Commission's business needs. To further build and implement this architecture, additional funds are needed to increase support for applications and systems development projects. These resources will be used to manage enhancements, modifications, and deployments of FEC systems. These include, but are not limited to: - eReview (electronic review of campaign finance filings); - Electronic document management; - Enhancing detection and analysis capabilities of compliance data (e.g., data mining); and - Enabling the public to search, view, download, and comment on Federal agency rulemaking documents in one central online system. Consistent with the President's Management Agenda, the Commission has begun to define requirements for an integrated financial management system. An integrated system will provide management and technical capabilities for an agency-wide implementation of standard systems and processes necessary to support financial management and human resource (HR) activities. Currently, the Commission does not have an integrated financial management system, which was noted as an internal control weakness in the financial statement audit. To address this weakness, the Commission intends to outsource its financial and HR operations to an approved line of business (LOB) provider. This will allow the FEC to provide timely, consistent, and reliable information for leadership and management decisions, as well as to be compliant with OMB requirements. Furthermore, the LOB is expected to provide an accounting structure to enable the FEC to achieve a "clean" audit opinion on its financial statements, and to resolve several of the internal control weaknesses identified in the Commission's past financial statement audits. Maintaining an effective financial management system includes: - Ensuring adequate internal controls; - Conducting risk assessments; - Implementing a back-up disaster recovery and continuing operations plan; and - Upgrading of security and systems to keep up with changes in technology, as well as changing regulations and reporting requirements. The Commission understands the importance of strong internal controls. Without additional funding, the Commission will be unable to adequately address its internal control weaknesses to fully resolve these issues. The FEC also continues to upgrade and enhance its website, electronic filing and review systems, and other electronic systems, and to adapt to changes in the law or to technological advances. The FEC plans to launch an enhancement to the presidential Campaign Finance Map application. This new application will focus on House and Senate candidates and allow drill-down capabilities on money raised in 17 specific categories. There will also be a feature that will facilitate the ability to compare candidates who are running in the same race. In order to address the more complex requirements of the campaign finance process and allow for transparency, the FEC needs to build additional tools and a supporting infrastructure to tap into the data that is being collected from the regulated community. The four cornerstones serving as the foundation for better tools and access to data include: - Integrated enterprise application architecture; - Enterprise content management; - Enterprise search/data mining capabilities; and - Robust and secure enterprise infrastructure. Several of these improvements will serve to effectively respond to the internal control weaknesses noted in the past several audits of the Commission's operations. These functions will also facilitate the FEC's mission to provide the public with a transparent campaign finance system by providing useful and accessible website enhancements, similar to the Presidential Campaign Finance Map, which, as anticipated, has proven to be a very popular tool for the public. Combined with the responsibility to provide transparency in the campaign finance process and the public's internet-driven expectation of instant access to the very latest information, these growing demands are projected to soon push the Commission's technology beyond its current capabilities. Therefore, additional resources are essential for the Commission to successfully achieve its mission and serve the public and regulated community. --------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ Table 3: Budget Request by Object Class Personnel FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 Request Estimate Estimate 1110 Full Time Permanent \$28,909,914 \$31,909,311 \$33,859,311 1130 Other than Permanent 550,000 775,000 850,000 1150 Premium Pay, Overtime 65,000 85,000 90,000 1152 Cash Awards 427,659 550,000 600,000 1181 Witnesses 5,000 8,500 8,500 1210 Personnel Benefits 8,297,145 9,171,036 10,017,148 Subtotal, Personnel \$38,254,718 \$42,498,848 \$45,424,960 2101 Travel 389,689 397,483 415,000 2201 Transportation of Things 20,077 21,000 22,000 2311 Rent 3,513,877 4,726,125 4,773,094 2331 Equipment Rental 181,000 185,000 188,500 2332 Telephones 199,591 200,000 202,000 2335 Postage, Printing and 459,540 462,000 467,500 Microfilm 2511 Training and Tuition 293,503 299,374 305,361 2512 Administrative Expenses 114,018 116,298 119,500 2513 Depositions and 34,308 34,000 34,000 Transcripts 2514 IT Contracts 4,984,717 4,265,260 5,713,131 2521 Other Contracts 1,400,144 1,400,000 1,475,000 2523 Repair & Maintenance 168,398 165,000 175,000 2531 Federal Agency Services 957,940 960,000 967,000 2541 Facilities Maintenance 285,000 290,000 295,000 2572 Software and Hardware 1,345,296 1,283,157 1,375,000 2601 Supplies 190,856 170,000 170,000 2602 Publications 544,132 560,456 577,270 3101 Equipment Purchases 174,815 175,000 178,000 3102 Capitalized IT Equipment 848,897 850,000 855,000 3103 Non-Capitalized IT 167,000 165,000 165,000 Equipment Subtotal, Non \$16,272,798 \$16,725,152 \$18,472,355 Personnel TOTAL \$54,527,516 \$59,224,000 \$63,897,315 --------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------	en
converted_docs	545424	Voluntary Report - public distribution Date: 12/9/2005 GAIN Report Number: IN5130 IN5130 India Agricultural Situation Weekly Highlights & Hot Bites, #45 2005 Approved by: ![](media/image1.wmf)Michael Riedel U.S. Embassy, New Delhi Prepared by: A. Govindan, Santosh Kr. Singh Report Highlights: \Australian Wheat Board eyes wheat supply\, \Be cautious on Farm talks - Opposition Parties\, \Pepsi plans domestic orange juice production\, \Indian farm retail to get its first foreigners\, \World Bank keen on Indian farm sector\. Includes PSD Changes: No Includes Trade Matrix: No Unscheduled Report New Delhi \[IN1\] \[IN\] Welcome to Hot Bites from India, a weekly summary of issues of interest to the U.S. agricultural community. The report includes information that has been garnered during travel within India, reported in the local media, or offered by host country officials and agricultural analysts. Press articles are included in this report. Significant issues will be expanded upon in subsequent reports from this office. DISCLAIMER: Any press summary contained herein does NOT reflect USDA's, the U.S. Embassy's, or any other U.S. government agency's point of view or official policy. AUSTRALIAN WHEAT BOARD EYES WHEAT SUPPLY India might import approximately one million tons of wheat in 2006 to meet supply shortages, according to a top Australian Wheat Board (AWB) official. \"It could be a million tons, a little more or little less, in that order of magnitude, through 2006,\" said Mr. Andrew Lindberg, AWB\'s Managing Director. \"Historically, Australia has been very well placed to provide supplies into this market. Our premium wheat is sought after in this market,\" Mr. Lindberg added. (Source: Business Line, 12/08/05) BE CAUTIOUS ON FARM TALKS -- OPPOSITION PARTIES At a meeting held by Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath with political opposition parties, the latter asked the government to move cautiously on agriculture in order to protect the interests of Indian farmers. They said the sector should not be opened unless developed countries committed themselves to cuts in their agricultural subsidies. "There was basically a meeting of the minds, as both sides \[government and the opposition\] agreed that India had to move carefully on agriculture, and that the interests of farmers had to be protected," a senior government official said. Bharatiya Janta Party (the main opposition party) General Secretary and former Commerce and Industry Minister Arun Jaitley said "India should tighten its shield as far as market access is concerned, taking care not to delink it from the question of subsidies." Commerce Minister Nath, agreeing with Jaitley's view, assured the opposition parties that India would not concede on agriculture unless the developed countries agreed to real and substantial cuts in their trade distorting support. (Source: Business standard, 12/06/05) PEPSI PLANS DOMESTIC ORANGE JUICE PRODUCTION Pepsi wants to develop the rs. 5 billion (\$110 million) Indian orange juice (OJ) market by getting into a direct-linkage, fully-integrated production model, which would give India its own domestically-produced OJ. Currently, the OJ-needs of India (around 5,000 tons a year) are met by imports from Florida and Brazil. As part of their long-term agribusiness investment plan, which would provide the much-needed backward linkage, Pepsi is already managing and operating the biggest citrus nursery in the world in Punjab state, which is likely to be followed by two large Tropicana processing facilities there. (Source: Economic Times, 12/09/05) INDIAN FARM RETAIL TO GET ITS FIRST FOREIGNERS AWB, an international commodity trading and risk management company, is planning to invest in a chain of shops and warehouses in rural India. This is the first time that a multinational company has shown interest in the Indian farm retail segment instead of the high-end urban retail. With an initial investment of Rs. 1 billion (\$22 million), the company is planning to supply large supermarkets with private-label foods through contract farming. The company set up a wholly-owned subsidiary, AWB India, which is currently focusing on agri-commodity trading and risk management. (Source: The Economic Times, 12/07/05) WORLD BANK KEEN ON INDIAN FARM SECTOR Expecting economic growth of eight percent for FY 2005/06, the World Bank said it wanted to fund the Indian agricultural sector and micro-finance, but wanted the government to allow greater foreign direct investment and remove bottlenecks that restricted the private sector's role. The Bank's activities have shifted to urban development and infrastructure in recent years. (Source: Business Standard, 12/06/05) # RECENT REPORTS SUBMITTED BY FAS/NEW DELHI ----------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- REPORT SUBJECT DATE SUBMITTED \# IN5129 Weekly Highlights & Hot Bites, #44 12/02/05 ----------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- WE ARE ON THE NET We are available at [www.usembassy.state.gov/posts/in1/wwwh43.html]{.underline} or visit our headquarter's home page at [www.fas.usda.gov]{.underline} for a complete selection of FAS worldwide agricultural reporting. FAS/NEWDELHI EMAIL To reach FAS/New Delhi, email us at [Agnewdelhi@usda.gov]{.underline}.	en
markdown	076299	# Presentation: 076299 ## Readout for the PIXEL detector for the Heavy Flavor Tracker upgrade at STAR - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 Notes: Hi, I’m going to talk about the development that we are doing for the STAR vertex detector ## Talk Structure - Review of Sensor development and coupled RDO development - System design - Detailed system structure - Data Rates - Ultimate sensor system discussion - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 Notes: I’m going to break the talk down into a few slides each on the following topics... ## IPHC Functional Sensor Development _Data Processing in RDO and on chip by generation of sensor._ - The RDO system design evolves with the sensor generation. - 30 x 30 μm pixels - CMOS technology - Full Reticule = 640 x 640 pixel array - _Mimostar 2_ => full functionality 1/25 reticule, 1.7 ms integration time (1 frame@50 MHz clk), analog output. (in hand and tested) - _All sensor families:_ - _Phase-1_ and _Ultimate_ sensors => digital output (in development) - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 Notes: We are following a sensor development programme in collaboration with our colleagues at Strasbourg. There are two series of sensor that we follow with our mechanical and readout development. The first series is the mimostar series which we plan to use to produce a full prototype detector with analog readout. The characteristics are as shown... The ultimate series is the what we intend to use in the final detector. It has mostly the same pixel and physical characteristics as the mimostar series but with much more processing on chip such as on chip CSD, a much shorter 200 us integration time. Programmable dual discriminators and digital output via LVDS ## System Design – PIXEL Structure _Current Conceptual Design_ - ALICE Style Structure – carbon - fiber box beam - 10 sensors / ladder - 4 ladders / carrier unit - 10 carrier units in the detector - -1 < eta < 1 - Inner radius ~ 2.5 cm - Outer radius ~ 8.0 cm - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## System Design – System Blocks - This is a highly parallel system – a schematic representation is shown below. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## System Design – Physical Layout - 1 m – - Low mass twisted pair - 3 m - twisted pair - _System Design – Physical Layout_ - Magnet Pole Face - (Low Rad Area) - DAQ Room - Power - Supplies - Platform - 30 m - 100 m - Fiber optic cables - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – Sensors and Cables - Early prototype cable with 40 differential pair - output, clock and control routed under sensor - area. - 4 LVDS outputs / sensor - _Cable_ - 4 layer - 150 micron thickness - Aluminum Conductor - Radiation Length ~ 0.1 % - 40 LVDS pair signal traces - Clock, JTAG, sync, marker - Fine twisted pair cables - 125 micron diameter wire - Soldered directly to cable - Low stiffness / mass - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – LU Protection and Mass Termination - 1 Main Board - per carrier - 10 carriers in - the PIXEL - detector - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Board(s) - New motherboard - Two board System – Virtex-5 Development board mated to a new HFT motherboard - Xilinx Virtex-5 Development Board - Digital I/O LVDS Drivers - 4 X >80 MHz ADCs - PMC connectors for SIU - Cypress USB chipset - SODIMM Memory slot - Serial interface - Trigger / Control input - FF1760 Package - 800 – 1200 I/O pins - 4.6 – 10.4 Mb block RAM - 550 MHz internal clock - Note – This board is designed - for development and testing. - Not all features will be loaded - for production. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Functional Data Path – Phase 1 - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Function Data Path – Ultimate - Assumptions – - Data sparsification with rolling shutter architecture. Output from sensor is a series of addresses – BUT – processing / readout time varies with event occupancy. - Addition of a trigger input and a frame marker flag that strobes one frame after receipt of a trigger input. But this needs to be pipelined as well. Other simpler methods are also possible. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Functional Data Path – Ultimate - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – System Level Functioning - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates - Parameters - Rates as per Jim Thomas, L = 3 x 1027 for Phase-1, L = 8 x 1027 for Ultimate. - 2.5 hits / cluster. - 1 kHz average event rate. - 10 inner ladders, 30 outer ladders. - Factor of 1.6 for event format overhead (can be lowered). - No run length encoding. \| 61.5 \| 6.0 \| \| --- \| --- \| \| 157.0 \| 15.0 \| - _R = 2.5_ - _R = 8.0_ - _200 us_ - _640 us_ Hits / Sensor at L = 8 x 1027. Integration Time Radius - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates - Ultimate => 49.7 MB / s raw addresses. - => 79.5 MB / s data rate. - Phase–1 => 59.6 MB / s raw addresses - => 95.4 MB / s data rate. - The dead-time is primarily limited by the number of externally allocated readout buffers! - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates – Dead time and Latencies - Average Ultimate inner sensor event size is 3.1 kb. - RDO at 160MHz on 1 LVDS link / sensor takes 19.4 us (< 200 us integration time) - What is the latency for data sparsification? - If the system were dead during the integration time (after trigger) and one serial RDO time we would be 21.9% dead at 1 kHz. - Look for ways to improve, earlier method is just one. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Ultimate Sensor System Discussion - The design of the Ultimate _SYSTEM_ should be an integrated design with the sensor and RDO designed to complement each other's capabilities. - Question – is it advantageous to use the processing capabilities inherent in an FPGA based RDO system to offload some of the functionality of the sensor? Would this help the overall system design? - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 - fin - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10	en
all-txt-docs	030067	NSALCASS," ""LABEL"""," ""NAME"""," ""AGE"""," ""DESCRIPTION"""," ""SOURCES"""," ""SYMBOL"""," ""OVERPRINT""" 103,Qtf,Modern tidal flat and estuarine deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Well-sorted, sub-tidal, stratified silt and some sand and local gravel deposited in shallow embayments","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 100,Qs,"Unconsolidated surficial deposits, undivided",Quaternary,"Mainly unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, and silt produced, deposited, and reworked by action of wind, water, glaciers, and frost, including solifluction. Includes deposits of present streams, colluvial and alluvial fans; glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and deltaic deposits; unsorted material of morainal deposits; glacial-lake silt, clay, and muskeg deposits; and locally interstratified beach gravel, sand, and clay (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of the Drift River delta, this unit contains a significant proportion of volcanic debris derived from air fall, mudflows, and lahars from Mt. Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano (Till and others, 1993; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes artificial fill at the Drift River and West Foreland oil production facilities on the west side of Cook Inlet (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 295,Qs,"Unconsolidated surficial deposits, undivided",Quaternary,"Mainly unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, and silt produced, deposited, and reworked by action of wind, water, glaciers, and frost, including solifluction. Includes deposits of present streams, colluvial and alluvial fans; glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and deltaic deposits; unsorted material of morainal deposits; glacial-lake silt, clay, and muskeg deposits; and locally interstratified beach gravel, sand, and clay (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of the Drift River delta, this unit contains a significant proportion of volcanic debris derived from air fall, mudflows, and lahars from Mt. Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano (Till and others, 1993; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes artificial fill at the Drift River and West Foreland oil production facilities on the west side of Cook Inlet (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 105,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 109,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 110,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 111,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 114,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 106,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 107,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 108,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 128,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 112,Qsl,"Lacustrine, swamp, and fine silt deposits",Quaternary,"Chiefly silt, clay, fine sand, peat, and other organic material generally of lacustrine origin (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 113,Qsl,"Lacustrine, swamp, and fine silt deposits",Quaternary,"Chiefly silt, clay, fine sand, peat, and other organic material generally of lacustrine origin (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 115,Qb,Beach deposits,Quaternary,"Sand, gravel, and cobbles of present and former beaches, beach ridges, spits, and tidal flats (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Wave-deposited, coarse-grained material and driftwood along seacoast; includes fine-grained sediment in mud flats of Copper River Delta; and uplifted marine terraces. Successive spit-building episodes of progressive gradation are preserved in beach sequences along coastal lowland between Cape Yakataga and Bering Glacier (Richter and others, 2005). Includes beaches uplifted by the 1964 Alaska Earthquake; most notably stranded beaches on southeastern side of Montague Island (Tysdal and Case, 1979)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 116,Qes,Estuarine deposits,Quaternary,"Fine-grained silt rich in organic material, mud, and peat (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Includes salt-marsh deposits of Detterman and Hartsock (1966) and grades into tidal flat deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Also includes marine terrace deposits on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 117,Qes,Estuarine deposits,Quaternary,"Fine-grained silt rich in organic material, mud, and peat (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Includes salt-marsh deposits of Detterman and Hartsock (1966) and grades into tidal flat deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Also includes marine terrace deposits on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 119,Qd,Eolian deposits,Quaternary,"Dunes consisting of well sorted, fine-grained sand and silt aligned in longitudinal ridges on the Cooper River delta (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes dunes on top of river bluffs, windblown flats, and river bars (Richter and others, 2005). Includes informally named Bremner sand dunes, a large barchan field, located at confluence of Bremner and Copper Rivers (Richter and others, 2005). Includes cliff-head dunes in the northern Kenai quadrangle on Turnagain Arm (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 120,Qd,Eolian deposits,Quaternary,"Dunes consisting of well sorted, fine-grained sand and silt aligned in longitudinal ridges on the Cooper River delta (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes dunes on top of river bluffs, windblown flats, and river bars (Richter and others, 2005). Includes informally named Bremner sand dunes, a large barchan field, located at confluence of Bremner and Copper Rivers (Richter and others, 2005). Includes cliff-head dunes in the northern Kenai quadrangle on Turnagain Arm (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 170,Qdl,Deltaic deposits,Quaternary,"Deltaic deposits, including outwash and alluvial deposits (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 123,Qgl,Glaciolacustrine deposits,Quaternary,"Largely ephemeral glacial lake and lake-related deposits. Well-sorted, well-stratified clay, silt, and fine sand deposited in ephemeral glacial and postglacial lakes. Thought to be typically covered by several feet of muck and peat (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes stratified and locally foreset-bedded sand and gravel that occur below 125 m elevation on West Foreland and from Katchin Creek to Redoubt Point; these deposits are probable emerged delta and glaciolacustrine deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). Also includes active outwash fans (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). On the Kenai Peninsula, includes hanging delta deposits in former proglacial lakes associated with the last glacial maximum (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 124,Qgl,Glaciolacustrine deposits,Quaternary,"Largely ephemeral glacial lake and lake-related deposits. Well-sorted, well-stratified clay, silt, and fine sand deposited in ephemeral glacial and postglacial lakes. Thought to be typically covered by several feet of muck and peat (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes stratified and locally foreset-bedded sand and gravel that occur below 125 m elevation on West Foreland and from Katchin Creek to Redoubt Point; these deposits are probable emerged delta and glaciolacustrine deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). Also includes active outwash fans (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). On the Kenai Peninsula, includes hanging delta deposits in former proglacial lakes associated with the last glacial maximum (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 125,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 126,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 127,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 130,Qag,Drift of Neoglacial age,"Quaternary, Holocene","Neoglacial terminal, recessional, lateral, and ground moraine consisting of unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel and sand deposited during retreat of glaciers. Includes deposits of the Tunnel and Tustumena Stade (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966); Tunnel Stade moraines are barren deposits as much as 1.6 km in front of present glaciers. Tustumena Stade deposits consist of partially dissected spruce and brush covered moraine 1.6 to 10 km in front of present glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Includes on the Kenai Peninsula unmodified moraine deposits which may be mantled by loess, generally 2 to 6 feet thick (Karlstrom, 1964). Locally includes kames and outwash proximal to present glaciers (Richter and others, 2005)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 131,Qao,Outwash of the Neoglacial age,"Quaternary, Holocene","Outwash deposits associated with modern and Holocene glaciers (Karlstrom, 1964; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Consist of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, and gravel in terraces and outwash fan plains (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 135,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 136,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 137,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 138,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 140,Qgno,Outwash and valley train deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Silt, sand, and gravel graded to moraines of Naptowne age (map unit Qgn) on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964) and to Brooks Lake age moraines on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 190,Qog,Older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Included here are the prominent, but modified morainal deposits of the Knik and Eklutna Glaciations. These deposits are widely exposed north of Homer on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). On the Kenai Peninsula, moraines of Knik and Eklutna age are terraced below approximately 228 m (750 ft), reflecting deposition in proglacial lakes. Also includes pebble- and boulder-bearing diamicton observed at one upland location at West Foreland and in sea cliffs along West Foreland and from Katchin Creek south to near Redoubt Point (Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 194,Qog,Older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Included here are the prominent, but modified morainal deposits of the Knik and Eklutna Glaciations. These deposits are widely exposed north of Homer on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). On the Kenai Peninsula, moraines of Knik and Eklutna age are terraced below approximately 228 m (750 ft), reflecting deposition in proglacial lakes. Also includes pebble- and boulder-bearing diamicton observed at one upland location at West Foreland and in sea cliffs along West Foreland and from Katchin Creek south to near Redoubt Point (Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 195,Qogo,Outwash associated with older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Silt, sand, and gravel graded to moraines of Knik and Eklutna age on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 200,Qch,Moraine of the Caribou Hills Glaciation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Highly modified morainal deposits in the Caribou Hills and exposed as remnant deposits elsewhere on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). These deposits are terraced below elevations of about 305 m (1,000 ft) and discontinuously mantled by proglacial lake sediment deposits (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 201,Qch,Moraine of the Caribou Hills Glaciation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Highly modified morainal deposits in the Caribou Hills and exposed as remnant deposits elsewhere on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). These deposits are terraced below elevations of about 305 m (1,000 ft) and discontinuously mantled by proglacial lake sediment deposits (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 560,Tkn,Kenai Group,"Tertiary, Pliocene to Oligocene","Coal-bearing clastic unit consisting of, in descending order, the Sterling, Beluga, and Tyonek Formations and Hemlock Conglomerate in the vicinity of Cook Inlet. According to Calderwood and Fackler (1972) unit is at least 8,000-m-thick in the subsurface of Cook Inlet. Calderwood and Fackler (1972) included, the West Foreland Formation within the Kenai Group; however, it was separated as a distinct unit by Magoon and others (1976). Subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 540,Ts,Sterling Formation,"Tertiary, Pliocene and Miocene","Weakly lithified massive sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone and interbedded claystone; includes interbedded lignitic coals typically less than 1-m-thick in the upper part of the unit, but may be as much as 3-m-thick in the lower part of the unit (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). According to Flores and others (1997, cited in Bradley and others, 1999), sandstone grades upward from coarse- to very fine-grained in trough crossbedded sequences; siltstone is typically ripple-laminated and contains roots or burrows. Bradley and others (1999) indicated that only the lowest 700 m of the more than 3,000-m-thick Sterling Formation is exposed at the surface, consisting of siltstone, mudstone, carbonaceous shale, lignite coal, and minor volcanic ash. Triplehorn and others (1977) and Turner and others (1980) reported a number of K-Ar and fission-track age determinations from ash partings within coal beds within this unit (Table 1). These dates range from 4.21.4 to 8.91.0 Ma; some older reported ages were interpreted to be contaminated by detrital material (Turner and others, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 545,Tb,Beluga Formation,"Tertiary, Miocene","Nonmarine, interbedded, weakly lithified sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, carbonaceous shale, coal, and minor volcanic ash (Bradley and others, 1999). Calderwood and Fackler (1972) reported a distinctive feature of the Beluga Formation is its lack of massive sandstone beds and massive coal seams that characterize the underlying Tyonek Formation; however, lignitic to subbituminous coal seams can be as much as 4-m-thick in the upper part of the Beluga Formation. The contact between the Beluga and overlying Sterling Formation may be an unconformity (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972), but in any case can be difficult to pinpoint (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972; Turner and others, 1980). Triplehorn and others (1977) and Turner and others (1980) reported a number of K-Ar and fission-track age determinations from ash partings within coal beds in this unit ranging from 7.21.3 to 12.95.1 Ma (Table 1)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 600,Tty,Tyonek Formation,"Tertiary, Miocene and Oligocene","Nonmarine conglomerate and subordinate sandstone, siltstone, and coal within the map area as described by Bradley and others (1999). However, in general, the Tyonek Formation is identified by the presence of massive sandstone beds and lignitic to subbituminous coal beds as much as 9-m-thick (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). Its contact with the overlying Beluga Formation is believed to be a disconformity where sandstone beds and coal beds become markedly thinner (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). Plant fossils comprising the Seldovian Stage of early and late Miocene age as well as plants representing the Angoonian Stage of Oligocene age provide age control for the unit (Wolfe and Tanai, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 630,Th,Hemlock Conglomerate,"Tertiary, Oligocene","Sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone assigned to this unit, as defined by Calderwood and Fackler (1972) occur only in the vicinity of Harriet Point in the Kenai quadrangle on the west side of Cook Inlet. On the basis of the description in Detterman and others (1976) these rocks are inferred to consist of fluvial conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate containing minor interbeds of siltstone, shale, and coal. Magoon and others (1976) mapped these rocks in a unit consisting of the combined Tyonek Formation and Hemlock Conglomerate whereas Detterman and others (1976) assigned these rocks to the Hemlock Conglomerate. The Hemlock Conglomerate is lithologically transitional with the Tyonek Formation, leading to some confusion; the Hemlock Conglomerate is best known from the subsurface. Plant fossils suggest an Oligocene age; Wolfe and Tanai (1980) suggested early Oligocene and Wolfe (cited in Detterman and others, 1996) suggested late Oligocene for rocks assigned to this unit south of the map area. Wolfe and Tanai (1980) suggested the rocks at Harriett Point may be isochronous with beds considered typical of the Tyonek Formation","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 855,Twf,West Foreland Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene","Exposed only on the west side of Cook Inlet, thin unit consists of tan to light-yellow-brown cobble conglomerate interbedded with lesser sandstone, laminated siltstone, and silty shale (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Thin coal beds are interbedded with the siltstone and shale. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) also describe a lenticular bed of ""carbonaceous ashstone breccia"" that may have been referred to as obsidian by Martin and Katz (1912). However, Detterman and Hartsock (1966) indicate that along with quartz and feldspar grains and probably glass shards, the bed also contains plant fragments and is clearly of sedimentary origin. Clasts in conglomerate are mainly rounded to sub-rounded quartz diorite, volcanic rock, argillite, sandstone, siltstone, quartzite, tuff, and coal fragments. Intrusive and volcanic rock fragments each make up about 35 percent of the clasts in conglomerate. Medium- to coarse-grained arkosic sandstone forms the matrix of the conglomerate as well as distinct lenticular beds. The siltstone and shale interbedded with conglomerate is a very fine-grained sub-arkosic equivalent of the sandstone. Originally mapped as the Kenai Formation by Detterman and Hartsock (1966); Calderwood and Fackler (1972) raised this unit to group status and subdivided it into a number of formations. The rocks here were assigned to the West Foreland Formation. The West Foreland was assigned an Oligocene age by Kirschner and Lyon (1973) and later reassigned an early Eocene and late Paleocene age by Magoon and others (1976). Recent dating of zircon from an interbedded tuff about 1-m-thick from north of the map area yielded a 43-Ma-age (middle Eocene) (P.J. Haeussler and D.W. Bradley, USGS, oral commun., 2005). The West Foreland Formation was removed from the Kenai Group because it was separated by a major unconformity from the overlying Hemlock Conglomerate (Magoon and Egbert, 1986). Lower contact of these rocks was described by Detterman and Hartsock (1966) as an angular unconformity with the Upper Jurassic Naknek Formation; subsequent work by Magoon and others (1980) showed there to be a nonmarine Upper Cretaceous sedimentary unit between the rocks of the West Foreland and Naknek Formations. Those Cretaceous rocks are shown here as map unit Ksm","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1961,Ksm,Saddle Mountain section of Magoon and others (1980),"Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian","Nonmarine sandstone, conglomerate, and minor siltstone and coal found northeast of Chinitna Bay in a section 83-m-thick (Magoon and others, 1980). Consists dominantly of fine- to medium-grained sandstone that becomes finer grained upward. Unit is generally massive though some crossbedded sections are present. It is soft and friable except where calcite cemented. Conglomerate contains volcanic and plutonic rock boulders as much as 30 cm in diameter in a sandy matrix. Coal beds, which tend to occur in the upper part of the section are as much as 2.7-m-thick and locally has underclay (""undersoils"", Magoon and others, 1980). Siltstone is most abundant in the middle part of the section. Sporomorphs Cranwellia striata (Couper) Srivastava, Balmeisporites spp., Wodehouseia spinata Stanley, Proteacidites spp., Aquilapollenites bertillonites Funkhouser, A. reticulatus Mtchedlishvili, A delicatus Stanley (Magoon and others, 1980) were recovered from the unit, indicating a Maastrichtian age. This unit was assigned in the Kaguyak Formation by Bradley and others (1999), but is separated here because its lithology and depositional environment are distinctly different from the Kaguyak Formation. This map unit overlies the Jurassic Naknek Formation with angular unconformity and is in turn overlain by rocks of the West Foreland Formation with angular unconformity","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3014,Jnp,"Naknek Formation, Pomeroy Arkose Member","Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian and Oxfordian?","Massive light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkose containing many interbedded thin beds of dark-gray to brownish siltstone and pebble conglomerate (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The sandstone is rich in quartz (40-45 percent) and sodic feldspar (30-35 percent) and also contains 15-20 percent hornblende and tourmaline. Volcanic lithic fragments make up 2-3 percent of the rock. Grains are sub-angular to sub-rounded. The matrix is generally clay, but locally, is tuffaceous. The siltstone is mineralogically distinctive from the arkose and resembles the graywacke of older units according to Detterman and Hartsock (1966); we interpret this to indicate it contains a higher proportion of volcanic- and sedimentary-sourced components. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) indicated that most sections of the Pomeroy Arkose Member have a 70- to 350-foot-thick (21 to 113 m) gray, medium-bedded to massive, arenaceous siltstone horizon, usually in the lower part of the member. The Pomeroy Arkose is sparsely fossiliferous, containing Lytoceras, Phylloceras, and Buchia concentrica, suggesting an age no younger than early Kimmeridgian. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) suggested that the nearby Jurassic part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith was the source for this unit and the subangular character of the easy-to-destroy grains (hornblende, tourmaline, and feldspar) indicate short transport and rapid burial","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3013,Jnst,"Naknek Formation, Snug Harbor Siltstone Member","Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian and Oxfordian","Dominantly massive to thin-bedded, dark-gray to black siltstone; calcareous gray sandstone beds are minor part of the unit (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Hard gray limestone concretions and lenses are locally abundant; rare thin layers of volcanic ash and tuff are found locally (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Deposited in moderately deep water, well below wave base and above carbonate compensation depth, in a basin having restricted circulation (Detterman and others, 1996). It is the lowest abundantly fossiliferous member of the Naknek; main fossils present are Buchia, including Buchia concentrica as well as the ammonites Amoeboceras, Phylloceras, and Perisphinctes","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3012,Jnn,"Naknek Formation, Northeast Creek Sandstone Member","Upper Jurassic, Oxfordian","Light-gray, thin-bedded to massive arkosic sandstone, graywacke, and siltstone. Originally called the ""lower sandstone member"" by Detterman and Hartsock (1966) who considered this unit to have only local significance. Later work on the Alaska Peninsula (Detterman and others, 1996) showed that the lateral equivalent of this unit, which they named the Northeast Creek Sandstone Member, is present along the entire length of the Alaska Peninsula. According to Detterman and Hartsock (1966), some beds have a tuffaceous matrix, zones of small pebbles, as well as thin beds of arenaceous siltstone. Fossils are most common in the lower part of this unit and include ammonites, particularly Cardioceras, but also include Phylloceras and Lytoceras. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) assigned a latest Callovian and early Oxfordian age to this unit based on the presence of Cardioceras martini in the lower part of the member and its association with Cardioceras distans, which then without Cardioceras martini continues to the top of the member. Detterman and others (1996) assigned only an Oxfordian age to the unit based on reinterpretation of the available information. Pelecypods including Pleuromya, Quenstedtia, Oxytoma, Thracia, and Astarte are present but not common as are gastropods, echinoids, and belemnites (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Lower contact of member intertongues with the Chisik Conglomerate Member. Upper contact is gradational with the overlying Snug Harbor Siltstone Member","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3016,Jnc,"Naknek Formation, Chisik Conglomerate Member","Upper Jurassic, Tithonian to Oxfordian","Consists of massive to thick-bedded conglomerate and interbedded, crossbedded, quartzose sandstone. Clasts, as large as 2 m, are mainly granitic rocks, but up to 20 percent metamorphic and volcanic rocks are present (Detterman and others, 1996). The unit in the map area is mainly restricted to the area adjacent to Iniskin and Tuxedni Bays. A K-Ar age determination (Table 1, sample 62Ale 6e) on a quartz diorite cobble yielded a protolith age of 156.6 Ma on biotite and 159.7 on hornblende (Detterman and others, 1965)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3020,Jcp,"Chinitna Formation, Paveloff Siltstone Member","Middle Jurassic, Callovian","Consists of massive dark-gray arenaceous siltstone in the upper part and a thick sandstone unit at its base (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Large ellipsoidal concretions and lenticular beds of limestone occur throughout the unit and thin interbeds of sandstone occur in the siltstone. A few siltstone beds contain abundant finely disseminated pyrite, causing the beds to weather rusty brown. The siltstone is well-indurated and the uppermost part is thin-bedded and fractures into angular fragments. The graywacke sandstone of the lower unit is "".thin bedded to massive, locally lenticularly bedded, fine to coarse grained, gray to greenish gray"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 43). Limestone concretions and interbeds are common and on fresh surfaces are very dark-gray, but weather buff to cream colored. Locally the limestone is bioclastic (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Many non-diagnostic pelecypods and gastropods have been collected from the lower sandstone (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), whereas a wide variety of ammonites have been collected from the siltstone and limestone concretions higher in the section. Many genera of ammonites, including Cadoceras, Stenocadoceras, Pseudocadoceras, Kepplerites, Kheraiceras, and Lilloettia, have been collected from the unit (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), indicating a Callovian age, although the uppermost zone of the Callovian has not been identified. The Paveloff Siltstone Member is the age equivalent of the Shelikof Formation of the Alaska Peninsula; the Shelikof contains a higher proportion of coarse volcanic debris (Detterman and others, 1996)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3030,Jct,"Chinitna Formation, Tonnie Siltstone Member","Middle Jurassic, Callovian","Massive dark-gray to brownish-gray arenaceous siltstone, which weathers brownish-gray to red-brown (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Numerous small yellowish-brown weathering limestone concretions occur in parallel bands and randomly throughout the section. The limestone concretions are generally ovoid and as much as 12-13 cm in diameter. They are extremely hard and commonly fossiliferous (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Thin fine-grained, greenish-gray sandstone interbeds occur in the siltstone and a more massive sandstone unit is found at the base of the section. The sandstone interbeds are compositionally similar, but coarser grained than the siltstone. The thick (6-30 m) sandstone bed present at the base of the unit is medium-bedded to massive, fine- to medium-grained and grayish-brown. On Chisik Island, a thick (65 m) channel conglomerate, consisting mainly of volcanic rock cobbles and boulders, is present at the base of the section. ""The Chisik Island section also contains numerous thin beds of volcanic ash (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 41)."" The Tonnie Siltstone is abundantly fossiliferous, yielding many mollusks, particularly ammonites. Paracadocreas, Pseudocadoceras, Phylloceras, Lilloettia, Kheraiceras, Kepplerites, and Xenocephilites are among the collections as are numerous pelecypods and rare belemnites, gastropods and brachiopods allowing an age assignment of early Callovian (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3181,Jtb,"Tuxedni Group, Bowser Formation","Middle Jurassic, Callovian and Bathonian","Heterogeneous assemblage of sandstone, conglomerate, shale and siltstone characterized by rapid facies changes (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Massive light- to dark-gray sandstone and conglomerate are the dominant lithologic types on the Iniskin Peninsula. The sandstone and the conglomerate matrix are coarse-grained and composed of angular fragments of feldspar and quartz, having biotite, augite, and magnetite as common accessory minerals. Light-gray sandstone is commonly calcareous and contains numerous coquina beds composed almost entirely of the pelecypods Retroceramus (formerly most Middle Jurassic Alaska inoceramids were referred to the genus Inoceramus) and Trigonia and is also interbedded with dark-gray sandstone. Clasts in the conglomerate are dominantly felsic volcanic rocks and basalt, but include about 10 percent granitic rocks. Siltstone beds are massive to thin-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained, dark-brownish gray, weathering to light-brown. Siltstone beds as much as 100-m-thick are interbedded with the conglomerate and sandstone and north of Chinitna Bay occurs in units as much as 250-m-thick, where the siltstone forms the dominant lithology of the Bowser Formation. Lenticular limestone concretions containing ammonites are common north of Chinitna Bay. The formation ranges in overall thickness from 380 to 560 m. Abundantly fossiliferous, containing ammonites and pelecypods, this formation can be divided into two faunal zones that occur on either side of the break between Callovian and Bathonian. The lower faunal zone immediately overlies the unconformity with the Twist Creek Siltstone and contains the ammonites Cranocephalites, Arctocephalites, Siemiradzkia, Cobbanites, and Parareineckia and is middle Bathonian in age. The upper faunal zone contains the ammonites Xenocephalites, Kheraiceras, and Kepplerites of Callovian age","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3182,Jtt,"Tuxedni Group, Twist Creek Siltstone","Middle Jurassic, Bajocian","Soft, poorly consolidated, thin-bedded to massive siltstone and silty shale as much 125-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The siltstone is dark-gray, weathers to dark-rusty brown, and contains many thin beds of volcanic ash that weather a bright-orange color. Small, commonly fossiliferous, limestone concretions are common throughout the unit. The Twist Creek Siltstone has an abundant ammonite fauna which includes Oppelia (Liroxyites), Megasphaerceras, Leptosphinctes, Lissoceras, and Normannites (Dettermanites), but which is restricted to the contained limestone concretions","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3183,Jtc,"Tuxedni Group, Cynthia Falls Sandstone","Middle Jurassic, Bajocian?","Massive to thick-bedded graywacke sandstone and pebble conglomerate about 200-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The sandstone is medium- to coarse-grained, greenish-gray to dark-green, has graded bedding and weathers mottled light-gray due to the presence of zeolites. The sandstone consists mainly of angular fragments of feldspar and volcanic rocks in a compositionally similar silt-size matrix. The pebble conglomerate occurs in thin lenticular beds within the sandstone and is well sorted within individual beds. Clasts consist of ""red and green felsitic volcanic rocks, aphanitic igneous rocks, and a few metasedimentary rocks that are primarily dark-gray quartzite"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 32). Coarse-siltstone is interbedded with the sandstone and may contain a few limestone concretions. Siltstone makes up 10 to 20 percent of the formation. Like the underlying Fitz Creek Siltstone and Gaikema Sandstone, the Cynthia Falls Sandstone is coarsest grained in the vicinity of Gaikema Creek and finer grained away from this area. Fossils are relatively uncommon in this unit, thought in part due to rapid deposition in a nearshore environment. The sparse fauna includes the ammonites Chondroceras and Stephanoceras, as well as the pelecypods Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) sp. and Mytilus sp.","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3184,Jtf,"Tuxedni Group, Fitz Creek Siltstone","Middle Jurassic, middle Bajocian","Thick sequence (up to 400-m-thick) of massive, bluish dark-gray, arenaceous, coarse- to fine-grained siltstone that commonly weathers rusty orange and contains many small limestone concretions (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Fine-grained sandstone and, locally, conglomerate is interbedded. In the upper part of the unit the siltstone could possibly be called silty shale. The unit is coarsest in the vicinity of Gaikema Creek and rapidly becomes finer-grained in all directions away from the Gaikema Creek section. This unit is abundantly fossiliferous and is the lowest unit of the Tuxedni Group where ammonites are more numerous than pelecypods. A few non-diagnostic brachiopods are also present. The ammonites include Normannites, Teloceras, and Chondroceras and many other genera; pelecypods include Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) and Pleuromya, both in forms distinctly different than those found in the lower parts of the Tuxedni Group","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3185,Jtg,"Tuxedni Group, Gaikema Sandstone","Middle Jurassic, lower middle Bajocian","Resistant, cliff-forming, massive to thin-bedded graywacke sandstone and cobble conglomerate 150- to 260-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Sandstone commonly occurs in graded beds up to 3-m-thick, whereas conglomerate is well-sorted within individual beds and rarely shows grading (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Conglomerate is confined to the Iniskin Peninsula; clasts in it consist of ""red and green felsitic volcanic rocks, aphanitic igneous rocks, and minor metasedimentary rocks"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 26), all thought to be derived from the Talkeetna Formation. Rare granitic clasts in the Gaikema Sandstone are the first appearance of rocks presumably derived from the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith. Siltstone, occurring mainly as thin interbeds in sandstone, is thin-bedded to massive, generally coarse-silt to sandy, gray to olive-gray, and brownish to rusty brown weathering. In general, siltstone constitutes less than 10 percent of the unit, though, locally it can constitute as much as 40 percent. Siltstone apparently does not occur in close proximity to the conglomeratic parts of the formation (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Unit is fossiliferous throughout, containing pelecypods Meleagrinella, Trigonia, and Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) and ammonites Witchellia(?), Stephanceras and locally, Sonninia (Papilliceras), Lissoceras, and Emileia","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3250,Jtk,"Talkeetna Formation, undivided",Lower Jurassic,"Bedded volcanic rocks widely distributed in the Seldovia and Kenai quadrangles west of Cook Inlet. Where undivided, unit consists of flows, breccia, tuff, and agglomerate and locally interbedded minor sandstone and shale, all typically somewhat altered or metamorphosed (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Detterman and Reed, 1980). Detterman and Hartsock (1966) formally divided unit into three members. Within the map area, the Talkeetna Formation is locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3251,Jtkh,"Talkeetna Formation, Horn Mountain Tuff Member",Lower Jurassic,"Bedded tuff and tuffaceous feldspathic sandstone, locally containing porphyritic andesite flows. Bedded tuff is tan, red, green, purple, or mottled-color, thin-bedded to massive and fine- to coarse-grained (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Locally, tree stumps are preserved within the tuff beds, suggesting subaerial deposition. However, thin-bedded laminated units that have graded bedding and contain rare belemnite fragments indicate some parts of the unit are marine. Measured thickness is as much as 870 m (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The above mentioned belemnites and plant fragments occur near the top of the unit; the fossils are not age diagnostic. In the Talkeetna Mountains north of the map area, fossils in the upper part of the Talkeetna Formation, which is considered correlative to the rocks of the Horn Mountain Tuff Member, indicate a late Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) age (Arthur Grantz, oral commun., 1963, cited in Detterman and Hartsock, 1966)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3252,Jtkp,"Talkeetna Formation, Portage Creek Agglomerate Member",Lower Jurassic,"Reddish fragmental volcanic debris, primarily rounded volcanic bomb-like fragments and lapilli tuff grading to fine-grained tuff, clastic sedimentary rocks and flows northward in the map area (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Interbedded flows, tuff, and sedimentary rocks are thicker than in the underlying Marsh Creek Breccia Member, suggesting to Detterman and Hartsock (1966) a decrease in violent volcanism in the source area. These rocks are generally more felsic, although commonly described as andesitic (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), than those of the Marsh Creek Breccia Member and their distribution suggests a separate source (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The estimated thickness of this unit is between 685 and 870 m. No fossil control is known for this map unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3253,Jtkm,"Talkeetna Formation, Marsh Creek Breccia Member",Lower Jurassic,"Massive dark-green to green volcanic breccia having a tuff matrix (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Consists of angular fragments of aphanitic pink and green volcanic rocks ranging in size from 1 cm to nearly 1 m and in general, fine upward. Interbedded flows of andesite and basalt, thought to be partly submarine, are common, and increase in abundance and thickness southward (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Detterman and Reed, 1980). Bedded tuff is locally important, thickest in the southern exposures of the unit, and coarser in the more northern exposures. This member has an estimated minimum overall thickness of 1,000 m although no complete section has been measured and the sections that have been measured are cut by extensive faulting. Locally this member has obscure contact relationships with plutons of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith or has been assimilated into the Holocene magma chamber under Iliamna Volcano (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). No fossils are known from this unit in the map area and its age is only inferred based on correlations with rocks in the Talkeetna Mountains type area","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3265,Jp,"Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980), undivided","Lower Jurassic, Sinemurian to Hettangian and older?","Informally named Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) is exposed on east side of Cook Inlet and consists of volcaniclastic rocks interbedded with small amounts of limestone, coal, and tuffaceous argillite. Kelley (1980) divided the unit into three members on the basis of rock type, modal composition, and depositional texture. His stratigraphically lowest member, the Dangerous member, consists of volcaniclastic breccia, conglomerate, and sandstone and is in depositional contact with his informal Port Graham formation (^pg herein). Locally tuffaceous dark-gray sedimentary rocks in the Dangerous member make it hard to distinguish from the Port Graham formation. The July member consists of dacitic pyroclastic rocks, tuffaceous sandstone, granule conglomerate, and mudstone. Kelley (1980) indicated that the high quartz content and abundance of glassy debris help to distinguish this unit from other parts of his Pogibshi formation. The uppermost member, the Naskowhak, consists of greenish-gray tuffaceous mudstone and siltstone, and tuff. Locally, the basal part of the Naskowhak member includes laterally extensive coal-bearing units. The presence of these coal-bearing units helps to distinguish the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) from the otherwise lithologically similar Talkeetna Formation on the west side of Cook Inlet. The Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) is reportedly intruded by the tonalite of Dogfish Bay (^dt) and possibly by the diorite of Point Bede (^dt); if so the recently determined Triassic age on the diorite (D.C. Bradley, oral commun., 2007) may indicate that the Pogibshi is, in part, significantly older than the Talkeetna Formation. Martin (1915) and Martin (1926) reported a diverse Lower Jurassic fauna along the coast southwest of Seldovia. Bradley and others (1999) erroneously attributed these Jurassic collections by Martin (1915) to the Port Graham formation of Kelley (1980); however, those collections were from localities within the outcrop area Bradley and others (1999) assigned to the Talkeetna Formation, which we reassign back to the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980). Fossils noted in the two Martin reports (1915; 1926) included several species of scleractinian corals, numerous bivalves (mostly pectinaceans), gastropods, and ammonites. A brief visit by R.B. Blodgett (written commun., 2007) to a section of early Sinemurian age exposed about 3 km west of Seldovia showed it to contain numerous pectinacean bivalves, gastropods, and several species of scleractinian corals. The bivalves were found both as articulated and disarticulated specimens, and most appear to belong to the genus Weyla, an Early Jurassic index fossil found primarily along the western coast of North and South America. Lower Jurassic ammonites from these same rocks were discussed and, in part, illustrated in Imlay (1981), who recognized both Sinemurian and Hettangian fossil assemblages. A fossil determination by A.K. Armstrong of a collection made by J.S. Kelley yielded poorly preserved Permian corals (sample 75JK-151B, www.alaskafossil.org). Due to the poor state of preservation of the coral material, we tentatively discount this collection until further material can be collected and identified from this locality. Connelly (1978) and Connelly and Moore (1979) suggested correlation of these rocks with the Upper Triassic Shuyak Formation of the Afognak Island which is intruded by the Afognak pluton of Triassic age (see also Wilson and others, 2005)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4019,Trpg,Port Graham formation of Kelley (1980),Upper Triassic; Norian,"Dominantly dark-gray, carbonaceous limestone and silty limestone containing varying amounts of silica cement (Kelley, 1980). Fine-grained, dark-gray siliceous to limy mudstone, silty sandstone, and dark-gray to dark-olive-gray, thin- to medium-bedded chert having mudstone partings are also common lithologies according to Kelley (1980). Limy beds tend to be most common in the lower (middle Norian) part of the unit (R.B. Blodgett, written commun., 2007 and unpublished data of Humble Oil Company [now Exxon-Mobil] reported by R.B. Blodgett); whereas the upper part (of late Norian age) is composed of considerably more volcaniclastic fragment-rich and shaly beds. The volcaniclastic fragment-rich beds contain a diverse, but uncommon molluscan fauna consisting of both bivalves and gastropods, while the shaly beds tend to have a monotaxic fauna of monotid bivalves. Fossils are locally abundant, as reported by Kelley (1980) these are mostly thin-shelled mollusks, but also include corals, echinoids, ammonites, and trace fossils. Martin and others (1915) and Martin (1926) reported the bivalves Halobia cf. H. superba Mojsisovics, Pseudomonotis subcircularis Gabb (this species is now referred in the genus Monotis), Nucula?, as well as the coral Astrocoenia? sp. The Halobia cf. H. superba was suggested by Martin to possibly indicate a Carnian age (this species was later re-identified as belonging to middle Norian age species of Halobia by Silberling and others, 1997), while the Monotis subcircularis was noted to indicate a late Norian age. Silberling and others (1997) provided a detailed analysis of the known Late Triassic bivalve fauna known from the Port Graham area and reported that the middle Norian age Halobia lineata and H. dilitata were found in collections reported by Martin (1915; USGS Mesozoic localities 6380 and 6382, respectively). Two different species of Late Triassic Monotis were reported from these rocks by Silberling and others (1997): Monotis (Pacimonotis) subcircularis and Monotis (Monotis) alaskana, as well as the late middle Norian ammonite Steinmannites. Kelley (1984) and Bradley and others (1999) assigned an upper age limit of Early Jurassic to this unit, although no fossils of this age are found in this unit. Fossils of this age do occur in the upper part of the overlying Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 5220,JPk,Kakhonak Complex,"Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian(?) or older(?)","The Kakhonak Complex, defined by Detterman and Reed (1980) is a lithologically diverse and complex assemblages of metamorphosed mafic plutonic, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks found on the west side of Cook Inlet. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) mapped ""metalimestone"", argillite, quartzite, metatuff, greenstone, and phyllite from this unit. Detterman and Reed (1980) described the unit as largely consisting of roof pendants within the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith and believed that the Kakhonak Complex represents, in part, the metamorphic equivalent of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic rocks, the Kamishak and Talkeetna Formations, of the vicinity. However, quartzite and quartz-mica schist occurring within the Kakhonak Complex have no direct equivalent within the sedimentary rocks of the vicinity, indicating other protoliths may have contributed to the complex. As Permian rocks were known from Puale Bay, south of the map area, a possible Paleozoic age was not excluded by Detterman and Reed (1980). Internal contacts are typically faults, resulting in a tectonic mix of lithologies. Although most of the rocks of this complex are at greenschist facies, the rocks range from nonmetamorphosed to granulite facies. No age control is known from the Kakhonak Complex","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 300,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 305,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 311,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 312,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears to be derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 313,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 314,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 402,Qad,Andesite and dacite domes,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Composite dome complex of Double Glacier Volcano consisting of medium- to coarsely porphyritic hornblende andesite and dacite. Three K-Ar andesite whole-rock ages were determined on these domes, two are considered minimum ages at 62724 and 76317 ka on sample 78AR 290 and one, on sample 90AR 99, yielded 88715 ka (Reed and others, 1992, Table 1 herein)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1000,Tvu,Lava flows,middle? to late? Tertiary,"A small exposure of dark-blue-gray to black, cryptocrystalline to vesicular basalt and andesite occurs on the mainland northwest of Chisik Island (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966) and is one of a number of scattered exposures in their map area. As described, the flows are slightly altered and locally contain irregular veins of hematite and malachite in altered zones along shear planes. The flows unconformably overlie an exposure of the Talkeetna Formation. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) inferred the flows were of middle(?) or late(?) Tertiary age on the basis of their degree of dissection and correlation with flows in the Lake Iliamna region where they overlie sedimentary rocks of known Tertiary age","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1660,TKgd,Granodiorite,Tertiary and [or] Cretaceous,"Medium-grained, hypidiomorphic granular, seriate granodiorite. Biotite tends to more abundant than hornblende. Occurs in the northwest corner of the Kenai quadrangle west of the Lake Clark fault and also in the adjacent Lake Clark quadrangle (Reed and Lanphere, 1972, 1973; Magoon and others, 1976; Detterman and others, 1976). K-Ar ages on biotite and hornblende range between 65.11.9 and 70.52.0 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972; 1973; Magoon and others, 1976; Detterman and others, 1976)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2430,Kqd,Quartz diorite,Cretaceous,"Locally foliated, largely medium-grained hornblende-biotite quartz diorite, but includes hornblende-pyroxene gabbro and diorite, quartz diorite, tonalite, and minor granodiorite (Magoon and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1983; Reed and others, 1992). Located in the northwest part of the map area, east of the Lake Clark fault, these rocks were mapped as Tertiary or Cretaceous by Magoon and others (1976). Biotite-hornblende ratio is quite variable although color index remains constant. Deuteric epidote is common. On the basis of K-Ar dates on biotite and hornblende between 67.21.9 and 74.42.2 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972), they are shown as Cretaceous here (Age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2900,KJg,Quartz monzodiorite,Cretaceous and (or) Jurassic,"Medium-gray, medium-grained, hypidiomorphic granular hornblende-biotite quartz monzodiorite containing variable amounts of clinopyroxene located in the extreme northwest part of the Kenai quadrangle. Flow structures locally present and hornblende and plagioclase are aligned in a north-northeast direction. Two samples from outside the map area yielded strongly discordant K-Ar biotite and hornblende ages between 58.8 and 97.5 Ma (Nelson and others, 1983). Part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith of Reed and Lanphere (1969, 1972)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3380,Jtr,"Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith,Trondhjemite",Late Jurassic,"Medium- to coarse-grained, seriate, leucocratic trondhjemite containing 10 percent muscovite and about 5 percent interstitial, perthitic potassium feldspar. Occurs in two bodies in the Kenai quadrangle immediately west of Redoubt Volcano and in the headwaters of Big River north of Double Glacier (Reed and others, 1983). It also comprises a large body in the central part of the batholith in the Iliamna quadrangle west of Chinitna Bay. A single K-Ar age on muscovite from the Iliamna quadrangle was 148 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972, analytical error not reported)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3404,Jg,"Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith, Quartz diorite, tonalite, and diorite",Jurassic,"Locally foliated medium-grained quartz diorite and tonalite; this is by far the dominant map unit of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith in this area. Hornblende is the primary mafic mineral, biotite increases in proportion to the presence of quartz and potassium feldspar. Detterman and Reed (1980) reported that the rocks of this unit grade to diorite but they did not observe it grading into quartz monzonite or granodiorite of their unit Jqm. As mapped here, this unit includes that quartz monzonite unit which consists of medium-grained, pinkish light-gray quartz monzonite and whitish-gray, medium-grained, biotite granodiorite containing minor hornblende and accessory primary muscovite. The quartz monzonite and granodiorite unit is exposed only on the eastern margin of the batholith within the map area. Potassium-argon ages generally range from 1464.3 to 183 Ma for the batholith; a number of samples yielded younger ages which were considered suspect or reset by younger plutonism. Within the map area the maximum reported age is 174 Ma (Table 1). Two small exposures of gabbro and diorite are included in unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4310,Trdt,Quartz diorite and tonalite,Late Triassic,"In the Seldovia quadrangle, this unit includes the diorite of Point Bede and the tonalite of Dogfish Bay of Bradley and others (1999), both on the east side of Cook Inlet. The diorite of Point Bede of Bradley and others (1999) is fine- to medium-grained nonfoliated quartz diorite that Bradley and others (1999) assumed to be of Jurassic age based on correlation with a quartz diorite pluton in the Barren Islands, just south of the Seldovia quadrangle that yielded a K-Ar hornblende age of 1911.3 Ma (Cowan and Boss, 1978, age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977). However, a Triassic age was recently determined on zircon from the diorite (D.C. Bradley, oral commun., 2007). The tonalite of Dogfish Bay of Bradley and others (1999) is medium-grained nonfoliated tonalite which shows chloritic alteration similar to that found in the diorite of Point Bede and hence was assigned a Jurassic age by Bradley and others (1999); we have shown the diorite and tonalite as a single map unit to which we have assigned a Triassic age. Bradley and others (1999) also mapped a light-gray, fine-grained to aphanitic felsite body south of the tonalite of Dogfish Bay. This felsite is undated and is tentatively assigned a Triassic age due to its proximity and similar setting to the tonalite and diorite of this map unit. Bradley and others (1999) suggested the felsite could be early Tertiary in age; however, no other rocks of Tertiary age are reported in this vicinity. Kelley (1980, 1984) mapped an intrusive contact between the diorite and his informal Pogibshi formation (Jp); however, the newly determined Triassic zircon date from the diorite and the Jurassic fossils from the Pogibshi indicate that there is some error in interpretation of the available data. Possible scenarios include an incorrectly mapped contact, a wider range of age for the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980), or inheritance in the zircon","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3610,Jsch,Seldovia metamorphic complex,Early Jurassic,"Marble, quartzite, garnet-mica schist, and glaucophane-bearing amphibolite whose protoliths were interpreted to consist of limestone, chert, argillite, and greenstone by Bradley and others, (1999). This unit occurs as narrow fault slices within the Border Ranges fault zone south of Seldovia and has been correlated with the Raspberry Schist of Roeske and others (1989) to the southwest and the Schist of Liberty Creek and Schist of Iceberg Lake of Winkler and others (1981) to the northeast. All these units preserve mineral assemblages representing blueschist facies metamorphism. Carden and others (1977) reported a series of 10 K-Ar ages on micas (including chlorite) and amphiboles from this unit ranging from 158.38.3 to 197.111.0 Ma and Bradley and Karl (2000) reported 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages on mica of 191.10.3 and 191.70.3 Ma and on hornblende of 191.90.6 Ma. Dating of the blueschist facies metamorphism of this metamorphic complex appears to support a pattern of decreasing age from west to east as originally suggested by Sisson and Onstott (1986)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 565,QTy,Yakataga Formation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene to Tertiary, Miocene","""Consists of diverse marine and glaciomarine clastic rocks more than 1,670-m-thick on Kayak and Wingham Island and at least an additional 1,200-m-thick on Middleton Island (Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Much of the continental shelf between Middleton Island and Kayak Island also is underlain by the Yakataga [Formation] (Plafker and others, 1975b). Interbedded gray to dark-gray and greenish-gray siltstone, mudstone, and sandstone predominate in lower third of formation. Till-like diamictite is interbedded with siltstone and sandstone in all but the lowest part of the formation and is the dominant rock type in the upper part of the formation, particularly on Middleton Island. Conglomerate is a minor lithology throughout the formation and scattered clasts-presumably dropstones-are present in all lithologies. Sandstone and conglomerate combined constitute about 10 percent of the section on Kayak Island and about 12 percent on Middleton Island"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In most exposures the Yakataga Formation is conformable and gradational to the underlying Poul Creek Formation but in some areas there is an angular unconformity of up to 15 degrees (Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Age control derived from abundant mollusks and foraminifers, although most are identical to living species (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Foraminifera are typical of the lower or middle Miocene Saucesian or Relizian Stages of Washington (Rau and others, 1977). Paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic dating indicate the upper part of the formation on Middleton Island was deposited during the Matuyama reversed polarity epoch (Plafker and Addicott, 1976)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 675,Tr,Redwood Formation,"Tertiary, Pliocene to Oligocene?","Marine mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). ""Lower unnamed sandstone member consists of about two-thirds thick-bedded sandstone and one-third silty sandstone and siltstone. Upper Puffy Member is more diverse and consists of about 50 percent siltstone, mudstone, and claystone, 30 percent conglomeratic mudstone and conglomerate, and 20 percent sandstone. Characteristic conglomeratic beds show complete gradation from coarse-grained, clast-supported conglomerate to matrix-supported conglomeratic mudstone and sandstone where coarse-grained clasts are suspended in the matrix. Siltstone, mudstone, and claystone are similar in appearance to parts of the underlying Poul Creek Formation but contain few or no concretions, no glauconitic or volcanic beds, and are sandier and more resistant to erosion"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""The fauna and lithology of the Redwood Formation indicate deposition below wave base in cold water at depth from neritic to probably bathyal. The well rounded character of clasts in the conglomerate indicates that the coarser clastic material was thoroughly abraded before being resedimented in the marine environment. The sparse and poorly preserved molluscan fauna from the formation suggests a correlation with the upper Galavinian (""Lincoln"") and Matlockian (""Blakeley"") Stages of the Pacific Northwest, or a range in age from late Eocene through Oligocene (Addicott and others, 1978). Foraminiferal control is extremely sparse, but suggests that the upper part of the formation may be as young as late Miocene (Rau and others, 1977); however, the USGS has accepted an age of late Oligocene(?) through early Pliocene for the unit Plafker (1987). Thus, the Redwood Formation in the Don Miller Hills apparently correlates with the upper part of the Poul Creek Formation and the lower part of the Yakataga Formation exposed on Kayak and Wingham Islands"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 680,Tps,"Poul Creek Formation, Sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, early Miocene to late Eocene","""Concretionary, pyritic, glauconitic, reddish-weathering, dark-gray to greenish-gray siltstone, claystone, and sandstone; subordinate dark-brown, laminated shale that is rich in organic material, silty shale, and gray calcareous sandstone; locally includes thin interbeds of basaltic tuff"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Thickness is approximately 1,600 m (Miller, 1975). ""Deposited in cool neritic to bathyal marine environment, mostly below wave base. Occurrence of shales as much as 244-m-thick with high organic carbon contents (to 7.57 percent), extractable petroleum (0.8 gallons per ton), abundant glauconite, and common pyrite are suggestive of deposition in part under conditions of restricted bottom circulation. Intercalated basaltic fragmental rocks and less common pillow basalt (map unit Tpv) indicate episodic submarine mafic volcanism in the basin (Plafker, 1974). Mollusks indicate a range in age from late Eocene (Galvinan or ""Keasey"") through much of the Oligocene (Matlockian or ""Blakeley"") (Addicott and others, 1978). In general, foraminifera from the same localities indicate slightly younger ages, ranging from late Eocene through early Miocene (Refugian, Zemorrian, and Saucesian Stages) (Rau and others, 1977)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1080,Tpv,"Poul Creek Formation, Volcanic rocks","Tertiary, early Miocene to late Eocene","""Basaltic pyroclastic and flow rocks, including minor pillowed lava flows; locally interbedded with marine sedimentary rocks, including tuffaceous or glauconitic strata, probably related genetically to mafic dikes, sills, and plugs unit (Tm)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Winkler and Plafker (1981) reported a K-Ar whole rock date of 31.21.3 Ma on a sample from the mafic dike unit (Tm) intruding unit Tps on the southeast side of Kayak Island, providing a minimum age for the unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 810,Tt,Tokun Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Consists predominantly of concretionary siltstone and lesser, variable amount of interbedded sandstone, chiefly in lower part of formation. Thick sandstone beds exposed near Point Hey and on Kayak and Wingham Islands presumably correlate with lower part of formation to the north but were closer to the sediment source. Siltstone generally is medium to dark gray and nearly massive; locally, thin beds and lenses of lighter gray, brown-weathering calcareous siltstone and silty limestone are found within darker siltstone. Spheroidal calcareous concretions as much as 1 m in maximum dimension are distributed randomly or along bedding surfaces in siltstone. Near Bering Lake, thin beds of glauconitic sandstone are found near top of formation. Interbedded sandstone in Tokun, which generally is lighter gray than the siltstone, is micaceous, feldspathic, and brown weathering. Isolated, intertidal outcrops of coarse- to fine-grained, brown-weathering feldspathic sandstone on Wessels Reef, which are exposed only at low tide, may correlate with the Tokun Formation"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""Lithology and megafauna indicate general deposition under quiet bottom conditions seaward of the surf zone in tropical to warm temperature water (Miller, 1975)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Gradational with the underlying mostly non-marine Kulthieth Formation and has gradational to abrupt contact with the overlying Poul Creek Formation (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Represents a transgressive marine sequence approximately 1,070-m-thick (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Fossil crabs are abundant, especially in the upper part of the formation and occur intact in concretions (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Sparse mollusks indicate middle and upper Eocene ""Tejon"" and ""Keasey"" Stages of the Pacific Coast standard section (Addicott and others, 1978)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 860,Tkt,Kulthieth Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Includes at least 1,500 m of interbedded, massive to thin-bedded, coal bearing arkosic sandstone, dark-gray to black carbonaceous siltstone and shale, and minor coal. Sandstone to shale ratios in measured sections of the Kulthieth Formation (Martin, 1908) average about 1:1. Sandstone varies from massive intervals as much as 150-m-thick to thin-bedded and shaly intervals. Bituminous to semi-anthracite coal in beds as much as 3-m-thick is conspicuous, but minor part of sequence. Commonly intensely deformed into imbricated stacks of fault-bounded chevron folds displaying shearing and structural thinning and thickening of coal beds"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""Mostly nonmarine, with minor tongues of transitional marine strata lithologically similar to the underlying Stillwater Formation (Tsu [in their report, Tsw herein]) and overlying Tokun Formation (Tt). Represents major progradational cycle into an otherwise marine lower Tertiary sequence"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Age control derived from widespread fossil plant collections and single mollusk collection near the top of the section (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Mollusk collection indicates a late Eocene (Tejon) age, whereas fossil plant collections indicate wider range from lower Ravenian (late middle Eocene) to lower Kummerian (early Oligocene) (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Wolfe, 1977); however, the accepted age for the unit is Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 820,Tsw,Stillwater Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Primarily consists of dense hard dark-gray siltstone. Where siltstone is carbonaceous, it has a coal-like appearance; where it is calcareous, it may be variegated from reddish brown to pale green and usually contains foraminifers"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Lithology and microfauna of lower section indicate marine deposition in neritic to upper bathyal depths (Tysdal and others, 1976; Winkler and Plafker, 1981); in ""* exposures north of the Bering River, which may constitute a higher part of the formation, "" lithology and megafauna indicate regressive shallow marine deposition (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Grades upward into the non-marine rocks of the overlying Kulthieth Formation (Miller, 1951; MacNeil and others, 1961). ""Dominantly marine strata of the Stillwater Formation in the map area may be coeval with the nonmarine lower part of the Kulthieth Formation 65 km to the east in the Bering Glacier quadrangle (Miller, 1961; MacNeil and others, 1961)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). ""The Stillwater Formation is complexly deformed and is characterized by tight folds and shearing in incompetent strata; hence its thickness can be estimated only crudely to be at least 1,500 m (Plafker, 1971)"" as reported in Winkler and Plafker (1981). Age control derived from poorly constrained ages of forams and mollusks. ""According to W.W. Rau, the foraminifera indicate a range from possibly the Paleocene and early Eocene Bulitian Stage to the middle Eocene Ulatisian Stage. The mollusks indicate a younger age, late middle or early late Eocene (F. S. MacNeil in Wolfe, 1977)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 950,Tos,"Orca Group, Sedimentary rocks, undivided","Tertiary, early middle Eocene to late Paleocene","Thin- to thick-bedded graywacke sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, slate, and locally, minor conglomerate, which display abundant sedimentary structures, such as graded bedding, crossbedding, and ripple marks, along with flute, groove, and load casts, indicating deposition from turbidity currents (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Graywacke sandstone is more abundant than finer-grained rocks (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Bioturbated limestone lenses and concretions are found locally, and along with conglomerate, are characteristic of sedimentary rocks belonging to the Orca Group (Moffat, 1954; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Lenticular matrix-supported conglomerate and pebbly mudstone and sandstone lenses are widespread, and contain clasts of intrabasinal and extrabasinal sedimentary rocks, felsic igneous rocks, and quartz (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Thin-section petrography indicates that most of the sandstone is feldspathic to feldspatholithic (Nelson and others, 1985) and contains abundant monocrystalline quartz, indicating a plutonic provenance (Dumoulin, 1987, 1988). Winkler and Plafker (1993) reported unit is metamorphosed to zeolite or prehnite-pumpellyite facies in the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles; Nelson and others (1985) reported alteration ranges from diagenetic recrystallization of the matrix to low greenschist facies metamorphism. In the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, this unit also includes rocks mapped as siltstone by Tysdal and Case (1979). Their siltstone unit is locally tightly folded and metamorphosed to slate; medium-gray and green lenses of micritic limestone as much as 2-m-thick are present locally. At several places in the islands south of Knight Island Passage Tysdal and Case (1979) describe locally folded and contorted sequences of siltstone and isolated greenstone blocks mixed in with sandstone and siltstone within otherwise uniformly layered sections. Tysdal and Case (1979) thought these sequences were olistostromes. Tysdal and Case (1979) reported the same sedimentary rock types are included in their sedimentary rock-greenstone map units containing basalt sills (Togs) and pillow basalt (Tops) which are herein assigned to units Tosv and Tov, respectively. Fossils reported by Nelson and others (1985) include: Alnus (Alder) pollen; foraminifers: Globogerina sp., G. senni, Globogerina sp. (hispid), and Globorotalia sp.; and echinoids: Holaster sp., ?Hypsopygaster sp., and Nucleopygus","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 952,Toc,"Orca Group, Conglomerate","Tertiary, early middle Eocene to late Paleocene","""Ranges from matrix-supported pebbly mudstone and sandstone to massive clast-supported pebble, cobble, and boulder conglomerate"" (Nelson and others, 1985). Generally well-rounded clasts consist primarily of extrabasinal felsic volcanic and igneous rocks (felsic porphyry and tuff, granitic rocks, and white quartz); and intrabasinal sedimentary and mafic rocks (greenstone, sandstone, siltstone argillite, and limestone (Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Winkler and Tysdal, 1977; Moffit, 1954). Usually occurs as lenses 90- to 210-m-thick within flyschoid rocks; though the thickest lens, located in Miners Bay, measured 900-m-thick (Nelson and others, 1985). Matrix-supported conglomerate and pebbly mudstone may have been formed by sub-marine landslides on unstable slopes, whereas inversely and normally graded clast-supported conglomerate beds are channel fill deposits in feeder and distributary channels (Winkler and Tysdal, 1977). Fossils reported by Addicott and Plafker (1971, cited in Nelson and others, 1985) include a crab, Branchioplax washingtoniana, and a pelecypod, Acila decisa which suggest an age assignment of Paleocene(?) to late Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2700,Kvs,"Valdez Group, Metasedimentary rocks, undivided",Upper Cretaceous,"Dark-gray, thin- to thick-bedded, laumontite to mid-greenschist facies metamorphosed, moderately to poorly sorted sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone flysch; sandstone is fine- to coarse-grained and mainly composed of plagioclase, quartz, and igneous rock fragments (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Dumoulin, 1987). Unit is a thick sequence of rhythmically alternating, multiply-deformed, metamorphosed sandstone-siltstone turbidites having beds generally ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters thick and locally, massive beds as much as tens of meters thick (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Bradley and others, 1999). Point count analysis by Dumoulin (1987) showed Valdez Group sandstone contains between 6 to 30 percent quartz, 23 to 45 percent feldspar, and 28 to 68 percent lithic fragments; lithic fragments are dominantly volcanic rocks. Proportion of lithic fragments decreases from west to east, as feldspar and quartz increases (Nelson and others, 1985). Conglomeratic sandstone containing clasts of quartzite, intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks, and rare sandstone, limestone, and granitic rocks is uncommon but widely distributed, occurring at base of some sandstone beds (Bradley and others, 1999; Bradley and Miller, 2006). In some places, primary sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, current-ripple cross-lamination, convolute bedding, and sole markings are preserved (Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Inoceramus kusiroensis, Inoceramus ulrichi, and Inoceramus concentrica of Maastrichtian or Late Cretaceous age have been reported (Tysdal and Plafker, 1978; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Bradley and others, 1999). A K-Ar date on biotite semischist of 51.51.5 Ma was reported by Nelson and others (1985). D.C. Bradley (USGS, oral commun., 2007) reported 70 Ma detrital zircons from unit near Anchorage","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2702,Kvvs,"Valdez Group, Interbedded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks",Upper Cretaceous,"Approximately equal portions of interbedded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Metavolcanic rocks include semischistose volcanic breccia, tuff, tuffaceous sediment, and minor pillow basalt; metasedimentary rocks include slate and phyllite, although metamorphosed sandstone, siltstone, and chert are interbedded in many places (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Unit crops out in two locations; in the north central Cordova quadrangle, and on the east side of the Resurrection Peninsula in the Seward quadrangle. Winkler and Plafker (1993) report unit tends to be ""variably metamorphosed regionally from zeolite to lower greenschist facies, although near Cordova, Woodworth, and Schwan Glaciers rocks are transitional to amphibolite facies""","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2705,Kvv,"Valdez Group, Metavolcanic rocks, undivided",Upper Cretaceous,"Tholeiitic metabasalt, massive greenstone, and basaltic metatuff, including local pillow lava, pillow breccia, and gabbroic dikes and sills (Winkler and Plafker, 1993) in the Cordova quadrangle. Metabasalt forms rugged, nearly massive outcrops, whereas semischistose metatuff forms more subdued outcrops (Winkler and Plafker, 1993)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2706,Kvt,"Valdez Group, Aquagene tuff",Upper Cretaceous,"Metamorphosed aquagene tuff is green to dark-gray, fine-grained, and finely laminated containing plagioclase phenocrysts; metamorphosed to chlorite and biotite zones of greenschist facies; chlorite, epidote, and locally, actinolite are abundant; remnants of glossy shards are present (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Whole rock age for metatuff on Fox Island of 54.4 2.7 Ma was interpreted by Miller (1984) as possibly reset during a thermal event; alternatively, the metatuff on Fox Island (formerly Renard) is closely associated with the ophiolitic rocks of the Resurrection Peninsula, now considered to be of Eocene age. In any case, a whole-rock age determination on a metamorphosed rock must be considered suspect","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2710,Kvgs,"Valdez Group, Schist",Upper Cretaceous,"In the Valdez Group, schistose metamorphic rocks are found in two general modes of occurrence. In the Cordova quadrangle, Winkler and Plafker (1993) describe a ""chiefly homogenous pelitic schist and minor amphibolite; [unit which] also includes spotted biotite-plagioclase-quartz (muscovite) schist containing porphyroblasts of cordierite, andalusite, garnet, and staurolite in several places. Common banding probably represents original layering inherited from protoliths; transitional into gneissose rocks to the east and into greenschist-facies rocks of the metasedimentary rocks unit (Kvs) to the west."" In contrast with these rocks, in the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Tysdal and Case (1979) describe a schist unit as consisting ""interbedded siltstone, graywacke, and less abundant tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, and basalt (pillow basalt?) ."" These rocks are primarily localized on the west side of the Placer River fault and ""* metamorphosed chiefly to biotite zone of greenschist facies, but locally to chlorite zone; typical metamorphic-mineral assemblages of biotite zone are biotite-muscovite-chlorite-quartz-epidote-calcite-albite *"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Nelson and others (1985) chose to not distinguish the schistose rocks mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a distinct map unit because they reported them to be only semi-schistose and interlayered with rocks that have no penetrative deformation; Nelson and others (1985) reported that rocks such as these were common throughout the Valdez Group, especially near faults and in areas of finer-grained sedimentary protolith. However, we have retained the belt of schistose rocks along the Placer River fault by Tysdal and Case (1979), which they reported as being conspicuously schistose and the only extensive area of schistose rocks in their map area. Nelson and others (1985) reported other areas of schistose rocks are common in the Valdez Group, yet none been distinguished on maps to date except for areas on Fox [Renard] Island and the Resurrection Peninsula by Tysdal and Case (1979); the Resurrection Peninsula occurrence is included in map unit Kvs here, following the mapping of Bradley and Miller (2006)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2715,Kvgg,"Valdez Group, Gniess",Upper Cretaceous,"""Muscovite-biotite-quartz-plagioclase ( sillimanite and garnet) schist, banded gneiss, and migmatitic gneiss; potassium-feldspar-bearing segregations in migmatite; many local intrusive stringers, dikes, and sills of granodiorite and granite; transitional into schistose rocks to the north, south, and west"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Nelson and others (1985) describe the unit as a paragneiss of ""predominantly metasedimentary rocks with well-developed gneissic foliation consisting of alternating quartz and feldspar-rich layers with biotite-rich layers. * Locally some layers in the paragneiss contain 1-in.-long [2.5 cm] porphyroblasts of andalusite."" Unit contains as much as 10 percent cream colored or light-gray, coarse-grained orthogneiss that locally grades into normal textured granitic rocks containing abundant inclusions of country rock (Nelson and others, 1985). Metamorphic grade ranges from middle to upper amphibolite facies (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). Hornblende and biotite ages of 51.52 and 46.7 respectively were reported by Hudson and others (1979). Unit is a gneissic equivalent of the Valdez Group found along the Wernicke Glacier","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2708,Kvm,"Valdez Group, Mlange of Iceworm Peak of Kusky and others (1997)",Upper Cretaceous,"Tectonic mlange consisting of blocks of graywacke in a phacoidally cleaved matrix of slate having a Valdez Group protolith for both matrix and blocks (Bradley and others, 1999; Bradley and Wilson, 2000). Mapped only in the Seldovia and Kenai quadrangles but may be more extensive along the McHugh Complex and Valdez Group contact (Kusky and others, 1997). Intruded by Paleocene dikes (Kusky and others, 1997) not shown here","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2190,KMm,McHugh Complex,Cretaceous to Mississippian,"""Mlange of siltstone, sandstone, mud-chip sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, tuff, and less abundant gabbro, serpentinite, bedded chert, and pillow basalt; fine-grained sedimentary strata commonly streaked out; sedimentary and igneous rocks are broken and discontinuous; metamorphic minerals include muscovite, epidote, calcite, chlorite, albite, and veinlets of prehnite"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Paraphrasing Clark (1981), the McHugh Complex is a heterogeneous, chaotic assemblage that includes metamorphosed clastic and volcanic rocks of diverse ages. Clastic rocks, which are the most abundant, comprise thick, fault-bounded sequences of weakly metamorphosed graywacke, arkose, siltstone, and conglomeratic sandstone. Bedding is rarely seen and commonly discontinuous. Volcanic rocks in the McHugh Complex, also in fault-bounded sequences, are greenstone, mostly of basaltic composition, and are associated with radiolarian metachert, metasiltstone, and argillite. Clark (1981) thought the volcanic rocks represent oceanic crust and that the clastic sedimentary rocks were deposited in an oceanic trench. Sedimentary rocks of the matrix of the mlange have yielded Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) fossils, whereas protolith ages on blocks in the mlange have yielded radiolarians of Cretaceous (Albian-Aptian), Jurassic, and Triassic age (Bradley and others, 1999; Winkler and others, 1981), Permian conodonts and fusilinids (Bradley and others, 1999), and Mississippian to Pennsylvanian conodonts (Nelson and others, 1986). D.C. Bradley (USGS, oral commun., 2007) reported 70 Ma detrital zircons from metasandstone within the McHugh Complex collected along Turnagain Arm in the Anchorage quadrangle to the north of the map area. Bradley and others (1999) locally subdivided the McHugh Complex into distinct lithologic packages","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2198,KJms,"McHugh Complex, graywacke and conglomerate","Early Cretaceous to Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian","Consists of fault-bounded blocks of massive conglomerate and graywacke that range up to several kilometers in structural thickness (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported that deformation has generally obliterated primary sedimentary features; they interpreted the conglomerate and massive graywacke to be of turbiditic origin and locally noted the presence of thin- and medium-bedded turbiditic graywacke. Graywacke is matrix-supported, poorly sorted, and has clasts consisting primarily of chert and volcanic rock fragments (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported Pliensbachian radiolaria in conformably underlying ribbon chert at one locality and considered this McHugh Complex unit to range in age regionally from Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to as young as Early Cretaceous","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2199,KTrmc,"McHugh Complex, basalt and chert","Early Cretaceous, Albian to Middle Triassic, Ladinian","""Pillow and massive basalt, depositionally overlain by complexly folded and faulted radiolarian chert"" (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999, citing a C.D. Blome, USGS written commun. of 1994) reported radiolaria in bedded chert ranging in age from Middle Triassic, Ladinian to Early Cretaceous, Albian","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4880,Mzg,"McHugh Complex, Gabbro",Mesozoic,"Dark-green, medium- to coarse-grained gabbro and minor leucogabbro and plagiogranite (Bradley and others, 1999). Occurs as fault-bounded bodies in the McHugh Complex; following Bradley and others (1999), only the larger bodies are shown here; others are too small to map. Associated with McHugh Complex basalt and chert unit (K^mc), which Bradley and others (1999) suggested may indicate a genetic relationship and therefore they thought may indicate a Triassic to mid-Cretaceous age. However, they assigned an undifferentiated Mesozoic age to the unit. Bradley and Karl (2000) reported a concordant U-Pb zircon age of 227.70.6 Ma from this unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4890,Mzu,"McHugh Complex, Ultramafic plutonic rocks",Mesozoic,"Predominantly layered, variably serpentinized dunite containing rare to locally abundant layers of chromite and pyroxenite and fault slices of garnet pyroxenite and serpentinite (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported at least 7 fault-bounded bodies, all associated with the McHugh Complex. Most bodies are bounded by low angle thrust faults. This was originally suggested for the Red Mountain body, but as discussed in Bradley and others (1999), it is not a klippe as interpreted by Magoon and others (1976), but rather is bounded by late stage, sub-vertical faults. However, Bradley and others (1999) did suggest a thrust may bound the Red Mountain body at depth. They also inferred that the gabbro (}g) and ultramafic rocks, while not spatially associated are comagmatic and therefore by extension may be of Triassic to mid-Cretaceous age; nonetheless, they assigned a Mesozoic to these rocks","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1053,Tdc,Dacite of Cape Saint Elias,"Tertiary, Pliocene or Miocene","Described by Winkler and Plafker (1993) as follows: ""Prominent very pale gray dacite plug complex that forms Cape Saint Elias and Pinnacle Rock at the southwestern end of Kayak Island (Plafker, 1974). Dacite is very dense and hard and is conspicuously jointed. Unit has a microgranitic and porphyritic texture and consists of about 35 percent plagioclase, 35 percent quartz, 25 percent orthoclase, and 5 percent relict brown hornblende and biotite. Unit has sharp, nearly vertical contacts with adjacent dark-gray argillaceous rocks of the Yakataga and Poul Creek Formations, which are metamorphosed to dark hornfels for at least 100 m around the intrusion. Intrudes lower part of Yakataga Formation (unit QTy) and, therefore, must be at least as young as late Miocene and more likely Pliocene because unit was emplaced after enclosing strata were deformed."" A whole-rock K-Ar age of 6.20.3 Ma (Table 1, herein) was reported by Nelson and others (1985)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1090,Tm,Mafic plugs,"Tertiary, Oligocene?","Strongly altered dikes, sills, and plugs of diabase, alkalic basalt, olivine basalt, and lamprophyre, mostly on or near Kayak Island. Winkler and Plafker (1993) suggested these hypabyssal rocks were probably genetically related to extrusive volcanic rocks in the Poul Creek Formation (Tpv). Winkler and Plafker (1981) described these rocks as coarse-grained and diabasic in the plugs west of the Nichawak Hills and fine-grained and glassy elsewhere. The two plugs immediately west of the Nichawak Hills are diabasic, containing 45 percent euhedral plagioclase intergrown with 30 percent anhedral augite and enstatite, 5 percent opaque minerals and 20 percent secondary chlorite. An isolated plug east of Ragged Mountain is nepheline syenite. Lithologic associations and cross-cutting relationships suggest an Oligocene age; nowhere do they intrude rocks younger than the upper part of the Poul Creek Formation (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). K-Ar whole rock date of a mafic dike on Kayak Island was 31.21.3 Ma (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1270,Tg,Granitic rocks,"Tertiary, Oligocene? and latest Eocene","Plutons in the Seward quadrangle are dominantly light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained biotite hornblende granodiorite and granite stocks; larger stocks commonly grade inward from marginal zones containing more biotite (and locally hornblende) to more leucocratic zones; large areas of intrusions are porphyritic and contain orthoclase phenocrysts in a medium-grained groundmass; plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine in composition, and biotite constitutes between 5 and 15 percent (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Also includes the Cedar Bay granite of Tysdal and Case (1979), a light-gray and pink medium- and coarse-grained muscovite (biotite) granite; plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine in composition, and biotite is commonly less than 1 percent. Hypidiomorphic-granular texture is most common, but equigranular as well as porphyritic varieties also exist. Primary biotite is the most abundant mafic mineral and is sometimes accompanied by hornblende. Towards the pluton margins, however, hornblende commonly dominates over biotite (Nelson and others, 1985). K-Ar dates on biotite and hornblende range from 34.21.7 to 37.11 Ma (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; ages recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977). 40Ar/39Ar ages were 29.20.1 and 31.70.1 on potassium feldspar; however these dates are inherently suspect as potassium feldspar is not generally considered suitable for dating emplacement of plutonic rocks","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1294,Tgd,Gabbro and diorite,"Tertiary, Oligocene and older","Dominantly, dark-gray medium- to coarse-grained gabbro and subordinate diorite, both having finer grained borders of quartz gabbro and quartz diorite (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Gabbro generally composed of subequal amounts of labradorite and clinopyroxene; locally contains olivine on Esther Island; pyroxene largely altered to hornblende north of Paddy Bay (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Texturally, the rocks are mostly subophitic; however, some are hypidiomorphic- to allotriomorphic-granular and a few are porphyritic (Nelson and others, 1985). Rocks of this unit are considered to be an early mafic phase associated with granitic plutons of the granitic rocks unit (Tg). A K-Ar date on biotite of 37.61.0 Ma (age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977), was originally assigned to the Granite of Passage Canal by Tysdal and Case (1979); Nelson and others (1985) assigned the sample locality to this map unit although the reported rock type for the date was granodiorite. Grant and Higgins (1910) and Tysdal and Case (1979) suggested, and Nelson and others (1985) supported, a genetic and chronological relation of these mafic rocks to the granitic rocks unit (Tg)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1300,Tgg,Granite and granodiorite,"Tertiary, Eocene","Generally medium- and medium- to coarse-grained hypidiomorphic-granular biotite granite having border phases of biotite-hornblende granite, granodiorite, and tonalite (Nelson and others, 1985) located in the Cordova quadrangle. Also includes uncommon dacite (George Plafker, written commun., 1985) Mafic mineral content varies with composition, as a result the color index of the granite ranges from 5 to 10, the granodiorite color index ranges from 10 to 20, and the tonalite color index ranges from 15 to 35. In the Cordova quadrangle, plutons also include biotite-muscovite garnet tonalite and trondhjemite (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). These Cordova area plutons include strongly foliated and lineated plutons, weakly foliated, syn-deformation plutons, and nonfoliated, post-deformation plutons (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, 2002, written commun.). K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 47.23 Ma on dacite to 53.51.6 Ma on hornblende from a sample reported only as granitic rock; a U-Pb monazite age on a sill located near Van Cleve glacier was about 54 Ma (Poole, 1996). U-Pb analyses of zircon from this sill were unsuccessful due to inheritance and lead loss (J.N. Aleinikoff, USGS, written commun., 2007). Also included in this unit is a small pluton in the northern part of the Seward quadrangle on the west side of Port Wells. Surrounded by plutons assigned to unit Tg, this small pluton is most appropriately assigned to this map unit (Tgg) on the basis of reported age (561 Ma, listed in Table 1 for the Granite Mine in the section on hydrothermal alteration dates). Other small plutons having similar, but slightly younger ages, occur to the north in the adjacent Anchorage quadrangle","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1310,Tgg,Granite and granodiorite,"Tertiary, Eocene","Generally medium- and medium- to coarse-grained hypidiomorphic-granular biotite granite having border phases of biotite-hornblende granite, granodiorite, and tonalite (Nelson and others, 1985) located in the Cordova quadrangle. Also includes uncommon dacite (George Plafker, written commun., 1985) Mafic mineral content varies with composition, as a result the color index of the granite ranges from 5 to 10, the granodiorite color index ranges from 10 to 20, and the tonalite color index ranges from 15 to 35. In the Cordova quadrangle, plutons also include biotite-muscovite garnet tonalite and trondhjemite (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). These Cordova area plutons include strongly foliated and lineated plutons, weakly foliated, syn-deformation plutons, and nonfoliated, post-deformation plutons (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, 2002, written commun.). K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 47.23 Ma on dacite to 53.51.6 Ma on hornblende from a sample reported only as granitic rock; a U-Pb monazite age on a sill located near Van Cleve glacier was about 54 Ma (Poole, 1996). U-Pb analyses of zircon from this sill were unsuccessful due to inheritance and lead loss (J.N. Aleinikoff, USGS, written commun., 2007). Also included in this unit is a small pluton in the northern part of the Seward quadrangle on the west side of Port Wells. Surrounded by plutons assigned to unit Tg, this small pluton is most appropriately assigned to this map unit (Tgg) on the basis of reported age (561 Ma, listed in Table 1 for the Granite Mine in the section on hydrothermal alteration dates). Other small plutons having similar, but slightly younger ages, occur to the north in the adjacent Anchorage quadrangle","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1320,Tgh,Granitic rocks of Harding Icefield region,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene","Primarily ""medium- to dark-gray foliated medium- to coarse-grained biotite-muscovite-(hornblende) granite and granodiorite; marginal phases are locally biotite-muscovite-(hornblende) tonalite"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Consists of a large batholith extending from Nuka and Aialik Bays and offshore islands northward more than 60 km into the Harding Icefield where it is exposed in many nunataks and westward into the Seldovia quadrangle around Harris Bay; ""* mafic minerals, almost wholly biotite, constitute 20 to 30 percent of minerals in tonalitic rocks, 15 to 20 percent of granodiorite, and 5 to 10 percent of granite; muscovite, a late but primary mineral, commonly makes up less than 2 percent"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Unit includes the Nuka, Aialik, and Tustumena plutons, as well as the Chernof stock of Bradley and others (1999). A K-Ar date from a sample collected at Aialik Cape yielded 61.01.8 Ma on biotite and 56.01.6 Ma on muscovite (Tysdal and Case, 1979, ages recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977), whereas a sample of the Aialik pluton from Harris Bay yielded a weighted mean 40Ar/39Ar age of 52.20.9 Ma (Bradley and others, 2000) and the Paguna stock of Bradley and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 53.41.5 Ma. The apparent large size of the pluton and wide ranging age determinations, from 52.2 to 61.0 Ma, which overlap that of unit Tgg, suggest these rocks are part of a multiphase batholith rather than a single pluton. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes (part of map unit TKd, herein) that they associated with the same ridge subduction related system thought responsible for these plutons","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1135,Tov,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic rocks, undivided","Tertiary, Eocene","""Thick and thin tabular bodies of altered tholeiitic basalt consist of pillowed, massive, or crudely columnar flows, but also include pillow breccia, aquagene tuff, and diabase or gabbro sills; pillows have chilled margins that are palagonitic and amygdaloidal. Minor mudstone and siltstone that have interbedded basalt are included locally. Commonly contains green, gray, or red chert in interstices between pillows, rarely includes interpillow clots of pink limestone or black mudstone. * Metamorphosed to zeolite or prehnite-pumpellyite facies"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes areas mapped as greenstone that were probably pillow basalt, basaltic tuff, and sills (Tysdal and Case, 1979, unit Tog; Nelson and others, 1985, unit Tov). May be equivalent in part to units Top, Tovs, and Tod. Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1136,Tov,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Pillow basalt","Tertiary, Eocene","""Pale- to dark-green aphyric to porphyritic, frequently amygdaloidal, pillow basalt composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxene; plagioclase commonly replaced by albite and epidote, and clinopyroxene by hornblende, actinolite, and(or) chlorite; vesicles mostly filled with chlorite; pillow basalt in some areas is interlayered with subordinate pillow breccia and tuff"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Discrete pillows average 2 ft [50 cm] in diameter on the Resurrection Peninsula and average about 1 m where they were mapped in the Orca Group by Nelson and others (1985) and are metamorphosed to as high as low greenschist facies (Nelson and others, 1985). The pillows have fractured surfaces, chilled margins, palagonitic coatings, and cracks that radiate outward from pillow centers, indicating rapid cooling (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Altered brown-colored volcanic glass makes up much of the matrix, especially in the outer parts of pillows (Nelson and others, 1985). Inter-pillow material consists of extrusive breccia, agglomerate, and hyaloclastite; and locally, thin sequences of siliceous mudstone and argillite, sandstone, and carbonate rocks, and minor red, green, and gray chert (Capps, 1915; Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984; Nelson and others, 1985). Interbedded sedimentary layers locally display crossbedding and graded beds (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). ""Pillow basalt and lesser massive basalt and broken pillow breccia make up most of the western flank of the mafic complex on the Resurrection Peninsula"" (Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and Case, 1979) where flows dip westward roughly 30? and are as much as 1000-m-thick (Tysdal and others, 1977). Flows dip west on the west side of Knight Island and eastward on the east side of the island and are more than 5000-m-thick (Tysdal and others, 1977). This unit is gradational into and cut by sheeted dikes of unit Tod over a wide zone on Glacier and Knight Islands and interbedded with volcanic and sedimentary rocks of unit Tovs in eastern Prince William Sound (Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and Case, 1979)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 951,Tovs,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic and sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","Consists of locally variable amounts of tholeiitic basalt, and tuffaceous and generally minor turbiditic sedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and others, 1976). The lithology is quite variable throughout the study area. ""Basalt consists of pillowed and massive flows, pillow breccia, and tuff. Turbidites, in most places, are mudstone, siltstone, and fossiliferous volcanogenic sandstone; in a few places nonvolcanogenic sandstone is interbedded"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""In the Ragged Mountains of the Cordova quadrangle, volcaniclastic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks are abundant, and pillow basalt is rare"" (Nelson and others, 1985, Tysdal and others, 1976). In this area the lower part of unit is interlayered with abundant aquagene tuff, tuff breccia, and calcareous sandstone containing shells (Tysdal and others, 1976). Another variation of the unit is found north of the Martin River where Nelson and others (1985) mapped a unit, Tots, consisting of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, volcaniclastic sandstone, and minor chert. The majority of the Tots unit is found south of the Martin fault where minor pillow basalt and abundant volcanic breccia is included with the sedimentary rocks of the unit and the ""rocks are altered to a bright orange-weathering gossan * intruded by numerous porphyritic dikes for a distance of 10 mi along the south side of the Martin fault"" (Nelson and others, 1985). As shown here, in the vicinity of Knight Island, this map unit is composed as much as 92 percent volcanic rocks; in this area these were mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops) and a greenstone and sedimentary rocks unit (Togs) and by Nelson and others (1985) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops). Nelson and others (1985) distinguished this pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit from a separately mapped interbedded sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks unit (Tosv) on the basis of the predominance of pillow basalt in the section; however we have combined the units herein. Locally, this combined unit is marginal to and probably gradational to thicker sequences composed of pillowed and massive basalt flows (Top). Nelson and others (1985) reported a number of varieties of foraminifers of Paleocene to late middle Eocene age from this unit in the Seward and Cordova quadrangles and north of the Martin River the tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of this unit contain locally abundant radiolarians and diatoms of late Paleocene to Eocene age (Tysdal and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1985). A 47.61.4 Ma K-Ar hornblende age from a greenschist sample (Table 1, sample number 71Apr 23A, Winkler and Plafker, 1981; George Plafker field notebook, 1971; Nelson and others, 1985) collected from the head of Port Fidalgo in the Cordova quadrangle was originally assigned to the Valdez Group by Winkler and Plafker (1981) and Nelson and others (1985); however, Winkler and Plafker (1993) reassigned rocks in the vicinity of this sample to the Orca Group, which at face value would constrain the age of this unit to no younger than early Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 953,Tovs,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic and sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","Consists of locally variable amounts of tholeiitic basalt, and tuffaceous and generally minor turbiditic sedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and others, 1976). The lithology is quite variable throughout the study area. ""Basalt consists of pillowed and massive flows, pillow breccia, and tuff. Turbidites, in most places, are mudstone, siltstone, and fossiliferous volcanogenic sandstone; in a few places nonvolcanogenic sandstone is interbedded"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""In the Ragged Mountains of the Cordova quadrangle, volcaniclastic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks are abundant, and pillow basalt is rare"" (Nelson and others, 1985, Tysdal and others, 1976). In this area the lower part of unit is interlayered with abundant aquagene tuff, tuff breccia, and calcareous sandstone containing shells (Tysdal and others, 1976). Another variation of the unit is found north of the Martin River where Nelson and others (1985) mapped a unit, Tots, consisting of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, volcaniclastic sandstone, and minor chert. The majority of the Tots unit is found south of the Martin fault where minor pillow basalt and abundant volcanic breccia is included with the sedimentary rocks of the unit and the ""rocks are altered to a bright orange-weathering gossan * intruded by numerous porphyritic dikes for a distance of 10 mi along the south side of the Martin fault"" (Nelson and others, 1985). As shown here, in the vicinity of Knight Island, this map unit is composed as much as 92 percent volcanic rocks; in this area these were mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops) and a greenstone and sedimentary rocks unit (Togs) and by Nelson and others (1985) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops). Nelson and others (1985) distinguished this pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit from a separately mapped interbedded sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks unit (Tosv) on the basis of the predominance of pillow basalt in the section; however we have combined the units herein. Locally, this combined unit is marginal to and probably gradational to thicker sequences composed of pillowed and massive basalt flows (Top). Nelson and others (1985) reported a number of varieties of foraminifers of Paleocene to late middle Eocene age from this unit in the Seward and Cordova quadrangles and north of the Martin River the tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of this unit contain locally abundant radiolarians and diatoms of late Paleocene to Eocene age (Tysdal and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1985). A 47.61.4 Ma K-Ar hornblende age from a greenschist sample (Table 1, sample number 71Apr 23A, Winkler and Plafker, 1981; George Plafker field notebook, 1971; Nelson and others, 1985) collected from the head of Port Fidalgo in the Cordova quadrangle was originally assigned to the Valdez Group by Winkler and Plafker (1981) and Nelson and others (1985); however, Winkler and Plafker (1993) reassigned rocks in the vicinity of this sample to the Orca Group, which at face value would constrain the age of this unit to no younger than early Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1137,Tod,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Sheeted basalt dikes","Tertiary, Eocene","Mafic sheeted-dike complexes consisting of dark-green, gray, and brown, aphanitic to porphyritic; chiefly basaltic, but locally gabbroic to dioritic, dikes (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). In the Knight Island area, felsic plagioclase-quartz dikes occur locally and plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine dikes are present but not common (Tysdal and Case, 1979). On the Resurrection Peninsula, olivine is present in a few dikes (Tysdal and Case, 1979). The dikes are commonly 1- to 2-m-thick, vertical or nearly so, and generally strike north (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). The dikes contain greenschist facies mineral assemblages ascribed to ocean-floor metamorphism by Bradley and Miller (2006); according to Tysdal and Case (1979), plagioclase replaced by albite, clinopyroxene by hornblende and actinolite, and olivine partly altered to serpentine. The dikes crosscut one another, intrude the adjacent pillow basalt (map unit Top), and on Knight Island, locally intrude sedimentary rocks of the Orca Group (Tysdal and others, 1977). Double- and single-sided chilled margins were observed on the dikes, indicating a spreading center setting (Bradley and Miller, 2006; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Pillow basalt screens are common in the up to 2000 m wide transition zone between the pillow basalt and sheeted dike units (Top and Tod) (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984; and Bradley and Miller, 2006). Xenoliths of gabbro and peridotite are present locally on Knight Island (Richter, 1965; Nelson and others, 1985). Small irregular pods, veins, and dikes of plagiogranite are also present in the dike complex north of Bay of Isles on Knight Island (Nelson and others, 1985). The dikes are intruded by and also intrude the gabbro in the transition zone between the gabbro and sheeted dike units (Togb and Tod) (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Tysdal and others, 1977). The dikes make up the topographically high and rugged cores of the Resurrection Peninsula, Knight Island, and Glacier Island (Tysdal and others, 1977). Whole rock K-Ar ages on greenstone reported by Miller (1984) are 35.01.3 Ma and 38.81.9 Ma on Knight Island; and 49.62.5 Ma, 45.72.3 Ma, and 47.32.4 Ma on the Resurrection Peninsula. Miller (1984) interpreted these ages as representing minimum ages for accretion due to heating during the event that caused argon loss","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1374,Togb,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Gabbro","Tertiary, Eocene","""Medium- and dark-gray to green coarse-grained chiefly clinopyroxene-plagioclase rocks with ophitic to subophitic texture and gabbroic to dioritic composition; locally pegmatitic with clinopyroxene crystals as much as 5 cm long; clinopyroxene commonly is partly replaced by uralitic amphibole and chlorite; plagioclase is partly replaced by albite; epidote and minor opaque minerals are common"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Several small intrusive bodies of gabbro occur on Knight Island, the largest of which crops out east of Drier Bay, where it intrudes sheeted dikes (Nelson and others, 1985). Other gabbro bodies are too small to show at the scale of this map, but most are elongate parallel to the trend of the sheeted dikes. At the north end of Latouche Island a 30-m-wide exposure of gabbro intrudes slate and sandstone and is itself cut by several small gabbro-pegmatite dikes (Grant and Higgins, 1910, p. 49-50; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). On the Resurrection Peninsula, Miller (1984) described local occurrences of west dipping magmatic mineral layering and cumulate textures within the gabbro. Dikes and plugs of fine- to medium-grained plagiogranite are also present (Miller, 1984; Bradley and Miller, 2006), the largest of which crop out northwest of the head of Drier Bay on Knight Island and south side of Killer Bay on the Resurrection Peninsula (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984). The gabbro grades into the sheeted dike map unit (Tod herein) and is generally elongate and parallel to the sheeted dikes, but it also crosscuts the dikes locally (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984). Tysdal and Case (1979) state that on the Resurrection Peninsula, ""The gabbro intrudes slate and sandstone of the Valdez Group, crosscuts the bedding, and forms aphanitic sills in other places. A blue-gray and whitish thermal aureole, at least 200 m wide, marks the contact zone with the sedimentary rocks."" Nelson and others (1985) and Bradley and Miller (2006) instead interpreted the contacts between the gabbro and Valdez metasedimentary rocks on the Resurrection Peninsula as faults. On Knight Island, the gabbro intrudes rocks of the Orca Group. Nelson and others (1989) reported a 57 Ma U-Pb zircon age on a plagiogranite intruding the gabbro on the Resurrection Peninsula","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1375,Tou,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Ultramafic rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","""Dunite, locally with layers of chromite, moderately to mostly altered to serpentine, serpentine-talc, and talc schist; lustrous pale- to dark-green and black, locally reddish weathering rock that forms dike-like and irregularly shaped intrusive bodies"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979) on the Resurrection Peninsula. ""In most places enough relict texture and mineralogy remains to recognize original clinopyroxenite, dunite, and harzburgite"" (Miller, 1984). Unit occurs as small pods in gabbro and fault-bounded slices within Valdez Group metasedimentary rocks (Miller, 1984; Nelson and others, 1985). On Knight Island, xenoliths of peridotite in sheeted dikes were observed by Richter (1965) but not by subsequent workers (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others (1985). However, Nelson and others (1985) mapped three peridotite bodies, including two that lie within or near a shear zone in the sheeted dikes unit (Tod) and the other body occurs as a xenolith in sheeted dikes unit. These ultramafic rocks weather orange brown in color and form subdued rubble outcrops","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1380,Tmu,Mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene?","""Compositionally and texturally variable unit consists mainly of clinopyroxene gabbro, two-pyroxene gabbro, and local diabase, hornblende gabbro, peridotite, and orthopyroxenite. Gabbro commonly is medium-grained and equigranular and is slightly to moderately foliated except near contacts with country rocks where it locally is strongly foliated or mylonitic"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also in the Cordova quadrangle, near the head of Port Fidalgo Nelson and others (1985) mapped a small area of both banded and massive dark- to light-green serpentinized dunite and peridotite. There, blocks of serpentinite and serpentinized peridotite crop out within the metasedimentary rocks unit of the Valdez Group (Kvs). Their strongly shared margins suggest that these rocks have been tectonically emplaced (Nelson and others, 1985). Within country rocks of the Orca Group, these intrusions commonly have well-developed thermal aureoles and where they intrude sedimentary rocks have prominent zones of iron-staining (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Winkler and Plafker (1993) considered the age of the unit as uncertain; two hornblende K-Ar ages of 64.52.1 and 48.51.5 Ma were reported on the unit; the older of the two was considered suspect because it is older than the Orca Group, which the mafic rocks intrude","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1011,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1301,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2401,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 99,bu,Bedrock unknown,,Unit does not appear on published map,"Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3186,Jtg,"Tuxedni Group, Red Glacier Formation","Middle Jurassic, lower Bajocian to lower middle Bajocian","Thin-bedded to massive, red-brown weathering, dark-gray to moderate olive-gray, highly arenaceous siltstone, locally containing lenticular interbeds and concretions of reddish-gray, dense limestone and very minor coal seams (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Underlying this is light-tan to buff arkosic sandstone and a thick black, silty to arenaceous, very fissile, shale. Siltstone constitutes about 40 percent of the unit, concentrated in the upper part, sandstone about 25 percent, and shale the remainder. Overall thickness ranges from 600 to as much as 2,000 m. Fossils are most abundant fossiliferous in the upper part of the Red Glacier Formation; no fossils are known from the lowermost part (as much as 600 m) of the unit. Pelecypods include Meleagrinella, Trigonia, Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus), Camptonectes, and Pleuromya. Ammonites occur in two distinct faunal assemblages; the lower assemblage includes Erycites, Tmetoceras, and Pseudolioceras and this faunal zone ranges from 450 to 1,400 m below the top of the formation. The upper assemblage in the upper 400 m of the formation includes Soninia, Emileia, Parabigottes and in the uppermost 150 meters, Papilliceras, Strigoceras, Lissoceras, Stephanoceras, Stemmatoceras, and Skirroceras","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages."	en
converted_docs	048590	\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* REMOVE THIS OUTLINE GUIDE BEFORE PLACING THE SPECIFICATION SECTION IN THE CONTRACT \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* O U T L I N E G U I D E [DIVISION 6: WOOD AND PLASTICS]{.underline} SECTION 06311 ‑ PRESERVATIVE‑TREATED LUMBER USE: Application of preservative treatment to lumber. Unique job requirements may require specific coverage in the following specification sections: NOTES TO SPECIFIER: A. Options within paragraphs are identified by enclosure in brackets; blank spaces enclosed by brackets \[[ ]{.underline}\] provide for information to be inserted, as appropriate to individual projects. B. TO AVOID CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS AND COSTLY MISTAKES, the specifier must edit (delete, substitute or add to the text). The remaining paragraphs must be renumbered. C. DELETE FOR FINAL COPY: Notes to the Specifier, located between lines of asterisks; all \[brackets\], [underlining]{.underline}, boldface, and italics within the paragraphs; and this page. (Open Reveal Codes \[alt F3\] to do this accurately). D. [To Edit "(Footer B)":]{.underline} (Corel 8). ENTIRE FOOTER SHOULD BE BOLDED. Click in the footer and delete the "Project Name (ftr B)" text and replace it with the Name Of The Project (upper/lower case). Replace date with current MM/YY (WITHOUT BRACKETS). E. The Guide Specifications are intended to be continuously reviewed and revised. User's technical comments are appreciated. Also, other related or similar specifications that are written "from scratch" that could benefit others, or other questions can be sent to NARSC A/E Group, RS-110 or call (303) 987-6851. F. DESIGN NOTES: 1\. DRAWING DATA REQUIRED: Show on construction drawings what wood is to be preservative or fire-retardant treated. REVISIONS OF THIS SECTION: CSI format, editorial changes 10/99 Metric: Not Applicable Technical Update: 3/2000 SECTION 06311 PRESERVATIVE‑TREATED LUMBER [PART 1: GENERAL]{.underline} 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: Furnishing treated wood products. Refer to applicable sections and drawings for additional wood requirements. B. Related Sections: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ List sections where items of work that might logically be furnished and installed under this section but are specified in another section. This article is rarely required. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\* C. Alternates/Alternatives: Where drawings indicate construction heart‑grade redwood, the Contractor may substitute treated wood which conforms to the configuration indicated. 1.2 SUBMITTALS A. General: Submittals shall be according to \[Section 01009 ‑ General Information and Requirements.\] \[Section 01365 ‑ Certificates of Conformance.\] B. Submit certification from treating plant that fire-retardant treatment will not bleed through finished surfaces. C. Manufacturer's written recommendations for application of wood treatments. 1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Preservative Treated Lumber and Plywood: Each piece shall bear a quality mark from an agency accredited by ALSC. The quality mark shall include the preservative retention level, the corresponding application (above ground, ground/freshwater contact, etc.), applicable AWPA standards, and the symbol of the inspection agency. B. Fire Retardant Treated Lumber and Plywood: Each piece shall be legibly marked with a UL label. C. Fabricator\'s Qualifications: A person required to apply preservatives must provide evidence of completion of an Environmental Protection Agency approved training course. 1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING A. Storage: Stack treated material separately from untreated material. Identify framing lumber as to grades, and store each grade separately from other grades. Support above the ground and cover against moisture. Allow air to circulate between members. B. Handling: Treated materials shall be handled to preserve the integrity of the treatment. Scrapes, penetrations or abrasions shall be treated with a preservative approved in writing by the Contracting Officer. 1.5 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING A. Requirements: Coordinate the provision of treated members with the progress of the work and the crew necessary for their installation. Anchor bolts or other necessary attaching devices shall be correctly sized and in place. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for hot dipped galvanized or otherwise treated fasteners. [PART 2: PRODUCTS]{.underline} 2.1 MATERIALS A. Lumber: Shall be treated according to AWPA C2 \[fire retardant lumber shall be treated according to AWPA C20\]. B. Plywood: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 9. \[Fire retardant plywood shall be treated according to AWPA C27\]. C. Wood for Highway Construction: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 14. D. Wood for Marine Construction: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 18. 2.2 WOOD PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT PRACTICES A. General: Minimum net retention, penetration, and treatment method shall be according to AWPA C 1, and the appropriate AWPA standard listed above. B. Pentachlorophenol: Shall conform to AWPA P3 in petroleum conforming to AWPA P 9. C. Waterborne Preservatives: Shall conform to AWPA P 5, as follows: 1\. Acid Copper Chromate (ACC) 2\. Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA) 3\. Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA) 4\. Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), types A, B, and C D. Coal Tar Creosote: Conforming to AWPA P 1 or P 2. E. Creosote-Petroleum Oil Solution: Conforming to AWPA P 3. F. Copper Naphthenate: Shall conform to AWPA P3 in petroleum conforming to AWPA P9, for treatment of field cuts, follow the procedures in AWPA M4 using a preservative with a concentration containing no less than 2 percent copper metal. G. Washing and Kiln Drying: After treatment, lumber and plywood treated with waterborne preservatives shall be washed and kiln dried to a maximum moisture content of 19 and 15 percent respectively. 2.3 FIRE RETARDANT TREATMENT PRACTICES A. Interior Type A: For interior locations, use chemical formulation tht produces treated lumber and plywood with the following properties under conditions present after installation. 1\. Bending strength, stiffness, and fastener-holding capacities are not reduced below values published by manufacturer of chemical formulation under elevated temperature and humidity conditions simulating installed conditions when tested by a qualified independent testing agency. 2\. No form of degradation occurs due to acid hydrolysis or other courses related to treatment. 3\. Contact with treated wood does not promote corrosion of metal fasteners. B. Exterior type: Use for exterior locations and where indicated. C. Inspect each piece of treated lumber or plywood after drying and discard damaged or defective pieces. 2.4 FABRICATION A. Incising: 1\. All lumber except Ponderosa, Red, or Southern Pine, 2-inch nominal (28 mm actual) or greater in thickness shall be incised prior to treatment. The spacing and shape of the cutting teeth and the method of incising shall be such as to produce a uniform penetration. 2\. Lumber 1-inch (25 mm ) in thickness or less shall be incised on the wide faces only. All other lumber shall be incised on all faces. B. Framing: Treatment shall be done prior to framing. C. Sorting: The material shall be sorted into one kind or designated group of kinds of wood and into pieces of approximately equal size, moisture and sapwood content. Separate to ensure contact of the treating medium with all surfaces. D. Painting: Treated wood shall be clean and dry before painting. Allow water repellent (W.R.) penta-treated material a minimum of 2 days to dissipate carrier before painting. Waterborne treated members to be painted shall have no visible residue on surfaces. E. Field Treatment: Lumber fabricated in the field or cut after treatment shall be treated and cared for according to AWPA M 4. [PART 3: EXECUTION]{.underline} There are no applicable requirements. [PART 4: MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT]{.underline} 4.1 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT A. Units: The work described in this section will not be measured for payment. 4.2 BASIS OF PAYMENT A. Payment: No direct payment for the work described under this section will be made. The Contractor shall include consideration for this item in the bid price for other items of the Contract. END OF SECTION	en
markdown	833704	# Presentation: 833704 ## Connected Vehicles for a Connected World - Research & Innovative Technology Administration - US Department of Transportation - January 2008 ## What VII will Enable .... Safety Imagine: - Your vehicle knows the speed and location of approaching vehicles - Your vehicle can “see” vehicles you can’t see - Your vehicle knows roadway conditions that you can’t see ## What VII will Enable..... Mobility Imagine: - You had traffic information on all your potential routes and modes of travel - You could compare different routes and modes of travel based on traffic speed - Your navigation unit could reroute you when an accident occurs during travel ## What VII will Enable .... Consumer Services Imagine: - You can quickly download movies and other high content material into your vehicle - You can find and reserve available parking spaces before you arrive - You can pay for tolls, parking, and your morning cup of coffee automatically from within your vehicle - Your vehicle can tell you when it needs servicing and direct you to a service station ## What VII will Enable .... Agency Management & Operations *Imagine:* - Managing your system if you knew real-time travel speeds and densities, braking activities, and roadway temperatures for all major facilities - Planning for growth when you know complete traffic patterns around development - Having the information needed to measure and track system performance ## VII Concept VII Concept Probe Data Situation Relevant Information Notes: VII Addresses Two Fundamental interests of Transportation Managers: Ability to collect accurate, real-time, and comprehensive information on roadway conditions throughout the transportation network Ability to deliver situation relevant messages about roadway conditions directly to drivers at the right place and time so that they can use this information to avoid incidents, select alternative routes, and better manage their travel plans Safety Services: Signal and stop sign violation Curve speed warning E-Payment Services for POC: Tolling, Parking, Gas Vehicle to vehicle: Emergency electronic brake lights Blind spot warning ## USDOT’s Research and Demonstration Program ## A Change in Strategy - Previous approach - Deployment decision by OEMs, US DOT, state transportations agencies in 2010 with synchronized deployments beginning around 2012 - Key technology for vehicle to infrastructure communications was Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) - Expectation that the infrastructure build out could be substantially funded by the Federal government - Current approach - Open up the architecture to allow for non-DSRC technology - Work with aftermarket suppliers to enable VII capabilities sooner - Demonstrate a subset of capabilities that VII can provide in a few, high concentration operational test sites - Support growth in geographic coverage and functionality over time - Leverage new technologies and private industry developments - Learn from related state and university research ## Program Goals and Objectives - Goals - Nationwide system - Enable the full range of safety, mobility, and commercial applications - Adaptable to technology evolution - Objectives: - Near term – to demonstrate current capability and provide for more rapid deployment of VII applications - Mid term – to expand both the system functionality and geographic coverage of the system - Long term – to enhance system performance ## Multi-Phased Approach - Phase 1 – Field operational test site(s) established to demonstrate and test what can be done today - Phase 2 – Applied research and development activities to support the longer term needs of the program in areas of technology, policy, and public agency applications - Phase 3 – Monitoring and assessing new technologies that can enhance system performance ## Phase 1: SAFE TRIP-21Safe and Efficient Travel Through Innovation and Partnerships - Develop field test bed(s) to: Accelerate availability of travel information and services to provide users with greater situational awareness of safety hazards, congestion bottlenecks, and route and modal choices Evaluate impacts, value of integrated infrastructure for travelers and commercial operators, and market readiness of near-term applications, including but not limited to those using DSRC Leverage other U.S. DOT activities such as the Urban Partnership Agreements, the Corridors of the Future Sites, and others. Leverage existing systems and capabilities (i.e., 511, Highway Advisory radio, vehicle-based collision warning technologies, traffic reporting services, etc., and state, local, university, and industry research ) ## Phase 1: SAFE TRIP-21 (2007 – 2008) - Key Dates and Milestones - Request for Information (RFI) released December 18, 2007 - Information requested on partnering for Phase 1 test site development - Information requested on test site characteristics, applications and their readiness, innovative technologies - RFI responses expected by January 11, 2008 - Site(s) operational and evaluation to begin December 1, 2008 - Interim findings will be transitioned toward mid- and longer-term ongoing research in VII Phases 2 and 3 - SAFE TRIP-21 Final Report in January 2010 (Interim reports in 09) ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment - Fund applied research and development activities: - In the areas of enabling technologies, public applications, and institutional issues - To support a phased, nationwide deployment of VII capabilities between 2008 and 2015 - Key Objectives: Assess and demonstrate capabilities of various technical solutions Identify phased roll-out strategies to support rapid deployment of near-term capabilities and enable the long term vision Analyze alternative business models and governance structures Develop technical and policy solutions to address security, privacy, liability and other institutional issues Develop key applications for the public sector Leverage results of operational tests and state and university research to improve and refine research and deployment approaches ## VII National System Network Build Up ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide DeploymentProof of Concept (POC) Testing – MI and CA - Testing of public, private, and e-commerce applications - Testing to be completed in March with results published in June 2008 - Validate the vehicle to roadside and vehicle to vehicle capabilities in a multi-application environment - Demonstrate that VII technical approach ensures anonymity, privacy, and security - The Michigan POC test includes: - 25 vehicles, 57 intersection and freeway locations near Detroit  approximately 47 square miles of coverage - Vehicle based communications is DSRC for both V2I and V2V - Backhaul communications is a combination of 3G, WiMax, and Mesh - Scheduled to operate through June ’08 - Currently preparing an RFI to solicit input and expressions of interest in: - Using the test bed by other private and public sector entities and - Options for continued operation and maintenance ## Most of the VII POC Testing will be conducted in the suburbs of Detroit. RSEs placed along several stretches of highway as well as multiple signalized intersections. *Most of the VII POC Testing will be conducted in the suburbs of Detroit. RSEs placed along several stretches of highway as well as multiple signalized intersections.* ## Michigan Test Bed - Private Applications ## Michigan Test Bed – Public Applications - Traveler Informationand Corridor Management Load Balancing Applications - All Applications - Weather Information and Corridor Management Planning Assistance Applications use the entire DTE area ## VII California Infrastructure - Access to 60 miles of Right-of-Way, including hills and “urban canyons” - Three, parallel, 20 mile long North/South routes: US 101; SR 82 (El Camino Real); and I-280 - 12 RSEs are installed and operating, with approved FCC licenses - Mix of freeway / intersection locations - 28 more RSE sites have been selected and surveyed - Installation of RSEs will continue through August 2008 - Backhaul: wired (T1 lines) and wireless (3G cellular; WiMAX, Municipal WiFi) - Communications choice is site dependent - Back End Servers - One at the 511 TIC in Oakland; one at PATH in Richmond - IP-based; additional servers can be located anywhere Notes: There are three main parts to the VII California infrastructure The first part is the Roadside Equipment, or RSE, that communicates with the vehicles using DSRC The second is the Backhaul network that transports data to and from the RSE and a central location The third is the computer server that stores the traffic data from the cars and sends messages to the driver ## VII California TestbedSouthern Peninsula, San FranciscoBay Areaviicalifornia.org Notes: Caltrans and MTC have a strong commitment to ensure the success of VII: We are building 40 VII hot spots in the Palo Alto area They will be installed along three parallel north/south corridors: US Highway 101; State Route 82 (El Camino Real); and Interstate 280; half are located on the freeway and half are at signalized intersections ## VII Technical Innovations - Most extensive DSRC/WAVE protocol testbed (56 RSEs) - Prioritization of radio access & messages for safety (while supporting other applications) - Multi-channel DSRC radios with channel switching - Single radio will support diverse applications simultaneously - One-way, 2-way, individual, and broadcast communications - Supports many vehicles simultaneously and scaleable to large population - Groundbreaking method to maintain privacy & anonymity while ensuring legitimacy of messages & data - Implement common vehicle interface for V2V across OEMs ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Technology and Testing – Going Forward - Continue technical research to support deployment - Additional research anticipated in the areas of: - Communications - Mapping - Security - Positioning - Standards - Enable future testing needs - Ensure testing capabilities are available to support public and private interests - Ensure test bed activities are working to common standards and interfaces ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Applications – Activities Underway - CICAS-V - Violation warning at traffic signal and stop sign controlled intersections - Prototype development complete summer 2008 - Field operational test option being examined - Vehicle to Vehicle Communications - Develop architecture and message sets - Develop relative positioning technology using DSRC - Develop and verify objective test procedures - Applications being examined include: - Emergency Electronic Brake Light - Forward Collision Warning - Intersection Movement Assist - Blind Spot Warning + Lane Change Warning - Do-Not-Pass Warning - Control Loss Warning - Assessment of benefits both with autonomous systems and DSRC alone - Initial test platform to be established mid-2008 with final project results end of 2009 ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Applications – Going Forward - Begin development of deployment oriented applications - Mobility applications using vehicle probe data - Traveler information - Traffic Management - Transit operations - Commercial vehicle operations - Road weather information (building on current USDOT/NWS research) - Electronic payment for tolling - Leverage results of existing and future test and evaluation activities - Public sector application workshop(s) to be held in spring 2008 - Identify real world needs for input into Concept of Operations and Requirements documents - Provide basis for private sector development of products and services ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment - Outcomes will be used to: - Identify possible roles of the public sector moving forward - Initiate conversations with the private sector regarding cost-sharing arrangements - Identify research gaps and ways for the Federal government to serve as a catalyst for the deployment of technologies and applications *Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment * *Business Models* ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Institutional Issues - Research to overcome potential institutional barriers to deployment - Activities underway and to be initiated in 2008 - Privacy policy framework (complete) - Benefit-cost analysis (underway) - Legal research (underway): - Patent search - Liability analysis for public agencies and private partners - Analysis of potentially influential federal legislation - Identification of potential state legal and regulatory hurdles - Data ownership and access rights (pending) - Network ownership and access rights (pending) - Capabilities and limitations of the 5.9GHz spectrum allocation (ongoing) Notes: Examples of Potentially influential federal legislation: Electronic Communications Privacy Act Drivers Privacy Protection Act Privacy Act USA Patriot Act Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards Public Safety Spectrum regulations State and federal laws governing access to networks and computers Telecommunications regulations ## Phase 3: Monitor Cutting Edge Technology - Monitor and assess developing technology that may be incorporated into the VII system to enhance system performance, including: - Advancements in mesh networks for vehicle to vehicle communications - Mobile WiMax - 4G cellular - Low cost inertial navigation	en
markdown	733337	# Presentation: 733337 ## BBC rate in p+p collisions year 2005 - use the BBC scalers to « quantify - the illumination » nearby the beam ## Beam Beam Counter (BBC) small tiles - STAR BBC schematic front view - Located at 3.5 m from IR - Inner tiles : #1 to 6 - from 5 to 15 cm (radius) - 3.8 < \|eta\| < 5 - Outer tiles : #7 to 18 - from 15 to 25 cm (radius) - 3.3 < \|eta\| < 3.8 ## Rate vs tile number - With E&W coincidence - Rate in East and no hit in - West BBC ## Rate observed in BBC and RHIC scalers(day 140) - Rate observed in BBC and RHIC scalers(day 140) - May 20th - May 19th - With E&W coincidence - RHIC scalers ## Rate vs coincidence - Linear relation between - rate observed vs coincidence : - slope larger for inner tiles ## Back up ## Multiplicity in East BBC tiles with E&W coincidence ## Rate vs bunch crossing number	en
markdown	093161	# Presentation: 093161 ## Distribution of dust traps in southern Nevada and California, 1984-present Distribution of dust traps in southern Nevada and California, 1984-present Genesis of desert soils Dust storms & climate Dust sources High dust flux follows periods of drought AND high precipitation Salt- & carb.-rich dust from playas Silt & clay from alluvial settings Owens (dry) Lake dust – high in As, Zn, Sb, Pb, Li Human activities—agriculture, military, urbanization, recreation Flux range: 0.5-10 g/m2/yr - Conclusions from early work: ## ENSO-dust relations & variations, central Mojave Dust flux (4 sites) and dust-storm frequency at Barstow correlate positively with years following both strong La Nina (dry) and El Nino (wet) years Dust Flux Previous year’s ENSO anomaly Dust events are diminished under milder ENSO conditions ENSO-dust relations & variations, central Mojave - (Okin and Reheis, 2002) Dust storm frequency ## Dust increases with drought at sites with alluvial sources and some with playa sources - <date/time> ## Dust increases with wetting events at some sites with playa sources - <date/time> ## A wet-playa source: A wet-playa source: Carson Sink, 4/28/04 ## Dust and precip relative to source type Dust and precip relative to source type ## Source response to precip events--<50 μm - Current year - Prev year - Prev winter - Current winter - Current summer - Prev summer ## Source response to precip events--Salt - Current winter - Current summer - Prev summer - Current year - Prev year - Prev winter ## Wet playas produce dust when recently wetted! ## Winter precip in previous year suppresses dust ## Problems and future work - Many dust traps not adjacent to playas so sources may be mixed. Need more? - 2-year collection interval difficult to interpret - New seasonal (winter vs. summer) data coming - Quantifying source strength relative to area; salts seem to increase everywhere in wet years, but may be distributed from wet playas - Where do the salts go? Global circulation? - Groundwater pumping may affect response - Scaling up; how to extrapolate	en
markdown	815354	# Presentation: 815354 ## Dallas Agency Forum Dallas Agency Forum August 15-16, 2007 Susan Markland ## Purpose - Discuss the GWA Modernization Project objectives impact on IPAC - Current Status - Current Reporting Requirements - In Development - On the Horizon - Planning Strategy - Contacts ## Current Status - Implemented: - October, 2003 - 27 Character String TAS and 8 Character BETC in bulk file formats - March, 2006 - Online screens updated to include TAS/BETC ## Current Reporting Requirements - All ALCs report a TAS on the sender side - Pilot ALCs report a TAS and BETC on sender side - Trading Partners of Pilot ALCs must report Sender TAS and Receiver TAS/BETC - Current TAS format is STAR string ## Reporting Scenarios \| Scenario Sender/Receiver \| Sender TAS \| Sender BETC \| Receiver TAS \| Receiver BETC \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Non Pilot/Non Pilot \| Required \| \| \| \| \| Pilot/Non-Pilot \| Required \| Required \| \| \| \| Non Pilot/Pilot \| Required \| \| Required \| Required \| \| Pilot/Pilot \| Required \| Required \| Required \| Required \| - Reporting Scenarios ## Current Capability - Enter TAS/BETC - Find a list of BETCs that are valid for TAS - Wild card search to find valid TAS/BETC - Select from a history of previous values entered - If a TAS/BETC is entered even if the field is not designated as mandatory IPAC will reject any transactions with invalid values ## Payment Entry Screen ## In Development - December, 2007 – IPAC Release 11 - New Graphical User Interface (GUI) - more intuitive - Online Help - Support of TRACs initiative to eliminate manual 1081s - Implementation of Mandatory Unique File ID - Capability to accept GWA Standard TAS (String) ## Payment Entry Screen ## On the Horizon - GWAMP Support: - Reviewing the strategy for implementing TAS/BETC - Phasing in of Pilot ALCs - New Implementation Date - Only transactions for GWA Reporter ALCs are posted - TAS/BETCs recorded on IPAC transactions for Non GWA Reporter ALCs are for information only. Non GWA Reporter ALCs must continue to report monthly FMS 224 - TAS/BETC implementation for payroll offices in RITS ## On the Horizon - Financial Management Line of Business (FMLOB) - Common Government Accounting Classification (CGAC) - TAS/BETC Component Pieces - Reimbursables - Standardizing IPAC Fields and Business Processes ## On the Horizon - Central Reporting Transformation Team (CRTT) - Developing recommendations to improve IPAC - Support Intra-governmental Business Rules - (TFM Bulletin No. 2007-03 Volume I) - Improve Governmentwide Accounting and Reporting - Eliminate Intra-governmental differences - Recommendations expected Spring 2008 ## Planning Strategy - Now - Provide support GWAMP in implementing new strategy - Future - Beginning September 2007 - Consider upcoming initiatives - Analyze Survey Results - Form focus groups - Prioritize recommendations - Develop plan for implementing recommendations and mandates ## Release 11 - Training - Available Now - Treasury Support Center - Available October 2007 - Tutorials - Training Environment - Online Help ## Contacts - FMS - Susan Markland, Project Director 202-874-9816 - Lori Makle-Sellman, Deputy Director 202-874-8782 - Rene Talbert, IPAC Staff 202-874-8942 Kneasha Bragg, IPAC Staff 202-874-6610 - Keshawn Moore, IPAC Staff 202-874-1112 - IPAC Help Desk - Treasury Support Center 866-809-5218	en
all-txt-docs	327223	# yum -d 4 remove glibc-kernheaders Gathering package information from servers server name/cachedir:Fermi Linux 731 main-/var/cache/yum/731server Getting headers from: Fermi Linux 731 main getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/731server/header.info server name/cachedir:Fermi Linux 731 updates-/var/cache/yum/731updates Getting headers from: Fermi Linux 731 updates getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/731updates/header.info server name/cachedir:yum update-/var/cache/yum/yum Getting headers from: yum update getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/yum/header.info Finding updated packages putting kfile-pdf in simple update list putting mikmod in simple update list putting ed in simple update list putting mutt in simple update list putting kdepim-cellphone in simple update list putting xsri in simple update list putting cdparanoia-libs in simple update list putting kedit in simple update list putting gphoto2 in simple update list putting ash in simple update list putting timeconfig in simple update list putting klprfax in simple update list putting koncd in simple update list putting perl-XML-Parser in simple update list putting indent in simple update list putting syslinux in simple update list putting XFree86-devel in simple update list putting lsof in simple update list putting flex in simple update list putting acroread in simple update list putting kdeaddons-kicker in simple update list putting perl-XML-Encoding in simple update list putting libxml2-devel in simple update list putting tamago in simple update list putting libmng-devel in simple update list putting pam_krb5 in simple update list putting perl-Storable in simple update list putting dev in simple update list putting logrotate in simple update list putting expat in simple update list putting openssl in complex update list putting ghostscript-fonts in simple update list putting gtkam in simple update list putting gd-devel in simple update list putting ltrace in simple update list putting libvorbis in simple update list putting mpg321 in simple update list putting redhat-config-users in simple update list putting kernel in complex update list putting perl-HTML-Tagset in simple update list putting urw-fonts in simple update list putting kxmlrpcd in simple update list putting rpm-python in simple update list putting licq-kde in simple update list putting kdebase in simple update list putting XFree86-base-fonts in simple update list putting XFree86-xfs in simple update list putting tmpwatch in simple update list putting kdesdk-kbabel in simple update list putting gcc-c++ in simple update list putting sendmail in simple update list putting openssh in simple update list putting a2ps in simple update list putting autorun in simple update list putting db3-devel in simple update list putting patchutils in simple update list putting ypbind in simple update list putting XFree86-libs in simple update list putting docbook-dtds in simple update list putting diffstat in simple update list putting xfig in simple update list putting rhn_register-gnome in simple update list putting readline in simple update list putting watanabe-vf in simple update list putting python2-devel in simple update list putting perl-XML-Grove in simple update list putting openmotif in simple update list putting unzip in simple update list putting upsupdbootstrap in simple update list putting foomatic in simple update list putting splint in simple update list putting xpdf in simple update list putting kdf in simple update list putting cdparanoia in simple update list putting lesstif in simple update list putting libao in simple update list putting xinetd in simple update list putting lokkit in simple update list putting qt2 in simple update list putting xinitrc in simple update list putting Canna-libs in simple update list putting fortune-mod in simple update list putting krb5-libs in simple update list putting passwd in simple update list putting libpng-devel in simple update list putting micq in simple update list putting autoconf in simple update list putting krbafs-devel in simple update list putting pygtk2-libglade in simple update list putting mt-st in simple update list putting cpp in simple update list putting db2-devel in simple update list putting strace in simple update list putting ftp in simple update list putting mozilla-chat in simple update list putting cervisia in simple update list putting kcoloredit in simple update list putting tix in simple update list putting kdeaddons-kate in simple update list putting kfax in simple update list putting audiofile-devel in simple update list putting console-tools in simple update list putting cvs in simple update list putting krbafs in simple update list putting mktemp in simple update list putting usermode in simple update list putting firewall-config in simple update list putting eject in simple update list putting mozilla in simple update list putting ical in simple update list putting zz_tcp_wrappers_change in simple update list putting kfract in simple update list putting XFree86-100dpi-fonts in simple update list putting tree in simple update list putting python-devel in simple update list putting usbview in simple update list putting autoconf253 in simple update list putting licq in simple update list putting zz_ntp_configure in simple update list putting pygnome-libglade in simple update list putting psutils in simple update list putting glibc-common in simple update list putting redhat-release in simple update list putting netpbm in simple update list putting ncurses-devel in simple update list putting PyXML in simple update list putting SDL_net in simple update list putting authconfig-gtk in simple update list putting patch in simple update list putting fetchmail in simple update list putting kdvi in simple update list putting kdemultimedia-arts in simple update list putting Glide3 in simple update list putting mozilla-mail in simple update list putting telnet in simple update list putting utempter in simple update list putting glibc-devel in simple update list putting rootfiles in simple update list putting perl-Parse-Yapp in simple update list putting locale_config in simple update list putting awesfx in simple update list putting ksymoops in simple update list putting gdb in simple update list putting kregexpeditor in simple update list putting glibc in complex update list putting transfig in simple update list putting popt in simple update list putting XFree86 in simple update list putting openldap-clients in simple update list putting switchdesk in simple update list putting khexedit in simple update list putting kiconedit in simple update list putting libtiff in simple update list putting swig in simple update list putting aspell in simple update list putting kdelibs in simple update list putting rp-pppoe in simple update list putting gnupg in simple update list putting gettext in simple update list putting knotes in simple update list putting 4Suite in simple update list putting libuser-devel in simple update list putting kmail in simple update list putting findutils in simple update list putting yum-conf in simple update list putting SDL in simple update list putting groff-perl in simple update list putting libmng in simple update list putting psmisc in simple update list putting Xconfigurator in simple update list putting time in simple update list putting chkconfig in simple update list putting bind-utils in simple update list putting sudo in simple update list putting readline-devel in simple update list putting python2 in simple update list putting mkxauth in simple update list putting gtk+ in simple update list putting iptables in simple update list putting lisa in simple update list putting m4 in simple update list putting dump in simple update list putting libtool-libs in simple update list putting mount in simple update list putting sysklogd in simple update list putting zz_fermi-logos in simple update list putting ktalkd in simple update list putting python-clap in simple update list putting Xaw3d in simple update list putting kdeartwork-screensavers in simple update list putting kernel-smp in complex update list putting kdict in simple update list putting ncftp in simple update list putting python-popt in simple update list putting e2fsprogs in simple update list putting pinfo in simple update list putting kuickshow in simple update list putting Xaw3d-devel in simple update list putting cracklib in simple update list putting pdksh in simple update list putting efax in simple update list putting iproute in simple update list putting noatun in simple update list putting nmh in simple update list putting filesystem in simple update list putting openssh-clients in simple update list putting gnome-libs in simple update list putting gmp in simple update list putting pygtk2 in simple update list putting mouseconfig in simple update list putting imlib-devel in simple update list putting kjots in simple update list putting usermode-gtk in simple update list putting perl in simple update list putting libjpeg-devel in simple update list putting zip in simple update list putting mailcap in simple update list putting statserial in simple update list putting sndconfig in simple update list putting gv in simple update list putting file in simple update list putting dev86 in simple update list putting up2date-gnome in simple update list putting mkbootdisk in simple update list putting vorbis-tools in simple update list putting kljettool in simple update list putting XFree86-ISO8859-15-100dpi-fonts in simple update list putting fileutils in simple update list putting perl-NDBM_File in simple update list putting tetex in simple update list putting krb5-libs-fermi in simple update list putting zz_emacs_link in simple update list putting ghostscript in simple update list putting ppp in simple update list putting LPRng in simple update list putting less in simple update list putting nkf in simple update list putting kmidi in simple update list putting db3 in simple update list putting ORBit in simple update list putting wvdial in simple update list putting gmp-devel in simple update list putting lrzsz in simple update list putting texinfo in simple update list putting cdrtools-mkisofs in simple update list putting libungif in simple update list putting glib in simple update list putting kfloppy in simple update list putting aumix in simple update list putting hwdata in simple update list putting kmix in simple update list putting krb5-workstation in simple update list putting pilot-link in simple update list putting procinfo in simple update list putting libtermcap-devel in simple update list putting njamd in simple update list putting cdrtools-cdda2wav in simple update list putting talk in simple update list putting arts in simple update list putting quota in simple update list putting raidtools in 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XFree86-tools in simple update list putting libtermcap in simple update list putting kviewshell in simple update list putting perl-DB_File in simple update list putting rcs in simple update list putting ktimer in simple update list putting knode in simple update list putting stat in simple update list putting pygtk in simple update list putting units in simple update list putting perl-CPAN in simple update list putting htmlview in simple update list putting ImageMagick in simple update list putting karm in simple update list putting rpm in simple update list putting dialog in simple update list putting db2 in simple update list putting python-xmlrpc in simple update list putting pygtk-libglade in simple update list putting automake in simple update list putting memprof in simple update list putting kdepim-pilot in simple update list putting xawtv in simple update list putting sane-frontends in simple update list putting libcap-devel in simple update list putting rmt in simple update list putting expat-devel in simple update list putting postgresql-libs in simple update list putting kmid in simple update list putting cups in simple update list putting lockdev in simple update list putting libkscan-devel in simple update list putting kdemultimedia-libs in simple update list putting man in simple update list putting freetype in simple update list putting XFree86-font-utils in simple update list putting portmap in simple update list putting atk in simple update list putting reiserfs-utils in simple update list putting yum-headers in simple update list putting sendmail-cf in simple update list putting diffutils in simple update list putting autofs in simple update list putting acroread-plugin in simple update list putting textutils in simple update list putting gcc-g77 in simple update list putting mm in simple update list putting slang in simple update list putting byacc in simple update list putting pam in simple update list putting switchdesk-kde in simple update list putting groff in simple update list putting kit in simple update list putting hdparm in simple update list putting stunnel in simple update list putting kghostview in simple update list putting mm-devel in simple update list putting shadow-utils in simple update list putting traceroute in simple update list putting bzip2-devel in simple update list putting bzip2-libs in simple update list putting libxslt-devel in simple update list putting libpcap in simple update list putting screen in simple update list putting openafs-client in simple update list putting libpng in simple update list putting kdenetwork-libs in simple update list putting cracklib-dicts in simple update list putting specspo in simple update list putting rpm-build in simple update list putting kdeaddons-konqueror in simple update list putting tk in simple update list putting curl in simple update list putting wget in simple update list putting dateconfig in simple update list putting ntp in simple update list 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putting kscd in simple update list putting zz_lang_collate in simple update list putting doxygen in simple update list putting SDL_image in simple update list putting db1-devel in simple update list putting parted in simple update list putting amanda in simple update list putting pump in simple update list putting netpbm-progs in simple update list putting kontrol-panel in simple update list putting MAKEDEV in simple update list putting gdk-pixbuf in simple update list putting which in simple update list putting libxslt in simple update list putting perl-XML-Dumper in simple update list putting curl-devel in simple update list putting rdate in simple update list putting db3-utils in simple update list putting cyrus-sasl-plain in simple update list putting zz_inittab_change in simple update list putting pine in simple update list putting giftrans in simple update list putting upsupdbootstrap-local in simple update list putting metamail in simple update list putting setup in simple 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putting SDL_mixer in simple update list putting VFlib2 in simple update list putting perl-libxml-perl in simple update list putting kruler in simple update list putting mozilla-nss in simple update list putting indexhtml in simple update list putting usbutils in simple update list putting alchemist in simple update list putting gdbm-devel in simple update list putting XFree86-xdm in simple update list putting netconfig in simple update list putting lv in simple update list putting kdepasswd in simple update list putting libcap in simple update list putting sed in simple update list putting man-pages in simple update list putting radvd in simple update list putting symlinks in simple update list putting cdrtools-cdrecord in simple update list putting gpm-devel in simple update list putting mozilla-psm in simple update list putting automake15 in simple update list putting iputils in simple update list putting mtools in simple update list putting cdecl in simple update list putting pax in 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simple update list putting perl-CGI in simple update list putting kcalc in simple update list putting kdesdk-kompare in simple update list putting klpq in simple update list putting hesiod in simple update list putting kdesdk-kmtrace in simple update list putting gzip in simple update list putting tcsh in simple update list putting rsh in simple update list putting libglade2 in simple update list putting sox in simple update list putting libxml in simple update list putting libstdc++ in simple update list putting crontabs in simple update list putting kdesdk-kbugbuster in simple update list putting kdepim in simple update list putting glib2 in simple update list putting kregexpeditor-devel in simple update list putting lockdev-devel in simple update list putting pmake in simple update list putting vim-common in simple update list putting krb5-fermi-config in simple update list putting authconfig in simple update list putting mailx in simple update list putting grep in simple update list putting gd in simple update list putting nedit in simple update list putting libjpeg in simple update list putting xsane in simple update list putting zlib in simple update list putting python in simple update list putting tcl in simple update list putting kdeaddons-noatun in simple update list putting libxml2 in simple update list putting pwdb in simple update list putting gtk2 in simple update list putting vixie-cron in simple update list putting bc in simple update list putting ksnapshot in simple update list putting kudzu in simple update list putting termcap in simple update list putting kdbg in simple update list putting gcc in simple update list putting openafs-kernel in simple update list putting zz_fermi-release in simple update list putting xml-common in simple update list putting logwatch in simple update list putting rsync in simple update list putting zz_libg2c.a_change in simple update list putting apmd in simple update list putting bdflush in simple update list putting basesystem in simple update list putting esound in simple update list putting redhat-logos in simple update list putting xemacs in simple update list putting kviewshell-devel in simple update list putting sane-backends in simple update list putting tcp_wrappers in simple update list putting openafs in simple update list putting ipchains in simple update list putting hwbrowser in simple update list putting zz_dhcp_resolv in simple update list putting ntsysv in simple update list putting imlib in simple update list putting words in simple update list putting yum in simple update list putting pygnome in simple update list putting XFree86-ISO8859-15-75dpi-fonts in simple update list putting tetex-latex in simple update list putting minicom in simple update list putting krb5-workstation-fermi in simple update list putting playmidi in simple update list putting pam-devel in simple update list putting modutils-devel in simple update list putting whois in simple update list putting tkinter in simple update list putting libusb-devel in simple update list putting mkinitrd in simple update list putting kdeadmin in simple update list putting PyQt in simple update list putting db1 in simple update list putting ksirc in simple update list putting util-linux in simple update list putting procps in simple update list putting cyrus-sasl-devel in simple update list putting pciutils-devel in simple update list putting krb5-devel in simple update list putting libusb in simple update list putting mpage in simple update list putting ddd in simple update list putting elinks in simple update list putting info in simple update list putting sip in simple update list putting tetex-fonts in simple update list putting setserial in simple update list putting xloadimage in simple update list putting libuser in simple update list putting vim-minimal in simple update list putting xdelta in simple update list putting kpaint in simple update list putting audiofile in simple update list putting knewsticker in simple update list putting xdelta-devel in simple update list putting ctags in simple update list putting amanda-client in simple update list putting make in simple update list putting zz_force_2nd_cdrom in simple update list putting bzip2 in simple update list putting finger in simple update list putting chkfontpath in simple update list putting openssl-devel in simple update list putting kdemultimedia-kfile in simple update list putting perl-libwww-perl in simple update list putting initscripts in simple update list putting sgml-common in simple update list putting pcre-devel in simple update list putting glibc-kernheaders in simple update list putting gnome-audio in simple update list putting timidity++ in simple update list putting korn in simple update list putting gawk in simple update list putting pygtk-devel in simple update list putting cdlabelgen in simple update list putting cipe in simple update list putting tar in simple update list putting binutils in simple update list putting kdebase-devel in simple update list putting esound-devel in simple update list putting perl-HTML-Parser in simple update list putting kdoc in simple update list putting yp-tools in simple update list putting dosfstools in simple update list putting perl-MIME-Base64 in simple update list putting libxml-devel in simple update list putting hotplug in simple update list putting pkgconfig in simple update list putting FermiStandAlone-tag in simple update list putting zlib-devel in simple update list putting pango in simple update list putting Distutils in simple update list Best version for openssl is 0:0.9.6b-30.7 Best version for openssl is 0:0.9.6b-30.7 Best version for kernel is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for kernel is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for glibc is 0:2.2.5-43 Best version for glibc is 0:2.2.5-43 Best version for kernel-smp is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for kernel-smp is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Downloading needed headers cached 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cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/mgetty-voice-0-1.1.28-3.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/perl-BSD-Resource-0-1.14-11.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/x3270-text-0-3.2.18-2.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731updates/headers/samba-client-0-2.2.7-3.7.3.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/tetex-dvilj-0-1.0.7-47.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/mtr-1-0.49-1.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/gimp-devel-1-1.2.3-4.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/arts-devel-7-1.0.3-0.7.1.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/nss_db-compat-0-2.2-14.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/ucd-snmp-devel-0-4.2.5-7.73.0.i386.hdr nulist = 858 uplist = 2 newlist = 856 obsoleting = 0 obsoleted = 0 Erasing glibc-kernheaders Resolving dependencies Erasing: glibc-kernheaders-i386 Erasing: glibc-kernheaders-i386 # of Deps = 4 dep: glibc-devel req kernel-headers - - 0 Traceback (innermost last): File "/usr/sbin/yum", line 44, in ? yummain.main(sys.argv[1:]) File "yummain.py", line 201, in main File "nevral.py", line 357, in resolvedeps NameError: arch	en
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markdown	665959	# Presentation: 665959 ## Geophysical Signatures Used to Constrain Geologic Mapping: Narrowing the Search for VMS Deposits in Southeast Alaska Jeff Wynn1, Jon Doucette1, Sue Karl1,Anne McCafferty1, Bruce Smith1, and Peter Bittenbender2 1U.S. Geological Survey 2Bureau of Land Management Notes: Geophysical Signatures Used to Constrain Geologic Mapping: Narrowing the Search for VMS Deposits in Southeast Alaska. ## The Prince of Wales Team Jeff Wynn, Geophysicist Sue Karl, Geologist Team Leader Peter Bittenbender, Mine Specialist Jon Doucette, Geophysicist Joe Wooden, Geochronologist John Slack, Geologist *Not shown:* Anne McCafferty, and Bruce Smith, both geophysicists. Notes: The POW Team at Khayyam. The team leader is Sue Karl. Not shown are Anne McCafferty and Bruce Smith. Joe Wooden will report separately on the geochronology the Wales Group, and John Slack will report later on the depositional setting, geochemistry, and isotopic composition of the known deposits on POW Island. ## Southeast Alaska Mining Districts Notes: The focus of this presentation is to describe the work that is being done to characterize VMS mineralization from Admiralty Island southwest of Juneau south to Prince of Wales Island, the latter found within the Ketchikan mining district in southeast Alaska. ## Index Map: Southeast Alaska - The driving forces behind all this work are the forced cutbacks in logging permits, and the search for a new Greens Creek-type deposit as a local economic alternative to logging - Areas with potential for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are the targets of the airborne geophysics. Index Map: Southeast Alaska Notes: Work began in 1995 on Admiralty Island, then progressed south with an airborne Mag and EM survey (flown in 1996) to the Duncan-Zarembo area, and is now focused on following up a 1999 airborne Mag/EM survey on Prince of Wales Island. The driving forces behind all this work are the forced cutbacks in logging permits, and the search for a new Greens Creek – type VMS deposit as a local economic alternative to logging ## Bruce Smith, using a ground mag... Bruce Smith, using a ground mag... Notes: This is Bruce Smith measuring the magnetic field on a profile that passes the Frenchie deposit on Woewodski Island. The devise is a proton-precession (total field) magnetometer. The “Jacob Staff “he holds in his left hand is designed to maintain the sensor (the white can on the end of the staff) a measured distance away from the ground and from the operator; this is done in order to minimize noise. ## Jeff Wynn using a VLF-EM resistivity profiler Jeff Wynn using a VLF-EM resistivity profiler Notes: Jeff Wynn setting up for a VLF-EM resistivity measurement on the mountain southwards above the Niblack deposit on POW Island. Note the electrode in his left hand; the receiver itself is beneath his right hand. ## Principles of EM, and How We Obtained Resistivities Principles of EM, and How We Obtained Resistivities Notes: Before we continue it is appropriate to briefly explain the basic characteristics of a Helicopter Electromagnetic (HEM) survey. A Helicopter EM survey of course requires a helicopter. The EM transmitter and receiver are connected onto the helicopter by means of a long cable. Note the position of the Mag Bird and EM bird. Suspending the birds away from the helicopter helps reduce noise and gets the measuring devices closer to the ground. The length of the cable is approximately 100 ft (30 meters). The EM bird contains a number of tuned coils in transmitter/receiver pairs. These coils can be configured in a coplanar or coaxial orientation. The coplanar configuration is most sensitive to flat lying conductors like a saline water-body, while the coaxial configuration responds best to vertically oriented conductors such as vertically-dipping massive sulfide bodies. The EM system works by means of EM induction, that is, a strong alternating magnetic field is set up by the transmitter coil. If there is a conductor nearby, eddy currents will be set up in it by the AC magnetic field, and the receiver coil will pick up the secondary field caused by these induced eddy currents. By measuring both in-phase and out-of-phase (quadrature) components of the secondary signal, information can be gleaned about the geometry and conductivity of buried conductor. Taking this information one step further we can calculate a Conductivity Depth Image (CDI) that resembles a “geologic” section. We do this by realizing that the 56,000 Hz signal will penetrate rather shallowly vis-à-vis the 900 Hz signal, and plot the solutions closer to the surface accordingly. ## Zarembo Island: 7200 Hz Airborne EM Resistivity map We also utilized airborne geophysical data acquired by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Notes: This map shows the calculated resistivities for the mid-level-depth 7,200Hz frequency of the Helicopter-borne EM system for Zarembo Island. ## Zarembo Island: Airborne Magnetic Data Notes: This is a map of the helicopter-borne magnetic data for Zarembo Island. ## ...and we acquired mag and VLF-EM resistivity profiles wherever we had reasonable exposure that the team geologists could confidently map. The following example profile is from southeastern Zarembo Island  Map of Zarembo Island Notes: ...and we acquired mag and VLF-EM resistivity profiles wherever we had reasonable exposure that the team geologists could confidently map. The above example profile is from southeastern Zarembo Island. ## ...where we combined geologic mapping with ground geophysical profiles: Notes: This is an example, taken from Zarembo Island, of a geologic-geophysical profile. Resistivities are shown in red, magnetic values in blue, and the inferred geologic cross-section (based on observed geology and the geophysics together) is shown below the geophysical profile. ## From the geologic-ground-geophysics profiles we developed these geophysical signature tables  - From the geologic-ground-geophysics profiles we developed these geophysical signature tables  - ...note how these forced us to subdivide the Cannery (PMc) unit into two different units, PMc1 and PMc2 - ...note also the resemblance in geophysical signatures between PMc2 and Trha. This is causing us to reconsider the assignment of these map units. Notes: From careful selection of known geology we set up a number of ground geophysics profiles to adequately sample the main geologic units in the Duncan-Zarembo area that we were interested in. When we analyzed the results we got these tables of geology-vs-resistivity, geology-vs-magnetic susceptibility, and geology vs-magnetic variability, a rough classification of magnetic wavelength observed in the given geologic unit. These three taken together allow us to discriminate the key geologic units in the Duncan-Zarembo area, and even force us to reconsider the Cannery (PMc) unit as possibly two separate geologic units (note the similarity of PMc2 with the Trha unit). In this latter case, the difference may be due to a different depositional environment or may be due to a different degree of metamorphism in two different areas. ## From these we developed Predictive Geophysical Models from the airborne geophysical data for specific geologic units that we felt we could separate out with confidence... - From these we developed Predictive Geophysical Models from the airborne geophysical data for specific geologic units that we felt we could separate out with confidence... - Here we have the PGM for Triassic argillite, (Trha), one of the units known to host VMS deposits on Admiralty Island to the north. Notes: We can develop Predictive Geophysical Models from these assumptions about magnetic susceptibility and resistivity for given geologic units. Using this supervised classification scheme, we can develop a sort of “pseudo-geology”map that the geologists can field-check. This map is a PGM for Triassic rocks in the Duncan-Canal-Zarembo Islands area. ## Trhv: Triassic Hyd Volcanic Breccia Notes: This is an example of Triassic volcanic breccia (photo by Sue Karl), a sub-unit of the Hyd Group in the Little Duncan Canal area of Kupreanof Island. The Hyd Group is the rock unit that hosts the Greens Creek VMS deposit on Admiralty Island. ## We also used Euler Deconvolution on the airborne magnetic data to develop depth-to-source information. Since Euler Deconvolution calculates these depths at magnetic gradient points, we have an additional defacto set of information on buried structures. Note some of the dipping solutions (most dipping south or SSW). Euler Deconvolution, calculated on the airborne mag, superimposed on the shaded-relief digital topo of Zarembo Island Notes: We also used Euler Deconvolution on the airborne magnetic data to develop depth-to-source information. This is a method uses least-squared inversion of the data (in this case magnetic data) to fit simple bodies such as spheres, steps, and cylinders to the observed signal. Since Euler Deconvolution calculates these depths at magnetic gradient points, we have an additional defacto set of information on buried structures. Note some of the dipping solutions (most dipping south or SSW). ## The team effort worked extremely well in Duncan-Zarembo. Geologists were learning geophysics, and geophysicists were learning geology. By closely cooperating on the evolutionary steps in the analysis of the geophysical data, and tying it iteratively to the evolving geologic map, we were able to combine the geologic mapping with the Predictive Geophysical Models and the Euler Deconvolution structural geology information into a new geologic map of the Duncan-Zarembo mining district... Notes: How the team-effort worked... almost purely electronically. ## The Revised Geologic Map, Duncan-Zarembo Area: the area underlain by Triassic rocks has increased by ~30% with this map. The Revised Geologic Map, Duncan-Zarembo Area: *the area underlain by Triassic rocks has increased by ~30% with this map.* Notes: This is the revised geologic map of the Duncan Canal-Zarembo Island area, by Karl, Haeussler, and McCafferty. This map has far more detail than the original reconnaissance geologic map because it had heavy geophysical input. A side-benefit of the effort was to increase the area underlain by Triassic rocks by over 30%-- these are the rocks known to host Greens Creek – type VMS deposits. ## Why is geophysics so important here? Why is geophysics so important here? For one thing, geologists can’t work very efficiently in “blueberry chainlink”... and most of southeastern Alaska is covered with water, mud-flats, or dense vegetation like this. Notes: ‘Why is geophysics so important? Because 95% of the terrain in SE Alaska is covered with water, mud-flats, or dense vegetation such as this “Blueberry Chainlink”. ## Red dots: sampling locations - Red dots: sampling locations Notes: This base map shows the location of the major VMS (?) occurrences that were visited during this past summers field work. The small red dots show the locations of physical property measurements and/or rock samples. Nearly 500 sites were occupied in two weeks. Note the location of the towns of Ketchikan and Hydaburg; Craig is to the northwest off the map. ## HEM Flight Lines on Shaded Topography Notes: A helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic (HEM) survey was flown in 1999 over areas of Prince of Wales Island (POW) selected to cover significant volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) style occurrences. Local villages, Ketchikan Gateway Borough, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) provided funding for this work. Previously proprietary HEM surveys donated by Sealaska Native Corporation provide additional coverage. These data were compiled and released in August, 1999 by the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (DGGS). The newer surveys are shown in black, grey, magenta, blue and yellow. The older surveys are depicted in green, coral and cyan. The nominal line spacing for the newer surveys was approximately 400 meters (1/4 mile). The older surveys were flown at both 400 meter (1/4 mile) and 200 meters (1/8 mile). Nominal, coplanar frequencies of 900, 7200 and 56,000 Hz were collected. Coaxial frequencies of 900 and 7200 Hz were also sometimes collected. Approximately 7,600 line km (4,700 line miles) were covered on the combined surveys. ## Total Magnetic Intensity on Shaded Topography Total Magnetic Intensity on Shaded Topography Notes: The Total Magnetic Intensity field is imaged on this slide. The areas of high magnetic intensity are generally associated with plutons. The subdued magnetic response (blue and green) is associated with sedimentary rocks, some volcaniclastics, and greenstone. The characterization of these units will be discussed later. Note however that sample locations (the red dots) have covered wide areas of varying magnetic signature. ## 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity on Shaded Topography 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity on Shaded Topography Notes: This image shows apparent resistivity derived from the 7200 Hz HEM data. The deep blue and red areas are electrically conductive (low resistivity) and the light green to white areas are electrically resistive (high resistivity). Note the deep blue at the water margins: this is a typical response to the highly conductive seawater. Note also, however, certain conductors northwest of Niblack – these are NOT caused by seawater, but by something buried that is highly conductive. Massive sulfides? Altered rock? Note the conductive sea water. Also note the broad areas in the northwest portion of the survey that are more conductive. Part of the focus of this past summers field work was to explain some of these anomalies. ## Older Geology on Shaded Topography - From Grybeck (SOsv) KARHEEN (Dk) WALES (CZwg) Notes: Don Grybeck’s simplified Craig / Dixon-Entrance geology map. As you can see a number of different geologic units were mapped but the mapping shows some inconsistencies. The northern boundary of the olive green Descon rocks with the purple-gray Wales Group rocks is not well known, and this is important if we are searching for Proterozoic rocks that could host a VMS deposit. The felsic to mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Karheen Formation also have potential for VMS mineralization. In map units characterized by small scale lithologic variability, we can look for areas with alteration signatures or small areas with geophysically anomalous signatures. The area labeled SOsv is a time correlative unit to the Descon Formation to the north. ## Proterozoic - Cambrian - Ordovician - Early Silurian - Silurian - Early - Devonian - Jurassic - Cretaceous - Tertiary voluminous mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks and marble – *arc* silicic volcanics and felsic pyroclastic deposits, sheeted dike complex, pillow basalt, conglomerate, and black carbonaceous phyllite, (VMS deposits) – *rifted arc basins* metamorphism and deformation voluminous mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks, limestone, mudstone and volcaniclastic turbidites, debris flows – *arc* silicic volcanics and felsic pyroclastic deposits with carbonaceous graptolitic argillite and chert, (VMS deposits?) –*rifted arc* voluminous andesitic breccia, volcaniclastic and calcareous graywacke turbidites - *arc* pillow basalt, limestone - *arc* rhyolite flows and pyroclastic deposits, mafic to felsic dike swarms, fossiliferous limestone (VMS deposits?) – *rifted arc* breccia, conglomerate, argillite, limestone alkaline granite and syenite intrusions contractional deformation, quartz diorite intrusions – *arc* limestone reefs mafic to felsic dikes and extrusive volcanics– *strike-slip extension* Notes: The geology on POW is a product of at least 3 separate periods of rifting. Known VMS mineralization occurs in the Proterozoic -- however, each one of these rifting events provides the appropriate geologic setting for VMS mineralization. There may be VMS deposits in the Paleozoic part of the section as well. ## Location of Khayyam on Shaded Topography Location of Khayyam on Shaded Topography Notes: A goal of the USGS is to provide an analysis of the airborne geophysics over the significant, known VMS deposits to provide a baseline for their response. So far, we conclude that a well-defined conductivity anomaly is not usually apparent over the known VMS occurrences. Most of the occurrences are located in close proximity to the shore and the HEM response is adversely affected by the highly conductive seawater. It is also suspected that the texture, grain characteristics and species of sulfide at known VMS deposits may not lend themselves well to direct geophysical detection – for instance the sulfides may be in blebs and not interconnected, so EM cannot set up an eddy current in the target. This is a work in progress. An exception to this observation is at Khayyam where an obvious connection between outcropping sulfide and a HEM response is clear. Physical property data over this deposit also support this conclusion. ## Khayyam Notes: A beautiful day on Khayyam Mountain in late June. ## 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity Notes: We now focus on the Khayyam area, a prospect worked over and abandoned early in the last century. An obvious resistivity anomaly is shown. The black X’s show the location of physical property measurements. The location of the “Khayyam Mine” appears offset from the location of the conductor... apparently because this is the adit opening leading under the mountain to where the sulfides are located. The adit was buried by snow and was not accessible when we visited. The point we wish to make here is that the HEM response is directly associated with outcropping sulfide mineralization and or alteration. Note the less conspicuous anomaly to the east that has a similar shape and size to the Khayyam anomaly. The Stumble On workings are located near the X just to the right of the “Khayyam Mine” label, and represent an outcrop of massive sulfides found there. A conductivity-depth image (what we like to call a CDI for obvious reasons) is shown using the same color scale. This section depicts electrical resistivity vs. depth along the line highlighted in red. The Khayyam anomaly is a typical “pant leg” style response characteristic of a shallow, narrow conductive body. This section supports the fact that the sulfide mineralization giving rise to this anomaly is very shallow and has only limited depth-extent (e.g., note that the white areas below the topography line are resistive). Note the Khayyam anomaly is in the 10’s of ohm-m range... this is very conductive when we consider that the HEM system is averaging a large volume of rock. We will now focus on the area outlined in red to have a look at the physical property data measured on the ground. ## Susceptibility on TMI Mag Notes: This image shows the Total Magnetic Intensity from the airborne survey. The X’s pinpoint the location of magnetic susceptibility measurements, a measure of the ability of a rock to become magnetized. The photos show the instrument used to measure magnetic susceptibility (A Geo Instruments GMS-2, made in Australia). It is effectively a very small EM survey, sampling about a fist-worth of rock. The output appears on a LCD and the digital data can be stored. Each measurement takes about 10 seconds. A number of measurements are taken at each site to develop an average. The Magnetic susceptibility data are in units of micro-CGS and are shown on the upper right side of the Xs. These can be easily converted to the other common susceptibility standard, SI, by multiplying these micro-CGS values by 4pi. The susceptibility measurements are quite variable and don’t seem to correlate exactly to the airborne mag data. This makes sense since the local geology is also quite variable at this site: changing readily on the scale of meters. Also, small magnetite grains in veinlets significantly impact the localized susceptibility measurements. Keep in mind that the airborne magnetic data average a very large volume of rock, thus smoothing or averaging the response considerably. Despite these inconsistencies, this work quantifies the connection between the airborne geophysical data and geology, improves the rigor of geophysical models, and aids in the overall geologic interpretation. A significant effort is underway to relate these physical property measurements with known geologic units to possibly help outline these units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. ## VLF on 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity Notes:* Resistivity was also measured on the ground using a Geonics EM-16R. Unlike the magnetic susceptibility measurements, the resistivity measurements average a considerable volume of material (about a 100 meter hemisphere). The results thus agree much better with the airborne data. The EM 16-R uses submarine communication signals near 20,000 Hz (Very Low Frequencies, or VLF) that propagate along the earth/ionosphere interface and refract into the ground. A measurement of the magnetic and electric fields at the surface allow us to measure both resitivity and phase (the phase data give us an idea of weather the ground is getting more conductive or more resistive with depth). Like the magnetic susceptibility measurements, this work helps quantify the connection between the airborne geophysical data and the geology. A piece of massive sulfide kicked loose from some nearby tundra is shown in the upper left photograph. To be sure that the EM response was not caused by water, the electrical conductivity of a small pond of meltwater was measured. The water was about 1 degree C and had a resistivity of about 1700 ohm-m, and so was not responsible for the anomaly. The EM response at this location was thus most likely caused by massive sulfide mineralization. ## Preliminary Geophysical Assumptions,SE Prince of Wales Island Notes: Several of the most distinctive geologic units were used to do a preliminary interpretation of the airborne geophysics. Some initial assumptions were made concerning their physical properties for the preliminary, first-pass version of “Anne’s Map”. ## Preliminary Geological Unit Classification from the airborne geophysical data Notes: This is Anne McCafferty’s first attempt at interpreting the airborne geophysics using the assumptions about the physical properties of selected lithologic units. With the newly acquired physical property data and improved geologic mapping and age dating, Anne will improve her statistical interpretation and extend known lithologic units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. This information is fundamental to understanding the age relationships, setting, and genesis of VMS mineralization on POW Island and all of southeast Alaska. ## Slide 32 Notes: The major rock units mapped on Prince of Wales Island are subcategorized on this table. After a season of field work, our preliminary interpretation has allowed us to correlate rock units to the physical property data. This data is critical for using the airborne geophysics to help extend the geologic mapping. A significant effort is underway to relate these physical property measurements with known geologic units to possibly help outline the units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. The graph shows the range and mean of resistivity grouped by the major rock units shown in the table. Note that the range of resistivities are not terribly different from one rock unit to the next. The carbonaceous unit stands out however. Also the spatial variability of these data are lost in this figure, so a better distinction between units may be more evident in a map presentation. Note that there are a different number of samples in each category. The photo at right shows a typical outcrop of the carbonaceous unit (Photo taken by Jeff Wynn at station RT30 east of Cable Creek). ## Slide 33 Notes: The magnetic susceptibility of major rock units are similarly displayed. A larger contrast is apparent but the range of susceptibility is typically very wide. Statistical outliers are understandable since many local factors affect the magnetic susceptibility measurements including local weathering, metamorphism, alteration, and small magnetite veins. Trying to correlate a small-scale phenomena with macroscopic geology is never straight-forward. A finer categorization of rock units is underway to help resolve the association between geology and geophysics. The photo by Sue Karl shows graywacke turbidites of the Descon Formation. ## Geologic Interpretation Using Geophysics - The first-pass at a predictive geophysical model map: the - distinctive geophysical units - Older, reconnaissance geologic map (compiled by Don Grybeck) Notes: Our goal is to improve our understanding of the regional geologic picture on POW. Using the physical property data and the airborne geophysics will help improve the geologic map. We see here the first iteration based on our initial classification of the geophysical data by Anne McCafferty. ## What Lessons have we Learned? - The physical property data and airborne geophysics can be used to help map areas of limited rock exposure - CDI sections should help aid in the interpretation of buried geology along presently unverified contacts. - The majority of the VMS deposits on POW do not have clear EM anomalies (...but neither does Green’s Creek!).. - An interpretation using geology, geochemistry, geochronology and geophysics will allow us to subdivide the Wales Group and give us criteria for delineating prospective terrain much more reliably. - VMS mineralization on POW may not be confined to the Proterozoic. Notes: These are the lessons we have learned after one field season in the Duncan Canal-Zarembo Island area, and one field season on Prince of Wales Island. ## Slide 36 Notes: This presentation was originated by Jon Doucette, and a simplified version of it was presented at the Alaska Miners Association meeting in Anchorage, AK, in November 2000 by Jeff Wynn. Sue Karl served as the the team leader. She developed and organized the project. and coordinated multidisciplinary workers toward coherent, integrated geological and geophysical products. Sue also compiled the geologic maps, and cross sections for geophysical profiles. Andrew Grosz, Herb Pierce, and Art Schultz provided technical reviews, and John Watson spent a great deal of time converting the PowerPoint presentation to HTML for the USGS web-site. All Alaska presentations MUST have a bear in them somewhere (can you see it?). Photo by Jeff Wynn.	en
all-txt-docs	159593	www.hudclips.org U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D.C. 20410-8000 OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HOUSING-FEDERAL HOUSING COMMISSIONER AUG - 3 1994 Mortgagee Letter 94-38 TO: ALL HUD-APPROVED MULTIFAMILY MORTGAGEES SUBJECT: DISPOSITION OF FIRE and HAZARD INSURANCE PROCEEDS The Department published regulation changes on June 17, 1994, that affect disposition of multifamily fire and hazard insurance proceeds. Enclosed for your convenience are copies of these changes. Sincerely yours, Nicolas P. Retsinas Assistant Secretary for Housing Federal Housing Commissioner Enclosure _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 1 of 3 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner 24 CFR Parts 207, 213, 221, and 242 Docket No, R-94-1723; FR-3603-F-01 RIN 2502-AG19 Disposition of Fire and Hazard Insurance Proceeds AGENCY: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner, HUD. ACTION: Final rule. __________________________________________________ SUMMARY: This rule revises certain provisions in HUD regulations covering multifamily mortgage insurance which have the effect of requiring prior HUD endorsement before the expenditure of any fire and hazard insurance loss proceeds by mortgagees. Instead of this requirement the regulations would be revised to allow loss proceeds to be expended to restore or repair the property without prior HUD approval. The proceeds may not however, be used for any other purposes without prior HUD approval. EFFECTIVE DATE: July 18, 1994. FOR FUTURE INFORMATION CONTACT: James Tahash, Planning and Procedures Division, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Room 6182, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20410, voice (202) 708-3944, TDD (202) 7084594. (These are not toll-free numbers.) SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Under existing HUD regulations (24 CFR 207.260) in the event a loss occurs to the _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 2 of 3 mortgaged property under any policy of fire or other hazard insurance and the mortgagee has received the proceeds therefrom, it shall not exercise its option under the mortgage to use the proceeds of the insurance for the repairing, replacing, or rebuilding of the premises, or apply them to the mortgage indebtedness, or make any other disposition of the proceeds without the prior written approval of the Commissioner. Through cross-referencing this requirement is also made applicable to other FHA multifamily programs i.e. Part 213 Cooperative Housing Mortgage Insurance, Part 220 Mortgage Insurance and Insured Improvement Loans for Urban Renewal and Concentrated, Development Areas, Part 221 Low Cost and Moderate Income Mortgage Insurance, Part 231 Housing Mortgage Insurance for the Elderly, Part 232 Mortgage Insurance for Nursing Homes, Intermediate Care Facilities, and Board and Care Homes, Part 234 Condominium Ownership Mortgage Insurance, Part 236 Mortgage Insurance and Interest Reduction Payments for Rental Projects, Part 241 Supplementary Financing for Insured Project Mortgages and Part 242 Mortgage Insurance for Hospitals. This rule revises current regulatory requirements to provide that the mortgagee may exercise its option to use the insurance proceeds for the repairing, replacing or rebuilding of the premises without prior HUD approval. It may not however make any other disposition of insurance proceeds without prior approval. The Department has found that its Field Office staff resources can be more effectively allocated to tasks other than the endorsing of property insurance loss drafts where the proceeds, in any event, are going to be used to restore or repair the property. We estimate that from $10,000 to $20,000 per year in staff resources could be saved by making this change. Mortgagees could have similar _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 3 of 3 savings (from reduction of paperwork and check cashing steps) of from $5,000 to $10,000 per year. Project owners also could have savings. Approximately 20,000 project owners, their mortgagees and their insurance agents and companies should benefit by eliminating this unnecessary procedural step. The rule also makes conforming revisions to 24 CFR 207.10, 213.13, 221.521 and 242.43 of HUD regulations to provide that fire and hazard and insurance have attached a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns rather than the current requirement that loss be payable to the mortgagee and the Commissioner as their interests may appear. Due to the strictly technical nature of this rule, the Department has determined that the notice and public comment procedure under Title 5 of the United States Code is unnecessary and is therefore issuing this document as a final rule. Procedural Matters Executive Order 12866--Regulatory Planning and Review This rule was reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review. Any changes made to the rule as a result of that review are clearly identified in the docket file which is available for public _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 1 of 5 inspection in the office of the Department's Rules Docket Clerk, room 10276, 451 Seventh Street SW., Washington, DC. Regulatory Flexibility Act In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 605(b) (the Regulatory Flexibility Act), the undersigned hereby certifies that this rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is technical in nature. It effects no substantive changes in HUD programs or policies. Semiannual Agenda This rule was listed as item 1569 in the Department's Semiannual Agenda of Regulations published on April 25, 1994 (59 FR 20424, 20444) under Executive order 12866 and the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Executive Order 12612, Federalism The General Counsel, as the Designated Official under section 6(a) of Executive order 12612, Federalism, has determined that the policies contained in this rule do not have Federalism implications and, thus, are not subject to review under the Order. No programmatic or policy changes result from this rule's promulgation which would affect existing relationships between the Federal Government and State and local governments. Executive Order 12606, The Family The General Counsel, as the Designated Official under Executive order 12606, The Family, has determined that this rule does not have potential for significant impact on family formation, maintenance, and general well-being, and, thus, is not subject to review under the Order. The _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 2 of 5 rule is technical in nature and makes no significant change in existing HUD policies or programs. Environment An environmental assessment is unnecessary, since internal administrative procedures whose content do not constitute a development decision affecting the physical condition of specific project areas or building sites is categorically excluded from the Department's National Environmental Policy Act procedures under 24 CFR 50.20(k). List of Subjects 24 CFR Part 207 Manufactured homes, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Solar energy. 24 CFR Part 213 Cooperative Mortgage Insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 24 CFR Part 221 Low and moderate income housing, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 24 CFR Part 242 Hospitals, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Accordingly, 24 CFR parts 207, 213, 221, and 242 are amended to read as follows: _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 3 of 5 PART 207--MULTIFAMILY HOUSING MORTGAGE INSURANCE 1. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 207 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1713 and 1715b; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). Sections 207.258 and 207.258b are also issued under 12 U.S.C. 1701z-11(e). 2. Section 207.10 is revised to read as follows: 207.10 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns 3. Paragraph (e) of 207.260 is revised to read as follows: 207.260 Protection of mortgage security. * * * * * (e) Application of insurance proceeds. (1) In the event a loss has occurred to the mortgaged property under any policy of fire or other hazard insurance and the mortgagee has received the proceeds therefrom, it may exercise its option under the mortgage to use the _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 4 of 5 proceeds of such insurance for the repairing, replacing, or rebuilding of the premises. It may not make other disposition of such proceeds, without the prior written approval of the Commissioner. (2) If the proceeds are applied to the mortgage with such prior written approval and result in the payment in full of the entire mortgage indebtedness, the contract of mortgage insurance made with the Commissioner shall thereupon terminate. (3) If the Commissioner shall fail to give his approval to the use or application of such funds within 60 days after written request by the mortgagee, the mortgagee may use or apply such funds for any of the purposes specified in the mortgage without the approval of the Commissioner. PART 213--COOPERATIVE HOUSING MORTGAGE INSURANCE 4. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 213 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b, 1715e; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). 5. Section 213.13 is revised to read as follows: 213.13 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 5 of 5 an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. PART 221--LOW COST AND MODERATE INCOME MORTGAGE INSURANCE 6. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 221 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b and 1715l; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d); sec. 221.544(a)(3) is also issued under 12 U.S.C. 1707(a). 7. Section 221.521 is revised to read as follows: 221.521 Covenant for fire insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property _____________________________________________________________________ 31142 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 1 of 2 insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies, evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. PART 242--MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HOSPITALS 8. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 242 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b, 1715n(f), 1715z-7; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). 9. Section 242.43 is revised to read as follows: 242.43 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The _____________________________________________________________________ 31142 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 2 of 2 policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. Dated: June 9, 1994. Nicolas P. Retsinas, Assistant Secretary for Housing-Federal Housing Commissioner. FR Doc. 94-14744 Filed 6-16-94; 8:45 am BILLING CODE 4210-27-P	en
markdown	271254	# Presentation: 271254 ## Overview of the High Intensity Neutrino Source - Overview of the High Intensity Neutrino Source - Jean-Paul Carneiro - FNAL Accelerator Physics Department - FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar - February 8th 2007 ## Fermilab 8 GeV Superconducting H-minus LINAC - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - MI10 - ACCELERATING - SECTION - ~678 meters - TRANSPORT - LINE - ~1 km ## Fermilab 8 GeV H-minus LINAC : Main parameters - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - G. W. Foster (Editor) An 8-GeV Superconducting Linac Proton Driver * *http://protondriver.fnal.gov/SCRF_PD_v56.doc - (2005) _CREDITS_ _INITIAL_ _ULTIMATE_ - Linac Particles per macropulse : 1.56E+14 - Linac Macropulse Width : 3 ms 1 ms - Linac Pulse Repetition Rate : 2.5 Hz 10 Hz - Linac Beam Power : 0.5 MW 2.0 MW ## OUTLINE - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *OUTLINE* - 1 / Accelerating Section : Code benchmarking TRACK (ANL, P. Ostroumov) - ASTRA (DESY, K. Floettmann) - 2 / Transport Line : Implementation into TRACK - Start-to-end parallel simulations (~1.7 km) - 3/ The 60 MeV Front End Setup (Meson Linac) ## PART I - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *PART I* *THE ACCELERATING SECTION * ## ACCELERATING SECTION : LAYOUT (P. Ostroumov, ANL) - Z~4 m - W~2.5 MeV - ~16 m - ~10 MeV - ~60 m - ~120 MeV - ~140 m - ~420 MeV - ~230 m - ~1.2 GeV - ~678 m - ~8.0 GeV - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* ## ASTRA (K. Floettmann, DESY) TRACK (P. Ostroumov, ANL) - • Integration of Equation of motion by Runge-Kutta Method of Forth Order - • id - • Read arbitrary input distribution - • id - • Read 2D and 3D external E fields - • id - • Read 2D and 3D external B fields - • _Read only 2D external B fields_ - • 3D space charge (Free Space) - • 3D space charge (Image Charge) - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : BRIEF DESCRIPTION* - • Handle RFQ’s - • _Do not handle RFQ’s_ ## BENCHMARKING METHODOLOGY - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - • Benchmark TRACK/ASTRA from RFQ to last accelerating cavity - ( 674 m, 454 Cavities, 55 Sol., 117 Quads) - • First Zero Current (10k particles) - • Then for 43.25 mA (200k macro-particles, 3D Space Charge) - 6 beam parameters : RMS Trans. Size, RMS Trans. Emittance - RMS Bunch Length, RMS Long. Emittance - Energy, RMS energy spread ## TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* - KINETIC ENERGY ## RMS ENERGY SPREAD - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* ## RMS BUNCH LENGTH - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* ## RMS LONG. EMITTANCE - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* ## RMS ENVELOPE - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* ## RMS TRANSVERSE EMITTANCE - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT* ## TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT Résumé - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* ## TRACK / ASTRA : 3D Uniform Ellipsoidal Bunch - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* 3D UNIFORM ELLIPSOID 500k macro-particules (TRACK/ASTRA) - _CREDITS_ : T. Wangler, RF Linear Accelerators, p. 277. ## TRACK / ASTRA : 3D Uniform Ellipsoidal Bunch ## RMS ENERGY SPREAD - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA* ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA* - RMS BUNCH LENGTH ## RMS LONG. EMITTANCE - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* RMS LONG. EMITTANCE *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA* ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA* - RMS TRANSVERSE EMITTANCE ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA* - RMS ENVELOPE ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA Résumé - 1.34 - 1.32 - [mm] - RMS SIZE Y - ASTRA - TRACK - UNITS - [mm-mrad] - [mm] - [keV-mm] - [mm] - [keV] - [MeV] - 8009 - 8013 - KINETIC ENERGY - 0.493 - 0.453 - RMS NORM. EMIT X - 1.87 - 1.76 - RMS SIZE X - 943 - 857 - RMS NORM. EMIT Z - 0.345 - 0.345 - RMS BUNCH LENGTH - 2773 - 2564 - RMS ENERGY SPREAD *TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA R**ésumé* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - RMS NORM. EMIT Y - [mm-mrad] - 0.549 - 0.566 - (+8.15 %) - (+10.03 %) - (+6.25 %) - (+1.52 %) - (+8.83 %) - (+3.09 %) ## CONCLUSION : TRACK / ASTRA BENCHMARKING - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - TRACK / ASTRA Agreement Within 10% (Zero Current and 3D Space Charge) - ``Benchmarking of simulation codes for high intensity hydrogen ion linacs’’ - submitted to Journal of Instrumentation. ## LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA - Jean-Paul Carneiro - CALCULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR USING ASTRA - L01 - L02 - SOLENOID - RF GUN + SOLENOID - 9.4 M LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA ## LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA - Jean-Paul Carneiro - CALCULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR USING ASTRA LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA ## EXIT L02 (8.42 M) – RESUME - Jean-Paul Carneiro - ASTRA SIMULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR EXIT L02 (8.42 M) – RESUME \| \| UNITS \| ASTRA \| PARMELA \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| MOMEMTUM \| [MeV/c] \| 149.14 \| 149.96 \| \| RMS ENERGY SPREAD \| [%] \| 0.18 \| 0.17 \| \| RMS SIZE X \| [mm] \| 0.32 \| 0.29 \| \| RMS NORM. EMIT X \| [mm-mrad] \| 0.98 \| 0.96 \| \| RMS SIZE Y \| [mm] \| 0.32 \| 0.29 \| \| RMS NORM. EMIT Y \| [mm-mrad] \| 0.98 \| 0.96 \| \| RMS BUNCH LENGTH \| [mm] \| 0.90 \| 0.88 \| - (0.5 %) - (6%) - (10%) - (2 %) - (10%) - (2 %) - (2%) ## PART II - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *PART II* *THE TRANSPORT LINE * ## ARC 1 - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* Stripping foil - ARC 2 - Matching - + - Collimation DEBUNCHER CAVITY RT-SUPERSTRUCTURE 17 CELL (T. Khabiboulline, FNAL-TD) - ~1 km (8 GeV, Space Charge Off) ## No Collimator *TRANSVERSE PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION AT THE FOIL (TRACK)* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - With Collimators ## Debuncher OFF - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - Debuncher ON ## TRANSPORT LINE : MAD SIMULATIONS - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - From D. Johnson (FNAL) ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT (M. Borland, ANL) *TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT (M. Borland, ANL)* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - DISPERSION - [m] ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT *TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - BETA FUNCTION ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / PARALLEL TRACK (J. Xu, ANL) - ~10 H 40 mn - ~1 H 18 mn - Acc. Section - (3D Space Ch.) - Transport Line - (No Space Charge) *TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / PARALLEL TRACK (J. Xu, ANL)* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* ## TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS *TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS * - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - TRANSV. RMS EMITTANCE ## TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS *TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS * - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - RMS ENERGY SPREAD ## TRACK SIMULATIONS : CONCLUSION & NEXT STEPS *TRACK SIMULATIONS : CONCLUSION & NEXT STEPS* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - Start-to-End simulations (from RFQ to stripping foil) implemented into TRACK - The 1.7 km beamline runs on parallel (64 CPU) at ANL-BlueGene computer - Takes 1H18 mn to perform, 200k particules. _NEXT STEPS IN HINS SIMULATIONS_ - 1/ Halo Studies (1M to 80M particle distribution on 64 to 256 CPUs) - 2/ Jitter + Misalignment Studies (up to 100 CPU on ANL-JAZZ computer) - 3/ Implementation H-minus stripping into TRACK - (Magnetic, Residual Gas and Blackbody radiation) ## TRACK SIMULATION : BLACKBODY STRIPPING *TRACK SIMULATION : BLACKBODY STRIPPING* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* H. C. Bryant and G. H. Herling “Atomic physics with a relativistic H- beam” - Journal of Modern Optics, January 2006 _CREDITS_ C. Hill “Preliminary Notes: H- Ion Stripping in Transport by Thermal Photons” - FERMILAB-Internal Memorandum (Dec. 2004) – unpublished - _Hill’s Equation of Total Loss per Unit Length :_ with _Numerical Application :_ - 300 K : 1/L=7.86E-7 m-1 × 1.56E14 p/sec × 1.28E-9 J ≈ 0.15 W/m (1 Hz) - 80 K : 1/L=2.7E-10 m-1 × 1.56E14 p/sec × 1.28E-9 J ≈ 5.3E-5 W/m (1 Hz) W. Chou “8 GeV H- Ions : Transport and Injection” PAC05 ## PART III - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *PART III* *THE MESON LINAC * ## MESON LINAC : LAYOUT (~60 MeV, ~48 m) - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - Cooling ring dipole - Effective Magnetic Length ~1.3 m - SQA Quads “Old 8 GeV to MR line” - Effective Magnetic Length ~45 cm - Main Ring Trim Quads - Effective Magnetic Length ~35 cm ## MESON LINAC : TRACK SIMULATIONS *MESON LINAC : TRACK SIMULATIONS* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* ## MESON HALL : SOUTH VIEW - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *MESON HALL : SOUTH VIEW * - Capture Cavity II Cave ## MESON HALL : NORTH VIEW - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *MESON HALL : NORTH VIEW * ## MESON LINAC : MODULATOR, PULSE TRANSFORMER, KLYSTRON - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *MESON LINAC : MODULATOR, PULSE TRANSFORMER, KLYSTRON* ## MESON LINAC : KLYSTRON, RF CONTROL SYSTEM - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *MESON LINAC : KLYSTRON, RF CONTROL SYSTEM* ## FERMILAB Proton Source + LEBT - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *FERMILAB Proton Source + LEBT * *(H. Piekarz, C. Schmidt, D. Moehs) * - Installed in MS6 building - ~15 mA, 66 μs, 15 Hz ## FERMILAB magnetron H- source (D. Moehs) - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* *FERMILAB magnetron H- source* (D. Moehs) - ~20 mA, 3 ms, 1 Hz - (January 2007) ## MESON LINAC : CONCLUSION - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - Modulator, Pulse Transformer and Klystron installed into Meson Hall - Expected delivery time for RFQ : Summer 2007 - Expected first 2.5 MeV beam : Winter 2007 ## Acknowledgments - G. Apollinari (FNAL), S. Aseev (ANL), M. Borland (ANL), K. Floettmann (DESY), - B. Foster (ex-FNAL), I. Gonin, C. Hill (FNAL), D. Johnson (FNAL), T. Khabiboulline, - D. Moehs (FNAL), B. Mustapha (ANL), P. Ostroumov (ANL), H. Piekarz (FNAL), C. Schmidt (FNAL), V. Shiltsev (FNAL), B. Webber (FNAL), D. Wildman (FNAL), J. Xu (ANL). *CONCLUSION and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS* - Jean-Paul Carneiro * FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8th** 07* - Start-to-End simulation of the 8 GeV H-minus linac implemented into TRACK - Jitter Studies and impact into stripping efficiency and MI losses (ESME ?) - Benchmarking the code with experimental datas (Meson Linac)	en
all-txt-docs	460397	The Oold-Seekers. obstacles which ever supervene at the moment of departure, and cause a lengthened delay for no visible reason. The sun set behind tne Peak of Tequilla, and the Cerro del Col disappeared in the centre of the chain of tall, ahrupt hills wnich borders the Rio Tololotlan : gradually the scene was veiled in darkness. The travellers progressed gaily conversing together, while following the winding and accidented course of the Rio Grande del Norte, along whose banks their road ran. The latter was wide, well made, and easy to follow. "Angela, mv child," the colonel presently remarked, "you are wrong to tease your horse so. Rebecca is a good beast, very gentle, and very sure-footed ; and you should je .nore merciful to her than you are." " 1 assure you, papa," the pretty girl answered with a laugh, " I am not teasing Rebecca. 1 arp only tickling her to render her lively." " Yes, and to make her dance too, little madcap. That would be all very well if we were only taking a ride for a few hours, instead of a journey which will last a month. You would not like, I fancy, to be left on the road by your horse." " Heaven forbid, fatiier ! If it be so, I will obey you. Rebecca may be at ease in future." And, while speaking thus, she bent over her horse's neck and gently patted it. " Right ! " the colonel continued ; " and now what do you think of our way of travelling? Does it please you ? ' " I think it charming, father. I never was so happy." " All the better, my child, because I so feared the effects of such a journey for you, that I was on the point of leaving you at the convent." " Thank you, father, for bringing me wilh you. I was so wearied with that wretched convent ; and then it is so long since I have seen my dear mother, whom 1 long to embrace." " This time, child, you will have ample leisure to do so, for I propose leaving you with your mother." "Then I shall not return to Guadalajara with you ? " " No, child : you will live at my large hacienda, with your mother and servants, during my absence ; for so soon as 1 have ended the urgent business that demands my presence at San Bias, I shall go to Mexico and join General Santa Anna." " Oh ! " she said, clasping her hands in entreaty, " you ought to take me with you to the ciudad." " Uttle madcap, you know perfectly well that is impossible ; but on my return I will bring you and your mother the finest things from the Portaies des Mercaderes and the Parian, in order that you may eclipse the mcst coquettish senoras of Tepic." " Oh ! that is not the same thing," she said with a charming pout ; " and yet," she added, suddenly regaining her good humour, " I thank you, father ; for you are kindyou love me." "I am glad tnat you recognise tht fact, and at length do me justice, little rattle- brain." The girl began laughing, and by a sudden impulse lening her reins fall, she thiew her arms round hei father's neck and kissed him several times." " Take care what you are about," the colonel said, at once happy and alarmed. ' If R brcca were to bolt you would be killed. " Nonsense I " she said, laughing ; " Rebecca is too well trained to behave in such a way." Still she caught up her reins and settled herself in her saddle. Angelita mia," the father continued, " you are no longer a child. You ought <o begin to grow more reasonable." " Do you scold ine tor loving you, my father?"	en
converted_docs	153371	Meeting notes from the Oregon/Northern California Coast TRT meeting 16 December 2003, 9am -- 4pm Notes taken by: Kerrie Pipal Attendees: TRT Members: Gordie Reeves, Tom Lisle, Chuck Huntington, Tom Nickelson, Mike Rode, Greg Bryant, George Kautsky, Tom Wainwright, Walt Duffy, Tommy Williams, Pete Lawson. Staff: Heather Stout, Rosemary Furfey, Justin Mills, Kerrie Pipal. The meeting was called to order at 9:15 am. 1\. Introductions. 2\. Minutes Approval, ONCC (Sept), Oregon Workgroup (Nov) 3\. Agenda Revision -- moved Rosemary's update to occur after SONCC discussion. 4\. Discussion of SONCC population delineation method, results (Tommy Williams). -Tommy discussed updates to the Intrinsic Potential (IP) model, including 1) combining Applegate and the Middle Rogue River to represent a single unit, 2) counting Humboldt Bay tributaries as a single unit, and 3) splitting the lower and upper Trinity River into separate units, with the North Fork Trinity inclusive of the upper Trinity. Tommy distributed plots using logit vs. Integrated IP values, along with a corresponding table of IP values for SONCC basins. Tommy explained use of the centroid method for use in the distance matrix for within basin analysis. Tom Lisle suggested a different method for finding the center of the 'best habitat' by using a plot (Cumulative IP vs. Distance from River Mouth). Group agreed that using Tom L.'s 'width function' method is worth exploring. -Chuck Huntington is interested in knowing how stray rates are affected by small vs. large basins as related to their distance from on another; also, how direct an effect will river mouth to river mouth straying function have on model accuracy? Justin Mills suggested that it might be possible to include a factor on within-basin straying and its variance between basins to try and further define gray areas present in the model. Placement of the plot's vertical line was discussed, and Pete Lawson recommended adding confidence bars to the vertical line. This would allow an estimate of uncertainty. Tommy will add 50% confidence bars to the plot and determine a break based on these. Tommy emphasized that at this point, Eric (Bjorkstedt) needs well thought-out ideas to incorporate into the model to increase efficiency when running and re-running the model. Group agreed that model process should remain simplified at this point and details could be added/investigated as the model progresses. Action Items: a\. Tom L. will write up more information on the 'width function' method for the group to review. b. Recalculate the centroid for each basin. c. Tommy will add 50% confidence bars to vertical line on logit vs. Integrated IP plots. Skipped to 11c on agenda Coordination with State, outreach update, etc. -- Rosemary Furfey -Rosemary will attend and present information at the next Oregon Coastal Zone Management meeting. The Internal Domain Team has been formed. Four meetings with the state have taken place to assess the development of the Oregon plan. Plan strategy and process of how to form a stakeholder group for recovery planning were major topics. The next meeting is in mid-January. The second draft of the Recovery status and strategy report is ready for review and comments. Draft is also being shared with the Internal Domain Team and outside reviewers. Draft was distributed to TRT for review. 6\. No public comments. 7\. Discussion of Oregon Workgroup population method, results, Population Draft Document -Tom Nickelson presented data and plots he used to determine Estimated Potential Historical Abundance based on smolt counts (assuming 40% harvest rate). Instead of using IP in his analysis, he used adult abundance, as Estimated Potential Historical Abundance estimates were similar when based on either catch or IP. Tom N. agreed to work with the equation to try and find possible improvements. Chuck noted the need to find citation support for some of the constants used in the equation. Tom N. added confidence intervals around the vertical line (+/- 50%), which affected 5 of the 46 basins. Action Items: a. Tom N. will review the equation principles to look for further improvements. b. Chuck will review his library for citations supporting equation constants; he will pass any citations along to Tom N. Tom N. will keep the +/- 50% confidence lines around the vertical line. Break for lunch. Skipped to 11a on agenda TRT Coordinator Update -Tommy Williams and Gordie Reeves provided an update on the RSRP review of the IP model from meetings taking place at Santa Cruz Lab earlier this week. RSRP seemed to accept the use of the IP model and commented on what other issues it might be applied to in the future. RSRP identified IP as a tool that could be used in the restoration aspect (Phase II) of recovery planning. 10\. TRT approval of Oregon Coast Coho Historical Populations or with needed revisions (Heather Stout and Pete Lawson). Heather started discussion on this draft document with a review of Figure B (p. 8 in Figures section) -- "Conceptual model of ESU Population Structure." Changes to the model included 1) emphasize that it is only representing part of an ESU, and 2) improve the figure's caption by adding additional details and explanation. Group discussed using the term 'persistence' in the draft document. Most of group feels that the document should be more consistent in its wording and referencing. Group is generally comfortable with the methods and figures presented in the document. Action Items: a. Heather and Pete will make changes to Figure B (should emphasis that figure represents only part of an ESU and improve caption). b. Heather will make revisions to the Table on populations (add vertical lines to split the two sides and change to abbreviations -- FI, PI, D). c. Tommy will send Heather an email copy of the SONCC document for table comparison. d. Tom N. and Tom Wainwright will discuss the usage of the term 'persistence' and determine its appropriateness in reference to the horizontal axis. They will send the group an email after this matter is further discussed. e. Tommy will re-post several documents on Docushare (working paper written by TRT chairs regarding use of Viable Salmonid Populations in 'real world' situations, plus relevant papers by Eric Bjorkstedt and Steve Lindley). f. Oregon work group will meet on Dec 22 (9am at ODFW) to further discuss and review the draft document. g. TRT members should complete document review and forward all revisions and suggestions to Heather ASAP (preferably by Dec 22). h. Tommy to check if one or two documents are required for the 2 ESU's. i. Pete suggested the final deadline for the document (before being released to the public) could be changed to the end of February 2004. 11b. Oregon Coast Coho Critical Habitat Analysis -- Using the Decision Support System (DSS). Justin Mills presented his work on ranking 5^th^ field watersheds included in the Oregon Coast ESU using DSS. Results are still considered in DRAFT format. Justin is nearing completion on his final review of the results. 12\. Other TRT Business. 13\. Review Tasks. 14\. Schedule Future Meetings (OR Workgroup = Dec 22, next TRT mtg = March?) 15\. No public comments. 16\. Adjourn (4:15pm)	en
all-txt-docs	330714	Ed Campion Headquarters, Washington, DC May 1, 1996 (Phone: 202/358-1780) RELEASE: 96-83 SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS HIGHLIGHT SHUTTLE MISSION STS-77 NASA's fourth Shuttle mission of 1996 is devoted to the continuing effort to help open the commercial space frontier. During the flight, designated STS-77, Endeavour and a six-person crew will perform microgravity research aboard the commercially owned and operated SPACEHAB Module. Endevour's crew also will deploy and retrieve a research satellite and perform rendezvous operations with a test satellite. Launch of Endeavour is currently targeted for May 16, 1996 at approximately 6:32 a.m. EDT from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39-B. The STS-77 mission is forecast to last 10 days, 0 hours, 37 minutes. The actual STS-77 flight duration will be determined by power consumption and the amount of cryogenic fuel available to support Endeavour's electrical power system depending on how close to the target launch date Endeavour actually begins its mission. Mission Control in Houston will closely monitor power consumption along with cryo reserves. Shuttle managers will have the option of shortening the mission one day if necessary. An on-time launch and full 10-day mission duration will result in a landing on May 26 at 7:09 a.m. EDT at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility, FL. The STS-77 crew is commanded by John Casper, making his fourth Shuttle flight. The pilot for the mission, Curt Brown, is making his third flight. There are four mission specialists assigned to the flight. Andrew Thomas, serving as Mission Specialist-1, is making his first flight. Mission Specialist-2 is Dan Bursch is making his third flight. Mario Runco, serving as Mission Specialist-3, also is making his third flight. Mission Specialist-4 is Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau, who is flying in space for the second time. Over 90 percent of the payloads aboard Endeavour are being sponsored by NASA's Office of Space Access and Technology, Washington, DC, through its Commercial Space Centers and their industrial affiliates. Primary payloads include experiments flying aboard the pressurized, commercially-developed SPACEHAB Module, the Inflatable Antenna Experiment to be deployed aboard the free-flying Spartan-207 carrier spacecraft, and a suite of four technology experiments known as "TEAMS," in the Shuttle's payload bay. Additionally, secondary experiments on the flight will include a "Brilliant Eyes" cryo-cooling experiment, a facility for examining the effect of microgravity on small aquatic creatures, and a small facility for examining the microgravity effects on simple living systems. In 1990 NASA contracted SPACEHAB, Inc. for the lease of their SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratories for a series of flights. STS-77 marks the fourth flight of the SPACEHAB under this contract. The SPACEHAB single module will be carrying nearly 3,000 pounds of experiments and support equipment for 12 commercial space product development payloads in the areas of biotechnology, electronic materials, polymers and agriculture as well as several experiments for other NASA payload organizations. One of these, the Commercial Float Zone Facility (CFZF) has been developed through international collaboration between the U.S., Canada and Germany. It will heat various samples of electronic and semi-conductor material through the float zone technique. Another facility on SPACEHAB will be the Space Experiment Facility (SEF), which will grow crystals by vapor diffusion. This experiment is expected to yield large, defect-free crystals that are important for electronic applications and remote sensing. In addition to the SPACEHAB module, the Goddard Space Flight Center's deployable Spartan 207 is another one of the primary payloads on this flight and the most ambitious Spartan mission to date. It will deploy and test the Inflatable Antenna Experiment (IAE). The IAE experiment is meant to lay the groundwork for future technology development in inflatable space structures and will be launched and inflated like a balloon on orbit. The experiment will validate the deployment (inflation) and performance of a large inflatable antenna during a ninety- minute mission. The antenna structure then will be jettisoned and the Spartan spacecraft recovered at mission end. Inside Endeavour's cargo bay will be four experiments called Technology Experiments for Advancing Missions in Space (TEAMS): The Global Positioning System (GPS) Attitude and Navigation Experiment (GANE) will determine to what accuracy the GPS system can supply attitude information to a space vehicle; the Vented Tank Resupply Experiment (VTRE) will test improved methods for in-space refueling; the Liquid Metal Thermal Experiment (LMTE), which will evaluate the performance of liquid metal heat pipes in microgravity conditions, and the Passive Aerodynamically Stabilized Magnetically Damped Satellite (PAMS) payload will be a technology demonstration of the principle of aerodynamic stabilization in the upper atmosphere of low-Earth orbit. Cameras on the Shuttle will record the PAMS satellite as it is deployed. Later during the mission the Shuttle will rendezvous with the satellite on two separate days and will point the PAMS measuring system, while cameras aboard the Shuttle record the satellite's movements. The Brilliant Eyes Ten Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE) carries an instrument that can quickly cool infrared and other sensors to near absolute zero using the evaporation of hydrogen. BETSCE is a technology demonstration experiment to show that cryocoolers of this type, called "sorption coolers," can operate in the absence of gravity. Sorption coolers have essentially no vibration, are very efficient at these cold temperatures, and can operate reliably for over 10 years. NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, Washington, DC, is responsible for two experiments. The two experiments are the Aquatic Research Facility (ARF), and the Biological Research In a Canister (BRIC). The ARF is a joint Canadian Space Agency/NASA project and will be making its first flight into space on Endeavour. The ARF allows sophisticated investigations with a wide range of small aquatic species. The facility will permit scientists to investigate the process of fertilization, embryo formation and development of calcified tissue and feeding behaviors of small aquatic organisms while in microgravity. The BRIC payload has flown several times. The focus on this flight will be on the tobacco hornworm during its metamorphosis period. This study will examine the synthesis of protein necessary to form muscle. Analysis will be made using the hemolymph (blood), flight muscle, intersegmental muscles and cuticle of the insect. This study will clarify the mechanism(s) behind one endocrine system in insects which may aid in research on endocrine systems in general, including those of humans when subject to microgravity effects. -end-	en
all-txt-docs	052631	DONALD P. HODEL, ET AL, PETITIONERS V. TRIBAL VILLAGE OF AKUTAN, ET AL. No. 86-303 In the Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 1986 Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit The Solicitor General, on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior and the other federal parties, petitions for a writ of certiorari to review the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in this case. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING The petitioners are Donald P. Hodel, Secretary of the Interior, subordinate officials of the Department of the Interior, Anthony Calio, Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and NOAA. The respondents are: Governor Bill Sheffield, State of Alaska Alaska Independent Fishermen's Marketing Association Aleutians East Coast Resource Service Area Bering Sea Fishermen's Association Bristol Bay Borough Bristol Bay Coastal Resource Service Area Cenaliulriit United Fishermen of Alaska Tribal Village of Akutan Tribal Village of Togiak Tribal Village of Nelson Lagoon Trustees for Alaska Natural Resources Defense Council Eskimo Walrus Commission Northern Alaska Environmental Center City of Quinhagak Nunam Kitlutsisti Alaska Center for the Environment Village of False Pass Sierra Club Wilderness Society Environmental Policy Institute National Audubon Society Defenders of Wildlife Amoco Production Company ARCO Alaska, Inc. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Elf Aquitaine, Inc. Exxon Corporation Mobil Exploration & Producing Services, Inc. Murphy Oil Company Sohio Alaska Petroleum Company Shell Western E & P, Inc. Union Oil Company of California International Association of Geophysical Contractors TABLE OF CONTENTS Parties to the Proceedings Opinions below Jurisdiction Statute involved Questions Presented Statement Reasons for granting the Petition Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I OPINIONS BELOW The decision of the court of appeals (App., infra, 1a-7a) is reported at 792 F.2d 1376. /1/ The order of the district court as modified (App., infra, 9a-15a) is unreported. JURISDICTION The judgment of the court of appeals (App., infra, 20a) was entered on April 28, 1986. By order dated July 17, 1986, Justice Rehniquist extended the time for filing a petition for a writ of certiorari to and including August 26, 1986. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). STATUTE INVOLVED Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 3120, is set forth in the appendix to this petition (at 40a-41a). QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether a district court must, except in unusual circumstances, enter a preliminary injunction whenever it finds a likely violation of a procedural requirement of an environmental statute. 2. Whether Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), 16 U.S.C. 3120, which requires federal land managers to determine whether proposed dispositions of public lands in Alaska "would significantly restrict subsistence uses" and, if so, to follow certain procedures and make certain findings prior to any such disposition, applies to the outer continental shelf (OCS), when the Act defines "public lands" as lands which are "in Alaska" and "the title to which is in the United States." 3. Whether, even if Section 810 applies to the OCS, the Secretary may not proceed with OCS leasing until the Secretary of the Interior complies with Section 810's procedural requirements for all stages of the OCS program, including development and production. 4. Whether, even though the Secretary has found that significant restrictions on subsistence uses are unlikely, the Secretary still must follow the procedures mandated by Section 810 for disposition of public lands that "would significantly restrict subsistence uses" because of the possibility that such effects could nevertheless occur. STATEMENT This case concerns the application of Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act (ANILCA), 16 U.S.C. 3120, to the Secretary of the Interior's decision to hold Lease Sale 92 in the North Aleutian Basin area of the outer continental shelf (OCS) offshore Alaska. This case also concerns the appropriate judicial standard for determining whether injunctive relief is appropriate to redress a violation or a likely violation of Section 810. Both issues are currently pending before the Court in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, cert. granted, No. 85-1406 (June 2, 1986), and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, cert. granted, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986). 1. In November 1974, the Secretary of the Interior first announced a lease sale in the Lease Sale 92 area (App. infra, 22a). The Secretary, however, postponed the lease sale to respond to concerns expressed by the State of Alaska. In March 1984, in response to those concerns, the Secretary reduced the sale area by 83 percent (from 32.5 to 5.6 million acres) and adopted stringent mitigation measures to provide extra protection for fishery habitats, commercial fishing, and biological resources (1 Minerals Mgmt. Service, Alaska OCS Region, U.S. Dep't of Interior, Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) I-A-3 (1985); see Secretary of the Interior, Statement of Reasons for the Decision on Sale 92, 71 (Dec. 1985)). Although the Secretary was of the view that Section 810 of the ANILCA does not apply to the OCS, he prepared a thorough pre-sale Section 810 evaluation of the impacts on "subsistence uses" /2/ both of the lease sale and of possible future activities at the exploration and development and production stages; the Secretary incorporated the evaluation into the draft and final environmental impact statements prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 4321 et seq. (see FEIS, at IVK-1-IVK-10). In addition, the Secretary prepared a formal 72-page Statement of Reasons for the Decision on Sale 92 (Statement of Reasons). The Statement of Reasons concluded based on a careful evaluation of subsistence uses and consideration of the proposed oil and gas activities, that neither leasing, exploration, nor production resulting from Lease Sale 92 would significantly restrict subsistence uses (App. infra, 24a). Because the Secretary recognized, however, that findings concerning possible future activities, particularly those regarding activities at the development and production stage, necessarily involve substantial speculation, the Secretary added that he would conduct new Section 810 analyses prior to his approval of any exploration plan, as well as prior to his approval of any development and production plan (App., infra, 26a). 2. In December 1985, respondents, including the State of Alaska, Trustees for Alaska, and the Tribal Village of Akutan, filed three lawsuits (later consolidated) in the United States District Court for the District of Alaska to enjoin the Secretary from conducting Lease Sale 92, which was scheduled to commence with the opening of sealed bids on January 15, 1986 (50 Fed. Reg. 51372 (1985)). Respondents alleged, inter alia, that the Secretary had violated Section 810 of ANILCA by construing Section 810 to inquire implementation of its notice, hearing and findings provisions (see 16 U.S.C. 3120(a)(1)-(3)) only when a proposed disposition of public lands "would" significantly restrict subsistence uses. /3/ According to respondents, those additional procedural requirements are triggered where, as in this case, the proposed activity "may," but is unlikely to, restrict subsistence uses. On January 13, 1986, the district court granted respondents' motion for a preliminary injunction and enjoined the Secretary from holding Lease Sale 92 (App., infra, 10a-15a). The court relied on the Ninth Circuit's decisions in Kunaknana v. Clark, 742 F.2d 1145 (1984), and Village of Gambell v. Hodel, 774 F.2d 1414 (1985), cert. granted, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986), in concluding both that the Secretary's second-tier procedural duties under Section 810 were triggered by a showing of a mere "possibility" or "threat" of significant restriction of subsistence uses and that a preliminary injunction was required (App., infra, 11a-13a). The court ruled that Ninth Circuit precedent compels the issuance of a preliminary injunction where, as here, the moving parties had established a strong likelihood of success on their ANILCA claim (id., at 13a). Later that day, the district court granted the Secretary's and the oil companies' applications for a partial stay of the injunction to allow the Secretary to receive all bids and to retain them unopened after midnight deadline on January 15, 1986 (id. at 16a-17a). 3. On April 28, 1986, the court of appeals affirmed. The court of appeals framed the legal issue presented as whether "the notice and hearing requirements under ANILCA section 810(a) apply * * * (only when) the Secretary find(s) that a proposed action 'would significantly restrict subsistence used' (16 U.S.C. Section 3120(a) (emphasis added)) (o)r is a finding that significant restrictions 'may' result sufficient, even though such restrictions are deemed unlikely" (App., infra, 4a-5a). The court concluded that a determination that a significant restriction on subsistence is unlikely, but may occur, is sufficient to trigger Section 810's additional requirements. The court reasoned the dictum to the effect in its prior decision in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, supra, was "plainly controlling," notwithstanding that both the plain meaning of the statutory language and deference to agency construction supported an interpretation of Section 810 that limited its additional requirements to instances when the Secretary determined that such significant restrictions "would" occur (App., infra, 7a). The court acknowledged that in the absence of the Gambell dictum, these two competing considerations "might be compelling" (ibid.). Finally, the court of appeals affirmed the district court's issuance of a preliminary injunction on the ground that "(a)bsent unusual circumstances, irreparable damage is presumed and an injunction is required when an agency violates ANILCA Section 810(a)" (id. at 4a (citing Village of Gambell v. Hodel, 774 F.2d at 1422-1423)). See App., infra, 7a. Pursuant to a joint motion of the parties, the district court on May 21, 1986, issued an order continuing its stay of the preliminary injunction and premitting the Secretary to continue to hold the unopened bids pending this Court's disposition of Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406, and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239. REASONS FOR GRANTING THE PETITION 1. The Court has granted certiorari in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406 (June 2, 1986), and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986), to consider the application of Section 810 of ANILCA to an OCS lease sale, including: (1) whether Section 810 of ANILCA applies to the OCS; (2) whether OSC leasing may proceed before the Secretary complies with Section 810's procedural requirements for later stages of the OCS process; and (3) whether a finding that significant subsistence restrictions "may" occur, triggers the additional procedural requirements of Section 810. The Court will also consider in those cases the standards for granting injunctive relief to redress violations or likely violations of Section 810. Because the same issues are presented here as well, the Court should hold the petition in this case and dispose of it as appropriate in light of its decision in Village of Gambell. 2.a. In addition to repeating the errors of Village of Gambell, the decision of the court of appeals in this case exacerbates these errors. In Village of Gambell, the Secretary had determined that significant subsistence restrictions would not occur at either the lease or exploration stage, but were likely to occur in certain areas at the development and production stage, should that stage be reached, which the Secretary concluded was unlikely. The court of appeals in that case held (erroneously, in our view) that the possibility of such later restrictions was sufficient to trigger Section 810's additional procedural requirements, although Section 810 expressly provides that those procedures must be followed only when a proposed disposition of public lands "would" significantly restrict subsistence uses. The court, in effect, ruled that the statutory term "would" means "may." Here, the court compounded its error by ruling that the "would" standard was met even where, as here, the Secretary had found that significant restrictions on subsistence resources were unlikely to occur at any stage, including development and production. Hence, the court has further diverged from the plain meaning of Section 810, which by utilizing "would" and not "may", requires some likelihood of significant subsistence restrictions. Cf. Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 422 (1984) (use of "would" in statute denotes standard of "likelihood"). b. Although we believe that the court of appeals erred in this additional respect, we do not seek review at this time on the issue. The basic issue of statutory construction is already before the Court in Village of Gambell and its decision in that case may well be controlling here. CONCLUSION The petition for a writ of certiorari should be held and disposed of as appropriate in light of the Court's decision in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406, and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES FRIED Solicitor General RALPH W. TARR Solicitor Department of the Interior AUGUST 1986 /1/ The decision was originally issued as a memorandum opinion not for publication. On July 1, 1986, the panel issued an order redesignating the decision as a signed opinion (792 F.2d 1376). See App., infra, 8a. /2/ The term "subsistence uses" is defined in Section 803 of ANILCA, 16 U.S.C. 3113, as "the customary and traditional uses by rural Alaska residents of wild, renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation; for the making and selling of handicraft articles out of nonedible byproducts of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade." /3/ Respondents also alleged that the Secretary's decision to conduct the lease sale violated Section 19 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), 43 U.S.C. 1345, NEPA, 42 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 4321 et seq., and Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. 1536. APPENDIX	en
converted_docs	056425	FILE NAME: company.wpt (7/1/2005) (xml) Template Number P25 ATTENTION: All commodity terms must comply with the Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary database (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/). All text in blue font (instructions for preparing the document), should be removed prior to sending the document to the Federal Register Staff. Instructional text and prompts in green font should also be removed. COMPANY FEDERAL REGISTER DOCUMENT SUBMISSION TEMPLATE (1/1/2005) EPA Registration Division contact: \[Janet Whitehurst, 703-305-6129\] **INSTRUCTIONS: Please utilize this outline in preparing tolerance petition documents. In cases where the outline element does not apply please insert "NA-Remove" and maintain the outline. The comment notes that appear on the left margin represent hidden typesetting codes designed to expedite the processing of the Federal Register document. Please do not remove or alter these comment notes or change the margins, font, or format in your document. Simply replace the instructions that appear in italics and brackets, i.e., "***\[insert company name\]," with the information specific to your action.* *TEMPLATE:* Valent U.S.A. Company 5f7016 EPA has received a pesticide petition (5f7016\]) from \[Valent U.S.A. Company\], \[1600 Riviera Ave., Walnut Creek, CA 94596-8025\] proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180. Options (pick one) 1\. by establishing a tolerance for residues of \[fluopicolide\] in or on the raw agricultural commodity \[Grape at 2 parts per million (ppm), Raisin at 6 ppm, Vegetable, leafy, except brassica, group 4 at 20 ppm, Vegetable, fruiting, group 8 at 0.8 ppm, Vegetable, cucurbit, group 9 at 0.4 ppm, Potato at 0.02 ppm, Sweet potato, roots at 0.02 ppm, Wheat forage at 0.2 ppm, Wheat grain at 0.02 ppm, Wheat hay at 0.5 ppm, and Wheat straw at 0.5ppm. EPA has determined that the petition contains data or information regarding the elements set forth in section 408(d)(2) of the FFDCA; however, EPA has not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the submitted data at this time or whether the data supports granting of the petition. Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the petition. A. Residue Chemistry 1\. Plant metabolism. \[The fate of fluopicolide in plants is clearly understood. Metabolism studies were conducted with grapes, potato, and lettuce. The metabolic profile of fluopicolide was similar in all three crops and demonstrated that fluopicolide is degraded by oxidation and hydrolysis. The primary residue found in all crops, and the only residue of concern, is the parent molecule fluopicolide. \] 2\. Analytical method. \[A practical analytical method utilizing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection is available and has been validated for detecting and measuring levels of fluopicolide in and on crops. The validated limit of quantitation is 0.01 ppm.\] 3\. Magnitude of residues. \[Residue data for the use of fluopicolide on the commodities listed within this notice has been submitted.\] B. Toxicological Profile 1\. Acute toxicity. \[ A battery of acute toxicity studies places technical fluopicolide in toxicity category IV. No evidence of sensitization was observed in guinea pigs. In an acute neurotoxicity study in rats, only statistically lower body temperature was observed 6 hours after dosing at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg. No other treatment-related changes were noted in the study, and the NOAEL was considered to be 100 mg/kg. \] 2\. Genotoxicty. \[ Fluopicolide has been evaluated for genotoxicity using a battery of tests, including bacterial reverse mutation tests, a mammalian cell gene mutation (HPRT) assay, an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration test, and an in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis test. The weight of evidence from all of these assays shows that fluopicolide is not genotoxic.\] 3\. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. \[ i\. In a developmental toxicity study in rats gavage dosed from gestation days 7 to 20 at levels of 0, 5, 60 or 700 mg/kg/day, evidence of maternal and fetal toxicity was observed at 700 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. The maternal and fetal NOAEL was 60 mg/kg/day based on statistically lower body weights in dams and fetuses, and skeletal findings in fetuses that included delayed ossification of some bones and slight increases in the incidence of various rib and thoracic vertebrae anomalies. ii\. In a developmental toxicity study with rabbits, pregnant animals were given oral doses of 0, 5, 20 or 60 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6 to 28. At the high dose, 15 animals were sacrificed following spontaneous abortions and 3 animals were found dead. The few surviving animals in this group had live fetuses at cesarean sectioning but other than lower fetal weight and crown/rump length, no treatment-related findings were observed upon external, visceral and skeletal examinations of these fetuses. The NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was 20 mg/kg/day. iii\. In a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study, fluopicolide was administered to rats at dietary levels of 0, 100, 500, or 2000 ppm. The NOAEL was 500 ppm (equivalent to 26 and 33 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively) for developing offspring and for parental/systemic toxicity. The LOAEL was 2000 ppm based on decreased body weight and organ weight changes in both F0 and F1 adults and F1 and F2 pups. The reproductive NOAEL was 2000 ppm. \] 4\. Subchronic toxicity. \[ Ninety-day feeding studies were conducted in dogs, mice and rats. i\. No evidence of toxicity was observed in dogs up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL in dogs is 1000 mg/kg/day. ii\. In 90-day feeding studies in both CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice, liver was the only target organ identified with hepatocellular hypertrophy seen at dietary levels of 320 ppm and higher. The NOAEL in C57BL/6 mice was 200 ppm (equivalent to 37.8 and 52.8 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively). iii\. In a 90-day rat study with dietary levels of 100, 1400 and 20,000 ppm, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was exceeded at 20,000 ppm based on body weight gain of 30 to 40% below control. The target organs identified in rats were the liver (centrilobular hypertrophy) in both sexes and the kidneys in males (accumulation of hyaline droplets, single cell death at the proximal tubule epithelium, slight foci of basophilic tubules and granular casts) at 1400 ppm and 20000 ppm. The NOAEL was 100 ppm, equivalent to 7.4 and 8.4 mg/kg/day, in males and females, respectively. iv\. In a subchronic neurotoxicity study, rats were treated with 0, 200, 1400 or 10000 ppm in the diet for 13 weeks. The NOAEL for systemic toxicity is 1400 ppm (107 mg/kg/day in males and 125 mg/kg/day in females) based on findings in the liver and kidney. There were no neurotoxicity findings. The NOAEL for neurotoxicity is 10,000 ppm (781 mg/kg/day in males and 866 mg/kg/day in females). iii\. In a subchronic dermal toxicity study, male and female rats were treated with fluopicolide at dose levels of 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day. There were no effects at any dose level. The NOAEL of the study is 1000 mg/kg/day.\] 5\. Chronic toxicity. \[ i\. Lower body weight gain at the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day was the only treatment-related effect noted in a 52-week dog study performed at 70, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day by gavage. Thus, the NOAEL in dogs was established at 300 mg/kg/day. ii\. Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity was assessed in rats at dietary levels of 50, 200, 750 and 2500 ppm. The NOAEL was 200 ppm (8.4 mg/kg/day in males and 10.8 mg/kg/day in females) based on microscopic changes in the liver and kidneys similar to those observed in the 90-day rat study. No evidence of carcinogencity was observed in rats up to 2500 ppm. iii\. The oncogenic potential of fluopicolide was investigated in C57BL/6 mice at dietary levels of 0, 50, 400, or 3200 ppm. Significantly lower body weight gain was seen at 3200 ppm in conjunction with a slight decrease in food consumption. Increased liver weight and centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy were observed at 400 and 3200 ppm in both sexes. In addition at 3200 ppm, an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas was noted in both sexes, but the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was not affected. The NOAEL was 50 ppm (equivalent to 7.9 and 11.5 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively). Subsequent mechanistic work demonstrated a marked transient hepatocellular proliferation, which returned to control levels after 28 days of treatment. This was accompanied by a clear induction of total cytochrome P-450 and related enzymes. These results parallel findings with Phenobarbital, which has a well understood threshold-based mechanism of rodent tumor formation commonly known to be of no relevance to humans. \] 6\. Animal metabolism. \[ The animal metabolism of fluopicolide is well understood. Fluopicolide is rapidly absorbed and excreted when administered to rats and the resulting tissue residues are very low. The metabolic pathway for fluopicolide is similar in rodents, goats and hens. Metabolism in livestock proceeded primarily via hydroxylation and hydrolysis.\] 7\. Metabolite toxicology. \[ Four metabolites (AE C653711, AE C657188, AE C657378, and AE 1344122) were identified as low-level plant and/or soil metabolites of fluopicolide. Several of the metabolites were identified at low levels in the rat following fluopicolide or AE C653711 administration and were therefore covered by the tox studies conducted with the parent molecule. All compounds were tested for acute, subchronic (28-day) and genetic toxicity and AE C653711 and AE C657188 were additionally studied in in vivo ADME studies. All were found to be equally or less toxic than the parent molecule itself. These metabolites are therefore considered not toxicologically relevant to the overall assessment of fluopicolide human health.. \] 8\. Endocrine disruption. \[ The toxicology database for fluopicolide is current and complete. No special studies to evaluate the potential endocrine effects of fluopicolide have been conducted. However, the studies in this database include evaluation of the potential effects on reproduction and development, and an evaluation of the pathology of the endocrine organs following short- or long-term exposure. These studies revealed no endocrine-related effects.\] C. Aggregate Exposure 1\. Dietary exposure. \[An assessment was conducted to evaluate potential risks due to chronic and acute dietary exposure of the U.S. population subgroups to residues of fluopicolide. This analysis covers all pending crop uses. \] i\. Food. \[ Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible. Chronic: Chronic assessments were conducted to evaluate potential risks due to chronic dietary exposure to the U.S. population and selected population subgroups to residues of fluopicolide. This analysis was conducted using the Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Evaluation System (CARES) using actual field trial residue and estimated percent crop treated. \] ii\. Drinking water. \[ Acute: Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible. Chronic: A tier II PRZM/EXAMS assessment was conducted to determine the EECs in the standard EPA pond and the EDWCs in the Standard Index Reservoir associated with fluopicolide on crops. The EXPRESS, PRZM/EXAMS shell was used to conduct the modeling. The worst case scenario was used in the drinking water exposure assessment and a refined chronic drinking water exposure risk analysis was conducted using the CARES Water Wizard. \] 2\. Non-dietary exposure. \[There is a potential residential exposure to adults applying , and adults and children entering residential turf areas treated with fluopicolide. Based on the application of fluopicolide to residential turf, conservative estimates of exposure were calculated for both children and adults. All estimates resulted in calculated margins of exposure in excess of 100.\] D. Cumulative Effects \[Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider "available information" concerning the cumulative effects of a particular pesticide's residues and "other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity". EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine whether fluopicolide has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk assessment. For the purposes of this tolerance action, EPA has not assumed that fluopicolide has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.\] E. Safety Determination 1\. U.S. population. \[ Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible. Chronic: The aggregate risk of the US population to fluopicolide was determine and the resultant exposure value was expressed in terms of margin of exposure (MOE), which was calculated by dividing the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) by the exposure for each population subgroup. In addition, exposure was also expressed as a percent of the chronic reference dose (%cRfD). The results of the chronic dietary and drinking water exposure and risk analyses presented here, demonstrate that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the U.S. population or sensitive sub-populations, including infants and children, from chronic dietary exposure resulting from the proposed uses of fluopicolide.\] 2\. Infants and children. \[ Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible. Chronic: The results of the chronic dietary and drinking water exposure and risk analysis demonstrate that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the U.S. sub-populations of infants and children from chronic dietary exposure resulting from the proposed uses of fluopicolide. The percentile of chronic dietary exposure (food) was highest among children 1 to 2 years of age. The percentile of chronic drinking water exposure was highest among infants "0\" years of age. The percentile aggregate chronic exposure from food and water was highest among infants "0\" years of age. The maximum chronic exposure from food and water for each population sub-group was estimated to be less than 1 % of the c-PAD.\] F. International Tolerances \[There are no CODEX tolerances for residues of fluopicolide\]	en
converted_docs	679703	Required Report - public distribution Date: 10/1/2003 GAIN Report Number: RP3054 RP3054 Philippines Sugar Semi-Annual 2003 Approved by: ![](media/image1.wmf)David C. Miller #### FAS Manila Prepared by: Pia Abuel-Ang Report Highlights: Sugar production is seen to hit 2.158 million metric tons for crop year 2002-03, more than sufficient to meet the domestic requirement of just under 2.0 MMT and to meet the country\'s sugar export quota of 142,160 MT. Due to better than expected 2003 production, no sugar was imported this year. Includes PSD Changes: No Includes Trade Matrix: No Semi-Annual Report Manila \[RP1\] \[RP\] +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| ####### PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Country \| Phi \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| lippi \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| nes \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Commodity \| #### \| \| \| \| (1000 \| \| \| \| ## Ce \| \| \| \| MT) \| \| \| \| ntrif \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ugal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sugar \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| \| 2002 \| Re \| 2003 \| Est \| 2004 \| For \| \| \| \| vised \| \| imate \| \| ecast \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| Off \| Est \| Off \| Est \| Off \| Est \| \| \| icial \| imate \| icial \| imate \| icial \| imate \| \| \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \| \| Old\] \| New\] \| Old\] \| New\] \| Old\] \| New\] \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Market Year \| \| 09 \| \| 09 \| \| 09 \| \| Begin \| \| /2001 \| \| /2002 \| \| /2003 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Beginning Stocks \| 322 \| 322 \| 239 \| 239 \| 197 \| 277 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Beet Sugar \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Production \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Cane Sugar \| 1900 \| 1900 \| 2000 \| 2160 \| 2100 \| 2240 \| \| Production \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL Sugar \| 1900 \| 1900 \| 2000 \| 2160 \| 2100 \| 2240 \| \| Production \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Raw Imports \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 0 \| 10 \| 0 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Refined Imp.(Raw \| 98 \| 98 \| 68 \| 0 \| 30 \| 0 \| \| Val) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL Imports \| 109 \| 109 \| 80 \| 0 \| 40 \| 0 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL SUPPLY \| 2331 \| 2331 \| 2319 \| 2399 \| 2337 \| 2517 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Raw Exports \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Refined Exp.(Raw \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Val) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL EXPORTS \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| 142 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Human Dom. \| 1950 \| 1950 \| 1980 \| 1980 \| 2010 \| 2010 \| \| Consumption \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Other \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Disappearance \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Total \| 1950 \| 1950 \| 1980 \| 1980 \| 2010 \| 2010 \| \| Disappearance \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Ending Stocks \| 239 \| 239 \| 197 \| 277 \| 185 \| 365 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL DISTRIBUTION \| 2331 \| 2331 \| 2319 \| 2399 \| 2337 \| 2517 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Data from the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) show that efforts to raise the productivity of the sugar industry through the use higher-yielding varieties, adoption of new technology and rehabilitation of antiquated milling facilities resulted in a 32.6-percent growth in production over the last four years. After more than a decade of experiencing production shortfalls, sugar production is projected to hit a high of 2.158 million metric tons for crop year 2002-03, more than enough to meet the domestic requirement of about 2.0 million metric tons and to supply the country's sugar export quota of 142,160 metric tons to the United States. No sugar was imported this year, not even the Minimum Access Volume of 59,780 MT. In the island of Negros, the country's sugar bowl, the 29-percent increase in sugar production over a four-year period (1999-2003) is considered quite substantial, especially in light of the fact that the area dedicated to sugarcane planting on the island dropped by 2.8 percent.\ \ Based on SRA data, sugar production in Mindanao increased by almost 100 percent, which was attributed to a 52-percent increase in hectarage, a 9.59-percent increase in mill recovery and an 82-percent improvement in yield per hectare by major sugar producers in Bukidnon. In Luzon, there was a significant increase of 16.57 percent in production largely due to higher sugar content of cane and better mill recovery. Area planted to sugarcane and cane tonnage also increased at 2.69 percent and 3.35 percent, respectively. Given the positive production situation for next year, the country will likely not import any sugar including the Minimum Access Volume of over 60,000 MT. The Philippine Department of Agriculture has been studying the possibility of exporting Philippine sugar to countries other than the United States. For CY 2004, the US will be importing a total of 142,160 MT from the Philippines under a tariff-rate quota agreement with the country. +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| # PSD Table \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Country \| ## P \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| hilip \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| pines \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Commodity \| ## S \| \| \| \| (1000 \| \| \| \| ugar \| \| \| \| HA) \| \| \| \| Cane \| \| \| \| (1000 \| \| \| \| for C \| \| \| \| MT) \| \| \| \| entri \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| fugal \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| \| 2002 \| Re \| 2003 \| Est \| 2004 \| For \| \| \| \| vised \| \| imate \| \| ecast \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| USDA \| Post \| \| \| Off \| Est \| Off \| Est \| Off \| Est \| \| \| icial \| imate \| icial \| imate \| icial \| imate \| \| \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \[ \| \| \| Old\] \| New\] \| Old\] \| New\] \| Old\] \| New\] \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Market Year \| \| 09 \| \| 09 \| \| 09 \| \| Begin \| \| /2001 \| \| /2002 \| \| /2003 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Area Planted \| 385 \| 385 \| 390 \| 390 \| 395 \| 0 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Area Harvested \| 380 \| 380 \| 385 \| 385 \| 390 \| 0 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Production \| 24962 \| 24962 \| 25835 \| 25835 \| 26100 \| 26100 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL SUPPLY \| 24962 \| 24962 \| 25835 \| 25835 \| 26100 \| 26100 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Utilization for \| 24962 \| 24962 \| 25835 \| 25835 \| 26100 \| 26100 \| \| Sugar \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| Utilization for \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Alcohol \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ \| TOTAL UTILIZATION \| 24962 \| 24962 \| 25835 \| 25835 \| 26100 \| 26100 \| +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ The Office of the Philippine President issued on August 7, 2003, Executive Order No. 230 (EO 230), setting tariffs for all raw and refined sugar, including cane and beet sugar, imported from all Southeast Asian countries at 48 percent. This order was dated July 26, 2003 and took effect immediately. The new order, which reduces sugar tariffs by two percent from the current 50 percent in-quota Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariff, follows the decision of the Tariff and Related Matters (TRM) Committee to grant the tariff concession to ASEAN members in exchange for the transfer of Philippine sugar to the sensitive list. The Philippine government notified the WTO earlier this year of its intention to break its tariff binding for raw and refined sugar, which raised the bound rate and out-of-quota tariff to 80 percent. Under the Uruguay Round, the Philippines committed to unifying both in-quota and out-of-quota sugar tariffs at 50 percent beginning January 2003. Principal supplying country to the Philippines, by WTO definition, is Thailand. (see Gain RP3048)	en
converted_docs	186702	TCAS II CHANGE PROPOSAL (CP) ----------- ---- --- ---- --- ---- ------------------------------------- --------- DATE: 03 / 29 / 99 No.: 98 ----------- ---- --- ---- --- ---- ------------------------------------- --------- ------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------- -------- TCAS II DO-185A (v7) X Other (Specify) Version: ------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------- -------- ---------------------- ------------------ ---- -------------- ---- --------- ---- MOPS Function Surveillance Display CRS X Area: Req'ts ---------------------- ------------------ ---- -------------- ---- --------- ---- ---------------------- ----------------- ---- ----------- ---- ----------- ---- CAS X Test Other Pseudocode Suites ---------------------- ----------------- ---- ----------- ---- ----------- ---- --------------- ------------- ----- --------------- ----- -------------- ----- Priority: URGENT X Necessary Optional --------------- ------------- ----- --------------- ----- -------------- ----- ------------ ----------- ---- ----------------- ---- -------------------- ---- CP Type: ERROR X Enhancement Evaluation Request ------------ ----------- ---- ----------------- ---- -------------------- ---- ------------ --------- ---- ------------------ ---- ----------------- ---- Editorial Editorial (Logic) (Text) ------------ --------- ---- ------------------ ---- ----------------- ---- Description of Problem/Issue: During TCAS flight testing nuisance failures of the barometric altitude credibility monitor have been observed. They have occurred during vertical rate maneuvers approaching 1g in acceleration. This is in excess of the standard RA maneuver that Air Transport category aircraft are likely perform. However, it is not unlikely that business jets and military aircraft with TCAS would perform maneuvers such as this on a regular basis. Discussion with Mitre indicates that the baro altitude credibility monitor was designed to handle approximately ½ g accelerations maximum. It is believed that if not corrected this monitor design will result in regular occurrences of TCAS system failures during climbout and during resolution advisories where the pilot responds aggressively. Proposed Resolution: Intruder altitude tracking was affected similarly. Constants only changed in Pcode and CRS. Changes attached. Three new tests, EN04TS49.dat, EN03TS79.dat, and EN03TS80.dat, were produced to cover the CRS transitions 3.92-C2, 3.98-C2, and 3.57-C1, respectively. The RWG verified that the tests do, in fact, cover these transitions. TSIM was updated with the constant modifications and used to produce an updated set of expected outputs and transition files for all existing tests. The updated expected outputs were successfully compared to the outputs generated by several of the TCAS manufacturer's implementations. --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Requester: Aaron Reinholz --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Organization: Rockwell Collins --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DISPOSITION OF CHANGE PROPOSAL (Per RWG): ------------------------------------- ----- --- ---------- ---- ---------- DATE OF DISPOSITION 8 / Apr / 1999 ------------------------------------- ----- --- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------- ----- --- -------------- ----- --- --------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- Rejected Deferred \[Review / / \] Date: -------------- ----- --- -------------- ----- --- --------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- -------------- ------- --- -------------- ------ --- --------------- ------ Accepted X Modified Withdrawn -------------- ------- --- -------------- ------ --- --------------- ------ DISPOSITION OF CHANGE: -------- --- --------------- --- ------------- --- ---------- --- ------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- On Designing Testing Done X \[Date: / / \] Hold -------- --- --------------- --- ------------- --- ---------- --- ------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- Final Approval of Changes: ------------------ --------- --- ------- --- -------- --------------------- Signature: Kathryn W. Ybarra, RWG Chair Date: 21 / Apr / 1999 ------------------ --------- --- ------- --- -------- --------------------- CRS Changes For Altitude Credibility Modifications Page 149 -- From Addendum: State Switch_Own_Tracker, Abbreviation CREDIBLE_INIT_CHECK. > In line 3, change 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft (CREDZADC) and change 10 to 5 > (MAXSOFT). Page 151 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Figure 2-27 and Description. > Remove states 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Add arrow for default entry state > to state 5. Remove arrow showing the 4 to 5 transition. Reverse > direction of arrow from state 5 to the bar connector so that it points > from the bar connector to state 5 (thus indicating the ANY to 5 > transition as well as the 4 to 5 transition). In line 7 of > [Note]{.underline}: Description, change "value of 2" to "value of 3". Page 152 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 1. > Change the state transition from ANY → 10 to ANY → 5. Page 153 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 2. > Remove the state transitions for 2 → 3, 5 → 6, 6 → 7, 7 → 8, 8 → 9, > and 9 → 10. Page 154 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 3. > Remove the state transitions for 3 → 2, 6 → 5, 7 → 6, 8 → 7, 9 → 8, > and 10 → 9. Page 409 -- Macro Own_Altitude_Coast. > In line 1 of Definition, change 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft (CREDZADC). In > Abbreviation SOFTNESS_FACTOR, remove lines for softness factors 2, and > 6 through 10 which coorespond to Own_Tracker_Softness states 2, 6, 7, > 8, 9, and 10. Page 448 -- Macro VT_Credible_Report(T,DZM,TSTART,TDAT,ZD,QUANT). > In line 4 of Definition, change 20 ft/s to 30 ft/s and change 8 > ft/s^2^ to 20 ft/s^2^. Page 654 -- APPENDIX A, CONSTANT DEFINITIONS. > Change the value of CREDACCDIV from 8.0 ft/s^2^ to 20 ft/s^2^. > > Change the value of CREDZADC from 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft. > > Change the value of CREDZDERR from 20 ft/s to 30 ft/s. Page 656 -- From Addendum --APPENDIX A, CONSTANT DEFINITIONS. > Change the value of MAXSOFT from 10 to 5. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.476388888888889in" height="8.4in"} ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.631944444444445in" height="8.740277777777777in"} ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="6.7131944444444445in" height="8.6in"} ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="6.54375in" height="8.5in"} ![](media/image5.jpeg){width="6.4743055555555555in" height="8.4in"} ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="6.143055555555556in" height="8.0in"} ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="6.550694444444445in" height="8.5in"} ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="6.336805555555555in" height="8.3in"} ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="6.188888888888889in" height="8.0in"} CONSIDER_INCREASE 6 RESVAR.select_advisory CONSIDER_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONT_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONVERGE_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CORRECTIVE_CLM 2 G.display CORRECTIVE_DES 2 G.display COSB 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal COV(2,2) 2 ITF.mdf COV(2,2) 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal CREDACCDIV2 2 PN.credibility 8 ft/s2 CREDINIT 2 PN.credibility 200 ft/s CREDMINDT 2 PN.credibility 5.5 s CREDZADC 2 P.track 35 ft CREDZDERR 2 PN.credibility 20 ft/s CREFNO 2 ITF.identity CREFPTR(100) 2 G.cross_reference CROSSING 2 TO_DISP_AURL.additional_aural CROSSING_RA 2 G.broadcast CROSSTHR 2 P.general 100 ft CROSSTHRL 2 P.general 100 ft CUR_SENSE 6 RESVAR.modeling CURRENT_SENSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CVC 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CVC 3 RCV_VAR.message DBINS 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELAY 6 RESVAR.modeling DELT 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZ 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZDT 2 PN.no_transition 4 s MAXSOFT 2 P.track 10 MAXZDINT 2 P.detect 10000 ft/min MAXZDTIME 2 PN.transition 17 s MDF_HIT_COUNT 2 ITF.mdf MEDHISCORE 2 P.traffic 500 MEDLOSCORE 2 P.traffic 300 MEDSCORE 2 P.traffic 400 MID 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent MID 3 RCV_VAR.message MIN_NOM_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_PTS_FOR_SWITCH 2 P.track 3 MIN_REV_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_RI_TIME 2 P.model 4 s MINBINS 2 PN.alpha_beta_tracker 3 MINDRATE 2 P.seladv -- 4400 ft/min MINFIRM 2 P.eval 2 MININITHFIRM 2 P.mdf 3 MINRVSTIME 2 P.model 10 s MINSOFT 2 P.track 2 MINTATIME 2 P.traffic 8 s MINTAU 2 P.delay 0 s MNSIGDPX 2 P.mdf 0.7 MNVR_SHTDWN_TM 2 P.mdf 10 MODC 2 S.identity MODC 2 ITF.capability MODEC_FLAG 4 TRACKVAR.vertical MODEL_T 2 P.model 9 s MODEL_ZD 2 P.model 2500 ft/min MTB 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CONSIDER_INCREASE 6 RESVAR.select_advisory CONSIDER_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONT_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONVERGE_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CORRECTIVE_CLM 2 G.display CORRECTIVE_DES 2 G.display COSB 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal COV(2,2) 2 ITF.mdf COV(2,2) 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal CREDACCDIV2 2 PN.credibility 20 ft/s2 CREDINIT 2 PN.credibility 200 ft/s CREDMINDT 2 PN.credibility 5.5 s CREDZADC 2 P.track 65 ft CREDZDERR 2 PN.credibility 30 ft/s CREFNO 2 ITF.identity CREFPTR(100) 2 G.cross_reference CROSSING 2 TO_DISP_AURL.additional_aural CROSSING_RA 2 G.broadcast CROSSTHR 2 P.general 100 ft CROSSTHRL 2 P.general 100 ft CUR_SENSE 6 RESVAR.modeling CURRENT_SENSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CVC 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CVC 3 RCV_VAR.message DBINS 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELAY 6 RESVAR.modeling DELT 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZ 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZDT 2 PN.no_transition 4 s MAXSOFT 2 P.track 5 MAXZDINT 2 P.detect 10000 ft/min MAXZDTIME 2 PN.transition 17 s MDF_HIT_COUNT 2 ITF.mdf MEDHISCORE 2 P.traffic 500 MEDLOSCORE 2 P.traffic 300 MEDSCORE 2 P.traffic 400 MID 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent MID 3 RCV_VAR.message MIN_NOM_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_PTS_FOR_SWITCH 2 P.track 3 MIN_REV_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_RI_TIME 2 P.model 4 s MINBINS 2 PN.alpha_beta_tracker 3 MINDRATE 2 P.seladv -- 4400 ft/min MINFIRM 2 P.eval 2 MININITHFIRM 2 P.mdf 3 MINRVSTIME 2 P.model 10 s MINSOFT 2 P.track 3 MINTATIME 2 P.traffic 8 s MINTAU 2 P.delay 0 s MNSIGDPX 2 P.mdf 0.7 MNVR_SHTDWN_TM 2 P.mdf 10 MODC 2 S.identity MODC 2 ITF.capability MODEC_FLAG 4 TRACKVAR.vertical MODEL_T 2 P.model 9 s MODEL_ZD 2 P.model 2500 ft/min MTB 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent Roland Lejeune 31 March 1999 ## Proposed Change to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window Rockwell-Collins recently identified an issue with the altitude tracker used in TCAS II Version 7 to track own aircraft altitude when finely quantized altitude measurements are available. This tracker is referred to as the airdata-tracker in the Version 7 pseudocode. # Issue During a flight test in which the pilot responded very aggressively to a Climb RA (post-flight data analysis showed that the vertical acceleration reached 1.0g for a very short time), the airdata-tracker declared the altitude measurements "not credible" during the acceleration. The track was then coasted. The track continued to coast until the altitudes measurements were re-captured by the credibility window 19 seconds later. The MOPS require that TCAS be taken down by the System Performance Monitor when the own aircraft track is coasted for 5 seconds. Thus, if a similarly aggressive maneuver was executed by a pilot during an operational flight, the TCAS function would be terminated. This would not only result in a serious nuisance, since a TCAS unit taken down by the System Performance Monitor needs to be pulled off the airplane and sent to maintenance, but could also raise a safety issue, if the TCAS function was terminated during an RA. # Background Originally, the CAS logic did not include a specific credibility check for own aircraft altitude. A comment in the pseudocode simply stated that the credibility of the altitude measurements should be checked before being passed to the tracker, presumably by the System Performance Monitoring function. In May 1996, the Requirements Working Group decided that the credibility check of altitude measurements supplied by the airdata computer (or other source of finely quantized altitude measurements) should be performed by the logic itself (altitude tracker) rather than by the System Performance Monitor. CRF257 was generated to address this new requirement. However, the specific requirements to which the credibility check should be designed were left wide open. A first credibility check intended to capture altitude measurements corresponding to a vertical acceleration of up to 0.35g was implemented in the logic. (The largest acceleration assumed by the logic when a pilot responds to an RA is 0.35g.) Shortly thereafter, the value of one credibility check parameter (CREDZADC) was slightly increased to improve the ability of the airdata-tracker to maintain track during short vertical accelerations of up to 0.5g. The purpose of the credibility check is to ensure that bad altitude measurements (i.e., measurements having a measurement error much larger than that anticipated in the tracker design) will not be passed to the tracker. Altitude tracks recorded during the TCAS Transition Program and analyzed by the FAA Technical Center were found to have a few, rare bad measurements characterized by very larger errors (3,000 to 5,000 ft). However, comments made by one avionics manufacturer indicated that a measurement error as small as 300 ft was seen on at least one occasion. In the absence of further characterization of bad altitude measurements, the design of the credibility window should thus be aimed at rejecting bad measurements characterized by measurement errors as small as 300 ft. # Discussion A few simulations were performed with the currently specified credibility window (parameters: CREDZDAC = 35 ft; MINSOFT = 2; MAXSOFT = 10). They confirmed that, with the current credibility window, the airdata-tracker was capable of maintaining track during accelerations reaching 0.5g for a short duration (change in vertical rate no greater than 3,000 fpm) when none of the altitude measurements are bad. However, the airdata-tracker starts failing to properly maintain track when the acceleration increases beyond 0.5g, or even when a maximum acceleration of 0.5g is maintained for more than about 2 seconds (resulting in a change in the vertical rate larger than 3,000 fpm). Also, the ability of the current credibility window to capture a good measurement following a bad one is relatively poor when the bad measurement happens to occur in the middle of a moderate to large acceleration. In short, these new performance simulations confirmed that a further widening of the credibility window was necessary to raise the probability that the track for own aircraft will be maintained during an aggressive maneuver. # Analysis The attached spreadsheet contains a quick analysis of the sizing of the credibility window. The analysis is based on a worst-case scenario. In this worst-case scenario, own aircraft initially descends at 6,000 fpm, then, after a short time, reverses its vertical rate with an acceleration that builds up at the high rate of 8 ft/s^3^ (jerk) to a maximum acceleration of 40 ft/s^2^ (1.25g). The first 4 columns of the spreadsheet show the time, acceleration, vertical rate, and altitude for every second of this short scenario. The next four columns show the response of an alpha-beta tracker similar to that specified for the airdata-tracker. Note that in this simple spreadsheet model, the measurements, which are the same as the true altitudes, do not include a measurement error. The column entitled \"residual\" shows the build up of the tracker lag during the acceleration. The maximum residual (difference between the measured altitude and the predicted altitude) is 130 ft. To maintain track during this scenario, the credibility window should thus be sized so as to accommodate a residual of at least 130 ft. In fact, the credibility window should be somewhat larger than that in order to simultaneously accommodate an adequate amount of random measurement error (or noise). Assuming a worst random measurement error standard deviation (sigma) of 10 ft and aiming at a 3-sigma margin leads to a credibility window with a half-width of at least 160 ft. A credibility window with a half-width of 160 ft will in fact not be quite sufficient. Indeed, the error in the predicted altitude, which is one component of the residual, is the result of not only the tracker lag accumulated during the acceleration but also of the random error in the tracked vertical rate (which itself is caused by the random measurement errors on the previous cycles). Increasing the window half-width by another 20 to 30 ft should accommodate the latter source of error. This leads to a credibility window with a half-width of about 180 ft to 190 ft. Note that a credibility window with a half-width of about 180 ft will accommodate an even large acceleration (\>1.25g) when the standard deviation of the measurement random error is less than the assumed 10 ft. However, a scenario with an acceleration that is worse than the one assumed in this analysis is hard to imagine for the simple reason that, in the physical world, the acceleration itself cannot increase instantaneously, but needs to be gradually built up (jerk). In the above scenario, a constant jerk of 0.25g/s has been assumed. Even with such a large jerk, it takes 5 seconds to reach an acceleration of 1.25g. By the time this acceleration is reached, the accumulated change in the vertical rate (since the beginning of the acceleration) is already 4,800 fpm. Keeping the 1.25g acceleration for 1.0 second, then reducing the acceleration back down to zero with the same 0.25g/s jerk, results in a total change in the vertical rate of 12,000 fpm. A scenario worse than that would probably not be credible. In fact, this worst-case scenario may very well already be somewhat beyond the envelope of what would be considered an "aggressive" aircraft maneuver in a civilian airspace. The next issue to be considered in designing the credibility window is its ability to capture a good measurement following a bad one. The worst time for a bad measurement to occur is on the cycle where the residual would normally be the largest (if the measurement was good). This happens at time 12 seconds in the worst-case scenario. When the bad measurement is rejected, the track is coasted (i.e., the vertical rate estimate is not updated), which causes the tracker lag to increase even further. In the worst-case scenario, a rejected measurement at time 12 seconds results in a residual equal to 228 ft on the next cycle. Thus, to ensure with a high probability that a good measurement on that cycle will be captured by the credibility window, the window half-width should be at least 228 ft. In reality, a window half-width of about 260 to 270 ft will probably be necessary to accommodate the two sources of additional random errors discussed above. Finally, the question of how large the window should be at track initialization needs to be examined. For this purpose, the following worst-case scenario is defined. The aircraft has a maximum climb rate of 9,000 fpm when the track is initialized and the second measurement is a bad one. How wide should the window be to capture the third measurement? The altitude displacement over 2 seconds at that vertical rate is 300 ft. This suggests that the credibility window half-width should be of the order of 300 + 1.41\30 = 340 ft to accommodate the random measurement errors in the first and third measurements. How should the current credibility window in the Version 7 pseudocode be modified? To summarize the above considerations, the credibility window should have a half-width of about 180 to 190 ft when track softness (inverse of track firmness) is at its minimum, a half-width of about 260 to 270 ft following one track coast, and a half width of about 340 ft when softness is at its maximum. These three requirements can be met with the following credibility window parameters: CREDZADC = 65 ft, MINSOFT = 3, and MAXSOFT = 5. This combination of parameters results in a credibility window with a half-width of 195 ft when softness is minimum, 325 ft when softness is maximum, and 260 ft in-between. # Testing Requirements The operation of the airdata-tracker is, for all practical purposes, independent of the remainder of the CAS logic. The interface between the airdata-tracker and the remainder of the logic is simple and straight-forward. The airdata-tracker receives altitude inputs from some barometric altitude measuring device (airdata computer or gyro), estimates the altitude and vertical rate of own aircraft on each tracking cycle, and passes these two estimates to the remainder of the logic. The airdata-tracker does not receive any input or feedback from the logic; it does not have multiple modes of operations that depend on the states of the logic. Thus, a comprehensive type of end-to-end testing of the proposed change that would involve the entire CAS logic is not absolutely necessary. New Safety Study simulations and new Operational Evaluation simulations are similarly not absolutely necessary in this case. Neither the scenarios used in the Safety Study simulations nor those used in the Operational Evaluation simulations have aircraft maneuvering with accelerations larger than 0.5g. The current airdata-tracker with the current credibility window tracks such maneuvers without problem. Therefore, the proposed credibility window change would not affect the result of these simulations. Given the above considerations, the following testing was performed. Simulation-based testing was performed at the module level using the airdata-tracker (with the proposed credibility window) and a driver capable of generating quantized altitude measurements that include an adequate amount of random measurement error (maximum quantization level = 10 ft; maximum error sigma = 10 ft). Altitude profiles with maximum accelerations between 0.5g and 1.25g (0.5g, 0.75g, 1.0g, and 1.25g) were simulated. Simulated accelerations were built up gradually (maximum jerk = 0.25g/s). For each profile, three cases were simulated. In the first case, all measurements were good; in the second case, an isolated bad measurement was introduced at the worst possible time; and in the third case, two successive bad measurements were introduced starting on a cycle randomly selected in an interval beginning 8 cycles (seconds) before the beginning of the acceleration and ending 8 cycles (seconds) after the end of the acceleration. (Note that this interval is centered on the period of acceleration and includes the worst possible cycle for a bad measurement to occur.) Simulations were performed both for the worst-case scenario used in the analysis and for a less extreme scenario in which the aircraft is initially in level flight. Simulations were also performed to test the initialization performance of the proposed credibility window. The results of all these simulations are summarized in an attached spreadsheet. They show that, for the worst-case scenario simulated, the proposed design was able to maintain track 100% of the time for all maximum accelerations up to 1.25g when none of the altitude measurements were bad. They also show that the ability of the tracker to maintain track when one isolated bad measurement occurs at the worst possible time or when two successive bad measurements occur at a random time remains very good for accelerations of less than 1.0g and fairly good for accelerations of 1.0g or more. [Note:]{.underline} In this analysis, a track is considered "maintained" when fewer than 5 successive altitude measurements are rejected by the credibility window. When testing the ability of the window to capture a good measurement following two successive bad ones, the first bad measurement is generated at least 8 cycles prior to the end of the simulated track to allow sufficient time for determining whether the track has been maintained or not. The geometry of the simulated scenarios is such that, when the credibility window rejects the first good measurement following one or more bad ones, it continues to reject the following good measurements as well. The ability of the credibility window to reject bad measurements was examined as follows. In a first set of simulation runs, bad measurements were simulated by adding 1,000 ft to the true altitude. Given the size of the credibility window such bad measurements are always rejected. Then, the amount of error defining a bad measurement was progressively reduced and the percentages of tracks maintained throughout were compared to those obtained when the error defining a bad measurement was 1,000 ft. Identical performance was taken to indicate that all bad measurements were correctly rejected. Identical performance was obtained for all acceleration scenarios with the following error magnitudes: - one isolated bad measurement: +200 ft and --400 ft, - two successive bad measurements: +600 ft and --600ft. Identical performance was obtained for all initialization scenarios with the following error magnitudes: - one isolated bad measurement: +400 ft and --600 ft, - two successive bad measurements: +400 ft and --600ft. Note that the tracker lag causes the rejection performance of the credibility window to depend on the sign of the error when one isolated bad measurement is generated at the worst possible time. Under much more common operating conditions, when the vertical rate of own aircraft is constant or when a mild vertical acceleration is taking place (0.25g or less), the credibility window, which has a half-width of 195 ft when softness is at its minimum and 260 ft after one cycle of coasting, would reject all isolated bad measurements and all pairs of successive bad measurements characterized by a positive or negative error of 300 ft or more. (The maximum tracker lag accumulated during a sustained 0.25g acceleration is equal to 17 ft.) <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 3%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 3%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="18"><strong>Credibility Window Analysis</strong></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">initial altitude (ft) =</td> <td>10000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4">alpha =</td> <td colspan="5">0.58</td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="9">initial vertical rate (fpm) =</td> <td>-6000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4">beta =</td> <td colspan="5">0.25</td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">max. acceleration (ft/s2) =</td> <td>40</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="9">max. jerk (ft/s3) =</td> <td>8</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">final vertical rate (fpm) =</td> <td>6000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="2">time<br /> (s)</td> <td colspan="3">accel (ft/s2)</td> <td colspan="3"><p>rate</p> <p>(ft/s)</p></td> <td colspan="5"><p>altitude</p> <p>(ft)</p></td> <td colspan="4">Residual<br /> (m)</td> <td colspan="6">z_track<br /> (ft)</td> <td colspan="5">zd_track<br /> (ft/s)</td> <td colspan="6">z_predict<br /> (ft)</td> <td colspan="6"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>0</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">10000</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="7">10000</td> <td colspan="6">0</td> <td colspan="4">10000</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>1</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9900</td> <td colspan="2">-100</td> <td colspan="7">9900</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9800</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>2</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9800</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9800</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9700</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>3</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9700</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9700</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9600</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>4</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9600</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9600</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9500</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>5</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9500</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9500</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9400</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>6</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9404</td> <td colspan="2">4</td> <td colspan="7">9402</td> <td colspan="6">-99</td> <td colspan="4">9303</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>7</td> <td colspan="3">8</td> <td colspan="3">-92</td> <td colspan="5">9320</td> <td colspan="2">17</td> <td colspan="7">9313</td> <td colspan="6">-95</td> <td colspan="4">9218</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>8</td> <td colspan="3">16</td> <td colspan="3">-76</td> <td colspan="5">9256</td> <td colspan="2">38</td> <td colspan="7">9240</td> <td colspan="6">-85</td> <td colspan="4">9155</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>9</td> <td colspan="3">24</td> <td colspan="3">-52</td> <td colspan="5">9220</td> <td colspan="2">65</td> <td colspan="7">9193</td> <td colspan="6">-69</td> <td colspan="4">9124</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>10</td> <td colspan="3">32</td> <td colspan="3">-20</td> <td colspan="5">9220</td> <td colspan="2">96</td> <td colspan="7">9179</td> <td colspan="6">-45</td> <td colspan="4">9135</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>11</td> <td colspan="3">40</td> <td colspan="3">20</td> <td colspan="5">9256</td> <td colspan="2">121</td> <td colspan="7">9205</td> <td colspan="6">-15</td> <td colspan="4">9190</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>12</td> <td colspan="3">32</td> <td colspan="3">52</td> <td colspan="5">9320</td> <td colspan="2">130</td> <td colspan="7">9266</td> <td colspan="6">18</td> <td colspan="4">9283</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>13</td> <td colspan="3">24</td> <td colspan="3">76</td> <td colspan="5">9404</td> <td colspan="2">121</td> <td colspan="7">9353</td> <td colspan="6">48</td> <td colspan="4">9401</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>14</td> <td colspan="3">16</td> <td colspan="3">92</td> <td colspan="5">9500</td> <td colspan="2">99</td> <td colspan="7">9459</td> <td colspan="6">73</td> <td colspan="4">9531</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>15</td> <td colspan="3">8</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9600</td> <td colspan="2">69</td> <td colspan="7">9571</td> <td colspan="6">90</td> <td colspan="4">9661</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>16</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9700</td> <td colspan="2">39</td> <td colspan="7">9684</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">9783</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>17</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9800</td> <td colspan="2">17</td> <td colspan="7">9793</td> <td colspan="6">104</td> <td colspan="4">9897</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>18</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9900</td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td colspan="7">9899</td> <td colspan="6">105</td> <td colspan="4">10003</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>19</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10000</td> <td colspan="2">-3</td> <td colspan="7">10001</td> <td colspan="6">104</td> <td colspan="4">10105</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>20</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10100</td> <td colspan="2">-5</td> <td colspan="7">10102</td> <td colspan="6">103</td> <td colspan="4">10205</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>21</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10200</td> <td colspan="2">-5</td> <td colspan="7">10202</td> <td colspan="6">101</td> <td colspan="4">10303</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>22</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10300</td> <td colspan="2">-3</td> <td colspan="7">10301</td> <td colspan="6">101</td> <td colspan="4">10402</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>23</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10400</td> <td colspan="2">-2</td> <td colspan="7">10401</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10501</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>24</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10500</td> <td colspan="2">-1</td> <td colspan="7">10500</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10600</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>25</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10600</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">10600</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10700</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- -------- -------- ---------- --------- -- ---------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- Performance Results for the Proposed Credibility Window (I)* Window CREDZADC 65 parameters: MINSOFT 3 MAXSOFT 5 1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 2 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 1 no yes 100 100 100 92 83 4 0.25 5 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 5 0.25 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 82 6 0.25 5 1 no yes 100 100 100 90 77 7 0.25 10 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 8 0.25 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 88 63 9 0.25 10 1 no yes 100 100 97 89 80 10 0.25 2 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 11 0.25 2 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 81 12 0.25 2 10 no yes 100 100 100 92 85 13 0.25 5 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 14 0.25 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 98 83 15 0.25 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 93 76 16 0.25 10 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 17 0.25 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 85 55 18 0.25 10 10 no yes 100 100 97 89 85 19 0.125 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 20 0.125 10 1 no yes 100 100 100 99 N/A 21 0.125 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 22 0.125 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 23 0.125 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 24 0.125 10 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- -------- -------- ---------- --------- -- ---------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- Performance Results for the Proposed Credibility Window (II) ---------------- -------------- ------------- -- -------------- -- -------- -- -------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ----------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -- -- --- Window CREDZADC 65 parameters: MINSOFT 3 MAXSOFT 5 2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 5 1 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 4 0.25 10 1 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 7 0.25 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario 3. Initialization Scenario Test Test Vertical Conditions Rate (fpm) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 N/A 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 75 2 N/A 5 1 no yes 100 90 78 81 73 3 N/A 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 63 4 N/A 10 1 no yes 100 90 79 81 72 5 N/A 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 61 6 N/A 5 10 no yes 100 93 79 81 72 7 N/A 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 54 8 N/A 10 10 no yes 100 90 79 81 77 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- ------------- -- -------------- -- -------- -- -------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ----------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -- -- --- Roland Lejeune 4 April 1999 # Proposed Change to the 100-ft and 25-ft Altitude Tracker Credibility Window The proposed change widens the credibility window used by both the 100-ft and the 25-ft altitude trackers. Its purpose is to ensure that altitude reports generated during a vertical accelerations of up to 1.25g will be accepted, and thus, that track will be maintained on aircraft performing such maneuvers. ## Background The Requirements Working Group (RWG) agreed in March 1999 to widen the credibility window of the alpha-beta tracker used to track own aircraft altitude (airdata-tracker) to ensure that the tracker would be able to maintain track on own aircraft during a 1.25g vertical acceleration (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window). This change prompted a re-examination the credibility window used by the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers. Two considerations motivated the additional effort. First, since the 100-ft tracker is used in some TCAS installations to track own aircraft altitude (when the only source of altitude information available is the altitude encoder of the Mode A/C transponder), the same track maintenance requirements driving the design of the airdata-tracker should also drive the design of the 100-ft tracker. Second, since high performance aircraft are not limited to playing role of own aircraft, but can also act as intruders to other TCAS-equipped aircraft, the capabilities of the altitude trackers used to track intruders should match those of the altitude tracker used for own aircraft. New simulations performed with both the 100-ft and the 25-ft altitude trackers using the same worst-case scenario used to verify the track maintenance performance of the airdata-tracker (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window and below) revealed that neither tracker was able to maintain track on an aircraft maneuvering with a sustained acceleration greater than 0.5g. In light of these results, the RWG agreed that a change to the credibility check of the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers was necessary. ## Test Conditions The worst-case scenario used to verify the track maintenance performance of the altitude trackers is as follows. The tracked aircraft initially descends at 6,000 fpm, then, after a short time, reverses its vertical rate with an acceleration that builds up at the high rate of 8 ft/s^3^ (jerk) to a maximum acceleration of 40 ft/s^2^ (1.25g). Since the function of associating successive altitude reports with intruders is performed by the surveillance subsystem of TCAS and the function of the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers is limited to estimating altitude and altitude rate, the notion of track maintenance is vague when applied to these trackers. However, it is clear that neither tracker would fulfill its function of providing accurate altitude and altitude rate estimates if the credibility check was to reject many successive valid altitude reports. In the absence of a precise set of requirements, it seemed reasonable to adopt the same track maintenance criterion that was used in the analysis of the airdata-tracker. Specifically, a track is considered "maintained" when fewer than 5 successive altitude measurements are rejected by the credibility window. The purpose of the credibility check is to ensure that bad altitude reports (i.e., reports containing an erroneous altitude measurement or reports mis-correlated by the surveillance function) will not be passed to the tracker. Statistics characterizing bad reports are not available; however, it is generally agreed that the credibility check should be designed to reject isolated bad reports with an altitude error of 300 ft or more whenever possible. ## Analysis The width of credibility window used by the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers once the track has been initialized (i.e., after the first 5 seconds of the track's live) is controlled by two parameters, CREDZDERR, which characterizes the largest credible error in the altitude rate estimate, and CREDACCDIV2, which characterizes the largest credible instantaneous acceleration. The current values of these two parameters are CREDZDERR = 20 ft/s and CREDACCDIV2 = 8 ft/s^2^. Note that CREDACCDIV2 in fact corresponds to one-half of the largest credible acceleration during which the tracker is required to maintain track. The new requirement for maintaining track during an acceleration of up to 1.25g strongly suggests that the value of CREDACCDIV2 should be changed to 20 ft/s^2^. It also suggests that the value of CREDZDERR may also have to be increased. A first set of simulations were performed after changing the value of CREDACCDIV2 as indicated, but without changing the value of CREDZDERR. They showed that the ability of the 100-ft tracker to maintain track during accelerations peaking at 1.25g was still weak (of the order of 70%). As a result, an increase to the value of CREDZDERR seemed desirable. Thus, the proposed change is to increase the values of CREDZDERR and CREDACCDIV2 as follows: CREDZDERR = 30 ft/s and CREDACCDIV2 = 20 ft/s^2^. Plots of the current and proposed windows as a function of the number of successive coasts are shown in Figure 1. A plot of the credibility window used in Version 6.04A is also shown. A "coast" is here defined as a tracking cycle during which the track is coasted (i.e., the altitude rate estimate is not updated) because either no altitude report was received or the received altitude report was deemed not credible and therefore rejected. Since all credibility windows are symmetric with respect to zero, it is sufficient and convenient to plot their half-widths instead of their total widths. As the plot indicates, the ability of the credibility window to reject bad altitude reports with an altitude error of 300 ft is limited to two successive bad reports, or one bad report following one missing report. Following the second coast, the half-width of the credibility window becomes larger than 300 ft. However, the latter fact was also true with the credibility window used in Version 6.04A. ![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.444444444444445in" height="3.8333333333333335in"} Figure 1. Current and Proposed Credibility Windows ## Simulation Results The simulation results obtained with the proposed credibility window using the worst-case scenario and various accelerations are shown in the attached spreadsheet. Simulation results were also obtained for a less extreme scenario in which the aircraft is initially level, then accelerates to a vertical rate of 6,000 fpm. As for the testing of the airdata-tracker (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window for further details), the track maintenance performance of the 100-ft and 25-ft trackers were examined under three different conditions: (1) no bad altitude report, (2) one bad altitude report at the worst possible time, and (3) two successive bad altitude reports starting on a cycle randomly selected in an interval beginning 8 cycles (seconds) before the beginning of the acceleration and ending 8 cycles (seconds) after the end of the acceleration. (In these simulations, a bad altitude report was a report with a 5,000 ft error.) --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ---------- -- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- Performance Results: Proposed 100 ft Tracker Credibility Window (I) Window CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters = CREDZDERR = 30 CREDACCDIV2 20 = 1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma\ Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 2 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 4 0.25 5 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 5 0.25 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 0.25 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 99 99 7 0.25 10 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 8 0.25 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 9 0.25 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 99 96 10 0.125 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 11 0.125 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 12 0.125 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 13 0.125 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 14 0.125 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 15 0.125 10 100 no yes 100 100 99 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ---------- -- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -------------- -- ----------- -- ------------ -- -- --- -- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- Performance Results: Proposed 100 ft Tracker Credibility Window (II) Window CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters = CREDZDERR = 30 CREDACCDIV2 20 = 2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma\ Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 2 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 4 0.25 5 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 7 0.25 10 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 9 0.25 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario 3. Initialization Scenario Test Test Vertical Conditions Rate (fpm) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma (ft) Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 (ft) Meas Meas 1 N/A 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 2 N/A 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 3 N/A 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 4 N/A 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 5 N/A 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 N/A 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -------------- -- ----------- -- ------------ -- -- --- -- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- Performance Results: Proposed 25 ft Tracker Credibility Window (I) Window CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters = CREDZDERR = 30 CREDACCDIV2 20 = 1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma\ Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 2 25 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 4 0.25 5 25 no no 100 100 100 100 99 5 0.25 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 99 6 0.25 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 99 7 0.25 10 25 no no 100 100 100 93 87 8 0.25 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 93 87 9 0.25 10 25 no yes 100 100 97 94 92 10 0.125 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 11 0.125 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 12 0.125 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 13 0.125 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 14 0.125 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 15 0.125 10 25 no yes 100 100 99 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- --- ------------- --- ----------- --- ----------- --- -------------- --- ----------- --- ------------ --- -- Performance Results: Proposed 25 ft Tracker Credibility Window (II) Window CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters = CREDZDERR = 30 CREDACCDIV2 20 = 2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm) Test Test Maximum Conditions Acceleration (g) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma\ Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 0.25 2 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 97 N/A 4 0.25 5 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 97 N/A 7 0.25 10 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 9 0.25 10 25 no yes 100 100 98 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario 3. Initialization Scenario Test Test Vertical Conditions Rate (fpm) Case Jerk (g/s) Sigma\ Quant. 1 Bad 2 Bad 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 (ft) (ft) Meas Meas 1 N/A 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 2 N/A 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 3 N/A 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 4 N/A 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 5 N/A 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 N/A 10 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- --- ------------- --- ----------- --- ----------- --- -------------- --- ----------- --- ------------ --- --	en
markdown	313804	# Presentation: 313804 ## “Identification of Type Ia Supernovae at Redshift 1.3 and Beyond with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on HST” - Riess, Strolger, Tonry et al - astro-ph/0308185 ## SN GO Piggyback Program - subtraction within 6-18 hrs of GOODS repeat visit to identify candidates - Keck and Magellan spectroscopy for most candidates with f850lp < 24 mag - ACS (grism), NICMOS ToO follow-up if: - host galaxy photometric redshift > 1.2 - UV deficit at host redshift - 43 total Sne candidates reported in IAU Circulars - 15 Sne Ia identified via UV deficit ## SNe Types - Type I have no H2 Balmer lines near maximum - Ia show silicon line at 6150; white dwarf progenitor - scattering of UV off iron group metals => “UV deficit” - Ib: no Si, but He 5876 (CC stripped of H) - Ic: no Si or He (CC stripped of H and He) - Type II show emission and/or absorption at Balmer hydrogen energies near max - IIP plateau in intensity, magnitude varies widely - IIL decline in linear fashion, ~2.5 mag fainter than Ia - II-n have narrow features in spectrum - All but Ia are core collapse of massive stars - also have weak UV, - but less common - than II, and fainter ## Typical Light Curves(Filippenko, AARA 1997) ## Fig. 1: blue = SNII, green = SNII, red = SNIa - Si(6150) - Purity of Ia sample - identified with UV - deficit signature - is estimated at 90% - for z > 1 ## includes R=100 - grism ## obs = rest (1 + z) - obs = rest (1 + z) - for z=1, Balmer lines - have obs < 8000 angstroms ## Fig. 3: SN Ia 2002fw (z=1.3) observed in ACS grism (red curve) and SNIa 1981B with hi-res spectroscopy - CaII - SiII(4120) ## ACS Filters - f850lp - used for image reference and discovery exposures - survey limit ~25.8 mag - 8000 - 10000 A covers B band for z ~ 1 - f775w - used for follow-up of lower redshift objects - 7000 -8500 covers B band for z ~ 0.7 - f606w - narrow band at 6000 A - Colors are used to identify SN Ia for z > 1 - f775w-f850lp ( i - z) - f606w - f850lp (v - z) ## Fig. 2: Colors of Ia and II vs redshift ( from SEDs of Fig 1) and - observed colors of 15 confirmed Ia’s - f775w - f850lp - f660w - f850lp - UV deficit ID - spectroscopic conf ## 0.2 < z< 1 - 4 SNe spectroscopically confirmed on ground - 3 SNe confirmed with ACS grism - but f606w bandpass is redward of 330 nm at z<1, so do not sample UV region and cannot use colors for Ia type identification ## 1 < z < 1.5 - 5 candidates had colors and host photo-z’s consistent with Ia and inconsistent with II - ACS bandpasses sample UV region - 4 of 5 were spectroscopically confirmed ## z > 1.5 - 2 candidates with colors and photo-z’s consistent with Ia - f775w-f850lp between 2 and 2.5 mag - absent in f606w to detection limit; f606w-f850lp > 3.2 mag ## Conclusions of Paper - UV deficit is a useful tool to discriminate SNeI from Sne II at z > 1. - MC simulations indicate < 10% false ID; no details shown in this paper - Can also calculate likelihood of mis-ID for each candidate; not included in this paper - No colors shown for non-Ia SNe - To obtain light curves (needed to constrain epoch of observations, determine extinction via color excess, and to calibrate peak magnitude) requires near-IR observations with NICMOS.	en
converted_docs	983142	Division / Branch Safety Officer Please make use of this efficient tool to ensure a smooth transition of your new employee into the Goddard workforce. ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- [General Information]{.underline} New Employee's Name: Start Date: Code: Location (Bldg. / Rm.): Phone: ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [Within the First Three Weeks]{.underline} ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Inform the employee of: > GSFC Safety & Health Resources (Greenbelt -- Code 250 Safety & > Environmental Division, 6-7442; WFF -- Code 803 Wallops Safety Office, > x7-2518 or 757-824-2518) > > Directorate Safety Resources (AETD Safety Coordinator, x6-3816) > > Other available resources > > Emergency telephone number for Fire, Police and Ambulance (Greenbelt > -- 911 or x6-8080 from an office phone or 301-286-8080 from a mobile > phone to report on-site emergencies; WFF -- 757-824-1333 from a mobile > phone to report on-site emergencies) > > Location of the Health Unit (Greenbelt -- x6-6666; WFF -- x7-1266) > > Location and appropriate use of fire extinguishers, fire alarm box, > emergency showers, eyewash stations and personal protective > clothing/equipment, and the location of two means of emergency exit > from work site > > Hazard Communication Program (chemical hazards, container labeling, > Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), proper chemical storage, emergency > spill response, etc.) > > Reporting illness or work-incurred injury > > Medical Surveillance Program (if applicable); including any medical > monitoring requirements > > Personal Protective clothing, equipment and uniforms; workstation > ergonomics > > Available safety and security training > > General Office Safety (housekeeping, fire safety, slips/trips/fall > prevention, etc.) > > Applicable Safety Plans/Documents: Health and Safety Manual, Chemical > Hygiene Plan, Emergency Action Plan; including disaster and evacuation > procedures, Hazardous Waste Disposal, etc. > > Traffic Safety Policies and Procedures (speed limit, seat belt use, > parking, etc.)	en
converted_docs	398835	###### ![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.825in" height="1.2409722222222221in"} ###### ###### GEORGE WASHINGTON BIRTHPLACE NATIONAL MONUMENT PRESENTS ^When\ George\ Washington\ Was\ A\ Child^ ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.7472222222222222in"} CURRICULUM MATERIALS # ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="3.25in" height="2.1666666666666665in"} {#section-3 .unnumbered} # > ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="1.75in" > height="1.3131944444444446in"}Before Your National Park Visit > [page]{.underline} > > Park Background > > Happy Birthday George Washington 5 Read a story about the Father of Our Country and learn vocabulary words. > Colonial Matching 9 Discover colonial animals and animals today through a matching activity. > Past and Present 10 > > ![](media/image5.jpeg){width="1.375in" > height="1.1680555555555556in"}Use photos to find differences between > life in George Washington's time and your life today. After Your National Park Visit > Wants and Needs Chart 12 > > Chart how peoples' wants and needs in George Washington's time were > the same or different from our wants and needs today. Natural Resources Activity 13 Use drawing and other skills to learn more about the natural resources you saw > at the park. ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="1.1784722222222221in" height="1.75in"} ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="3.875in" height="2.488888888888889in"} Happy Birthday, George Washington! Imagine a cold day in the past in late February. It was more than 275 years ago. It was lambing season at the Popes Creek Plantation on the Northern Neck of Virginia. That's when the baby lambs were being born. It was 1732 and Mary and Augustine Washington were looking forward to the birth of their own baby. In a little house overlooking the water, Mary had a little boy on February 22. She named him George: George Washington. ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="1.83125in" height="2.75in"} George Washington grew up to do many great things to help our country get started. He led the army in the Revolutionary War. This war caused our country to be separate from England. George Washington became a national hero, somebody that people looked up to. He also became the first president of our country. He helped our country get started, just like fathers help children get a good start in life. That's why he's called the Father of Our Country. ![](media/image11.png){width="2.3375in" height="1.75in"}Before George Washington did all these great things, he was a child just like most other children of his time. We call the time in the past when George was a child the colonial times. The Popes Creek plantation where George was born later became a national park that we can all visit. When you come to the park, look for ways that life was different in the past. What do you think has changed? Popes Creek Plantation was like a small town, or a community. George Washington's *family, servants and slaves raised everything for their basic needs* on the plantation. These were the things they needed to live, like food, clothing, and shelter. Gardens were important on the plantation because there were no grocery stores. Peas, carrots, beets, cabbages and squash were part of the garden when George Washington was a child. The people living on the plantation wanted to avoid scarcity![](media/image12.png){width="2.35in" height="1.761111111111111in"}, or not having enough. The Washingtons and their slaves grew tobacco on the Popes Creek Plantation. Most of their neighbors grew tobacco too. Virginia was a good place for colonists like the Washingtons to settle. There were lots of natural resources here, like good soil that would grow tobacco, waterways that could be used for transportation, and plants that could be used for food, medicine and even clothing. ![](media/image13.jpeg){width="1.5208333333333333in" height="2.0208333333333335in"} Tobacco could be used instead of money. Colonists could trade tobacco for things they wanted to buy. This is called bartering. The Washingtons bartered their tobacco for fine clothes, spices, glass, medicines and tools from England. Some of these were things they needed and some were things they wanted. What's the difference? ![](media/image14.jpeg){width="2.5in" height="1.65625in"}Are you looking forward to seeing animals when you visit the park? The colonial farm you'll see when you visit the park is almost like it was when George Washington was a child there in the past. Animals had a lot of space and a lot of people to take care of them, mostly slaves. In the present, there are only a few workers on factory farms and the animals are crowded. ![](media/image15.jpeg){width="1.7916666666666667in" height="1.2069444444444444in"} Just like when George Washington was a child, there are wild animals at the park today. You might see deer, squirrels, snakes, swans, rabbits, foxes, woodchucks, turtles, lizards, eagles, or raccoons. ![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.9458333333333333in" height="1.3027777777777778in"} ![](media/image18.jpeg){width="1.6388888888888888in" height="1.2277777777777779in"}You'll also see domestic, or farmed, animals. They are different from wild animals. Farmed animals depend on us to take care of them. They are much like your pet cats or dogs at home. They are smart, they recognize each other, and they can be happy or sad, contented or scared. They can't live in the wild. Instead they count on us to feed them and treat them well. ![](media/image19.jpeg){width="1.8333333333333333in" height="1.375in"}There were many more farmed animals on the plantation in the past when George Washington was a child. Pigs are very smart and curious. When George was a child, they roamed free. They found roots, nuts and other food to eat under the trees and around the plantation grounds. Sheep recognize their own babies, even in a large flock. They have feelings just like your dog or cat. Sheep are afraid of predators, happy to get attention, and get upset if they're separated from ones they know. ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="1.8430555555555554in" height="1.382638888888889in"} ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="2.375in" height="1.78125in"}Horses were George's favorite. His father had over 40 horses on this plantation. George was an excellent rider. Horses and boats were the best ways to travel when George was little. They were used for transportation. The Washingtons kept chickens too. Chickens are very gentle animals. They need to scratch in the grass outside to find food. In the past, colonists needed to eat animals and their milk and eggs for food. In the present, we have many other choices for our basic needs. Cows give milk that their babies need to survive. When George was a child, all cows had horns. Now people cut cows' horns off, even though it hurts. The older boy cattle are oxen: they're very strong. When George was a child, farmers used oxen to pull carts. ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="1.8611111111111112in" height="2.7916666666666665in"}The colonists made many of the things they needed, such as tools. A blacksmith made iron tools such as hooks, nails, spoons, and screwdrivers on a forge, which is like a giant fireplace. The Washingtons' slaves cooked the family's food over a wood fire. The kitchen was in a separate building from the house, in case it caught on fire. ![](media/image25.jpeg){width="2.4034722222222222in" height="3.6597222222222223in"} There are many stories about George Washington as a child. The story of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree probably did not happen. It probably is *make believe. However, other stories are . What is the difference between make* *believe* and *real* stories? Do you like it when people remember your birthday? We remember the birthdays of people that are important to us: our friends, our families, and our heroes. In the present, we remember George Washington's birthday each year because he was so important to our country. ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="2.225in" height="1.66875in"}George Washington Birthplace National Memorial is a national park. It protects the place where George Washington was born and spent his younger years. The park protects plants and animals like the ones George knew when he was here. The park helps us think of George Washington. His story is part of our country's history, or past. You can celebrate the birthday of The Father of Our Country any day just by visiting the park. ![](media/image27.jpeg){width="1.9166666666666667in" height="1.4381944444444446in"}Colonial Matching\ Match what the animal does to what it means (see example): Wiggling tail Tired Running away Curious Sleeping Cold Eating Happy Shivering Hurt Limping Hungry Coming over to gate Afraid ![](media/image28.jpeg){width="1.2083333333333333in" height="0.90625in"} [Match the names for boy and girl animals to the type of animal (see example):]{.underline} ![](media/image29.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Girl: hen Boy: rooster Girl: cow ![](media/image30.jpeg){width="0.8652777777777778in" height="1.0in"}Boy: ox or bull Girl: filly or mare Boy: colt or stallion ![](media/image31.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Girl: ewe Boy: ram Girl: sow ![](media/image32.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Boy: boar Girl: goose Boy: gander ![](media/image33.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"} Past and Present Some pictures here show life in the past when George Washington was a child. Others show life now in the present. Write Past or Present under each picture. (Hint: A few could be Both.) [Transportation]{.underline} Car Boat Horse Plane ![](media/image34.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.375in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Where to get things you Want or Need]{.underline} Store Make it yourself Internet Shipped from England ![](media/image38.jpeg){width="1.625in" height="1.21875in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Clothing]{.underline} Wool -- the only warm choice Synthetic fleece -- one of many warm choices ![](media/image42.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.03125in"} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Cooking]{.underline} Hauling water Stove Fire Microwave ![](media/image45.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.132638888888889in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Farming]{.underline} Free roaming animals Factory farms Tractors Oxen ![](media/image49.jpeg){width="1.625in" height="1.2194444444444446in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [Getting Food]{.underline} Grow your own Store Refrigerator ![](media/image53.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="1.25in"} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ![](media/image57.jpeg){width="0.9666666666666667in" height="1.45in"}After Your Visit to the National Park Wants and Needs Chart Think about how your wants and needs are different from people in George Washington's time. [Wants]{.underline} List people's [wants]{.underline} in George Washington's time that were [the same]{.underline} as your wants today. Then list their [wants]{.underline} that were [different]{.underline} than yours today. ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- [The Same]{.underline} [Different]{.underline} ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- [Needs]{.underline} List people's [needs]{.underline} in George Washington's time that were [the same]{.underline} as your needs today. Then list their [needs]{.underline} that were [different]{.underline} than yours today. ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- [The Same]{.underline} [Different]{.underline} ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ![](media/image58.jpeg){width="1.2097222222222221in" height="1.775in"} ![](media/image60.jpeg){width="2.375in" height="1.6333333333333333in"} Natural Resources Activity Draw the faces of animals you saw at the park. Which one is your favorite? When George Washington was a child, the farmed animals were named. In the national park, the farmed animals have names today. List the names you would give the farmed animals that live in the park today. -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Horses Cattle Hogs Sheep Chickens -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ![](media/image61.jpeg){width="1.2916666666666667in" height="0.9694444444444444in"} ![](media/image65.jpeg){width="1.5416666666666667in" height="0.8076388888888889in"} People used plants for many needs and wants when George Washington was a child. Match the plant with what it was used for. See example. Indigo Money Flax Cloth (linen) Vegetables and fruit trees Dye for cloth Herbs from the garden Food ![](media/image66.jpeg){width="1.5in" height="1.125in"} Tobacco Spices Could we still use plant for any of these uses? Which ones?	en
converted_docs	474109	Butler, Jennie C From: Grassie, Linda A Sent: Tuesday, October 09, 2001 3:24 PM To: Butler, Jennie C Subject: FW: Request for Time to Testify at Oct. 30 FDA Public Hearing on BSE Feed Rule Jennie--- This is my first request. I'll fax it to you as soon as I receive it. Linda \-\-\-\--Original Message\-\-\-\-- From: Randall Gordon <%5Bmailto:rgordon@ngfa.org%5D> Sent: Tuesday, October 09, 2001 2:48 PM To: <lgrassie@cvm.fda.gov> Subject: Request for Time to Testify at Oct. 30 FDA Public Hearing on BSE Feed Rule Linda, Attached is our written request, which also is being faxed to you. Thank you! Sincerely, Randy Gordon Vice President, Communications and Government Relations National Grain and Feed Association 1250 Eye St., N.W., Ste. 1003 Washington, D.C., 20005 Phone: (202) 289-0873 Fax: (202) 289-5388 E-Mail: <rgordon@ngfa.org> Web Site: [www.ngfa.org](http://www.ngfa.org/) ![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.1458333333333333in" height="0.6458333333333334in"}![](media/image2.wmf){width="1.1458333333333333in" height="0.6458333333333334in"}	en
all-txt-docs	190737	;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- FUNCTION fg_noise, im, DIAMETER=diameter, LAMBDA=lambda, PLATE_SCALE=plate_scale, $ FILTIM=filtim, $ QUIET=quiet ;+ ; NAME: ; FG_noise ; ; PURPOSE: ; Estimate the photometric noise of a BFI or NFI filtergram. ; ; CATEGORY: ; Image processing ; ; SAMPLE CALLING SEQUENCE: ; noise = fg_noise(image) ; noise = fg_noise(image, FILTIM=fim) where fim = image0, e.g. ; ; INPUTS: ; IM - A 2-D image. ; ; OUTPUTS: ; NOISEPOWER - The spectral noise power measured in the Fourier domain outside of the ; Nyquist frequency of the theoretically perfect circular aperture of ; diameter DIAM at wavelength LAMBDA. ; ; OPTIONAL INPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS: ; DIAMETER - The diameter of the telescope aperture. Assumed circular; no allowance ; for spider arms. Units of meters. ; LAMDA - The wavelength of the filtergram. Units of meters. ; ; PLATE_SCALE- The plate scale of the filtergram in arcseconds per pixel. ; ; Default values for all of the above are supplied as SOT/BFI G-band values. ; ; OPTIONAL OUTPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS: ; FILTIM - Set this keyword to a defined image variable to have a Fourier filtered ; image returned. The image is filtered by a sharp-edged circular mask at ; the Nyquist frequency of the theoretically perfect circular aperture of ; diameter DIAM at wavelength LAMBDA. ; ; COMMON BLOCKS: none. ; ; RESTRICTIONS: ; ; ; PROCEDURE: ; The routine returns the spectral noise power, the square root of the average ; power spectral density outside the theoretical telescope Nyquist limit. ; ; MODIFICATION HISTORY: ;v0.1 Written by T. Berger, 2-Feb-07, LMSAL ;- ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; ;Process keywords: if KEYWORD_SET(diameter) then diam = diameter else diam = 0.50 ;default SOT 50-cm diameter telescope if KEYWORD_SET(lambda) then lam = lambda else lam = 430.5e-09 ;default G-band if KEYWORD_SET(plate_scale) then ps = plate_scale else ps = 0.054 ;default SOT BFI, arcseconds/pixel if KEYWORD_SET(quiet) then loud = 0 else loud = 1 if KEYWORD_SET(filtim) then fil = 1 else fil = 0 ;Image size sz = SIZE(im) xn = sz[1] yn = sz[2] ;Apodize image. Insert in square array if needed for symmetric ;frequency sampling. Use Hamming function since it doesn't go to 0 at the edges. if xn ne yn then begin if loud then PRINT,'Non-square image: embed image in square array to get equal frequency sampling...' if xn gt yn then begin nn = xn imn = FLTARR(xn,xn) imn[0,(nn-yn)/2]= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54)im end else begin nn = yn imn = FLTARR(yn,yn) imn[(nn-xn)/2,0]= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54)im end end else begin nn = xn imn = HANNING(nn,nn,alpha=0.54)im end if loud then PRINT,'Image size: ',STRTRIM(nn,2),'x',STRTRIM(nn,2),' pixels' ;Spatial and frequency sampling: deltax = ps725 ;km deltak = 1./(nndeltax) ;km-1 if loud then PRINT,'Spatial sampling (pixel scale) = ',STRTRIM(deltax,2),' km' if loud then PRINT,'Frequency sampling in Fourier space = ',STRTRIM(deltak,2),' km-1' ;Nyquist frequency of telescope/optics nyqt = diam/lam ;Nyquist frequency of Telescope, radians^{-1} nyqk = nyqt!DTOR/3600/725 ;1/deltax km^{-1} on Sun nyqk = nyqk/2 ;Nyquist = 1/(2deltax) nyqk = nyqk/deltak ;pixels in Fourier transform image if loud then PRINT,'Nyquist frequency of the imaging system = ',STRTRIM(nyqkdeltak,2),' km-1' if loud then PRINT,'Nyquist frequency of the imaging system = ',STRTRIM(nyqk,2),' pixels in FFT image' ;Transform and compute power spectrum: f = FFT(imn,-1) p = ABS(f)^2. p = p[0:nn/2-1,0:nn/2-1] ;extract unique quadrant if loud then begin WINDOW,xs=nn/2,ys=nn/2 TVSCL,ALOG(p) TVCIRCLE,nyqk,0,0 XYOUTS,nyqkCOS(45!DTOR)+2,nyqkSIN(45!DTOR)+2,'Nyquist limit of optical system',/DEVICE,chars=2 end ;Mask out the area inside the optical Nyquist circle and measure the ;noise power: mask = 1 - aperture(2nyqk,2nyqk,nn/2,nn/2) xcoord = INDGEN(nn/2)#REPLICATE(1,nn/2) ycoord = TRANSPOSE(xcoord) mask = mask AND (xcoord GT nn/12) AND (ycoord GT nn/12) noisepower = TOTAL(maskp)/TOTAL(mask) ;average level in masked area. noisepower = SQRT(noisepower) ;IDL divides by NN in the FFT so no need here. if loud then PRINT,'Noise power = ',STRTRIM(noisepower,2) ;Return filtered image if requested: if fil then begin ;return noise filtered image nq2 = 2nyqk mask = aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=0,yc=nn-1) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=nn-1,yc=nn-1) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=nn-1,yc=0) filtim = ABS(FFT(maskf,1)) if xn gt yn then filtim = filtim[,(nn-yn)/2:(nn+yn)/2-1] if yn gt xn then filtim = filtim[(nn-xn)/2:(nn+xn)/2-1,] filtim /= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54) end RETURN,noisepower END	en
log-files	315754	******************************************* * * * W E L C O M E to R O O T * * * * Version 5.14/00h 8 September 2007 * * * * You are welcome to visit our Web site * * http://root.cern.ch * * * ***************************************** Compiled on 8 September 2007 for linux with thread support. CINT/ROOT C/C++ Interpreter version 5.16.16, November 24, 2006 Type ? for help. Commands must be C++ statements. Enclose multiple statements between { }. **** Welcome to the muon performance package. ****** Documentation may be found at https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Atlas/MuPerf Note: muhist_help() - lists macros available for analysis of histograms Functions: muhelp() - This message. mutree() - Returns a pointer to the muperf tree (ntuple). mures(draw, var, nbin, xlim, opt) - displays var resolution or pull mures2(draw, varx, vary, nbinx, xmin, xmax, ylim, flim, opt) - displays vary resolution or pull as a function of varx Classes: MuDraw - Plots and fits distributions and ratios thereof MuPublish - Publish plots and HTML descriptions Objects: cut_mc_not_htau - Select truth not hadron or tau: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_not_htau) cut_mc_b - Select truth from b: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_b) cut_mc_tau - Select truth from tau: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_tau) cut_w - Select truth from W: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_w) cut_mc_z - Select truth from Z: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_z) cut_mc_t - Select truth from top: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_t) cut_mc_tdirect - Select truth direct from top: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_tdirect) cut_mc_z - Select truth from Z: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_z) musim - Plots simulated variables: musim.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mufound - Plots found variables: mufound.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mufound_combined - Plots found variables for combined tracks: mufound_combined.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mugood - Plots good variables: mugood.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mubad - Plots misreconstructed variables: mubad.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mulost - Plots lost variables: mulost.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) muperf - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperf.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mudata - Plots reconstructed variables: mudata.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mufake - Plots reconstructed fakes: mufake.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mureco - Plots reconstructed, found and fake: mureco.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mureco_combined - Plots reco, found and fake for combined tracks: mureco_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) muhits - Plots hit counts: muhits.draw("#SUM#", 50, 0, 50.) dimudata - Plots reconstructed variables: dimudata.draw("fmass", 100, 200000.) ssdimudata - Plots reconstructed variables: ssdimudata.draw("fmass", 100, 200000.) dimufound - Plots found variables: dimufound.draw("rmass", 100, 200000.) mufake - Plots reconstructed fakes: dimufake.draw("feta", 60, 6.0) ancfill - Filler for PDG ancestry: muperf.draw(&ancfill, 16, 0, 16) algfill - Filler for algorithm pattern: mureco.draw(&algfill, 7, 0, 7) muperfstd - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperfstd.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecostd - Plots reconstructed, found and fake: murecostd.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) musimstd - Plots simulated variables: musimstd.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecostd_combined - Plots reco, selected, notsel and fake for combined tracks: murecosel_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) muperfsel - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperfsel.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecosel - Plots reco, selected, not selected and fake: murecosel.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) murecosel_combined - Plots reco, selected, notsel and fake for combined tracks: murecosel_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) Good muon evaluation distance is 4.5 Good dimuon evaluation distance is 10 Processing cscnote_plot.C... Dataset: t1 Selection: truth Reference name: indirect CSCPLOT: csc_lowpt_muid Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucon_staco_combined_selk001/muperf_tree.root Setting ATLAS style Hello from muid Dataset t1 Processing selection: mucon_muid_combined_selk001 Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucon_muid_combined_selk001/muperf_tree.root Appying truth cut: abs(reta)<2.5 Drawing... Redrawing... Adding line... Saving... mucon_muid_combined_selk001 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.eps bothhist0 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.eps TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 Processing selection: mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001 Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001/muperf_tree.root Appying truth cut: abs(reta)<2.5 Drawing... Redrawing... Adding line... Saving... mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.eps bothhist1 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.eps TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 Drawing hist 1 0xa3296d8 TH1.Print Name = bothhist1, Entries= 115286, Total sum= 20.3766 hist1 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.eps Drawing hist 0 0xacc6960 TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 hist0 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.eps Drawing both Saving both Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/both.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/both.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/both.eps (int)0	en

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"Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","001.gif","1","1","","001.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","002.gif","2","2","","002.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","003.gif","3","3","","003.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","004.gif","4","4","","004.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","005.gif","5","5","","005.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","006.gif","6","6","","006.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","007.gif","7","7","","007.tif" "Courage pauvre cur - Courage, poor heart!","sm/sm1881/04700","04714","008.gif","8","8","","008.tif"

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# Presentation: 715800 ## Session C-29 _**Program Compliance 101**_** ** - An Inside Look at the Operations of the School Participation Teams - Douglas Parrott - Geneva Leon - U.S. Department of Education - Las - Vegas ## Program Compliance Office, FSAVictoria Edwards, Chief Compliance Officer **Program Compliance Office, FSA****Victoria Edwards, Chief Compliance Officer** - School eligibility - Financial institutions oversight - Integrated partner management - Administrative actions & appeals - Performance improvement & procedures **Notes:** The Program Compliance office is within the Federal Student Aid at the U.S. Department of Education. The primary focus is providing integrated oversight and management improvement services to participating entities. This includes monitoring activity to determine whether entities meet regulatory requirements for eligibility, administrative capability, and financial responsibility. The office is divided into 5 primary areas: School Eligibility (Schools eligibility & oversight & is the focus of this discussion) Financial Institutions Oversight – (Lenders, GA, Servicers) Integrated Partner Management-(Provide IT support) Administrative Actions & Appeals (Handles Subpart G, Subpart H & other appeals) Performance Improvement & Procedures (Provides expert functional & procedures support) ## Domestic Schools & Funding By Type **Domestic Schools & Funding By Type** **Proprietary** **1,836** **27.7%** **Public** **1,944** **29.3%** **Priv. Non Profit** **2,012** **30.3%** **Public** **$37.2B** **48.6%** **Proprietary** **$13.3B** **17.4%** **Priv. Non Profit** **$25.4B** **33%** ## 2007 Foreign School Population (FFEL Only) 20,624 Students $525 M 1.0% Default Rate - 20,624 Students - $525 M - 1.0% Default Rate | Loan Volume | Eligible Schools | | 2007 Funding | % of Funds | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | $500,000 + | 93 | 19.3% | $473,848,671 | 90.3% | | $100,000 – 499,999 | 168 | 34.85% | $ 42,606,192 | 8.1% | | $1 – 99,999 | 173 | 35.9% | $ 8,441,800 | 1.6% | | None | 48 | 9.95% | -- | -- | | TOTALS | 482 | 100% | $ 524,896,663 | 100% | **School Eligibility - Foreign Schools Update** **Notes:** Insert (x% of federal student loans) ## School Elig: Ensuring Program Integrity **Program Review** **Eligibility &**** Recertification** **Comprehensive ****Compliance Review** **Method of Payment** **Notes:** What we will cover in this presentation: Comprehensive Compliance Review Recertification (full or provisional): Revocation & Denials New schools on 1 year provisional Change of ownership on provisional up to 3 years Annual financial statements Annual compliance audits Program reviews Method of Payment ## Comprehensive Compliance - Eligibility Reviews (e.g., Recertifications, CIOs) - Compliance Audits with Deficiencies - Financial Statements that Do Not Conform - Statistical Analysis of School or Student Data - Program Review **Comprehensive Compliance ** **Review-CCR** ## CCR: School Oversight | OVERSIGHT ACTIVITIES | FY07 | | --- | --- | | Comprehensive Compliance Review | 3,498 (56%) | | Eligibility and Re-certification | 1,874* | | Deficient Audit | 1,457* | | Flagged Financial Statements | 1,351* | | Completed Merger/CIO | 129* | | Program Reviews | 99* | **CCR: School Oversight** - * A school may be counted in 1 or more of these activities **Notes:** Of the 6,145 school’s that were eligible to participate in FY 2007, 56% (or 3,498) were given a comprehensive compliance review. Total funding of all schools was $72.7 Billion; CCR covered $43.7 Billion (or 60.1%) Fewer Program Reviews conducted because staff were redirected on internal office and system improvements. FY08 will should a significant increase (closer to 200) ## Perform statistical analysis of student & school data Identify data anomalies & develop action plan Take follow-up actions & evaluate Examples Dependency Override Verification AGI Inconsistencies Recipients over age 65 - Identify data anomalies & develop action plan - Take follow-up actions & evaluate - Examples - Dependency Override - Verification - AGI Inconsistencies - Recipients over age 65 **CCR: ***** *****Data Anomalies** ## Eligibility & Recertification(Begins w/E-App) - Perform Acceptability Review - Review Electronic File & Supporting Documentation, Request Add’l Information - Analyze Information Submitted & Verify w/ Accreditor and State - Confirm School’s Policies Meet Requirements - Examine the School’s Website for Additional Information ## www.eligcert.ed.gov **www.eligcert.ed.gov** **Notes:** This is the www.eligcert.ed.gov website that enables you to: Check the Status of your Application Display your PPA/ECAR - Once FSA’s review completed, e-mail sent to school informing PPAs are Available School reviews/prints/signs PPA Returns 2 PPAs to ED for final approval ED mails signed PPA ## Changes that require 10 day notification only thru E-App: - Name, Address, Phone, Fax - Principals: - President, CEO, CFO, FAA, Board - Owners who can influence - 3rd Party servicers - Academic Measurement - Closure of a Location - Change in Governance - New Locations* - New Programs* - *unless required to “apply for” & wait for approval **Notes:** We want to remind schools that the following institutional changes require reporting within 10 days of the change. The institution is not required to seek approval of these changes, but must submit them through the E-App process. New Locations, if not provisionally certified, on cash monitoring, did not acquired assets of another school, are not subject to default rate sanction, and not otherwise restricted by FSA New Educational Programs that are the same or similar vocation or same or lower degree. ## Eligibility Changes Requiring Application & Approval Prior to Awarding Title IV Funds - New Educational Programs - Higher Level Offerings, New Vocational Programs, Short-term Programs - New Locations, if - Provisionally Certified, On Cash Monitoring, Acquired Assets of Another School, Subject to Default Rate Sanction, or Otherwise Restricted by FSA - Changes in Accreditation, Licensure, Structure - Adding New Title IV Programs **Notes:** Not appropriately applying and waiting for approval to participate under these conditions can result in a liability being assessed for any Title IV Funds disbursed. We want to highlight with area of updates particularly to help you avoid these errors and the potential liability associated with them. ## School Eligibility - Oversight Activities | Action | # Schools (FY07) | | --- | --- | | Revocation | 1 | | Denial (Initial, Recert, CIO) | 25 | | Voluntary Withdrawal | 20 | | Loss of Elig (Other) | 68 | **School Eligibility - Oversight Activities** | Action | # Schools (FY07) | | --- | --- | | Provisional Certification | 1,253 | | Heightened Cash Monitoring | 438 | | Letter of Credit (LOC) | 454 | ## Provisional Reasons - Late Submission of Audits, E-App - Unresolved Program Review or Audit Significant Findings - Provisional Alternative-Letter of Credit - Deficiencies in Administrative Capability - Cohort Default Rates Exceeding Thresholds - Restrictions Imposed by Accreditor & State ## Provides Instant Audit Info Identifies Overdue Audits Streamlined FSA Review Process Non-editable PDF file (official record) Retained & Used to Validate Data Add’l Changes to Reduce Reporting Burden **Ez-Audit System** - _[https://ezaudit.ed.gov/EZWebApp/common/login.jsp](https://ezaudit.ed.gov/EZWebApp/common/login.jsp)_ - Provides Instant Audit Info - Identifies Overdue Audits - Streamlined FSA Review Process - Non-editable PDF file (official record) Retained & Used to Validate Data - Add’l Changes to Reduce Reporting Burden **Notes:** EzAudit Strengthened Internal Financial Management & Controls Streamlined FSA review process (assignment, resolution, approval) ## Acceptability Review Process - Audits Reviewed for Acceptability & Completeness (Source document is compared to data entered) - Incomplete Notice Posted to the eZ-Audit if not Accepted (return within timeline provided) - Findings are Identified & Sent for Additional Resolution if Necessary - Financial Failures & Adverse Disclosures (i.e. Contingent Liabilities, Debt Agreement Violations, Reviews & Investigations) Identified & Sent for Resolution **Notes:** Audits need to be GAAP/GAGAS or A-133 for Public schools and private non-profits with over $500,000 in Federal funds. Note that many schools try to be treated below the $500,000 threshold because they disbursed under $500,000 in Title IV funds, but many times they receive other federal funds and cross the threshold, as a result they are required to submit a complete A-133 audit. Financial .PDF Attachments Viewable Institution entered the correct audit period Confirm the auditor report opinion (Unqualified, Qualified, Adverse, Disclaimed, Going Concern Paragraph) Unqualified is good-no issues, “clean opinion”. Qualified (Includes some type of exception can be a single deviation from GAAP or Scope limitation (sample Inventory not tested) Adverse Opinion - auditor indicating that a company's financial statements are misrepresented, misstated, and do not accurately reflect its financial performance and health. Adverse opinion it implies wrongdoing. For A-133 schools, opinion could be on anything the auditor is reviewing - not limited to Title IV issues Verify line items in composite score. ## Financial Responsibility **Financial Responsibility** - ED Determines by Reviewing Audited Financial Statements (34 CFR §668.171 & 34 CFR §668.15) for the Following: - With an Initial, Recertification, or Reinstate Application to Participate - With a CIO/Merger Application - Annually Submitted Audited Financial Statements **Notes:** Primary review of financials are required for initial applications, change in ownership, and flagged annual financial statements. ## Review Zone Reporting Requirements Administer Letters of Credit Release Institutions from Zone, Provisional & LOC Alternatives Assess Violations of Debt Payment, Financial Obligation & Past Performance Standards Perform Pre-Acquisition Review for CIO Make Quality Control Referrals to OIG - Review Zone Reporting Requirements - Administer Letters of Credit - Release Institutions from Zone, Provisional & LOC Alternatives - Assess Violations of Debt Payment, Financial Obligation & Past Performance Standards - Perform Pre-Acquisition Review for CIO - Make Quality Control Referrals to OIG **Notes:** Method of payment changes for failing financials. FA’s have to reconcile LOC’s. Currently a manual process because of two recording systems and they do not always match. We rarely get Zone reports from schools and most of the times there is nothing we can do with the information. Example: Owner takes out money. FYE are routine following change in ownership so that the FYE matches the new owners, but when a school tries to change to a new fiscal year to beat the system then we have a problems. Example would be a school submitting late audits tries to switch to new fiscal year end to get a better composite score. No regulatory basis to prevent a C-Corp from changing FYE, but an S-Corp has to have a 12/31 FYE. ## Letters of Credit **Letters of Credit** - New Institutions minimum 50% LOC only - Participating Institutions – - 10% LOC (minimum), Provisional Certification, Zone Reporting Requirements, HCM-1 or HCM-2 or - 50% LOC (minimum) Considered Financially Responsible - FY 2007: 454 Schools on LOC’s ($298.5 M) **Notes:** 50% LOC provision is included in the PPA if school is undergoing a recertification. ## Integrated Partner Mgmt (IPM) - (Phase I: E-App, Ez-Audit, Lender App) - User Interface w/ Additional Help Features - Easier Navigation & Single Entry Point for FSA Service - Increased Partner Security Using a Unique Entity Identifier (Routing Identifier or RID) - Proactive Communications w/Partners, Notifying in Advance When Submissions/Information- Due to FSA - More Electronic Information & Electronic Signatures (App & PPA) **Notes:** We decreased the # of data entry items in Ezaudit to reduce reporting burden. In the Future IPM will replace current electronic Application (eAPP), eZ-Audit, and Lender Application (LAP) features and will modernize the way Partners (such as Institutions, Lenders, and Guaranty Agencies) submit their eligibility application to participate in Title IV funding, maintain this eligibility, enroll for services and submit their Financial Statements and Compliance Audit data. The main benefits of the IPM solution include: a consistent user interface with additional help features, easier navigation through Application and Submission questions, a single entry point for signing up for the services provided by Federal Student Aid. increased Partner security using a unique entity identifier (Routing Identifier or RID), proactive communications with Partners, notifying in advance of when submissions or information is due to FSA, and information between Partners and FSA will be electronic to IPM, thus reducing the risk of lost paper applications or documents (App & PPA). We will keep partners informed about important cutover information from the current legacy systems to IPM. ## External Review Process - Audits (Annual & OIG) - Program Reviews (ED & GA) **Purpose of External Reviews** - Evaluate if Institutions are Properly Administering Title IV Programs - Fulfill Oversight Responsibilities for Title IV Programs **Notes:** School Participation Teams have several tools to monitor Program Integrity. Audits and Program Reviews are 2 such tools and are used to measure an institution compliance with Title IV requirements. Institutions that receive funds from the Federal Student Aid Programs must submit an annual audit to the Department. For Profit-A certified independent public accountant (IPA) must prepare the non-federal compliance and financial audit using the SFA Audit Guide posted by OIG. Public/NonProfit-A independent public accountant or state auditor prepares the audit under the Single Audit Act-OMB Circular A-133. These audits are submitted through Ezaudit and those with deficiencies are resolved by the School Participation Teams. ED’s OIG may also conduct an audit of selected schools, which cover cash management, institutional and student eligibility, and/or associated internal controls. SPTs also resolved these audits. Program Reviews are mandated by law with priority given to high default issues; significant funding fluctuations, deficiencies noted by State licensing or Accreditor, high dropout rates, or any other issue that may pose a significant risk or failure to comply with Title IV requirements. The overall purpose of external reviews is to evaluate if an institution is properly administering Title IV programs; and to fulfill ED’s oversight responsibilities, which includes requiring corrective actions and assessing liabilities for errors in performance. ## Audit Resolution Process - ED Performs Acceptability Review - Teams Perform Further Analysis of Compliance Audits w/Deficiencies & CCR - Teams can Contact School or Auditor to Requesting or Clarify Information (may include a total file review) - Teams issue a Final Audit Determination Letter **Notes:** Talk about Liabilities under Program Review – process is the same ## Audit – Finding Incorrect - Ask Auditor which Regulation or Law was Violated & Discuss a Reasonable Resolution - Indicate in CAP Reasons Why the Finding is Erroneous - Necessary for Audit Resolution Process - Provide Details to Support Position & Cite Regulation or Law in Support of Assertion **Notes:** If an institution feels the finding the auditor has cited is incorrect, it should ask the auditor to identify the exact regulation or law that has been violated and then discuss a reasonable resolution. The institution should then indicate in its Corrective Action Plan the reasons it disagrees with the auditor’s conclusions and provide a detailed reason(s) the auditor’s exception is incorrect. This information will be reviewed along with the auditor’s finding during the audit resolution process performed by ED. Be sure to include all regulatory or statutory citations that apply in support of your assertion. ## Audit Findings-High Dollar - R2T4 Calculation Errors, Not Made or Made Late - Audit Report Not Submitted – Closed School - Verification Violations - Attendance Records Missing/Policy Inadequate **Notes:** Audit Report Not Submitted – Closed School – anytime a close-out audit is not received from an institution that has closed, the institution will be assessed a liability based on all the unaudited funds received. 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893678

# Presentation: 893678 ## South Atlantic oceanographic and meteorological characteristics *Claudia Schmid (NOAA/AOML, USA)* **Notes:** IRD = Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ## Outline **Hydrography & Water masses** **Circulation:** **surface** **intermediate depth** **THC & inter-ocean exchange** **Atmosphere ocean interaction & Meteorology** **upwelling off Africa** **forcing the circulation** **correlations** **South Atlantic tropical storms** ## Water masses - Peterson & Withworth (1989) ## Meridional sections - 30W - 1E **27.35** **27.18** **27.00** **Notes:** Figure 8. Quasi-meridional section along approximately 30°W, obtained during SAVE 5&6. PF, STF and SAF indicate the locations of the Polar, Subtropical, and Subantarctic fronts, respectively. Upper panel: potential temperature. Lower panel: Salinity, with the thick lines representing the isopycnals. sq = 27.00, 27.18 and 27.35 kg/m3. Figure reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). Figure 9. Quasi-meridional section along approximately 1°E, obtained during the AJAX expedition. PF, STF and SAF indicate the locations of the Polar, Subtropical, and Subantarctic fronts, respectively. Upper panel: potential temperature. Lower panel: Salinity, with the thick lines representing the isopycnals. sq = 27.00, 27.18 and 27.35 kg/m3. Figure reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). ## Zonal section at about 30oS **27.35** **27.18** **27.00** **Notes:** Figure 10. Quasi-zonal section at about 30°S (WOCE line A10) in the South Atlantic obtained from the Meteor 22/5 cruise in austral autumn of 1994. The upper and lower panels show potential temperature and salinity, as in Figs 8 and 9. Reproduced from Schmid et al. (2000). ## Mean zonal currents at 35oW - Schott et al (2003) - Velocities in 700-900m - EIC was defined as the westward flow under the EUC. - EDJ make it hard to derive mean currents below the EUC due to their poorly understood variability on seasonal to interannual time scales. **Notes:** Mean zonal current distribution across 35W from the 13 sections, with transports (in Sv = 106 m3s1) of the different current branches marked Average EIC velocities at 700–900 m depth and in latitude range 1S–1N from 12 ship sections vs. time of year and fit of annual and semiannual harmonics and their superposition; also marked are shipname and year of survey. ## Intermediate depth circulation **Intermediate depth circulation** - Nunez-Riboni et al. (2005) **Notes:** I. Nu ́n ̃ez-Riboni et al. / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 545–564 Fig. 6. Average velocities for grid shown in Fig. 4. The corresponding 63% probability error ellipses are centered on the tip of each velocity arrow. Fig. 7. Objectively mapped velociti es from float data within isoneutral layer (27.40). Grey arrows indicate eastward and black arrows Westward currents. A reference arrow of 5 cms1 is added. Fig. 8. Stream function calculatedfrom float data within isoneutral layer. Contour values are in units of transport per depth (Svkm1). ## Intermediate depth Circulation **Notes:** Fig. 2. Schematic of AAIW circulation in the South Atlantic (adapted from You (1999)). ## Mean currents (20d integrated trajectories) - Mean currents *(20d integrated trajectories)* ## Surface circulation **Notes:** Figure 2. Schematic representation of the circulation in the upper levels of the South Atlantic, based on Peterson and Stramma (1991) and Stramma and England (1999). ## Conveyor belt - After Broecker (1991) **Notes:** Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the global ocean circulation pathways, the ‘conveyor belt’ (after W. Broecker). ## THC in the South Atlantic - The compensating meridional flows - After Stramma & England (1999) **NADW (>2000m)** **AAIW (500-1200m)** **SACW (100-500m)** **THC in the South Atlantic** **Notes:** NADW: the DWBC transports NADW from the northern Hemisphere into the South Atlantic. AAIW: Originates in the South Atlantic from a surface region of the circumpolar layer, especially in the Northern Drake Passage and the Malvinas Current Loop. AAIW from the Indian Ocean is contributed to the South Atlantic AAIW via the Agulhas leakage. SACW: forms in the Confluence region, Part of the SACW is not subducted in the Atlantic portion of the subtropical convergence but is in fact Indian central Water brought into the Atlantic Ocean by the Agulhas Current intrusions. ## Transports (from Gordon et al., 1992) - Donners and Drijfhout (2004) **T>9****o****C:** **~63% from IO** **T<9****o****C, p>1500dbar: ~56% from IO** **Notes:** Schematic circulation (a) from Gordon et al. (1992) in comparison with (b) the analog scheme for OCCAM. Black arrows indicate the thermocline layer (T . 98C); gray indicates the intermediate layer (T , 98C, shallower than 1500 dbar). The dashed line in (a) is the hydrographic section SAVE leg 4 used for the study of Gordon et al. The fluxes across the dashed line between the solid dots in (b) are calculated from two trajectory analyses (all mass fluxes are in Sverdrups). Underlined transports are calculated explicitly from hydrographic data; all other transports in (a) are estimated from chemical tracers and salinity. ## Transports from OCCAM - Donners and Drijfhout (2004) **T>9****o****C:** **~73% from IO** **T<9****o****C, p>1500dbar: ~69% from IO** **Notes:** Schematic circulation (a) from Gordon et al. (1992) in comparison with (b) the analog scheme for OCCAM. Black arrows indicate the thermocline layer (T . 98C); gray indicates the intermediate layer (T , 98C, shallower than 1500 dbar). The dashed line in (a) is the hydrographic section SAVE leg 4 used for the study of Gordon et al. The fluxes across the dashed line between the solid dots in (b) are calculated from two trajectory analyses (all mass fluxes are in Sverdrups). Underlined transports are calculated explicitly from hydrographic data; all other transports in (a) are estimated from chemical tracers and salinity. Gordon et al. concluded that 60%–65% of the thermocline water in the Benguela Current originated from the Indian Ocean (Fig. 9), slightly less than in OCCAM (12.3 Sv/16.9 Sv = 73%), the other 35%–40% recirculates in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. ## Intermediate depth transports (Schmid et al., 2000) **AAIW: <=45% from IO?** **Notes:** Figure 11. Schematic representation of the AIW circulation in the South Atlantic, with transport estimates, based on Schmid et al. (2000). Three important regions for understanding the origins and pathways of the AIW in the South Atlantic are indicated (BISEC, BMC and Agulhas). ## Brazil-Malvinas Confluence **Brazil-Malvinas Confluence** **Notes:** If the oceanic circulation is explained by the closure of the wind stress, all WBC should have similar intensity. BC is lees that 1/3 of the Gulf Stream. Stommel(1965) suggested that this was due to the THC. BC weak and therefore the wind stress play an important role in the intensity of the BC transport. The wind stress has an annual cycle and this cycle apparently follows the pattern of southward penetration of the BC. Figure 7. The thermohaline front of the Brazil and Malvinas currents in the different seasons and the SST difference southernmost position–northernmost position. The images were provided by O. Brown and G. Podesta (RSMAS/Univ. of Miami). **Eddies in the Agulhas Region** - Boebel et al. (2003) **Notes:** RAFOS floats ## SSH movie ## Ring A - Schmid et al. (2003) ## Eddy kinetic energy (cm2/s2) **Eddy kinetic energy (cm****2****/s****2****)** ## Cape Cauldron **Cape Cauldron** ## Wind and SLP anomaly off Africa - Risien et al.(2003) - January–March 2000 falls within the protracted 1998–2001 La Nina -> high pressure anomaly in mid-latitude South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans and low pressure anomaly over southern Africa, stronger easterlies over Benguela region. **Notes:** Figure 1. The composite anomaly (January–March 2000) of both wind, off the coast of southern Africa, and sea level pressure (SLP) over the South Indian/South Atlantic sectors of the Southern Hemisphere, as derived from the 2.5 resolution NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set [Kalnay et al., 1996]. The contour intervals are 0.3 m s1 and 1 102 hPa, respectively. It should be noted that the period of analysis falls within the protracted 1998–2001 La Nin ̃a episode. Typically, high-pressure anomalies develop over the midlatitude South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans during La Nin ̃as with low-pressure anomalies over southern Africa [Reason et al., 2000], and hence stronger south easterlies tend to occur over the Benguela region (Figure 1). 2003JGR_01.pdf ## Upwelling regions off Africa & wind variability - Risien et al.(2003) - Lutjeharms and Meeuwis (1987) - pulses of stronger winds during the April–October 2000 period - Benguela - 34oS - 26oS - 22oS - 12oS - 31oS - 17oS **Variability at periods:** ** ****4 – 16 days in 10-23.5****o****S** **4-12 and 25-50 days in 24-35****o****S** **Notes:** Variability at periods: 4 – 16 days in 10-23.5 S 4-12 and 25-50 days in 24-35S Figure 2. Distribution of the well-defined upwelling regions in the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Each dot represents the center of an upwelling event observed over a period of 156 weeks [after Lutjeharms and Meeuwis, 1987]. Figure 3. Feather plots of each of the six distinct wind regions (10–15, 15.5–18.5, 19–23.5, 24–28.5, 29–32.5, and 33–35S) as identified via the SOM analysis (01 August 1999 to 29 November 2000). 2003JGR_01.pdf ## Angola-Benguela Front - John et al. (2004) - quiescent situation - after strong upwelling **Notes:** Fig. 3. Surface chlorophyll-a concentrations at the end of the quiescent situation (left panel), and at the time the biological samples were taken (right panel) 1 week after the onset of strong winds and upwelling. ## Angola-Benguela Front - John et al. (2004) - SST and faunistic advection due to the anticyclonic circulation off Angola. **Notes:** Fig. 15. The sea surface temperature distribution at the time of surveying the southern transect, overlaid by a conceptual model suggesting advective paths of faunistic elements relative to the anticyclonic circulation at the tip of the Angola Current intrusion into northern Namibian waters. Abbreviations are the same as for Figs. 8 and 9, respectively, and Table 3. N= neritic, O= oceanic, T = tropical, S = southern, U= ubiquitous or uncertain ## Correlation of SSTA and Wind **Correlation of SSTA and Wind** - Enfield and Mestas-Nunez (2000) **Notes:** Enfield, D.B., and A.M. Mestas-Nunez (2000) Fig. 7: Second mode of a singular vector decomposition (SVD) analysis of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and Xie and Arkin (1996) rainfall anomaly over the spatial domains shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively. The upper panel shows the homogeneous correlation map for gridded SSTA vs. the temporal expansion coefficients for SSTA (colored shading). ## SSTA and SLPA **SSTA and SLPA** - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Based on 52 years of data (1949–2000) from the NCEP/NCAR - Reanalysis (Kalnay et al. 1996). - maxima of SST coincide with regions in which the pressure has a large gradient **Notes:** Fig. 1 Patterns of the first two EOFs of SST anomalies (colors, in K) with the climatological SST superimposed (contours, in C). Explained variance is displayed on top of each panel Fig. 2 Patterns of the first two EOFs of SLP anomalies (colors, in hPa) with the climatological pressure superimposed (contours, in hPa). Explained variance is displayed on top of each panel Fig. 3 First two leading modes of a combined SVD analysis of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and SLP (contours, negative contours dashed, in hPa) To investigate the combined variability of ocean and atmosphere we perform a maximum covariance analysis on SST and SLP using singular value decomposition (SVD). This technique searches for modes that explain as much as possible of the mean-squared temporal covariance between the two fields (Bretherton et al. 1992). Figure 3 shows the first two SVD modes. Clearly, there is a close correspondence between the respective first EOF patterns (see Figs. 1a, 2a) on one side and the first SVD patterns on the other. Furthermore, the first PCs of the SVDs and those of the corresponding EOFs are highly correlated and their spectra are almost identical (not shown). For the second SVD mode the correspondence with the respective EOFs is much lower, although the corresponding PCs are still significantly correlated. The dissimilarity between the second SLP SVD and the second SLP EOF may be taken as additional evidence for the second EOF to be an artifact of the analysis technique. From Fig. 3 it is obvious that the maxima of SST coincide with regions in which the pressure has a large gradient. This suggests that the occurrence of SST anomalies might be related to changes in wind or wind stress. This idea is further investigated in Sect. 4, where we try to identify mechanisms that force the main variability patterns described so far into existence, as well as those that destroy them. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and SLPA (10 hPa) - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Build-up and destruction of the anomalies takes 6 months. Relationship strong during build-up, weak during destruction phase. **Notes:** Fig. 5 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K), SLP (contours, spacing = 10 hPa, and wind stress (arrows) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the Principal Component (PC) leads To get more insight into the temporal evolution of the anomaly patterns described in Sect. 2.3, we now present sequences of lagged regression patterns between the PCs of the SST SVDs and quantities describing the coupled evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies, namely SST, SLP, and wind stress. This is done in Fig. 5. At lag zero, one can recognize the SVDs presented before. At negative lags, i.e., at times preceding the maximum of the patterns considered, we see how they gradually built up over 6 months. Likewise, the destruction of the anomalies takes 6 months, too. This time scale of about half a year is consistent with the e-folding time of the auto-correlation function of the SST PCs (not shown). Based on this e-folding time and a corresponding reduction in the degrees-of-freedom, a t-test reveals (not shown) that regression values exceeding 0.15 K (SST) or 15 hPa (SLP) are significant at the 95%-level. Figure 5 shows a clear relation between SST anomalies and wind stress anomalies during the built-up phase, with maximum wind stress anomalies appearing over areas of maximum SST anomalies. During the destruction phase, such a relation is less apparent, if not absent. This suggests that wind (or wind stress) plays a forcing role in generating SST anomalies, but not in destroying them, meaning that SST changes do not feed back on the atmospheric circulation in a systematic way. Wind (stress) can affect SST through several mechanisms, namely by enhancing the latent heat flux, by inducing currents that advect SST anomalies, and by inducing vertical mixing that deepens the mixed layer. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) - Heat flux acts to dampen (positive heat flux -> cooling) or enhance (negative heat flux) the SSTA anomalies. **total heat flux (3e+7 Km/s)** **wind stirring (3e+7 Km/s)** - the regions of maximum SSTA and maximum wind stirring are displaced relative to one another **Notes:** Fig. 6 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and total heat flux (–Q/(qwcp)), contours, spacing= 3Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Fig. 7 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and meridional Ekman heat transport (contours, spacing = 1Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Therefore the patterns have no direct physical meaning, but they show whether the heat flux acts to enhance or to damp the SST anomalies. As a positive heat flux cools the ocean, the heat flux damps the SST anomalies if both have the same sign, and forces them if the signs are opposite. For SVD-1 opposite signs at negative lags occur over most of the domain, most notably in the South Equatorial Current, where this SVD has its maximum signal. For SVD-2 forcing occurs in the southwestern part of the basin, also a region of maximum signal. At lag 0 and at positive lags, heat flux is damping the SST anomalies. Thus in both cases the heat flux acts to create the SST anomaly (opposite sign of SST and heat flux anomaly at negative lags), but helps to destroy it after it has reached its maximum (equal signs at positive lags). Splitting the total heat flux up into its different components reveals that the latent heat flux is by far the most important one. The corresponding regression patterns look almost as those obtained for the total heat flux (not shown). For SVD-1 the patterns of heat flux and SST in the South Equatorial Current region coincide for several months. The heat flux thus systematically forces the SVD-1 SST pattern there. A comparison with Fig. 5 shows that in the same region also the anomalous wind (stress) reaches its maximum. The latter is directed northwestward, enforcing the climatological wind that can be inferred from the climatological SLP shown in Fig. 2. The anomalous wind has two impacts on the heat flux. Firstly, it increases the advection of cold air from the southeast into the region in question, and secondly, it increases the wind speed. Both changes increase the turbulent heat loss. Thus the anomalous heat flux forcing of the SVD-1 pattern is caused by an anomalous atmospheric circulation. As has been shown in Sect. 3.3, heat flux in the extratropics is dominated by latent heat flux. climdyn21_07.pdf ## Lagged regression SSTA (colors) and - Sterl and Hazeleger (2003) **Ekman pumping (1e+7 Km/s)** **merid. Ekman Tr. (1e+7 Km/s)** - Impacts of Ekman heat transport and Ekman pumping are at least a factor of three smaller than heat flux. **Notes:** Fig. 8 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and Ekman pumping (DT = 2 K, contours, spacing = 1Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads Fig. 9 Sequence of lagged regressions of anomalies of SST (colors, in K) and wind stirring (–au3 *, contours, spacing = 3Æ10–7 Km/s) on the PCs of the SST SVDs from Fig. 3. Lag is positive when the PC leads climdyn21_07.pdf ## South Atlantic SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) **Notes:** Figure 1. The South Atlantic SSTA+ dipole (K). 2003GL017829.pdf The atmosphere model is forced with the SSTA pattern shown in Figure 1. It is obtained from an SVD analysis of MSLP and SST of the output of SPEEDY coupled to the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Model (MICOM) [Haarsma et al., manuscript in prepration, 2003]. This pattern is very similar to the one obtained by Sterl and Hazeleger [2003] from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. We have chosen this pattern because it is consistent with the dynamics of SPEEDY. The amplitude of this pattern, with maximum values of 1.5C, is about 4 times the standard deviation of the SST pattern in the coupled run in order to obtain a significant response. In addition, an experiment with half of the SSTA amplitude is made. 50 year integrations with a positive (SSTA+) and a negative (SSTA) SSTA dipole were made and compared with the control run of the same length. The dipole is called positive when the equatorward pole has positive SSTA’s. The atmospheric response to the SSTA+ dipole is seasonally dependent. Most prominent is the response centred at 30W 15S during the austral summer (Jan.–March) (Figure 2). This response consists of an anomalous low pressure system and cyclonic circulation at low levels. The upper air response at 200 hPa displays anomalous anticyclonic circulation. This response is similar to the deep baroclinic response obtained by Robertson et al. [2003]. During the austral winter the response is still baroclinic but mainly confined to the lower half of the troposphere. The location of the response suggests that it is mainly due to the equatorward SSTA pole. To check this we repeated the experiment for separately the equatorward and poleward poles of the SSTA dipole. The results confirmed that the deep baroclinic response is almost entirely due to the equatorward SSTA pole. The center of the anomalous low pressure system is not located above the maximum of the SSTA, but is translated about 10 degrees to the northwest in the direction of the climatological trade winds. The atmospheric response to the poleward SSTA pole is small and will be discussed later. The seasonal dependence of the response is related to the changes in the meridional circulation and the vertical stability. During the austral winter the decending branch of the meridional circulation is situated over the subtropical Atlantic. Thus, the concurrent enhanced vertical stability prohibits the development of a deep baroclinic response. Because the atmospheric response is largest during Jan.–March, we will concentrate in the following on that season. Changing the sign of the SSTA pattern did not have a large impact on the local response, indicating that it is mainly linear. This was also confirmed by analyzing the response to the SSTA dipole with half the amplitude. To facilitate the discussion we will describe below the response to the SSTA+ dipole. The 500 hPa vertical velocity shows anomalous upward (downward) motion over positive (negative) SSTA’s. In addition, a dipole of anomalous upward and downward motion exists along the ITCZ. Associated with it the anomalous precipitation (Figure 3a) shows a strong signal, with maxima of about 1.5 mm day1, along the ITCZ, consisting of anomalous drying at the location of the anomalous descend, northward of it, and enhanced precipation at the location of anomalous ascend, southward of it. This results in a southward displacement of the ITCZ towards the warm SSTA’s. The anomalous vertical circulation is initiated by the anomalous diabatic heating of the SSTA dipole. However, the strong signal along the ITCZ is the result of a positive feedback due to the anomalous convergence of moisture (Figure 3b). The anomalous northerly winds advect dry subtropical air into the northern regions of the ITCZ, whereas at the southern edge of the ITCZ tropical moisture is advected southward into the subtropics. The shift in the position of the ITCZ is accompanied by changes in cloud cover with maxima in the order of 10% (Figure 4b). Over the areas of anomalous subsidence (ascend) the cloud cover is diminished (enhanced). This increases (reduces) the net downward radiation in the order of 10 Wm2, principally as a result of increased (reduced) solar radiation. The anomalous low level northerly winds north of the equator enhance the prevailing trade winds, resulting in an increase of the latent heat flux in the order of 5 Wm2, cooling the surface waters. This effect is in the literature known as the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback [Chang et al., 1997; Kushnir et al., 2002] and supposed to be responsible for the generation of an SST gradient across the equator. However in our simulation this effect is over compensated by the increased solar radiation and the net effect is a small heating of about 5 Wm2 of the ocean surface north of the equator. Although a coupled ocean-atmosphere experiment would really be required, this indicates that the South Atlantic dipole does not invoke a meridional SST dipole across the equator as proposed by the hypothesis of the WES feedback. Because of the southerly position of the SSTA, the anomalous winds northward of the equator are too weak to effectively trigger the WES feedback. On the other hand, the SSTA does affect the vertical circulation over the Atlantic and thereby the cloud cover distribution. The net surface heatflux (Figure 4a), with a major contribution of the latent heatflux, results in a strong cooling (heating) of the warm (cold) SSTA’s. For the equatorward pole of the SSTA, this is, however, confined to the southeastern part. The anomalous warm surface air temperature and increased moisture in the deep baroclinic response downstream strongly reduce the anomalous latent heat flux to values in the order of 10 Wm2. This spatially varying anomalous latent heatflux affects the structure of the SSTA and effectively results, apart from a reduction, in a northwestward displacement of the equatorward pole of the SSTA. This suggests that the atmospheric response, next to oceanic response, is important for the time evolution of SSTA’s. This will be investigated in future research. The response to the poleward SSTA pole south of 30S, as revealed by the experiment with only the poleward pole, is located above the SSTA, with a high (low) over the cold (warm) SSTA’s. The response is small, about 1 hPa for the MSLP, which is in the order of the natural variability of the model for a 50 year integration. The maximum response in the precipitation is about 0.5 mm day1. To better evaluate the structure of the response we doubled the amplitude of the SSTA. The results revealed that the structure is in all seasons equivalent barotropic, which is common for a midlatitude response, and strongly reduced above 500 hPa. With respect to the remote extra-tropical response in the Northern Hemisphere, our calculations are still inconclusive. In our results, we detect at the equator an upper level divergence generated by the anomalous vertical circulation. This upper level divergence intiates the propagation of energy by Rossby waves into the extra-tropics, which by its turn enhances the variability over the North Atlantic (Figure 5). In our present resuts, however, the stationary response over the North Atlantic is not yet statistically significant. This might be due to the fact that the location of the anomalous upper air divergence shows variability in time. In addition climate signals do evolve in time. An analysis in the frequency domain would clarify this and will be part of future research. Our primary investigations indicate that at certain periods, the upper level divergence induces a wave train in the subtropical jet over southern part of the Asian continent, whereas in other periods a wave train over the Atlantic is generated. ## Atmospheric pressure and wind anomalies in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Most prominent is the response centered at 30W 15S during the austral summer (Jan.–March), mainly due to the equatorward SSTA pole (anomalous low MSLP and cyclonic circulation, anomalous anticyclonic circulation at 200 hPa). **Notes:** Figure 2. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, MSLP (hPa) and B, 200 hPa streamfunction (106 m2s1). The arrows indicate the wind anomalies (ms 1) at A, MSLP and B, 200 hPa. 2003GL017829.pdf ## Anomalies of precipitation and near-surface wind in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Anomalous low (high) precipitation associated with anomalous advection of moisture (dry -> N, moist -> S) causing anomalous down- (up-) welling -> ITCZ is displaced southward towards warm SSTA. **Notes:** Figure 3. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, precipitation (mm day1) B, near surface wind (ms1) and mean specific humidity (g Kg1). The 500 hPa vertical velocity shows anomalous upward (downward) motion over positive (negative) SSTA’s. In addition, a dipole of anomalous upward and downward motion exists along the ITCZ. Associated with it the anomalous precipitation (Figure 3a) shows a strong signal, with maxima of about 1.5 mm day1, along the ITCZ, consisting of anomalous drying at the location of the anomalous descend, northward of it, and enhanced precipation at the location of anomalous ascend, southward of it. This results in a southward displacement of the ITCZ towards the warm SSTA’s. The anomalous vertical circulation is initiated by the anomalous diabatic heating of the SSTA dipole. However, the strong signal along the ITCZ is the result of a positive feedback due to the anomalous convergence of moisture (Figure 3b). The anomalous northerly winds advect dry subtropical air into the northern regions of the ITCZ, whereas at the southern edge of the ITCZ tropical moisture is advected southward into the subtropics. 2003GL017829.pdf ## Anomalies of net upward surface heat flux and cloud cover in response to the SSTA+ dipole - Haarsma et al (2003) - Shift of ITCZ -> shift of cloud cover, but no significant change of NSHF since SSTA is too far south. Over the SSTA anomalies significant NSHF change mainly due to latent heat flux. **Notes:** Figure 4. Jan.–Mar. anomalies of A, net upward surface heat flux (Wm2) and B, total cloud cover (%). The shift in the position of the ITCZ is accompanied by changes in cloud cover with maxima in the order of 10% (Figure 4b). Over the areas of anomalous subsidence (ascend) the cloud cover is diminished (enhanced). This increases (reduces) the net downward radiation in the order of 10 Wm2, principally as a result of increased (reduced) solar radiation. The anomalous low level northerly winds north of the equator enhance the prevailing trade winds, resulting in an increase of the latent heat flux in the order of 5 Wm2, cooling the surface waters. This effect is in the literature known as the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback [Chang et al., 1997; Kushnir et al., 2002] and supposed to be responsible for the generation of an SST gradient across the equator. However in our simulation this effect is over compensated by the increased solar radiation and the net effect is a small heating of about 5 Wm2 of the ocean surface north of the equator. Although a coupled ocean-atmosphere experiment would really be required, this indicates that the South Atlantic dipole does not invoke a meridional SST dipole across the equator as proposed by the hypothesis of the WES feedback. Because of the southerly position of the SSTA, the anomalous winds northward of the equator are too weak to effectively trigger the WES feedback. On the other hand, the SSTA does affect the vertical circulation over the Atlantic and thereby the cloud cover distribution. The net surface heatflux (Figure 4a), with a major contribution of the latent heatflux, results in a strong cooling (heating) of the warm (cold) SSTA’s. For the equatorward pole of the SSTA, this is, however, confined to the southeastern part. The anomalous warm surface air temperature and increased moisture in the deep baroclinic response downstream strongly reduce the anomalous latent heat flux to values in the order of 10 Wm2. This spatially varying anomalous latent heatflux affects the structure of the SSTA and effectively results, apart from a reduction, in a northwestward displacement of the equatorward pole of the SSTA. This suggests that the atmospheric response, next to oceanic response, is important for the time evolution of SSTA’s. This will be investigated in future research. The response to the poleward SSTA pole south of 30S, as revealed by the experiment with only the poleward pole, is located above the SSTA, with a high (low) over the cold (warm) SSTA’s. The response is small, about 1 hPa for the MSLP, which is in the order of the natural variability of the model for a 50 year integration. The maximum response in the precipitation is about 0.5 mm day1. To better evaluate the structure of the response we doubled the amplitude of the SSTA. The results revealed that the structure is in all seasons equivalent barotropic, which is common for a midlatitude response, and strongly reduced above 500 hPa. With respect to the remote extra-tropical response in the Northern Hemisphere, our calculations are still inconclusive. In our results, we detect at the equator an upper level divergence generated by the anomalous vertical circulation. This upper level divergence intiates the propagation of energy by Rossby waves into the extra-tropics, which by its turn enhances the variability over the North Atlantic (Figure 5). In our present resuts, however, the stationary response over the North Atlantic is not yet statistically significant. This might be due to the fact that the location of the anomalous upper air divergence shows variability in time. In addition climate signals do evolve in time. An analysis in the frequency domain would clarify this and will be part of future research. Our primary investigations indicate that at certain periods, the upper level divergence induces a wave train in the subtropical jet over southern part of the Asian continent, whereas in other periods a wave train over the Atlantic is generated. 2003GL017829.pdf 4. Discussion In this study we investigated the atmospheric response to an SSTA dipole, which is generated by the dominant mode of variability of the atmosphere in the South Atlantic. Our results show that especially the equatorward pole of the dipole has a significant impact on the atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic. Although our results should be confirmed by other studies with GCM’s, they are supported by earlier results reported in the literature. Simulations with GCM’s have indicated the potential importance of South Atlantic SSTA’s on the tropical circulation [e.g., Robertson et al., 2003; Okumura et al., 2001]. However, these studies have used either tropical Atlantic SSTA’s or a mixture between tropical and South Atlantic SSTA’s. Our results indicate that subtropical South Atlantic SSTA’s by themselves can influence the atmospheric tropical circulation. Concerning the extra-tropical response the results are still inconclusive. Earlier reports in the literature, however, do suggest a connection between the South and North Atlantic ocean. For instance Robertson et al. [2000] demonstrate for the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis covariability between the North Atlantic Oscillation and South Atlantic SSTA’s at the location of the equatorward pole of our SSTA dipole. Also in Okumura et al. [2001] a pan-Atlantic pattern is detected, where the South Atlantic SSTA pattern shows a strong similarity with the equatorward pole of our dipole. ## South Atlantic tropical cyclones - Angola tropical depression, April 10-15, 1991 (cyclone on 13.?) – for now the only one in the eastern South Atlantic - Tropical depression, January 18-21 (cyclone on 19.?) southeast of Salvador, Brazil - Hurricane Catarina March 22-28, 2004 - 2006: two short-lived tropical/subtropical systems were observed over 27oC water in a region of strong wind shear (Jeff Masters, _[www.](http://www.wunderground.com/)__[wunderground](http://www.wunderground.com/)__[.com](http://www.wunderground.com/)_): - February 23 near 29S, 36W (600 miles SE of Rio de Janeiro), survived about 4 hours - March 15 off South Brazil **Notes:** 2003GL017829.pdf ## Angola cyclone ## Hurricane Catarina - Mean SST for March 21-28, 2004. - Circle indicates Storm location on March 26. - animation

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SYNOPSES Streptococcal Toxic-Shock Syndrome:Spectrum of Disease, Pathogenesis, and New Concepts in Treatment Dennis L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.D. Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Chief, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA ABSTRACT Since the 1980s there has been a marked increase in the recognition and reporting of highly invasive group A streptococcal infections with or without necrotizing fasciitis associated with shock and organ failure. Such dramatic cases have been defined as streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. Strains of group A streptococci isolated from patients with invasive disease have been predominantly M types 1 and 3 that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A or B or both. In this paper, the clinical and demographic features of streptococcal bacteremia, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis are presented and compared to those of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococcal infection are also presented, with emphasis on the interaction between group A Streptococcus virulence factors and host defense mechanisms. Finally, new concepts in the treatment of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome are discussed. An emerging pathogen can be one that is totally new (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus), one that was known but has only recently been identified (e.g., Helicobacter pylori), or one that is old but has learned new tricks. The last type is, as Dr. Stanley Falkow contends, merely trying to "make a living" in a changing environment. Regardless of environmental pressures, many old pathogens have become major clinical problems because of increased virulence or antibiotic resistance (e.g., penicillin-resistant pneumococcus, multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium). Arguably, group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the quintessence of an old organism that has become more virulent. In this manuscript, the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and pathogenesis of GAS infection are discussed in relation to the streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS). Current and Historical Perspectives on the Prevalence and Severity of Streptococcal Infections The British tabloids have recently coined the term "flesh-eating bacteria" to describe invasive necrotizing infections caused by GAS and have suggested that epidemics of streptococcal infection are imminent. Such aggrandizement is unfounded, yet it has served to heighten public awareness of this sporadic, but serious, infectious disease. Strictly speaking, an epidemic is defined as an increase in the prevalence of disease over a baseline endemic rate. In this context, we are, in fact, experiencing an epidemic of severe invasive GAS infections; however, few concrete prospective population-based data support this notion. Estimates suggest that the incidence of these infections is 10 to 20 cases/ 100,000 population. Thus, the stimulus for such public interest has not been the incidence of the syndrome, but more likely, the dramatic nature of these infections. Whether these types of group A streptococcal infections will decline, stay the same, or increase is not known. History is replete with descriptions of epidemics of GAS infections and their nonsuppurative sequelae. In the 1600s, epidemics of scarlet fever spread from Italy and Spain to Northern Europe (1), and in 1736, an outbreak occurred in the American colonies, killing 4,000 people (2). Major epidemics of rheumatic fever occurred in World War II in the U.S. military (3). Soon afterward post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis struck several regions of the United States (4,5). Many of these epidemics waxed and waned before the advent of antibiotics, suggesting that either changes in socioeconomic conditions or variations in the expression of virulence factors by the pathogen were responsible. This concept is best exemplified by the extraordinary mortality rate of scarlet fever documented in the latter part of the 1880s in New York, Chicago, and Norway; 25% to 30% of children with scarlet fever died during that period (5,6). By 1900, the mortality rate had dropped to under 2% in all three locations. Since socioeconomic conditions likely did not change markedly during that time and antibiotics were not yet available, the decrease in mortality rates must have been caused by reduced expression of a streptococcal virulence factor or by the slow acquisition of herd immunity to that factor. The epidemiology of GAS infection is complex. More than 80 different M types of S. pyogenes exist, and five separate and distinct scarlatina toxins, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) (5) have also been described; some of these can be transmitted to different M types by bacteriophage. Minor drifts in the antigenic or virulence properties of GAS could account for the 5- to 6-year cycles of scarlet fever documented by Kohler (9). In the same way as antigenic shifts in influenza virus cause pandemics, major alterations in GAS virulence properties could cause major changes in clinical disease. The recent increases in severe GAS infections, following a 50- to 60-year span of relatively benign clinical disease, support this notion. Acute Life-Threatening Group A Streptococcal Infections Streptococcal TSS Recently, severe invasive GAS infections associated with shock and organ failure have been reported with increasing frequency, predominantly from North America and Europe (8-18). These infections have been termed streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (TSS; Table 1) (19). Persons of all ages are affected; most do not have predisposing underlying diseases (11,20-25). This is in sharp contrast to previous reports of GAS bacteremia, in which patients were either under 10 or over 60 years of age, and most had underlying conditions such as cancer, renal failure, leukemia, or severe burns or were receiving corticosteroids or other immunosuppressing drugs (20-22). The complications of current GAS infections are severe; bacteremia associated with aggressive soft tissue infection, shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome and renal failure are common; 30% to 70% of patients die in spite of aggressive modern treatments (Table 2) (1,8,24-26). Table 1. Case definition of streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (streptococcal TSS) and necrotizing fasciitis* ____________________________________________________________ I. Streptococcal TSS A. Isolation of group A Streptococcus 1. From a sterile site 2. From a nonsterile body site B.Clinical signs of severity 1. Hypotension 2. Clinical and laboratory abnormalities (requires two or more of the following): a)Renal impairment b)Coagulopathy c)Liver abnormalities d)Acute respiratory distress syndrome e)Extensive tissue necrosis, i.e., necrotizing fasciitis f)Erythematous rash Definite Case = A1 + B(1+2) Probable Case = A2 + B(1+2) II. Necrotizing fasciitis A.Definite case 1. Necrosis of soft tissues with involvement of the fascia PLUS 2.Serious systemic disease, including one or more of the following: a)Death b)Shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mm of Hg). c)Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy d)Failure of organ systems a.respiratory failure b.liver failure c.renal failure 3.Isolation of group A Streptococcus from a normally sterile body site B.Suspected case 1.1+2 and serologic confirmation of group A streptococcal infection by a 4-fold rise against: a)streptolysin O b)DNase B 2.1+2 and histologic confirmation: Gram-positive cocci in a necrotic soft tissue infection _______________________________________________________ *Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (streptococcal TSS) is defined as any group A streptococcal infection associated with the early onset of shock and organ failure. Definitions describing criteria for shock, organ failure, definite cases, and probable cases are included below. Source: reference 61. _______________________________________________________ Table 2. Complications of group A streptococcal soft-tissue infection Complication Percentage of Patients Shock 95 Acute respiratory distress syndrome 55 Renal impairment 80 Irreversible 10 Reversible 70 Bacteremia 60 Death 30 _______________________________________________________ Source: reference 1. Acquisition of Group A Streptococcus The portal of entry of streptococci cannot be proven in at least half the cases (8) and can only be presumed in many others.Patients with symptomatic pharyngitis rarely develop streptococcal TSS, though such cases have been reported,especially in the last year. Procedures such as suctionlipectomy, hysterectomy, vaginal delivery, bunionectomy and bone pinning have provided a portal of entry in many cases (author's unpublished observations). Most commonly, infection begins at a site of minor local trauma, which frequently does not result in a break in the skin (8). Numerous cases have developed within 24 to 72 hours of minor nonpenetrating trauma, resulting in hematoma, deep bruise to the calf, or even muscle strain. Virus infections, such as varicella and influenza, have provided a portal in other cases. In some cases the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents may have either masked the early symptoms or predisposed the patient to more severe streptococcal infection and shock (1). For the most part, these infections have occurred sporadically and have not been associated with clusters of cases or minor epidemics, though outbreaks of severe GASinfections have occurred in closed environments such as nursing homes (27,28). Clinical Symptoms Pain the most common initial symptom of streptococcal TSS is abrupt in onset and severe, and usually precedes tenderness or physical findings. The pain usually involves an extremity but may also mimic peritonitis,pelvic inflammatory disease, pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, or pericarditis. Twenty percent of patients have an influenza-like syndrome characterized by fever, chills, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (8). Fever is the most common early sign, although hypothermia may be present in patients with shock. Confusion is present in 55% of patients, and in some, coma or combativeness is manifest (8). Eighty percent of patients have clinical signs of soft tissue infection, such as localized swelling and erythema, which in 70% of patients progressed to necrotizing fasciitis or myositis and required surgical debridement, fasciotomy or amputation (8). An ominous sign is the progression of soft tissue swelling to the formation of vesicles, then bullae, which appear violaceous or bluish. In such patients, emergent surgical exploration should be performed to establish the diagnosis and distinguish GAS infection from other necrotizing soft tissue infections. Among the 20% of patients without soft tissue findings, clinical symptoms include endophthalmitis, myositis, perihepatitis, peritonitis, myocarditis, and overwhelming sepsis. A diffuse, scarlatina-like erythema occurs in only 10% of patients. Nearly 50% of patients may have normal blood pressure (systolic pressure >110 mm Hg) on admission but develop hypotension within the subsequent 4 hours (8). Laboratory Evaluation of Patients On admission, renal involvement is indicated by the presence of hemoglobinuria and by serum creatinine values that are, on average, >2.5 times normal. Renal impairment precedes hypotension in 40% to 50% of patients (8). Hypoalbuminemia is associated with hypocalcemia on admission and throughout the hospital course. The serum creatinine kinase level is useful in detecting deeper soft-tissue infections; when the level is elevated or rising, there is a good correlation with necrotizing fasciitis or myositis. Though the initial laboratory studies demonstrate only mild leukocytosis, the mean percentage of immature neutrophils (including band forms, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes) is striking, reaching 40% to 50%. Blood cultures are positive in 60% of cases (8). Clinical Course Shock is apparent at the time of admission or within 4 to 8 hours in virtually all patients (Table 2). In only 10% of patients does systolic blood pressure become normal 4 to 8 hours after administration of antibiotics, albumin, and electrolyte solutions containing salts or dopamine; in all other patients, shock persists. Similarly, renal dysfunction progresses or persists in all patients for 48 to 72 hours in spite of treatment, and many patients may require dialysis (8). In patients who survive, serum creatinine values return to normal within 4 to 6 weeks. Renal dysfunction precedes shock in many patients and is apparent early in the course of shock in all others. Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs in 55% of patients and generally develops after the onset of hypotension (8). Supplemental oxygen, intubation, and mechanical ventilation are necessary in 90% of the patients in whom this syndrome develops. Mortality rates vary from 30% to 70% (1,8,24-26). Morbidity is also high; 13 of 20 patients in one series underwent major surgical procedures, which included fasciotomy, surgical debridement, exploratory laparotomy, intraocular aspiration, amputation, or hysterectomy (8). Clinical Isolates M types 1, 3, 12, and 28 have been the most common isolates from patients with shock and multiorgan failure (8,29). Recently, 80% of strains in Sweden from all types of GAS infection have been M type 1 (S. Holm, pers. comm.). Pyrogenic exotoxin A and/or B was found in most cases of severe infection. In the United States, pyrogenic exotoxin A is most frequently associated with these infections (8,23,29-33), while in Sweden and the United Kingdom, exotoxin B has been most common (12,25). Recently, streptococcal superantigen (SSA), a novel pyrogenic exotoxin, was isolated from an M 3 strain, albeit in small concentrations (34). In addition, mitogenic factor (MF) has been demonstrated in many different M types of GAS (35,36). Necrotizing Fasciitis Necrotizing fasciitis, a deep-seated infection of the subcutaneous tissue that progressively destroys fascia and fat but may spare the skin and muscle, can be caused by GAS, Clostridium perfringens, or C. septicum. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by mixed organisms such as aerobic gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, and microaerophilic streptococci may develop in diabetic patients or patients with open wounds contaminated with bowel contents. Though Meleney called infections caused by hemolytic streptococci "streptococcal gangrene" (37), the process has been renamed necrotizing fasciitis. His patients' infections began at the site of trivial or inapparent trauma. Within 24 hours of the initial lesion which frequently was only mild erythema swelling, heat, erythema, and tenderness rapidly developed. During the next 24 to 48 hours, the erythema changed from red to purple and then to blue, and blisters and bullae, which contained clear yellow fluid, appeared. On days 4 and 5, the purple areas became gangrenous. From day 7 to day 10, the line of demarcation became sharply defined, and the dead skin began to separate at the margins or breaks in the center, revealing an extensive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue. In more severe cases, the process advance d rapidly until several large areas of skin became gangrenous, and the intoxication rendered the patient dull,unresponsive, mentally cloudy, or even delirious. Meleney was the first to advocate aggressive "bear scratch" fasciotomy and debridement. With this treatment, together with irrigation with Dakains solution, the mortality rate dropped to 20% (37). These older reports of necrotizing fasciitis (6) differ from reports of current necrotizing fasciitis cases associated with streptococcal TSS (8). First, recent cases have mainly occurred in young healthy persons who had no underlying disease but sustained minor trauma to an extremity. Earlier series describe older patients with multiple medical problems (6). Meleney's cases (reported from China) were probably among young healthy persons who sustained minor trauma, though the major difference between them and present cases is the low mortality rate (20% vs 20% to 60% in streptococcal TSS) (6,37) before antibiotics were available (37). Analysis of Meleney's reports also suggests that most of his patients did not have shock or organ failure, nor did they require amputation. In contrast, present cases of necrotizing fasciitis caused by GAS are invariably associated with severe manifestations of systemic illness and high morbidity despite the absence of underlying disease and the use of antibiotics, dialysis, ventilators, intravenous fluids, and improved surgical techniques. In summary, the high mortality rate among current cases of streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis could be due to the emergence of more virulent streptococci (8). Streptococcal Myositis Streptococcal myositis is an extremely uncommon GAS infection. Adams et al. (38) documented only 21 reported cases from 1900 to 1985, and Svane (39) found only four cases in more 20,000 autopsies. Severe pain may be the only early symptom, and swelling and erythema may be the only early physical findings, though muscle compartment syndromes may develop rapidly (8-10,38-41). Distinguishing streptococcal myositis from spontaneous gas gangrene caused by C. perfringens or C. septicum (42) may be difficult, though crepitus or demonstration of gas in the tissue favors clostridial infection (40). Patients with streptococcal TSS may have both necrotizing fasciitis and myositis (8,38). In published series, the case-fatality rate for necrotizing fasciitis is 20% to 50%, whereas GAS myositis has a fatality rate of 80% to 100% (6). Aggressive surgical debridement is extremely important for establishing a diagnosis and removing devitalized tissue. Bacteremia Streptococcal bacteremia has occurred most commonly in the very young and in the elderly (5). Among children, predisposing factors (other than scarlet fever) include burns,varicella, malignant neoplasm,immunosuppression, and age less than 2 years (5). In patients with scarlet fever, the pharynx is the most common source of GAS. Frequently such patients have complications, such as extension of infection into the sinuses, peritonsillar tissue, or mastoids (septic scarlet fever or scarlet fever anginose); yet documented bacteremia occurs in only 0.3% of febrile patients (43). Among the children with varicella studied by Bullowa and Wischik (43), GAS bacteremia occurred in only approximately 0.5% of patients. In elderly patients the source of GAS infection is invariably the skin and is associated with cellulitis or erysipelas (5). GAS sepsis in the elderly (mean age, 50 to 60 years) has also been associated with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, and corticosteroid use. Not surprising, mortality rates of 35% to 80% have been described in this patient population. In the past, GAS bacteremia was rare among persons 14 to 40 years of age; puerperal sepsis accounted for most bacteremia in this age group. Recently, intravenous drug abuse has emerged as a leading cause of GAS bacteremia in this age group (5). Martin and Hoiby have comprehensively demonstrated that the prevalence of GAS bacteremia in Norway in the late 1980s increased in all age groups, but the greatest increase (600% to 800%) was in adolescents and young adults (10). Thus, the demographics of invasive streptococcal infection have changed dramatically in the past 4 to 6 years. Current Hypotheses Regarding Mechanisms of Shock and Tissue Destruction Caused by Virulent Group A Streptococci Pyrogenic exotoxins cause fever in humans and animals and also help induce shock by lowering the threshold to exogenous endotoxin (5). Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B induce human mononuclear cells to synthesize not only tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) (44) but also interleukin- (IL-1) (45) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (45), suggesting that TNF could mediate the fever, shock, and tissue injury observed in patients with streptococcal TSS (8). Pyrogenic exotoxin C has been associated with mild cases of scarlet fever in the United States (author's observations) and in England (46). The roles of two newly described pyrogenic exotoxins, SSA and MF (see section on "Clinical Isolates"), in streptococcal TSS have not been elucidated. M protein contributes to invasiveness through its ability to impede phagocytosis of streptococci by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (47). Conversely, type-specific antibody against the M protein enhances phagocytosis (47). After infection with a particular M type, specific antibody confers resistance to challenge to viable GAS of that M type (47). While M types 1 and 3 strains have accounted for most strains isolated from cases of streptococcal TSS, many other M types, including some nontyp-able strains, have also been isolated from such cases. M types 1 and 3 are also commonly isolated from asymptomatic carriers, patients with pharyngitis, and patients with mild scarlet fever (7,29). Could streptococcal TSS be related to the ability of pyrogenic exotoxin or M proteins type 1 or 3 to act as "super antigens"(48)? Data suggest that this exotoxin and a number of staphylococcal toxins (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 [TSST-1] and staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C) can stimulate T-cell responses through their ability to bind to both the Class II major histocompatibility ability complex of antigen-presenting cells and the Vb region of the T-cell receptor (48). The net effect would be to induce T-cell stimulation with production of cyto- kines capable of mediating shock and tissue injury. Recently, Hackett and Stevens demonstrated that pyrogenic exotoxin A induced both TNF and TNF from mixed cultures of monocytes and lymphocytes (49), supporting the role of lymphokines (TNF) in shock associated with strains producing that exotoxin. Kotb et al. (50) have shown that a digest of M protein type 6 can also stimulate T-cell responses by this mechanism; however, the role of specific superantigens in this or any other infectious disease has not been proven. Proof would require demonstration of massive expansion of T-cell subsets bearing a V repertoire specific for the putative superantigen. However, quantitation of such T-cell subsets in patients with acute streptococcal TSS demonstrated deletion rather than expansion, suggesting that perhaps the life span of the expanded subset was shortened by a process of apoptosis (51). In addition, the subsets deleted were not specific for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, C, or mitogenic factor, suggesting that an as yet undefined superantigen may play a role (51). Cytokine production by less exotic mechanisms likely contributes as well to the genesis of shock and organ failure. Peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid (52), and killed organisms (53,54) are capable of inducing TNFa production by mononuclear cells in vitro (6,54,55). Exotoxins such as streptolysin O (SLO) are also potent inducers of TNF and IL-1. Pyrogenic exotoxin B, a proteinase precursor, has the ability to cleave pre-IL-1 to release preformed IL-1 (56). Finally, SLO and exotoxin A together have additive effects in the induction of IL-1 by human mononuclear cells (49). Whatever the mechanisms, induction of cytokines in vivo is likely the cause of shock, and these two exotoxins, cell wall components, and the like, are potent inducers of TNF and IL-1. The mere presence of virulence factors, such as M protein or pyrogenic exotoxins, may be less important in streptococcal TSS than the dynamics of their production in vivo. Recently, Cleary et al. proposed a regulon in GAS that controls the expression of a group of virulence genes coding for known virulence factors such as M protein and C5 peptidase (57). When DNA fingerprinting was used, differences were shown between M1 strains isolated from patients with invasive disease and strains from patients with noninvasive GAS infections (58). Finally, genetic information coding for exotoxins A or C may be introduced to strains of GAS by certain bacteriophage; after lysogenic conversion,synthesis of exotoxin A would occur during growth of the streptococcus (31,59,60). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrates two patterns that correspond to the M1 and M3 type organisms that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A, a finding that supports epidemiologic studies implicating these strains in invasive GAS infections (33). The interaction between these microbial virulence factors and an immune or nonimmune host determines the epidemiology, clinical syndrome, and outcome. Since horizontal transmission of GAS in general is well documented, the only explanation for the absence of a high attack rate of invasive infection is significant herd immunity against one or more of the virulence factors responsible for streptococcal TSS. This hypothetical model explains why epidemics have not materialized and why a particular strain of GAS can cause different clinical manifestations in the same community (8,61) (Figure 1 cannot be viewed in ASCII format.) Treatment Antibiotic Therapy-Cures and Failures with Penicillin S. pyogenes continues to be exquisitely susceptible to -lactam antibiotics, and numerous studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of penicillin preparations for streptococcal pharyngitis. Similarly, penicillins and cephalosporins have proven efficacy in treating erysipelas, impetigo, and cellulitis, all of which are most frequently caused by S. pyogenes. In addition, Wannamaker et al. (6) demonstrated that penicillin therapy prevents the development of rheumatic fever following streptococcal pharyngitis if therapy is begun within 8 to 10 days of the onset of sore throat. Nonetheless, some clinical failures of penicillin treatment of streptococcal infection do occur. Penicillin treatment of S. pyogenes has failed to eradicate bacteria from the pharynx of 5% to 20% of patients with documented streptococcal pharyngitis (62-64). In addition, more aggressive GAS infections (such as, necrotizing fasciitis, empyema, burn wound sepsis, subcutaneous gangrene, and myositis) respond less well to penicillin and continue to be associated with high mortality rates and extensive morbidity (6,8,9,12,15,38,65). For example, in a recent report, 25 cases of streptococcal myositis had an overall mortality rate of 85% in spite of penicillin therapy (38). Finally, several studies in experimental infection suggest that penicillin fails when large numbers of organisms are present (66,67). The Efficacy of Penicillin, Compared to Clindamycin, In Fulminant Experimental S. pyogenes Infection In a mouse model of myositis caused by S. pyogenes, penicillin was ineffective when treatment was delayed up to 2 hours after initiation of infection (67). Survival of erythromycin-treated mice was greater than that of both penicillin-treated mice and untreated controls, but only if treatment was begun within 2 hours. Mice receiving clindamycin, however, had survival rates of 100%, 100%, 80%, and 70%, even if treatment was delayed 0, 2, 6, and 16.5 hours, respectively (67,68). Eagle suggested that penicillin failed in this type of infection because of the "physiologic state of the organism"(66). This phenomenon has recently been attributed to both in vitro and in vivo inoculum effects (69,70). Inoculum Size and the "Physiologic State of the Organism": Differential Expression of Penicillin-Binding Proteins Penicillin and other -lactam antibiotics are most efficacious against rapidly growing bacteria. We hypothesized that large inocula reach the stationary phase of growth sooner than smaller inocula both in vitro and invivo. That high concentrations of S. pyogenes accumulate in deep-seated infection is supported by data from Eagle et al. (66). We compared the penicillin-binding protein patterns from membrane proteins of group A streptococci isolated from different stages of growth, i.e., mid-log phase and stationary phase. Binding of radiolabeled penicillin by all penicillin-binding proteins was decreased in stationary cells; however, PBPs 1 and 4 were undetectable at 36 hours (69). Thus, the loss of certain penicillin-binding proteins during stationary-phase growth in vitro may be responsible for the inoculum effect observed in vivo and may account for the failure of penicillin in treatment of both experimental and human cases of severe streptococcal infection. The Greater Efficacy of Clindamycin in Experimental S. pyogenes Infections: Mechanisms of Action The greater efficacy of clindamycin is likely multifactorial: First, its efficacy is not affected by inoculum size or stage of growth (69,71); secondly, clindamycin is a potent suppressor of bacterial toxin synthesis (72,73); third, it facilitates phagocytosis of S. pyogenes by inhibiting M-protein synthesis (73); fourth, it suppresses synthesis of penicillin-binding proteins, which, in addition to being targets for penicillin, are also enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and degradation (71); fifth, clindamycin has a longer postantibiotic effect than -lactams such as penicillin; and lastly, clindamycin causes suppression of LPS-induced monocyte synthesis of TNF (74). Thus, clindamycin's efficacy may also be related to its ability to modulate the immune response. Other Treatment Measures Though antibiotic selection is critically important, other measures, such as prompt and aggressive exploration and debridement of suspected deep-seated S. pyogenes infection, are mandatory. Frequently, the patient has fever and excruciating pain. Later, systemic toxicity develops, and definite evidence of necrotizing fasciitis and myositis appears. Surgical debridement may be too late at this point. Prompt surgical exploration through a small incision with visualization of muscle and fascia, and timely Gram stain of surgically obtained material may provide an early and definitive etiologic diagnosis. Surgical colleagues should be involved early in such cases, since later in the course surgical intervention may be impossible because of toxicity or because infection has extended to vital areas impossible to debride (i.e., the head and neck, thorax, or abdomen). Anecdotal reports suggest that hyperbaric oxygen has been used in a handful of patients, though no controlled studies are under way, nor is it clear that this treatment is useful. Because of intractable hypotension and diffuse capillary leak, massive amounts of intravenous fluids (10 to 20 liters/day) are often necessary. Pressors such as dopamine are used frequently, though no controlled trials have been performed in streptococcal TSS. In patients with intractable hypotension, vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine have been used, but symmetrical gangrene of digits seems to result frequently (author's unpublished observations), often with loss of limb. In these cases it is difficult to determine if symmetrical gangrene is due to pressors, infection, or both. Neutralization of circulating toxins would be desirable; however, appropriate antibodies are not commercially available in the United States or Europe. Two reports describe the successful use of intravenous gamma globulin in treating streptococcal TSS in two patients (75,76). In summary, if a wild "flesh-eating strain" has recently emerged, a major epidemic with a high attack rate would normally be expected. Clearly, epidemics of streptococcal infections, including impetigo, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever have occurred in the past. However, in the last decade, subsequent to early reports of streptococcal TSS, we have observed that the incidence has remained relatively low. I hypothesize that large outbreaks have not occurred because 1) most of the population probably has immunity to one or more streptococcal virulence factors (6,25); 2) predisposing conditions (e.g., varicella, and use of NSAIDs) are required in a given patient; and 3) only a small percentage of the population may have an inherent predisposition to severe streptococcal infection because of constitutional factors such as HLA Class II antigen type (77,78), B-cell (79), or specific Vb regions on lymphocytes. This last hypothesis is further supported by the observation that secondary cases of streptococcal TSS, though reported (80), have been rare. Dr. Stevens is chief, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, and professor of medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. He is a member of CDC's Working Group on Streptococcal Infections and a consultant to the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization on Streptococcal Infections. On July 1994, he testified before Congress on Severe Streptococcal Infections and is currently President of the American Lancefield Society. Address for correspondence: Infectious Disease Section Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 500 West Fort Street (Bldg 6), Boise, ID 83702, USA, fax: 208-389-7965 References 1. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, Swarts R, Reis KM, Schlievert PM, et al. Reappearance of scarlet fever toxin A among streptococci in the Rocky Mountain West: severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1-7. 2. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269:390-1. 3. Sennert D. De febribus libri quator. Editio novissima. Cui accessit fasciculus medicamentorum contra pestem. Libri IV. De peste, Pestilentibusque ac Malingis Febribus. Venice: Francisum Baba, 1641. 4. Douglass W. The practical history of a new epidemical eruptive miliary fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa, which prevailed in Boston, New England in the years 1735 and 1736. Boston: T. Fleet, 1736. 5. Dillon HC. Impetigo contagiosa: suppurative and nonsuppurative complication. Clinical, bacteriologic and epidemiologic characteristics of impetigo. Am J Dis Child 1968; 115:530-41. 6. Wannamaker LW, Rammelkamp CH, Jr., Denny FW, Brink WR, Houser HB, Hahn EO, et al. Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of depot penicillin. Am J Med 1951; 10:673-95. 7. Weaver GH. Scarlet Fever. In: Abt IA, ed., Pediatrics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1925:298-362. 8. Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:2-13. 9. Kohler W, Gerlach D, Knoll H. Streptococcal outbreaks and erythrogenic toxin type A. Zbl Bakt Hyg 1987; 266:104-15. 10. Martin PR, Hoiby EA. Streptococcal serogroup A epidemic in Norway 1987-1988. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22:421-9. 11. Holm S. Fatal group A streptococcal infections. Presented at the 89th Conference of the American Society for Microbiology, New Orleans, LA, 1989. 12. Wheeler MC, Roe MH, Kaplan EL, Schlievert PM, Todd JK. Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiological correlates. JAMA 1991; 266:533-7. 13. Gaworzewska ET, Coleman G. Correspondence: group A streptococcal infections and a toxic shock-like syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1546. 14. Schwartz B, Facklam R, Breiman R. The changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infections in the U.S.: association with changes in serotype. Presented at the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1990; Abstract 88. 15. Bartter T, Dascal A, Carroll K, Curley FJ. "Toxic strep syndrome": manifestation of group A streptococcal infection. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:1421-4. 16. Hribalova V. Streptococcus pyogenes and the toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:772. 17. Greenberg RN, Willoughby BG, Kennedy DJ, Otto TJ, McMillian R, Bloomster TG. Hypocalcemia and "toxic" syndrome associated with streptococcal fasciitis. South Med J 1983; 76:916-8. 18. Jackson MA, Olson LC, Burry VF. Pediatric group A streptococcal (GAS) disease with multi-organ dysfunction. Presented at the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1990; Abstract 195. 19. Thomas JC, Carr SJ, Fujioka K, Waterman SH. Community-acquired group A streptococcal deaths in Los Angeles County. J Infect Dis 1989; 160:1086-7. 20. Francis J, Warren RE. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia in Cambridge: a review of 67 episodes. Q J Med 1988; 256:603-13. 21. Barnham M. Invasive streptococcal infections in the era before the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a 10 years' compilation of patients with streptococcal bacteraemia in North Yorkshire. J Infect Dis 1989; 18:231-48. 22. Braunstein H. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteremia in patients at the San Bernardino County Medical Center. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:8-11. 23. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Brieman RF. Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167-71. 24. Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm AM, Norgren M. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:31-7. 25. Stegmayr B, Bjorck S, Holm S, Nisell J, Rydvall A, Settergren B. Septic shock induced by group A streptococcal infections: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Scand J Infect Dis 1992; 24:589-97. 26. Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, Schlievert PM, Byrne S, Jamieson F, et al. Severe invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16:792-800. 27. Auerbach SB, Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman R, Jarvis WR. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in a nursing home. Presented at the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1990; Abstract 171. 28. Hohenboken JJ, Anderson F, Kaplan EL. Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) serotype M-1 outbreak in a long-term care facility (LTCF) with mortality. Presented at the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994; Abstract J189. 29. Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:374-82. 30. Belani K, Schlievert P, Kaplan E, Ferrieri P. Association of exotoxin-producing group A streptococci and severe disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:351-4. 31. Hauser AR, Goshorn SC, Kaplan E, Stevens DL, Schlievert PM. Molecular analysis of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins. Presented at the Third International American Society for Microbiology Conference on Streptococcal Genetics. Minneapolis, MN, 1990. 32. Hauser AR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL, Schlievert PM. Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1562-7. 33. Musser JM, Hauser AR, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, Selander RK. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2668-72. 34. Mollick JA, Miller GG, Musser JM, Cook RG, Grossman D, Rich RR. A novel superantigen isolated from pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes with aminoterminal homology to staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:710-9. 35. Iwasaki M, Igarashi H, Hinuma Y, Yutsudo T. Cloning, characterization and overexpression of a Streptococcus pyogenes gene encoding a new type of mitogenic factor. FEBS Lett 1993; 331:187-92. 36. Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, Holm SE, Norgren M. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun 1994; 62:5227-33. 37. Meleney FL. Hemolytic Streptococcus gangrene. Arch Surg 1924; 9:317-64. 38. Adams EM, Gudmundsson S, Yocum DE, Haselby RC, Craig WA, Sundstrom WR. Streptococcal myositis. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145:1020-3. 39. Svane S. Peracute spontaneous streptococcal myositis: a report on 2 fatal cases with review of literature. Acta Chir Scand 1971; 137:155-63. 40. Yoder EL, Mendez J, Khatib R. Spontaneous gangrenous myositis induced by Streptococcus pyogenes: case report and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9:382-5. 41. Nather A, Wong FY, Balasubramaniam P, Pang M. Streptococcal necrotizing myositis a rare entity: a report of two cases. Clin Orthop 1987; 215:206-11. 42. Stevens DL, Musher DM, Watson DA, Eddy H, Hamill RJ, Gyorkey F, Rosen H, et al. Spontaneous, nontraumatic gangrene due to Clostridium septicum. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:286-96. 43. Bullowa JGM, Wischik S. Complications of varicella. I: their occurrence among 2,534 patients. Am J Dis Child 1935;49: 923-6. 44. Fast DJ, Schlievert PM, Nelson RD. Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production. Infect Immun 1989; 57:291-4. 45. Hackett SP, Schlievert PM, Stevens DL. Cytokine production by human mononuclear cells in response to streptococcal exotoxins. Clin Res 1991; 39:189A. 46. Hallas G. The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A streptococci. J Hyg (Camb) 1985; 95:47-7. 47. Lancefield RC. Current knowledge of type specific M antigens of group A streptococci. J Immunol 1962; 89:307-13. 48. Mollick JA, Rich RR. Characterization of a superantigen from a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Res 1991; 39:213A. 49. Hackett SP, Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: synthesis of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by monocytes stimulated with pyrogenic exotoxin A and streptolysin O. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:879-85. 50. Kotb M, Tomai M, Majumdar G, Walker J, Beachey EH. Cellular and biochemical responses of human T lymphocytes stimulated with streptococcal M protein. Presented at the 11th Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococcal Diseases, Siena, Italy, 1990; Abstract L77. 51. Watanabe-Ohnishi R, Low DE, McGeer A, Stevens DL, Schlievert PM, Newton D, et al. Selective depletion of Vb-bearing T cells in patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:74-84. 52. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hackett SP. Gram-positive shock. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1992; 5:355-63. 53. Hackett S, Ferretti J, Stevens D. Cytokine induction by viable group A streptococci: suppression by streptolysin O. Presented at the 93rd Conference of the American Society for Microbiology, Las Vegas, NV, 1994; Abstract B-249. 54. Muller-Alouf H, Alouf JE, Gerlach D, Ozegowski JH, Fitting C, Cavaillon JM. Comparative study of cytokine release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Streptococcus pyogenes superantigenic erythrogenic toxins, heat-killed streptococci and lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1994; 62:4915-21. 55. Hackett SP, Stevens DL. Superantigens associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndromes are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor beta synthesis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:232-5. 56. Kappur V, Majesky MW, Li LL, Black RA, Musser JM. Cleavage of Interleukin 1B (IL-1B) precursor to produce active IL-1B by a conserved extracellular cysteine protease from Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:7676-80. 57. Cleary R, Chen C, Lapenta D, Bormann N, Heath D, Haanes E. A virulence regulon in Streptococcus pyogenes. Presented at the Third International American Society for Microbiology Conference on Streptococcal Genetics, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; Abstract 19. 58. Cleary PP, Kaplan EL, Handley JP, Wlazlo A, Kim MH, Hauser AR, et al. Clonal basis for resurgence of serious Streptococcus pyogenes disease in the 1980s. Lancet 1992; 339:518-21. 59. Nida SK, Ferretti JJ. Phage influence on the synthesis of extracellular toxins in group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1982; 36:745-50. 60. Johnson LP, Tomai MA, Schlievert PM. Bacteriophage involvement in group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A production. J Bacteriol 1986; 166:623-7. 61. Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: the past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:561-6. 62. Kim KS, Kaplan EL. Association of penicillin tolerance with failure to eradicate group A streptococci from patients with pharyngitis. J Pediatr 1985; 107:681-4. 63. Gatanaduy AS, Kaplan EL, Huwe BB, McKay C, Wannamaker LW. Failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococci during an outbreak of pharyngitis. Lancet 1980; 2:498-502. 64. Brook I. Role of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococci. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985; 4:491-5. 65. Kohler W. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Zbl Bakt 1990; 272:257-64. 66. Eagle H. Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice. Am J Med 1952; 13:389-9. 67. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, Winn V. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:23-8. 68. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Yan S. Invasive group A streptococcal infection: new concepts in antibiotic treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4:297-301. 69. Stevens DL, Yan S, Bryant AE. Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: an explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1401-5. 70. Yan S, Mendelman PM, Stevens DL. The in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone against Streptococcus pyogenes is unrelated to penicillin-binding protein 4. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 110:313-18. 71. Yan S, Bohach GA, Stevens DL. Persistent acylation of high-molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins by penicillin induces the post-antibiotic effect in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:609-14. 72. Stevens DL, Maier KA, Mitten JE. Effect of antibiotics on toxin production and viability of Clostridium perfringens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31:213-8. 73. Gemmell CG, Peterson PK, Schmeling D, Kim Y, Mathews J, Wannamaker L, et al. Potentiation of opsonization and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes following growth in the presence of clindamycin. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:1249-56. 74. Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hackett SP. Antibiotic effects on bacterial viability, toxin production and host response. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 2):S154-7. 75. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, Pesanti EL. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 1992; 267(24):3315-6. 76. Yong JM. Letter. Lancet 1994; 343:1427. 77. Greenberg LJ, Gray ED, Yunis E. Association of HL-A5 and immune responsiveness in vitro to streptococcal antigens. J Exp Med 1975; 141:934-43. 78. Weinstein L, Barza M. Gas gangrene. N Engl J Med 1972; 289:1129. 79. Zabriskie JB, Lavenchy D, Williams RCJ, et al. Rheumatic-fever associated B-cell alloantigens as identified by monoclonal antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:1047-51. 80. Schwartz B, Elliot JA, Butler JC, Simon PA, Jameson BL, Welch GE, et al. Clusters of invasive group A streptococcal infections in family, hospital, and nursing home settings. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:277-84.

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N039603 October 14, 2008 CLA-2-42:OT:RR:NC:N3:341 CATEGORY: Classification TARIFF NO.: 4202.99.9000 Don Soekland Lowepro 1003 Gravenstein Hwy. North Suite 200 Sebastopol, CA 95472 RE: The tariff classification of non-rigid molded silicone camera sheath from China Dear Mr. Soekland: In your letter dated September 19, 2008 you requested a tariff classification ruling. The sample which you submitted is being retained by this office. A style number was not provided for the sample submitted. It is a camera sheath constructed of non-rigid molded silicone. It is specially fitted for a digital camera and designed to provide maximum protection from impact and abrasion while allowing full access to all the features the camera possesses. In your letter, you suggest classification under subheading 3926.90.9980, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) which provides for other articles of plastics, other. You also suggest classification under subheading 9006.91.0000, HTSUS, which provides for parts and accessories for photographic cameras. This provision is limited to parts and accessories for film cameras, not digital cameras. Classification under the HTSUS is made in accordance with the General Rules of Interpretation (GRI). Pursuant to GRI 1, goods shall be determined according to the terms of the headings of the tariff schedule and any relative Section or Chapter Notes under the heading that most specifically describes them. The camera sheath is more specifically classified under heading 4202, HTSUS. The applicable subheading for the non-rigid molded silicone camera sheath will be 4202.99.9000, HTSUS, which provides for in part, for other containers and cases, other, other. The rate of duty will be 20 percent ad valorem. Duty rates are provided for your convenience and are subject to change. The text of the most recent HTSUS and the accompanying duty rates are provided on World Wide Web at http://www.usitc.gov/tata/hts/. This ruling is being issued under the provisions of Part 177 of the Customs Regulations (19 C.F.R. 177). A copy of the ruling or the control number indicated above should be provided with the entry documents filed at the time this merchandise is imported. If you have any questions regarding the ruling, contact National Import Specialist Vikki Lazaro at (646) 733-3041. Sincerely, Robert B. Swierupski Director National Commodity Specialist Division

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?-wsr-s-wt 3811 3811 0 Feb 27 11:03:49 2001 NHICWP C.W. 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en

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**1065B BUSINESS RULES FOR TAX YEAR 2006** **Version 2006v2.6** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Rule Number Rules Text Error Severity Changed from Category TY2006v2.5 to TY2006v2.6 --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------ F1065B-001 If Form 1065-B, Item G(4), checkbox is checked, then Form Missing Reject 8082 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-002 If Form 1065-B, Item G(4), checkbox is checked, then there Multiple Reject must be no more than one Form 8082 present in the return. Documents F1065B-003 If Form 1065-B, Item J checkbox is checked, then Schedule Missing Reject M-3 (Form 1065) must be present in the return. Document F1065B-004 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule A, Line 8. F1065B-005 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Deleted Form 8825 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-006 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Multiple Reject there must be no more than one Form 8825 present in the Documents return. F1065B-007 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 7 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject one or more Schedules F (1040) must be present in the Document return. F1065B-008 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 8 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule D, Line 14. F1065B-010 If Form 1065-B, Line 9, has a non-zero value, then Form 4684 Missing Reject Deleted or Form 4797 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-012 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26a checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 4255 must present in the return. Document F1065B-013 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26a checkbox is checked, then Multiple Reject no more than one Form 4255 must be present in the return. Documents F1065B-014 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 26b checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 8611 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-015 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 28b checkbox is checked, then Missing Reject Form 4136 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-016 If Form 1065-B, Part 1, Line 28b checkbox is checked, then Multiple Reject there must be no more than one Form 4136 present in the Documents return. F1065B-017 If Form1065-B, Part II, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then it Data Mismatch Reject must equal Schedule D, Line 17. F1065B-018 If Form 1065-B, Schedule A, Line 9c checkbox is checked, Missing Reject then Form 970 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-019 If Form 1065-B, Schedule A, Line 9c checkbox is checked, Multiple Reject then no more than one Form 970 must be present in the Documents return. F1065B-020 If Form 1065-B, Schedule B, Line 9 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more Forms 8865 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-021 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then Data Mismatch Reject it must equal Form1065-B, Part II, Line 13. F1065B-022 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 3 has a non-zero value, then Data Mismatch Reject it must equal Form1065-B, Part II, Line 2b. F1065B-023 If Form1065-B, Schedule K, Line 4a has a non-zero value, Data Mismatch Reject then it must equal Schedule D, Line 16. F1065B-024 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 4b has a non-zero value, Data Mismatch Reject then it must equal Schedule D, Line 18. F1065B-025 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 11 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more Forms 8586 must be present in the return. Document F1065B-026 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject Deleted then either Form 3468 or Form 8586 must be present in the Document return. F1065B-027 If Form 1065-B, Line 27 has a non-zero value, then Form 8913 Missing Reject must be present in the return. Document F1065B-028 If Form 1065-B, Line 27 has a non-zero value, then no more Multiple Reject than one Form 8913 must be present in the return. Documents F1065B-029 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 10 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more distinct forms and/or schedule/statement Document from the following must be attached: Form 3468, 5884, 5884-A, 6478, 6765, 8820, 8826, 8834, 8835, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8847, 8861, 8864, 8874, 8881, 8882, 8896, 8900, 8906, 8907, 8908, 8909, 8910, 8911, 8912, "Other Credits Statement" \[OtherCreditsStatement\]. F1065B-033 If Form 1065-B, Part I, Line 4 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject New Form 8825 must be present in the Form 1065B. Document F1065B-034 If Form 1065-B, Line 9, has a non-zero value, then Form 4684 Missing Reject New or Form 4797 must be present in Form 1065B. Document F1065B-035 If Form 1065-B, Schedule K, Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject New then either Form 3468 or Form 8586 must be present in Form Document 1065B. F5471-002 If Form 5471, Item B, checkbox "3" is checked, then one or Missing Reject more "Category 3 Filer Statements" Document \[Category3FilerStatement\] must be attached. F5471-003 If Form 5471, Schedule C, Line 8, Columns "Functional Missing Reject Currency" or "US Dollars" has a non-zero value, then "Other Document Income Statement" \[OtherIncomeForm5471Statement\] must be attached. F5471-005 If Form 5471, Schedule C, Line 16, Columns "Functional Missing Reject Currency" or "US Dollars" has a non-zero value, then Document "Itemized Other Deductions Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherDeductionsSchedule2\] must be attached. F5471-010 If Form 5471, Schedule H, Line 2h, Columns "Net Additions" Missing Reject or "Net Subtractions" has a non-zero value, then "Earnings Document and Profits Other Adjustments Statement" \[EarningsAndProfitsOtherAdjStmt\] must be attached. F5471-014 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 6, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Investment In Subsidiaries Document Statement" \[InvestmentInSubsidiariesStmt\] must be attached. F5471-026 If Form 5471, Schedule G, Line 1, checkbox 'Yes' is checked, Missing Reject then one or more "Owns Foreign Partnership Statement" Document \[OwnsForeignPartnershipStmt\] must be attached. F5471-029 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 4, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Current Assets Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherCurrentAssetsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-030 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 7, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Investments Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherInvestmentsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-031 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 12, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Assets Schedule" Document \[ItemizedOtherAssetsSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-032 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 15, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Current Document Liabilities Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherCurrentLiabilitiesSchedule\] must be attached. F5471-033 If Form 5471, Schedule F, Line 17, Column (a) or Column (b) Missing Reject has a non-zero value, then "Itemized Other Liabilities Document Schedule" \[ItemizedOtherLiabilitiesSchedule\] must be attached. F6478-002 If Form 6478, Line 1(a) has a value, then the value must be Incorrect Reject greater than or equal to 0 (zero) and less than or equal to Data 15000000 (fifteen million). F6765-003 If Form 6765, Line 10 has a value, the value must be greater Incorrect Reject than or equal to 0 (zero) and less than or equal to 16% Data (0.16000). F8586-006 If Form 8586, Line 3 has a non-zero value, then one or more Missing Reject Forms 8609-A must be present in the return. Document F8586-007 If Form 8586, Line 1 has a non-zero value, a matching number Incorrect Reject of Forms 8609-A must be present in the return. Data F8609A-001 Form 8609-A, Part I, Item A "Building Identification Number" Missing Data Reject must have a value. F8825-001 If Form 8825 is attached, and Line 2 "Gross rents" has a Missing Data Reject non-zero value for any Rental Real Estate property, then "Total Gross Rents" must have a value greater than zero. F8865-003 If Form 8865, Line G2 check box "Form 1065 or 1065-B" is Missing Data Reject checked, then Line F2 must have a value. F8865-011 If Form 8865, Schedule K, Line 2 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Form 8825 must be attached. Document F8865-028 If Form 8865, Schedule A, checkbox b "Owns a constructive Missing Data Reject interest" is checked, then data for at least one row in Schedule A must be provided. For each row of data provided, "Name" and "Address" must have a value. F8865-029 If Form 8865, Schedule B, Line 5 has a non-zero value, then Missing Reject Schedule F (Form 1040) must be attached. Document F8865-097 There can be no more than one Form 8825 attached to Form Multiple Reject 8865. Documents F8865-178 If Form 8865, Schedule K, Line 15f has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then one or more distinct forms and/or schedule/statement Document from the following list must be attached : Form 4255, 5884, 6478, 6765, 8820, 8826, 8834, 8835, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8847, 8860, 8861, 8864, 8874, 8881, 8882, 8896, 8900, 8586, 8271, 4797, 3468, 8906, 8907, 8908, 8910, 8911, 8912, 5884-A Non Conventional Fuel Source Credit Schedule" \["NonconventionalSourceFuelCreditSchedule"\], "Itemized Other Credits Schedule" \["ItemizedOtherCreditsSchedule"\]. F982-001 If Form 982, Line 1c is checked and Line 1a, Line 1b and Missing Data Reject Line 1d are not checked, then Line 10 must have a non-zero value. F982-003 If Form 982, Line 1d is checked, Line 4 must have a non-zero Missing Data Reject value. FPYMT-018 Tax payer's Day Time Phone Number in IRS Payment Record Incorrect Reject cannot equal all zeros. Data FPYMT-026 "Payment Amount" in the IRS Payment Record must not be Incorrect Reject greater than Form 1065-B, Line 30. Data FPYMT-027 If the timestamp (in the GTX key or Response to Send Incorrect Reject Submissions Request) is on or before the due date of the Data return (three and one half months after the "TaxPeriodEndDate" in the Return Header), then the "RequestedPaymentDate" in the IRS Payment Record must be on the due date or before the due date but not more than 5 days prior to the received date. FPYMT-028 If the timestamp (in the GTX key or Response to Send Incorrect Reject Submissions Request) is after the due date of the return Data (three and one half months after the "TaxPeriodEndDate" in the Return Header), then the "RequestedPaymentDate" in the IRS Payment Record must not be later than the date the return was received and must not be prior to five days before the date the return was received by the IRS. R0000-002 The return type must be specified for each return in the Missing Data Reject And return header. Stop R0000-003 The return version (attribute 'returnVersion' of the Return Missing Data Reject And element) must be specified for each return in the return Stop header. R0000-004 The return type (specified in the Return Header) and the Data Mismatch Reject And return version (specified by the 'returnVersion' attribute Stop of the 'Return' element) of the return must match the return type and the version supported by the Modernized e-File system. R0000-007 For US Addresses, the first five digits of the Zip Code of Incorrect Reject the Filer's address in the Return Header must be within the Data valid ranges of zip codes listed for the corresponding State Abbreviation in Publication 4164. R0000-014 SSN of the Preparer in the Return Header cannot be all zeros Incorrect Reject or all nines. Data R0000-015 EIN of the Preparer Firm in the Return Header must not equal Incorrect Reject all nines. Data R0000-018 The eight numeric digits of the PTIN (of the Preparer) Incorrect Reject following the letter P, must not equal all zeros or all Data nines in the Return Header. R0000-019 The number of return documents (forms, schedules, and Data Mismatch Reject supporting documents) included in the return must equal the document count specified in the Return Data (documentCount attribute of the ReturnData element of the Return). R0000-020 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AA" then the first three digits Data of the zip code must be 340. R0000-021 The Employer Identification Number (EIN) of the Filer in the Incorrect Reject Return Header must not equal all nines. Data R0000-022 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AE" then the first three digits Data of the zip code must be in the range 090 - 098. R0000-023 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and if Incorrect Reject the value of City is "APO" or "FPO", then the value of State Data must equal "AA", "AE" or "AP". R0000-024 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AP" then first three digits of Data the zip code must be in the range 962 - 966. R0000-027 There was a problem with IRS systems that prevented the System Error Reject return from being processed electronically. Please contact the Help Desk. R0000-030 In the Return Header, if the Practitioner PIN is provided Data Mismatch Reject then the EFIN in the PractitionerPIN must be the same as the EFIN of the Originator. R0000-031 Taxpayer PIN in the Return Header cannot equal all zeros. Incorrect Reject Data R0000-032 Signature Option in the Return Header is a required field Missing Data Reject and must have either the value "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Document" or "PIN Number". R0000-034 If the Filer has a US address in the Return Header and State Incorrect Reject Abbreviation has the value "AA", "AE" or "AP then the City Data must be "APO" OR "FPO". R0000-035 The "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header must be Incorrect Reject less than the "Received Date". Data R0000-044 The CUSIP Number cannot equal all zeros. Incorrect Reject Data R0000-046 For US Addresses, the fourth and fifth digit of the Zip Code Incorrect Reject of the Filer's address in the Return Header cannot both be Data zeros ("00"), except when the Zip code is 00800, 20500, 34000, 00600, 96100, 96900. R0000-050 Bank Account Number in IRS Payment Record must not equal all Incorrect Reject zeros or all blanks. Data R0000-051 The Submission Type in the IRS Submission Manifest must Data Mismatch Reject match the return type indicated in the Return Header. R0000-052 The Tax Year specified in the IRS Submission Manifest must Data Mismatch Reject match the Tax Year in the Return Header. R0000-054 The EFIN in the IRS Submission Manifest must match the EFIN Data Mismatch Reject provided in the Return Header. R0000-055 If the signature option "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Missing Reject Document" is selected (the element "SignatureOption" in the Document Return Header has a value of "Binary Attachment 8453 Signature Document"), then a binary attachment with Description "8453 Signature Document" must be present. R0000-057 Every attached file (i.e. binary attachment) must be Missing Data Reject referenced by the XML document that represents it. R0000-058 An XML document that represents a binary attachment must Missing Data Reject have a valid reference to an attached file. R0000-060 The EFIN in the Submission ID (the first six digits) must Incorrect Reject match the EFIN in the Submission Manifest. Data R0000-064 "Tax Year" in the Return Header must equal "2006" for the Incorrect Reject processing year 2007. Data R0000-065 If the checkbox "Final Return" is not checked or if the Incorrect Reject checkbox "Initial Return" is not checked or if the return is Data NOT less than 12 months (364 days from the "Tax Period Beginning Date" to the "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header), then the "Tax Period Ending Date" in the Return Header must equal one of the following values for a return filed for Tax Year 2006 - ("20061231", "20070131", "20070228", "20070331", "20070430", "20070531", "20070630", "20070731", "20070831", "20070930", "20071031", "20071130") OR \[the tax period ending date must be 1-3 days after the beginning of the month or the tax period ending date must be 1-6 days before the end of the month\]. R0000-067 The attached files (i.e. binary attachments) in a submission Incorrect Reject And zip archive must have distinct names. Data Stop R0000-068 If the Signature Option "PIN Number" is selected (the Missing Data Reject element "SignatureOption" in the Return Header has a value of "PIN Number") then the following fields must have a value in the Return Header: "PractitionerPIN", "TaxpayerPIN", "Name" of the "Partner", "Title" of the "Partner", "DateSigned" and "PINEnteredBy" Indicator. R0000-079 The EIN present in the IRS Submission Manifest must match Data Mismatch Reject And New the EIN provided in the Return Header. Stop R0000-080 The TaxPeriodBeginDate present in the IRS Submission Data Mismatch Reject And New Manifest must match the TaxPeriodBeginDate provided in the Stop Return Header. R0000-081 The TaxPeriodEndDate present in the IRS Submission Manifest Data Mismatch Reject And New must match the TaxPeriodEndDate provided in the Return Stop Header. R0000-900 The return type indicated in the return header must match Database Reject the return type established with the IRS for the EIN. Validation Error R0000-901 Filer's EIN and Name Control in the Return Header must match Database Reject data in the e-File database. Validation Error R0000-904 Software ID in the Return Header must have passed testing Database Reject And for the form family and tax year. Validation Stop Error R0000-905 Electronic Filing Identification Number (EFIN) in the Return Database Reject Header must be listed in the e-File database and in accepted Validation status. Error R0000-906 Routing Transit Number (RTN) included in the return must be Database Reject present in the e-File database. Validation Error R0000-909 If "Amended Return" or (Superseded for 1120/1120S) checkbox Duplicate Reject is not checked, then taxpayer TIN in the Return Header must Condition not be the same as a TIN of a previously accepted electronic return for the return type and tax period indicated in the tax return. R0000-910 If "Amended Return" or (Superseded for 1120/1120S) checkbox Duplicate Reject is not checked, then taxpayer TIN in the Return Header must Condition not be the same as a TIN of a previously accepted paper return for the return type and tax period indicated in the tax return. SF-F1040-003 If Schedule F (Form 1040), Line 12 has a non-zero value, Missing Reject then Form 4562 must be attached to the return. Document SM3-F1065-001 If Schedule M-3 (Form1065), Part II, Line 15(a), 15(b), Missing Reject 15(c), or 15(d) (Cost of Goods Sold) has a non-zero value, Document then Form 8916-A must be present in the return. SM3-F1065-002 If Schedule M-3 (Form1065), Part II, Line 15(a), 15(b), Multiple Reject 15(c), or 15(d) (Cost of Goods Sold) has a non-zero value, Documents then no more than one Form 8916-A must be present in the return. STATE-001 The agency to which a State Submission is filed must Incorrect Reject participate in the Fed/State program. Data STATE-005 The Submission Category of a State Submission must match Data Mismatch Reject Submission Category of the referenced IRS Submission. STATE-006 If IRS Submission ID is not provided in the State Submission Unsupported Reject Manifest, the State must participate in the State Stand Alone Program. STATE-007 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submision must Incorrect Reject be that of an IRS Return. Data STATE-008 State Corporate Returns can only be submitted via the Web Unsupported Reject Services Channel. STATE-901 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submission Database Reject Manifest must be present in the e-File database. Validation Error STATE-902 The IRS Submission ID referenced in the State Submission Database Reject Manifest must be in accepted status. Validation Error T0000-001 The 'production' Modernized e-File system must not process Data Mismatch Reject And transmission files whose 'process type' is set to 'T' Stop (created for ATS testing). T0000-002 The 'test' Modernized e-File system must not process Data Mismatch Reject And transmission files whose 'process type' is set to Stop 'P'(created for production use). T0000-003 The number of returns indicated in the transmission manifest Data Mismatch Reject And must equal the number of returns included in the Stop transmission file. T0000-013 The Message ID must be globally unique. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-014 The Submission ID must be globally unique. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-015 The ETIN in the Message ID (the first five digits) must Incorrect Reject And match the ETIN provided with the request. Data Stop T0000-016 The Message ID must be 20 positions in length and conform to Incorrect Reject And the following format: 12 digits followed by 8 alphanumeric Data Stop characters (only lower case alphabetic characters allowed). T0000-017 The Submission ID must be 20 characters in length. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop T0000-900 Transmission cannot be a duplicate of a previously accepted Duplicate Reject And transmission. Condition Stop T0000-901 If the ETIN in the transmission header is in "test" status Database Reject And in the e-File database, then only transmission files Validation Stop identified as being "test" transmissions must be processed Error by the e-File system. T0000-902 If the ETIN in the transmission header is in "production" Database Reject And status in the e-File database, then only transmission files Validation Stop identified as being "production" transmissions must be Error processed by the e-File system. X0000-005 The XML data has failed schema validation. XML Error Reject And Stop X0000-007 The namespace declarations in the root element of the SOAP XML Error Reject And Envelope (the 'Envelope' element) must be as follows: The Stop default namespace shall be set to "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>" (xmlns= "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "efile" shall be bound to the namespace "[http://www.irs.gov](http://www.irs.gov/)" (xmlns:efile="<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "SOAP" shall be bound to the namespace "<http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/>" (xmlns:SOAP="<http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/>") and the Envelope element must be qualified with this prefix. X0000-008 The namespace declarations in the root element of the return XML Error Reject And ('Return' element) must be as follows:The default namespace Stop shall be set to "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>" (xmlns= "<http://www.irs.gov/efile>").The namespace prefix "efile" shall be bound to the namespace "[http://www.irs.gov](http://www.irs.gov/)" (xmlns:efile="<http://www.irs.gov/efile>"). X0000-009 The SOAP envelope structure in the Transmission file must XML Error Reject And conform to the SOAP 1.1 specification. Stop X0000-010 For each SubmissionID provided in the transmission manifest Incorrect Reject And there must be a submission zip archive entry present in the Data Stop Attachment Zip file whose name (without the ".zip" extension) matches the SubmissionID. X0000-011 All entries in the submission zip archive (zip file that is Incorrect Reject And the submission) must begin with "manifest/" or "/manifest/" Data Stop or "xml/" or "/xml/" or "attachment/" or "/attachment/" (all lower case characters). X0000-012 The name of a binary attachment file must be less than or Incorrect Reject And equal to 64 bytes. Data Stop X0000-015 Each zip entry in the Attachment Zip file must end with Data Mismatch Reject And ".zip" extension. Stop X0000-017 ZIP Entry names in the transmission ZIP archive must be Duplicate Reject And unique. Condition Stop X0000-018 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And must contain exactly one entry that begins with "manifest/" Data Stop or "/manifest/" and is followed by the file name "manifest.xml". The entry name must use lower case characters ('a' through 'z') only and the separator must be the forward slash character. X0000-019 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And must contain exactly one entry that consists of "xml/" or Data Stop "/xml/" (all lower case characters) followed by a file name. X0000-020 A submission zip archive (zip file that is the submission) Incorrect Reject And may contain zero or more entries that begin with Data Stop "attachment/" or "/attachment/" and each is followed by a file name. The entry name must use lower case characters ('a' through 'z') only and the separator must be the forward slash character. X0000-021 The submission zip archive entries (zip files) in the Missing Data Reject And container zip file must be in the root directory of the Stop container zip file. X0000-022 The names of ZIP Entries (files) within the attachments zip Duplicate Reject file (the container zip file that contains zip files for all Condition submission) must be unique. X0000-024 Unable to read a binary attachment in the Submission Zip Incorrect Reject And Archive. Data Stop X0000-025 Unable to read XML data from the Submission Zip Archive. Incorrect Reject And Data Stop X0000-026 The count of SubmissionIDs provided in the transmission Incorrect Reject And manifest must match the count of submission zip archive Data Stop entries in the Attachment Zip file. X0000-027 Year (YYYY) in the SubmissionID must be processing year. Incorrect Reject Data X0000-028 A single PDF file must not exceed 60MB in size. Incorrect Reject Data X0000-029 A binary attachment submitted in the PDF format must begin Incorrect Reject And with the file header "%PDF-". Data Stop X0000-030 The size and CRC32 checksum value must be provided for the Missing Data Reject And submission XML file (i.e. xml data file that starts with Stop "xml/" or "/xml/". ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

en

log-files

845546

! Started logfile: 1338+381_X.log on Mon Apr 27 09:43:19 1998 observe 1338+381_X.edt ! Reading UV FITS file: 1338+381_X.edt ! AN table 1: 34 integrations on 36 of 36 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.186275 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: 1338+381 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.15049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.23049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.41049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.55049e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 406 lines of history. ! ! Reading 912 visibilities. select ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 uvweight 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. mapsi 1024,0.5 ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.500x0.500 milli-arcsec cellsize. mapp ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.907 mas, bmaj=8.58 mas, bpa=11.71 degrees ! Estimated noise=10.3119 mJy/beam. ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help peakw 1.8 ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0987261 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0991772 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0991772 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004406 max=0.005457 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001391 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.0991772 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0012363 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00137298 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.00137298 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003995 max=0.004739 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001179 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.10055 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help clean 100 ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.05 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 5.6278e-05 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000144136 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = -0.000144136 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003976 max=0.004466 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000001 rms=0.001138 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.100406 Jy mapp ! ! Move the cursor into the plot window and press 'H' for help save 1338+381_X ! Writing UV FITS file: 1338+381_X.uvf ! Writing 35 model components to file: 1338+381_X.mod ! wwins: Wrote 1 windows to 1338+381_X.win ! Adding 35 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 35 components and 0.100406 Jy ! Inverting map ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.907 x 8.58 at 11.71 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0049889 max=0.10673 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: 1338+381_X.fits ! Writing difmap environment to: 1338+381_X.par device 1338+381_Xuv.ps/vps,1,2 ! Attempting to open device: '1338+381_Xuv.ps/vps' radplot ! Using default options string "m1" uvplot device 1338+381_Xim.ps/vps ! Attempting to open device: '1338+381_Xim.ps/vps' uvweight 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. loglevs -1,2048,2 ! The new contour levels are: ! -1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 cmul = imstat(rms)*3 ! Inverting map and beam ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.907 mas, bmaj=8.58 mas, bpa=11.71 degrees ! Estimated noise=10.3119 mJy/beam. mappl cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 2.907 x 8.58 at 11.71 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0049889 max=0.10673 Jy/beam quit ! Quitting program ! Log file 1338+381_X.log closed on Mon Apr 27 09:45:06 1998

en

all-txt-docs

511179

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all-txt-docs

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AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 625 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... DIURNAL CUMULUS DISSIPATING RAPIDLY THIS EVENING AS SUN SETS. WINDS ALSO BECOMING LIGHT. LITTLE BIT OF CU LEFT OVER NORTHEAST INDIANA WITH WEAK UPPER CIRCULATION. THIS COULD ROTATE INTO KFWA FROM TIME TO TIME NEXT FEW HOURS SO WILL ACCOUNT FOR THIS WITH A BROKEN VFR TEMPO GROUP. SOME PATCHY FOG POSSIBLE OVERNIGHT WITH CLEAR SKIES AND LIGHT WINDS. DRIER AIR UPSTREAM SHOULD ADVECT IN AND LOWER DEWPOINTS SO COUNTING ON THIS TO KEEP WIDESPREAD FOG FROM FORMING. HIGH MOVES OVER AREA THROUGH MONDAY AFTERNOON BEFORE THICKENING AND LOWERING CLOUDS MOVE IN. CHANCES FOR PRECIPITATION BEFORE 00Z SLIM AND NOT WORTH A MENTION IN TAFS AT THIS POINT. && .SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. && .LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM/AVIATION...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 249 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. && .LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .AVIATION... FOR 18Z TAF ISSUANCE WILL CONTINUE WITH VFR CIGS THROUGH THE AFTERNOON AT BOTH KSBN AND KFWA. WINDS WILL BE A BIT STRONGER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT WITH GENERALLY 10 KTS FROM NORTHWEST. CLOUDS TO DECREASE TONIGHT AS WELL AS WINDS BECOMING CALM. DRIER AIR WORKING IN SHOULD KEEP DEWPOINTS DOWN AND KEEP ANY FOG FROM FORMING WITH THE CLEARING SKIES AND CALM WINDS OVERNIGHT. SEE ABOVE UPDATE DISCUSSION FOR DETAILS OF CLOUD COVERAGE THIS AFTERNOON. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM/AVIATION...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 815 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE...HAVE UPDATED GRIDS TO INCLUDE A WIND ADVISORY ACROSS FAR EASTERN COLORADO. THIS MAY HAVE TO BE EXPANDED FURTHER EAST. AT 03Z KAKO AS WELL AS YUMA COLORADO GUSTING OVER 50 MPH ON LEADING EDGE OF POSSIBLY SOME LIGHT SHOWERS BUT AS THE RUC ALSO POINTS OUT 40+KT 800 MB WINDS. LOW LEVEL LAPSE RATES ALSO RATHER HIGH...OVER 8C/KM. THROUGH 06Z THE CORE OF THE STRONGER WINDS MOVES SOUTHEAST TOWARD FAR WESTERN KANSAS AS THE TIGHTLY WOUND UPPER LOW CONTINUES EAST ACROSS NEBRASKA. HIGHEST CONFIDENCE RIGHT NOW IS FOR ADVISORY CRITERIA GUSTS (OVER 45 MPH) TO OCCUR ACROSS FAR EASTERN COLORADO. WILL NEED TO WATCH SHERMAN AND CHEYENNE COUNTIES OF KANSAS AS WELL AS DUNDY COUNTY NEBRASKA DURING THE NEXT FEW HOURS AS EVEN STRONGER WINDS ARE EXPECTED AT 800MB. HOW MUCH OF THAT WORKS TO THE SURFACE IS THE QUESTION RIGHT NOW. FURTHER UPDATES MAY BE NEEDED. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...NONE. NE...NONE. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 11 PM MST THIS EVENING FOR COZ090- COZ091-COZ092. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 1210 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE...LATEST OBSERVATIONS OVER EASTERN COLORADO INDICATE VERY WINDY CONDTIONS DEVELOPING THERE. THIS IS ALSO SUPPORTED BY STRONG SUDSIDENCE NOTED ON WATER VAPOR IMAGERY MOVING EAST OF THE COLORADO ROCKIES. THE RUC MODEL INDICATES THAT WINDS SHOULD REACH WIND ADVISORY SPEEDS THIS AFTERNOON THERE. CONSEQUENTLY HAVE ISSUED A WIND ADVISORY FOR THE EASTERN COLORADO ZONES UNTIL 00Z MON. THE RUC MODEL INDICATES THAT THESE STRONG WINDS SHOULD NOT DEVELOP OVER FAR WESTERN KANSAS AND EXTREME SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA ZONES. ALSO ADJUSTED MAX TEMPERATURES UP...ESPECIALLY OVER COLORADO ZONES...WHERE WINDS ARE PROVIDING GOOD MIXING AND TEMPERATURES ARE RISING INTO THE 60S. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...NONE. NE...NONE. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MST THIS AFTERNOON FOR COZ090-COZ091- COZ092. && $$ FS </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY 1054 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .MORNING UPDATE... FORECAST IS IN PRETTY GOOD SHAPE. VIS SAT SHOWING SOME DISSIPATING LOW STRATUS OVER THE FAR NERN CWA...WITH LOW-LEVEL CU FIELD BEGINNING TO DEVELOP CWA-WIDE. THIS TREND WILL LIKELY CONTINUE TODAY PER THE LATEST ETA AND RUC SOUNDINGS. SO WILL CONTINUE THE PARTLY SUNNY WORDING. TEMPS RANGING FROM NEAR 50 OVER NE TO MID 50S SW...MAYBE A FEW 56-57 DEGREE READINGS...LOOKS REASONABLE. CURRENT TEMPS ARE RUNNING ABOUT 5 DEGREES WARMER FROM YESTERDAY. TWEAKED TEMPS TO REFLECT THIS. OTHERWISE...NICE DAY WITH NORTHERLY WINDS 5-10 MPH. UPDATED FORECAST OUT SOON. AL && .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM (TODAY AND TONIGHT) THE COLD...CYCLONIC AND SOMEWHAT MOIST NWLY FLOW OF THE PAST COUPLE OF DAYS HAS BECOME DRIER AND MORE ANTICYCLONIC AS A SFC HIGH BUILDS INTO THE REGION TODAY. THE AIR CONTINUES TO SLOWLY DRY OUT IN THE LOWER LEVELS. THE MAIN FCST PROBLEMS FOR THE SHORT TERM IS DEALING WITH THE MIX OF CLOUDS AND SUN TODAY AND THE RESULTANT HIGH TEMPS. OVERNIGHT...HOW MUCH OF A RETURN TO SOUTHEASTERLY FLOW IN THE LOWER LEVELS TAKES PLACE BY MORNING UNDER MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES AND THE RESULTANT MIN TEMPS. ONLY SMALL TWEAKS TO THE CURRENT FCST TEMP TRENDS FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT. --21 LONG TERM (MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY)... TWO WEATHER SYSTEMS WILL IMPACT CENTRAL KENTUCKY AND SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA DURING THE LONG TERM. THE FIRST WILL COME LATE MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY WITH THE SECOND THURSDAY AND FRIDAY INTO SATURDAY. MODELS ARE IN A LITTLE BETTER AGREEMENT BUT ECMWF SEEMS TO A LITTLE SLOWER...ESPECIALLY TOWARD THE END OF THE WEEK. WILL LEAN TOWARD THE FASTER GFS BUT WILL NOT GO AS HIGH ON POPS. MONDAY INTO TUESDAY...LOW PRESSURE ACCOMPANYING THIS FIRST SYSTEM WILL MOVE EAST ACROSS THE NORTHERN PLAINS THEN EAST SOUTHEAST INTO THE GREAT LAKES STATES. SOUTHERLY WINDS AROUND THE RETREATING HIGH PRESSURE AREA WILL BRING SOME INCREASE IN MOISTURE BUT WITH STRONGER 850 MB WINDS NOT HAVING MUCH TIME OUT OF THE GULF MOISTURE WILL BE SOMEWHAT LIMITED. SHOWERS WILL BE NUMEROUS BUT RAINFALL AMOUNTS WILL NOT BE ALL THAT HEAVY. HIGH PRESSURE WILL TRACK ACROSS THE AREA TUESDAY NIGHT AND WEDNESDAY. AS THIS HIGH MOVES TO THE ATLANTIC COAST...SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL DRAW WARMER AND MORE MOIST AIR NORTH FROM THE GULF. FLOW AT 850 MB IS MORE FAVORABLE FOR CARRYING MOISTURE NORTH FROM GULF AND WILL ALLOW DEW POINTS TO INCREASE AS A RESULT. THIS GREATER WARMTH AND HIGHER HUMIDITIES WILL AID IN DESTABILIZING AIRMASS AND WILL KEEP CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS IN FORECAST ALONG AND AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM. LOOK FOR FRONTAL PASSAGE THURSDAY NIGHT. WILL CHANGE PRECIPITATION TYPE BACK TO SHOWERS FOR THE LAST HALF OF FRIDAY NIGHT. WARMER TEMPERATURES WILL SPREAD INTO THE AREA FOR THE MIDDLE AND LATTER HALF OF THE WEEK. SCHOLZ && .LMK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KY...NONE. IN...NONE. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> ky AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BALTIMORE MD/WASHINGTON DC 1128 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... WATER VAPOR IMAGERY SHOWS UPPER LOW SPINNING WELL OFFSHORE SOMEWHERE NEAR 41N 63W LATE THIS MORNING. HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF CLOUD FORMATIONS ACROSS OUR CWA BASED ON VISIBLE AND INFRARED IMAGERY...WITH A SOLID DECK OF MID CLOUDS ACROSS THE BALTIMORE AND DC METRO AREAS...AND MORE IN THE WAY OF CU AND STRATOCU STREAKING ACROSS THE REST OF NORTH CENTRAL VA AND PLACES WEST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. NO MATTER THE TYPE (OR QUALITY) OF THE CLOUDS...THE QUANTITY DENOTES MOSTLY CLOUDY FOR JUST ABOUT OUR ENTIRE CWA THROUGH THE AFTERNOON WITH MID AND LOWER MOISTURE IN PLACE. A LITTLE MORE CHALLENGING IS WHETHER OR NOT TO HAVE ANY MENTION OF PRECIP THROUGH THE AFTERNOON. OROGRAPHICS WILL KEEP A FEW SNOW/RAIN SHOWERS ALONG AND WEST OF THE ALLEGANY FRONT THROUGH THIS AFTERNOON...AND WILL HAVE CHC POPS IN THIS AREA. KLWX 88D HAS BEEN DOWN THIS MORNING...YET SURROUNDING RADAR INFORMATION INCLUDING BWI TDWR INDICATED VERY WEAK RETURNS (NOT EVEN 10 DBZ) WRAPPING AROUND INTO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY ALONG A LOW LEVEL CONVERGENT ZONE. KDOV GIVES A LITTLE GROUND TRUTH TO THESE WEAK ECHOES WITH 7SM IN -RA. IN ADDITION...THE LATEST RUNS OF THE RUC AND NAM SHOW MOISTURE TO SUPPORT THIS LIGHT PRECIP IN ROUGHLY THE SAME AREA THAT RADAR TRENDS IMPLY. THEREFORE...EXPECT SIMILAR ECHOES TO THAT AFFECTING KDOV TO BRUSH THE BAY AND OUR EXTREME EASTERN CWA THIS AFTERNOON. WILL INSERT 20 POPS HERE...INCLUDING BALTIMORE CITY...THEN TAPER TO A N TO S ORIENTED STRIP OF SPRINKLES (POPS UNDER 15 HERE) THROUGH THE DISTRICT AND THEN NO WX POINTS WEST UNTIL ONE RUNS INTO THE CHC POPS DESCRIBED ABOVE ALONG AND WEST OF THE ALLEGANY FRONT. && .MARINE... INHERITED SCA ACROSS ALL MARINE WATERS. SENSORS ARE NOT SHOWING ANY SCA WINDS ATTM...AND HAVE SOME DOUBTS ON WHETHER WINDS CAN GET INTO SCA CRITERIA. NEVERTHELESS...BUFKIT IMPLIES THE POTENTIAL TO BOOST WINDS INTO THE 15 TO 20 KT RANGE THIS AFTERNOON AND WILL THEREFORE CONTINUE SCA. && .AVIATION... CU DECK SCT-BKN040 AND BKN-OVC150 PERSISTING OVER DCA...BWI... IAD...AND MTN WITH MAINLY CU TO THE WEST OVER CHO...MRB...AND HGR. EXPECT BKN040 TO BECOME WIDESPREAD OVER THE ENTIRE REGION WITH VFR CONDITIONS. BEST WIND GUSTS UP TO 20 KTS WILL BE IN VCTY OF ISOLATED -SHRA NEAR THE BAY AND OVER THE WESTERN RIDGES. FEEL CU WILL SCATTER OUT LATE THIS EVENING WITH LOSS OF INSOLATION. && .CLIMATOLOGY... WITH VERY LITTLE PRECIP SO FAR THIS MARCH WE ARE WELL ON OUR WAY TO A RECORD. WITH THE DEPARTING UPPER LOW THIS AFT AND ONE WAVE FCST TO APPROACH LATE TUE...ANY SIGNIFICANT PRECIP LOOKS MEAGER FOR THE REMAINDER OF MARCH. THIS IS HOW WE STAND AS OF THIS MORNING: SO FAR MARCH 2006 DRIEST MARCH DCA... 0.04 INCH 0.57 INCH 1910 BWI... 0.18 INCH 0.46 INCH 1910 IAD... 0.04 INCH 0.99 INCH 1981 THE US DROUGHT MONITOR AS OF MARCH 21ST CONTINUES TO SHOW ABNORMALLY DRY CONDITIONS ACROSS THE MID ATL REGION. D1 DROUGHT CONDITIONS EXIST ACROSS SW VA AND PARTS OF NC. INTERESTINGLY...APRIL 1910 IS THE FOURTH WETTEST ON RECORD AT BWI AND THE TENTH WETTEST AT DCA. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 410 AM EST SUN MAR 25 2006/ SHORT TERM...TODAY AND TONIGHT... SCATTERED SHOWERS CONTINUE IN THE FAVORED UPSLOPE AREAS IN NW FLOW. WILL CONTINUE TO MENTION CHANCE POPS IN THE WEST FOR UPSLOPE PRECIP. EXPECT ANY ADTNL ACCUMS BELOW 1 INCH IN THE HIGHER ELEVS. ELSEWHERE...EXPECT MOSTLY CLOUDY DUE TO AFTN CU DVLPNT ALTHOUGH PARTIAL SUNSHINE WILL BE EXPERIENCED. IN THE SOUTH EXPECT MORE SUNSHINE IN THE CENTRAL SHEN VLY. TEMPS WILL CONTINUE TO BE BELOW NORMAL WITH HIGHS ONLY IN THE 40S WEST TO THE LOWER 50S IN THE SOUTH AND EAST. HIGH PRES WILL BEGIN TO NOSE INTO THE MID ATLC TNGT AND AFTN CU SHOULD GRADUALLY DISSIPATE IN THE EVNG LEAVING MOSTLY CLEAR AND COOL CONDS OVERNGT. LONG TERM (MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY)... OBSERVATIONS: 500MB HEIGHT/ANOMALY PATTERN DURING THE PAST 5 DAYS INDICATES THAT A STRONG UPPER LOW ACROSS THE CANADIAN MARITIMES HAS SHEARED INTO TWO...WITH THE MAJORITY OF ENERGY PASSING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. A WEAK DISTURBANCE FROM THE SOUTHWEST CONUS HAS JOINED UP WITH THE AFOREMENTIONED LEFTOVER ENERGY TO ALLOW AN UPPER LOW TO DEVELOP ACROSS THE MID ATLANTIC. A BLOCKING PATTERN ACROSS THE PACIFIC OCEAN IS BEGINNING TO BREAK DOWN. WATER VAPOR LOOP SHOWS AN UPPER LOW ACROSS THE MID ATLANTIC...WITH A STRONG WAVE MOVING INTO THE CENTRAL ROCKIES. 03Z SURFACE ANALYSIS PLACES A WEAK BOUNDARY WNW INTO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY. A SECOND WEAK BOUNDARY EXTENDS SOUTHWEST ACROSS THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES. A PAIR OF 1027MB ANTICYCLONES DOMINATE THE CENTRAL CONUS. MODELS: THE 00Z NAM/WRF-NMM/GFS/CANADIAN/UKMET ALONG WITH THE 12Z EUROPEAN WERE EXAMINED. THERE IS GOOD AGREEMENT AMONG THE MODEL SUITE WITH RISING HEIGHTS EARLY THIS WEEK. A WAVE IS EXPECTED TO MOVE FROM THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES ACROSS THE NORTHERN MID ATLANTIC OR SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND DURING THE MIDWEEK. AFTER ANOTHER ROUND OF RISING HEIGHTS LATE DURING THE WORK WEEK...MODELS SUGGEST ANOTHER WAVE APPROACHES THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES AT THE END OF THE FORECAST CYCLE. ENSEMBLES: 12Z GFS 500MB HEIGHT ENSEMBLES SHOW GOOD CONTINUITY WITH A PERIOD OF RISING HEIGHTS EARLY NEXT WEEK...WHILE ENSEMBLE MEMBERS INDICATE A TROUGH WILL PASS ACROSS SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND BY MIDWEEK. ANOTHER RIDGE BUILDS IN...BEFORE ANOTHER TROUGH APPROACHES FROM THE MIDWEST TOWARD THE END OF THE FORECAST CYCLE (WITH BETTER AGREEMENT WITH REGARD TO TIMING). 00Z GFS ENSEMBLE MOS FROM FRIDAY EVENING SHOWS MEAN HIGH TEMPERATURES RISE FROM THE MIDDLE 50S INTO THE UPPER 60S BY FRIDAY...WITH MIDDLE 60S SATURDAY. MEAN LOWS RISE FROM NEAR 30 DEGREES INTO THE MIDDLE 40S (WITH GOOD CLUSTERING). MEAN POPS HOVER NEAR ZERO EARLY NEXT WEEK...THEN RISE BACK TO 20-30 PERCENT DURING THE MIDWEEK AND AGAIN EARLY NEXT WEEKEND (WITH DECENT AGREEMENT). FORECAST RATIONALE: CLOUDS BREAK WITH MODERATING TREND EARLY THIS WEEK. APPROACH OF THE NEXT WAVE SHOULD INCREASE CLOUDS AND PRESENT A CHANCE OF RAIN (OR RAIN/SNOW) TUESDAY INTO EARLY WEDNESDAY MORNING. A SECOND MODERATING TREND WILL SET UP FOR THE SECOND HALF OF THE WORK WEEK AS A AMPLIFIED RIDGE BUILDS INTO THE EASTERN CONUS. THIS PATTERN MAY SLOW THE APPROACH OF A LATE WEEK SYSTEM BEYOND THE VALID FORECAST CYCLE. CURRENT INDICATIONS ARE THAT A BAY BREEZE MAY DEVELOP THURSDAY (WEAK FLOW AS THE SURFACE RIDGE MOVES OFF THE EAST COAST...WITH STRONG WARMING ALONG THE LAND AND COOL ADJACENT WATERS). GRADIENT SHOULD BE STRONGER FRIDAY...ENCOURAGING A STRONGER SOUTHERLY FLOW. MARINE... HAVE ISSUED A SCA FOR ALL WATERS THROUGH EARLY EVNG. EXPECT DECENT MIXING TODAY AND GUSTS NEAR 20 KT HAVE ALREADY BEGUN AT A FEW OF THE REPORTING STATIONS. THANKS AKQ FOR THE SCA COORD. AVIATION... BKN CIGS TODAY BUT SHOULD BARELY REMAIN IN THE VFR CATEGORY BETWEEN 3500-5000FT WITH AFTN CU DVLPT. DO NOT EXPECT ANY SIG FOG TNGT WITH COLD DPTS AND DRY GROUND. && .LWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... DC...NONE. MD...NONE. VA...NONE. WV...NONE. MARINE...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR ANZ530>537 UNTIL 6 PM SUNDAY. && $$ SHORT TERM/MARINE...PELOQUIN CLIMATOLOGY/AVIATION...GUYER PREV DISCUSSION...JB/ROGOWSKI </PRE></TT></td> md AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN 315 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .DISCUSSION...TONIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY PRIMARY CONCERN IN SHORT RANGE CONTINUES TO BE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM PASSING NEARBY ON MONDAY AND ITS IMPACT ON PRECIPITATION TYPE AND TIMING. MORNING H5 ANALYSIS AND CURRENT GOES WV LOOP SHOWS SYSTEM OF INTEREST SPINNING ACROSS CENTRAL WY WITH UPGLIDING MOISTURE ENTERING THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. VIS LOOP SHOWS SOME ASSOCIATED MID-LEVEL CLOUDS OVER THE DAKOTAS BUT NO 88D RETURNS AT PRESENT. ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE OVER CWA NOT ALL THAT DRY AS SOME CU SEEN AND MORNING RAOBS INDICATED NO REAL DRY AIR INTRUSION AFTER THE LOW CLOUDS OF THE PAST FEW DAYS FINALLY ERODED. SO DO NOT THINK IT WILL TAKE LONG TO SATURATE TONIGHT AS MODEL PROGGED PWS ARE IN THE ORDER OF 0.5 TO 0.7 INCHES AND MIXING RATIOS ON LOW LEVEL THETA LAYERS OF CLOSE TO FOUR G/KG. HOWEVER FORCING IS LACKING DUE TO SYSTEM BEING STACKED AND DWINDLING WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE MODEL SOLUTION. UPPER LEVEL JET REMAINS WELL SOUTH WITH LEFT EXIT DIFFLUENT REGION AND ASSOCIATED H8-H5 OMEGA PEAKING OVER IA AND FAR SOUTHERN CWA. MODELS GENERALLY IN GOOD AGREEMENT AS 12Z AND 18Z NAM SOLUTIONS COMING IN LINE WITH THE GFS IN HAVING THE SYSTEM GLIDE ESE OVER IA. SOME WIDE HPC SREF SPREADS IN QPF LOCATION AND AMOUNT...BUT GENERALLY WENT WITH LIGHTER AMOUNTS AND LATER ONSET TIME DUE TO NO REAL AREA OF FOCUS. BUFKIT SNDGS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS INDICATE RA OR SN POSSIBILITIES. IN FAR WEST WHERE RUC AND NAM INDICATE OVERNIGHT LLJ OF 50KT...A PROGGED WARM LAYER OF 2-3C IS ADVECTED IN. SREF DOMINANT PRECIP TYPE DOES INDICATE SOME ZR WITH THIS...SO THEREFORE HAVE INTRODUCED THE CHC FROM 8Z THROUGH DAWN IN W AND NW ZONES. PRECIP CHANCES LAST ALL OF MONDAY AND INTO MONDAY NIGHT AS SYSTEM PROGGED TO MOVE SLOWLY...WITH BEST CHANCES GENERALLY IN SOUTHERN HALF OF CWA AND BEFORE 18Z MON. AFTER THAT POINT ASSOCIATED INVERTED SFC TROUGH PASSES AND DRIER AIR STARTS TO MOVE IN. PRECIP TYPE COULD SWITCH AROUND A FEW TIMES DURING THE DURATION OF THIS EVENT DUE TO DIABATIC EFFECTS AND DIURNAL TRENDS...BUT ALL IN ALL PRECIP SHOULD BE LIGHT AND GENERALLY RAIN OR SNOW WITH MAX SNOW ACCUMULATIONS AT AN INCH. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS SHOULD STICK AROUND FOR A WHILE SIMILAR TO LAST SYSTEM. LAZY LOW LEVEL FLOW SHOULD KEEP THEM THROUGH TUES AND POSSIBILY EVEN INTO TUES NIGHT. STRONG WAA STARTS IN ON WEDS AHEAD OF NEXT SYSTEM. WITH TEMPS DURING SHORT RANGE MADE ONLY MINOR TWEAKS...EDGING UP TEMPS A BIT THROUGH MON NIGHT GIVEN MAXS THIS AFTN. LONGER TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT THE LATEST ENSEMBLE MEMBERS OFF THE GFS AND EUROPEAN MODELS ARE SHOWING SIGNS OF DISCONTINUITY IN OVERALL UPPER AIR PATTERN OVER NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PERIOD...AS THE PATTERN BECOMES MORE PROGRESSIVE. GFS IS THE MORE AGGRESSOR OF LIFTING SYSTEM INTO THE GREAT LAKES BY SATURDAY MORNING. TIMING OF THE NEXT SYSTEM WILL BE CRITICAL THU AND FRI WITH THE LONGWAVE TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW PROJECTED TO MOVE INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS ON THURSDAY. POPS STILL SEEM REASONABLE FOR THURSDAY AND FRIDAY DUE TO DYNAMICS ALONG WITH INCREASING INSTABLITY AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM. HOWEVER...THE BEST FORCING AND LIFT IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR OVER THE SOUTHERN HALF OF OUR FORECAST AREA. TEMPS BY THURSDAY ARE EXPECTED TO MODERATE INTO THE 50S THEN MORE TYPICAL SPRING-LIKE OVER THE UPCOMING WEEKEND. && .MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MN...NONE. WI...NONE. && $$ MTF/JVM </PRE></TT></td> mn AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 836 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY... UPDATES MADE TO END PRECIPITATION SOONER THIS EVENING...REDUCE SKY COVER...AND ADJUST WINDS. SHORT WAVE TROUGH CROSSING EASTERN WYOMING AND EASTERN MONTANA HAS MADE SLIGHTLY QUICKER PROGRESSION THAN EXPECTED...ENDING PRECIPITATION ACROSS WESTERN HALF OF CWA WITH PARTIAL CLEARING SPREADING INTO EXTREME WESTERN ZONES AS A FLAT SHORT WAVE RIDGE BUILDS INTO CENTRAL MONTANA. AREA RADARS SHOWING REDUCED REFLECTIVITIES OF PRECIPITATION BAND ACROSS EASTERN PORTION OF CWA...WITH FEW AUTOMATED STATIONS REPORTING PRECIP... SUGGESTING THAT PRECIPITATION WILL DWINDLE AS IT TRANSLATES TOWARD WESTERN DAKOTAS. MODELS SHOW ANOTHER SURGE OF MOISTURE INTO SHORT WAVE TROUGH AFTER MIDNIGHT...BUT CURRENT INDICATIONS ARE THIS WILL AFFECT DAKOTAS BECAUSE OF QUICKER PROGRESSION OF WHOLE SYSTEM. HENCE...HAVE DROPPED BACK TO NEAR ZERO POPS AFTER MIDNIGHT EXCEPT FOR AT MONTANA/DAKOTA BORDER. ALSO BRING CLEARING INTO WESTERN HALF OF CWA AFTER MIDNIGHT...AND TWEAKED 12-18Z GRID TO REDUCE SKY COVER EARLY IN SECOND PERIOD. NORTHWEST WINDS REMAIN QUITE FRESH BUT NOT CURRENTLY AS STRONG AS FORECAST...SO HAVE TWEAKED WINDS DOWN SLIGHTLY AND LIMITED GUSTS TO SOUTHEAST CORNER OF CWA. TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY APPEAR ON TRACK...IN PART BECAUSE OF PERSISTENCE OF WIND TO AFFORD SOME MIXING OVERNIGHT. SAME REASONING FOR NO MENTION OF FOG OVERNIGHT...EXPECT WIND TO KEEP THINGS MIXED. PREVIOUS SHORT TERM... UPPER LOW CLOSES OFF OVER NEBRASKA TONIGHT AND HEADS FURTHER EAST. LOCAL AREA WILL REMAIN UNDER THE UPPER TROUGH THIS EVENING. WITH DESCENT LIFT WILL SEE CONTINUED PRECIPITATION OVER THE EASTERN ZONES TONIGHT. SNOW/RAIN MIX WILL CHANGE OVER TO ALL SNOW LATE BUT AS THE AREA OF HEAVIEST PRECIPITATION MOVES INTO THE DAKOTAS THE LOCAL AREA WILL SEE DIMINISHING SNOWFALL OVERNIGHT. AN UPPER RIDGE WILL BEGIN BUILDING INTO THE REGION MONDAY AND SHOULD KEEP THE REMAINDER OF THE SHORT TERM DRY. TONIGHT...AS THE PRECIPITATION MOVES EAST THE 850MB TEMPERATURES ABOVE WILL REMAIN BELOW FREEZING...AROUND MINUS 2-3C SO WILL CONTINUE THE MIX INITIALLY AND TURN IT TO ALL SNOW AFTER 3Z AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES DROP. RUC PRETTY MUCH CUTS OFF MOST PRECIPITATION AFTER 3Z...ABOUT THE TIME THAT IT SHOULD TURN TO ALL SNOW. HOWEVER WILL LEAVE LIKELY POPS IN FOR THIS EVENING ACROSS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE CWA...THEN ONLY IN THE EASTERN ZONES AFTER MIDNIGHT. WITH PRETTY GOOD LIFT...USING A BLEND OF GFS AND NAM...COULD GET 1 TO 2 INCHES OF SNOW TONIGHT IN THE EASTERN ZONES. MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT...SKIES WILL BECOME PARTLY CLOUDY THEN CLEAR FROM THE WEST IN THE AFTERNOON. WITH TEMPERATURES RISING TO ABOVE NORMAL WITH MODERATE WEST WINDS...MONDAY COULD BECOME A PLEASANT DAY. HOWEVER OVERNIGHT WINDS WILL TURN TO THE SOUTHEAST ONCE AGAIN BUT AT MODERATE STRENGTH. TUESDAY...UPPER FLOW WILL SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST WHICH WILL INCREASE 850 TEMPERATURES TO 5C TO 10C. COULD BE THE WARMEST DAY OF THE WEEK. ALSO COULD SEE INCREASING HIGH CLOUD BY LATE AFTERNOON AS THE NEXT STORM SYSTEM MOVES ON SHORE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... OTHER THAN A COUPLE OF MINOR TWEAKS TO RH AND DEWPOINT GRIDS...GOING FORECAST LOOKED GOOD. -TFJ PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS... BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW IS DIMINISHING AS IT EXITS EASTERN MONTANA THIS EVENING. THE PRECIP SHOULD COMPLETELY EXIT THE STATE BY 06Z. LOW CLOUDS WILL GRADUALLY CLEAR OVERNIGHT FROM WEST TO EAST. SKIES SHOULD REMAIN MOSTLY CLEAR ON MONDAY. MVFR CONDITIONS AT KGDV AND KSDY SHOULD IMPROVE TO VFR BY 06Z. OTHERWISE...LOOK FOR VFR CONDITIONS THROUGH MONDAY. GFF && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 216 PM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY... UPPER LOW CLOSES OFF OVER NEBRASKA TONIGHT AND HEADS FURTHER EAST. LOCAL AREA WILL REMAIN UNDER THE UPPER TROUGH THIS EVENING. WITH DESCENT LIFT WILL SEE CONTINUED PRECIPITATION OVER THE EASTERN ZONES TONIGHT. SNOW/RAIN MIX WILL CHANGE OVER TO ALL SNOW LATE BUT AS THE AREA OF HEAVIEST PRECIPITATION MOVES INTO THE DAKOTAS THE LOCAL AREA WILL SEE DIMINISHING SNOWFALL OVERNIGHT. AN UPPER RIDGE WILL BEGIN BUILDING INTO THE REGION MONDAY AND SHOULD KEEP THE REMAINDER OF THE SHORT TERM DRY. TONIGHT...AS THE PRECIPITATION MOVES EAST THE 850MB TEMPERATURES ABOVE WILL REMAIN BELOW FREEZING...AROUND MINUS 2-3C SO WILL CONTINUE THE MIX INITIALLY AND TURN IT TO ALL SNOW BY 3Z AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES DROP. RUC PRETTY MUCH CUTS OFF MOST PRECIPITATION AFTER 3Z...ABOUT THE TIME THAT IT SHOULD TURN TO ALL SNOW. HOWEVER WILL LEAVE LIKELY POPS IN FOR THIS EVENING ACROSS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE CWA...THEN ONLY IN THE EASTERN ZONES AFTER MIDNIGHT. WITH PRETTY GOOD LIFT...USING A BLEND OF GFS AND NAM...COULD GET 1 TO 2 INCHES OF SNOW TONIGHT IN THE EASTERN ZONES. MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT...SKIES WILL BECOME PARTLY CLOUDY THEN CLEAR FROM THE WEST IN THE AFTERNOON. WITH TEMPERATURES RISING TO ABOVE NORMAL WITH MODERATE WEST WINDS...MONDAY COULD BECOME A PLEASANT DAY. HOWEVER OVERNIGHT WINDS WILL TURN TO THE SOUTHEAST ONCE AGAIN BUT AT MODERATE STRENGTH. TUESDAY...UPPER FLOW WILL SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST WHICH WILL INCREASE 850 TEMPERATURES TO 5C TO 10C. COULD BE THE WARMEST DAY OF THE WEEK. ALSO COULD SEE INCREASING HIGH CLOUDS BY LATE AFTERNOON AS THE NEXT STORM SYSTEM MOVES ON SHORE ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... OTHER THAN A COUPLE OF MINOR TWEAKS TO RH AND DEWPOINT GRIDS...GOING FORECAST LOOKED GOOD. -TFJ PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS... BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... LOW CEILINGS SHOULD CONTINUE TO HAMPER THE TERMINAL SITES THROUGH THE EVENING HOURS. A NARROW PRECIPITATION BAND OF MOSTLY SNOW (SOME RAIN MIXED IN LATE THIS AFTERNOON) WILL DIMINISH BY EARLY EVENING FROM WEST TO EAST. MVFR CEILINGS ARE EXPECTED TO DISIPATE FROM WEST TO EAST LATE (BY MORNING AT KSDY AND KGDV). A SURFACE TROUGH MOVING EAST SHOULD SWING SURFACE WINDS TO THE NORTHWEST AT KOLF THEN KSDY BY EARLY THIS EVENING. VFR CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED LATER TONIGHT AND MONDAY WITH NORTHWEST WINDS ALL SITES. -TFJ && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLASGOW MT 921 AM MST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM...FOR NORTHEAST MONTANA...TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY... UPDATE...PRECIPITATION IS CUTTING ACROSS THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE CWA BUT THE BULK REMAINS TO THE WEST OF THE FORECAST AREA. THE RUC/GFS AND NAM ALL SHOW SIGNIFICANT QPF MOVING INTO THE AREA BY AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES ALOFT REMAIN BELOW 0C FOR MOST OF THE CWA BUT SURFACE TEMPERATURES ARE RISING INTO THE MID 40S F TO THE SOUTHWEST AND MID 30S ELSEWHERE. GENERALLY KEPT PRECIPITATION AS A RAIN/SNOW MIX. SNOW AMOUNTS COULD RANGE AROUND 1 OR 2 INCHES THROUGH THIS EVENING. ALSO ADJUSTED MAX TEMPS AND WINDS TO FIT CURRENT OBSERVATIONS AND UPDATED MODELS. SCT PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... SURFACE TROF NEARING THE WESTERN FRINGE OF THE CWA CURRENTLY. EAST WIND STILL GOING STRONG ACROSS THE AREA. THIS SURFACE TROF WILL MOVE STEADILY EAST ACROSS THE AREA TODAY BRINGING A WIND SHIFT TO NORTHWEST. OTHER THAN ALONG THE TROF AXIS AS IT PASSES THERE WILL BE NO RESPITE FROM THE WIND AS IT WILL BLOW STRONGER BEHIND THE TROF THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING BEFORE ABATING OVERNIGHT. THE UPPER TROF WILL FOLLOW CLOSELY BEHIND THE SURFACE TROF WITH THE LIONS SHARE OF THE ENERGY PASSING SOUTH OF US ACROSS WYOMING INTO SOUTHERN MONTANA. GOOD MOISTURE ACROSS THE AREA ALREADY SO AS WE GET BETTER DYNAMICS TODAY WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SYSTEM WE SHOULD SEE MOST OF THE AREA GETTING AT LEAST SOME PRECIPITATION. THERMAL PROFILES STILL PRETTY MUCH A MESS...SO STILL DIFFICULT TO PUT A FINGER ON EXACTLY WHEN AND WHO GETS WHAT. THAT SAID...WILL REMOVE MENTION OF FREEZING RAIN AS MOST SPOTS ACROSS THE AREA STILL ABOVE FREEZING WITH CLOUDS LOWERING AND DEWPOINTS RISING. SO NOT REALLY EXPECTING TEMPERATURES TO DROP MUCH...IF ANY FROM WHERE THEY ARE NOW. PRECIPITATION SHOWING UP ON RADAR STILL WELL WEST OF THE CWA. SO PROBABLY THE BULK OF THE PRECIPITATION WILL NOT ARRIVE UNTIL AFTER SUNRISE AND TEMPERATURES GET A CHANCE TO RISE A BIT. WITH THE MODELS NOT EVEN CLOSE TO BEING ON THE SAME PAGE WITH RESPECT TO THERMAL PROFILES TODAY...WILL LEAVE THE PRECIPITATION TODAY AS RAIN OR SNOW...EVEN THO MOST SPOTS SHOULD EXPERIENCE TEMPERATURES TODAY AT LEAST SLIGHTLY ABOVE FREEZING. WILL LEAVE PRECIPITATION ALL SNOW TONIGHT AS IT MARCHES EAST AND OUT OF HERE BY MONDAY MORNING AS THE MODELS DO COME TOGETHER A BIT BETTER FOR TONIGHT WITH EXPECTED TEMPERATURES ALOFT. SNOW AMOUNTS SHOULD BE ON THE LIGHT SIDE WITH PERHAPS NEAR 2 INCHES IN THE SOUTHEAST PORTION OF THE CWA WHERE BEST LIFT SHOULD OCCUR. HIGH PRESSURE MOVES IN AT ALL LEVELS BY MONDAY AFTERNOON. UPPER RIDGE REMAINS IN PLACE FOR TUESDAY BUT THE SURFACE HIGH DRIFTS EAST AND LOW PRESSURE HEADS OUR WAY FROM THE WEST. THIS SETS UP...YES YOU GUESSED IT...ANOTHER ROUND OF EAST WIND. AT LEAST 850MB THERMAL RIDGE HEADS OUR WAY IN ADVANCE OF THE LOW PRESSURE ALLOWING FOR A WARMUP. .LONG TERM...TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY... GOOD INITIAL AGREEMENT AMONG CANADIAN/ECMWF/GFS SOLUTIONS...BRINGING A LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS TUESDAY NIGHT. AS TROUGH SWINGS EASTWARD INTO GREAT BASIN WEDNESDAY...INCREASING CHANCES OF RAIN SHOWERS SPREADING EASTWARD ACROSS REGION AS A SURFACE LOW TRACKS EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN MONTANA. GFS 850MB TEMPERATURES PROGGED TO REMAIN ABOVE FREEZING...AND TIMING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS SUPPORTS LIQUID VERSUS FROZEN PHASE. WEDNESDAY NIGHT...EXPECT A MIX OF RAIN AND SNOW AS SURFACE TEMPERATURES LIKELY TO FALL A BIT BELOW FREEZING AND 850MB TEMPERATURES SAG TO AROUND FREEZING BY DAWN THURSDAY. BY DAY THURSDAY...LONG WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS EAST OF REGION AND DAMPS OUT...BRINGING AN END TO RAIN AND SNOW SHOWERS FROM WEST ACROSS CWA. SLIGHTLY COOLER AIRMASS BUILDS INTO REGION ON VEERING UPPER FLOW BY THURSDAY NIGHT WITH PARTIAL CLEARING. BEGINNING FRIDAY...MODEL SOLUTIONS DIVERGE MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AS GFS DEVELOPS A QUASI-ZONAL FLOW PATTERN FOR NORTHERN PLAINS THROUGH REMAINDER OF PERIOD...WHILE ECMWF BRINGS ANOTHER LONG WAVE TROUGH INTO WESTERN CONUS SIMILAR TO SYSTEM EXPECTED MID-WEEK. HAVE CHOSEN TO KEEP THIS LATER PERIOD DRY WITH NEAR SEASONABLE TEMPERATURES DUE TO ZONAL FLOW IN GFS...AND ECMWF APPEARS TO TAKE BULK OF MOISTURE AND JET DYNAMICS SOUTH OF REGION. THIS APPROACH SEEMS REASONABLE FOR FRIDAY...BUT SATURDAY MORE UNCERTAIN. && .AVIATION... UPDATED AT 1620Z. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS HAVE OVERSPREAD ENTIRE AREA AS A STORM SYSTEM PUSHES IN FROM THE WEST. MOST CEILINGS HAVE GONE TO MVFR...TO AROUND 2K FT AGL. SNOW WITH SOME MIX WITH RAIN WILL SPREAD FRO WEST TO EAST WITH THE STORM TODAY. PRECIPITATION WILL END WEST DURING EVENING BUT LINGER THROUGH MIDNIGHT OVER THE EAST. WITH FALLING TEMPERATURES DURING EVENING....WILL SEE ANY RAIN/SNOW MIX CHANGE TO SNOW AS PRECIPITATION ENDS. CURRENT EAST WINDS WILL SWITCH TO NORTHWEST DURING THE AFTERNOON OVER NE MT AS THE CENTER OF LOW PRESSURE MOVES SOUTHEAST OF CWA. PARTIAL CLEARING WILL REACH WESTERN PORTIONS OF THE TWEB ROUTE/TERMINALS OVERNIGHT...BUT LOW CEILINGS EXPECTED TO LINGER OVER EASTERN PORTION OF TWEB ROUTE/TERMINALS. && .GLASGOW WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ WEATHER.GOV/GLASGOW </PRE></TT></td> mt AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATE COLLEGE PA 1133 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... SAT IMAGERY SHOWS CLOUD COVER QUITE EXTENSIVE ON BACK SIDE OF UPR LOW CIRC AS UPR LOW CENTER LIFTS EAST OF PA. CLOUDS WILL KEEP TEMPS FROM INCREASING TOO MUCH THIS AFTN...BUT CURRENT TEMP READINGS AND A LITTLE RISE FIT WELL WITH CURRENT FCST MAXES. REMOVED ANY SIG POPS EXCEPT ACROSS FAR NRWN MTNS WHERE SOME LAKE ENHANCED SHOWERS MAY DEVELOP THIS AFTN. NO CHANGES BEYOND FIRST PD. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 238 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006/ SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY/... SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWING UPPER LO PUSHING EAST OVR CHESAPEAKE BAY EARLY THIS MORNING. WK S/WV HAS PRODUCED SCT -SHSN OVR SW PA EARLIER TONIGHT. HOWEVER...THIS DISTURBANCE IS NOW EXITING SOUTHERN PA AND SHOULD BE CLEAR OF THE REGION BY DAWN. BEST CHC OF PRECIP TODAY SHOULD BE ACROSS SE PA...CLOSEST TO DEPARTING UPPER LOW. A LGT RAIN/SNOW MIX CURRENTLY FALLING OVER EASTERN PA...AND LATEST RUC/NAM DATA SUGGESTS THIS AREA OF PRECIP BRUSHES OUR SE ZONES THRU EARLY AFTN. BRKS IN CLOUD COVER OVR CENTRAL PA EARLY THIS AM WILL FILL IN BY LATE AM AS SUN GOES TO WORK. MODEL 850 TEMPS SUGGEST SIMILAR HIGHS TO YESTERDAY. EXPECT CRUMBLING CU THIS EVENING WITH LOSS OF HEATING AND APPROACH OF HI PRES RIDGE. HAVE LOWERED SKY GRIDS CONSIDERABLY...MAKING MOST SPOTS CLEAR BY LATE EVENING. MONDAY LOOKS NEARLY CLOUDLESS UNDER INFLUENCE OF HI PRES AT SFC AND ALOFT. 850 TEMPS ARND -2C SHOULD SUPPORT HIGHS U40S MTNS...TO M50S SUSQ VALLEY. CALM WIND AND CLEAR SKIES WILL ALLOW TEMPS TO FALL QUICKLY MONDAY EVENING. HOWEVER...INCR CLDS AHEAD OF APPROACHING LO PRES MAY LIMIT COOLING. SREF DATA TRACKING WK SFC LO OVR SOUTHERN PA ON TUESDAY. ENSEMBLE QPF DATA SUGGESTS BEST CHC FOR -RA OVR SOUTHERN AND WESTERN PA. LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/... LATEST MREF DATA SUGGESTS DRY WX THURS/FRI WITH A WARMING TREND...AS UPPER LVL RIDGE BUILDS OVR THE EAST COAST. A COLD FRONT LATE FRI OR SAT WILL LIKELY BE ACCOMPANIED BY A ROUND OF SHRA. AVIATION... AS WAS THE CASE LAST NIGHT...MUCH OF CENTRAL PA IS CLR WITH VFR CONDITIONS. LIKE LAST NIGHT..EXPECT PATCHY FOG AROUND SUNRISE FOR A FEW HOURS. OTHERWISE...MUCH OF THE AREA WILL HAVE VFR CONDITIONS TODAY. SOME IFR AND MVFR CONDITIONS AT THE CURRENT TIME ACROSS WESTERN AREAS...WITH A WIDE RANGE IN CONDITIONS. EXPECT THESE AREAS TO HAVE VFR CONDITIONS BY LATE MORNING...AS THE AIRMASS IS QUITE DRY...AND THE UPPER LEVEL LOW MOVES AWAY FROM THE AREA. WINDS WILL BE ON THE BRISK SIDE THIS AFT. WINDS WILL WEAKEN SOME OVERNIGHT...BUT EXPECT MORE WIND THAN THE LAST 2 NIGHTS...SO MOST AREAS SHOULD HAVE VFR CONDITIONS...AS FOG SHOULD BE LESS OF A PROBLEM. && .CTP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...GARTNER </PRE></TT></td> pa AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ABERDEEN SD 1140 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 TEMPS ACROSS THE EAST HAVE SHOT UP UNDER MOSUNNY SKIES...PROMPTING AN INCREASE IN MAX T GRIDS THERE. LATEST HI-RES NAM AND GFS ARE IN AGREEMENT ON MOVT OF UPPER LOW AND SFC LOW INTO THE REGION LATER THIS AFTN AND TONIGHT. NAM BUFKIT AND HI-RES NAM SOLNS ALL SHOW PCPN HOLDING OFF UNTIL LATE THIS AFTN AND INTO THE EVENING. HAVE TWEAKED PCPN GRIDS FOR A LATER STARTING TIME TO THE PCPN. WINDS CONT TO BUMP UP AGAINST WIND ADVRY CRITERIA FOR MANY AREAS...BUT AFTER INITIAL HOUR OF THAT THEY SEEM TO BE SETTLING BACK DOWN...SO NO HEADLINE FOR WINDS NEEDED ATTM. ...PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... .SHORT TERM...TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT UPPER LEVEL RIDGE AXIS CENTERED OVER DAKOTAS EARLY THIS MORNING WHILE APPROACHING STORM SYSTEM IS MOVING EAST ACROSS THE ROCKIES. SFC PRESSURE GRADIENT TIGHTENING BETWEEN HIGH OVER MN/WI AND LOW OVER ROCKIES. SE WINDS ALREADY 15-25 MPH FROM JAMES RIVER WEST AND WILL INCREASE THROUGHOUT THE DAY. LOW CLOUDS STREAMING NORTH INTO CWA WITH MOISTURE AND WARM AIR ADVECTION. REMOVED FRZ DRIZZLE MENTION FOR THE EARLY MORNING HOURS AS CEILINGS APPEAR TO BE A BIT TOO HIGH AND TEMP/DEWPOINT SPREADS REMAIN AROUND 5 DEGREES. CEILING/VIS OBS ACROSS NEB PANHANDLE INDICATE CEILINGS BELOW 1000 FT WITH VIS DROPPING TO AROUND 5-6SM. BELIEVE ANY DRIZZLE THAT'S OCCURRING WOULD BE ACROSS THIS AREA. FIRST PART OF TODAY WILL FEATURE INCREASING SE WINDS...ALONG WITH CLOUDY TO MOSTLY CLOUDY SKIES. HELD BACK ON PRECIP CHANCES ACROSS CENTRAL SD UNTIL THE AFTERNOON HOURS AS BEST LIFT ASSOCIATED WITH WAVE DOES NOT OCCUR UNTIL THEN. MODELS ARE SHOWING SFC LOW TRACKING ACROSS SD WITH SFC LOW CENTER NEAR MN BORDER BY 12Z MON. THERE ARE SLIGHT VARIATIONS IN EXACT TRACK...WITH GFS AND UK A BIT FARTHER SOUTH TOWARDS I-90 AND SD/NE BORDER WHILE RUC AND NGM CLOSER TO NORTHERN TIER OF COUNTIES. NAM FOLLOWS MORE OF A GFS TRACK. STILL APPEARS AS IF BEST CHANCE FOR RAIN WILL BE ACROSS THE EASTERN COUNTIES BETWEEN 00Z AND 12Z TONIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH THE BEST 850-700MB OMEGA...ISENTROPIC FEATURES...AND UPPER DIVERGENCE. RAISED POPS TO LIKELY ACROSS THE EAST OVERNIGHT. ONE OF THE MORE DIFFICULT AREAS WITH THIS SYSTEM IS DECIDING HOW MUCH COLD AIR WILL GET WRAPPED INTO THE AREA ON MON MORNING. HAVE KEPT ALL RAIN MENTION FOR THE MOST PART IN THE EAST BUT THERE SHOULD BE A RAIN/SNOW MIX AROUND AND JUST AFTER SUNRISE ON MON ACROSS THE CENTRAL BEFORE TEMPS CLIMB ENOUGH TO CHANGE BACK TO RAIN. FEEL THAT THERE WILL BE A DECENT AMOUNT OF WARM AIR DRAWN INTO THE SYSTEM AND WITH CLOUDS TONIGHT AND BREEZY WINDS...THINK THAT TEMPERATURES WILL HAVE A TOUGH TIME FALLING. SYSTEM DEPARTS MON EVENING MAKING WAY FOR HIGH PRESSURE ON TUE. SHOULD SEE FAIRLY MILD TEMPS THIS DAY WITH GOOD AMOUNTS OF SUNSHINE EXPECTED. TEMPS SHOULD REBOUND TO NEAR NORMAL...WITH HIGHS IN THE MID 40S TO LOW 50S. RIDGE AXIS WILL MOVE EAST BY TUESDAY EVENING AS SE SFC FLOW RETURNS IN ADVANCE OF YET ANOTHER APPROACHING SYSTEM. .LONG TERM...WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY. IN THE LONG TERM...TEMPERATURES WARM UP FOR WEDNESDAY...WITH MODELS FORECASTING AROUND 5 TO 10 C AIR AT 850 MB. SNOW COVER OVER THE SOUTHWEST HOPEFULLY WILL BE LIMITED BY THIS TIME...BUT HAVE KEPT TEMPS A LITTLE COOLER THAN POSSIBLE FOR NOW. LOW LEVEL JET INCREASES WEDNESDAY NIGHT...AND WITH SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY...WENT WITH SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. MODELS IN GOOD AGREEMENT BRINGING UPPER TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW INTO THE NORTHERN PLAINS WEDNESDAY NIGHT. TIMING AND TRACK DIFFERENCES DO EXIST HOWEVER. THE 00Z GFS IS QUICKER AND MORE TO THE SOUTH VERSUS THE 18Z RUN. THE 00Z ECMWF IS SLOWER LIKE THE 18Z GFS...AND HAS A MORE OPEN TROUGH...WHILE THE 00Z CANADIAN IS QUICKER LIKE THE 00Z GFS. THE 18Z GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN WAS A COMPROMISE...BUT CLOSER TO THE SLOWER SOLUTION. THIS PUTS THE LOW NEAR THE ND/SD BORDER BY 00Z FRI. HAVE GONE WITH A COMPROMISE SOLUTION AT THIS TIME. GFS INDICATES THAT A DRY PUNCH MIGHT PUSH INTO THE AREA AHEAD OF THE MID/UPPER LEVEL LOW ON THURSDAY. LIMITED POPS TO 40 FOR UNCERTAINTY REGARDING THE TIMING OF THE DRIER AIR. INSTABILITY WILL STILL BE IN THE EAST THROUGH THE DAY ON THURSDAY...CONTINUED WITH THUNDER MENTION. TROWAL ON THE BACK SIDE OF LOW WILL HELP KEEP PRECIPITATION CHANCES IN THE AREA THROUGH THURSDAY NIGHT. SNOW WILL BE POSSIBLE THURSDAY NIGHT...BUT VERY CLOSE SO KEPT BOTH RAIN/SNOW IN FORECAST. LOW PUSHES OFF TO THE ENE ON FRIDAY...WITH WEAK HIGH PRESSURE SETTLING IN. AN UPPER LEVEL LOW WILL LIKELY PUSH ESE ACROSS SRN CANADA ON SATURDAY...POSSIBLY RESULTING IN A WEAK PUSH OF COOLER AIR LATE SATURDAY/SATURDAY NIGHT. KEPT CLOSER TO A WARMER/MORE SEASONAL SOLUTION FOR NOW...CLOSER TO THE 00Z GFS. && .ABR WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... SD...NONE. MN...NONE. && $$ DLH/TT/RK </PRE></TT></td> sd AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX 1130 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... HIGH CLOUDS WILL CONTINUE TO SPREAD EASTWARD ACROSS THE REGION THIS AFTERNOON. THE TIGHT PRESSURE GRADIENT DUE TO THE STRONG LEE SIDE TROUGH...IS RESULTING STRONG SOUTHERLY WINDS. THE WIND ADVISORY LOOKS GOOD FOR THE AREA ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. ONLY MINOR GRID CHANGES WERE MADE TO THE PREVIOUS FORECAST. UPDATES HAVE BEEN SENT. #58 && .AVIATION... 535 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 12Z FWD RAOB HAS MEASURED WINDS FROM 180 AT 30KT AT 1000 FT AND THIS WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE INCLUSION OF LLWS THRU 15Z. SURFACE WINDS ARE LIGHT SE NOW...BUT STRONGER AND MORE SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL MIX TO THE SURFACE AFTER 15Z. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE BEGINNING TO RETURN NORTHWARD ACROSS SOUTH TEXAS NOW...AND MODELS INDICATING SOME AFTERNOON CUMULUS NEAR 050 FT WILL BE POSSIBLE. CIG NEAR 040-050 WILL DEVELOP/ADVECT FROM THE SOUTH AFTER SUNSET. ETA LOOKS A LITTLE TOO AGGRESSIVE WITH BOUNDARY LAYER MOISTURE AND HAVE SIDED WITH GFS/RUC FORECASTS. STRATUS WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP/LOWER TO MVFR CRITERIA AFTER MIDNIGHT AS STRONG LOW LEVEL JET SETS UP OVER N TX. TR/92 && .UPDATE... && .PREV DISCUSSION... 359 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 WIND ADVISORY NOW ISSUED FOR THOSE AREAS OF NORTH TEXAS GENERALLY ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. SEE ADVISORY LINE OR FTWNPWFWD FOR DETAILS. 342 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 UPPER RIDGE THAT HAS KEPT THINGS DRY AND COOL TO MILD THE PAST FEW DAYS WILL SLOWLY BREAK DOWN...AS STRONG S/W TROUGH MOVING THROUGH ROCKIES EJECTS INTO THE CENTRAL/NRN PLAINS THROUGH MONDAY. THE ENHANCED CYCLOGENESIS THAT OCCURS OVER THE WRN HIGH PLAINS WILL MAKE FOR A WINDY DAY AND MAY NEED A WIND ADVISORY FOR AT LEAST WRN/CENTRAL COUNTIES THIS AFTN AND WILL MAKE DECISION AT FCST ISSUANCE HERE SHORTLY. ON MONDAY...AS AFOREMENTIONED S/W MOVES OVER UPPER MIDWEST/MS VALLEY REGION. ISENTROPIC LIFT WILL ENSUE IN CRITICAL 850-700 MB LAYER AND SATURATE THINGS IN A HURRY OVER N TX BY MON EVE...AS COLD FRONT MOVES SWD INTO TX PANHANDLE/OK AND TOWARD RED RIVER BY 12Z TUES. A GOOD SWATH OF RAIN/THUNDERSTORMS...SOME WITH HEAVY RAIN (PWATS 1-1.5 INCHES) WILL ENCOMPASS A MAJORITY OF N TX WITH ALL FEATURES MENTIONED...WITH MODELS AND NCEP IN AGREEMENT WITH FRONT STALLING OR WAVERING ACROSS N TX NEAR OR SOUTH OF I-20 CORRIDOR THROUGH WED MORNING AS ACTIVE SPLIT UPPER FLOW OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS. INCREASED POPS AS SUCH TO CLOSE OR SLIGHTLY ABOVE MOS GUIDANCE. TEMPS WERE ALSO TRICKY AND DIDN'T TRY TO GET TOO CUTE...JUST IN VICINITY OF CONSENSUS MOS NUMBERS THROUGH MID WEEK WITH CONFIDENCE WAVERING ON EXTENT OF RAINFALL...FRONTAL POSITION...ETC DURING THIS TIME FRAME. NEXT UPPER TROUGH PUNCHES THROUGH THE WRN STATES AND INTO THE ROCKIES BY THURS INTO FRI. THIS WILL SHOOT OLD BOUNDARY NWD AS A WARM FRONT AND WANED POPS/WARMED MAX TEMPS WITH MORE PARTLY CLOUDY CONDITIONS. SYSTEM WILL EJECT WELL NWD AGAIN...BUT LOOKS LIKE A DRYLINE/POTENTIAL SEVERE WEATHER EVENT COULD OCCUR THURS AFTN INTO FRI MORNING IF ALL PANS OUT...BUT THIS IS STILL A WAYS OFF AND CONFIDENCE IS LOW WITH THIS SYSTEM AND PARAMETERS INTO NEXT WEEKEND. GENERALLY MADE LITTLE CHANGES THIS FAR OUT. && .FWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WIND ADVISORY FROM 10 AM SUNDAY TO 6 PM SUNDAY FOR TXZ091-TXZ092- TXZ093-TXZ100-TXZ101-TXZ102-TXZ103-TXZ104-TXZ115-TXZ116-TXZ117- TXZ118-TXZ119-TXZ129-TXZ130-TXZ131-TXZ132-TXZ133-TXZ134-TXZ141- TXZ142-TXZ143-TXZ144-TXZ145-TXZ156-TXZ157-TXZ158-TXZ159. && $$ /05 </PRE></TT></td> tx AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED FOR AVIATION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX 535 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... 12Z FWD RAOB HAS MEASURED WINDS FROM 180 AT 30KT AT 1000 FT AND THIS WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE INCLUSION OF LLWS THRU 15Z. SURFACE WINDS ARE LIGHT SE NOW...BUT STRONGER AND MORE SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL MIX TO THE SURFACE AFTER 15Z. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE BEGINNING TO RETURN NORTHWARD ACROSS SOUTH TEXAS NOW...AND MODELS INDICATING SOME AFTERNOON CUMULUS NEAR 050 FT WILL BE POSSIBLE. CIG NEAR 040-050 WILL DEVELOP/ADVECT FROM THE SOUTH AFTER SUNSET. ETA LOOKS A LITTLE TOO AGGRESSIVE WITH BOUNDARY LAYER MOISTURE AND HAVE SIDED WITH GFS/RUC FORECASTS. STRATUS WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP/LOWER TO MVFR CRITERIA AFTER MIDNIGHT AS STRONG LOW LEVEL JET SETS UP OVER N TX. TR/92 && .UPDATE... WIND ADVISORY NOW ISSUED FOR THOSE AREAS OF NORTH TEXAS GENERALLY ALONG AND WEST OF THE I-35 CORRIDOR. SEE ADVISORY LINE OR FTWNPWFWD FOR DETAILS. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 342 AM CST SUN MAR 26 2006/ DISCUSSION... UPPER RIDGE THAT HAS KEPT THINGS DRY AND COOL TO MILD THE PAST FEW DAYS WILL SLOWLY BREAK DOWN...AS STRONG S/W TROUGH MOVING THROUGH ROCKIES EJECTS INTO THE CENTRAL/NRN PLAINS THROUGH MONDAY. THE ENHANCED CYCLOGENESIS THAT OCCURS OVER THE WRN HIGH PLAINS WILL MAKE FOR A WINDY DAY AND MAY NEED A WIND ADVISORY FOR AT LEAST WRN/CENTRAL COUNTIES THIS AFTN AND WILL MAKE DECISION AT FCST ISSUANCE HERE SHORTLY. ON MONDAY...AS AFOREMENTIONED S/W MOVES OVER UPPER MIDWEST/MS VALLEY REGION. ISENTROPIC LIFT WILL ENSUE IN CRITICAL 850-700 MB LAYER AND SATURATE THINGS IN A HURRY OVER N TX BY MON EVE...AS COLD FRONT MOVES SWD INTO TX PANHANDLE/OK AND TOWARD RED RIVER BY 12Z TUES. A GOOD SWATH OF RAIN/THUNDERSTORMS...SOME WITH HEAVY RAIN (PWATS 1-1.5 INCHES) WILL ENCOMPASS A MAJORITY OF N TX WITH ALL FEATURES MENTIONED...WITH MODELS AND NCEP IN AGREEMENT WITH FRONT STALLING OR WAVERING ACROSS N TX NEAR OR SOUTH OF I-20 CORRIDOR THROUGH WED MORNING AS ACTIVE SPLIT UPPER FLOW OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS. INCREASED POPS AS SUCH TO CLOSE OR SLIGHTLY ABOVE MOS GUIDANCE. TEMPS WERE ALSO TRICKY AND DIDN'T TRY TO GET TOO CUTE...JUST IN VICINITY OF CONSENSUS MOS NUMBERS THROUGH MID WEEK WITH CONFIDENCE WAVERING ON EXTENT OF RAINFALL...FRONTAL POSITION...ETC DURING THIS TIME FRAME. NEXT UPPER TROUGH PUNCHES THROUGH THE WRN STATES AND INTO THE ROCKIES BY THURS INTO FRI. THIS WILL SHOOT OLD BOUNDARY NWD AS A WARM FRONT AND WANED POPS/WARMED MAX TEMPS WITH MORE PARTLY CLOUDY CONDITIONS. SYSTEM WILL EJECT WELL NWD AGAIN...BUT LOOKS LIKE A DRYLINE/POTENTIAL SEVERE WEATHER EVENT COULD OCCUR THURS AFTN INTO FRI MORNING IF ALL PANS OUT...BUT THIS IS STILL A WAYS OFF AND CONFIDENCE IS LOW WITH THIS SYSTEM AND PARAMETERS INTO NEXT WEEKEND. GENERALLY MADE LITTLE CHANGES THIS FAR OUT. && .FWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WIND ADVISORY FROM 10 AM SUNDAY TO 6 PM SUNDAY FOR TXZ091-TXZ092- TXZ093-TXZ100-TXZ101-TXZ102-TXZ103-TXZ104-TXZ115-TXZ116-TXZ117- TXZ118-TXZ119-TXZ129-TXZ130-TXZ131-TXZ132-TXZ133-TXZ134-TXZ141- TXZ142-TXZ143-TXZ144-TXZ145-TXZ156-TXZ157-TXZ158-TXZ159. && $$ /05 </PRE></TT></td> tx AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 1222 PM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .AVIATION... COLD AIR ALOFT AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE WILL CONTINUE TO PRODUCE WIDESPREAD STRATO-CU UNTIL LOSS OF HEATING THIS EVENING. THIS WILL RESULT IN LINGERING MVFR CEILINGS BLF/LWB WITH MAINLY VFR LEVELS ELSEWHERE. SCATTERED -SHSN WILL LINGER SE WVA THIS AFTERNOON WITH ISOLATED -SHRA/SPRINKLES ELSEWHERE. SKIES CLEAR ACROSS EASTERN SITES OVERNIGHT INTO MONDAY...WHILE LOW CLOUDS SLOWLY ERODE INTO VFR THIS EVENING AND THEN CLEAR BY MORNING. GUSTY NW WINDS SHOULD DIMINISH THIS EVENING AND BECOME LIGHT/VRBL OVERNIGHT INTO TUESDAY AS HIGH PRESSURE FINALLY BUILDS IN FROM THE WEST. && .PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 959 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... RADAR SHOWING ONLY PATCHY SNOW SHOWERS AROUND THIS MORNING ALTHO THE HEAVIEST ACROSS PARTS OF THE NEW RIVER VALLEY PER DEEP NW FLOW AND MOISTURE/INSTABILITY UNDER INVERSION ALOFT OFF 12Z RAOB. AS NEXT S/W OFF VAPOR LOOP SWINGS BY TO THE EAST LATER THIS MORNING...SHOULD SEE NW FLOW ALOFT WEAKEN THRU THE AFTERNOON AS 85H ADVECTION TURNS MORE NEUTRAL WHILE MOISTURE DEPTH SLOWLY DECREASES. HOWEVER FORECAST RAOBS CONTINUE TO SHOW DECENT LAPSES DESPITE DEPARTING 5H COLD POOL SO SOME ADDITIONAL ISOLATED -SHSN/-RASH LIKELY OVER THE RIDGES. ELSEWHERE...CLEAR SKIES SHOULD FILL BACK IN WITH CU GIVEN HEATING AS FORECAST RAOBS INDICATE HIGH BASED RH LAYER THIS AFTERNOON FROM THE BLUE RIDGE EAST. THUS WILL UPDATE TO LOWER POPS OVER THE WEST SINCE THE LATEST RUC/NAM PRODUCE ONLY SPOTTY PRECIP AFTER 18Z AND REMOVE MORNING WORDING. FINALLY LOOKS LIKE LAST REAL CHILLY DAY FOR A WHILE ESPCLY MOUNTAINS WHERE CLOUD SHIELD LIKELY TO HOLD MOST IN THE 35 TO 45 RANGE. THICKNESS ONLY SUPPORTING LOWER 50S SE AND IF CLOUDS FILL IN MORE/FASTER WILL BE EVEN COOLER...SO PLAN TO LOWER HIGHS A BIT ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE AFTERNOON. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 636 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) AVIATION... KRLX RADAR CONTINUES TO SHOW SNOW SHOWERS MOVING INTO THE GREENBRIER VALLEY FROM THE NORTHWEST. MODEL MAINTAIN THE LOW LEVEL UPSLOPE WINDS THROUGH THE DAY BUT VISIBILITIES WILL IMPROVE TO VFR BY AFTERNOON. CEILINGS AT LWB AND BLF WILL BE SLOWER TO IMPROVE BUT AFTER SUNSET THE STRATOCUMULUS WILL BEGIN TO DISSIPATE AND BY MORNING BOTH LWB AND BLF WILL BE VFR. CUMULUS WILL LASO DEVELOP THIS AFTERNOON IN THE EAST BUT CEILINGS WILL REMAIN VFR AT ROA...LYH AND DAN. ISOLATED SHOWERS ARE POSSIBLE IF CONVECTION IS DEEP ENOUGH BUT THE CHANCE IS TOO LOW TO INCLUDE IN THE TAFS. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 218 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT/... NORTHWEST WINDS FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH 850 MB CONTINUE THROUGH TONIGHT. NO CHANGES NEEDED TO THE CHANCE OF SNOW SHOWERS IN THE FAVORED WESTERN UPSLOPE AREAS. BUFKIT AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY FORECASTS ARE STILL SHOWING SOME MOISTURE TODAY...EVEN EAST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. EVEN IF THERE AREA SOME BREAKS IN THE EAST THIS MORNING. THERE WILL BE ENOUGH RESIDUAL INSTABILITY FROM THE RETREAING UPPER LOW FOR THE STRATOCUMULUS TO FILL IN DURING THE AFTERNOON. WILL NOT BE TOO AGRESSIVE CLEARING OUT THE CLOUD COVER IN THE GRIDS. MONDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH TUESDAY MORNING THE COUNTY WARNING AREA IS IN THE LEFT FRONT REGION OF THE UPPER JET. BEST 840 MB CONVERGENCE IN ON TUEDSDAY NIGHT AS THE COLD FRONT COMES THROUGH. HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITIES BELOW 700 MB SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTY WARNING AREA ON TUEDAY MORNING WITH THE BEST 850-700 MB Q-VECTOR FORCING ARRIVING IN THE WESTERN COUNTIES BY 18Z TUESDAY. GFS IS STILL A LITTLE FSTER BRINGING THE UPPER TROF THROUGH BUT NO CHANGES IN THE TIMING IN THE FORECAST AT THIS POINT. TEMPERATURES WILL BE MODERATING THROUGH THE FIRST HALF OF THE WEEK. 500 MB HEIGHTS RISE TONIGHT AND SUNDAY...THEN EVEN WHEN THE NEXT UPPER LOW COMES ACROSS ON TUESDAY AND TUEDSAY NIGHT...NO REAL COLD AIR BEHIND IT. THE SURFACE HIGH WILL BE CENTERED OVER THE FORECAST AREA BY THE END OF THE DAY MONDAY. EVEN MONDAY MORNING...DEEPER WESTERN VALLEYS WILL LIKELY DECOUPLE AND MAY BE SLIGHTLY COOLER THAN GUIDANCE. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... NO CHANGES AT THIS TIME. AVIATION... NORTHWEST FLOW AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE TO CONTINUE LIGHT SNOW SHOWERS ON WESTERN SLOPES THROUGH SUNDAY MORNING. MVFR VIS/CLOUDS ON WESTERN SLOPE WHILE MVFR CLOUDS ELSEWHERE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS. EAST WILL REMAIN VFR. TAIL END OF UPPER LEVEL LOW WITH ASSOCIATED COLD POOL STILL LINGERING IN THE AREA SUNDAY AFTERNOON. WITH HEATING...ISOLATED/SCATTERED CONVECTIVE SHOWERS TO IGNITE DURING THE AFTERNOON THEN DISSIPATE AROUND SUNSET. WILL KEEP TAFS DRY WITH CB ANNOTATION WITH CLOUDS. && .RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... VA...NONE. NC...NONE. WV...NONE. && $$ JH </PRE></TT></td> va AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 959 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY/... RADAR SHOWING ONLY PATCHY SNOW SHOWERS AROUND THIS MORNING ALTHO THE HEAVIEST ACROSS PARTS OF THE NEW RIVER VALLEY PER DEEP NW FLOW AND MOISTURE/INSTABILITY UNDER INVERSION ALOFT OFF 12Z RAOB. AS NEXT S/W OFF VAPOR LOOP SWINGS BY TO THE EAST LATER THIS MORNING...SHOULD SEE NW FLOW ALOFT WEAKEN THRU THE AFTERNOON AS 85H ADVECTION TURNS MORE NEUTRAL WHILE MOISTURE DEPTH SLOWLY DECREASES. HOWEVER FORECAST RAOBS CONTINUE TO SHOW DECENT LAPSES DESPITE DEPARTING 5H COLD POOL SO SOME ADDITIONAL ISOLATED -SHSN/-RASH LIKELY OVER THE RIDGES. ELSEWHERE...CLEAR SKIES SHOULD FILL BACK IN WITH CU GIVEN HEATING AS FORECAST RAOBS INDICATE HIGH BASED RH LAYER THIS AFTERNOON FROM THE BLUE RIDGE EAST. THUS WILL UPDATE TO LOWER POPS OVER THE WEST SINCE THE LATEST RUC/NAM PRODUCE ONLY SPOTTY PRECIP AFTER 18Z AND REMOVE MORNING WORDING. FINALLY LOOKS LIKE LAST REAL CHILLY DAY FOR A WHILE ESPCLY MOUNTAINS WHERE CLOUD SHIELD LIKELY TO HOLD MOST IN THE 35 TO 45 RANGE. THICKNESS ONLY SUPPORTING LOWER 50S SE AND IF CLOUDS FILL IN MORE/FASTER WILL BE EVEN COOLER...SO PLAN TO LOWER HIGHS A BIT ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE AFTERNOON. && .PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 636 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) AVIATION... KRLX RADAR CONTINUES TO SHOW SNOW SHOWERS MOVING INTO THE GREENBRIER VALLEY FROM THE NORTHWEST. MODEL MAINTAIN THE LOW LEVEL UPSLOPE WINDS THROUGH THE DAY BUT VISIBILITIES WILL IMPROVE TO VFR BY AFTERNOON. CEILINGS AT LWB AND BLF WILL BE SLOWER TO IMPROVE BUT AFTER SUNSET THE STRATOCUMULUS WILL BEGIN TO DISSIPATE AND BY MORNING BOTH LWB AND BLF WILL BE VFR. CUMULUS WILL LASO DEVELOP THIS AFTERNOON IN THE EAST BUT CEILINGS WILL REMAIN VFR AT ROA...LYH AND DAN. ISOLATED SHOWERS ARE POSSIBLE IF CONVECTION IS DEEP ENOUGH BUT THE CHANCE IS TOO LOW TO INCLUDE IN THE TAFS. PREV DISCUSSION... (ISSUED 218 AM EST SUN MAR 26 2006) SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT/... NORTHWEST WINDS FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH 850 MB CONTINUE THROUGH TONIGHT. NO CHANGES NEEDED TO THE CHANCE OF SNOW SHOWERS IN THE FAVORED WESTERN UPSLOPE AREAS. BUFKIT AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY FORECASTS ARE STILL SHOWING SOME MOISTURE TODAY...EVEN EAST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. EVEN IF THERE AREA SOME BREAKS IN THE EAST THIS MORNING. THERE WILL BE ENOUGH RESIDUAL INSTABILITY FROM THE RETREAING UPPER LOW FOR THE STRATOCUMULUS TO FILL IN DURING THE AFTERNOON. WILL NOT BE TOO AGRESSIVE CLEARING OUT THE CLOUD COVER IN THE GRIDS. MONDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH TUESDAY MORNING THE COUNTY WARNING AREA IS IN THE LEFT FRONT REGION OF THE UPPER JET. BEST 840 MB CONVERGENCE IN ON TUEDSDAY NIGHT AS THE COLD FRONT COMES THROUGH. HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITIES BELOW 700 MB SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTY WARNING AREA ON TUEDAY MORNING WITH THE BEST 850-700 MB Q-VECTOR FORCING ARRIVING IN THE WESTERN COUNTIES BY 18Z TUESDAY. GFS IS STILL A LITTLE FSTER BRINGING THE UPPER TROF THROUGH BUT NO CHANGES IN THE TIMING IN THE FORECAST AT THIS POINT. TEMPERATURES WILL BE MODERATING THROUGH THE FIRST HALF OF THE WEEK. 500 MB HEIGHTS RISE TONIGHT AND SUNDAY...THEN EVEN WHEN THE NEXT UPPER LOW COMES ACROSS ON TUESDAY AND TUEDSAY NIGHT...NO REAL COLD AIR BEHIND IT. THE SURFACE HIGH WILL BE CENTERED OVER THE FORECAST AREA BY THE END OF THE DAY MONDAY. EVEN MONDAY MORNING...DEEPER WESTERN VALLEYS WILL LIKELY DECOUPLE AND MAY BE SLIGHTLY COOLER THAN GUIDANCE. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... NO CHANGES AT THIS TIME. AVIATION... NORTHWEST FLOW AND ABUNDANT MOISTURE TO CONTINUE LIGHT SNOW SHOWERS ON WESTERN SLOPES THROUGH SUNDAY MORNING. MVFR VIS/CLOUDS ON WESTERN SLOPE WHILE MVFR CLOUDS ELSEWHERE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS. EAST WILL REMAIN VFR. TAIL END OF UPPER LEVEL LOW WITH ASSOCIATED COLD POOL STILL LINGERING IN THE AREA SUNDAY AFTERNOON. WITH HEATING...ISOLATED/SCATTERED CONVECTIVE SHOWERS TO IGNITE DURING THE AFTERNOON THEN DISSIPATE AROUND SUNSET. WILL KEEP TAFS DRY WITH CB ANNOTATION WITH CLOUDS. && .RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... VA...NONE. NC...NONE. WV...NONE. && $$ JH </PRE></TT></td> va AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 854 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... RATHER IMPRESSIVE SYSTEM CONTINUES TO SPIN OUT OF WYOMING INTO NEBRASKA THIS EVENING ON WATER VAPOR. STRONG MOIST ADVECTION/ISENTROPIC LIFT /295K/ BRINGING NARROW AND MODIFIED MOISTURE AXIS OFF THE SOUTHERN PLAINS INTO THE SYSTEM...WITH A RAPID EXPANSION OF THE CLOUD DECK /10KFT/ IN THE LAST FEW HOURS ACROSS IOWA. REGIONAL RADARS NOW PICKING UP ON BAND OF RAIN/DRIZZLE IN THE STRONGEST JUXTAPOSITION OF DEEP LAYER QG FORCING/ISENTROPIC LIFT IN THE LEFT EXIT REGION OF THE APPROACHING JET ACROSS ERN NEB. NEW 00Z NAM/RUC CONTINUE TO CONFIRM GFS-LED TREND OF STEADY SINK SOUTH OF THIS SYSTEM...WITH PRONOUNCED MID/UPPER RIDGING HOLDING FIRM OVER NRN CWA THROUGH TOMORROW. SHIFTED POPS SOUTH/WEST TONIGHT OUT OF WRN WISC...AND CONFINED LIKELY POPS TO FAR WRN CWA IN ACCORDANCE WITH DISTANCE/SPEED OF STRONGEST FORCING OVERLAID WITH EXPANDING ECHOES OVER ERN NEB. ALSO DROPPED NRN CWA POPS TOMORROW...RATHER SIGNIFICANTLY IN SOME INSTANCES IN AGREEMENT WITH STRONG SWRD TREND IN OPNL RUNS. PTYPE STILL A HUGE CONCERN...NOT SO MUCH WHAT SNOW COULD ACCUMULATE /LITTLE IF ANY/ BUT FOR WHAT COMMUTERS MAY SEE FOR THE MONDAY MORNING DRIVE. HAVE CONTINUED TO MENTION RA/SN AS BOUNDARY LAYER/MAX WET BULB TEMPS TEETER CLOSE TO THE THRESHOLD. TRENDS SEEM TO SUGGEST INCREASING BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW AND CLOUDS SHOULD KEEP MINS UP AND THEREFORE ALL RAIN...BUT RIDGE TOPS/HIGHER SERN MN TERRAIN COULD YIELD SOME WET SNOW AS PER FORECAST. QUICK TRANSITION BACK TO RAIN FOR WHAT LITTLE SNOW MAY BE AROUND ON MON MORNING. UPCOMING SHIFT MAY NEED TO FURTHER SHIFT POPS SOUTH. NERN IA...SEEMS A HIGH CONFIDENCE AREA FOR 0.1 TO 0.2 OF RAIN...GETS A LOT MORE QUESTIONABLE HEADING NORTHEAST FROM THERE. FORCING REALLY PINCHES OFF TO THE NORTH AS THE MAIN MOISTURE TRANSPORT AXIS LAYS OUT AHEAD OF THE JET STREAK TO THE SOUTH/EAST OF HERE. && .ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...NONE. MN...NONE. IA...NONE. && $$ BINAU </PRE></TT></td> wi AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA 1255 AM MON MAR 27 2006 .AVIATION... HIGH PRES MOVG ACROSS THE CWA TONIGHT WITH CLR SKIES AND LIGHT WINDS RESULTING IN GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING. LOW LEVELS QUITE DRY SO EXPECTING ONLY PATCHY GROUND FOG IN RURAL AREAS OVERNIGHT AND LEFT TAFS WITH NO VSBY RESTRICTIONS. LOW OVER WRN NEBRASKA EXPECTED TO MOVE ESE INTO IL BY END OF THE PERIOD. AREA OF RAIN IN LOW LEVEL WAA REGIME AHEAD OF THE LOW SHOULD SPREAD INTO NRN INDIANA LATE IN THE TAF PERIOD WITH CIGS LOWERING TO MVFR AND EVENTUALLY SOME FOG FORMING, BUT THAT SHOULD BE BEYOND THE TAF PD. && .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM... TONIGHT AND MONDAY RATHER BENIGN SHORT TERM WEATHER AS SURFACE AND UPPER LEVEL RIDGING MOVE INTO THE AREA TONIGHT. FORECAST CHALLENGE WILL ACTUALLY BE CLOUD COVER EARLY THIS EVENING DUE TO WIDESPREAD INSTABILITY CUMULUS AND RESIDUAL STRATOCUMULUS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW MOVING VORT MAX ALONG SOUTHEAST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. MODELS DID A POOR JOB HANDLING THIS VORTICITY MAX AND ASSOCIATED CLOUD COVER. VISIBLE SATELLITE LOOPS SHOW NICE CIRCULATION MOVING SOUTH ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. AT 19Z THIS CIRCULATION WAS JUST OFFSHORE OF HOLLAND MICHIGAN AND APPEARED TO BE DRIFTING A BIT SOUTHWEST. LATEST RUC40 EVEN STRUGGLING WITH A POSITION SOUTH OF CHICAGO AT 19Z...THOUGH IT DOES HAVE AN ELONGATED AXIS OF VORTICITY NORTHEAST THROUGH SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. A SECONDARY VORT MAX HAS SHOWN UP IN THE CU FIELD THIS AFTERNOON NEAR THE TRI STATE BORDER AREA. THIS CIRCULATION HAS BEEN SLOW TO MOVE BUT AIDING IN CONVERGENCE AND CUMULUS DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. MOST OF THE CU FIELD IS VERY CELLULAR IN NATURE AND EXPECT ITS DISSIPATION WITH SUNSET AS DIURNAL HEATING IS LOST. THIS SHOULD LEAVE A SMALL AREA OF CLOUDS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VORT MAX OVER THE NORTHWEST AREA. AS VORT MAX SINKS SOUTH AND SUBSIDENCE FROM RIDGING MOVES IN...FEEL THIS AREA WILL GRADUALLY DISSIPATE AS WELL. WILL HAVE REMAINDER OF AFTERNOON HOURS AS MOSTLY CLOUDY AND DECREASE MOST OF THE CLOUDS THROUGH 01Z...TRENDING TO MOSTLY CLEAR BY MID EVENING. WITH THE RIDGE DIRECTLY OVER TOP SHOULD SEE WINDS BECOME CALM ALONG WITH THE MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES. THIS SHOULD ALLOW FOR GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING TONIGHT WITH LOW TEMPERATURES A FEW DEGREES BELOW COOLEST MOS...INTO THE MIDDLE 20S. MONDAY WILL BEGIN NICE WITH LIGHT WINDS AND MOSTLY SUNNY SKIES IN THE MORNING. NEXT SHORT WAVE WILL APPROACH WITH HIGH CLOUDS INCREASING DURING THE AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES SHOULD APPROACH NORMAL VALUES IN THE MID 50S BEFORE THICKEST CLOUD COVER REACHES THE AREA. WHILE LOW LEVELS REMAIN RATHER DRY FOR MOST OF THE DAY...SATURATION DOES BEGIN TO OCCUR TOWARD 00Z SO HAVE LEFT THE SMALL CHANCE OF LIGHT SHOWERS IN THE FAR WEST STARTING AFTER 21Z. LONG TERM... MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PATTERN EVOLUTION WILL BE UNDERWAY IN THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD WHICH WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO SWING FROM THE CURRENT BELOW AVERAGE VALUES TO ABOVE NORMAL BY MID WEEK. CURRENT PATTERN IS TYPICAL OF AN END STAGE MATURE -AO EPISODE WITH ALL THE NEGATIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A BELT IN THE MID LATITUDES WITH THE HIGH LATITUDES AND THE ARCTIC DOMINATED BY POSITIVE HEIGHT ANOMALIES. AS THIS LATEST PATTERN REGIME FADES THE BLOCKING PATTERN WHICH HAS BEEN IN PLACE ACROSS NOAM WILL BREAK DOWN WITH THE PERSISTENT COLD CLOSED LOW OVER THE GREAT LAKES FINALLY EJECTING OFF THE EAST COAST. AS THIS BLOCKING PATTERN BREAKS DOWN A PARADE OF SIGNIFICANT WAVES OF PACIFIC ORIGIN WILL BEGIN TO PROGRESS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NOAM. IN ADDITION... SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL FORCING MANIFESTED IN WATER VAPOR IMAGERY AS A PLUME OF MOISTURE EXTENDING ACROSS THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS WILL LIKELY CONTRIBUTE MOISTURE AND WAVE PACKETS TO THE PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN. LOOKING AT THE DAILIES THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF PACIFIC WAVES IS NOW CROSSING THROUGH THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST AND WILL REMAIN PROGRESSIVE AS THE LAST VESTIGE OF THE CENTRAL CONUS OMEGA BLOCK QUICKLY DISSOLVES. NAM/GFS IN GOOD AGREEMENT NOW IN TAKING A CLOSED MID LEVEL LOW FROM CENTRAL ILLINOIS TO SOUTHERN OHIO MON NGT AND TUE. MID LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE REFLECTION WILL BE STEADILY FILLING AS THEY CROSS THE REGION WITH AN OVERALL WEAKENING IN DYNAMICS WITH TIME. NONETHELESS A PERIOD OF DPVA AHEAD OF THE WAVE COUPLED WITH FRONTOGENETICAL FORCING ALONG THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE LOW TRACK WILL PRODUCE A PERIOD OF RAIN ACROSS THE CWA FROM MON EVENING THROUGH TUE MORNING. ANY PRECIP WILL FALL AS LIQUID GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT WARM LAYER IN THE LOWEST LEVELS PROMOTING FULL MELTING. HAVE INCREASED POPS TO HIGH LIKELY FOR MON NGT AND ALSO INCREASED POPS TO LIKELY OVER THE OHIO COUNTIES FOR TUE MORNING. ANY RAIN SHOULD END LATER TUE WITH A SURFACE HIGH BUILDING IN FOR TUE NGT AND WED. GIVEN PATTERN RECOGNITION OF A FILLING LOW AND MODEL SOUNDINGS...EXPECT SIGNIFICANT LOW LEVEL MOISTURE AND CLOUD COVER TO LINGER TUE NGT AND EVEN INTO WED MORNING. NEXT SIGNIFICANT WAVE NOW CROSSING THE GULF OF ALASKA WILL EMERGE ONTO THE HIGH PLAINS WED NGT. MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE IS COMING INTO REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THIS FEATURE. BOTH THE GEM ENSEMBLES AND GFS ENSEMBLES SHOWING A MAJORITY CLUSTERING OF MEMBERS AROUND A COMMON PATH THROUGH THE UPPER MIDWEST WITH THE LATEST OPERATIONAL RUNS WELL WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE ENVELOPE. BASIC EVOLUTION WILL TAKE A STRONG MID LEVEL TROUGH AND SWING IT THROUGH THE PLAINS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY THU THROUGH FRI WITH A TRAILING COLD FRONT CROSSING OUR REGION ON FRIDAY. AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE IN THE OHIO VALLEY...MEDIUM RANGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SUGGEST PRE-FRONTAL TROUGH DEVELOPMENT WILL OCCUR AND BE THE FOCUS FOR CONVECTION. CURRENT GRIDS HAVE THE SITUATION WELL IN HAND AND WILL MAKE VERY FEW CHANGES. CHANCE OF TSRA CONTINUES IN THE FORECAST FOR THU NGT THROUGH FRI WITH A CHANCE OF LINGERING SHRA FRI NGT. IF FUTURE MODEL ITERATIONS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST FASTER MOTION...CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY NEED TO BE INTRODUCED THU AFTERNOON AS WELL. NEXT WEEKEND MODEL AGREEMENT BEGINS TO DECREASE RAPIDLY...WHICH IS TYPICAL OF A TRANSITIONAL PATTERN IN SPRING. GIVEN THE IMPRESSIVE LOOKING PACIFIC WAVE TRAIN AND ONGOING TROPICAL FORCING CONNECTION IN THE PACIFIC SUSPECT THERE WILL BE A THIRD SYSTEM POSSIBLY DAY 7 OR DAY 8 /SUN OR MON/. GIVEN THE DEGREE OF SPREAD AMONGST ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE WILL OPT TO HOLD OFF ON INCLUSION OF POPS FOR NOW. && .IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IN...NONE. MI...NONE. OH...NONE. LM...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...LASHLEY LONG TERM....HITCHCOCK AVIATION...JT </PRE></TT></td> in AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS 228 AM MST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION...FORECAST CONCERNS INCLUDE WIND TODAY THEN TEMPERATURES NEXT SEVERAL DAYS. A LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM OVER NEBRASKA WITH ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT EXTENDING SOUTHWESTWARD THROUGH CENTRAL KANSAS WAS MOVING SLOWLY EASTWARD AS NORTHWEST FLOW SETS UP OVER THE REGION. LATEST IR AND WATER VAPOR SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWED THE CYCLONIC SPIN OF AFOREMENTIONED HIGH PLAINS LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM. ALSO SEEN ON SATELLITE WAS A NORTH TO SOUTH TROUGH DIGGING SOUTHWARD OFF THE WEST COAST. MODELS INITIALIZED WELL THIS MORNING WITH REGARD TO POSITION AND SLOW EAST MOVEMENT OF NEBRASKA LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM AS WELL AS WITH SYSTEM OFF THE WEST COAST. PREFERRED THE GFS MODEL SLIGHTLY OVER THE NAM40 AND UKMET FOR BETTER FORECASTED TEMPERATURES AND WINDS THROUGH THE SHORT TERM PERIODS. FIRST FORECAST CONCERN TODAY WILL BE WIND. BEHIND FRONTAL PASSAGE AS WELL AS BACKSIDE OF LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM STRONG WINDS MIXED DOWN LAST NIGHT ALONG WITH LIGHT PRECIPITATION OVER YUMA AND DUNDY COUNTIES OF FORECAST AREA. LATEST POINT SOUNDINGS ACROSS FORECAST AREA ALONG WITH KGLD VAD WIND PROFILE SHOW 40KT TO 50KT NORTHWEST WINDS JUST OFF THE SURFACE. THE RUC MODEL ALSO FORECASTS A PERIOD OF THESE WINDS TO POSSIBLY MIX DOWN TODAY AFTER SUNRISE. THEREFORE WILL ISSUE A WIND ADVISORY FOR MUCH OF THE FORECAST AREA EXCLUDING THE SOUTHWEST SECTIONS FOR TODAY. SHOULD SEE BEST WINDS EARLY IN THE WEST AND THEN GRADUALLY SPREAD EAST WITH TIME. ALSO SHOULD NOT HAVE MUCH CLOUDINESS AS SUBSIDENCE BEHIND THE DEPARTING LOW TAKES HOLD. DID NOT MAKE MUCH CHANGE IN HIGH TEMPERATURES FOR TODAY WITH TEMPERATURES A LITTLE COOLER THAN THOSE OF YESTERDAY BUT STILL IN THE 50S. SNOW FIELD HAS FINALLY BEGUN TO MAKE A RAPID DEPARTURE AND SHOULD CONTINUE TODAY. AS FOR THE REST OF THE SHORT TERM FORECAST THROUGH WEDNESDAY MADE VERY LITTLE CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS FORECAST. HIGH PRESSURE RIDGING BUILDS INTO REGION FOR TONIGHT THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY BEFORE NEXT SYSTEM APPROACHES AND MOVES THROUGH THE REGION. WEDNESDAY WILL SEE MORE HIGH CLOUDS MOVING THROUGH IN UPPER FLOW. SOUTH WINDS WILL INCREASE AS TROUGH DEVELOPS BY AFTERNOON IN COLORADO. HIGH TEMPERATURES WILL REMAIN MILD WITH HIGHS RANGING FROM THE MIDDLE 60S TO NEAR 70. AS FOR THE EXTENDED FORECAST PERIOD THURSDAY THROUGH SUNDAY EXTENDED MODELS STILL ADVERTISE TROUGH AND COLD FRONT TO MOVE THROUGH FORECAST AREA THURSDAY AND THURSDAY NIGHT. WILL MAINTAIN MENTION OF SLIGHT CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS NORTHEAST HALF OF FORECAST AREA DURING THE DAY THURSDAY AS TROUGH AND FRONT MOVE THROUGH THE REGION. RIDGING THEN RETURNS TO THE FORECAST AREA FOR FRIDAY THROUGH SUNDAY WITH DRY WEATHER AND MILD TEMPERATURES WITH HIGHS IN THE 60S AND LOWS IN THE 30S. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR KSZ001-KSZ002-KSZ003-KSZ004- KSZ013-KSZ014-KSZ015-KSZ016-KSZ028-KSZ029. NE...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR NEZ079-NEZ080-NEZ081. CO...WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 5 PM MONDAY FOR COZ090-COZ252. && $$ LAMMERS </PRE></TT></td> ks AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MARQUETTE MI 415 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... MAIN FCST CONCERNS SHIFT FROM CLOUDS/TEMPS THROUGH WED TO PCPN/TSTM CHANCES LATER IN THE WEEK. WV IMAGERY...RUC ANALYSIS AND 00Z RAOBS INDICATED A MID/UPR LVL LONG WAVE RDG FROM THE MS VALLEY INTO MANITOBA AND A VIGOROUS UPSTREAM SHRTWV TROF MOVING THROUGH WRN NEB. AN AREA OF MID/HIGH CLOUDS INTO LK SUPERIOR AND NRN UPR MI WAS SUPPORTED BY A WEAK SHRTWV LOCATED OVER WRN ONTARIO IN NW FLOW AHEAD OF THE RDG. AT THE SFC...A RDG DOMINATED THE GREAT LAKES WHILE A TROF SLOWLY EDGED EASTWARD FROM THE PLAINS. MDLS ARE IN GOOD AGREEMENT AT LEAST WITH THE OVERALL SCENARIO SUGGESTING THAT THE MID LEVEL LOW AND ASSOCIATED QG FORCING WILL REMAIN WELL SOUTH OF UPR MI AS IT UNDERCUTS THE RDG ON ITS WAY TOWARD IN/OH BY TUE. THIS WILL ALLOW THE SFC A SFC RDG TO PERSIST OVER THE UPR GRT LAKES THROUGH TUE WITH QUIET WEATHER IN STORE FOR UPR MI. TODAY...AFTER THE ONTARIO SHRTWV DEPARTS...EXPECT THAT THAT MID LVL AND SFC RDGING AND VERY DRY AIR IN PLACE WILL KEEP SKIES MOSTLY SUNNY. SO...ABUNDANT LATE MARCH SUNSHINE SHOULD AGAIN BE ABLE TO PROVIDE MIXING TOWARD 850-800 MB...SIMILAR TO YESTERDAYS OBSERVED SOUNDINGS. THIS WOULD SUPPORT TEMPS TOWARD THE HIGHER ETA GUIDANCE VALUES IN THE MID TO UPPER 40S. TONIGHT...THERE MAY BE SOME INCREASE IN MID/HIGH CLOUDS...ESPECIALLY NEAR THE WI BORDER. OTHERWISE...MOSTLY CLEAR TO PARTLY CLOUDY SKIES SHOULD ALLOW GOOD RADIATIONAL COOLING CONDITIONS WITH LIGHT/VRBL WINDS. SO...EXPECT TEMPS TO FALL NEAR GUIDANCE VALUES...LOWER THAN PREVIOUS FCSTS. TUE...EVEN THOUGH THE GFS/NAM HINTS AT SOME INCREASE IN 925-850 MB MOISTURE AS THE SFC RDG SAGS TO THE SOUTH...IT SEEMS DOUBTFUL THAT IT WILL BE ENOUGH TO BRING SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CLOUDS. SO...WITH SIMILAR THERMAL PRFL...PERSISTENCE AND MDLS TEMP GUIDANCE SEEMED REASONABLE. TUE NIGHT INTO WED...PATTERN PROGRESSION WITH THE MID LVL TROF MOVING INTO THE ROCKIES AND RDGING OVER THE CNTRL CONUS WILL BRING INCREASING SW FLOW TOWARD THE WRN GRT LAKES WITH MODEST INCREASE IN MOISTURE. INCREASING WAA AND DOWNSLOPE FLOW WILL BOOST TEMPS TO NEAR 50F WED AFTERNOON. WED NIGHT...WITH A MORE AMPLIFIED PATTERN DEVELOPING...THE ECMWF/UKMET WERE PREFERRED WHICH KEEP THE MOISTURE AXIS AND ASSOCIATED PCPN CHANCES A BIT FARTHER WEST THAN THE GFS. THU INTO FRI...UKMET/GFS/ECMWF/CANADIAN MDLS ARE IN BETTER AGREEMENT WITH POSITION OF THE MID LVL TROF AND SFC LOW. THE 27/00Z GFS/ECMWF DEVELOP DECENT LOW LVL JET BY THU NIGHT WITH H8 DEWPOINTS TO AROUND 8C PUSHING INTO UPR MI. INCREASING POTENTIAL FOR ELEVATED CONVECTION WITH LOW LVL THETA-E RDG WARRANTS MENTION OF TSTMS. BY FRI...DYNAMICS ASSOCIATED WITH SHRTWV LIFTING TOWARD THE WRN LAKES WILL AGAIN SUPPORT POTENTIAL FOR ADDITIONAL TSTMS. && .MQT...WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && $$ JLB </PRE></TT></td> mi AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN 1035 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006 .UPDATE... INSPECTION OF THE LOCAL 88D MOSAIC SHOWS THAT PCPN HAS DEVELOPED PRETTY MUCH ON SCHEDULE TO THE SW OF THE FA IN RGN OF DEFORMATION AND WAA IN ADVANCE OF UPR LO EVIDENT IN WV IMAGERY OVR WRN NE ATTM. SFC OBS SHOWING THAT PCPN IS HAVING MINIMAL IMPACT...WITH CIGS ONLY REDUCED TO 3 TO 5 KFT AND NO VIS RESTRICTION. 00Z NAM HAS FOLLOWED THE TREND OF THE 18Z NAM/GFS...AS WELL AS THE LATEST RUC RUNS...WHICH SHOVE THE BULK OF THE FORCING ASSOC WITH THIS SYSTEM TO THE S OF THE FA...WITH SOME H7 OMEGA REMAINING ACRS SWRN AND S CNTRL MN. APPEARS THAT THERE WILL BE A RATHER SHARP CUT-OFF IN THE PCPN/NO PCPN RGN...ESPECIALLY ACRS THE E CNTRL MN AND W CNTRL WI COUNTIES. AS A RESULT...HAVE RETOOLED THE POP GRIDS THRU MON AFTN...ACCORDING TO THE LATEST 88D/SFC OB TRENDS...AS WELL AS THE LATEST MDL DATA. WITH CLOUD COVER ALSO EXPECTED TO KEEP OVRNGT TEMPS ABV FRZ ACRS W CNTRL MN...REMOVED ALL MENTION OF FRZ PCPN...INSTEAD LEAVING A MIX OF RAIN/SNOW ACRS THE AREA DURG VARIOUS TIME FRAMES. UPDATED PRODUCTS ALREADY AVBL. THANKS FOR THE COLLAB ARX. KAT && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 315 PM CST SUN MAR 26 2006/ DISCUSSION...TONIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY PRIMARY CONCERN IN SHORT RANGE CONTINUES TO BE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM PASSING NEARBY ON MONDAY AND ITS IMPACT ON PRECIPITATION TYPE AND TIMING. MORNING H5 ANALYSIS AND CURRENT GOES WV LOOP SHOWS SYSTEM OF INTEREST SPINNING ACROSS CENTRAL WY WITH UPGLIDING MOISTURE ENTERING THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. VIS LOOP SHOWS SOME ASSOCIATED MID-LEVEL CLOUDS OVER THE DAKOTAS BUT NO 88D RETURNS AT PRESENT. ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE OVER CWA NOT ALL THAT DRY AS SOME CU SEEN AND MORNING RAOBS INDICATED NO REAL DRY AIR INTRUSION AFTER THE LOW CLOUDS OF THE PAST FEW DAYS FINALLY ERODED. SO DO NOT THINK IT WILL TAKE LONG TO SATURATE TONIGHT AS MODEL PROGGED PWS ARE IN THE ORDER OF 0.5 TO 0.7 INCHES AND MIXING RATIOS ON LOW LEVEL THETA LAYERS OF CLOSE TO FOUR G/KG. HOWEVER FORCING IS LACKING DUE TO SYSTEM BEING STACKED AND DWINDLING WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE MODEL SOLUTION. UPPER LEVEL JET REMAINS WELL SOUTH WITH LEFT EXIT DIFFLUENT REGION AND ASSOCIATED H8-H5 OMEGA PEAKING OVER IA AND FAR SOUTHERN CWA. MODELS GENERALLY IN GOOD AGREEMENT AS 12Z AND 18Z NAM SOLUTIONS COMING IN LINE WITH THE GFS IN HAVING THE SYSTEM GLIDE ESE OVER IA. SOME WIDE HPC SREF SPREADS IN QPF LOCATION AND AMOUNT...BUT GENERALLY WENT WITH LIGHTER AMOUNTS AND LATER ONSET TIME DUE TO NO REAL AREA OF FOCUS. BUFKIT SNDGS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS INDICATE RA OR SN POSSIBILITIES. IN FAR WEST WHERE RUC AND NAM INDICATE OVERNIGHT LLJ OF 50KT...A PROGGED WARM LAYER OF 2-3C IS ADVECTED IN. SREF DOMINANT PRECIP TYPE DOES INDICATE SOME ZR WITH THIS...SO THEREFORE HAVE INTRODUCED THE CHC FROM 8Z THROUGH DAWN IN W AND NW ZONES. PRECIP CHANCES LAST ALL OF MONDAY AND INTO MONDAY NIGHT AS SYSTEM PROGGED TO MOVE SLOWLY...WITH BEST CHANCES GENERALLY IN SOUTHERN HALF OF CWA AND BEFORE 18Z MON. AFTER THAT POINT ASSOCIATED INVERTED SFC TROUGH PASSES AND DRIER AIR STARTS TO MOVE IN. PRECIP TYPE COULD SWITCH AROUND A FEW TIMES DURING THE DURATION OF THIS EVENT DUE TO DIABATIC EFFECTS AND DIURNAL TRENDS...BUT ALL IN ALL PRECIP SHOULD BE LIGHT AND GENERALLY RAIN OR SNOW WITH MAX SNOW ACCUMULATIONS AT AN INCH. LOW LEVEL CLOUDS SHOULD STICK AROUND FOR A WHILE SIMILAR TO LAST SYSTEM. LAZY LOW LEVEL FLOW SHOULD KEEP THEM THROUGH TUES AND POSSIBILY EVEN INTO TUES NIGHT. STRONG WAA STARTS IN ON WEDS AHEAD OF NEXT SYSTEM. WITH TEMPS DURING SHORT RANGE MADE ONLY MINOR TWEAKS...EDGING UP TEMPS A BIT THROUGH MON NIGHT GIVEN MAXS THIS AFTN. LONGER TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT THE LATEST ENSEMBLE MEMBERS OFF THE GFS AND EUROPEAN MODELS ARE SHOWING SIGNS OF DISCONTINUITY IN OVERALL UPPER AIR PATTERN OVER NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PERIOD...AS THE PATTERN BECOMES MORE PROGRESSIVE. GFS IS THE MORE AGGRESSOR OF LIFTING SYSTEM INTO THE GREAT LAKES BY SATURDAY MORNING. TIMING OF THE NEXT SYSTEM WILL BE CRITICAL THU AND FRI WITH THE LONGWAVE TROUGH AND SURFACE LOW PROJECTED TO MOVE INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS ON THURSDAY. POPS STILL SEEM REASONABLE FOR THURSDAY AND FRIDAY DUE TO DYNAMICS ALONG WITH INCREASING INSTABLITY AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM. HOWEVER...THE BEST FORCING AND LIFT IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR OVER THE SOUTHERN HALF OF OUR FORECAST AREA. TEMPS BY THURSDAY ARE EXPECTED TO MODERATE INTO THE 50S THEN MORE TYPICAL SPRING-LIKE OVER THE UPCOMING WEEKEND. && MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MN...NONE. WI...NONE. && $$ </PRE></TT></td> mn AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SPRINGFIELD MO 358 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... VIGOROUS UPPER DISTURBANCE CURRENTLY TRACKING EASTWARD THIS MORNING ACROSS NEBRASKA. IN RESPONSE TO THIS FEATURE...AN AREA OF SHOWERS WITH EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPED ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS AND PUSHED INTO MISSOURI. THIS PRECIPITATION WAS FUELED BY MODEST MOISTURE TRANSPORT/CONVERGENCE ON THE NOSE OF A 55-60 KT LOW LEVEL JET AT 850 MB. IN ADDITION...UPPER DIFFLUENCE AT 250 MB WAS NOTED ON THE REGIONAL PROFILER NETWORK AS THIS AREA WAS IN THE LEFT FRONT QUAD OF THE UPPER JET. AT THE SURFACE...LOW PRESSURE WAS ALSO CENTERED OVER NEBRASKA WITH ITS ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT STRETCHING SOUTHWARD ACROSS CENTRAL KANSAS. PRIMARY SHORT TERM FORECAST CONCERNS WILL BE RAIN CHANCES AND TEMPERATURES. HELD ON TO LIKELY POPS FOR THE MORNING HOURS MAINLY EAST OF HIGHWAY 65..AS THIS AREA WILL STILL BE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASING MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND 925-850MB THETA-E ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE APPROACHING COLD FRONT. FURTHER TO THE WEST...TRENDED POPS DOWNWARD TO LOW END CHANCES ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER AS THE RUC SHOWS DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST SHORTLY AFTER 12Z. ANY PRECIPITATION TODAY WILL BE SHOWERY IN NATURE WITH ONLY AN ISOLATED THUNDERSTORM POSSIBLE. THE NAM SHOWS SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY WITH LI VALUES LIFTED FROM 800 MB AROUND -1 THROUGH 18Z. AS FOR TEMPERATURES...WITH DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST...AREAS ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER SHOULD SEE ENOUGH SUNSHINE TODAY TO REBOUND INTO THE LOWER 60S. WILL HAVE TO WATCH TEMPS MORE CLOSELY FURTHER EAST. FOR NOW BANKING ON CLOUD COVER HANGING ON FOR MUCH OF THE AFTERNOON WHICH WOULD LIKELY KEEP HIGHS ONLY IN THE LOW/MID 50S. TUESDAY LOOKS LIKE A TRANQUIL DAY WITH TEMPERATURES NEAR LATE MARCH NORMALS AS UPPER RIDGING TAKES HOLD IN THE WAKE OF TODAY'S SYSTEM. BY WEDNESDAY...SOUTHERLY FLOW RETURNS TO THE AREA WHICH WILL LIKELY ALLOW HIGHS TO CLIMB TO NEAR 70 ACROSS SOUTHEAST KANSAS AND MUCH OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. HAVE SOME SLIGHT AND LOW POPS WEDNESDAY INTO WEDNESDAY AS MOISTURE BEGINS TO RETURN NORTHWARD AHEAD OF THE NEXT UPPER SYSTEM. THE BULK OF THE LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE TRANSPORT FIELDS KEEP THE BETTER CONVERGENCE TO THE WEST...SO HIGH POPS WEREN'T WARRANTED FOR THIS PERIOD. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES REGARDING THE UPPER SYSTEM ENTERING THE PLAINS BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON. ONE THING FOR CERTAIN IS THAT THE SYSTEM WILL HAVE PLENTY OF MOISTURE TO WORK WITH. THE LATEST ECMWF TAKES THE UPPER LOW ACROSS NEBRASKA TOWARD THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...WHILE THE GFS TRACKS THE SYSTEM ACROSS KANSAS AND NORTHERN MISSOURI. THE GFS SOLUTION WOULD BRING A GOOD SHOT OF SEVERE WEATHER TO THE OZARKS REGION...AS 0-6KM BULK SHEAR VALUES INCREASE TO AROUND 60KTS BY 00Z FRIDAY. SAW && .AVIATION... LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY EFFECTS CONTINUE TO PRODUCE GUSTS OVER 25KT AT THE SPRINGFIELD TERMINAL EARLY THIS MORNING. LATEST RADAR IMAGERY INDICATES THAT THE BULK OF THE SHOWERS WILL REMAIN TO THE NORTH OF THE JOPLIN AND SPRINGFIELD TERMINALS THIS MORNING. ALTHOUGH A LIGHT SHOWER CANNOT BE RULED OUT. BROKEN TO OVERCAST VFR CEILINGS AROUND 6 KFT WILL PREVAIL EARLY TODAY BEFORE CLEARING OUT BY LATE MORNING. SCATTERED STRATO CUMULUS WILL REMAIN DURING THE DAY WITH MVFR CEILINGS LOCATED TO THE NORTH. GUSTY SOUTHWEST WINDS BEHIND THE FRONT WILL VEER TO WEST DURING THE DAY WITH SOME GUSTS TO 25KT. WINDS WILL SUBSIDE TONIGHT. FOSTER && .SGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...NONE. KS...NONE. $$ WFO SGF </PRE></TT></td> mo AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS 950 AM CST MON 27 2006 .DISCUSSION...LATEST SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWED A CLOSED UPPER LOW MOVING THROUGH THE MID TO UPPER PLAINS. IT WAS DRAGGING A FRONT TOWARD THE REGION. THE CWA WAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A FLATTEN UPPER RIDGE PATTERN. WESTELRY FLOW IN THE MID LEVELS WAS BRINGING MID TO UPPER LEVEL CLOUDS...WHILE LOW LEVEL FLOW WAS SLOWLY TRYING THE MOISTEN THE ATMOSPHERIC COLUMN. AREA RADARS WERE PICKING UP VIRGA IN MID TO UPPER DECK CLOUDS. TEMPS SEEM TO BE RUNNING AT FORECAST SO WILL MAKE NO CHANGES. MAY SEE SOME SPRINKLES IN THE NORTHWEST LATE THIS AFTERNOON. LATEST RUC DOES NOT SHOW MUCH OF ANYTHING THERE FOR THIS AFTERNOON...BUT WILL KEEP LOW POPS THERE. .AVIATION...VFR CONDITIONS IS EXPECTED FOR THE REMAINDER OF THIS AFTERNOON WITH MID TO UPPER DECK CLOUDS ABOVE 10 KFT. WINDS WILL BE 5-10 MPH OUT OF THE SOUTH IN THE EAST TO 10-20 MPH WITH SOME HIGHER GUSTS WEST. FOR TONIGHT SHOWERS SHOULD BEGIN THIS EVENING AROUND TVR...GLH AND GWO AND THEN SHIFT SOUTH TOWARD THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE DAWN. SOME MVFR CEILINGS WILL ACCOMPANY SHOWERS WITH SOME MVFR (POSSIBLY TEMPO IFR) VIS REDUCTIONS POSSIBLY ALONG AND SOUTH OF I-20 LATER TONIGHT BEFORE (OR SOUTH OF) THE AREAS OF RAIN. THERE COULD BE ENOUGH ELEVATED INSTABILITY FOR ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS AT KGLH..KGWO LATE THIS EVENING. EXPECT THE ISOLATED STORMS TO DEVELOP OVER KCBM AFTER 08Z. BY EARLY TUESDAY MORNING THE SHOWERS WILL SPREAD OVER THE REMAINDER OF THE FORECAST AREA. WITH ISOLATED STORMS DEVELOPING SOUTH TO KJAN BETWEEN 12 AND 18Z TUESDAY. CEILINGS WILL BE MVFR. && .JAN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MS...NONE. LA...NONE. AR...NONE. && 17 (PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...440 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006) .DISCUSSION... THE UNSEASONABLY COOL AND DRY STRETCH OF WEATHER OVER THE REGION WILL BE COMING TO AN END OVER THE NEXT 24 HOURS AS THE UPPER FLOW PATTERN OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS BECOMES SOMEWHAT MORE ACTIVE AND DISTURBED. DURING THIS PERIOD OF TIME A RATHER VIGOROUS UPPER ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCE WILL TRANSLATE QUICKLY EAST THROUGH THE MIDWEST AND OHIO VALLEY. ALMOST ALL OF THE DYNAMIC UPPER FORCING WITH THIS SYSTEM WILL REMAIN TO THE NORTH OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...BUT A FRONTAL BOUNDARY DRAPING WELL SOUTH OF THIS FEATURE (ALONG WITH ITS ATTENDANT PRECEDING WARM AIR ADVECTION ALOFT) WILL GET A MOISTENING AND LIFTING PROCESS GOING ACROSS PORTIONS OF THE ARKLAMISS. IN SHORT...THAT MEANS RAIN...ESPECIALLY LATE TONIGHT INTO TOMORROW ALONG AND NORTHWEST OF THE NATCHEZ TRACE CORRIDOR. LOOKS LIKE THIS PATTERN IS HOLDING WITH THE MOLD OF 'LA NINA' CLIMATOLOGY IN THE SENSE THAT AREAS NEAR THE COAST UP TO THE HIGHWAY 84 CORRIDOR WILL REMAIN SOUTH OF THE MAIN RAIN PRODUCTION ZONE. ALSO OF PERHAPS A LITTLE INTEREST IS THE POSSIBILITY OF ELEVATED THUNDEROUS CONVECTION ACCOMPANYING SHOWERS IN THE ARKLAMISS DELTA REGION TONIGHT AFTER MIDNIGHT...AND THEN IN MOST AREAS OUTSIDE OF SOUTHEAST MS COUNTIES LATER ON TOMORROW. INGREDIENTS FOR ANY SEVERE WEATHER LOOK TO BE IN VERY SHORT SUPPLY...SO LOOK FOR ONLY AN INCREASE IN RAIN RATES IN AREAS OF THUNDERSTORMS (AND NO HAIL OR DAMAGING WINDS). IT IS ALSO HARD TO SEE HOW RAIN TOTALS WILL BE A PROBLEM OVER THE NEXT 48 HOURS AS ONLY TOTALS OVER AN INCH OR 1.5" (AT MOST) SEEM CONCEIVABLE DURING THIS TIME (AND THEN ONLY IN IN NORTHWEST OR FAR WESTERN ZONES). SHOWERS AND CONVECTION TONIGHT AND TOMORROW SHOULD MAINLY BE CO-LOCATED WITH A THETA-E RIDGE NOSING NORTHEAST INTO THE REGION AHEAD OF THE SURFACE FRONT WITH THE SURFACE FRONT ITSELF PROBABLY NOT OOZING SOUTH INTO THE MY NORTHERN BORDERS UNTIL DAYTIME TOMORROW. THIS SURFACE FRONT WILL PROBABLY NOT MAKE IT DOWN TO THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE STALLING AS SOUTHERLY FLOW OFF THE SURFACE RESPONDS TO A WEAK UPPER DISTURBANCE COMING TOWARD THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY BY WEDNESDAY MORNING IN AN INVIGORATED SOUTHERN STREAM ALOFT. CONFIDENCE WITH PINPOINTING SHOWERS DECREASES SOME TUESDAY NIGHT IN THIS TRANSITIONAL PERIOD...BUT SHOWERS CANNOT BE RULED OUT ANYWHERE AT THIS TIME. BUT...BEFORE ALL THE UNSETTLED WEATHER...AREA RESIDENTS SHOULD ENJOY A MILDER (ALTHOUGH A BIT MORE CLOUDY) MONDAY IN COMPARISON TO THE PRIOR SEVERAL DAYS. WENT GENERALLY WITH MAV FOR HIGHS TODAY WHICH PUTS THE TEMP RANGE GENERALLY FROM THE UPPER 60S TO LOWER 70S. I REMAINED NEAR MAV FOR TEMPS TONIGHT (50 TO 55)...TOMORROW (LOW 60S TO NEAR 70) AND TOMORROW NIGHT (NEAR 50 TO MID 50S) AS WELL. AS FAR AS POPS...I DID TRY TO BEAT MAV ON THE HIGH SIDE TONIGHT AND TOMORROW IN THE "HIGH CONFIDENCE" AREAS OF RAIN MENTIONED...BUT I GENERALLY REMAINED CLOSE OTHERWISE. THERE IS A 20 PERCENT CHANCE OF SOME SHOWERS GETTING INTO FAR NORTHWEST ZONES BEFORE EVENING...BUT IF THAT OCCURS IT SHOULD BE IN THE WANING PORTION OF THE AFTERNOON. /BB/ LONGER TERM... BOUNDARY STALLS AS WARM FRONT ACROSS CENTRAL ZONES WEDNESDAY. MOISTURE DEEPENS AND WEAK WAVES SHIFT THROUGH THE FLAT RIDGE IN PLACE. LITTLE OR NO JET SUPPORT NOTED AND LOW LEVEL FLOW REMAINS RELATIVELY WEAK. THE BOUNDARY WASHES OUT WEDNESDAY NIGHT. WARMER TEMPS ON TAP FOR THURSDAY AS LOW LEVEL FLOW INCREASES. WILL SEE SURFACE DEWPOINTS LIFT INTO THE LOWER 60S BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON AS MID/UPPER FLOW BACKS IN RESPONSE TO THE LOW MOVING INTO THE SRN PLAINS. 25-30KT 850 MB JET INTENSIFIES NEAR 50 KTS THURSDAY NIGHT. DEEP LAYER SHEAR ALSO INTENSIFIES AS MID/UPPER JETS MOVE INTO PLACE. BEST SURFACE CONVERGENCE IN PLACE ACROSS THE FORECAST AREA EARLY FRIDAY MORNING BUT 850 MB FLOW HAS ALREADY VEERED TO A MORE WLY DIRECTION. THE AIR MASS REMAINS SOMEWHAT UNSTABLE WITH AN 850 MB THETAE MAX POSITIONED OVER THE AREA. LONGER TERM MODELS DISAGREE ON SRN EXTENT OF SURFACE LOW TRACK WITH EURO SHIFTING SURFACE AND UPPER LOW WELL NORTH OF THE REGION. WILL FOLLOW MORE SRN TRACK FOR NOW. THE BOUNDARY SHIFTS ACROSS THE REGION FRIDAY NIGHT AND EXITS AREA BY SUNRISE SATURDAY. BY 12Z SATURDAY NWLY FLOW FORECAST AT LOWER AND UPPER LEVELS WITH A DRY AIR MASS OVER THE AREA. MORE ZONAL FLOW SETS UP FOR SUNDAY WITH WEAK WAVES MOVING THROUGH THE FLOW. WILL KEEP SUNDAY DRY FOR NOW AS MOISTURE RETURN LOOKS DELAYED UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE WORK WEEK. /03/ && .AVIATION... HIGHER CLOUDS WILL FILTER EAST INTO THE ARKLAMISS REGION TODAY AND DECKS COULD BE BROKEN AT ANY TIME...ESPECIALLY WEST OF I-55. BUT LOOK FOR CEILINGS TO REMAIN ABOVE 10 KFT IN ALL AREAS OUTSIDE OF GLH...TVR AND GWO THROUGH 00Z ALTHOUGH POSSIBLY GETTING DOWN TO 5 KT IN THE HIGHLIGHTED SPOTS BY THAT TIME. SHOWERS SHOULD BEGIN THIS EVENING AROUND TVR...GLH AND GWO AND THEN SHIFT SOUTH TOWARD THE I-20 CORRIDOR BEFORE DAWN. SOME MVFR CEILINGS WILL ACCOMPANY SHOWERS WITH SOME MVFR (POSSIBLY TEMPO IFR) VIS REDUCTIONS POSSIBLY ALONG AND SOUTH OF I-20 LATER TONIGHT BEFORE (OR SOUTH OF) THE AREAS OF RAIN. /BB/ && .FIRE WEATHER... MINIMUM RH VALUES SHOULD BRIEFLY BE DOWN IN THE 20S LATER TODAY IN EASTERN MISSISSIPPI AND POSSIBLY DOWN IN THE 30S AS FAR WEST AS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. WINDS WILL BE A LITTLE STRONGER THAN YESTERDAY WITH GUSTS UP TO 15 TO 20 MPH NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION IN ANY SPOT. THESE COMBINATIONS DO NOT MEET RED FLAG CRITERIA ANYWHERE...BUT BURNING INTERESTS (PARTICULARLY IN EASTERN MS) SHOULD KEEP THIS IN MIND. /BB/ && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... JACKSON 70 51 66 55 / 5 45 65 46 MERIDIAN 71 49 69 53 / 0 34 58 43 VICKSBURG 71 52 66 54 / 10 53 74 50 HATTIESBURG 72 50 72 55 / 0 10 24 20 NATCHEZ 71 54 70 57 / 6 32 62 54 GREENVILLE 66 51 65 48 / 20 78 50 36 GREENWOOD 67 49 63 50 / 13 73 55 35 && .JAN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MS...NONE. LA...NONE. AR...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM:50 LONG TERM:03 </PRE></TT></td> ms AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC 1005 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .SHORT TERM /REST OF TODAY THROUGH TUESDAY/... HIGH PRESSURE WILL CONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE SOUTHEAST THROUGH THE REST OF TODAY AND TONIGHT. MINOR TWEAKS TO THIS MORNINGS UPDATE TO RAISE TEMPERATURES SLIGHTLY TO MESH WITH LATEST MOS GUIDANCE. WINDS ALSO UPDATED WITH LATEST RUC GUIDANCE...BUT STILL REMAINING LIGHT DURING THE AFTERNOON. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 230 AM EST MON MAR 27 2006/ SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY/... RIDGING AT THE SFC AND ALOFT TRANSLATE EASTWARD ACRS THE CWFA TODAY ALLOWING FOR A VERY QUIET WX DAY. AFTER A CHILLY START THIS MORNING...A NOTABLY MILDER AFTERNOON IS ON TAP. DEEP FORCING AND MOISTURE STILL ON TRACK TO INCREASE ACRS THE NC MTNS AFTER MIDNIGHT WITH SHOWER CHANCES THE RESULT. A PERIOD OF SLEET OR SNOW MAY STILL OCCUR EARLY TUESDAY MORNING AS THE ATMOSPHERE MOISTENS THE INITIALLY COLD LAYER BELOW 700 MB. WILL MAINTAIN LIKELY CVRG OF SHOWERS IN THE MTNS THROUGH MIDDAY FOR NOW...BUT SUSPECT THAT WE COULD CREEP THIS UP TO CAT CVRG...ALBEIT WITH LIGHT QPF...AS LATEST SREF INDICATES A GREATER THAN 90 PERCENT CHANCE OF MEASURABLE PCPN. IT REMAINS DEBATABLE JUST MUCH SHOWER CVRG OCCURS EAST OF THE MTNS...BUT TRACK OF VORT LOOKS TO BE FAR ENUF SOUTH FOR MORE THAN JUST SCATTERED ACTIVITY INTO THE NC PIEDMONT...BUT WILL LEAVE AS CHANCE FOR NOW. A TOKEN PERIOD OF WEAK UPSLOPE FLOW DEVELOPS IN THE WAKE OF S/WV TUESDAY EVENING...OTHERWISE DEEP LAYERED DRYING SPREADS QUICKLY EAST ACRS THE REGION. WILL CONTINUE WITH A DRY FCST FOR WEDNESDAY AS UPPER RIDGING REDEVELOPS OVER THE EASTERN U.S. LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/... NO SURPRISES NOTED IN THE 27/00 UTC OP GFS DEPICTION OF RETURN FLOW MOISTURE INCREASING ACRS THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS THURSDAY...WILL LEAVE GOING CHC POPS AS IS. MORE SOLID CHANCE POPS FOR FRIDAY TO CONTINUE AS WELL WITH MODERATELY FORCED FRONTAL/CONVECTIVE BAND PROGGED TO APPROACH FROM THE WEST. NO CHANGES MADE TO THE GOING WEEKEND FCST AS WELL. AVIATION... VFR CONDITIONS TO PERSIST THROUGH THE 06Z TAF PERIOD AS HIGH PRESSURE BUILDS IN FROM THE WEST KEEPING LIGHT NLY WINDS OVER THE AREA. CLEAR SKIES WITH ONLY A FEW LINGERING STRATOCU OVER THE N NC MTNS AND WISPS OF CI MOVING IN FROM THE WEST. SOME LINGERING MOISTURE UNDER THE SUBSIDENCE INVERSION WILL LEAD TO A LITTLE VFR STRATOCU AGAIN WITH AFTERNOON HEATING...BUT NOT TO THE EXTENT OF THE PAST TWO DAYS. ALSO IN THE AFTERNOON...LIGHT WINDS SHOULD SHIFT TO THE SW AS THE CENTER OF THE HIGH MOVES EAST AWAY FROM THE AREA. FRONTAL SYSTEM APPROACHES FROM THE WEST MONDAY NIGHT...BUT ONLY MID/HIGH LEVEL MOISTURE MOVES IN THRU 06Z. ISENTROPIC LIFT AND LOW LEVEL MOISTURE INCREASE BETWEEN 06Z AND 12Z. HOWEVER...CONCERNS REMAIN OVER WHETHER ANY PRECIP OR RESTRICTIONS DEVELOP BY THEN. && .GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... GA...NONE. NC...NONE. SC...NONE. && $$ SHORT TERM...VAD </PRE></TT></td> sc AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY 213 PM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... EARLY THIS AFTERNOON...HIGH PRESSURE EXTENDED FROM THE GREAT LAKES...SOUTH ACROSS EASTERN KY INTO THE SE U.S. CLOUDS WERE ADVANCING EAST TOWARD CENTRAL KY AND SCNTRL INDIANA EARLY THIS AFTERNOON...IN ADVANCE OF A CLOSED LOW CURRENTLY OVER SW IOWA. REGIONAL RADAR MOSAIC SHOWED A SOLID AREA OF RAIN SHOWERS ADVANCING TO THE EAST ACROSS SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND MOVG INTO SW INDIANA. THE ACTIVITY TRAILED OFF TO SCATTERED LIGHT SHOWERS IN SE MISSOURI AND WEST KENTUCKY. WE EXPECT CLOUDS TO CONTINUE TO INCREASE FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS THE REGION THIS AFTERNOON...WITH THE CHANCE OF RAIN INCREASING AS WELL. WILL HAVE HIGHEST POPS ACROSS SOUTHERN INDIANA INTO ADJACENT NORTHERN KENTUCKY...AND LOWER POPS ACROSS SOUTH CENTRAL KENTUCKY BASED ON THE LATEST TRENDS AND RUC/GFS MODEL SUGGESTIONS. STABILITY PARAMETERS SUGGEST LITTLE CHANCE OF THUNDER. THE MODELS MOVE THE UPPER LOW AND SFC REFLECTION INTO CNTRL INDIANA BY 12Z TUESDAY...SO WILL HOLD ONTO A CHANCE OF SHOWERS ALL NIGHT. WILL THEN END THE CHANCE FROM WEST TO EAST EARLY TUESDAY AS THE LOW MOVES EAST TO THE MID ATLANTIC REGION. CLOUDS WILL BE MORE PREVALENT THAN NOT THROUGH TUESDAY...IN RELATION TO THIS SYSTEM. AS FAR AS TEMP GUIDANCE...USED A BLEND OF GOING NUMBERS AND THE LATEST GFS MOS. QUIET WEATHER IS EXPECTED TUE NIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY AS HIGH PRESSURE TAKES CONTROL. AFTER WEDNESDAY...THINGS ARE NOT AS CLEAR CUT. WE WILL BE IN RETURN FLOW ACROSS THE FA...WITH THE UPPER LEVEL FLOW PATTERN MORE ACTIVE AND SOUTHWESTERLY. FOR NOW...HAVE ELECTED TO KEEP IT DRY THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT...AND ONLY INTRODUCE LOW CHANCE POPS FOR THURSDAY. THE MORE CLEAR CUT SIGNAL IN THE MODELS IS TOWARD DAY BREAK FRIDAY...AS A FRONTAL SYSTEM MOVES INTO WEST SECTIONS OF THE FORECAST AREA. SO...AFTER TODAY...OUR HIGHEST POP EVENT WILL BE FRIDAY...AS A FRONT IS FORECAST TO MOVE ACROSS THE REGION FROM WEST TO EAST...OFFERING UP A CHANCE OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. WILL LINGER A LOW CHANCE OF SHOWERS IN FOR FRIDAY NIGHT...THEN KEEP CONDITIONS MAINLY DRY FROM SATURDAY ON...PER THE LATEST GFS AND HPC GUIDANCE. && .LMK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KY...NONE. IN...NONE. && $$ NOLES </PRE></TT></td> ky AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...AVIATION UPDATE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SPRINGFIELD MO 1207 PM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .DISCUSSION... STRATUS DECK HAS BECOME SCATTERED OVER THE WESTERN PORTIONS OF THE AREA AND TEMPERATURES HAVE RESPONDED. INSOLATION HAS LED TO TEMPS IN THE LOWER/MIDDLE 60S WHERE CLEARING HAS OCCURRED...WHILE UNDER THE CLOUDS TEMPS ARE HOLDING IN THE 40S AND 50S. WILL ISSUE AN UPDATE TO BUMP HIGHS UP OVER THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZONES FOR THIS AFTERNOON. JLT/GAGAN && .PREV DISCUSSION... VIGOROUS UPPER DISTURBANCE CURRENTLY TRACKING EASTWARD THIS MORNING ACROSS NEBRASKA. IN RESPONSE TO THIS FEATURE...AN AREA OF SHOWERS WITH EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPED ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS AND PUSHED INTO MISSOURI. THIS PRECIPITATION WAS FUELED BY MODEST MOISTURE TRANSPORT/CONVERGENCE ON THE NOSE OF A 55-60 KT LOW LEVEL JET AT 850 MB. IN ADDITION...UPPER DIFFLUENCE AT 250 MB WAS NOTED ON THE REGIONAL PROFILER NETWORK AS THIS AREA WAS IN THE LEFT FRONT QUAD OF THE UPPER JET. AT THE SURFACE...LOW PRESSURE WAS ALSO CENTERED OVER NEBRASKA WITH ITS ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT STRETCHING SOUTHWARD ACROSS CENTRAL KANSAS. PRIMARY SHORT TERM FORECAST CONCERNS WILL BE RAIN CHANCES AND TEMPERATURES. HELD ON TO LIKELY POPS FOR THE MORNING HOURS MAINLY EAST OF HIGHWAY 65..AS THIS AREA WILL STILL BE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASING MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND 925-850MB THETA-E ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE APPROACHING COLD FRONT. FURTHER TO THE WEST...TRENDED POPS DOWNWARD TO LOW END CHANCES ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER AS THE RUC SHOWS DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST SHORTLY AFTER 12Z. ANY PRECIPITATION TODAY WILL BE SHOWERY IN NATURE WITH ONLY AN ISOLATED THUNDERSTORM POSSIBLE. THE NAM SHOWS SOME WEAK ELEVATED INSTABILITY WITH LI VALUES LIFTED FROM 800 MB AROUND -1 THROUGH 18Z. AS FOR TEMPERATURES...WITH DRIER AIR ADVECTING IN FROM THE WEST...AREAS ALONG THE KANSAS BORDER SHOULD SEE ENOUGH SUNSHINE TODAY TO REBOUND INTO THE LOWER 60S. WILL HAVE TO WATCH TEMPS MORE CLOSELY FURTHER EAST. FOR NOW BANKING ON CLOUD COVER HANGING ON FOR MUCH OF THE AFTERNOON WHICH WOULD LIKELY KEEP HIGHS ONLY IN THE LOW/MID 50S. TUESDAY LOOKS LIKE A TRANQUIL DAY WITH TEMPERATURES NEAR LATE MARCH NORMALS AS UPPER RIDGING TAKES HOLD IN THE WAKE OF TODAY'S SYSTEM. BY WEDNESDAY...SOUTHERLY FLOW RETURNS TO THE AREA WHICH WILL LIKELY ALLOW HIGHS TO CLIMB TO NEAR 70 ACROSS SOUTHEAST KANSAS AND MUCH OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. HAVE SOME SLIGHT AND LOW POPS WEDNESDAY INTO WEDNESDAY AS MOISTURE BEGINS TO RETURN NORTHWARD AHEAD OF THE NEXT UPPER SYSTEM. THE BULK OF THE LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE TRANSPORT FIELDS KEEP THE BETTER CONVERGENCE TO THE WEST...SO HIGH POPS WEREN'T WARRANTED FOR THIS PERIOD. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES REGARDING THE UPPER SYSTEM ENTERING THE PLAINS BY THURSDAY AFTERNOON. ONE THING FOR CERTAIN IS THAT THE SYSTEM WILL HAVE PLENTY OF MOISTURE TO WORK WITH. THE LATEST ECMWF TAKES THE UPPER LOW ACROSS NEBRASKA TOWARD THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...WHILE THE GFS TRACKS THE SYSTEM ACROSS KANSAS AND NORTHERN MISSOURI. THE GFS SOLUTION WOULD BRING A GOOD SHOT OF SEVERE WEATHER TO THE OZARKS REGION...AS 0-6KM BULK SHEAR VALUES INCREASE TO AROUND 60KTS BY 00Z FRIDAY. SAW && .AVIATION... FOR THE 18Z TAFS...CONDITIONS ACROSS THE TAF SITES SHOULD REMAIN VFR THROUGH THE EVENING WITH A DROP TO MVFR AFTER MIDNIGHT. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE WILL BRING A STRATOCUMULUS DECK INTO THE OZARKS WITH CEILINGS AROUND 1500 TO 2000 FT. THIS CEILING SHOULD PERSIST INTO THE DAY ON WEDNESDAY WITH A HIGH CIRRUS DECK KEEPING THE SUN FROM BURNING THE STRATUS OFF AS THE DAY PROGRESSES. HATCH && .SGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...NONE. KS...NONE. $$ WFO SGF </PRE></TT></td> mo AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NEWPORT/MOREHEAD CITY NC 219 PM EST MON MAR 27 2006 .SHORT TERM (TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT)...SFC AND UPR LVL RDG JUST W OF CWA TDY. SLO EWD DRIFT WL KP DRY NNW FLO OVR CWA INTO THIS EVE. 5H FLO TO BCM QUASI ZNL LTR TNGT AS WK TROF APPCHS FRM THE W. ASSCTD SFC FNT WL TURN LO LVL FLO TO SW BY MDNGT TNGT. NAM A LTL FASTER THAN RUC IN TURNG LO LVL FLO ARND. WL LEAN TWRD RUC TIMING. GIVEN THIS WND SHIFT XPCT LO TEMPS TO OCCUR BFR MIDNGT AND WL HV HRLY TEMPS REFLECT THIS. SNDGS NOT SHOWG TOO MUCH DECPLG OF THE WNDS. THEY DO SHOW A SHALLOW INVERSION...AT THE SAME TM AS SUM MID LVL MSTR. THRFR AM NOT XPCTG F TO BE A PROBL TNGT. CLDS WL STRT INCRSG MIDDAY TUE. OMEGA NOT OVRLY IMPRSV WI THIS SYS. LO LVL INITIALLY SUMWHAT DRY SO WL HOLD OFF ON POPS TIL JUST BFR SS. NOT XPCTG TOO MUCH OVRNGT BUT WL CARRY 20 TO 30 POPS...ENDING BFR SR WED. && .LONG TERM (WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY)...AFT THIS SYS MVS OUT HI PRES WL DOMINATE THE WX THRU THU. MSTR WL STRT INCRSG THU NGT BUT SFC SYS DOESNT REALLY MV THRU TIL LT SAT. WL CONT CRRNT FCST OF SLGT CHC. GFS SHOWG COLD SURGE TO MV THRU SUN AFTN...BHND FNT. && .AVIATION...VFR CONDITIONS WILL PREVAIL ACROSS THE REGION...UNDER MOSTLY CLEAR SKIES...IN THE PREDOMINATELY DRY AIRMASS. INCREASE MID-LEVEL CLOUDINESS IS EXPECTED LATE TONIGHT...WHICH SHOULD HNDER THE FORMATION OF RESTRICTING VISIBILITIES IN FOG. && .MARINE...NE BACKSWELL FROM A POWERFUL BUT DISTANT ATLC LOW CONTINUES OVER THE WATERS. 41025 HAS BEEN AT 5 FT SINCE PAST 24 HOURS BUT THE DUCK COE HAS BEEN 6 FT ALL DAY. THEREFORE THE SCA FOR SEAS WILL BE CONTINUED THROUGH THIS EVENING AS WAVEWATCH III KEEPS SEAS NORTH OF OCRACOKE AROUND 6 FT. EXCEPT SWELL TO DIMINISH AND SEAS TO DROP BLO SCA CRITERIA BY TUE MORNING. A COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH THE WATERS LATE TUE AND CROSS THE AREA EARLY WED. SW WINDS ON TUE WILL SHIFT TO THE NW WITH FRONTAL PASSAGE. WINDS SPEEDS ARE EXPECTED TO REMAIN AT OR BLO 20 KTS. HIGH PRES WILL BUILD OVER THE STATE LATE WED THROUGH THU BEFORE MOVING OFFSHORE THU NIGHT. ANOTHER FRONTAL SYSTEM WILL APPROACH THE MARINE AREA ON SAT THEN MOVING OFFSHORE EARLY SUN. && .MHX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... NC...NONE. MARINE...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR AMZ150-152-154 UNTIL 4 AM TUESDAY. && $$ SHORT TERM...GOODALL LONG TERM...GOODALL AVIATION...PRINGLE MARINE...PRINGLE </PRE></TT></td> nc AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 1052 AM CST MON MAR 27 2006 .UPDATE...BASED ON CURRENT RADAR TRENDS...AS WELL AS LATEST RUC AND NAM MODEL...NUDGED HIGHER PRECIPITATION PROBABILITIES A BIT FURTHER NORTHWARD FOR THIS AFTERNOON. WITH RESPECT TO PRECIPITATION TYPE...OBSERVATIONS STILL INDICATED SNOW AND RAIN IN SOUTHEAST MN AS OF 1630Z. FORECAST SOUNDINGS SUPPORT ALL RAIN IN THIS AREA DURING THE AFTERNOON...SO HAVE CONTINUED TREND TOWARD ALL RAIN AS IN CURRENT FORECAST FOR SITES SUCH AS KRST...KTOB...KAUM. OTHER CHANGES MADE WERE TO LOWER TEMPERATURES IN PORTIONS OF NORTHEAST IOWA AND SOUTHEAST MN...WHERE PRECIPITATION HAS KEPT TEMPERATURES FROM RISING TOO MUCH. UPDATED DATA BASE WITH AFOREMENTIONED CHANGES. UPDATED ZONE FORECAST PRODUCT SHOULD BE ISSUED BY 1700Z. && THOMPSON .PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM...THROUGH WEDNESDAY MAIN FORECAST CONCERN IS WITH THE PRECIPITATION CHANCES AND TYPES FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT. SURFACE ANALYSIS THIS MORNING SHOWS HIGH PRESSURE EXTENDING FROM THE NORTHERN GREAT LAKES SOUTH INTO THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY. LOW PRESSURE WAS OVER CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA NEAR K9V9. COLD FRONT EXTENDED SOUTH FROM THE LOW INTO KANSAS. REGIONAL RADARS AND SURFACE OBS INDICATE LIGHT RAIN AS DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM FROM NORTHWEST MISSOURI INTO WESTERN MINNESOTA. 00Z MODELS HAVE CONTINUED THE TREND OF PREVIOUS MODEL RUNS OF SHIFTING THIS SYSTEM FARTHER SOUTH. NO CLEAR CUT MODEL FAVORITE THIS MORNING AS THE NAM AGAIN HAD SOME INITIALIZATION PROBLEMS WITH THIS SYSTEM WHILE THE GFS HAD TOO MUCH QPF AT 06Z COMPARED TO RADARS/OBSERVATIONS. HAVE TRIED TO TAKE A BLEND APPROACH. BOTH MODELS NOW SHOW THE BEST FORCING TO AFFECT MAINLY THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF THE FORECAST AREA AND QUICKLY TAPER OFF TO THE NORTH. THE BEST PV ADVECTION IN THE 500-300 MB LAYER NOW SLIDES ACROSS IOWA AND MISSOURI WITH THE ONLY ABOUT 4-6 PVU/S COMING ACROSS NORTHERN IOWA AND SOUTHERN WISCONSIN. WITH THE UPPER LEVEL LOW EXPECTED TO MOVE ACROSS IOWA...THE AGEOSTROPHIC FLOW FROM THE EXIT REGION OF THE 300 MB JET WILL STAY WELL TO THE SOUTH AS WELL. DEEP BUT WEAK QG CONVERGENCE STILL EXPECTED TO MOVE ACROSS THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS TODAY THROUGH THIS EVENING. THE BEST FRONTOGENESIS WILL BE SOUTH OF THE AREA...BUT THE GFS DOES SHOW A SECONDARY BAND DEVELOPING THIS AFTERNOON ACROSS SOUTHERN WISCONSIN IN THE 850-500 MB LAYER. TIME/HEIGHT CROSS SECTIONS DO SHOW THE FORCING THAT COMES THROUGH SHOULD BE ENOUGH TO PRODUCE ABOUT 5 MICROBARS/S OF VERTICAL MOTION AND WITH DEEP MOISTURE IN PLACE...EXPECT THAT LOCATIONS SOUTH OF THE MINNESOTA BORDER WILL SEE THE PRECIPITATION AND HAVE CONTINUED THE CATEGORICAL POPS THERE. QUICKLY TAPERED OFF THE POPS TO THE NORTH WITH THE DECREASE IN THE FORCING AND ONLY BROUGHT IN A SLIGHT CHANCE FOR THE FAR NORTH THIS AFTERNOON. MODEL SOUNDINGS FROM THE NAM INDICATE THIS SHOULD BE AN ALL LIQUID EVENT...BUT THE GFS SHOWS ENOUGH DYNAMICAL AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING EARLY THIS MORNING FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF A RAIN/SNOW MIX. HAVE LEFT THIS IN FOR A SHORT WHILE THIS MORNING BEFORE SWITCHING OVER TO ALL RAIN. INCLUDED SOME LIKELY POPS ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST SECTIONS FOR THIS EVENING BEFORE GOING DOWN TO CHANCE AFTER 03Z. GRADUAL COOLING OF THE COLUMN BEHIND THE SYSTEM SHOULD ALLOW FOR THE RAIN TO MIX WITH SNOW AND POSSIBLY CHANGE TO ALL SNOW FOR THE WESTERN SECTIONS AFTER 06Z IF THERE IS STILL ANY LINGERING PRECIPITATION IN THE AREA. HIGH PRESSURE THEN COMES ACROSS FOR TUESDAY AND TUESDAY NIGHT. THIS SLIPS OFF THE EAST WEDNESDAY AHEAD OF THE NEXT SYSTEM. SOUTH WINDS AND WARM AIR ADVECTION ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE HIGH SHOULD PUSH TEMPERATURES INTO THE 50S. LONG TERM...WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY WARM AIR ADVECTION WILL CONTINUE INTO WEDNESDAY NIGHT WITH THE GFS SHOWING A GOOD MOISTURE TRANSPORT SIGNAL IN THE AREA. AIRMASS WILL INITIALLY BE DRY...BUT BELIEVE THE MOISTURE TRANSPORT WILL ALLOW SATURATION TO OCCUR LATE WEDNESDAY NIGHT. THE WARM AIR ADVECTION RESULTS IN ABOUT 2 MICROBARS/S OF UPGLIDE ON THE 285K ISENTROPIC SURFACE AND THIS MAY BE ENOUGH TO SUPPORT SOME LATE NIGHT SHOWER DEVELOPMENT. MAINTAINED THE LOW CHANCE POPS ACROSS THE WEST FOR THIS POSSIBILITY. THIS SYSTEM THEN WILL COME ACROSS THE REGION THURSDAY NIGHT AND FRIDAY. STILL SOME MODEL DIFFERENCES IN THE TRACK OF THE SURFACE LOW WITH THE GFS TAKING THE LOW FROM CENTRAL KANSAS AT 00Z FRIDAY TO EASTERN WISCONSIN BY 00Z SATURDAY. THE ECMWF IS FARTHER NORTH WITH THE TRACK FROM SOUTH DAKOTA TO LAKE SUPERIOR. WITH THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MODELS...LEFT THE EXTENDED PORTION OF THE FORECAST ALONE AND WILL LET THE DAY SHIFT MAKE ANY CHANGES AFTER LOOKING AT THE GFS ENSEMBLES. && .ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...NONE. MN...NONE. IA...NONE. && $$ 04 </PRE></TT></td> wi

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623393

# Presentation: 623393 ## Sample Design - Michael DeBacker - and Lloyd Morrison ## Important Underlying Themes of Sample Design: - Ability to make inferences - Whether or not to stratify - Co-location/co-visitation ## We can only sample a very small proportion (often <1%) of most natural areas, but: Our job is to protect, restore, understand, and inform others about the entire area, not just some convenient portion of it. We need to make scientifically defensible inferences to areas beyond the limited sites we sample. Statistical, design-based inferences can only be made to areas that have a chance of being included in the sample. - We can only sample a very small proportion (often <1%) of most natural areas, but: - Our job is to protect, restore, understand, and inform others about the entire area, not just some convenient portion of it. - We need to make scientifically defensible inferences to areas beyond the limited sites we sample. - Statistical, design-based inferences can only be made to areas that have a chance of being included in the sample. ## Stratification - Stratification is a powerful method of decreasing variance among sample sites, but: - Strata must be carefully chosen in long-term studies, so criteria for strata do not change. - Multiple protocols may need to use different criteria for stratification. - Later addition of protocols may not fit within defined strata. - In general, stratification is not recommended for long-term studies measuring multiple response variables. ## Co-location (Co-visitation) - Co-location will provide information on multiple vital signs for the same sites. - Co-visitation will aid overall sampling efficiency, as multiple vital signs can be sampled at the same time. ## Status of an Overall Sampling Framework for the First Twelve Networks ## Summary of Spatial Designs Utilized by the First Twelve Networks ## Example 1: Integrated Terrestrial DesignHeartland Network & Prairie Cluster Prototype _**Protocols Spatially Integrated:**_ **Vegetation communities** **Bird communities** **Invasive plants** _**Protocols Temporally Integrated:**_ **None** _**Strata:**_ ** ****soils, slope aspect (vegetation monitoring only)** **Example 1: Integrated Terrestrial Design****Heartland Network & Prairie Cluster Prototype ** ## Monitoring projects are integrated using an underlying grid for multiple purposes **Monitoring projects are integrated using an underlying grid for multiple purposes**** ** **Step one: overlay the sample frame with a relatively fine scale grid, the vertices of which create a systematic sample. ** **Notes:** By sharing a common underlying grid, multiple protocols using different approaches to spatial allocation may maximize co-location of sample sites. Figure 4-6 illustrates a hypothetical example of superimposing several different survey designs on a single systematic grid. (While the study unit in Figure 4-6 is simplified for demonstration purposes, the HTLN faces the real challenge of implementing invasive non-native plant, breeding bird, and vegetation community monitoring simultaneously in member parks.) The example begins by overlaying a relatively fine scale grid (e.g., cell size 100 x 100m) over the study unit (i.e., reference frame). Vertices of the grid form a pool of potential sample points, and those falling outside the reference frame are removed from consideration. For invasive non-native plant species monitoring, the HTLN is developing rapid data collection methods to maximize spatial coverage. In this case, all sample points in the reference frame (i.e., all filled circles) would be utilized in a systematic sample. Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design, although at a larger spatial scale (400 x 400m). In this example, the initial grid would be subsampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles. Initially establishing a relatively fine-scale grid allows flexibility in scaling up to meet different design requirements. Finally, vegetation community monitoring methods are time consuming and intensive; therefore, total sample sizes must remain small. Given relatively small sample sizes and the desire to capture heterogeneity in vegetation communities that reflects underlying differences in soil type and aspect, a stratified random sample is drawn. In this example, three sample sites are drawn at random from strata A and B with the number of sites per strata proportionate to the area of the strata, creating equal probability for selection. At points represented by solid red dots, invasive non-native plant species and vegetation community monitoring are co-located. ## Invasive plant monitoring: **Invasive plant monitoring:** **- rapid data collection** **- maximum spatial coverage** **- all points in the reference frame are sampled**** ** - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site ## Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design at a larger spatial scale. In this example, the initial grid would be sub-sampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles. **Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design at a larger spatial scale. In this example, the initial grid would be sub-sampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue circles.**** ** - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site - INP _and_ bird community sample site ## For vegetation community monitoring, the grid vertices form a pool of potential sample sites from which a stratified random sample is drawn. **For vegetation community monitoring, the grid vertices form a pool of potential sample sites from which a stratified random sample is drawn.** - Invasive plant species (INP) sample site - INP and bird community sample site - INP and vegetation community sample site **Notes:** vegetation community monitoring methods are time consuming and intensive; therefore, total sample sizes must remain small. Given relatively small sample sizes and the desire to capture heterogeneity in vegetation communities that reflects underlying differences in soil type and aspect, a stratified random sample is drawn. In this example, three sample sites are drawn at random from strata A and B with the number of sites per strata proportionate to the area of the strata, creating equal probability for selection ## Example 2: Systematic, Unequal Probability Sampling Design **Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN)** _**Protocols Spatially Integrated:**_ **Vegetation** **Soil/Site Stability** **Hydrologic Function** **Soil Crust Structure** **Nutrient Cycling** _**Protocols Temporally Integrated:**_ **TBD** _**Probability of site inclusion determined by:**_ **Accessibility** **“****Ecological Sites”** ## Accessibility Model Example from Zion National Park **Accessibility Model Example from Zion National Park** **Selection probabilities for sample plots are defined by accessibility (high or low)** ## Selection probabilities for sample plots are also determined by “ecological sites” **Selection probabilities for sample plots are also determined by “ecological sites”** **Ecological sites are defined by climate, geology, and soils.** ## Sample grid overlaid on an **Sample grid overlaid on an ** **Ecological Site map** ** ****A final sample is drawn from this pool of points utilizing the inclusion probabilities.**** ** ## Example 3: Two Stage Systematic Sampling, Central Alaska Network (CAKN) _**Protocols Spatially Integrated:**_ **Vegetation** **Passerine Birds** **Snow depth** _**Protocols Temporally Integrated:**_ **Vegetation and Passerine Birds (~50%)** _**Strata:**_ **Road corridor at DENA** ## Stage one - a systematic grid, 20 x 20 km **Stage one - a systematic grid, 20 x 20 km** **Stage two – a 25 point “mini grid,” 500 x 500 m** ## Benefits of the two-stage systematic grid design: **effectively samples both regional and meso-scale gradients in resource conditions** **relies on a sampling frame that is not tied to any preconceived ** ** ****notions of how changes in the ecosystem will occur** **concentrates landscape-scale sampling effort within study areas** **provides a multiple-scale sampling frame that allows for ** ** “****nesting” of monitoring efforts that occur at different spatial scales or at different levels of intensity** **- access cost per data point is lower ** **- fewer trips into wilderness are required per sample** **if funding is interrupted prior to completion of the full park-wide sample, partial data set remains a valid network of monitoring sites with interpretable data – and a subset of sites may be continued into the future** ## Temporal Design for Vegetation and Snow Depth Monitoring Projects ## Temporal Design for the Passerine Birds Monitoring Project - Group A – sites near the main road - Group B – sites dispersed throughout parks, provides statistical “connectivity” - Group C – sites dispersed throughout parks, provides broad spatial coverage **Temporal Design for the Passerine Birds Monitoring Project** ## Example 4: GRTS Design for Aquatic Resources Monitoring – Heartland Network (HTLN) _**Protocols Spatially Integrated:**_ **Fish Communities** **Water Chemistry** **Aquatic Invertebrates** **Geomorphology** **Ozark Hellbender (T&E)** _**Protocols Temporally Integrated:**_ **Fish, Invertebrates, and Water Chemistry** _**Strata:**_ **None** ## Ozark National Scenic Riverways Stream Network = 508 KM **GRTS: spatially-balanced sample, ****n = 50** ## Slide 24 ## Temporal Design for Hellbender, Fish, Geomorphology, and Aquatic Invertebrate Monitoring Projects **Temporal Design for Hellbender, Fish, Geomorphology, and Aquatic Invertebrate Monitoring Projects** ## Acknowledgments: - Trent McDonald (West, Inc.), - Tony Olsen (EPA), - Paul Geissler (USGS), - and others.

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1. **ACD** 1. **[Requirements for ACD and Summary of Accomplishments]{.smallcaps}** The Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD) is designed to reject the majority of charged particles, which are the background for any gamma-ray experiments. The ACD of EGRET has suffered from the self-veto effect when the products of the high energy photon interactions in the instrument's calorimeter cause a veto signal in ACD (backsplash effect), resulting in the significant degradation of the efficiency for high energy (\> 5 GeV) gamma rays. To avoid this effect, the ACD for GLAST is designed to be subdivided into many scintillating tiles with wave-shifting fiber readout. In GLAST, the requirements for background rejection and rate control are system-wide requirements and all subsystems play a role. In determining the requirements for the ACD, we need to understand the various fluxes involved and the functional approach to triggering GLAST. We pointed out that for studies of photons, eliminating the electron background, not the proton background, is the dominant and driving requirement for the ACD-tracker combination because the calorimeter cannot distinguish between them. The scientific requirement that drives the instrumental background rejection requirement is the study of the diffuse high-latitude background. We need to separate the contribution from point sources and find out if there is any residual diffuse emission. We require that the background due to charged particles be less than 10% of this signal. We spent considerable effort in validating the background intensities (Ormes et al. 1999) and including the effects of albedo fluxes from the atmosphere. We set the GLAST system level design requirements for the misidentification of charged cosmic rays to be 3×10^-5^ or a detection efficiency of 0.99997. The electron component drives the requirement for ACD to have **0.9997 efficiency.** We can expect one \"9" from the top tracker layer to meet our requirement. The ACD subsystem has had modest funding during the technology development phase. This decision was based on the minimal need for development work in this area. Nevertheless, we have accomplished a number of things during this technology development phase. - Analyzed 1997 beam test data and determined the relationship of backsplash signals to ACD panel size, distance from calorimeter, electronics threshold, and energy dependence of response so that flight design could be specified. - Exposed the paddles built for the 1997 beam test to a higher energy beam at CERN and measured backsplash at higher energies up to 300 GeV. - Developed specifications for flight unit electronics. - Built 13 paddle ACD units for the beam test engineering model (BTEM) with electronics fabricated to flight-like specifications built with commercial parts. - Delivered BTEM/ACD to SLAC and supported beam test. All electronics and hardware functioned as specified and preliminary results are included with this report. - Conducted simulations of instrument response to determine optimal arrangement and sizing of ACD tiles to minimize background, enable ACD to be included into trigger and determined its impact on trigger rates. - Conducted simulations of the rejection of electrons by the ACD, especially with respect to the objective of searching for gamma-ray lines using events whose trajectory intercepts a large path length in the calorimeter. These events will have the best energy resolution for energies \> 50 GeV where lines are most likely to be found. - Based on the above, arrived at a configuration for the flight unit ACD, developed resource requirements (e.g. volume, mass, power, cost) to build it, and determined its power to reject background and control event rates. ### 1.2 Flight Anticoincidence Detector (ACD) Development Plan The ACD will be designed, fabricated and tested at GSFC. It is the only GLAST subsystem that is not modular, so it will be delivered to SLAC for integration as a unit. Table 1.1 lists the parts and materials needed in its construction. The assembly procedure is outlined below, based on methods already used for fabrication of the ACD for the upcoming beam test: - Complete the design of ACD within allocated mass (175kg + 54 kg reserve) and electrical power (29W + 26W reserve) budgets. - Fabricate support structure, including attachment points for scintillators and phototubes (PMT). Because the ACD is a large structure, a full-scale mechanical model will be constructed and tested at GSFC (vibration and acoustics). ```{=html}  ``` - Purchase scintillator tiles with grooves. Bond waveshifting fibers into grooves and gather into bundles for attachment to PMT. Wrap tiles and fibers with Tyvek and light barrier, then attach fibers to PMT interface. Connect PMT power and signal cables to prototype power converters and electronics. Test all assemblies using ground-level cosmic rays and laboratory sources - Develop and test ASIC for front end electronics, FPGA for digital logic. - Attach tile/fiber/PMT assemblies to the support structure, using Velcro and carbon fiber ribbons. Wire cable harness for all PMTs to power supplies/electronics. Attach thermal blanket/micrometeoroid shield. Conduct full performance test before delivery to SLAC, using sources and cosmic rays. **[1.3. ACD Development Status]{.smallcaps}** ***1.3.1 ACD Status/Description*** A scaled-down version of the flight ACD was developed and delivered according to schedule to the SLAC facilities for the December 1999 beam-test. The delivery of the beam-test ACD was the culmination of an integrated development plan that took the results of the simulations and trade studies performed in the basic period of the contract, plus our previous experience with charged particle and gamma-ray detectors, to develop our baseline ACD design concept. The main components (detector, mechanical, electrical, and software) of the beam-test ACD were conducted in parallel. The ACD components were integrated and tested together as a complete subsystem in a bench/laboratory environment before delivery to SLAC. Functional and performance/characterization tests of the ACD were performed during this integration and test period. The beam-test ACD consists of the main ACD "hat" structure and the ACD Electronics Cardcage assembly. The beam-test ACD "hat" was designed to fit over the one-tower beam-test prototype implementation of the Tracker/Calorimeter assembly. The ACD electronics box was designed to be mounted external to the ACD "hat" and to be connected via a short electrical harness to the detectors and signal processing electronics located inside the ACD "hat". Fig.1 has pictures of the completed system; a) shows the assembled "hat", b) is a schematic view of ACD, and c) is a photo of one electronic board. A more detailed description of the beam-test implementation follows. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="1.8534722222222222in" height="2.3in"} In order to assist the flight design, the beam-test design has a combination of flight-like details that will be used to mimic as close as possible the proposed flight design and different experimental configurations. That will explore different detailed implementation options. This includes selecting and using flight qualified materials, mounting tiles that closely resemble the expected flight configuration, and placing PMTs under the tiles and elsewhere to determine where best to place them for flight. ***1.3.1.1. ACD Detector Design/Development***![](media/image4.jpeg){width="3.6131944444444444in" height="1.9930555555555556in"} The beam-test ACD used plastic scintillator tiles as the charged particle detector for the subsystem. Each tile is read out using a set of wave-shifting fibers (embedded into the tiles) that are connected to a Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT). A total of 12 scintillator tiles, four on the top and 2 on each side, were mounted to the main mechanical structure (hat) of the ACD. The PMTs of the side tiles are located underneath the tiles, while the PMTs for the top tiles are located underneath the upper side tile (fig.1b). The eight side tiles were all designed and manufactured as flat tiles, while the four tiles on the top were designed and manufactured with a bend/curve. The curved tiles allow us to \"seal\" the corners of the detector against charged particle leakage. The manufacturing of bent/curved tiles for this application was new, therefore the tiles were procured as early as possible to minimize unforeseen problems with this new process. The company Bicron, which has extensive experience producing plastic scintillators of the type we needed, manufactured the tiles. Bicron also machined the grooves for the wave-shifting fibers into the tiles. This decision helped to save us time and money. All the work with the tiles was done by one company, minimizing the problems and paperwork. In addition, this provided the additional benefits of having the machining done by a company that had extensive experience machining plastic scintillator, thus ensuring that our cleanliness and polish requirements would be met. The flat, grooved tiles were delivered without much problems in the beginning of June 1999, however, Bicron did encounter some difficulties manufacturing the bent, curved tiles. The problems were solved and they were delivered at the end of July 1999, about 2 months late. This did not affect the ACD schedule due to the early procurement of the tiles. Assembly of the flat tiles with the fibers and PMTs proceeded in parallel. The PMTs and the wave-shifting fibers were all received by the end of March 1999. The PMT used for the beam-test was the Hamamatsu R-1635. All PMTs were tested and characterized upon their arrival. The assembly of the tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies began once the flat tiles were delivered in June 1999. All tiles had their wave-shifting fibers glued into their grooves and each tile was wrapped with two layers of light-reflecting TYVEC paper, and one layer of black paper (for light isolation). The PMT was then attached to the tile/fiber subassembly (Fig.2). All tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies were completed by the beginning of September and each subassembly was tested initially with laboratory test equipment. All subassemblies were subsequently tested and characterized with one channel of the beam-test Front-End-Electronics (FEE) boards to determine their effective gain, efficiency, noise and uniformity of response. ***1.3.1.2. ACD Mechanical Design/Development*** A mechanical subassembly was designed and developed to allow mounting of all tile/fiber/PMT subassemblies and to permit it to fit snugly over the top of the tracker/calorimeter subsystems. The beam-test mechanical subassembly does not extend below the Simulated Grid Top; the ACD covers the majority of the tracker portion of the tower only. The mechanical subassembly consists of two main components: the support structure and the channel frame assembly. The mechanical support structure is made out of 1/16" thick aluminum. It consists of a 380mm by 380mm by 540mm(h) box that was manufactured using sheet metal construction methods and whose surfaces were black anodized. The mechanical channel frame assembly was machined out of a single piece of aluminum and was also black anodized. The channel frame assembly attaches to the bottom of the support structure and contains helicoil inserts that allow it to be attached via bolts to the designated interface points of the beam-test simulated grid top. The mechanical interfaces between the ACD and the beam-test tower were established early in the development, before initiating the detailed design of the ACD mechanical components. Interface drawings were exchanged, reviewed and approved between GSFC and SLAC. A mechanical template with the locations of the bolt holes was sent to SLAC before the delivery of the ACD to ensure the interfaces were correct. Once the interfaces and mechanical requirements had been finalized, the detailed design and manufacturing of the mechanical components began. The mechanical components were completed on schedule at the end of April 1999. At this point they were delivered for integration and mounting of the detectors and "hat" electronics. The support structure was used for optimum layout of the tiles/fibers/PMTs and the electrical harnesses. The channel frame assembly was used to determine the placement of all Pre-Amp printed circuit boards (PCBs), connectors, trim potentiometers, and internal harnesses located inside the channel. Once the location of all these channel components had been established, holes and cutouts were made to the channel frame assembly to allow placement of all connectors and trim-potentiometers. ***1.3.1.3. ACD Electronics Design/Development*** The ACD beam-test electronics consists of two main sections: the main FEE boards and the Pre-Amp boards. The Pre-Amp boards are a set of twelve small PCBs that fit into the channel frame assembly and interface directly with each of the twelve PMTs located underneath the plastic scintillator tiles. An electrical harness connects the preamplifier boards directly to the signal processing circuits on the main FEE boards. The electrical harness also provides the ACD "hat" with the high voltage needed for the PMTs and the power necessary for all internal "hat" electronics. The main FEE boards are located inside a VME cardcage that is mounted externally to the beam-test prototype tower. Each FEE board contains four analog signal processing channels that allow it to process the signals from 4 separate PMT/Pre-Amps. Each analog processing chain contains two main discriminator circuits (one that corresponds to minimum ionizing particle (*mip*) and the other for heavy ions) and a Pulse Height Analysis (PHA) circuit. In addition, each FEE board is controlled by one Atmel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which contains all the digital control logic needed to control each analog channel individually and provides the necessary interface logic and protocol needed to communicate with the TEM-ACD board. Various Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) are used in each analog channel for programmable threshold set points and programmable high voltage settings. These DACs are controlled via the FPGA and can be reprogrammed by sending a command to the FEE board via the TEM-ACD board. Analog and digital housekeeping circuits are also present on each FEE board to allow monitoring of key channel and board parameters (Fig.1c). A common design and PCB layout was used for all FEE boards. All the boards are identical except for special jumper settings used to identify each board. This modular PCB design proved advantageous because it provided cost and times savings due to the fact that only one PCB layout was necessary. In addition it facilitated testing because the same test procedure used to test the first board was used to test each additional board. The use of the Atmel FPGA also proved to be beneficial due to its reprogrammable nature, which allowed us to make logic modifications to the board after the FPGA had been soldered onto the board. Seven FEE boards were manufactured and populated allowing us to process and control not only the 12 detectors present on the ACD "hat" but also various stand-alone detector subassemblies used for testing purposes during the beam runs. The FEE boards were tested using the TEM-ACD subsystem delivered to GSFC at the end of June 1999. Special software was developed to run with the Vx-Works operating system used by the TEM-ACD board and the ground station computers. The latter were used to send commands and collect all science and housekeeping date from the beam-test ACD electronics. Integration and testing of the first FEE board with the TEM-ACD subsystem took place during the months of July and August. This included functional testing of the complete FEE board in addition to characterization and performance tests for each analog channel of the board. The integration and testing of the remaining 6 FEE boards occurred during the months of September and October. During this time an easier-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) software was developed to send commands and view histograms of the PHA data. The FEE electronics were integrated to the completed ACD "hat" assembly and a complete end-to-end test, which also included the TEM-ACD board and the ground station computers took place during the month of November 1999. At this point a new, updated TEM-ACD board was delivered to GSFC. New electrical harnesses were fabricated to accommodate the new MDM connectors of the updated TEM-ACD board. New software was generated to interface and control the additional features of the new TEM-ACD board. The board was subsequently integrated and tested with the complete ACD subsystem at this time. **[1.4. Summary of Measurements and Laboratory Developments]{.smallcaps}** ***[1.4.1 Measurements Using Breadboard Designs]{.smallcaps}*** We have spent considerable time analyzing and understanding the results of the 1997 SLAC beam test, verifying the efficiency measurements in the laboratory and extending the backsplash measurements to the top of the GLAST energy range. The goals of these tests were the following: - verification of the choice of wave shifting fibers for light collection - study of angular distribution and energy spectrum of backsplash - measurement of the ACD efficiency for electrons (minimum ionizing particles) - test use of 2 layers - validation of extrapolation of backsplash to higher energies Two sets of scintillating paddles read out by waveshifting fibers were designed and built for the 1997 SLAC beam test. The results and detectors are described in detail elsewhere (Atwood et al. 2000). The first module was placed on the side of the tracker/calorimeter tower, and the second one upstream of the tower in the beam. By identifying the incident particles, carefully counting them and then examining those detector paddles outside of the beam, we could measure detector efficiency, the probability of an event of given energy producing a backsplash signal and the backsplash energy deposited. Efficiency measurements were also carried out in the laboratory using cosmic ray mouns. Monte Carlo GEANT codes and GLASTSIM runs were created and compared for the beam test configuration and results. To extend the backsplash measurements the instrumental hardware used in SLAC'97 beam test was refurbished and exposed in the proton/electron beam at CERN in June, 1999. The approach and experimental setup were very similar to the SLAC'97 beam test. ![](media/image7.wmf){width="1.1875in" height="2.6in"} a) **Backsplash measurements:** A high energy (\> 5 GeV) photon/electron initiated shower in a calorimeter produces a large number of soft photons some of which may penetrate through the calorimeter and other material and produce signals in the anticoincidence detector through the Compton scattering. For EGRET this effect resulted in \~50% efficiency degradation at 10 GeV, relatively to 1 GeV. The experimental setup for the measurement of backsplash from the test calorimeter at SLAC (\'97) is shown in Fig. 3. The measured fraction of events accompanied by backsplash above 0.2× mip (energy loss of a minimum ionizing particle) is shown in Fig. 4 for different direction on the scintillating tile, and for energy of photons of 20 GeV. A similar setup was used at CERN in the summer of 1999. The fraction of events with backsplash above different discriminator thresholds for the energy range from SLAC energies (5 GeV) to CERN energies (300 GeV) are presented in Fig. 5.![](media/image8.png){width="3.0743055555555556in" height="2.3381944444444445in"} b) **Efficiency:** The measured efficiency of electron detection as a function of discriminator threshold (in the units of mean *mip* energy loss) is shown in Fig. 6. It was measured using both the electron beam at SLAC (filled circles) and in the laboratory using cosmic ray muons (open circles). Unidentified background in the beam could have degraded the measured efficiency, so we believe that the presented values of the efficiency are conservative. They agree with estimates based on photoelectron statistics and indicate the detection of 30 photoelectrons for a minimum ionizing particle (mip) traversing the detector with normal incidence. These measurements are consistent with the pulse height distribution widths made with the BTEM paddles built this year. c) **Configuration studies**: Various investigations were also conducted to study and determine the most effective way to collect the light from the scintillator tiles. Wave-shifting bars (WSB) and direct-coupled PMTs were considered as alternatives to the baselined wave-shifting fibers (WSF). Laboratory tests were conducted to compare their light collection responses. The test results conclude that the WSF provide much better uniformity of response and that it is still the best choice. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure the WSF readout sensitivity area. These tests were in support of a concept of segmenting the ACD based on how groups of fiber are bundled instead of physically having separate ACD tiles. The results show that concept would not work because the fibers are sensitive to a distance of up to 10-15 cm from their edge. ![](media/image9.wmf){width="1.9847222222222223in" height="3.775in"} As a result of this work we determined that: a) An efficiency of more than 0.9995 for single charged minimum ionizing particles (mip) is achievable without problems, with discriminator setting of \>15-20% of a mip. This discriminator threshold avoids any problems from noise and reduces the backsplash effect. b) The angular distribution of backsplash has a broad minimum of ±60^o^ around backward direction, in agreement with the models for electromagnetic shower development in high Z (atomic number) materials. c) GEANT and GLASTSIM simulations, performed for the beam test configuration, predict less backsplash than measured in beam test. We have used the beam test results to make probabilities estimates of self-veto. We determined that additional measurements at higher energy are needed for the self-veto prediction at energies up to 300 GeV. d) The two layer design gave a factor of only 2-3 reduction in the self-veto. We determined that a single layer is adequate and optimal because the much more complicated 2-layer design would require significant additional mass and budget. e) These data allowed us to determine an empirical formula to calculate the backsplash above a given discriminator threshold in a tile of any area placed at different distances from the calorimeter for the given incident photon/electron energy and in various orientations. We have sized the ACD tiles on the top of the GLAST tracker to be 1000 cm^2^ so that the relative efficiency for this instrument will be degraded by no more than 20% at 300 GeV, the highest energy accessible to GLAST, as per specification (Fig. 7). ***1.4.2 1999 SLAC beam test.*** The major effort of the past year has been the development of a higher fidelity ACD that can simulate flight like performance and test the design concepts. The concepts were developed as described in the previous section. They have been implemented for the 1999 beam test unit, known as the GLAST BTEM. The goals for the ACD portion of the technology development effort were:![](media/image12.wmf){width="3.2in" height="3.0in"} Primary goals: a) verify ACD design -- physics, mechanics, electronics b) verify simulations of the ACD design -- efficiency, leakage, backsplash avoidance c) test and validate DAQ interface design concepts > Secondary goals: a) study possible high-voltage electromagnetic interference with other components b) study bending, routing, and mounting of wave-shifting fibers c) test attachment of scintillators to structure d) test methods of building light-tight housings Knowing that we wish to validate the performance of a GLAST tower and DAQ on a balloon flight, we designed the BTEM/ACD so that it could be flown on a balloon with minimum modification. The design concept and a photo of the BTEM/ACD before integration to the remainder of the system was shown earlier in Fig. 1.![](media/image13.jpeg){width="2.7631944444444443in" height="2.303472222222222in"} The BTEM/ACD design can be summarized as follows a) ACD is a separate unit (aka a "hat") that covers the tracker part of the tower. b) All scintillating tiles (12 in total) are viewed by Hamamatsu R1635 phototubes through multicladding BC-91MC wave-shifting fibers. c) Top ACD is divided into four tiles with some gaps in between with the goal to study the efficiency degradation around possible gaps in real design; these top scintillators are bent with embedded fibers solving the problem of using the ACD to "seal" the corners of GLAST against charged particles. d) Some PMTs are hidden under side scintillators, others are not so that the impact of cascades from the calorimeter hitting the PMTs can be evaluated. e) Lower side tiles have a curved fiber groove pattern designed to minimize the distance to the PMT (Fig. 8). This is to test the design for flight when we will have very limited space for the fibers and PMT accommodation on the bottom of ACD. ![](media/image14.wmf){width="2.9in" height="2.775in"}Preliminary tests showed that all the tiles worked as expected. Fig.9 presents the data collected in 5 GeV electron run: the left upper panel shows the ACD pulse-height vs. the calorimeter summed pulse-height. Events with 1, 2, 3 and 4 particles are clearly separated. The ACD data applying calorimeter selections are shown in right upper panel (1-particle events are selected), in left lower panel (2-particle events) and in right lower panel (3 particle events). Variation of the resolution with signal obtained is consistent with about 36 photoelectrons, indicating the expected improvement in light collection over the earlier units. Detailed analysis of the collected experimental data is in process. ***1.4.3 Flight ACD trade study and design.*** Combining the extensive Monte Carlo simulations and and the beam and laboratory test results completed during this period allowed us to define the flight unit ACD specifications and requirements. Most of the simulations have to do with the overall configuration of the plastic scintillator tiles. Some of the simulations/investigations and their results are summarized below: - [ACD tile area required]{.underline} : **\~1000cm^2^** (On top. For the sides, specification varies with distance of tile from calorimeter and is science driven.) - [1 tile layer vs. 2 tile layers (on top)]{.underline} : **1 Layer is Acceptable** (Charged particle detector efficiency requirement can be met with only 1 layer and certain gap size between adjacent tiles) - [Gap Width]{.underline} : \<**2mm gap, overlap of tiles is desirable** (Simulations show that the efficiency requirements are marginally met for this gap width and provide a conservative number for fabrication of the "hat".) - [Tile gap alignment with respect to Towers]{.underline} : **Misalignment recommended** (Simulations have shown that misaligning the tile gaps with the tower gaps improves the leakage performance of the ACD -- from \<10^-2^ to \<10^-3^) - [Importance of Efficiency and Leakage Requirements]{.underline} : **\<10^-3^ required** (Simulations and investigations have shown that additional factor of ten needed to reject electrons can be obtained by combining the ACD information with tracker information.) The simulation and modeling effort will continue to study the design margin and different failure modes of the present design configuration and to see if a less conservative design can still meet background rejection requirements. **These studies and measurements combined with the scientific goals for GLAST and the background rejection requirements demonstrate that the following design specifications for the GLAST ACD can be met:** a) ACD must be \>0.9997 efficient to the singly charged minimum ionizing particles and have leakage \< 3×10^-4^. This drives the requirement for photoelectrons from the tile and its light collecting system, the thickness of scintillator, the fiber frequency and placement, and uniformity of response. b) Efficiency degradation due to backsplash-caused self-veto should be not more than 20% over the entire energy range up to 300 GeV. If this requirement is met at 300 GeV, it can be met at all lower energies. c) Redundancy needs to be carefully considered. All critical elements are currently designed to be redundant. The failure of a single tile would cause 10-15% increase in the trigger rate after application of the ACD. d) Optimized footprint of GLAST dictates very limited room for the ACD on the sides; design studies and laboratory models show that this can be less than 5cm (excluding thermal blanket). e) Resistance of the ACD to accidental puncture by a micrometeoroid requires each tile to be independently enclosed and light tight. The possibility to do this is an important motivation for our choice of the tiling structure of the ACD. f) Unique possibility to detect high energy gamma-ray lines, possibly originating from dark matter annihilation, would be improved if we use off-angles events with long paths in the calorimeter and consequently better energy resolution. These trajectories typically have shorter paths from ACD to the calorimeter. We have set the sizes of the tiles on the tracker sides to maintain the self-veto at the level of \<20% at 300 GeV. We meet these requirements with the design shown in Fig. 10. It is a single layered ACD with a total of 145 separate tiles. Each tile is viewed by 2 redundant PMT through two separate wave-shifting fibers sets. All tiles are overlapped to eliminate the gaps between them. The goal is to seal all gaps by bending tiles at the corners (a capability proven during the fabrication of the BTEM/ACD) and by overlapping tiles. In the process of conducting these tests and developing the BTEM/ACD, we have developed a set of electronics specifications for the flight unit. They are presented in DRAFT form in Appendix. > **[References:]{.smallcaps}** 1. J.F.Ormes et al. Report on Rates, 1999, GLAST website 2. 2\. W.Atwood et al. NIM 2000, in press # [Appendix A.I: ACD Electronics Requirements]{.smallcaps} ## *1.2.1 Purpose of the ACD Electronics* ### 1.2.1.1 Primary -- The primary function of the GLAST ACD electronics is to deliver a logic signal to the data acquisition system (DAQ) when a minimum ionizing particle (MIP) hits one of the scintillator tiles. ## 1.2.1.2 Secondary (must not interfere with primary function) -- The secondary function of the electronics is to deliver a logic signal to the DAQ when a highly-ionizing particle (Carbon, Nitrogen, or Oxygen nucleus) hits one of the scintillator tiles. **1.2.1.3 Tertiary (must not interfere with other functions) --** The third function of the electronics is to deliver a pulse height analysis (PHA) signal to the DAQ for each tile with a MIP signal, upon receipt of a Level 1 Trigger (L1T) signal from the DAQ. ## *1.2.2 Background Information* The ACD signals are generated as follows: A MIP hitting a 1 cm thick plastic scintillator tile deposits \~2 MeV, which appears in the form of optical light (\~21,000 photons with peak wavelength 425 nm). The light is absorbed by wavelength-shifting fibers embedded in the scintillator and then re-radiated at a wavelength of 490 nm. A fraction of this light is trapped in the fibers and carried by total internal reflection to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The photocathode converts the light to electrons, \~35 electrons for a MIP. With a gain of 1 x 10^6^, the phototube produces 35 x 10^6^ electrons in a short pulse (\< 10 ns). This is equivalent to about 6 picoCoulombs (pC). Averaged over 10 ns, this is 0.6 milliAmps (mA), which produces a signal of 30 milliVolts (mV) in a 50Ω resistance. Typical rate of MIPs in each of the scintillator tiles is 1 KHz. ## *Descriptions of Functional Elements* ## ## 1.2.3.1 Preamplifier The PMT signal is used for three different functions. The preamplifier converts the charge signal to a voltage signal that is easily divided for the three paths. It reduces the capacitive loading on the PMT. Output: voltage proportional to input charge; voltage range as needed for discriminators and PHA; width and timing jitter as needed to meet overall timing requirement. ## 1.2.3.2 VETO Circuit for MIPs -- Primary Function of ACD This is the primary function of the ACD, allowing veto of incident charged particles. ### Discriminator Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Outputs: (1) logic signal, 0-5V; width \<50 ns; latency and timing jitter to meet overall trigger timing requirement. For test purposes, the signal width can be longer, but the beam test, balloon flight, and flight versions should all have short signals. **FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)** All discriminator signals feed into one FPGA in the single ACD electronics box. Input: 0-5V logic signal from discriminator L1T Logic: FPGA forms logic signals for "tower" based on MIPs seen in tiles nearest each tower. L1T Output: one VETO logic signal sent by hard wire to each tower if a MIP is seen in a tile associated with that tower. Timing: the VETO logic signal for the L1T must arrive at the tower TEM no more than TBD nsec after the initial MIP passage. The nominal value for this has been carried as 110 nsec, as follows: Scintillator response 2 nsec Waveshifter fibers 12 Phototube 9 Preamp/discrim/FPGA 80 Cable propagation 7 The requirement is that the VETO signal arrive before the L1T from the tracker or calorimeter. The minimum time for these the tracker or calorimeter signals has not yet been defined. We need to know if this timing requirement produces a significant impact on the power of the electronics, compared to a value of 200 nsec or more. The VETO signal should not arrive at the tower TEM less than TBD nsec after the initial MIP passage. The current value for this is 50 nsec. We may want to tighten up this range of timing values for the flight unit. Level 2 and 3 Trigger (L2T and L3T) VETO signal Logic: the FPGA passes the MIP signals for each tile to the DAQ after receipt of a L1T signal. ## 1.2.3.3 HIREQ Circuit for High-Ionizing Particles (CNO Nuclei) -- Secondary Function of the ACD Electronics This signal provides a trigger to the calorimeter when a heavy nucleus has hit, allowing calibration of the calorimeter. ### Discriminator Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Output: logic signal, 0-5V; width \<50 ns; timing to meet overall trigger timing requirement. **FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)** HIREQ Trigger signal Logic: FPGA forms logic signals for "tower" based on High-Ionizing signals seen in tiles nearest each tower. Output: one HIREQ logic signal sent by hard wire to each tower if a High-Ionizing signal is seen in a tile associated with that tower. Timing: The requirement is that the HIREQ signal arrive before the calorimeter signal is formed. Logic: the FPGA passes the HIREQ signals for each tile to the DAQ after receipt of a L1T signal. ## 1.2.3.4 Pulse Height Analysis (PHA) -- Tertiary Function of the ACD Electronics Rationale -- this signal provides diagnostic information about the operation of the ACD. ### Peak Shaper Input: voltage signal from preamplifier Output: shaped voltage signal, with height proportional to peak of input signal voltage. ### Pulse Height Analyzer (Analog to Digital Converter, ADC) Input: shaped voltage signal from peak shaper Trigger to digitize signal: MIP signal from L1T discriminator or L1T from DAQ (TBD which) Output: digitized pulse height value (channel) **FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)** All digital signals feed through one FPGA in the single ACD electronics box. This is a different FPGA from the one that handles the trigger signals. Input: digitized PHA value L1T trigger Logic: FPGA formats PHA values for a given L1T Output: PHA values transferred to DAQ by IDB Timing: time tag or other signal needed in order to identify the event. ## 1.2.3.5 Other Functions of the ACD Electronics ### Commands High voltage for PMTs -- format TBD Threshold setting for VETO discriminator. A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is needed. Threshold setting for HIREQ discriminator. A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is needed. Gain setting for PHA -- if needed? ### Housekeeping Data The following values should be read out periodically: HV setting for PMT Temperatures at selected locations

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USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a Clark and others 2007, USGS, Data Series 231. 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-1.23e34 34.560966 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 34.792919 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 35.028008 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 35.266293 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 35.507843 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 35.752724 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 36.001007 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 36.252811 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 36.508114 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 36.767036 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 37.029659 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 37.296059 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 37.566319 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 37.840527 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 38.118767 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 38.401180 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 38.687756 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 38.978642 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 39.273933 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 39.573734 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 39.878147 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 40.187283 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 40.501244 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 40.820042 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 41.144012 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 41.473164 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 41.807625 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 42.147522 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 42.492992 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 42.844173 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 43.201210 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 43.564312 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 43.933502 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 44.309002 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 44.690975 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 45.079594 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65.622093 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 66.463402 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 67.326561 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 68.212440 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 69.121933 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 70.056015 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 71.015686 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 72.002014 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 73.016319 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 74.059410 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 75.132736 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 76.237625 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 77.375504 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 78.547859 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 79.756294 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 81.002487 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 82.288490 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 83.615730 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 84.986481 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 86.402931 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 87.867393 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 89.382355 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 90.950470 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 92.574593 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 94.257210 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 96.002708 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 97.814079 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 99.695114 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 101.649918 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 103.682915 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 105.798889 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 108.003029 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 110.301392 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 112.699249 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 115.203682 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 117.821953 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 120.562004 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 123.432541 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 126.443092 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 129.604187 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 132.926254 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 136.424286 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 140.111420 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 144.003372 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 148.117722 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 152.474106 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 157.094498 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 162.003662 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 167.230545 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 172.804886 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 178.763672 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 185.148087 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 192.005402 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 199.390213 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 207.365814 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 216.006042 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34

vi

log-files

475454

<h4>Waiting for good beam</h4> <p>We now await for good beam....until then we sit out...</p>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8724&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8724 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>E-Log Abuse. I am using this for graphics storage.</p></td></tr></table>   <h3>Possible 36x36 store tonight</h3> <p>Apparently we will have a 36x36 store sometime tonight. Silicon will not be in...it's not even on(!). However I will be here to see how things look beam-wise.</p>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8725&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8725 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>More E-Log abuse: Another plot needed for ACE Talk.</p></td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8726&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8726 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><p>Even more E-log Abuse: BLM plot for ACE Talk</p></td></tr></table>   <h3>Store 4759</h3> <p>Yes we have a 36x36 store !!!. The intial lumi was 29.35e30...not super-duper, but a decent value. Shot set up was originally delayed when they discovered a power-supply needed to be swapped. However after scraping the Tev losses looked very good; all below 1 KHz.</p> <p>Now some things which are curious. TevMon shows <em>warm</em> for MEAN LOSTP and MEAN AGIGI2. Mean LOSTP is 497Hz and Mean AGIGI2 is -0.03. The Mean AGIGI2 could be warm since it may not be reporting ???...that's the only explanation I can think for it to report a negative value. But I do not understand why LOSTP is warm. We need to understand these two before we go into serious silicon data taking.</p>   <p>Steve rang up the MCR and found out AGIGI2 is not working. So NO SILICON until this is up and running!!</p>  <p>I restarted TevMon to see if that would fix the pink LOSTP. However it is still pink...I do not understand why this is so...</p>  <pre>I was paged because new shift crew didn't know what to do about pink (warning) state of TevMon. It turns out that LOSTP and AGIGI2 are pink, they have the same funny values (LOSTP=533, AGIGI2=-0.03) as it was noticed earlier by Ankush. It also appeared that ACEs were not running the TevMon page (global page with all params), so they didn't know what was going on. I had to explain them that TevMon should be running all the time and they should pay attention what parameters are not green. </pre>   <h3>COT Primary Vertex Positions and Slopes</h3> I have compared the COT vertex positions and slopes of the current run with an old run from February. The results can be found in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=397&frame=2&anchor=09:18:31.896'> main e-log</a>.   <h3>TevMon State</h3> After digging through some source code we discovered the reason why MEAN LOSTP is still pink in TevMon while the losses are reasonable (300-500 Hz). The reason is that the status for LOSTP changes to "Warning" if C:B0PLOS (sum of bunch-by-bunch losses) is below 20. We have checked that this is indeed the case now. We will ask Rick Tesarek about this reading. <p> In other notes, Randy (Thurman-Keup?) has started to work on calibrating AGIGI2, so hopefully, this warning will vanish soon.   <p>Just heard AGIGI2 has just been calibrated. So it should be "good to go" for the next store...</p>  <p>In the end, Koji was the one responsible for the B0PLOS counter. He went in to fix it. He discovered a clock card they were using had goen bad. He swapped in a new one and that fixed B0PLOS straight away. It started giving sensible values and the pink LOSTP in TevMon went away.</p>  <h3>Cooling Trip</h3> Bill Noe and I were trying to understand how the PID loops work which regulate the electric bypass valves on the SVX and ISL chillers. In the course of doing so, we tripped SVX and L00 on overpressure in the supply line. The silicon is still off, and everything recovered fine.   <h4>PID Loops</h4> Bill and I are confused about the way the PID (proportional-integral-differential) loops for the chiller bypass valves work. The process variable is the supply pressure. To regulate this variable against a set point, an e-valve is opened/closed. This is done to have kind of a buffer between the pressure delivered by the chiller and the cooling system. <p> The SVX loop is current doing what we want, but we do not understand why. The current pressure is at 26 psi, and the set point is at 30 psi. To get the pressure up to the set point, the bypass should be closed, right? Wrong, the valve is open at 36%. The ISL loop has a set point of 31.1 psi and runs at 23-24 psi. The e-valve is fully closed all the time. Weird.   <h3>Tev work done so far and plans for the next store</h3> <p>The Tev has done the following: <ul> <li>AGIGI2 has now been calibrated. So it should be running for the next store.</li> <li>Tev have worked on abort timinig and position.</li> </ul> Both of these are nice to hear.</p> <p>For the end of this store, they want to do: <ul> <li>2 hours of separator scans</li> <li>check the A48 collimator position</li> </ul> Then they plan to end the store via the "Big Red Abort Button". If this drops the beam permit, then we should check our BLMs and see how clean it is.</p> <p>Then we should expect shot setup around 4-5pm. Then Ulrich and I will have to decide if we are going to put silicon in for a few hours in the middle of the store.</p>   <h4>Resin exchange</h4> The cryo techs have exchanged resin two weeks ago to bring back the conductivity of the coolant after the long shut down. The SVX conductivity came back very slowly to 13.4 μSiemens/cm, still to high. The ISL conductivity is still not within the range of the conductivity measuring device, so it shows 16 μSiemens/cm. Jim Humpert will change the resin once more this afternoon.   <pre>All set. No trips, no problems.</pre>  <br><br><b>CCC status</b><br> <ul> <li> 0x3000: this is the most reliable CCC, had no problems this far, it is connected to the SVX SRC and working fine. <li> 0x7000: This was the one that <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=303&frame=2&anchor=19:01:01'> was not locking to RF</a>. Bill burned again the firmware and since then it is working fine, both at FCC and at tstsvx1. 0x7000 is in tstsvx1 and is being tested, so far it looks good. <li> 0x5000: still has the <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=303&frame=2&anchor=19:01:01'> problem</a> that the delay is sometimes stuck at 0x10. This causes a GAP error (which is not always reflected in the from LEDs). This CCC has to be debugged further. The problem is that at FCC we could reproduce the error for a while, but then it went away, it can not be reproduced reliably at tstsvx1 either. </ul> While checking the CCC I found that one of the AMP cables is bad (I could see this because some clock signals were absent in the SRC MCLK LA pod, and by just moving a little the conector they were fine, changing the cable solved the problem (the old cable is labeled as bad). <br>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W5L4 <li>problem n: 11 <li>Status: unfixable <li>Type: DropReadOut_nonRX <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: mhartz <li>description is: Since we have given up on this BE kludge, we add all chips to the stuckChips.txt to SVXMon will ignore capid errors. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W5&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   <h3>More alphanumeric pager use...</h3> Now, sent to the alphanumeric pager are errors from the CCC, letting me (or Ulrich) know when SVX and ISL are not receiving consistent clock signals. Mark made it so that it gives me a message letting me know of the problem, and kindly instructing me to page Sebastian. <p> Sorry, Sebby.   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8727&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8727 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Here's our FIFO plot from the "abort". We didn't see anything appreciable.</td></tr></table>   In a really clean abort, the line should be just flat ....  Come on, we are talking about radiation levels around the integration threshold (2 mrad/s without bleed current, 8 mrad/s with bleed current). Around here, one ADC count corresponds to roughly 1 mrad/s.  It is not the dose, but it is an abort, our BLM's usually do not even latch after the abort. At least that was the case before the shutdown. And if the abort works, there should be really nothing, since the beam is kicked out at A0.  The BLM FIFOs latched because MCR aborted the beam via the "Red Button" on purpuse (i.e. in order to use all the abort diagnostics, including our BLM FIFOs).  <h3>Cooling Down the Silicon</h3> In preparation for the second 36x36 store after the shutdown, we bring the SVX set point back to -10°C (from -6°C). We proceed in two steps, first going to -8°C, then to -10°C. Currently, the silicon is still OFF.   As expected, all pressures go up with the lower temperature. The BHW1 pressure exceeds the iFix warning limit of 13.3 psi. Since there is plenty of flow, I reduce the valve opening from 80% to 75%, which brings the pressure down to 12.8 psi.  Also the SVX chiller has some calibration issues: it is slightly colder than we want. Due to the lack of time to play around with temperatures, I decided to calibrate the issue away by just changing the BIAS setting for INPUT1 on the chiller controller. It is now at -1.5 (was -0.7 before.  The calibration seems to be ok. The chiller is now at -10°C, both according to the controller and according to iFix.  Since we are 4°C colder now, I have adjusted some limits: <ul> <li>The PLC hardware trip limit for the BH temperatures is now at +2°C (from +5°C). Note: this one was wrong when Ankush hit the crash button.</li> <li>I have hit "Set A/W Limits" to update all limits in the system.</li> </ul>  <h3>The Plan</h3> <p>The previous store was pretty much perfect. <ul> <li>The losses were low and similar to the values before the shudown</li> <li>The store was aborted with the "MCR red abort button" and the BLM losses were very,very small (...but they were non-zero).</li> </ul> Also the Tev have worked on the abort timing and position, conditioned separators several times and today checked the A48 collimator position. So it would appear this time they have done much more preparation work.</p> <p>So if this next store is similar to the previous store we will put Silicon in 2 hours after shot setup. We will first put silicon to STANDBY (it is still OFF) and then put silicon to ON. Silicon will remain in for 3 hours and then be put back to STANDBY, not OFF. From then on, silicon will remain at STANDBY.</p> <p>We will be in the control room for the whole period watching the fast time plotter. Before we start powering the silicon, we will tell MCR the silicon is being powered up and NO tuning, adjustments, etc are to be made. The beam must be stable. The same must be true for CDF. No more fiddling, adjusting any parts of the dectector, trigger, etc.</p> <p>If the beam for any reason does not look right, Silicon will be taken to STANDBY.</p> <p>If shot setup is delayed till after 8pm, we will postpone the Silicon inclusion until the following morning and start after the 8am meeting. Also if CDF is not running stably after 10pm, we shall do the same.</p>   <h3>Store 4760</h3> <p>This store appeared to come in OK. Proton and pbar transfers went in very smoothly. However the intial lumi was surprisingly low...it was only ~20e30. This surprised us and the MCR. Then they discovered the D17V vertical separator was switched with the wrong polarity !!! It turns out the separator never reached 0 Volts during the squeeze and so the polarity never flipped. This was fixed and the beam has to be re-scrapped. Then the lumi jumped up to ~50e30.</p> <p>Given the beam adjustments & rescraping, I do not feel too confident putting the Silicon in now. So Ulrich and I will go home now and see how the stores pans out overnight. If the store is still in, the losses remain static and no further adjustments are made, then Silicon will go in for its short 3 hour run.</p>   <h3>Warming up the Silicon</h3> This afternoon we have cooled down SVX to -10°C to prepare for the store. The detector was still OFF, because we wanted to wait into the store to decide if we put it to STANDBY. Shortly before data-taking, we got COT alarms. Morris identified them as <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=398&frame=2&anchor=21:13:36.314'> temperature problems</a>. As it turned out, things became too cold for the COT, the lowest temperature being below 60°F. When we realized that the store was not as smooth, we took SVX back to -8°C, and now that we have canceled our plans for tonight, it is back to -6°.   <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8728&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8728' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8730&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8730' width='300'></a></center>   <h3>ACNET Plots for Store 4759</h3> <p>Here are the loss plots for store 4759. The large losses at the start are from scraping. The large losses at the end are from Tev studies where they did a separtor scan and checked the position of the A48 collimator. During the normal store, B0PAGC increases in time. But the upper value is less than 3KHz and this feature was seen in plots before the shutdown, ever since the Tevatron changed its "tunes" to a new operating point.</p> <p>The right hand plot shows the variation of AGIGI2 and its pedestal value AGIGPED. Druing the store AGIGI2 started to increase and then became very big during the Tev end-of-store studies. It was during these end-of-store studies that AGIGI2 was calibrated and this is seen in the shift of AGIGPED.</p>  <h3>TevMon and AGIGI2</h3> TevMon still has a problem with AGIGI2. We see this variable updating fine in ACNET (from the .CDF logger), but TevMon thinks it is not updating. Therefore, TevMon is in warning. We will mail Ray Culbertson about this problem.   <p>Ray restarted the ACNET monitor log and now TevMon is no longer reporting any problems with AGIGI2 and it is updating nicely.</p>  I have the SRC pager working (722-7599), if there are SRC/clock problems please let me know.   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8732&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8732 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h4>Got paged about AGIGI2</h4> <p>I was paged as TevMon was alarming AGIGI2 is too high...and indeed it is. It is currently around 5 and looking at the trend it may go higher.</p> <p>Now AGIGI2 was recalibrated earlier in the day so one may expect the absolute value to be different. However, seeing such a postitive growth makes me worried.</p> <p>There does appear to be a small dip for recent values. I look again in a few hours and see if it settles some more. it looks like the battle with AGIGI2 has recommenced.</p></td></tr></table>   Here are a couple of comments about AGIGI2 from the MCR log: <pre> 05:37:07- CDF silicon is off. They turned off due AGIGI2 level. Attempts to scrub the abort gap were not that successful. Reduced AGIGI2 from 7 to 5.5 before D0AHTL and LOSTPB started to increase. Paging Dean for other ideas. - dln -- Wed Jun 14 05:43:23 comment by...dln -- Operational note: The timing delay baseline for the TEL, T:L1DLY, probably changed after the shutdown. Previously it was commonly set around 173 rfc and the upper and lower limits for scrubbing were 190 rfc and 125 rfc. Now it is at 193 rfc so I ran the timing from 145 rfc to 225 rfc to get any affect. We should confirm this with Xiaolong. -- Wed Jun 14 05:50:20 comment by...dln -- AGIGI2 only dropped to 5.5 on the scrubbing. Informed CDF that we could insert a collimator or rescrape. They have decided not to attempt to turn on the silicon until after their 0800 meeting. So we aren't going to risk the collimator move or the rescrape. Tev experts should consult with CDF this morning. </pre>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8733&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8733 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>COT beam positions for Store 4760. They are virtually unchanged compared to yesterday.</td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8734&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8734 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>The rise and rise of AGIGI2</h3> <p>In the middle of the night, an attempt was made to reduce AGIGI2. It did lower a little but started rising again at a steeper rate.</p></td></tr></table>   <h3>Cooling down again</h3> The abort gap has been cleaned up significantly by MCR, and everything is looking nice and stable right now. We decide to get our silicon data. As a first step, we cool down the detector to -10°C (via -8°C)   The set point is now at -10°C. I have hit "Set A/W Limits" and unignored all iFix alarms except the conductivity. We will have to wait for about 1/2 hour for everything to settle down.  <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8735&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8735' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8736&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8736' width='300'></a></center>   <h3>Abort Gap Clean Up</h3> <p>In the morning, the TeV experts were able to clean up the abort gap. Now AGIGI2 is down to ~0.5 and all other losses are low. However B0PAGC is a little high at 6kHz but it is stable and it is well below our limits.</p>  <h3>The Plan</h3> <p>As the beam looks much cleaner now and is looking stable, we are going to put silicon in for 3 hours. Ulrich has already started cooling down SVX to -10C. When the detector is cold, we will bring SVX, ISL and L00 to STANDBY. Then we shall wait for whole detector temperature to be completly stable. For this cool down we have already informed the COT folks.</p> <p>We have already done a Ghost Buster check. It is working. We should also reset any IMON AVDD/DVDD pinkies we have been putting off.Stefano Torre will be here keeping an eye on SVT.</p> <p>We shall keep an eye on initial trigger rates and any IMON pinkies. SVXMon will need to be running.</p> <p>At the first sign the the beam looks unstable, Silicon will immediately go to STANDBY.</p>   <table border=0><td><tr><td bgcolor=#e0e030><p> CAEN 5V Enables are ON<br> All iFIX alarms are re-enabled<br> Silicon is at STANDBY<br> </p> <p>We are back to normal operations mode. Do NOT turn silicon OFF, do NOT touch the 5V enables, do NOT disable alarms. All alarms are now real.</p></td></tr></td></table>  The silicon is biased now.  <h3>Tevatron Abort</h3> We were just running for a couple of minutes, when the Tevatron was aborted: <pre> 13:46:14- Tev abort, A0 coasting beam valve. Investigating. - djinn </pre> Seemed to be very clean for us. Working on post quench checkout now.   And the silicon is back to STANDBY, of course.  As I said before, the abort was very clean for us. Please find the BLM plots in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=400&frame=2&anchor=13:54:31.651'> main e-log</a>.  MCR has investigated the abort, and found out that the coasting beam valve was not the cause. Rather, somebody working there bumped into a loose cable. In Jim Morgan's words: <pre> 14:51:51- The store was lost due to a spurious A0 beam valve abort. It appears the combination of a loose cable and unauthorized work in the service building combined to cause the abort. CDF is making their 2.5 hour access, D0 is also taking advantage of the time. After the accesses are over, we will proceed with shot setup. - J. Morgan </pre>  My initial guess was that the Fussballgott has caused the abort, just in time for the match. B.t.w.: <b>Germany 1 - Poland 0</b>.  Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W1L2 <li>problem n: 1666 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>reduced limits after shutdown</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>755.767</td><td>590</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>655.0</td><td>525</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>785</td><td>655</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L1 <li>problem n: 1667 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After shutdown, the IMON limits had to be lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>487.886</td><td>496</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>480.0</td><td>486</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>490</td><td>506</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L1">report</a></ul>   <p><font size=+1> D-mode Calibration Job Started </font> <p><pre> Job id : 440 Calibration type : standard Run period tag : Jun_2006 DPS-off run : 218259 DPS-on run : 218262 Requested by : Ed Main process id : 13351 Comment : after 1st run with Si </pre>   <p>As the silicon is up and we have quiet time I requested a quiet time D-Mode Calibration.</p>  <h3>Restarted IMON. Now running from b0dasvx03</h3> <p>IMON was running really slow. You would click on a button and it would react with a few second delay. So I decided to restart it. So as we now have b0dasvx03 running scientific linux, I decided to log into that machine and run IMON off it.</p> <p>If IMON starts acting strangley, switch to running IMON on b0dasvx01 or b0dasvx02; the two Red-Hat machines.</p>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L3 <li>problem n: 1668 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved the IMON limits down after the 2006 shutdown.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>821.626</td><td>760</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>815.0</td><td>720</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>855.0</td><td>800.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L3">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L0 <li>problem n: 1669 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved IMON limits down after 2006 shutdown.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>78.2237</td><td>26</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>65.0</td><td>16</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>85</td><td>36</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L0">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L4 <li>problem n: 1670 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>Moved IMON limits down after 2006 shutdown</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>207.522</td><td>100.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>155.0</td><td>55.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>245.0</td><td>145.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L0 <li>problem n: 1671 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, I raised the IMON limits.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1142.5</td><td>1160</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1105.0</td><td>1137.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1150.0</td><td>1182.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W2L1 <li>problem n: 1672 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>268.488</td><td>245.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>270.0</td><td>145.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>370.0</td><td>345.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W2&layer=L1">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB4W0L0 <li>problem n: 1673 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits had to be adjusted.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>359,799</td><td>500.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>340.0</td><td>447.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>445.0</td><td>552.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B4W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W0L0 <li>problem n: 1331 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1122.55</td><td>1095.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1115.0</td><td>1090</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1125.0</td><td>1100</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W0L3 <li>problem n: 1674 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limit were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1178.31</td><td>1155.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1170.0</td><td>1147.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1185.0</td><td>1162.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W0&layer=L3">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L2 <li>problem n: 1675 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were lowered.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>346.758</td><td>310.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>330.0</td><td>260.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>430.0</td><td>360.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L4 <li>problem n: 1676 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: DVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limit was lowered</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>322.315</td><td>285</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>300.0</td><td>235.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>395.0</td><td>315.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were adjusted.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1020</td><td>1030</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1016</td><td>1026</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1024</td><td>1034</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L2 <li>problem n: 1622 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Removed_hdwdb <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder stopped returning data back in Jan 2006. Many attempts were made to revive this ladder. As I cannot think of any thing else to do for this ladder I am taking it out of the hardware database.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L2 <li>problem n: 1622 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Removed_hdwdb <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder stopped returning data back in Jan 2006. Many attempts were made to revive this ladder. As I cannot think of any thing else to do for this ladder I am taking it out of the hardware database.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W1All <li>problem n: 1678 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the 2V Doim IMON limit was increased.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1087.15</td><td>1115.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1055.0</td><td>1090</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1100.0</td><td>1140</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W1&layer=All">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W1All <li>problem n: 1679 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the 2006 shutdown, the IMON limits were increased.</p><table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1937.03</td><td>1965.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1925.0</td><td>1952.5</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1950.0</td><td>1977.5</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W1&layer=All">report</a></ul>   <h3>ISL teststand at FCC</h3> <p>Jeannine and I had a trip to FCC this afternoon. We tried to make the ISL 1/4 ladder working --- no success. We hooked up the SVX PS to the ISL JC. The ISL ladder was connected to channel 3 on PC, and we were using 8chip.isl in esevme17.crate file. We couldn't power up the ladder -- it was tripping. The next time, we'll try to reproduce what Corrine was doing, i.e. we'll gang together two ISL hybrids (ESE20 & ESE21) and try to make them work.</p>   <h3>Summary of afternoon work (14 June 06)</h3> <p>After the premature end of the Tev store, I asked the ACEs to carry out without-beam DMode calibration. Then I did some work adjusting the IMON limit for the following ladders: <ul> <li>The following has AVDD adjusted: <ul><li> e012, e291, e293, f000, f500, f503, e084</li></ul> </li> <li>The following has DVDD adjusted: <ul><li> e290, e294, f021, f400, f512, f514</li></ul> </li> <li>The 2V DOIM limit for e11 was adjusted.</li> </ul> </p> <p>After a few weeks of running, we should check the IMON limits again. If we need new limits, we should ask Dean to generate new ones.</p> <p>I also took f002 out of the Hardware Database. This ladder stopped returning data in Jan '06. Many attempts to revive the ladder failed. So I took it out of the HWDB. If anyone has any clever ideas, they will be welcomed.</p> <p>While doing the IMON work, IMON became very slow. So I restated it but this time running off b0dasvx03. This will allow us to test our Scientific Linux robustness.</p>   <h3>Lammel strikes back !!!</h3> <p>During the previous store I tried to run the SVT spymon which failed to work. Of course the perl wrapper was still pointing to the old web address. I updated but SVTSpymon still failed...</p> <p>Ulrich suggested to check we didn't need to be authenticated. So I fired up a browser and type the address for the original web page and it asks for a password....aghhh!!!!</p> <p>We have been Lammelled</p>   <p>..but all evil creatures must be destroyed. Ulrich used wget inside the PERL wrapper and we are back in business.</p>  <p><font size=+1> D-mode Calibration Job Finished </font> <p><pre> This is a computer-generated silicon D-mode calibration status report. Silicon D-mode calibration job 440 FAILED. Job info -------- Calibration type : standard DPS-off run : 218259 DPS-on run : 218262 Requested by : Ed Submitted : 2006-06-14 15:02:59 Completed : 2006-06-14 19:26:16 Status : FAILURE Comment : after 1st run with Si Last processing stage reported : updating ped tables with fibkill channels Failure diagnostics : child process exited abnormally </pre>   Restarted job from this point, and it finished fine.  <h3>Tally of ladders in/out since the shutdown</h3> <p>For documentation, here is a list of ladder put in/out the HWDB during the shutdown.</p> <ul> <li>Ladders in: e084, e0b2, e130, e404</li> <li>Ladders out: e244, f002</li> </ul> <p>In a month or two, we should have a look at e522. This ladder has a history of coming and going. So it may decide to come back.</p>   <h3>Tevatron Quench</h3> The Tevatron quenched again, this time during acceleration. The aces did a post-quench checkout (BLM FIFOs <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=401&frame=2&anchor=20:28:12.551'> here</a>). Everything was clean for us. Here is the current hypothesis why this happened from the Tevatron e-log: <pre> Wed Jun 14 20:39:53 comment by...rm, bh -- Recall this is the first store in which we turned off the TEL-1 at 150 GeV since we wanted a longer electron pulse for abort gap cleaning during HEP. Without the TEL @ 150 GeV, the accumulated DC beam likely fell out and quenched us @ B26 - one of those high dispersion areas that got us in the past. -- Wed Jun 14 20:44:08 comment by...rm, bh -- We could 1) change the TEL-1 pulsing scheme back to the shorter pulse that can fit between the protons and pbars @ 150; 2) start making orbit bumps. Option 1) is probably the best choice since if we bump at B26, we'll just push that DC beam loss somewhere else around the ring and we'll be chasing it for a few shots. (We've suffered through that before.) </pre>   <h3>Possible problem with f54/f55</h3> <p>For the short 10 minute run we had in the morning, DS has already processed the data and the results show CAP-ID errors for all ladders in wedges f54/f55 ==> Maybe a FIB problem?</p> <p>However we now have a small bit of quiet time. We ran f54/f55 quickly and we got errors for f551 and f553. f551 has a known CAP-ID problem. However we are now getting 00 Sequence errors for f553...this may be temperature related ? Unfortunatly we did not get time to run the ladder in NN mode.</p> <p>So let's wait for the next store, try to put the silicon in for a few hours and see if these errors are persistant.</p>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB5W1L3 <li>problem n: 1680 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Pinkie in AVDD after 2006 shutdown. Bumping up IMON limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1103.01</td><td>1120</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1065.0</td><td>1100</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1105.0</td><td>1140</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B5W1&layer=L3">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1681 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: DOIM currents went slightly down after shutdown. Adjusted limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1128.01</td><td>1000.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1050.0</td><td>960</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1135.0</td><td>1040</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1681 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Previous entry is for 2V DOIM voltage. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB4W6All <li>problem n: 1682 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: VDOIM <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: 5V DOIM current went slightly down after the 2006 shutdown. Adjusting limits.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1963.9</td><td>1830.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1885.0</td><td>1790.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1970.0</td><td>1870.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B4W6&layer=All">report</a></ul>   <h3>The Plan from Jim Morgan</h3> <pre> The Collider Plan: Tevatron studiers will do a series of aperture scans after the Tevatron is turned back on. Send pbars to the Recycler when the stack is in the 60-80E10 range. The Crew Chief should coordinate with Tev studies and maximize the stash size. Shot setup would follow the studies, protons 240-260E9 per bunch in the Tevatron at 150 GeV unless specified otherwise by the Machine Coordinator. </pre> <p>The aperture scan makes me a little worried as the Silicon is now at STANDBY.</p>   SVXIICON rebooted.   <h2>The Supplies are in!</h2> Yesterday our first two shipments of supplies from CAEN came back (2 forward ISL supplies, 2 L00 supplies). Hank did a quick check on them, the crate sees them all, and I picked them up this morning. Now I'll do more detailed burn-in tests to make sure all the problems are really fixed (and we didn't develop any new ones going through customs). IF these 4 supplies are all ok, then we're sitting pretty good as far as power supplies go - we already have 2 SVX and 1 L00 spare.<br>   <h3>CCC ready to HALT data taking if no RF</h3> With Bill and Mousumi we have a version of FER that will pick the interrupt from the CCC is lock to RF is lost and will go to HALT and give a warning (asking to page Silicon). We tested this yesterday in the teststand and everything worked fine. Other errors (different from !RF) are ignored and cleared for now). I have modified the CCC interface module, so that it does not conflict with the ISR used by FER. <br> We have to give Bill the OK so that he changes to FER version and we soft reboot b0svx02 and 06 to pick the changes. The idea is to do this during the next quiet time. <br>   A new radiation entry at the entry in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=403&frame=2&anchor=13:06:16.148'> Main e-log</a>   <h3>Store 4772</h3> Store #4772 is in with an initial luminosity of 68e30. Currently, all TevMon parameters look nice and stable. The plan for this store is: <ul> <li>Watch the beam conditions for the first hour into the store.</li> <li>Go in after an hour, beam conditions allowing, and run for about 3 hours.</li> <li>Run with L3 filters on Scientific Linux.</li> </ul>   <h3>Taking data with Silicon</h3> After watching the store for 3/4 of an hour, Ankush and I decided that it is stable enough to include the silicon. We ramped the silicon without problems and started a first run. <p> After a couple of minutes, b0svx02 got stuck and would not go to HALT. I called Marcel to the rescue. We could vxlogin to the crate, and all relevant processes were running. However, the crate lost contact to run control. Marcel rebooted the crate and asked the shift crew to start a new run. The crate came back fine. Note: Steve Nahn and Marcel have disabled the possibility to reset the crate from run control, so Marcel did the reboot "by hand" via vxlogin. <p> The new run is now proceeding fine. After a couple of pre-scale changes, the L1A rate is now at 24 kHz.   Shortly after the new run came on, SVXMon discovered a lot of stuck cell IDs. The Ace did an HRR, and they came back fine.  Some comments from one of the old guys:<br> <ul> <li>If a b0svxXX crate gets stuck (it turns yellow/red) in RunControl, you have to end the Run and start from scratch. These crates cannot be sherperded, rebooted or send the transition command again. This is a feature originating from Steve N. to avoid people muppeting around with these crates. Keep in mind, these crates host the SRc's, the Ghostbuster and now the CCC. You don't want Aces to monkey around with these. </li> <li> In this case, the crate was fine, but it did not recieve any RunControl commands anymore. So doing a reboot of the crate CPU is the way to go and the fastest way to get things back </li> </ul>  <h3>Silicon status for store 4772</h3> <p> <li>IMon is very slow on b0dasvx03.</li> <li>a link to SpyMon is broken.</li> </p> <p> Yellow in SVXMON: <ul><li>e124--- this ladder had problems before, but it fixed itself on 01/02/06. So, it looks like it decided to unfix itself now. One needs to check this ladder during quiet time.</li></ul> <ul><li>e564---no data from z-side; it has known bit7 low problem; it also had 99% of "no first chip" and "drop readout" in recent runs (caused by bit7 problem).</li></ul> <ul><li>e154--- we gave up on this ladder. One should put it in SVXMON_IGNORE at the end of this run or before next store. </li></ul> </p>   <p>I've added "needs work" threads e123 to e564. So now they have "checks disabled" in SVXMon. e154 is marked as unfixable so I thought SVXMon would not check it. But it still does. So I added the "SVXMon Ignore" status to the problem DB. Now all these ladders do not appear yellow in SVXMon.</p> <p>But as soon as the BitReporter is updated we should check these ladders.</p>  Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1683 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run of Silicon after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning any data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1684 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run of Silicon after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning any data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB5W6L4 <li>problem n: 345 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Unknown <li>Action: Monitoring <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>After the first long run after the shutdown, this ladder is not returning data according to SVXMon. This ladder needs to be investigated.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B5W6&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W5L4 <li>problem n: 11 <li>Status: svxmon_ignore <li>Type: DropReadOut_nonRX <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: amitra <li>description is: <p>This ladder has been declared unfixable according but SVXMon is still checking it. Now adding the SVXMon ignore to mask it in SVXMon.</p> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W5&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W1L2 <li>problem n: 1666 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: And bumped up AVDD limits again by around 200. Apparently, there are chips coming and going in this ladder.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>755.767</td><td>750.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>525.0</td><td>690.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>655.0</td><td>810.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W1&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: ... and adjusted back to the old values.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1030.0</td><td>1020.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1026.0</td><td>1016.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1034.0</td><td>1024.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB2W9L2 <li>problem n: 1685 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: Slightly changed AVDD current limit after 2006 shutdown.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>805.294</td><td>790.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>800.0</td><td>775.0</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>830.0</td><td>805.0</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B2W9&layer=L2">report</a></ul>   <h3>HRR to fix e2b3</h3> <p>While going over the yellow ladders I noticed e2b3 went yellow. A quick HRR fixed it.</p>   <h3>Fighting Pinkies: Part II</h3> We have the silicion biased for more than 6 hours now - time to re-visit a couple of AVDD pinkies: <ul> <li>e012: AVDD limit was adjusted to a lower value yesterday, back to old value today (a couple of chips coming and going?)</li> <li>e084: AVDD current went slightly up yesterday, came down by the same amount today.</li> <li>e292: AVDD dropped by 30 - this is new. </ul> All the remaining bias pinkies are in Micron ladders. The symptoms in all of them are very similar. They behaved stably before the shutdown, and now they jump all over the place. There is still hope that they come back to normal after being biased for a couple of days. Therefore, the bias currents for these ladders have been put to ignore for the time being: <ul> <li>e1a4</li> <li>e3b2</li> <li>e564</li> </ul> I will insert a typical plot of the bias current over time later.   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8737&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8737 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Example for current bias current pinkie: e564.</td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8738&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8738 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Consistent L2A without L1A SRC error</h3> <p>During this run there was a L2A without L1A SRC error. After an HRR it reappeared. A new run was started but the error reappeared. Silicon was taken out of the run and then a COLDSTART was done. Again the same error. But if you look at the LA plot, it looks like the CLOCK and L1A, L1D and L2A are fine. So I do not understand this error.</p></td></tr></table>   So, the CCC lost lock to RF, the LA did not trigger (did it? at least no page was recieved, right?) and since the new FER is not in place we did not get a warning. The question is why we lost lock. Could have been a real glitch, which with no CCC could have meant a trip of SVX, or someting bogus in the CCC (but this is the first time the CC looses lock afaik).  <pre>Sorry Guys, I'm a big jerk... I had it with me, but forgot to un-silence it after the lecture this afternoon!! :-(</pre>  <p>I think particular page was sent by me by accident. So this was not a real CLK sync problem. But it was certainly a good test of the paging system.</p>  <p>After Sebastian cleared the CCC errors COLDSTART ran without L2A without L1A errors. We then put silicon back in and ran AAA_CURRENT and we have been running for about an hour with no further SRC errors.</p>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8739&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8739 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>The relentless rise of AGIGI2</h3> <p>In red is the history of AGIGI2 over the last few hours. You can see it rise and rise monotonically with time. By midnight it will probably hit 5.0 and TevMon will start complaining. So for the time being Ulrich and I will take Silicon out and so it will not run overnight.</p></td></tr></table>   And here is the experts working on the problem (from Tevatron e-log): <pre> -- Fri Jun 16 09:35:21 comment by...m.m -- Knobbed T:L1DLY to lower AGIGI2 rate. Started at about 9, got to about 4.8 but it bounced back to 6 quickly. Got greedy and whacked the beam with TEL, taking a nibble out of luminosity. </pre>  <h3>Unbiased Ladders</h3> Yesterday I had a look at the bias currents in IMON. After eliminating most pinkies (and giving three Micron ladders a little more time), we are left with four ladders which show zero bias current: <ul> <li><b>e0b1</b>: re-included during PDB review, known to show no physics before, ADCMON: only noise</li> <li><b>e130</b>: re-included during PDB review, known to show no physics before, ADCMON: only noise</li> <li><b>f223</b>: known to show very small bias current, ADCMON spectrum ok.</li> <li><b>f411</b>: known to show very small bias current, ADCMON spectrum ok.</li> </ul> We will probably have to exclude the bad SVX ladders again.   <h3>D0 2 shift access: coming soon...</h3> <p>D0 have requested a 2 shift access to address a noise problem in their calorimeter. Apparently it's related to their muon system. It is most likely to occur during a week day.</p> <p>Given we potentially have a long access, we should come up with a plan to use this long access & quiet time. Things which come to mind are: <ul> <li>List of ladders which have now stopped working</i> <ul> <li>Do we just need to adjust chip settings?</li> <li>Do we need to do fibre swaps,etc in the collision hall</li> </ul> <li>The BUSY TO with COLDSTART has reappeared. This should be reinvestigated</li> <li>Remeasure the light levels of the permananent LL system in the collision hall.</li> </ul> </p> <p>Please add any extra items which need to be done.</p>   <h3>AGIGI2 successfully reduced - starting to take silicon data</h3> MCR has manage to reduce AGIGI2 from around 5.0 to 3.2. The SciCo called them, and they told them they are done with the tuning and expect AGIGI2 to be stable until the TeV studies (scheduled for 15:00). All other TevMon variables look fine. Now we are waiting for the aces to start a new run with silicon.   <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8740&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8741' ></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8742&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8743' ></a></center>   <h3>Store 4772: Run # 218424</h3> <p>At last SVTSPYMon. But something does not look right. SVTSPYMon shows wedges 10,11 on the first plot. On the second plot , 5<phi<6 is empty. I don't this is real as SVXMon shows all ladders in those wedges are OK. So this may be a software problem or SVT is not seeing those wedges.</p> <p>We will let Stefano Torre know about this.</p>  <p>Stefano and Alberto are here. This is a real SVT problem. A card in one of their crates needed a reboot. SVT is now receiving data in all wedges. But Silicon is OK.</p>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8744&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8744 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>SVTSPYMon Store 4772: Run # 218426</h3> <p>After the SVT boys fixed the problem, SVTSPYMon looks much better now.</p></td></tr></table>   <p>...and SVXMon looks OK.</p>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8745&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8746 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>e012: Went PINK</h3> <p>There was a large drop in AVDD for this ladder. A quick HRR and the current went back to normal.</p></td></tr></table>   This ladder had a history of AVDD currents jumping up and down after the shutdown. We have adjusted the IMON limits to the upper state, such that we can spot the jump down and correct it via HRR.  <h3>3 Bias Cells set to ignore</h3> <p>Ulrich found 3 bias PINKIES which have some history of jumping around after a shutdown. So while we wait for the currents to settle, I have set them to ignore in IMON. The ladders are: e1a4, e3b2, and e564.</p>   <h3>Interesting note about AGIGI2 from the Tev elog</h3> <p>Over the past few stores AGIGI2 has been growing monotonically and required one the Tev experts to fix it. From reading this entry from the Tev elog, they are also keeping an eye on AGIGI2.</p> <pre> Click here to make a comment, Email or link this entry Fri Jun 16 14:54:34- Comments about Abort Gap Losses (T:AGIGI2): Past couple of stores have had problems with maintaining T:AGIGI2 below 7 E9. It appears there is more information about what can effect these values so those who have to reduce this value can have something to tune. the TEL timing T:L1DLY has been scanned from 146 to 226 with its nominal around 193. It should not be scanned below 150 because it is good probablity that the pbar bunches around the gaps will be clipped. A value of around 150 seem to be a good place to effect AGIGI2. Also the vertical tune plays into this equation. We have noticed that keeping the vertical tune around .583 will also help decreases these losses. The T:TFPMON wants to adjust the tunes through a store in order to keep the pbar tunes constant. If these changes make AGIGI2 grow rapidliy we should suspend the tune changes. Finally, the vertical position of the collimators should have some effect on AGIGI2. The D173 vertical collimator could be placed closer to the beam using C10 MANUAL PAGE with a step size of 1mil into the beam. Plot the BLM T:LD1733 and do not let it grow to a value bigger than 2.5V. Plans for keeping AGIGI2 over Weekend: 1) Monitor T:AGIGI2 and if it is on the rise and starts exceding 3E9 a scan of the TEL timing using T:L1DLY can be done from 150 to 200. 2)The vertical tune can also be used to help decrease these losses. Most likely it will want to decrease the vert tune. 3) Finally moving D173 vert collimator closer may help. </pre> <p>If we spot AGIGI2 growing, one could also look at some of the ACNET variables quoted above.</p>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1677 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: AVDD <li>Action: IMON_limits <li>entered by: husemann <li>description is: The range of limits turned out to be a little too tight. Bumping up the upper limit to increase the range from 8 μA to 18 μA.<table border=1> <tr><th>IMON LIMITS</th><th>Old</th><th>New</th></tr> <tr><td><b>Nominal</b></td><td>1020</td><td>1020</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Lower</b></td><td>1016</td><td>1016</td></tr> <tr><td><b>Upper</b></td><td>1024</td><td>1034</td></tr></table> <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: IB0W0L0 <li>problem n: 1019 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: Chip_bit_error <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: sasha <li>description is: No problems in recent data runs. Need to continue observations for one more week. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=ISL&wedge=B0W0&layer=L0">report</a></ul>   <h3>Permananent Light Level Measurements: 1st repeat</h3> <p>During the quiet time, Ulrich and I went to the first floor while Sasha turned on e2b2. Here are the results</p> <table border="1"> <tr><td>Bit</td><td>Measurement 1 (8 June 06) (μW)</td><td>Measurement 2 (16 June 06) (μW)</td></tr> <tr> <td> OBDV </td> <td> 240 </td> <td> 276 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 0 </td> <td> 340 </td> <td> 352 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 1 </td> <td> 470 </td> <td> 468 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 2 </td> <td> 390 </td> <td> 404 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 3 </td> <td> 450 </td> <td> 456 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 4 </td> <td> 420 </td> <td> 420 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5 </td> <td> 380 </td> <td> 392 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 6 </td> <td> 53 </td> <td> 48 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 7 </td> <td> 448 </td> <td> 440 </td> </tr> </table> <p>So the two measurements aren't exactly the same to 3 digits but they are certainly comparable. A few more repeat measurements to get some confidence in the repeatability and then we can do this every month.</p> <p>One more thing to try again is to do another repeat measurement of the light levels in the collision hall.</p>   <h3>SVTSPYMon Edited and Updated</h3> <p>A few edits to SVTSPYMon had to be made to cope with the change of the online web addresses and the change in the order of grpahs in the original SVTSPYMon PostScript File.</p> <p>So I renamed the original SVTSPYMon perl script as svtspymon_old.pl. I then modified a version of the original one to implement the changes mentioned in the previous paragraph. If you have any problems with SVTSPYMon, let me know.</p>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L1 <li>problem n: 1637 <li>Status: needs_observation <li>Type: Chip_bit_error <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: jwagner <li>description is: There are no errors in data and in SVXDAQ we (Sasha and I) saw in NN and RA 00_sequence errors at very low rate (10/1000). If there are no errors in data for one more week, we can declare it as fixed. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L1">report</a></ul>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB0W8L4 <li>problem n: 1638 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Chip_capid <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: jwagner <li>description is: In the recent data 100% errors occur (cap_id a6, old AVDD2 problem).We get no physics data from chip 10. Before the SVXDAQ test, this ladder triped at DVDD2 overcurrent. However this ladder behaves well in SVXDAQ (RA and NN mode). The settings of SVXDAQ and in the real data taking are the same. The ISEL settings of chip 10 are in both cases: 00-000-00-000. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B0W8&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8748&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8748 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Termination of Store 4772</h3> <p>The store was terminated via the "The Big Red Button". As this also latches our BLMs I was curious to see what was recorded.</p> <p>The store termination was benign for us.</p></td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/elog/notebooks/silicon/Fri_Jun_16_2006_192518.ps align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8750 align='top'></a></td><td>SVXDAQ output of e124 (RA)</td></tr></table>   Entered in Silicon database: <ul> <li>Ladder: SB1W2L4 <li>problem n: 1243 <li>Status: needs_work <li>Type: Chip_other <li>Action: Diagnosis_update <li>entered by: sasha <li>description is: This ladder was yellow in SVXMON during past few runs and it had ~100% rate of 'No first chip' errors. ADCMon shows that there is no data from chips 9-13. We tested this ladder in SVXDAQ and confirmed that there is <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=305&frame=2&anchor=19:25:27'> no data</a> from chips a3-a0 (sometimes a4 as well). We also confirmed that this ladder gives 00_sequence errors (troubled chips are a4-a0). We want to keep this ladder in HWDB for a few runs because it had some miraculous recoveries in the past. If this is not going to happen any time soon, then we want to chop the troubled chips out. <li>See <a href="http://b0sili01.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/pdb/DBreport.pl?detsys=SVX&wedge=B1W2&layer=L4">report</a></ul>   <h3>CCC and DAQ work</h3> Today we worked on the CCC-run control interface. Though we tested the code in the teststand in the past (see <a href= '/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=305&frame=2&anchor=13:07:37'> here</a>) we found more problems today when trying the software in b0svx02. The problem was that the mvme would not catch the IRQs after the config transition. This was traced to the fact that during the config transition something (not clear what) is done to the mvme that screws up the ISR (interrupt routine). This was solved by setting the interrupts again after config. The code was tested in all RC states and it worked correctly. We posponed the release of the code till we have time to test it carefully next week. <br> During the test we tripped some wedges, with was cause while switching clock modes. A config is needed to ensure that the system is fine, though this is upsetting because it beats the idea of the CCC (though problems in any other of the clk signals cause no problems, and we have seen that sometimes switching clk modes will upset the SRC, but not always).<br>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8751&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8752 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Store 4774</h4> <p>Inital Lumi: 103.23E30. This is the usual SVTSPYMon. Looks good. Silicon included from the <b>start</b> of the store.</p> <p>Silicon is back in the game :-)</p></td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8754&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8754 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>Losses at the start of store 4774</h3> <p>At the start of the store LOSTP started increasing after scraping. So we held off starting the run. However it settled around 3kHz and stay=ed there for about 5mins. At that time I decided to put the silicon in. Since starting, LOSTP is decreasing. </p> <p>Unfortunatly we haven't recorded much data for last 30 mins due to L2 and SVT problems.</p></td></tr></table>   <h3>Silicon back to STANDBY</h3> <p>We haven't taken data for quite some time. Also there a chilled water problen at the same time. So Silicon has gone back to STANDBY.</p>   <h3>Just realised the ramification of the chilled water problem</h3> <p>With a chiller having a problem this will eventually affect the detector temperature if we cannot get chilled water. We have to keep an eye on the detector temperature if the chiller takes some time to repair.</p>  <h3>Chilled water: a reminder</h3> Ankush is right, we had problems with the chilled water last summer when it was hot and dry. This is to remind everybody what the symptoms and possible remedies were: <ul> <li>Symptom: SVX chiller cannot hold its set point. <br> This can be seen from the Alcove temperature in iFix. Normally, the SVX chiller return temperature is between -8°C and -9°C and very stable. The temperature will go up in case of chilled water problems.</li> <li>Reason: not enough chilled water to SVX chiller.<br> The chillers use the ECW (electronics cooling water) circuit in their heat exchangers. The efficiency of the heat exchanger depends on the flow and the temperature of the chilled water. According to the chiller technician from RAM, the flow is the bigger issue. With enough flow, the temperature does not matter too much.</li> <li>Remedy 1: increase chilled water flow to chillers<br> The chilled water circuit to the chillers does not have a flow meter or a separate pump. However, the flow to the chillers (and to the SUVA) can be increased by closing EV-5 of the ECW circuit. Last summer, it was closed to 30%. <li>Remedy 2: clean the strainer. <br> The chilled water goes through a strainer before it arrives at the silicon chillers. Last year, the cryo techs found that this strainer had never been cleaned and was clogged. We do not expect that it is clogged again after just one year.</li> </ul> So we (i.e. the Main Pager Carrier and the cooling experts) should have a regular look at the chiller return temperatures in the weeks to come.  <h3>Lost the Beam!!</h3> <p>While in the control room watching the SVT boys trying to fix SVT the beam is lost...MCR are working out what happended.</p>   <h4>Helping the SVT Boys</h4> <p>During the night SVT ran into trouble. They were losing SNYC on one of their crates due to Bunch Counter mis match. It seem to appear with Silicon. As the beam had just gone I decided to help these guys out. So after checking with MCR we were given 1 hour of quiet time. (in the end we had much more). So we ran the silicon COSMICs tape, with Silicon ON, to feed data from Silicon to SVT. After doing this for about ~30 mins, we realised SVT just needed silicon data....so even noise would be OK. So for safety I put Silicon to STANDBY and ignored all the HV inhibits. SVT were fed with chip noise. They were able to get their error with that.</p> <p>I hung around into the wee hours helping SVT out. In the end they isolated to a few boards and then their FAKE HITs could generate the error. At that point (~5:30am) I went home as they no longer needed silicon. I read in the elog the problem was located to one of their PULSAR boards. More details in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=408&frame=2&anchor=05:59:31.242'> CDF shift e-log</a>.</p> <p>In doing this it occured we could try something which could help our SVT brethren and be safe for Silicon. For some SVT tests, they just need FIB headers and c*c*. So could we not have a run configuration which just reads out the FIB headers without reading out any FIB channels. (in a similar way we test the GB). We can help SVT by sending data to them and we do not have to readout our chips...so our ladders stays happy....as long as we have power in the collision hall, thats all that is required. The detector could even be off......comments anyone ??</p>  <h3>Chiller Compressor unhappy: SVX and L00 tripped off</h3> Here is a list of relevant alarm log file entries: <pre> 6/17/2006 11:30:39.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_CHL_COMP_STATE CFN OFF STATE OF SVX CHILLER COMPRESSOR 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1306 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW3 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1305 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW2 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1304 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW1 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1303 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE3 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1302 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE2 6/17/2006 11:30:41.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1301 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE1 6/17/2006 11:30:43.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_PS_TRIP CFN TRIP B5W11 layer 0, maybe others 6/17/2006 11:30:43.9 [SVXIICON] L00_PS_TRIP CFN TRIP B1W5 layer 3, maybe others 6/17/2006 11:30:44.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3302 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED L00W 6/17/2006 11:30:44.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3301 CFN TRIP PS TRIP/DISABLED L00E 6/17/2006 11:30:45.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1801 CFN BAD SVX Chiller Status 6/17/2006 11:30:53.0 [CDFS5 ] GEN3_IT_ALM COS ALARM generator3, current alarm 6/17/2006 11:30:57.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_CHL_COMP_STATE OK ON STATE OF SVX CHILLER COMPRESSOR 6/17/2006 11:30:58.9 [CDF_S1 ] R_SOUND_ALM COS RACKS ALARM Sound Rack Alarm - CDF3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1306 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1305 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW2 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1304 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHW1 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1303 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE3 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1302 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE2 6/17/2006 11:30:59.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1301 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED SVX-BHE1 6/17/2006 11:31:02.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3302 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED L00W 6/17/2006 11:31:02.9 [SVXIICON] L00_C3301 OK OK PS TRIP/DISABLED L00E 6/17/2006 11:31:05.9 [SVXIICON] SVX_C1801 OK OK SVX Chiller Status </pre> <p> We are currently investigating why/how/when our interlocks came back in response to seeing a happy chiller once again.   <h3>Summary of investigation</h3> Here is a summary of the things we checked: <ul> <li>The SVX chiller compressor tripped off at 11:30:40. This caused the SVX and L00 power supply enables to trip. </li> <li>18 seconds later, the compressor switched on again, which enable the power supplies again. The interlock coil C1801 for the SVX chiller status was tripped because X1305 indicated a compressor trip. Note that all chiller status coils do not latch and therefore do not have to be reset by the trip acknowledge buttons. That is the reason why the interlocks were fine again when we arrived.</li> <li>The question is: why did the compressor trip in the first place. There is no indication that something went wrong with the chiller or the chilled water circuit beforehand. However, there was some problems with the chilled water earlier (see picture below). We will send mail to Andy Hocker and Bill Noe, maybe they remember earlier incidents like this. </ul>  <h3>Cooling Trip !!</h3> <p>SVX + L00 Tripped due to cooling alarm(?) Investigating now!!</p>   <center><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8756&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8756' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8755&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8755' width='300'></a></center>   <h3>Aghhh...Cooling Trip!!</h3> <p><b>Newbies:</b>This is what a cooling trip looks like!. Note the lines of "External Trip..External Trip". Also you can see in IMON that SVX and L00 went red. Indicating they were all tripped OFF.</p> <p>When you are main pager carrier and you are paged about a cooling trip, you should ask the ACEs if they see something like this picture. If you cannot understand them or they cannot describe it to you, use the smiley faces to capture the image.</p>  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8757&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8757 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h3>We have to fix this!!!!</h3> <p>After the cooling trip I brought L00 and SVX back to STANDBY. I then wanted to take the detector through activate just to exercise it a bit. But of course I am hit by this DONE TO. We <b>have</b> to fix this!!!</p></td></tr></table>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8758&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8758 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Here is the alcove temperatures and CV-4 and CV-5 from ECW. The compressor tripped off, but nothing indicates a problem shortly before. Certainly, CV-4 was closed around 9:00. Our guess is that the PID loop which steers CV-5, closed it down to 35%. Now this action should give us <em>more</em> flow, not less, so we have even less reason to trip anything. Weird.</td></tr></table>   Fix <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=409&frame=2&anchor=13:30:44.543'> this</a> pinkie, please.   <h4>AVDD pinkie in B0L2W1 still there</h4> The pinkie we saw yesterday is still around. This time, not even an HRR helps to bring it back in line. Apparently, there are chips coming and going. We should use the quiet time to examine the ladder. The pinkie is documented in the <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=410&frame=2&anchor=18:17:10.830'> main e-log</a>.  <h3>Store 4778: Running with Silicon</h3> Store 4778 came in around 17:30 today. The initial luminosity was around 58 e30 cm<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. All losses were fine, so I decided to include silicon right away.   All losses are still very good, and AGIGI2 is stable. So we keep silicon in for the rest of the store. Sasha has the main pager. I have warned him that we are running with silicon, and he should expect pages. The shift crew is instructed to page him in case of questions, problems, etc. I will be available per pager and phone as well.  <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8760&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8761 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>Also SVT is fine for store 4778.</td></tr></table>   <h3>More on Pinkies</h3> I have just posted <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=410&frame=2&anchor=18:57:27.000'> instructions into the main e-log</a> to ignore a couple of BIAS line pinkies and the known AVDD pinkie.   <h4>Trip: I B5 W1 L2 AVDD</h4> Got paged for trips in I B5 W1 L2 for the second time tonight. The first time around 9:00, the ace had never recovered a trip before, and I walked her through the procedure. The second time now, the wedge tripped again after being recovered. A second attempt did the trick. <p> The second time, Sasha on the Main Pager was paged first. The shift crew got impatient already after 5 minutes, so they paged me.   I got only one page and responded as soon as got to the phone (~1 min). It's strange, Scico told me that they paged me twice, but I got only one page. By some reason I've not been paged for the first trip.  Well, for the first trip, they paged me instead of the Main Pager. Maybe they tried twice now...  <pre>I was paged because SB1W5L1 tripped and ACE could not recover it. The PS Gui was not responding, so I told ACE to restart it. After PS Gui was up, ACE recovered the trip without problems. After that I was asked by CO about Silimon problems. During my conversation with CO, there was a PS10 problem. I had to explain the ACE (Deepak Kar) how to hockerize the crate. The hockerization was successfull. </pre>   <h4>Downtime so far for this store</h4> <p>I thought I 'd just post this table from the downtime summary.</p> <P> <I>Lost Time is in minutes, Lost Lumi is in nb<SUP>-1</sup>; click on the Down time to go to the approximate Shift eLog time <P></i> <TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=2> <TR> <TH>Store</th> <TH>Category</th> <TH>Down</th> <TH>DownClink</th> <TH>Time</th> <TH>Lumi</th> <TH>Text</th> </tr> <TR> <TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=ISL_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>ISL HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 22:20</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150600800>1150600800</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>17</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>33.5</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Had to reset ISL twice</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=ISL_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>ISL HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 20:05</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150592700>1150592700</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>9</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>21.8</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Trip in ISL</font></td> </tr> <TR bgcolor=#e0e030><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=SVX_HV><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>SVX HV</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sun_Jun_18_2006_Owl&anchor=>2006.06.18 00:55</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150610100>1150610100</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>57</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>91.6</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVX/ISL power supply trip</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGLVL2><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGLVL2</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 18:28</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150586880>1150586880</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>5</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>15.4</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVT issues</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGSVT><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGSVT</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 20:41</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150594860>1150594860</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>12</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>27.2</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>Restart run for SVT experts</font></td> </tr> <TR><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A NAME=TRIGSVT><A HREF=/daq/stores/store4778.html>4778</a></td><TD>TRIGSVT</td><TD><A HREF=/cgi-bin/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=Sat_Jun_17_2006_Eve&anchor=>2006.06.17 19:17</a></td><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/DownTimeHistory?DOWNCLINK=1150589820>1150589820</a></td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>7</td><TD ALIGN=RIGHT>18.8</td><TD><FONT SIZE=-1>SVT requests shephard b0svt05 and b0svt06</font></td> </tr> </table> <p>What can we learn from this. For the usual PS trips, it has taken the ACES 15-20 mins to recover. To be honest, that's no so bad for completely new ACEs. Remember I have insisted the ACEs page silicon first before attempting to recover any silicon probem. So at least 5 minutes can be attributed to the pager response. Once they get some more experience, I hope this downtime due to PS trips to drop to much smaller value.</p> <p>...but one entry does stick out. <b>57 minutes to hockerise a crate!!</b>. No surprise but this is acssociated to one of our <em>favourite aces</em>. My sympathies to Sasha who to talk him through the whole procedure at 3AM. An <em>attitude adjustment</em> may be required.</p>   A small correction... Hockerization took a long time, but it wasn't 57 min. There were a few things happening simultaneously. The 57 min of down time which are entered in the logger have to be atributed to a trip recovery for e151, restarting runs (during trip recovery and hockerization, DAQ ACE was starting a new run), and a hockerization. My estimate is that hockerization itself took ~25-30 min---still too long. So, here is how the situation unfolded. I was paged because ACE couldn't recover a trip on e151. PS gui was not responding to his commandes, however it was updating (according to ACE's words). I think this has confused ACE on the first place and made him to page me. So, I asked ACE to restart the GUI and trip was recovered without problems after that. A few minutes later (I was still on a phone talking to CO), PS10 failed, so I was switched back to MON ACE. It appeared that ACE didn't know (he said he wasn't on that lecture) what hockerization is and where to go to do it. So, I had to explain him. ACE failed to hockerize from the first attempt because he couldn't find a power cord (?). He also flipped Off/On 5V enables for SVX---something he shouldn't do at all. After that, I wasn't sure he would be able to do a hockerization, so I asked the second ACE. It turns out the second ACE also didn't know how to do a hockerization, but at least he heard this word. After that, I told MON ACE how to find the instructions for a hockerization on the silicon webpage and he finally was able to do it. I guess my mistake was that I started explaining the ACE about the hockerization instead of pointing to instructions with pictures.  <h3>Lots of RXPT errors for b0svx02</h3> <p>During the current run the shift crew have seen quite a few RXPT errors for b0svx02 followed by a resonnance error. An example can be found <a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=412&frame=2&anchor=11:36:28.265'> here</a>.</p> <p>Our current whipping boy, the CCC, is not to be blamed. I check the lights on the CCC and I logged into b0svx02 to check it from there. CCC is still locked to RF and no other errors are present. So I am now stuck.</p>   <p>forgot to mention there were also L1 DONE Timeouts...this makes it even stranger...</p>  I have checked the plots from ADCMon for the runstaken so far. Most of the ladders are fine giving results comparable to the references before th shutdown. <br> This is the summary for ladders giving troubles or that are new: <li> <b>e084</b> and <b>e404</b> were recovered during the shutdown. They seem to perform well. Perhaps tail from physics is not as high as they should be (pinhole?), but they definetely see physics. Keep them taking data. </li> <li> <b>e0b1</b> and <b>e130</b> were put online during the shutdown. They see signal, but they look as not biased. They are useless for physics in the current situation. Further studies may be needed to recover them.<br> <font color=yellow>Need to decide if they are taken out</font> </li> <li> <b>e564</b> did not see physics in run 218620. It sees physics for other runs. However, around 60% of the events have "Unknown channel errors". </li> <li> <b>e012</b> see physics (although not clean behavior from some the chips). It was reported to have unstable AVDD. It seems similar to the state before the shutdown. </li> <li> <b>e244</b> and <b>f002</b> are out of the HWDB after the shutdown. Known. </li> <li> <b>e1a4</b> is bad. It has no data for the runs. <font color=yellow>Need to decide if kept in</font> </li> <li> A couple of ladders with DPS off (known). </li>   <h4>Just added Tuula's Bias Checker web page to main silicon web page</h4> <p>I have just added a link to Tuula's Bias Checker script to the main silicon web page. You can find the link under <em>Current state of the detector</em>.</p>   <pre>Store 4781 went in with initial lum at ~107. The losses were unstable in the beginning of the store (see plot below), so I asked Steve to call MCR and investigate what was going on. Unfortunately MCR didn't know a reason. I decided to include silicon after losses stabilized and were flat for a few min.</pre>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8762&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8762 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>LOSTP plot from MCR e-log.</td></tr></table>   <pre>SPYMon takes forever to make a plot. I gave up after 10 min of waiting. So, no SVT plot for this store...at least for now.</pre>   <pre>While in the control room, I gave a brief training session for MON ACE on how to recover trips and hockerize PS.</pre>   <table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8763&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/det-system-elog.pl?nb=silicon&action=view&page=-8764 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td><h4>SVTSPYMon plot for store 4781</h4> <p>The usual 3 SVT holes. Looks like SVT + Silicon are still working.</p></td></tr></table>   I was paged because of freequent resonance problems (<a href= 'http://www-cdfonline.fnal.gov/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2006&action=view&page=414&frame=2&anchor=06:05:32.390'> example from e-log</a>). They were happening every 5 min and ACE got worried something bad may happen, so he halted the run and paged me. I asked him to check lights on CCC---they were OK. The resonances mostly came from the same ladders, they started happening after a prescale change. I didn't know how else to help ACE except asking him to restart the run and see what happens.   <p>This also occured yesterday. It starts with a series of L1 DONE TIMEOUTs and then we end up with a resonnance. We simply do <b>not</b> get L1 DONE TIMEOUT. Something is not right here.</p>  I saw the problem while reading the elogs from home. I have logged into b0svx02 and checked the CCC via the CCCCC. It was locked to RF and did not show any errors.  <h3>Week summary</h3> <p> <h4>Monday</h4> <lu><li>waiting for the 36x36 store...</li></lu> <h4>Tuesday</h4> <lu><li>Store 4759 with lumi ~30. Problems with AGIGI2 calibration and LOSTP in TEVMON (got fixed later during the day).</li></lu> <lu><li>SVX and L00 tripped on overpressure in the supply line (silicon was off).</li></lu> <lu><li>Resin ecxange.</li></lu> <lu><li>CCC work in preparation for running.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store aborted manually on purpose---it was clean for us.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4760 with lumi ~20. Beam was re-scraped and lumi jumped to ~50.Silicon was not included in the beginning.</li></lu> <h4>Wednesday</h4> <lu><li>Silicon was included at the end of store. TevAbort a few minutes later after silicon was included--- didn't hit us.</li></lu> <lu><li>IMon is slow. It generates lots of java processes each consuming ~2% of memory. </li></lu> <lu><li>Work on ISL test stand at FCC---still can't power the ladder.</li></lu> <lu><li>TevQuench during acceleration--- no hit for us.</li></lu> <h4>Thurtsday</h4> <lu><li>CCC commissioned.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4772 is in with Lumi ~68. Silicon was included after ~1h. </li></lu> <lu><li>L2A without L1A SRC error</li></lu> <h4>Friday</h4> <lu><li>Quiet time sturdies.</li></lu> <lu><li> Store 4774 is in with Inital Lumi: 103.23E30. Silicon was included after a few min when losses stabilized.</li></lu> <lu><li>Chilled water problem.</li></lu> <h4>Saturday</h4> <lu><li>Store 4774 was lost.</li></lu> <lu><li>Cooling trip on SVX and L00.</li></lu> <lu><li>DONE TO problem when do COLDSTART.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4778 is in with initial lumi ~58.</li></lu> <lu><li>IB5W1L2 AVDD trip.</li></lu> <lu><li>SB1W5L1 tripped. PS10 was hockerized.</li></lu> <h4>Sunday</h4> <lu><li>Lots of RXPT errors for b0svx02.</li></lu> <lu><li>Store 4781 went in with initial lum at ~107. Silicon was included after a few min.</li></lu> <lu><li>freequent resonance problems preceeded by L1 DONE TIMEOUT.</li></lu> </p>

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Required Report - public distribution **Date:** 1/22/2004 **GAIN Report Number:** AR4006 AR4006 **Argentina** **Fresh Deciduous Fruit** **Annual** **2004** **Approved by:** ![](media/image1.wmf)Kari Rojas U.S. Embassy **Prepared by:** Francisco Pirovano **Report Highlights:** The Argentine fresh deciduous fruit crop in calendar year (CY) 2004 is forecast at 1.36 million metric tons (MT), a 17 percent drop with respect to CY 2003 due to unfavorable weather conditions. In addition to the fall in production, the poor quality of the crop will be an issue in CY 2004, due to damages from frost, wind, and insects. Exports of fresh apples and pears are expected to decline due to the poor quality of CY 2004 despite the exporters\' desire to increase their shipments. The strength of the dollar against the Argentine peso is expected to continue to discourage imports. Domestic consumption of fresh pears and apples is also forecast to decline because the limited amount of good quality fresh fruit will be destined to the export market. Concentrated apple juice (CAJ) production and exports are forecast to remain high, as more low quality fruit will be available for this sector this year. Includes PSD Changes: Yes Includes Trade Matrix: Yes Annual Report Buenos Aires \[AR1\] \[AR\] Table of Contents [Section I. Situation and Outlook 3](#section-i.-situation-and-outlook) [Production 3](#production) [Domestic Consumption 6](#domestic-consumption) [Trade 6](#trade) [Factors Affecting Industry Structure 7](#factors-affecting-industry-structure) [**Cost of production 8**](#cost-of-production) [**Marketing activities 8**](#marketing-activities) [**Financial Constraints 8**](#financial-constraints) [**Quality 8**](#quality) [**Prices 9**](#prices) [Section II. Statistical Tables 10](#section-ii.-statistical-tables) # Section I. Situation and Outlook # Production Fresh Deciduous Fruit production in CY 2004 is forecast to drop to 1.36 million MT, a 15-percent fall compared with the CY 2003 harvest. The unfavorable weather conditions in the main producing regions provoked a significant drop in CY 2004 yields. In addition to the fall in production, the quality of the fruit has been affected the frost and winds, as well as damage by coddling moth (*Cydia pomonela*). Planted area in Mendoza Region shrunk in a remarkable manner. As shown in table 2 below, this steep fall was due to a data adjustment from the 2002 National Agricultural Census, which was released in 2003. Reportedly, this industry lost a great deal of profitability in the 1990's and many farmers converted their fields into more profitable crops such as grapes for wine. Although planted area in the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region has probably changed as well, no new official figures have been released. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Ta | | | | | | ble 1. | | | | | | Fresh | | | | | | Dec | | | | | | iduous | | | | | | Fruits | | | | | | Total | | | | | | Produc | | | | | | tion** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | # | **2003** | | **2004** | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | **Area** | * | **Area** | * | | | | *Production** | | *Production** | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Men | 11500 | 230000 | 8200 | 160000 | | doza** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Rio | 59500 | 1380000 | 59500 | 1200000 | | N | | | | | | egro** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **T | 71000 | 1610000 | 67700 | 1360000 | | otal** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Argentine apple production in CY 2004 is expected to fall 10 percent to 900,000 MT due to unfavorable weather conditions. The apple crop in the Mendoza region is expected to fall 30 percent as a result of a 35 percent reduction in planted area and expected lower yields for CY 2004. The reduction of the yields was caused mainly by extremely hot days in November 2003 and strong winds in December 2003. Apple yields in the Region of Rio Negro and Neuquen, also fell by 8 percent due to unfavorable climatic events. Firstly, a late frost that occurred on October 10 affected a large part of the southern valleys and accounted for 90 percent of the yield loss. --------------------------- ------------------------------------------- **Table 2. Effect of the December 10, 2003 frost** Affected area Yield Loss (%) From Villa Regina to Valle 60 -- 70 Medio From General Roca to Villa 20 Regina From Chipoletti to General 10 Roca From Neuquen to Chipoletti No reduction in yield was registered --------------------------- ------------------------------------------- Secondly, a number of days with strong winds in the first two weeks of December blew off fruits and damaged a large portion of the remaining crop. Reportedly, 5 percent of the losses were caused by winds. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | * | | | | | | *Table | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | Ap | | | | | | ples** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | # | **2003** | | **2004** | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | **Area** | * | **Area** | * | | | | *Production** | | *Production** | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Men | 7000 | 140000 | 4600 | 100000 | | doza** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Rio | 46000 | 870000 | 46000 | 800000 | | N | | | | | | egro** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **T | 53000 | 1000000 | 50600 | 900000 | | otal** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Argentine pear production in CY 2004 is forecast to fall to 460,000 MT, a 23-percent drop with respect to CY 2003 at 600,000 MT. The pear crop in Mendoza region is forecast at 60,000 MT in 2004, 30 percent less than CY 2003. Reportedly, pear orchards suffered severely the effects of strong winds in December 2003. The results have not only been in fruit losses, but also in a reduction of fruit quality. In CY 2004, a large amount of fruit will only be suitable for either the domestic market or less strict foreign markets such as Brazil due to the low quality. In the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region, the pear-picking season started during the third week of CY 2004 with the Bartlet variety. While the first vessels bound for Europe are ready to depart, those leaving for the United States will be loaded by January 24, 2004. Pear production in this region is forecast to decline to 400,000 MT, nearly 20 percent less than in CY 2003, due to unfavorable weather conditions. +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | * | | | | | | *Table | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | P | | | | | | ears** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | # | **2003** | | **2004** | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | **Area** | * | **Area** | * | | | | *Production** | | *Production** | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Men | 4500 | 90000 | 3600 | 60000 | | doza** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **Rio | 13500 | 510000 | 13500 | 400000 | | N | | | | | | egro** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | **T | 18000 | 600000 | 17100 | 460000 | | otal** | | | | | +--------+-----------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Concentrated Apple Juice (CAJ) production is expected to increase 6 percent in CY 2004 to 66,000 MT. The more stringent plant protection regulations imposed by the Argentine Plant Health Agency (SENASA) to combat coddling moth (*Cydia pomonela*), are expected to result in 10 percent increase of deliveries to the crushing industry in CY 2004. # The following tables show the Government of Argentina's official forecasts for the two most important producing regions in Argentina. These figures do not take into consideration the unfavorable weather conditions that affected production in December 2003. CY 2004 pear and apple forecast for Mendoza province for different varieties ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ **Table 7. Pear Production forecast CY 2004** Zones Eastern Northern Central Southern Total Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Bartlet 238 4734 398 5144 1311 28665 901 18008 2848 56550 Beurre 6 136 16 360 6 136 105 2388 133 3021 Giffard Packham 21 473 17 393 282 6351 70 1574 390 8791 Others 17 333 65 833 139 3045 0 0 221 4210 Grand Total 282 5676 496 6729 1738 38196 1076 21969 3592 72571 ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ **Table 8. Apple Production forecast CY 2004** Zones Eastern Northern Central Southern Total Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Red 0 0 53 1341 2311 58512 115 2911 2479 62765 Delicious Gala 0 0 0 0 106 1970 0 0 106 1970 Chañar 0 0 0 0 899 18424 8 164 907 18588 Others 14 300 49 1238 1025 24391 0 0 1088 25929 Total 14 301 102 2579 4341 103298 123 3075 4580 109253 ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ --------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ------- ------------ Source: The Institute for the Rural Development (IDR -- www.idr.org.ar) ## CY 2004 pear and apple forecast for the Rio Negro and Neuquen producing region for the most relevant varieties ------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ **Table 9. Apple Production forecast CY 2004** Zones Rio Neuquen Total Negro Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Red Delicious 658792 149482 808274 Granny Smith 241992 34403 278395 Total 900784 185885 1086699 ------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ ## -------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ **Table 10. Pear Production forecast CY 2004** Zones Rio Neuquen Total Negro Variety Area Production Area Production Area Production Bartlet 180480 21658 202138 Packham's Triumph 129880 20680 150560 Beurre D'anjou 47186 6882 54068 Total 357546 49220 406766 -------------------- ------- ------------ --------- ------------ ------- ------------ Source: Secretariat of Fruit Production of the Province of Rio Negro ## # # # Domestic Consumption Domestic consumption of apples and pears will suffer a downturn in CY 2004 because of the contraction in supply due to lower production and competition with the export sector. Pear domestic consumption is forecast to drop 35 percent in CY 2004. While in CY 2003 domestic consumption of fresh pears was 123,000 MT, it is expected that no more than 80,000 MT will reach the market in CY 2004. Regarding apples, the reduction in consumption is projected to be in the order of 30 percent, from 350,000 MT in CY 2003 to 250,000 in CY 2004. The poor quality expected in CY 2004 will determine a drop in the domestic price. # Trade While exporters are keen on expanding their business in CY 2004, exports of fresh pears and apples are forecast to decline in CY 2004 due to unfavorable weather conditions, which affected production and quality. Apple exports in CY 2004 are forecast to fall to 170,000 MT, 15 percent less than CY 2003. Pear exports in CY 2004 are expected to drop 20 percent compared with CY 2003 to 260,000 MT due to the lack of good quality fruit to satisfy international standards. Regarding the destination of the produce, sources in the industry believe that the current strength of the Euro will make exporters look to the old continent in CY 2004. According to industrial sources, the European Union is going to attract more pear shipments in CY 2004 than in CY 2003. Shipments to the U.S. are forecast to decline from the 50,000 MT in CY 2003 to 36,000 MT in CY 2004, due to better prices in Europe. Quality will be another issue that will constrain exports in CY 2004. In general terms, pear quality will not reach the high standards demanded by the United States and the E.U. markets due to damages on the fruit's skin from the strong winds in the region. Russia, one of the least strict markets, will probably take most of the fruit. The more stringent plant protection regulations imposed by the Argentine Plant Health Agency (SENASA) is expected to result in 10 percent more fruit going to the crushing industry. This new measure is part of an eradication campaign set by the Argentine government to combat coddling moth. Exports of CAJ in CY 2004 are expected to increase by 6 percent to 64,000 MT, as more fruit is likely to be delivered to processor due to stricter controls over codling moth in the Patagonia Valley growing region. Historically, Argentina has exported nearly 97 percent of its national production of CAJ. Exports of CAJ reached 63,600 MT in 2003, 98-percent of which was destined to the United States in bulk (307 Kg drums or 1535 Kg bins). In CY 2004 the logistics for fruit exports from the San Antonio Este port in Southeastern Argentina will be more efficient. Industry sources report that all the export groups (one export group can be made up of many exporters or packers) have agreed to share vessels, leading to faster loading and less delays than in previous years. Imports of apples, pears and CAJ continued to decline (see statistical tables: Imports) as the Argentine peso remains far below the dollar. Imports of CAJ were mainly from Brazil and are used as sweetener by the soft drink industry. Import and Export Regulations +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ######### Table 5. Fresh Apples and Pears | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ######### Outside the Mercosur Area | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Import Tariff (%)** | 11 | | | .50 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Statistical Tax (%)** | 0 | | | .50 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Export tax (%)** | 10 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Rebate (%)Cases containing between 2.5 Kg. and 20 Kg.** | 5 | | | .00 | | **Cases containing 2.5 Kg. or less** | | | | 6 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ####### Within the Mercosur Area | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Import tariff (%)** | 0 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Export tax (%)** | 5 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Rebate (%) Cases containing between 2.5 and 20 kg.** | 5 | | | .00 | | **Cases containing 2.5 kg. or less** | | | | 6 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ An additional 3 percent rebate for all fresh fruit being exported through the San Antonio Este port is being granted. This special rebate will be reduced to 2 percent in CY 2004, 1 percent in CY 2005 and eliminated in January 2006. +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ######### Table 6. Concentrated Apple Juice | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ######### Outside the Mercosur Area | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Import Tariff (%)** | 15 | | | .50 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Statistical Tax (%)** | 0 | | | .50 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Export tax (%)** | 5 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Rebate (%) Containers larger than 1 liter** | 5 | | | .00 | | **Containers of 1 liter or less** | | | | 6 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | ####### Within the Mercosur Area | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Import tariff (%)** | 0 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Export tax (%)** | 5 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ | **Rebate (%) Containers larger than 1 liter** | 5 | | | .00 | | **Containers of 1 liter or less** | | | | 6 | | | .00 | +----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+ # # Factors Affecting Industry Structure **Brazil** For decades, Brazil has been the first market for the Argentine fresh apples and pears. Argentina used to supply 90 percent of Brazil's domestic consumption. Brazilian apple production grew drastically in the last forty years. Currently, with production close to self-sufficiency, it only imports limited amounts of fruit. ----------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ------------- **Evolution of the apple production in Brazil** Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 Area (ha) 1000 20000 25000 30000 Production (MT) 1500 50000 330000 860000 ----------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------- ------------- This situation has modified the commercial relationship between Argentina, as an apple supplier, and Brazil. Argentine apple exports started to fall in 2003 when Brazil reinforced its sanitary measures to avoid the risk of introducing Coddling moth (an endemic disease in Argentina) in its territory. As a result, many exporters have turned their attention to other less strict markets such as Russia. In CY 2003, Russia replaced Brazil as the top importer of Argentine apples. # ## Cost of production Sources in the industry informed that the cost of producing one metric ton of fruit has increased over the last year. Labor, which is nearly 25 percent of the annual operative cost of a plantation, increased 100 percent in CY 2003. Currently, unions are on strike asking for a salary increase, which will take the wage of an apple picker up to \$12. Sources in the industry assert that an increase in wages will compromise the business in CY 2004. ## Marketing activities In the second part of CY 2003, one of the largest Argentine packinghouse began with what they called an "aggressive marketing strategy" oriented to high-income consumers. Branded with its logo, they presented their apples in tasting shows in 70 stores. In addition, they carried out opinion polls in all the shops that they supplied. Also, this firm created alliances with the supermarkets in order to continuously supply them with the highest quality in the market. After six months of work, this company is now the number one in sales in the Argentine domestic market. ## Financial Constraints After the banking crisis began in December 2001, very little sign of financial recovery has been seen in Argentina. The 70 percent peso devaluation and the conversion of all the debts from their original currency to Argentine pesos, helped producers solve their financial problems for a while. However, the lack of foreign credit leads packinghouses to rely more heavily on letters of credit from importing countries in order to attain foreign exchange to finance their domestic operations. Due to the lack of quality in CY 2004, the most important challenge for this industry will be to find the way to supply the domestic market. ## Quality The stiffer plant protection measures that Brazil imposed on the Argentine fruit because of codling moth (*Cydia pomonela*), an endemic pest in the Patagonian valleys, resulted in a reduction of the Argentine shipments in CY 2003. After the one-month ban on Argentine apples in May 2002, the Brazilian and Argentine plant protection authorities agreed on a more stringent pre-clearance export program to avoid this pest encroaching on the Brazilian border. With this new program in force, the number of lots rejected has increased considerably and as a result, the amount of fresh fruit suitable for export declined. ## Prices --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- **Domestic Wholesale Prices for all Varieties (\$/kg.)** **2002** **2003** **Pear** **Apple** **Pear** **Apple** **January** 0.28 0.21 0.29 0.48 **February** 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.43 **March** 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.31 **April** 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.30 **May** 0.17 0.16 0.26 0.29 **June** 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.31 **July** 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.30 **August** 0.21 0.26 0.29 0.30 **September** 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.32 **October** 0.33 0.39 0.41 0.48 **November** 0.35 0.36 0.43 0.43 **December** 0.30 0.44 0.68 0.49 --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Source: Buenos Aires Central Market (www.mercadocentral.com.ar) ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- **Domestic Retail Prices, Red Delicious Variety (\$/Kg.)** **2002** **2003** **January** 0.63 0.78 **February** 0.58 0.68 **March** 0.41 0.59 **April** 0.40 0.60 **May** 0.37 0.57 **June** 0.37 0.58 **July** 0.40 0.57 **August** 0.44 0.57 **September** 0.50 0.62 **October** 0.58 0.70 **November** 0.62 0.73 **December** 0.70 0.77 ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- Source: The National Institute for Statistics (INDEC -- www.indec.gov.ar) # Section II. Statistical Tables +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **PSD Table** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Country** | # | | | | | | | | | #### | | | | | | | | | ## * | | | | | | | | | *Arg | | | | | | | | | enti | | | | | | | | | na** | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Commodity** | **F | | | | ( | | | | | resh | | | | HA)( | | | | | Appl | | | | 1000 | | | | | es** | | | | TR | | | | | | | | | EES) | | | | | | | | | (MT) | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | **20 | **R | **20 | **Es | **20 | **Fo | ** | | | 01** | evis | 02** | tima | 03** | reca | UOM** | | | | ed** | | te** | | st** | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | | | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | | | | cial | mate | cial | mate | cial | mate | | | | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | | | | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | | | | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Market Year | | **0 | | **0 | | **0 | * | | Begin** | | 1/20 | | 1/20 | | 1/20 | *MM/Y | | | | 02** | | 03** | | 04** | YYY** | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Area | 54 | 54 | 54 | 50 | 0 | 50 | (HA) | | Planted** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Area | 53 | 53 | 53 | 51 | 0 | 51 | (HA) | | Harvested** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Bearing | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | (1000 | | Trees** | 7100 | 7100 | 7100 | 1000 | | 1000 | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Non-Bearing | 4000 | 4000 | 4000 | 4000 | 0 | 4000 | (1000 | | Trees** | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Total | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | (1000 | | Trees** | 1100 | 1100 | 1100 | 5000 | | 5000 | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Commercial | 90 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 90 | (MT) | | Production** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Non-Comm. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (MT) | | Production** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 90 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 90 | (MT) | | Production** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 2918 | 369 | 320 | 500 | 0 | 600 | (MT) | | Imports** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 90 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 90 | (MT) | | SUPPLY** | 2918 | 0369 | 0320 | 0500 | | 0600 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Domestic | 37 | 37 | 35 | 35 | 0 | 25 | (MT) | | Fresh | 8784 | 5369 | 0320 | 4500 | | 0600 | | | Consump** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Exports, | 14 | 16 | 20 | 19 | 0 | 17 | (MT) | | Fresh Only** | 4134 | 5000 | 0000 | 6000 | | 0000 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **For | 38 | 36 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 48 | (MT) | | Processing** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Withdrawal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (MT) | | From Market** | | | | | | | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 90 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 90 | (MT) | | UTILIZATION** | 2918 | 0369 | 0320 | 0500 | | 0600 | | +---------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | ######## | | | | | Export Trade Matrix | | | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Country** | ##### | | | | | ## **Argentina** | | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Commodity** | ####### | | | | | **Fresh Apples** | | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Time Period** | ###### CY | **Units:** | ###### MT | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Exports for:** | **2002** | | **2003** | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **U.S.** | 1810 | **U.S.** | 4657 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Russia** | 34382 | **Russia** | 52763 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Belgium** | 21786 | **Belgium** | 31131 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Netherlands** | 24626 | **N | 30155 | | | | etherlands** | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Brazil** | 39527 | **Brazil** | 23344 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Spain** | 8002 | **Spain** | 10622 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Sweden** | 4908 | **Sweden** | 9880 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Norway** | 9589 | **Norway** | 9817 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Portugal** | 8742 | **Portugal** | 7165 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Spain** | 8002 | **Italy** | 5700 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Italy** | 3813 | **Bolivia** | 1450 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Total for Others** | 163377 | | 182027 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Others not | 757 | | 8868 | | Listed** | | | | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ | **Grand Total** | 165944 | | 195552 | +----------------------+------------------+--------------+------------+ +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | ######### **I | | | | | mport Trade Matrix** | | | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Country** | #### | | | | | ### **Argentina** | | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Commodity** | ####### | | | | | **Fresh Apples** | | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Time Period** | **CY** | **Units:** | **MT** | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Imports for:** | **2002** | | **2003** | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **U.S.** | 59 | **U.S.** | 0 | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Chile** | 43 | **Chile** | 472 | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Brazil** | 248 | **Brazil** | 46 | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **France** | 19 | | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Total for Others** | 310 | | 518 | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Others not | 0 | | 0 | | Listed** | | | | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Grand Total** | 369 | | 518 | +----------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+ +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Prices Table** | | | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Country** | ####### * | | | | | *Argentina** | | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Commodity** | **Fresh | | | | | Apples** | | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Prices in** | **\$ FOB** | **per uom** | ###### MT | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | | | | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Year** | **2002** | **2003** | **% | | | | | Change** | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Jan** | 390 | 420 | 8% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Feb** | 420 | 460 | 10% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Mar** | 460 | 410 | -11% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Apr** | 400 | 410 | 3% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **May** | 370 | 410 | 11% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Jun** | 360 | 390 | 8% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Jul** | 360 | 390 | 8% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Aug** | 300 | 370 | 23% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Sep** | 310 | 380 | 23% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Oct** | 320 | 400 | 25% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Nov** | 360 | 410 | 14% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Dec** | 370 | | -100% | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | | | | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Exchange Rate** | 2.98 | Local Currency/US | | | | | \$ | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ | **Date of Quote** | 11/30/2003 | MM/DD/YYYY | | +---------------------+--------------+-------------------+------------+ +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **PSD Table** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Country** | # | | | | | | | | | #### | | | | | | | | | ## * | | | | | | | | | *Arg | | | | | | | | | enti | | | | | | | | | na** | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Commodity** | ### | | | | ( | | | | | #### | | | | HA)( | | | | | **F | | | | 1000 | | | | | resh | | | | TR | | | | | Pea | | | | EES) | | | | | rs** | | | | (MT) | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | **20 | **R | **20 | **Es | **20 | **Fo | ** | | | 01** | evis | 02** | tima | 03** | reca | UOM** | | | | ed** | | te** | | st** | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | | | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | | | | cial | mate | cial | mate | cial | mate | | | | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | | | | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | | | | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Market Year | | **0 | | **0 | | **0 | * | | Begin** | | 1/20 | | 1/20 | | 1/20 | *MM/Y | | | | 02** | | 03** | | 04** | YYY** | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Area | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 17 | (HA) | | Planted** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Area | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 17 | (HA) | | Harvested** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Bearing | 9100 | 9100 | 9100 | 9100 | 0 | 9100 | (1000 | | Trees** | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Non-Bearing | 1300 | 1300 | 1300 | 1300 | 0 | 1000 | (1000 | | Trees** | | | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Total | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | (1000 | | Trees** | 0400 | 0400 | 0400 | 0400 | | 0100 | T | | | | | | | | | REES) | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Commercial | 55 | 55 | 66 | 60 | 0 | 46 | (MT) | | Production** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Non-Comm. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (MT) | | Production** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 55 | 55 | 66 | 60 | 0 | 46 | (MT) | | Production** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 432 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (MT) | | Imports** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 55 | 55 | 66 | 60 | 0 | 46 | (MT) | | SUPPLY** | 0432 | 0250 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Domestic | 13 | 10 | 16 | 12 | 0 | 8 | (MT) | | Fresh | 7898 | 5250 | 0000 | 3000 | | 0000 | | | Consump** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Exports, | 28 | 31 | 35 | 32 | 0 | 26 | (MT) | | Fresh Only** | 2534 | 5000 | 0000 | 7000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **For | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 12 | (MT) | | Processing** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Withdrawal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (MT) | | From Market** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 55 | 55 | 66 | 60 | 0 | 46 | (MT) | | UTILIZATION** | 0432 | 0250 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Export Trade | | | | | Matrix** | | | | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Country** | ##### | | | | | ## **Argentina** | | | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Commodity** | **Fresh Pears** | | | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Time Period** | **CY** | **Units:** | **MT** | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Exports for:** | **2002** | **November** | **2003** | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **U.S.** | 22000 | **U.S.** | 48765 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Brazil** | 28862 | **Russia** | 63325 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Italy** | 24976 | **Italy** | 59419 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Russia** | 17059 | **Brazil** | 49331 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Belgium** | 15865 | **Belgium** | 33084 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Netherlands** | 11848 | * | 31503 | | | | *Netherlands** | | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **France** | 4013 | **France** | 7594 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Portugal** | 2967 | **Portugal** | 6819 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Mexico** | 1214 | **Sweden** | 5080 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Sweden** | 1001 | **Mexico** | 4820 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Spain** | 1094 | **Spain** | 4312 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Total for Others** | 108899 | | 265287 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Others not Listed** | 4567 | | 12452 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ | **Grand Total** | 314052 | | 326504 | +-----------------------+------------------+----------------+----------+ +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Import Trade | | | | | Matrix** | | | | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Country** | ##### | | | | | ## **Argentina** | | | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Commodity** | ####### | | | | | **Fresh Pears** | | | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Time Period** | **CY** | **Units:** | **MT** | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Imports for:** | **2002** | | **2003** | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **U.S.** | 0 | **U.S.** | 0 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Brazil** | 249 | **Brazil** | 19 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | ** ** | | **Chile** | 5 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Total for Others** | 249 | | 24 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Others not Listed** | 0 | | 0 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ | **Grand Total** | 249 | | 24 | +-----------------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+ +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | ## | | | | | ###### Prices Table | | | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Country** | **Argentina** | | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Commodity** | **Fresh | | | | | Pears** | | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Prices in** | **\$ FOB** | **per uom** | **MT** | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | | | | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Year** | **2002** | **2003** | **% | | | | | Change** | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Jan** | 490 | 470 | -4% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Feb** | 480 | 460 | -4% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Mar** | 440 | 450 | 2% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Apr** | 420 | 440 | 5% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **May** | 380 | 430 | 13% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Jun** | 390 | 420 | 8% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Jul** | 350 | 450 | 29% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Aug** | 350 | 430 | 23% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Sep** | 350 | 470 | 34% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Oct** | 360 | 530 | 47% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Nov** | 380 | 560 | 47% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Dec** | 410 | | -100% | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | | | | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Exchange Rate** | 2.98 | Local | | | | | Currency/US | | | | | \$ | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ | **Date of Quote** | 11/30/2003 | MM/DD/YYYY | | +---------------------+----------------+---------------+-------------+ +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | ######### | | | | | | | | | **PSD Table** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Country** | # | | | | | | | | | #### | | | | | | | | | ## * | | | | | | | | | *Arg | | | | | | | | | enti | | | | | | | | | na** | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Commodity** | #### | | | | (MT) | | | | | ### | | | | | | | | | **Co | | | | | | | | | ncen | | | | | | | | | trat | | | | | | | | | ed A | | | | | | | | | pple | | | | | | | | | Jui | | | | | | | | | ce** | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | **20 | **R | **20 | **Es | **20 | **Fo | ** | | | 01** | evis | 02** | tima | 03** | reca | UOM** | | | | ed** | | te** | | st** | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | | | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | Offi | Esti | | | | cial | mate | cial | mate | cial | mate | | | | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | | | | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | [Old | [New | | | | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | \]** | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Market Year | | 01/ | | 01/ | | 01/ | MM | | Begin** | | 2002 | | 2003 | | 2004 | /YYYY | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Deliv. To | 38 | 36 | 45 | 45 | 0 | 48 | (MT) | | Processors** | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | | 0000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Beginning | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | (MT) | | Stocks** | 1725 | 1725 | 0699 | 3333 | 0899 | 0233 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Production** | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 6 | (MT) | | | 3000 | 0000 | 2000 | 2000 | | 6000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Imports** | 106 | 108 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 500 | (MT) | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 6 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 7 | (MT) | | SUPPLY** | 4831 | 1833 | 2899 | 5833 | 0899 | 6733 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Exports** | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 6 | (MT) | | | 8132 | 2500 | 0000 | 3600 | | 4000 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Domestic | 6000 | 6000 | 2000 | 2000 | 0 | 2000 | (MT) | | Consumption** | | | | | | | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **Ending | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | (MT) | | Stocks** | 0699 | 3333 | 0899 | 0233 | | 0733 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ | **TOTAL | 6 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 7 | (MT) | | DISTRIBUTION** | 4831 | 1833 | 2899 | 5833 | | 6733 | | +----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+ +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Export Trade Matrix** | | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Country** | ####### | | | | | **Argentina** | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Commodity** | ####### ** | | | | | Concentrated | | | | | Apple Juice** | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Time Period** | **CY** | **Units:** | **MT** | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Exports for:** | **2002** | | **2003** | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **U.S.** | 42217 | **U.S.** | 62524 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Chile** | 76 | **Russia** | 771 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Dominican Republic** | 72 | **Trinidad & | 184 | | | | Tobago** | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Brazil** | 57 | **Dominican | 45 | | | | Rep.** | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Trinidad & Tobago** | 35 | **Uruguay** | 23 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Paraguay** | 7 | **Colombia** | 11 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **El Salvador** | 4 | **Paraguay** | 8 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | # | | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Total for Others** | 251 | | 1042 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Others not Listed** | 1 | | 5 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Grand Total** | 42469 | | 63571 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Import Trade Matrix** | | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Country** | ####### | | | | | **Argentina** | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Commodity** | ####### ** | | | | | Concentrated | | | | | Apple Juice** | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Time Period** | **CY** | **Units:** | **MT** | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Imports for:** | **2002** | | **2003** | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **U.S.** | 0 | **U.S.** | 0 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Others** | | **Others** | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Brazil** | 231 | **Brazil** | 491 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | ** ** | | | | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Total for Others** | 231 | | 491 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Others not Listed** | 0 | | 0 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ | **Grand Total** | 231 | | 491 | +--------------------------+---------------+--------------+----------+ +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Prices Table** | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Country** | ####### ** | | | | | Argentina** | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Commodity** | **C | | | | | oncentrated | | | | | Apple | | | | | Juice** | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Prices in** | **US\$ | **per uom** | **MT** | | | FOB** | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Year** | **2002** | **2003** | **% | | | | | Change** | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Jan** | 700 | 690 | -1% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Feb** | 780 | 710 | -9% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Mar** | 740 | 730 | -1% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Apr** | 650 | 730 | 12% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **May** | 670 | 790 | 18% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Jun** | 680 | 780 | 15% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Jul** | 670 | 780 | 16% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Aug** | 1170 | 800 | -32% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Sep** | 710 | 890 | 25% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Oct** | 680 | 790 | 16% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Nov** | 610 | 800 | 31% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Dec** | 690 | | -100% | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Exchange Rate** | 2.98 | Local | | | | | Currency/US \$ | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+ | **Date of Quote** | 11/30/2003 | MM/DD/YYYY | | +-------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+

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![](media/image1.jpeg){width="2.716666666666667in" height="1.0361111111111112in"} October 8, 2007 Dear Mr. Levitt & Honorable Committee Members, I would like to draw your attention to a simple idea that would dramatically improve audit quality, industry conditions, investor confidence and communications. As a wise man wrote in the book *Take on the Street*, "to stop the numbers game, Warren Buffet believes, and I agree, that corporate boards should require auditors to rate the aggressiveness of accounting policies." (This has been echoed by several academics.) However, going one step further, checks and balances will be enhanced if the analysis is conducted by a third party, instead of their auditors. Actually, this already exists today, and it's a \$60 million business. But, by making it a regulatory requirement, the dynamics of this fast growing research service would dramatically change, and in its place would be a "rating agency" type structure leveraging market forces to improve accounting. As a former Sr. Director at Standard & Poor's, I have seen first hand how benchmarks can temper management's aggressiveness and increase the flow of information to the capital markets. *Earnings Quality Rating* Non-auditing, third party accounting examiners exist today. According to Integrity Research Associates, there are 19 companies currently sell earnings quality/forensic accounting research. They observe how conservative/aggressive management is in their application of accounting polices (choices within Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), while alerting investors to possible "shenanigans." Bought mostly by hedge funds, its primary value is identifying "red flags" or short opportunities. This research [must]{.underline} be democratized! By simply making it a listing requirement, researchers would change their business model from subscription (available only to wealthy investors), to "issuer paid" (available to everyone similar to financial statements). (Note: The credit rating industry transitioned to an issuer paid model when bank regulators mandated that only "high quality" bonds could satisfy reserve requirements). Earnings rating agencies would be hired by a company's Independent Audit Committee to ensure unprejudiced analysis. They'd issue letter grades (AAA, AA,... B,\... D, etc) that would be freely distributed though the Internet to all investors. I'm sure Mr. Autoworker would like to know if there's a "D" rated company in his retirement account. Extensive research and tools would be sold to institutional investors. It's true the credit rating agencies have come under fire recently, but as they say "you can't let perfection be the enemy of good." Image where the financial world would be today if investors didn't have easy access to corporate or municipal bond ratings? *Business Model Benefits* While the concept of an earnings ratings agency is simple, the benefits would be enormous: • More Conservative Accounting - According to CFO.com, 47% of America's CFO's still feel pressure from management on accounting. After all, the more aggressive they are (without stepping over the line) the bigger their bonus will be. There's little downside. But the scandals occurred when previously good people influenced by fame and the seduction of stock option rewards crossed the narrow line they had been inching towards. Earnings ratings are a necessary counter incentive that can easily be written into management compensation agreements, investment policy statements, loan convents, etc.. Their gradual grading method would keep managers far from the edge. Currently, management is free to choose their level of allowance for doubtful accounts, and it may be used to manipulate earnings. But would they if they if variation from previous levels risked a downgrade? This gives the CFO's cover. It also gives auditors cover. According to many, their relationship with the companies has become adversarial to the point where valuable advice is being withheld due to "paranoia." By establishing an earnings rating agency structure it would allow audit firms to return to their role as "good cop." Earnings ratings also provide upside for managers. How many chief executives would be anxious to have their conservative accounting recognized versus their aggressive peers? • Ever-Present Watchdog - In the aftermath of the scandals, Congress sought to examine the breakdown of "watch-dog groups" including securities analysts, the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC), and the credit rating agencies. The report concluded that none were fully equipped or oriented to serve that function. Effectively, little has changed with these groups. Securities analysts have been separated from investment banking, but realistically their bonuses are still dependent upon the overall bonus pool, which ultimately is driven by investment banking profits. Credit agencies maintain their role is not auditing. The SEC did increase its staff to do more spot checks, but will they have the same budgets a few years from now when the scandals have faded from memory? Initially, Congress pushed for mandatory auditor rotation. They reasoned accounting firms would be less likely to be seduced (e.g. Anderson audits of Enron) if the chance of discovery was greater. Industry pushed back citing the high costs, and congress instead established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). Although they do quality control checks on auditors, the bottom line is that there still isn't a watch dog on every audit. But, as banking analyst Joseph Stieven of Stifel Nicholas observed on the SEC's Advisory Panel for Smaller Public Companies, "there is a true extra set of eyes in the bank regulators." As a result, he "defied anyone to name five major bank failures \[from accounting\]." Can an accounting "watch-dog" be establish at a reasonable cost to issuers? Leave it to private enterprise. Credit rating agencies, which are granted special access to non-public information, charge issuers a reasonable fee, but earn revenues in multiple ways. Publishers are adept at repurposing the same information with varying depths for different markets. Earnings rating agencies can accomplish the same. The \$60 million now paid by the buy-side can used to subsidize accounting investigation for all. • Increase Information Flow -- For individual investors, earnings rating agencies would broadcast their "seal of approval" through every financial distributor and website (e.g. Bloomberg, Reuters, Yahoo Finance, Google Finance, etc). It would be a daily reminder of the presence of another watch-dog. This availability and branding will truly restore investor confidence. Institutional investors would be able to purchase accounting analysis like what is produced today, but for every listed company. Though it's no longer a short idea since everyone is aware, it does reduce the analyst's work. The first stage of equity research is accounting examination in order to establish a solid base for which to make projections. Since this same work is performed by every analyst researching a company, it is redundant (and generally outsourced to India today). This solution is especially ideal for smaller public companies that have no Wall Street analyst coverage, which is a separate but critical problem in the capital markets. With the accounting investigation already completed, Wall Street analysts can increase the number of companies they cover. Perhaps they still won't cover the smallest companies, but the reports still provide a company a means to get their message to the institutional investor community since they contain an examination of current earnings streams, which is included in most all definitions of earnings quality. • Facilitate Investment Comparison -- Leaving aside fraud, let's look at accounting from a means to facilitate investment comparison. In 2002, Standard & Poor's calculated what they considered to be "core earnings", or earnings associated with the operations of the business (thus excluding investment windfalls, adding stock option expenses, and other items). How big was the difference between core and reported? According to S&P, companies in the S&P 500-stock reported on average \$26.74 earnings per share for the 12-months ending June 2002, but the core earnings were just \$18.48, a [31%]{.underline} difference. Clearly, with a 31% average variation in the denominator, the widely used price-to-earnings ratio has little true value. Earnings ratings examiners look at the accounting policies and whether they mirror the operations of the business. Entities in similar businesses should have made similar accounting choices. Earnings ratings would put pressure on management to confirm to others in the industry and this will naturally narrow that gap. *In Conclusion* In short, earnings ratings would be an effective measure that uses market forces to encourage more conservative accounting while constantly reminding the public of another watch-dog. It would correct the shortfalls in our financial systems that directly led to the accounting scandals and would right a gross misconception in equity evaluation. Sincerely, Richard S. Furlin

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DATABASE FOR THE EAST HALF OF "PRELIMINARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE BLYTHE 30' BY 60' QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA" (U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497) By Paul Stone 2006 U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 225 DESCRIPTION OF DATA FILES INTRODUCTION This report contains a digital geologic map database created from the east half of a previously published geologic map entitled, "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' Quadrangle, California and Arizona" (Stone, 1990). That map was published as U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 90-497 and is available from the USGS in the form of paper copies reproduced from a scale- stable film original. The scale of the previously published map is 1:100,000. The digital database of this report is intended to contain exactly the same geologic data as the east half of the published map that comprises USGS Open- File Report 90-497. No geologic line, polygon, or point data have been intentionally added, subtracted, or modified from the original map. The database has been carefully prepared and reviewed to ensure that it constitutes a faithful digital representation of the geologic data presented in the original analog map. A digital geologic map database of the west half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle also is available. That database was published as part of U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM) 2922 (Stone, 2006). Unlike the database of the present report, the database of SIM 2922 contains new geologic data in addition to, or in place of, the data contained in the original map of Open-File Report 90-497. This document describes the types and contents of files comprising the database. Information on how to extract and plot the map also is provided. This publication includes ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 8.1.2 coverages and associated tables; Portable Document Format (PDF) files of four illustrations that accompany the database; and a text file of FGDC-compliant metadata for the report. GEOLOGIC MAP DATABASE FILES AND ASSOCIATED FILES The files listed in this section are in a compressed tar file named ds225.tar.gz; see section below titled, SOFTWARE UTILITIES. ARC/INFO Coverage Contains Interchange file ble_geo.e00 ble_geo Contacts, faults, and rock units ble_str.e00 ble_str Folds; attitudes and dip values The directory, info/, is produced in the process of importing interchange files to ARC coverages in ARC/INFO. The info/ directory contains: Polygon attribute table ble_geo.pat Arc attribute tables ble_geo.aat, ble_str.aat Point attribute table ble_str.pat FILES FOR VIEWING AND PLOTTING PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES bl_map.pdf Map of Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle showing major geographic features and area covered by geologic database of this report. bl_cmu.pdf Correlation of map units diagram for "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona" (copied from USGS Open File Report 90-497). bl_index.pdf Illustration showing sources of mapping for "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona" (copied from USGS Open-File Report 90-497). bl_mccoy.pdf Chart showing correlation of members A through L of the McCoy Mountains Formation with units recognized by Pelka (1973) and Harding and Coney (1985) (copied from USGS Open-File Report 90-497). METADATA ble_met.txt Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata file derived from the digital database SOFTWARE UTILITIES Files that have the .gz file extension were compressed using gzip. Gzip utilities are available free of charge via the Internet at the gzip home page, http://www.gzip.org. The data package is additionally bundled into a single tar (tape archive) file. The individual files must be extracted using a tar utility, available free of charge via the Internet through links on the Common Internet File Formats page, http://www.matisse.net/files/formats.html. One such utility is WinZip, available at http://www.winzip.com (WinZip can also decompress files). HOW TO OBTAIN THE DIGITAL FILES The digital files constituting the geologic map database of this report may be obtained via the Internet from the U.S. Geological Survey publications website. Go to the web page at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/225 and follow the directions to download the files. EXTRACTING THE GEOLOGIC MAP DATABASE FROM THE TAR FILE After downloading the files, they must be uncompressed using a gzip utility such as gzip itself or WinZip. The data files must then be extracted using the appropriate tar utility. To do this Type this at the Unix command prompt Uncompress ble.tar.gz gzip -d ble.tar.gz (or use gzip utility to ble.tar of choice) Go to the directory that will cd local_directory hold the directory ble/ (if different from local_directory) Extract the Blythe East tar -xvof {path to tar file}/ble.tar directory from the tar file (or use tar utility of choice) This process will create a directory, ble/, that contains the ARC/INFO interchange files and supporting files. CONVERTING THE ARC/INFO EXPORT FILES ARC interchange (.e00) files are converted to ARC coverages using the ARC command IMPORT with the option COVER. ARC interchange files also can be read by some other Geographic Information Systems. Please consult your GIS documentation to see if you can use ARC interchange files and to determine the procedure for importing them. PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES The PDF files are accessed using Adobe Reader software, available free from the Adobe website http://www.adobe.com. Follow instructions at the website to download and install the software. REFERENCES CITED Stone, Paul, 1990, Preliminary geologic map of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, California and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-497, scale 1:100,000. Stone, Paul, 2006, Geologic map of the west half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle, Riverside County, California and La Paz County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2922, scale 1:100,000, 21 p. APPENDIX: DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS, DESCRIPTION OF MAP SYMBOLS, AND REFERENCES CITED IN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497 [This text is presented as an aid to users of the database for the east half of "Preliminary Geologic Map of the Blythe 30' by 60' Quadrangle, California and Arizona" (USGS Open-File Report 90-497). Each section of text has been retyped in its entirety from Open-File Report 90-497; the text has not been intentionally modified from the original except to correct a small number of typographical errors. Notes in brackets have been added for clarity.] DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS [Units present in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (*). Units without an asterisk are present only in the west half of the quadrangle.] Qw* ALLUVIUM OF MODERN WASHES (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated, locally derived gravel and sand Qr* ALLUVIUM OF THE MODERN COLORADO RIVER FLOODPLAIN (QUATERNARY)-- Unconsolidated sand, silt, and mud, largely converted to farmland Qp PLAYA LAKE DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated silt, mud, and evaporitic sediment Qs* WINDBLOWN SAND (QUATERNARY)--Unconsolidated sand dunes and sheets QTa* ALLUVIAL-FAN AND FLUVIAL DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY AND TERTIARY?)-- Unconsolidated to weakly consolidated gravel and sand forming alluvial fans and sediment bodies that underlie terraces of the Colorado River. Alluvial-fan deposits consist of angular, poorly sorted gravel and sand derived from local mountains. Fluvial deposits, primarily exposed adjacent to the Colorado River where they interfinger with alluvial-fan deposits, consist of rounded, moderately to well sorted gravel and sand carried into the area by the ancestral Colorado River. Fluvial deposits commonly are crossbedded. Unit may include equivalents of the dissected fan deposits (unit QTdf), fluvial gravel deposits (unit QTfg), and fluvial sand deposits (QTfs) QTdf* DISSECTED FAN DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY OR TERTIARY)--Weakly consolidated, locally derived gravel and sand (fanglomerate) forming dissected, longitudinal hills and ridges near mountain fronts FLUVIAL DEPOSITS (QUATERNARY OR TERTIARY)--Deposits of weakly consolidated, distantly derived gravel and sand forming dissected hills that protrude a few to several meters above the surrounding fan or terrace surfaces. Interpreted as deposits of the ancestral Colorado River or related streams. Divided into: QTfg* FLUVIAL GRAVEL DEPOSITS--Deposits composed primarily of rounded gravel QTfs FLUVIAL SAND DEPOSITS--Deposits composed primarily of well-sorted, light-colored sand and minor rounded gravel; commonly crossbedded BOUSE FORMATION (PLIOCENE)--Marine to brackish-water sedimentary rocks interpreted to have been deposited in an embayment of the Gulf of California (Metzger and others, 1973). Divided into: Tbs* FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS--Thin-bedded mudstone, siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, and limestone. Mudstone is green to red and plane bedded; siltstone and sandstone are tan and plane bedded to crossbedded. Equivalent to the basal limestone unit and the interbedded unit of Metzger and others (1973) Tbt* TUFA--Thin (generally less than 2 m), locally extensive sheets of white to light-gray limestone coating Miocene and older bedrock units. Locally includes minor conglomerate Tbx* SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Unbedded, unsorted deposits of angular gravel and slide blocks, commonly monolithologic. Interpreted as landslide deposits. Largest slide blocks are shown as a separate unit (Tsb) Tsb* SLIDE BLOCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Large, angular blocks and slabs of Mesozoic(?) and Paleozoic carbonate rocks and quartzite interpreted to have been deposited by landslides. Generally brecciated Tvs* VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--In upper plate of detachment fault in northern Plomosa Mountains. In descending order, general stratigraphic sequence is: fanglomerate; rhyolitic to andesitic volcanic rocks and carbonate slide blocks; limestone, shale, and ash-flow tuff; arkosic sandstone and fanglomerate (Scarborough and Meader, 1983, 1989). Includes ash-flow tuff that has a biotite K-Ar age of 24.6 1.6 Ma (Eberly and Stanley, 1978; age recalculated by the method of Dalrymple, 1979) Tf* FANGLOMERATE (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Distinctly to indistinctly bedded, poorly to well sorted conglomerate and sandstone containing angular, locally derived clasts Tfbx FANGLOMERATE, SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA, AND SLIDE BLOCKS, UNDIVIDED (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--In Riverside Mountains Ti* FELSIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Light-colored, fine- grained, hypabyssal intrusive rocks of probable rhyolitic to dacitic composition. In Big Maria Mountains, includes dacite that has a hornblende K-Ar age of 21.7 2.8 Ma (Martin and others, 1982) Tv* VOLCANIC ROCKS (MIOCENE AND OLIGOCENE?)--Rhyolitic to basaltic volcanic rocks including lava flows, flow breccia, airfall tuff, ash-flow tuff, and domes. In Riverside Mountains, includes andesite that has a whole-rock K-Ar age of 23.5 1.0 Ma (Martin and others, 1982). In Plomosa Mountains, includes rhyodacite that has a hornblende K-Ar age of 19.6 0.6 Ma and a biotite K-Ar age of 20.7 0.6 Ma (Miller and McKee, 1971; ages recalculated by the method of Dalrymple, 1979) Tbbm* BASALT OF BLACK MESA (MIOCENE)--Olivine basalt flows that cap Black Mesa and other mesas in the southern Plomosa Mountains. K-Ar whole-rock age of 17.24 0.43 Ma (Shafiqullah and others, 1980) Tls* LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE (MIOCENE)--Fine-grained, thin-bedded calcareous rocks near base of the Tertiary section in central Plomosa Mountains Tg* GRANITE (MIOCENE)--Fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite and hornblende- biotite granite, locally faulted and lineated. U-Pb zircon age of 20.8 3.2 Ma (Knapp, 1989) TKg* GRANITE (TERTIARY AND (OR) CRETACEOUS)--Fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite that intrudes the migmatitic gneiss of Mesquite Mountain (unit KPm). Age is inferred to be either latest Cretaceous and (or) earliest Tertiary (Knapp, 1989) Kgp* GNEISSIC PORPHYRITIC GRANITE (CRETACEOUS)--Distinctly to indistinctly foliated and lineated, medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite to granodiorite containing phenocrysts of potassium feldspar 1 to 5 cm long. Age in northern Dome Rock Mountains is Late Cretaceous on the basis of unpublished U-Pb analysis of zircon (R.M. Tosdal, oral commun., 1990). Rocks in Little Maria Mountains are considered part of the Late Cretaceous Cadiz Valley batholith (K.A. Howard, oral commun., 1990), parts of which intrude the McCoy Mountains Formation in the Coxcomb Mountains 30 km west of the map area. A biotite K-Ar age of 55.2 7.8 Ma, indicating the minimum age of crystallization, has been reported for a sample from the Little Maria Mountains (Martin and others, 1982) Kd* DIORITE (CRETACEOUS)--Foliated and metamorphosed mafic igneous rocks that intrude the McCoy Mountains Formation and some of the underlying Jurassic volcanogenic rocks. Youngest unit intruded is member F of the McCoy Mountains Formation (unit Kmf), which is of Late Cretaceous age. Some of the diorite may possibly be as old as Jurassic in age(Tosdal, 1988) MCCOY MOUNTAINS FORMATION OF HARDING AND CONEY (1985) (CRETACEOUS AND JURASSIC?)--Sandstone and conglomerate; minor shale, mudstone, and siltstone; and rare volcanic rocks. Weakly to strongly foliated; metamorphosed to greenschist and lower amphibolite facies. Maximum exposed thickness approximately 8,000 m. Age range based on stratigraphic position above Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Dome Rock sequence of Tosdal and others (1989) within and outside map area and on intrusion by latest Cretaceous plutons outside map area (Tosdal and others, 1989). Divided into: Kml MEMBER L (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, and minor shale, all micaceous and phyllitic. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, volcanic rocks, and granitic rocks. Base and top faulted; exposed thickness approximately 300 m Kmk MEMBER K (CRETACEOUS)--Dark-gray, fine-grained arkosic to volcanic- lithic sandstone; light-gray phyllitic shale; and minor conglomerate. Conglomerate clasts are volcanic and granitic rocks. In fault contact with member L (unit Kml). Exposed thickness approximately 300 m Kmj MEMBER J (CRETACEOUS)--Dark-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkosic to volcanic-lithic sandstone and conglomerate, interbedded in lowermost part with minor light-gray arkosic sandstone. Conglomerate clasts are granitic and volcanic rocks. Thickness approximately 350 m Kmi MEMBER I (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkosic and micaceous sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, and conglomerate. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, carbonate rocks, and granitic rocks. Thickness approximately 300 m Kmh MEMBER H (CRETACEOUS)--Light-gray, fine-grained arkosic sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, and shale, all micaceous and phyllitic. Thickness approximately 50 to 250 m Kmg MEMBER G (CRETACEOUS)--Lower part consists of light-gray to tan phyllitic and calcareous shale; tan calcareous sandstone; and conglomerate containing clasts of quartzite and carbonate rocks. Upper part consists of dark-greenish-gray, fine-grained arkosic to volcanic-lithic sandstone. Basal contact truncates beds in member F (unit Kmf) at a low angle and is interpreted as an intraformational unconformity. Thickness approximately 200 to 600 m. Locally contains late Early Cretaceous or younger fossil wood fragments (Pelka, 1973) Kmf* MEMBER F (CRETACEOUS)--Light- to medium-gray, fine- to coarse- grained arkosic sandstone and conglomerate interbedded with less abundant light- gray phyllitic shale. Dark-gray to dark-greenish-gray, very fine grained to fine-grained volcanic-lithic sandstone and siltstone present in upper part. Conglomerate clasts are granitic rocks, quartzite, volcanic rocks, and minor carbonate rocks. Fines upward from conglomerate and sandstone in lower part to very fine grained sandstone and siltstone in upper part. Basal contact with lower part of McCoy Mountains Formation (unit KJmlu) is locally unconformable. In Dome Rock Mountains, includes a lenticular, 5-m-thick tuff bed that has a U- Pb zircon age of 78 2 Ma (Tosdal, 1988). On this basis, members F through L (units Kmf through Kml) are considered to be of Late Cretaceous age. Thickness in McCoy Mountains approximately 2,600 m KJmlu* LOWER PART, UNDIVIDED (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--In Dome Rock Mountains, Plomosa Mountains, and Livingston Hills. Lower part of unit consists of tan quartzose sandstone and maroon mudstone and siltstone correlative with member A (unit KJma). Upper part consists of greenish-gray, impure quartzose sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and minor conglomerate that may be correlative with members C and E (units KJmc and KJme). Conglomerate clasts are quartzite and volcanic rocks. Strata equivalent to members B and D (units KJmb and KJmd) are not recognized. Maximum thickness approximately 2,350 m (Harding, 1982; Harding and Coney, 1985) KJme MEMBER E (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Light-gray phyllitic shale; light-gray, dark-gray, and greenish-gray arkosic and volcanic-lithic sandstone; and minor conglomerate and calcareous rocks. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite, volcanic rocks, and granitic rocks. Grayish-orange, calcareous shale present near top. Thickness approximately 1,500 m KJmd MEMBER D (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Dark-maroon phyllitic shale and silty to sandy shale interbedded with minor volcanic-lithic sandstone and conglomerate containing clasts of quartzite and volcanic rocks. Locally intruded by diorite (not shown). Thickness approximately 300 m KJmc MEMBER C (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Dark-gray to dark-greenish-gray, very fine grained to fine-grained volcanic-lithic sandstone and siltstone; dark- gray to dark-greenish-gray mudstone; and minor conglomerate. Mudstone commonly contains brown calcareous pods and lenses. Conglomerate clasts are quartzite and volcanic rocks. Thickness approximately 1,200 m KJmb MEMBER B (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Maroon mudstone and siltstone, commonly containing brown calcareous pods and lenses, interbedded with minor tan quartzite and brown, recrystallized limestone. Thickness approximately 100 m KJma MEMBER A (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Tan, fine- to medium-grained quartzite and minor chert- and quartzite-clast conglomerate interbedded with varying amounts of maroon mudstone and siltstone that commonly contain brown calcareous pods and lenses. Thickness approximately 350 m Kgm* GRANITE OF THE MUDERSBACH MINE AREA (CRETACEOUS)--Unfoliated, fine- grained, equigranular granite. K-Ar age of 85 Ma (Amoco Minerals, oral communication, in Stoneman, 1985a; dated mineral not specified) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF APACHE WASH (CRETACEOUS OR JURASSIC)--Fining-upward sequence of conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone, structurally interleaved on low-angle faults with the lower part of the McCoy Mountains Formation (unit KJmlu) in the southern Plomosa Mountains. Age relation to the McCoy Mountains Formation uncertain (Harding and Coney, 1985). Thickness in the vicinity of Apache Wash approximately 1,900 m (Harding, 1980). Divided into: KJas* SILTSTONE--Light- to medium-gray, thin-bedded siltstone and minor fine-grained sandstone. Graded beds common. Thickness approximately 900 m (Harding, 1980) KJac* CONGLOMERATE AND SANDSTONE--Brownish-yellow to reddish-brown, massive conglomerate composed primarily of poorly sorted, angular clasts of quartzite, carbonate rocks, and volcanic rocks; and medium- to dark-gray arkosic sandstone. Conglomerate decreases in abundance upsection and from south to north. In southern part of outcrop area, conglomerate locally contains large, angular blocks and slabs of quartzite and carbonate rocks as much as several hundred meters long, interpreted as slide blocks. Graded beds locally present in sandstone. Thickness in vicinity of Apache Wash approximately 1,000 m (Harding, 1980) JTRu* VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC)--In Big Maria and Riverside Mountains Jv* VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE DOME ROCK SEQUENCE OF TOSDAL AND OTHERS (1989) (JURASSIC)--Consists primarily of rhyolitic to dacitic, massive volcanic rocks commonly referred to as quartz porphyry. Rocks typically are composed of a microcrystalline, felsic groundmass and phenocrysts of quartz, feldspar, and rare biotite mostly 2 mm in diameter or smaller. Commonly foliated and metamorphosed to greenschist and lower amphibolite facies. Interpreted to have originated as ash-flow tuff, tuff, flows, and hypabyssal porphyry (Tosdal, 1988; Tosdal and others, 1989). Locally includes sandstone and conglomerate composed of reworked volcanic detritus, particularly near top of unit. Geochronologic data indicate a minimum age of early Late Jurassic (Tosdal and others, 1989). In Dome Rock Mountains, locally includes: Jvbu* UPPER BEDDED UNIT--Thin- to thick-bedded, fine-grained, felsic tuff and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks that form the uppermost part of the Dome Rock sequence and concordantly underlie the McCoy Mountains Formation Jvbl* LOWER BEDDED UNIT--Dark, thin-bedded, strongly metamorphosed sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks that form the lowermost exposed part of the Dome Rock sequence. Rocks are composed largely of calc-silicate minerals, quartz, and biotite Jp* PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE KITT PEAK-TRIGO PEAKS SUPER-UNIT OF TOSDAL AND OTHERS (1989) (JURASSIC)--Porphyritic granitoid rocks (ranging in composition from granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite to quartz syenite), leucocratic granite, granodiorite, and diorite. Most abundant rock type is medium- to coarse-grained, strongly foliated to unfoliated, porphyritic granodiorite characterized by potassium feldspar phenocrysts 1 to 5 cm long and by clotted mafic minerals, primarily biotite. Leucocratic granite is fine to coarse grained, equigranular, and unfoliated to weakly foliated; it commonly intrudes the porphyritic granitoid rocks. Fine-grained, foliated granodiorite and diorite are present locally. U-Pb zircon ages of porphyritic granodiorite and leucocratic granite of the Kitt Peak-Trigo Peaks super-unit within and outside the map area are approximately 160 to 165 Ma and 158 to 161 Ma, respectively (Tosdal, 1988; Tosdal and others, 1989; R.M. Tosdal, oral commun., 1990). Quartz syenite in the Moon Mountain area has a U-Pb zircon age of 160 15 Ma (Knapp, 1989). Locally divided into: Jplg* LEUCOCRATIC GRANITE--In Dome Rock Mountains Jpgd* FOLIATED GRANODIORITE AND DIORITE--In Little Maria Mountains and northern Dome Rock Mountains Jpgb HORNBLENDE GABBRO--In Big Maria Mountains Jai* ALTERED IGNEOUS ROCKS (JURASSIC)--Light-colored, fine-grained, strongly metamorphosed, foliated, sheared igneous rocks in central Dome Rock Mountains. Probably derived from Jurassic volcanic rocks and (or) leucocratic granite JTRs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks generally consisting of, in descending order: fine-grained, locally crossbedded quartzite correlated with the Jurassic Aztec Sandstone (Hamilton, 1982, 1987); conglomeratic rocks containing clasts of quartzite, carbonate rocks, and granite; greenschist, gypsiferous schist, and calcareous quartzite correlated with the Triassic Moenkopi Formation. Includes conglomerate that unconformably overlies rocks of Proterozic age in the southern Plomosa Mountains (Reynolds and others, 1989; M.F. Lerch, unpublished mapping) TRqm QUARTZ MONZONITE AND MONZODIORITE (TRIASSIC)--Porphyritic biotite quartz monzonite and hornblende monzodiorite in Mule Mountains. Age is about 213 Ma on the basis of unpublished U-Pb analysis of zircon (R.M. Tosdal, written commun., 1990). Petrologically similar to the Late Triassic Mount Lowe Granodiorite (Tosdal, 1988) TRd DIORITE AND GABBRO (TRIASSIC?)--Hornblende diorite and gabbro, locally metamorphosed to amphibolite, in Mule Mountains and Little Chuckwalla Mountains. Age alternatively could be Proterozoic (Tosdal, 1988; R.E. Powell, written commun., 1989). In Little Chuckwalla Mountains, mixed with gneiss of probable Proterozoic age (R.M. Tosdal, written commun., 1990) Pzs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (PALEOZOIC)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of presumed Paleozoic age consisting of limestone, dolomite, calcitic marble, dolomitic marble, calc-silicate rocks, quartzite, and schist. May include some rocks of Triassic and (or) Jurassic age PCs SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PERMIAN TO CAMBRIAN)--Complete, or nearly complete, sections of Permian to Cambrian strata equivalent to units PPs and MCs combined, but too thin (owing to tectonic attenuation) to show at the map scale PPs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PERMIAN AND PENNSYLVANIAN)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks consisting of, in descending order: cherty and non-cherty limestone, dolomite, and marble correlated with the Permian Kaibab Limestone; fine-grained quartz sandstone and quartzite correlated with the Permian Coconino Sandstone; quartzitic calc-silicate schist correlated with the Permian Hermit Shale; calcareous sandstone, quartzite, and calc-silicate rocks correlated with the Permian and Pennsylvanian Supai Formation (Miller, 1970; Hamilton, 1982; Stone and others, 1983). Thickness highly variable because of tectonic attenuation MCs* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (MISSISSIPPIAN TO CAMBRIAN)--Variably metamorphosed sedimentary rocks consisting of, in descending order: massive limestone and marble correlated with the Mississippian Redwall Limestone or Escabrosa Limestone; massive dolomite and dolomitic marble of probable Devonian and Cambrian age; thinly banded limestone and marble of probable Cambrian age; shale, schist, and thin-bedded quartzite correlated with the Cambrian Bright Angel Shale or Abrigo Formation; feldspathic quartzite and conglomeratic quartzite correlated with the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone or Bolsa Quartzite (Miller, 1970; Hamilton, 1982; Stone and others, 1983). Thickness highly variable because of tectonic attenuation Ppg* PORPHYRITIC GRANITE AND AUGEN GNEISS (PROTEROZOIC)--Coarse-grained, variably foliated and metamorphosed plutonic rocks characterized by phenocrysts or porphyroblasts of potassium feldspar 1 to 5 cm long. In Big Maria Mountains, includes rocks that have a Middle Proterozoic U-Pb zircon age of about 1400 Ma (L.T. Silver, oral commun. in Hamilton, 1982). In parts of area, unit may include rocks of Early Proterozoic age in addition to rocks of Middle Proterozoic age. Depositionally overlain in several places by strata correlated with the Tapeats Sandstone (lowermost part of unit MCs) Pgg* GRANITE, GNEISS, AND DIORITE, UNDIVIDED (PROTEROZOIC)--In upper plate of detachment fault in northern Plomosa Mountains Pgd* GRANODIORITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Dark-colored, medium-grained, equigranular granodiorite in southern Plomosa Mountains. Early Proterozoic U-Pb zircon age of 1730 to 1750 Ma (L.T. Silver, cited in Miller, 1970) Pd* DIORITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Near Quartzsite Plg* LEUCOCRATIC GRANITE (PROTEROZOIC)--Quartz-rich, pink-weathering granite near Quartzsite Pms* METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PROTEROZOIC)--Fine-grained paraschist, paragneiss, and quartzite in Dome Rock Mountains. Age assignment is supported by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd analysis (F.M. Lerch, written commun., 1990) Pmv* METAVOLCANIC ROCKS (PROTEROZOIC)--Fine-grained, felsic metavolcanic rocks in Dome Rock and Plomosa Mountains. Rocks typically contain quartz phenocrysts 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Age assignment is supported by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd analysis (Reynolds and others, 1989; F.M. Lerch, written commun., 1990) UNITS OF MIXED AND (OR) UNCERTAIN AGE KPm* MIGMATITIC GNEISS OF MESQUITE MOUNTAIN (CRETACEOUS AND PROTEROZOIC)-- Quartzofeldspathic gneiss and amphibolite of probable Proterozoic protolith age interlayered with synmetamorphic sills of medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite of Late Cretaceous age (Knapp, 1989). U-Pb zircon age of granite crystallization and migmatization is 67.2 1.4 Ma (Knapp, 1989). Gneissic layering is overprinted by younger fabrics interpreted to be related to Miocene extensional deformation (Knapp, 1989) MzPgn* GNEISSIC ROCKS, UNDIVIDED (MESOZOIC AND PROTEROZOIC)--Strongly foliated and lineated mylonitic gneiss and augen gneiss interpreted to be derived primarily from protoliths of Jurassic plutonic rocks and Proterozoic metamorphic and plutonic rocks. Includes some migmatitic gneiss (Hamilton, 1984) MzPfg FINE-GRAINED GNEISS (MESOZOIC OR PROTEROZOIC)--Quartzofeldspathic gneiss of uncertain protolith. Intruded by plutonic rocks of the Kitt Peak- Trigo Peaks superunit (unit Jp) MzPh HORNFELS (MESOZOIC OR PROTEROZOIC)--Dark-brown to green, fine-grained siliceous hornfels in central Dome Rock Mountains. Intruded by plutonic rocks of the Kitt Peak-Trigo Peaks superunit (unit Jp) EXPLANATION OF GEOLOGIC FEATURES SYMBOLIZED BY LINES AND POINTS [Features present in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (*). Features without an asterisk are present only in the west half of the quadrangle.] CONTACT* FAULT*--Showing dip where known. Bar and ball on downthrown side. Dotted where concealed THRUST FAULT*--Sawteeth on upper plate. Dotted where concealed. Includes some ductile faults and tectonic slides (Hutton, 1979) with unknown or ambiguous senses of displacement. Largely or entirely of Mesozoic age DETACHMENT FAULT*--Showing dip where known. Hachures on upper plate. Dotted where concealed. Used specifically for low-angle normal faults of known or inferred Tertiary (Miocene) age and large displacement ANTICLINE--Showing direction of plunge ASYMMETRIC ANTICLINE--Showing direction of plunge. Short arrow indicates steeper limb OVERTURNED ANTICLINE SYNCLINE--Showing direction of plunge OVERTURNED SYNCLINE*--Dotted where concealed STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS--Includes flow structure in some volcanic rocks INCLINED* VERTICAL* HORIZONTAL* OVERTURNED* STRIKE AND DIP OF FOLIATION INCLINED* VERTICAL* STRIKE AND DIP OF FOLIATION AND PLUNGE OF LINEATION* STRIKE AND DIP OF INCLINED FOLIATION AND DIRECTION OF PLUNGE OF LINEATION*--Used where plunge is not indicated in source of geologic mapping STRIKE AND DIP OF INCLINED FOLIATION AND HORIZONTAL LINEATION STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS AND INTERSECTING FOLIATION*--Symbols joined at point of observation STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS AND INTERSECTING FOLIATION OF EQUAL STRIKE AND OPPOSING DIP SOURCES OF BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAPPING [Sources of mapping in the east half of the Blythe 30' by 60' quadrangle are marked by an asterisk (*). Sources of mapping without an asterisk are in the west half of the quadrangle.] 1. Ballard, 1990 (Little Maria Mountains, California) 2.* Crowl, 1979; this study (central Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 3. Hamilton, 1964, 1984; Hamilton, Warren, unpublished (Big Maria Mountains, California) 4.* Knapp, 1989 (Mesquite Mountain and Moon Mountain areas, Arizona) 5.* Knapp, 1989; Spencer and others, 1988; this study (Copper Peak area, Arizona) 6.* Miller, 1970; Lerch, M.F., unpublished; Richard, S.M., unpublished; this study (southern Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 7. Powell, R.E., unpublished (Little Chuckwalla Mountains, California) 8*. Scarborough and Meader, 1983, 1989 (northern Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 9. Stone and Pelka, 1989 (McCoy Mountains, California) 10.* Stoneman, 1985a, 1985b; this study (central Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) 11.* Tosdal, 1988; this study (southern Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 12.* Tosdal, R.M., unpublished; this study (Mule Mountains, California) 13.* Yeats, 1985a, 1985b; this study (northern Dome Rock Mountains, Arizona) 14.* This study (small areas in the Little Maria Mountains, California and in the Dome Rock and Plomosa Mountains, Arizona) Notes: Surficial deposits were mapped primarily by the author through air photo interpretation and local field study. Outcrops of the fine-grained sedimentary rocks unit of the Bouse Formation (Tbs) are from Metzger and others (1973) and A.V. Buising (unpublished mapping). REFERENCES CITED [IN USGS OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-497] Ballard, S.N., 1990, The Mesozoic structural evolution of the Little Maria Mountains, Riverside County, California: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. dissertation, 380 p. Crowl, W.J., 1979, Geology of the central Dome Rock Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 76 p. Dalrymple, G.B., 1979, Critical tables for conversion of K-Ar ages from old to new constants: Geology, v. 7, p. 558-560. Eberly, L.D., and Stanley, T.B., Jr., 1978, Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 89, p. 921-940. Hamilton, Warren, 1964, Geologic map of the Big Maria Mountains NE quadrangle, Riverside County, California and Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-350, scale 1:24,000. Hamilton, Warren, 1982, Structural evolution of the Big Maria Mountains, northeastern Riverside County, southeastern California, in Frost, E.G., and Martin, D.L., eds., Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado River region, California, Arizona, and Nevada: San Diego, California, Cordilleran Publishers, p. 127. Hamilton, Warren, 1984, Generalized geologic map of the Big Maria Mountains region, northeastern Riverside County, southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-407, scale 1:48,000. Hamilton, Warren, 1987, Mesozoic geology and tectonics of the Big Maria Mountains region, southeastern California, in Dickinson, W.R., and Klute, M.A., eds., Mesozoic rocks of southern Arizona and adjacent areas: Arizona Geological Society Digest 18, p. 3348. Harding, L.E., 1980, Petrology and tectonic setting of the Livingston Hills Formation, Yuma County, Arizona, in Jenney, J.P., and Stone, Claudia, eds., Studies in western Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 12, p. 135-145. Harding, L.E., 1982, Tectonic significance of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, Ph.D. thesis, 197 p. Harding, L.E., and Coney, P.J., 1985, The geology of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 755769. Hutton, D.H.W., 1979, Tectonic slides: A review and reappraisal: Earth Science Reviews, v. 15, p. 151-172. Knapp, J.K., 1989, Structural development, thermal evolution, and tectonic significance of a Cordilleran basement thrust terrane, Maria fold and thrust belt, west-central Arizona: Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D. thesis, 262 p. Martin, D.L., Krummenacher, Daniel, and Frost, E.G., 1982, K-Ar geochronologic record of Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonics of the Big Maria-Little Maria- Riverside Mountains terrane, in Frost, E.G., and Martin, D.L., eds., Mesozoic- Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado River region, California, Arizona, and Nevada: San Diego, California, Cordilleran Publishers, p. 519557. Metzger, D.G., Loeltz, O.J., and Irelan, Burdge, 1973, Geohydrology of the Parker-Blythe-Cibola area, Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 486-G, 130 p. Miller, F.K., 1970, Geologic map of the Quartzsite quadrangle, Yuma County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-841, scale 1:62,500. Miller, F.K., and McKee, E.H., 1971, Thrust and strike-slip faulting in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 717-722. Pelka, G.J., 1973, Geology of the McCoy and Palen Mountains, southeastern California: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. thesis, 162 p. Reynolds, S.J., Spencer, J.E., Asmerom, Yemane, DeWitt, Ed, and Laubach, S.E., 1989, Early Mesozoic uplift in west-central Arizona and southeastern California: Geology, v. 17, p. 207-211. Scarborough, Robert, and Meader, Norman, 1983, Reconnaissance geology of the northern Plomosa Mountains: Arizona Geological Survey Open-file Report 83-24, 35 p. Scarborough, Robert, and Meader, Norman, 1989, Geologic map of northern Plomosa Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Map CM- 89-D, scale 1:24,000. Shafiqullah, M., Damon, P.E., Lynch, D.J., Reynolds, S.J., Rehrig, W.A., and Raymond, R.H., 1980, K-Ar geochronology and geologic history of southwestern Arizona and adjacent areas, in Jenney, J.P., and Stone, Claudia, eds., Studies in western Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 12, p. 201-260. Spencer, J.E., Duncan, J.T., and Burton, W.D., 1988, The Copperstone Mine: Arizona's new gold producer: Arizona Geological Survey Fieldnotes, v. 18, no. 2, p. 1-3. Stone, Paul, Howard, K.A., and Hamilton, Warren, 1983, Correlation of metamorphosed Paleozoic strata of the southeastern Mojave Desert region, California and Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 1135 1147. Stone, Paul, and Pelka, G.J., 1989, Geologic map of the Palen-McCoy Wilderness Study Area and vicinity, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2092, scale 1:62,500. Stoneman, D.A., 1985a, Structural geology of the Plomosa Pass area, northern Plomosa Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 99 p. Stoneman, D.A., 1985b, Geologic map of the Plomosa Pass area, northern Plomosa Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM-85b, scale 1:12,000. Tosdal, R.M., 1988, Mesozoic rock units along the Late Cretaceous Mule Mountains thrust system, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona: Santa Barbara, Calif., University of California, Ph.D. thesis, 365 p. Tosdal, R.M., Haxel, G.B, and Wright, J.E., 1989, Jurassic geology of the Sonoran Desert region, southern Arizona, southeastern California, and northernmost Sonora: Construction of a continental-margin magmatic arc, in Jenney, J.P., and Reynolds, S.J., eds., Geologic evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest 17, p. 397434. Yeats, K.J., 1985a, Geology and structure of the northern Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., University of Arizona, M.S. thesis, 123 p. Yeats, K.J., 1985b, Geologic map and structure section of the northern Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM-85-C, scale 1:12,000.

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WILLIAM E. BROCK, SECRETARY OF LABOR, AND ALAN C. MCMILLAN, REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, APPELLANTS V. ROADWAY EXPRESS, INC. No. 85-1530 In the Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 1986 On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia Brief for the Appellants TABLE OF CONTENTS Opinions below Jurisdiction Constitutional and statutory provisions involved Question presented Statement Summary of argument Argument: The temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in Section 405(c) does not violate the Due Process Clause A. The Due Process Clause almost never requires the government to hold an evidentiary hearing before effecting a temporary deprivation of property B. Consideration of the factors identified by this Court in Mathews clearly demonstrates that the temporary reinstatement remedy satisfies the requirements of procedural due process 1. Appellee's private interest 2. The government's interest 3. The risk of erroneous deprivation 4. Balance of the factors Conclusion OPINIONS BELOW The order of the district court (J.S. App. 1a-10a) is reported at 624 F. Supp. 197. The prior order of the district court granting appellee's motion for a preliminary injunction (J.S. App. 11a-19a) is reported at 603 F. Supp. 249. The Secretary's findings and preliminary order (J.S. App. 20a-23a) are unreported. The recommended decision and order of the administrative law judge (J.S. App. 29a-43a) are unreported. JURISDICTION The judgment of the district court (J.S. App. 24a) was entered on November 18, 1985. The notice of appeal to this Court was filed on December 17, 1985 (J.S. App. 25a-26a, 27a-28a). On February 6, 1986, Justice Powell issued an order extending the time within which to docket this appeal to and including March 17, 1986. The jurisdictional statement was filed on that date, and this Court noted probable jurisdiction on May 19, 1986. The jurisdiction of this Court rests upon 28 U.S.C. 1252. CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED 1. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides in pertinent part: No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law * * *. 2. Section 405(a) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(a), provides: No person shall discharge, discipline, or in any manner discriminate against any employee with respect to the employee's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because such employee (or any person acting pursuant to a request of the employee) has filed any complaint or instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding relating to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety rule, regulation, standard, or order, or has testified or is about to testify in any such proceeding. 3. Section 405(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c), provides: (1) Any employee who believes he has been discharged, disciplined, or otherwise discriminated against by any person in violation of subsection (a) or (b) of this section may, within one hundred and eighty days after such alleged violation occurs, file (or have filed by any person on the employee's behalf) a complaint with the Secretary of Labor alleging such discharge, discipline, or discrimination. Upon receipt of such a complaint, the Secretary of Labor shall notify the person named in the complaint of the filing of the complaint. (2)(A) Within sixty days of receipt of a complaint filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary of Labor shall conduct an investigation and determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the complaint has merit and notify the complainant and the person alleged to have committed a violation of this section of his findings. Where the Secretary of Labor has concluded that there is reasonable cause to believe that a violation has occurred, he shall accompany his findings with a preliminary order providing the relief prescribed by subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. Thereafter, either the person alleged to have committed the violation or the complainant may, within thirty days, file objections to the findings or preliminary order, or both, and request a hearing on the record, except that the filing of such objections shall not operate to stay any reinstatement remedy contained in the preliminary order. Such hearings shall be expeditiously conducted. Where a hearing is not timely requested, the preliminary order shall be deemed a final order which is not subject to judicial review. Upon the conclusion of such hearing, the Secretary of Labor shall issue a final order within one hundred and twenty days. In the interim, such proceedings may be terminated at any time on the basis of a settlement agreement entered into by the Secretary of Labor, the complainant, and the person alleged to have committed the violation. (B) If, in response to a complaint filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary of Labor determines that a violation of subsection (a) or (b) of this section has occurred, the Secretary of Labor shall order (i) the person who committed such violation to take affirmative action to abate the violation, (ii) such person to reinstate the complainant to the complainant's former position together with the compensation (including back pay), terms, conditions, and privileges of the complainant's employment, and (iii) compensatory damages. If such an order is issued, the Secretary of Labor, at the request of the complainant may assess against the person against whom the order is issued a sum equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including attorney's fees) reasonably incurred, as determined by the Secretary of Labor, by the complainant for, or in connection with, the bringing of the complaint upon which the order was issued. QUESTIONS PRESENTED Whether Section 405(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(e), which provides that the Secretary of Labor -- upon a finding of "reasonable cause to believe" that an employee in the motor transportation industry was discharged in retaliation for the employee's safety complaints -- "shall" order the temporary reinstatement of the employee pending a hearing regarding the reasons for the discharge, is invalid under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because the Secretary is not required to afford the employer an evidentiary hearing before issuing the temporary reinstatement order. STATEMENT 1. Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. App. (& Supp. II) 2305, prohibits employers in the motor transportation industry from taking retaliatory action against employees who assert their rights to safe working conditions. The statute provides that "(n)o person shall discharge, discipline, or in any manner discriminate against any employee with respect to the employee's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment" because the employee filed a complaint or otherwise instituted a proceeding "relating to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety rule, regulation, standard, or order," or because the employee refused for safety reasons to operate a commercial motor vehicle. 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(a) and (b). /1/ An employee who "believes he has been discharged, disciplined, or otherwise discriminated against by any person" in violation of these statutory protections may file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(1)). /2/ Upon receipt of a complaint, the Secretary is required to "notify the person named in the complaint of the filing of the complaint" (ibid.). The Secretary must then investigate the complaint in order to "determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that the complaint has merit" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /3/ If the Secretary concludes as a result of the investigation that there is "reasonable cause to believe that a violation has occurred, he shall accompany his findings with a preliminary order" providing for (1) abatement of the retaliatory conduct, (2) reinstatement of the employee to his or her former position, and (3) back pay and any other compensatory damages (ibid.). The employee or the employer may file objections to the Secretary's findings and request a "hearing on the record," which "shall be expeditiously conducted" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). The statute specifically provides that the filing by the employer of objections to the Secretary's findings and a request for a hearing "shall not operate to stay any reinstatement remedy contained in the preliminary order" (ibid.). The hearing is held before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who issues a recommended decision that is reviewed by the Secretary. The Secretary must issue a final order within 120 days of the conclusion of the hearing (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /4/ The order is subject to judicial review in the appropriate court of appeals (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(d)(1)). /5/ 2. Appellee, "one of the nation's largest over-the-road carriers" (J.A. 80), is engaged in the business of operating commercial motor vehicles interstate, principally to transport cargo (J.S. App. 1a, 20a). Appellee is therefore subject to the requirements of Section 405, 49 U.S.C. App. 2301(3); J.S. App. 1a, 20a; J.A. 90. On November 22, 1983, appellee discharged one of its truck drivers, Jerry Hufstetler, allegedly because Hufstetler had committed an act of dishonesty: appellee asserted that Hufstetler had intentionally disabled several of the lights on his truck, creating a false breakdown in order to obtain extra pay. On November 27, 1983, Hufstetler filed a grievance under the National Master Freight Agreement, a collective bargaining agreement between appellee and Teamsters Local Union No. 528, claiming that he had been fired in retaliation for his repeated safety-related requests for repairs to his truck. The grievance proceeded to arbitration in accordance with the agreement. The first arbitration panel was unable to reach a decision on the grievance; the second arbitration panel rejected Hufstetler's claim on January 30, 1984. J.S. App. 1a-2a, 21a; J.A. 40-76, 91-92. Hufstetler filed a complaint with the Secretary of Labor on February 7, 1984, alleging that he had been discharged in violation of Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act because he was discharged in retaliation for his requests for safety repairs. The Secretary notified appellee of Hufstetler's complaint and began an investigation of Hufstetler's allegations. J.S. App. 2a, 21a. In the course of the investigation, appellee was afforded "the opportunity to fully state and support (its) positions" (J.A. 79). Appellee submitted a "written position statement with supporting affidavits explaining the circumstances of (the) discharge" together with a copy of the arbitration decision. J.A. 93; see also id. at 6. Appellee's attorney subsequently submitted a letter setting forth appellee's legal arguments and presented appellee's views orally at a meeting with Labor Department officials (J.A. 6-7, 93). The Secretary's 11-month investigation found "credible, independent evidence" supporting Hufstetler's allegations (J.A. 79). On January 21, 1985, the Secretary concluded that there was reasonable cause to believe that appellee had discharged Hufstetler in violation of Section 405 and issued a preliminary order directing appellee to reinstate Hufstetler (J.S. App. 3a, 20a-23a). The Secretary found that "(Hufstetler) had a two year history of bringing vehicle safety problems to the attention of (appellee) and had complained to (the Department of Transportation) and to elected public officials. These complaints constitute protected activity under the (Surface Transportation Assistance) Act" (id. at 22a). The Secretary further found that "(appellee) had warned (Hufstetler) and threatened to get him due to his excessive breakdowns due to (Hufstetler's) recognition of safety violations" and that "(appellee) had threatened to do anything (it) could to catch (Hufstetler) doing something wrong, to get rid of him" (id. at 21a, 22a). With respect to appellee's allegation that Hufstetler had been dishonest, the Secretary determined that "(appellee's) evidence to support the discharge is conjecture. (Hufstetler) has presented evidence to support his innocence" (J.S. App. 21a). Based on these facts, the Secretary concluded that "(appellee's) termination of (Hufstetler's) employment was discriminatorily motivated by (Hufstetler's) protected activity" (id. at 22a), and he ordered appellee "to immediately offer reinstatement to (Hufstetler)," to compensate Hufstetler with back pay, and "to expunge from (Hufstetler's) personnel records any adverse references to his discharge or any protected activity" (id. at 23a). 3. On February 1, 1985 -- 11 days after the Secretary's issuance of the preliminary order -- appellee commenced this action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, seeking an injunction against the enforcement of the Secretary's order and a declaratory judgment that the Secretary's order was unconstitutional. Appellee claimed that the issuance of the reinstatement order without a prior "evidentiary hearing" violated its due process rights (J.A. 9-10). The district court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the Secretary's reinstatement order (J.S. App. 11a-19a). /6/ On November 18, 1985, the district court issued an order granting appellee's motion for summary judgment (J.A. App. 1a-10a). The court declared Section 405(c)(2)(A) "unconstitutional and void to the extent that it empowers (appellants) to order reinstatement of discharged employees prior to conducting an evidentiary hearing" (J.S. App. 9a). Accordingly, the court entered a permanent injunction "restrain(ing) and enjoin(ing) (appellants) from further issuance of preliminary orders of reinstatement * * * without first conducting an evidentiary hearing which complies with the minimum requirements of procedural due process" (ibid.). /7/ The district court observed that in order to ascertain the requirements of due process it is necessary to consider "the private interest affected by the government's action; the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used; and, the government's interest, including the function involved and the administrative and fiscal burdens that the additional procedural requirement would entail" (J.S. App. 6a). The court found that appellee had "important interests in not being compelled to reinstate an employee discharged for wrongful conduct and in upholding the arbitration provisions of its bargaining agreement" (ibid.). The court further found that "the procedures used by (the Department of Labor) were inherently unreliable, inasmuch as they did not provide any means for resolving disputed issues of fact and credibility. An evidentiary hearing, prior to mandatory reinstatement, would clearly strengthen the reliability of the procedures and the ultimate decision, and hedge against the risk of erroneous deprivation" (J.S. App. 8a (citation omitted)). The court also noted that the Secretary "failed to make available the names and statements of witnesses upon which (the) decision was based" (id. at 7a). With respect to the government's interest, the court concluded that "(a)lthough the governmental interests in promoting safety on the highways and prohibiting retaliatory discharge are indeed valid, (the Department of Labor) has failed to show any compelling considerations which necessitate postponing the hearing" (J.A. App. 8a). It found that "the administrative or fiscal burdens attendant to such a hearing prior to reinstatement would be negligible" because the statute already provides for a post-reinstatement hearing (ibid.). Weighing these considerations, the court found that the temporary reinstatement procedures set forth in the statute failed to provide employers with a "meaningful opportunity to be heard" (J.S. App.9a). The court concluded that the requirements of due process could be satisfied only through a prereinstatement "evidentiary hearing" at which the employer is afforded "at minimum, an opportunity to present his side and a chance to confront and cross examine witnesses" (id. at 8a-9a). SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT This case concerns a challenge under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to an essential element of a statute enacted by Congress to maintain and improve highway safety. Congress concluded that its safety program should encourage motor carrier employees to report violations of federal highway safety standards. It therefore enacted Section 405 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which expressly prohibits discharge, discipline, or discrimination in retaliation for an employee's safety-related activities. In order to alleviate employees' fears of interim losses of jobs on account of safety complaints, the statute further provides that an employee who alleges that he was discharged in violation of Section 405 must be reinstated on a temporary basis, without a prior evidentiary hearing, if the Secretary finds reasonable cause to believe that the discharge was in fact retaliatory. Before issuing such a temporary reinstatement order, the Secretary affords the employer notice and an opportunity to present evidence and state his views. In addition, Section 405 provides for a prompt postreinstatement evidentiary hearing regarding the legality of the discharge. Despite these procedural protections, however, the district court held that Section 405 violates the Due Process Clause. The court concluded that the Constitution prohibits the temporary reinstatement remedy created by Congress because an evidentiary hearing must be conducted before the issuance of a reinstatement order. That determination not only ignores settled principles of deference to legislative determinations in assessing the constitutionality of an Act of Congress, it also reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of this Court's decisions interpreting the Due Process Clause and of Congress's objectives in enacting Section 405. This Court has considered in a variety of contexts the question whether the Due Process Clause requires that an evidentiary hearing be held prior to a temporary deprivation of property when a full post-deprivation hearing is provided under the relevant statutory scheme. The "ordinary principle" established by this Court's decisions is that due process is satisfied by "something less than an evidentiary hearing * * * prior to adverse administrative action" (Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 343 (1976)). In only one case, Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), has the Court required a full adversarial hearing before an initial deprivation of property, and the "crucial factor" in that case was that an erroneous decision would deprive an eligible welfare recipient of "the means to obtain essential food, clothing, housing, and medical care" (397 U.S. at 264 (footnote omitted)). An employer plainly would not suffer such drastic adverse consequences as a result of the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order; and, although the court below ignored this interest, the employee would suffer serious consequences if he is discharged for a lengthy period for a reason ultimately found to be unlawful. Under these circumstances, due process requires at most that the employer be provided with notice and an informal opportunity to respond prior to the issuance of the temporary order. An assessment of the specific interests relevant to the due process inquiry confirms this conclusion. The employer's private interest is relatively insubstantial because an employer required to pay the wages of a reinstated employee receives the benefits of the employee's labor. Although the employer does suffer some reduction in his control over his workforce by virtue of the temporary nullification of his decision to discharge one of his employees, the significance of this consideration is reduced by the fact that the employer's control of the workforce already is limited by statute and employment contracts. Thus, the interest of the employer affected by the temporary order simply is not substantial. On the other hand, the governmental interest implicated by the temporary reinstatement order is quite weighty. The order furthers the government's interest in promoting public safety by encouraging motor carrier employees to engage in safety-related conduct. The court below failed to recognize that the threat of a lengthy temporary discharge could be a substantial deterrent to safety complaints. But the increased delay in obtaining reinstatement for wrongfully discharged employees that would result from the elimination of the temporary reinstatement remedy undoubtedly would reduce employees' willingness to engage in safety-related activity. Requiring the Secretary to afford employers an evidentiary hearing before issuing a reinstatement order thus would reduce the effectiveness of Congress's safety program. Finally, the procedures utilized by the Secretary of Labor in determining whether to issue a temporary reinstatement order under Section 405 significantly reduce the risk of erroneous determinations. The notice and opportunity to respond provided to employers -- together with the requirement that the Secretary find "reasonable cause to believe" that the discharge was unlawful (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)) -- serve as the "initial check against mistaken decisions" generally required by this Court in connection with temporary deprivations of property (Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, No. 83-1362 (Mar. 19, 1985), slip op. 12). The district court erroneously concluded that an evidentiary hearing is always required to resolve disputed issues of fact in the temporary deprivation context. Even where factual disputes are involved, this Court has rarely concluded that the risk of an erroneous decision is so great as to require the government to stay its hand pending an evidentiary hearing. Notice and an opportunity to respond are all that is necessary to provide a sufficient check against erroneous decisionmaking. Since the procedures followed by the Secretary under Section 405 plainly satisfy that standard, the temporary reinstatement remedy should be upheld. ARGUMENT THE TEMPORARY REINSTATEMENT REMEDY SET FORTH IN SECTION 405(c) DOES NOT VIOLATE THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE The guarantee of procedural due process contained in the Fifth Amendment requires the government to treat an individual with fundamental fairness when it deprives him of his liberty or his property. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, No. 84-571 (June 28, 1985), slip op. 14; Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 24-25 (1981). Like "fundamental fairness" itself, a term "whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty" (Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24), procedural due process is "not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances" (Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 895 (1961)). Rather, due process is a "flexible concept," with the procedural requirements mandated by the Constitution depending upon the specific circumstances of the particular deprivation of liberty or property. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, slip op. 14; see also Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24, 31; Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334 (1976). This constitutional guarantee does not, of course, apply to every situation in which an individual is affected adversely by government action. The threshold question in assessing any claim that the government has failed to provide the requisites of procedural due process is whether the challenged government action deprived the claimant of a liberty or property interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, No. 83-1362 (Mar. 19, 1985), slip op. 4-5; Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-578 (1972). Appellee had a contractual right to discharge its employees for cause. /8/ Although the power of Congress to regulate in this area is very broad, we do not dispute that appellee's right to discharge constitutes a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause and that the Secretary's order -- had it gone into effect -- would have deprived appellee of this interest by requiring the reinstatement of an employee previously discharged by appellee. /9/ "Once it is determined that due process applies, the question remains what process is due" (Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481 (1972)). The "fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.'" Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333, quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965); see also Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 (1950). As we have discussed (see pages 5-6), Section 405 provides employers such as appellee with several opportunities to be heard in connection with the assessment of the legality of a discharge. In the course of the investigation of an employee's complaint, the employer is given an opportunity to respond to the employee's charges and present witnesses and documentary evidence in support of its position. If the Secretary of Labor finds reasonable cause to believe that the discharge violated the statute, the employer may request a "hearing on the record," which "shall be expeditiously conducted" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /10/ Appellee contends that these procedures are inadequate under the Constitution, however, because an evidentiary hearing should be conducted before an employer may be required to reinstate a previously discharged employee, even when the reinstatement is on a temporary basis subject to the outcome of a later evidentiary hearing. Thus, the sole question before the Court in this case is whether Congress's remedy of temporary reinstatement prior to the evidentiary hearing comports with the requirements of the Due Process Clause in the present circumstances. The Court long has recognized that "(j)udging the constitutionality of an Act of Congress is properly considered '"the gravest and most delicate duty that this Court is called upon to perform."'" Walters, slip op. 13, quoting Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57, 64 (1981) (citation omitted). The starting point in undertaking this task is "the strong presumption in favor of the validity of congressional action" (Schweiker v. McClure, 456 U.S. 188, 200 (1982)), which rests on the fact that Congress's adoption of the statute constitutes the "duly enacted and carefully considered decision of a coequal and representative branch of our Government." Walters, slip op. 13; see also Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. at 64. Moreover, "(t)his deference to congressional judgment must be afforded even though the claim is that a statute Congress has enacted effects a denial of the procedural due process guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment" (Walters, slip op. 14). In view of the flexible nature of the requirements of due process, courts should be particularly receptive to legislative efforts to tailor administrative procedures to a specific decisional context. As the Court has observed, "(t)he role of the judiciary is limited to determining whether the procedures meet the essential standard of fairness under the Due Process Clause and does not extend to imposing procedures that merely displace congressional choices of policy. * * * (T)he courts must evaluate the particular circumstances and determine what procedures would satisfy the minimum requirements of due process * * *." Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 34-35 (1982); see also Walters, slip op. 20. The district court ignored these basic principles of constitutional adjudication and fundamentally misapplied this Court's decisions concerning the Due Process Clause in striking down the temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in Section 405(c). To discover the requisites of procedural due process, it is necessary to "first consider() any relevant precedents and then * * * assess() the several interests that are at stake" in the particular situation (Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. at 25). This Court's decisions regarding temporary deprivations of property and an evaluation of the specific interests implicated in the present context establish beyond any doubt that Section 405(c) affords an employer all of the procedural protection required by the Constitution. A. The Due Process Clause Almost Never Requires The Government To Hold An Evidentiary Hearing Before Effecting A Temporary Deprivation Of Property This Court has considered in a variety of contexts the question whether the Due Process Clause requires that an evidentiary hearing be held prior to a temporary deprivation of property when a full postdeprivation hearing is provided under the relevant statutory scheme. The Court has consistently rejected claims that an evidentiary hearing, complete with an opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses, must be held before the government may temporarily deprive an individual of his property. The "'ordinary principle'" established by the Court's decisions is that "'something less than an evidentiary hearing is sufficient prior to adverse administrative action.'" Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. 1, 13 (1979) (citation omitted); see also, Loudermill, slip op. 8-9, 12; Mathews, 424 U.S. at 343. In Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. 600 (1974), the Court upheld the constitutionality of a state statute authorizing the issuance of an ex parte sequestration order that deprived a property owner of the possession of personal property without any prior notice or opportunity for a hearing. The statute required the filing of an affidavit and bond by the party seeking the order and specified that the order could be issued only by a judge. In addition, the owner of the property was free to seek the dissolution of the order immediately after the seizure of the property. The Court concluded that the statute "effect(ed) a constitutional accommodation of the conflicting interests of the parties" (416 U.S. at 607). The creditor was able to protect his security interest by obtaining control of the property, and the property owner was protected by the bond posted by the creditor and by the availability of post-sequestration judicial relief. The Court found that the statutory procedure established "an acceptable arrangement pendente lite to put the property in the possession of the party who furnishes protection against loss or damage to the other pending trial on the merits" (id. at 618). /11/ In most other situations, the Court has upheld predeprivation procedures against constitutional challenge as long as the party to be affected by the government action is provided with notice of the case against him and "an informal opportunity to tell his side of the story." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 14; see alo Loudermill, slip op. 12. This predeprivation hearing "need not definitively resolve the propriety of the (government action). It should be an initial check against mistaken decisions -- essentially, a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges * * * are true and support the proposed action." Loudermill, slip op. 12; see also Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13; Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535, 540 (1971). These limited procedural protections have been found to be sufficient to satisfy due process because the deprivation of property is temporary and "prompt postdeprivation review is available for correction of administrative error." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13; see also Loudermill, slip op. 13-14. For example, in Barry v. Barchi, 443 U.S. 55 (1979), the Court held that an evidentiary hearing was not required prior to the temporary suspension of a horse trainer suspected of complicity in the drugging of a race horse. The Court stated that "the State is entitled to impose an interim suspension, pending a prompt judicial or administrative hearing that would definitely determine the issues, whenever it has satisfactorily established probable cause to believe that a horse has been drugged and that a trainer has been at least negligent in connection with the drugging" (443 U.S. at 64). The Court held that the finding of the testing official that the horse was drugged, combined with a state law evidentiary presumption, was sufficient to establish probable cause. It noted that the trainer "was given more than one opportunity to present his side of the story to the State's investigators" (id. at 65), and concluded that these procedures "sufficed for the purposes of probable cause and interim suspension" (id. at 66). The Court has reached the same conclusion in a variety of other factual settings, holding that notice and an opportunity to respond -- not an evidentiary hearing -- are all that the Constitution requires prior to a temporary deprivation of property. Loudermill, slip op. 9-12 (employee discharge); Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13-19 (suspension of driver's license); Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. 105, 112-113 (1977) (same); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 332-349 (termination of disability benefits); Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 582-584 (1975) (suspension of student from school); Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 170 (1974) (opinion of Powell, J.) (employee discharge); id. at 196-202 (opinion of White, J.); see also McClelland v. Massinga, 786 F.2d 1205, 1210-1216 (4th Cir. 1986) (diversion of tax refund from taxpayer); Signet Construction Corp. v. Borg, 775 F.2d 486, 489-490 (2d Cir. 1985) (withholding contract payments); cf. Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 119-126 (1975) (adversarial hearing not required before depriving an individual of his liberty prior to trial). /12/ The Court has departed from this settled rule "(i)n only one case, Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), (where) the Court required a full adversarial evidentiary hearing prior to adverse governmental action" (Loudermill, slip op. 12). The Court held in Goldberg that a recipient of welfare benefits must be afforded an evidentiary hearing prior to the termination of such benefits. The Court stated that "the crucial factor in this context -- a factor not present in the case of * * * virtually anyone else whose governmental entitlements are ended -- is that termination of aid pending resolution of a controversy over eligibility may deprive an eligible recipient of the very means by which to live while he waits. Since he lacks independent resources, his situation becomes immediately desperate" (397 U.S. at 264 (emphasis in original)). The limited scope of the Court's decision in Goldberg was confirmed by its determination in Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, that a recipient of disability benefits is entitled only to notice and an informal opportunity to respond prior to the termination of his benefits. The Court found that an evidentiary hearing is not required because the hardship resulting from an erroneous deprivation of disability benefits, while "significant," is "likely to be less than that (imposed upon) a welfare recipient." 424 U.S. at 342; see also Walters, slip op. 27 ("dispositive" factor in Goldberg was that welfare recipients depended upon benefit payments "for their daily subsistence"). This Court's decisions make clear that the temporary reinstatement remedy at issue in this case does not violate the Constitution. Goldberg plainly is inapplicable because the consequences of the temporary restriction upon appellee's right to discharge one of its employees do not in any way resemble the hardship incurred by a welfare recipient who is deprived of his benefits. Appellee's property interest is instead sharply limited. See pages 26-30, infra. The present case more closely resembles the situation in Mitchell: the employer and the discharged employee each possess interests in the "property" at issue -- the discharged employee's job -- and the question addressed by Section 405 is how to allocate the interim burden of a disputed discharge pending a final resolution of the legality of the discharge. The power of Congress to regulate the surface transportation industry with regard to matters affecting safety and conditions of employment is, of course, extremely broad. In view of the offsetting interest of employees in that industry in not being temporarily discharged for what prove to be unlawful reasons under federal law, Congress could, we submit, have imposed any reasonable method of selecting who, as between employer and employee, will bear the interim burden while the legality of a discharge is determined. As we discuss below (see pages 47-49), Congress chose an eminently reasonable method of accommodating these interests when it enacted Section 405. Finally, the prereinstatement procedures afforded under Section 405(c) are essentially identical to the process that the Court has found to be required in connection with temporary deprivations of more significant property interests. The employer is made aware of the charges against him and afforded an opportunity to present his side of the story regarding the discharge; the reinstatement order must be preceded by a finding of "reasonable cause" to believe that the employer violated the applicable statutory standard (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A); and the statute provides a prompt post-deprivation evidentiary hearing (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(B)). The statute therefore amply affords employers the procedural protection required by the Constitution prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order. A fuller review of the interests implicated by a temporary reinstatement order confirms the correctness of this conclusion. B. Consideration Of The Factors Identified By This Court in Mathews Clearly Demonstrates That The Temporary Reinstatement Remedy Satisfies The Requirements Of Procedural Due Process The Court has made clear that "identification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335; see also Loudermill, slip op. 9. An assessment of these factors makes clear that the procedures currently followed by the Secretary provide an employer with all the deprivation process that could possibly be required in this setting. 1. Appellee's private interest The property interest affected by a temporary reinstatement order issued pursuant to Section 405(c) is the employer's right to discharge an employee for cause. By requiring the employer to reinstate a previously discharged employee, the order temporarily deprives the employer of this interest. It is clear, however, that the adverse consequences of this deprivation of property are extremely limited. The employer must pay the employee's salary pending a final determination of the legality of the discharge, but the employer, in turn, receives "the benefit of the employee's labors" (Loudermill, slip op. 11). The adverse effect of the deprivation of property is largely mitigated by the fact that the employer receives value in return for the funds he is required to expend. The only adverse consequence actually suffered by an employer is a reduction in his control over his workforce: he is unable to discharge an employee who he alleges is unsatisfactory. The district court noted that "'(p)rolonged retention of a disruptive or otherwise unsatisfactory employee can adversely affect discipline and morale in the work place, foster disharmony, and ultimately impair the efficiency of an office or agency.'" J.S. App. 7a, quoting Southern Ohio Coal Co. v. Donovan, 774 F.2d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 1985); see also Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. at 168 (opinion of Powell, J.). A reinstatement order obviously does limit an employer's absolute authority over the workforce, but, in assessing the magnitude of this consequence, it is important to note that the employer's authority is already circumscribed in a variety of ways. First, of course, he has no legal right to discharge an employee for safety complaints; depending on the ultimate outcome of the proceeding, therefore, a reinstatement order is either a mere implementation of that undoubtedly valid prohibition or a temporary restriction while the necessary determination is made. Other federal statutes forbid an employer from basing employment decisions upon characteristics such as race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(a)(1); see also 29 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 623 (age discrimination). And appellee's contract with its employees limits its discharge authority in the same manner as the reinstatement order, requiring appellee to reinstate an employee when a discharge is successfully challenged under the contract's arbitration procedures (J.A. 37-39). Thus, the sole effect of the reinstatement order is to impose some additional restriction in an area in which appellee already has lost a considerable degree of control. /13/ The adverse consequences suffered by an employer such as appellee in this setting are much less significant than the adverse consequences resulting from virtually all of the temporary deprivations of property previously considered by this Court. The Court observed in Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, that the withdrawal of welfare benefits threatens recipients with the deprivation "of the very means by which to live" (397 U.S. at 264). The discharge of a government employee similarly could "depriv(e) (the employee) of the means of livelihood" (Loudermill, slip op. 9). Other decisions have involved a license necessary to pursue one's livelihood (Barry v. Barchi, supra) and a drivers' license, the suspension of which could cause "personal inconvenience and economic hardship" (Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 11). Each of these government actions thus threatens the individual subjected to the temporary deprivation of property with immediate hardship. See Friendly, "Some Kind of Hearing," 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1267, 1295-1304 (1975) (discussing severity of government action). In terms of hardship, the adverse consequences to an employee of a wrongful temporary loss of his job come closer to the Court's past cases than do the consequences to the employer of a wrongful temporary reinstatement. An incremental reduction in the employer's control of his workforce, which involves one employee out of many and may not result in any adverse economic consequences, cannot be equated with these situations. The deprivation of property at issue here simply does not have the significant, life-altering adverse consequences that the Court has cited in concluding that due process requires specific procedural protections in connection with temporary deprivations of property. The present case instead resembles the consequences of the sequestration order at issue in Mitchell, where the property owner lost only the control of his property, and was protected to a large degree against economic loss. See page 20, supra. In view of the quite minor adverse consequences visited upon an employer as a result of the temporary deprivation of his property interest, a relatively small amount of procedural protection should be sufficient to satisfy due process. /14/ Of course, as we discuss below, even if these consequences are regarded as the equivalent of the consequences of a deprivation of these other sorts of property interests, the process provided by Section 405 is sufficient to satisfy the Constitution. 2. The government's interest In sharp contrast to the relatively minor nature of the employer's private interest affected by Section 405(c), the governmental interests furthered by the temporary reinstatement remedy are extremely weighty. This Court has observed several times that government has a "paramount" interest in "preserving the safety of its public highways." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 17; see also Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. at 114. The legislative history of the safety provisions of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which include the employee protection provision at issue here, establishes that Congress enacted these provisions in order to promote highway safety and thereby curb the "increasing number of deaths, injuries, and property damage due to commercial motor vehicle accidents." 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (summary of safety provisions submitted by Sen. Danforth). /15/ Evidence before Congress revealed that "(t)ruck and bus accidents play(ed) a major role in th(e) unacceptable" increase in deaths and injuries on the nation's highways (S. Rep. 96-547, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1979)). For example, the Department of Transportation reported a 42% increase in motor carrier accidents resulting in death or injury between 1975 and 1978, and pointed to a "disturbing trend" showing that truck accidents were increasing at a rate faster than the increase in the number of miles traveled by such vehicles. Truck Safety Act: Hearings on S. 1390 and S. 1400 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 1, 71, 84-85 (1979) (hereinafter cited as Truck Safety Act Hearings). In 1982, truck accidents resulted in over 2,800 deaths, 28,500 injuries, and $355 million in property damage (128 Cong. Rec. S15609 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth)). Congress found that a major reason for this increase in the danger on the nation's highways was that "(f)ederal commercial motor vehicle safety rules (were) being flagrantly ignored" (S. Rep.96-547, supra, at 3). During a random spot check of commercial trucks by the Department of Transportation, 44% of all vehicles inspected were ordered out of service because they were found to have serious safety violations. Truck Safety Act Hearings 71 (statement of John S. Hassell, Deputy Administrator, Federal Highway Administration). Large percentages of safety violations also were detected in the course of other inspection efforts. Id. at 56, 67 (statement of Sen. Percy); id. at 82 (statement of John S. Hassell). /16/ Congress concluded that "(t)his pattern of noncompliance with commercial motor vehicle safety requirements demonstrates that federal enforcement efforts have proven ineffective, and this pattern will continue as long as these violations are likely to go undetected" (S. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 4). It decided to adopt "a systematic and integrated approach to remedying the present regulatory deficiencies in the commercial motor vehicle safety area." Ibid.; see also 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth). One important element of this new motor vehicle safety program was the employee protection provision at issue in this case. Congress recognized that "employees and others in the commercial motor vehicle safety area are often in the best position to provide early detection of safety and health violations. Therefore, the legislation's complaint investigation and 'whistle-blower' protection provisions are directed to providing significant assistance to federal enforcement activities." S. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 4; see also id. at 17; 128 Cong. Rec. S14648 (daily ed. Dec. 14, 1982) (section-by-section analysis submitted by Sen. Baker) (stating in relation to the employee protection provision that "(e)nforcement of commercial motor vehicle safety laws and regulations is possible only through an effort on the part of employers, employees, State safety agencies, and the Department of Transportation"). Senator Percy, the original author of the employee protection provision, explained that employees must be insulated against economic retaliation if they are to assist in the enforcement of safety standards: "Because truck drivers are threatened with firing for cooperating with enforcement agencies, or for refusing to drive hazardous or overloaded vehicles, they have little choice other than to comply with their employer's instructions to violate the law. But, with the 'whistle-blower' protection of this legislation, drivers will be given the protection to refuse to violate the law." 128 Cong. Rec. S15769 (daily ed. Dec. 20, 1982); see also 128 Cong. Rec. S15610 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (summary of safety provisions submitted by Sen. Danforth) (the anti-retaliation provision "underscore(s) the strong Congressional policy that persons reporting health and safety violations should not suffer because of this action"). This Court has affirmed in other contexts the judgment made by Congress here -- that a program dependent upon the participation of employees to secure compliance with regulatory standards will be successful only if employees are protected against economic retaliation. In Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288 (1960), for example, the Court considered the employee protection provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Observing that Congress "chose to rely on information and complaints received from employees seeking to vindicate rights claimed to have been denied," the Court concluded that "(p)lainly, effective enforcement could * * * only be expected if employees felt free to approach officials with their grievances" (361 U.S. at 292). Since "it needs no argument to show that fear of economic retaliation might often operate to induce aggrieved employees quietly to accept substandard conditions," the statute's "proscription of retaliatory acts" served to "foster a climate in which compliance with the substantive provisions of the Act would be enhanced." Ibid.; see also NLRB v. Scrivener, 405 U.S. 117, 122 (1972) (citation omitted) (anti-retaliation provision of the National Labor Relations Act necessary "'to prevent the (government's) channels of information from being dried up by employer intimidation of prospective complainants and witnesses'"); Donovan v. Square D Co., 709 F.2d 335, 338 (5th Cir. 1983) (Occupational Safety and Health Act); Phillips v. Interior Board of Mine Operations Appeals, 500 F.2d 772, 778-783 (D.C. Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 938 (1975) (Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. /17/ Section 405 similarly encourages employees to report statutory violations and cooperate in agency investigative efforts by eliminating the possibility of employer retaliation. The provision thus plays an important role in furthering the compelling governmental interest in highway safety. The district court acknowledged that "the governmental interests in promoting safety on the highways and prohibiting retaliatory discharge are indeed valid," but concluded that these interests "would not be impaired by requiring a hearing prior to reinstatement" (J.S. App. 8a). This determination reflects a serious misunderstanding of the purpose of the temporary reinstatement remedy designed by Congress. As a threshold matter, the district court erred by dismissing out of hand Congress's determination -- reflected in the terms of the statute -- that a temporary reinstatement remedy is necessary to further the legislative purpose underlying the statute. Absent evidentiary support for its contrary determination, the district court was not free to ignore Congress's judgment that this remedy plays an important part in furthering the statutory goal by encouraging employees to come forward with safety complaints. Cf. Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, slip op. 17. Moreover, the court wholly failed to appreciate the importance of temporary reinstatement of an employee who, there is reasonable cause to believe, has been wrongfully discharged for safety complaints. The purpose of Section 405 is to provide employees with as much protection as possible from retaliation by employers so that employees will feel free to report safety violations. An employee is likely to view the speed with which he will be reinstated to his previous position as an important element of this protection. As one truck driver stated in House committee hearings on the subject of motor carrier safety, "(t)he promise of back pay years down the road just is not enough protection when your car has been repossessed, your mortgage foreclosed, and your marriage broken up in the meantime." Commercial Motor Carrier Safety: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Surface Transportation of the House Comm. on Public Works and Transportation, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 35 (1980) (statement of Mel Packer); see also Truck Safety Act Hearings 160-161. The Court "frequently (has) recognized the severity of depriving a person of the means of livelihood" (Loudermill, slip op. 9). The longer the discharged employee remains unemployed, the more devastating the financial consequences are likely to be. And even if the discharged employee finds employment elsewhere, he may be forced to accept a reduced salary because he "is likely to be burdened by the questionable circumstances under which he left his previous job" (ibid.). Since the length of the delay prior to reinstatement thus affects the employee's ability to support himself and his family, it is likely to be the most significant factor considered by an employee deciding whether to exercise the rights protected by Section 405. Congress plainly was concerned about the speed of the remedial process under Section 405. Its decision to authorize the Secretary of Labor to consider employees' complaints instead of permitting employees to commence lawsuits against their employers rested upon the determination that "(r)edress through the court system is a very expensive and time-consuming process." 128 Cong. Rec. S14648 (daily ed. Dec. 14, 1982) (section-by-section analysis submitted by Sen. Baker); see also B. Rep. 96-547, supra, at 6 (discussing necessity for "rapid action" by Department of Labor). Congress obviously determined that an expeditious, temporary remedy also was necessary to fulfill the provision's purpose of encouraging employees to come forward with safety-related information. Requiring the Secretary to afford the employer an evidentiary hearing before ordering the temporary reinstatement of a discharged employee would thwart the accomplishment of Congress's purpose by delaying relief for employees who engage in safety-related activity. Indeed, the employer would be able to make use of the hearing and any possible appeal to delay the reinstatement of the employee. Cf. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 347 ("the fact that full benefits would continue until after such hearings would assure the exhaustion in most cases of this attractive option"). Mandating a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing thus would enable employers to continue to retaliate against an employee by prolonging the employee's unemployment. Such a vivid demonstration of the limited nature of the statutory protection undoubtedly would discourage other employees from engaging in safety-related actions, chilling the very conduct that Congress sought to promote when it enacted Section 405. The full force of the government's compelling interest in highway safety is therefore implicated by the temporary reinstatement remedy set forth in that provision. The district court also ignored the fact that requiring a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing would impose additional fiscal and administrative burdens upon the government. See Walters, slip op. 15 & n.9. As we have discussed, employers undoubtedly would request reinstatement evidentiary hearings in virtually every case, and "experience with the constitutionalizing of government procedures suggests that the ultimate additional cost in terms of money and administrative burden would not be insubstantial." Mathews, 424 U.S. at 347; see also Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. at 114. Accordingly, the government interest in conserving public funds is also relevant in determining the process that is due in this context. 3. The risk of erroneous deprivation An assessment of the risk that an employer will be erroneously deprived of his property interest requires consideration of two separate factors. First, it is necessary to evaluate the procedures followed by the Secretary prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order to ascertain the effectiveness of those procedures in limiting the risk of an erroneous determination. Second, the value of the additional procedures proposed by appellee and the district court must be considered. Of course, "the (Due Process) Clause does not require that 'the procedures used to guard against an erroneous deprivation . . . be so comprehensive as to preclude any possibility of error.'" Walters, slip op. 14-15, quoting Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 13. "(W)hen prompt postdeprivation review is available for correction of administrative error, (the Court has) generally required no more than that the predeprivation procedures used be designed to provide a reasonably reliable basis for concluding that the facts justifying the official action are as a responsible governmental official warrants them to be" (Mackey, 443 U.S. at 13). This standard is satisfied by the procedure utilized by the Secretary in the present context. The risk that the Secretary will erroneously issue a temporary reinstatement order is reduced significantly by the procedures that precede the issuance of such an order. /18/ As soon as a complaint is received from an employer, an experienced investigator begins a thorough investigation to determine whether the allegations of the complaint are supported by independent evidence (J.A. 78-79). The employer is informed of the allegations of the complaint and of the substance of the case against him. /19/ The employer is also afforded a full opportunity to state his position and provide documentary evidence and oral testimony in support of that position. Ibid; see also pages 5-6 note 3, supra. Finally, a temporary reinstatement order is issued only if the Secretary finds credible evidence establishing "reasonable cause to believe" that the discharge of the employee was retaliatory (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /20/ These procedures were followed in the present case (J.A. 79). First, appellee was notified of the allegations made by employee Hufstetler. /21/ Second, Labor Department investigators conducted a thorough 11-month investigation and found "credible, independent evidence" supporting Hufstetler's claim of retaliatory discharge (ibid.). Third, appellee submitted a written position statement explaining the circumstances of the discharge, which was supported by affidavits from witnesses favorable to appellee (J.A. 6, 79, 93). Fourth, appellee's attorney submitted a letter setting forth appellee's legal arguments and orally presented appellee's side of the story in a meeting with Labor Department officials (J.A. 6-7, 93). Finally, the Secretary's designee reviewed the evidence and determined that there was "reasonable cause to believe" that Hufstetler had been discharged in violation of Section 405 (J.S. App. 20a-23a). These procedures clearly provided the "initial check against mistaken decisions" required prior to a temporary deprivation of property. Loudermill, slip op. 12; see also pages 19-23, 39, supra. The district court found that the Secretary's prereinstatement procedures did not sufficiently reduce the risk of an erroneous decision and concluded that an employer also must be provided with an evidentiary hearing and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order (J.S. App. 7a-8a). Each of these determinations is incorrect. The basis for the district court's requirement of a prereinstatement evidentiary hearing was its conclusion that the Secretary's procedures "were inherently unreliable, inasmuch as they did not provide any means for resolving disputed issues of fact and credibility" (J.S. App. 8a). However, even where the propriety of a temporary deprivation of property turns upon a factual dispute, this Court's decisions do not require the government to stay its hand pending the conclusion of an evidentiary hearing. In Loudermill, for example, the Court found that notice and an opportunity to be heard satisfied due process even though dismissals of employees for cause "often involve factual disputes" and the propriety of the discharge at issue in that case turned upon a credibility determination -- the "subjective question whether (the employee) had lied on his application form" (slip op. 9, 10 & n.9). Similarly, in Barry v. Barchi, supra, the trainer's assertion that he was not negligent in connection with the drugging of the race horse raised an issue regarding both his own credibility and the reliability of the evidence against him, but the Court did not require an evidentiary hearing prior to the temporary license suspension (443 U.S. at 64-66). Thus, the Court has already concluded that a predeprivation evidentiary hearing is not always necessary "to resolve questions of credibility or conflicts in the evidence" (Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 15). /22/ The Court's conclusion in Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, that an evidentiary hearing is required prior to the termination of welfare benefits did rest in part upon the observation that "written submissions are a wholly unsatisfactory basis for decision" when "credibility and veracity are at issue" (397 U.S. at 269). But the Court did not rely solely upon that rationale in requiring an evidentiary hearing. It also found that written submissions "are an unrealistic option for most (welfare) recipients, who lack the educational attainment necessary to write effectively and who cannot obtain professional assistance," and that a welfare recipient could not present his position "secondhand through his caseworker" because "the caseworker usually gathers the facts upon which the charge of ineligibility rests" (ibid.). The justifications that supported the Goldberg Court's determination simply do not apply in the present context. First, employers such as appellee do not in any way resemble welfare recipients who cannot "write effectively" or "obtain professional assistance." The present case demonstrates that appellee, which is one of the nation's largest trucking concerns (J.A. 80), is able to obtain high caliber professional assistance in presenting its views. Second, the Court's general observations regarding the disadvantages of written submissions in a case that involves credibility determinations are irrelevant here because appellee was not limited to submitting written evidence. The Secretary's written guidelines for the investigation of employee complaints direct Department of Labor investigators to ask the employer to identify favorable witnesses, who then may be interviewed by the investigator. The employer is also permitted to state its position for the investigator. OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5-V6 (Aug. 26, 1985); see also pages 5-6 note 3, supra. Thus, the employer is not precluded from presenting oral testimony that is relevant to the legality of the discharge. Third, in the present context, unlike the situation involving welfare recipients, there is no reason to require direct presentation of this oral evidence to the decisionmaker. The complaint under Section 405 is filed by the employee, not the Secretary of Labor. The Labor Department investigator is charged with gathering all relevant facts and acts essentially as the agent of the decisionmaker. Thus, unlike a welfare caseworker, who the Court in Goldberg indicated might be biased against the recipient because he had prepared the charge of ineligibility (397 U.S. at 269), the Labor Department investigator has no prior involvement suggesting any reason why he would not accurately convey to the decisionmaker the evidence presented by the employer's witnesses. /23/ Finally, the Secretary's determination is, of course, only preliminary; an evidentiary hearing is held prior to a final decision regarding the legality of the discharge. Indeed, the ultimate factual issue in this case -- ascertaining the reasons for the discharge of an employee -- is identical to the ultimate issue in cases involving due process challenges to the termination of government employees. Since an evidentiary hearing is not necessary before making a preliminary determination in the latter context (see Loudermill, slip op. 12), it similarly should not be required to ensure the accuracy of a preliminary determination in the present setting. The district court noted that the Secretary did not "make available (to appellee) the names and statements of witnesses upon which its decision was based" (J.S. App. 7a) and appellee appears to argue that the Secretary should be obligated to disclose this information prior to the issuance of the temporary reinstatement order, even if the evidentiary hearing is not held until after the issuance of the order (Mot. to Aff. 4, 11). However, there is no basis for the contention that appellee was entitled to this information in advance of the post-reinstatement evidentiary hearing. At the outset, making this information available to the employer would contribute only marginally to the accuracy of the preliminary determination. Since the employer will be aware of the employee's charges and the substance of the evidence supporting the charges, the only conceivable purpose that could be served by disclosure of the witnesses' statements and identities is to permit the employer more easily to discredit these witnesses. Deferring such challenges until the evidentiary hearing will not undercut the accuracy of the preliminary determination because, even at the preliminary stage, credibility challenges can be based upon the employer's rebuttal of the substance of the witness's testimony. See Friendly, supra, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. at 1286 (suppression of the names of witnesses and curtailment of access to adverse evidence is permissible when "the decision is preliminary"). Moreover, disclosure of a witness's identity at this early stage of the proceeding presents a very real threat to the integrity of the complaint investigation process. Common sense suggests that the very retaliation and coercion that Congress sought to prevent in enacting Section 405 could be directed against employees who support a discharged employee's retaliation claim. In NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214 (1978), the Court recognized this possibility in a related context. It held that witness statements in a pending unfair labor practice proceeding are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act because of the risk that unions or employees "will coerce or intimidate employees and others who have given statements, in an effort to make them change their testimony or not testify at all." 437 U.S. at 239; see also Cuccaro v. Secretary of Labor, 770 F.2d 355, 359-360 (3d Cir. 1985) (upholding nondisclosure of names of witnesses in OSHA investigation for similar reasons); L & C Marine Transport, Ltd. v. United States, 740 F.2d 919, 921-925 (11th Cir. 1984) (same); cf. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 567-569 (1974) (holding that confrontation and cross-examination of witnesses are not required in context of a prison disciplinary proceeding because of the "high risk of reprisal" and the danger that the witness "may refuse to testify or admit any knowledge of the situation in question"). /24/ The employer will, of course, learn the identity of the witness in the pre-hearing exchange of witness lists or when the witness takes the stand at the post-reinstatement evidentiary hearing. /25/ Maintaining the confidentiality of the witness's identity prevents the employer from taking coercive action designed to deter the witness from testifying at the hearing. Disclosure of this information, on the other hand, is not likely to have a measurable effect on the accuracy of the preliminary determination. For these reasons, disclosure of witnesses' statements and identities should not be required in the preliminary stage of the proceeding. 4. Balance of the factors The foregoing discussion makes clear that Section 405 provides an employer with all the prereinstatement process that is required by the Due Process Clause. The governmental interest furthered by the temporary reinstatement remedy is the compelling interest in promoting highway safety, which is no less weighty than the governmental interests implicated in this Court's previous cases. The private interest of the employer that is affected by the temporary order, on the other hand, is not very significant and is offset by the employee's interest in not being temporarily discharged for what may prove to be an improper reason. A balancing of the interests therefore indicates that only minimal procedural protections should be required prior to the issuance of a temporary reinstatement order. The procedures followed by the Secretary are plainly sufficient to satisfy this requirement. Indeed, it is settled that the government may terminate an employee's interest in continued employment after affording the employee notice and an opportunity to respond (Loudermill, slip op. 9-11); the same process therefore must be sufficient to protect the employer's less weighty interest in removing unsatisfactory employees. At bottom, the question in this case is whether Congress acted reasonably in determining that an employer subject to the requirements of Section 405 -- rather than the discharged employee -- should bear the expenses associated with a disputed discharge, pending a final dispositon of the merits of the claim, where the Secretary's preliminary view is that there is reasonable cause to believe the employee's side of the story. In view of the significantly smaller economic burden that is imposed upon the employer, and the importance to the success of the highway safety program of affording strong anti-retaliation protection, Congress's judgment should be upheld. Cf. Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15 (1976) (discussing Congress's preeminent authority to "adjust() the burdens and benefits of economic life"). Of course, "(t)he duration of any potentially wrongful deprivation of a property interest is an important factor in assessing the impact of official action on the private interest involved." Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 12; see also Loudermill, slip op. 13 ("(a)t some point, a delay in the (postdeprivation) hearing would become a constitutional violation"). Here, Section 405 itself provides the necessary post-reinstatement procedural protections. It states that the post-reinstatement hearing "shall be expeditiously conducted," and sets a time limit for the issuance of a final order. 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A); see also page 6 and note 4, supra. The Court has indicated that even if a statute provides for a prompt post-deprivation hearing and the statutory scheme therefore complies with due process, the delay in a particular case may amount to a violation of due process. Loudermill, slip op. 13; Barry v. Barchi, 443 U.S. at 66. There is no occasion to consider the permissibility of the delay in the present case because appellee never was subjected to a deprivation of property -- enforcement of the Secretary's order was enjoined by the district court. Accordingly, appellee cannot complain that its due process rights were violated by the length of the delay in issuing a final order. /26/ CONCLUSION The judgment of the district court should be reversed. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES FRIED Solicitor General LOUIS R. COHEN Deputy Solicitor General ANDREW J. PINCUS Assistant to the Solicitor General GEORGE R. SALEM Deputy Solicitor of Labor ALLEN H. FELDMAN Associate Solicitor MARY-HELEN MAUTNER STEVEN J. MANDEL Counsels for Appellate Litigation JEANNE K. BECK Attorney Department of Labor JULY 1986 /1/ The statute defines a "commercial motor vehicle" as a vehicle used "principally to transport passengers or cargo" that has a weight rating of ten thousand or more pounds, is designed to transport more than ten persons, or is used to transport hazardous materials. 49 U.S.C. App. 2301(1). /2/ The Secretary has delegated his authority under Section 405 to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, who, in turn, has delegated this authority to the Regional Administrators of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. /3/ The Secretary has adopted detailed written procedures governing the investigation of complaints filed by employees under Section 405. The current version of these procedures requires the Labor Department investigator to interview the complainant and encourage the complainant to identify witnesses who can support his allegations. The investigator must also "contact the (employer), notify the (employer) of the substance of the complaint and arrange to meet with the (employer) or its counsel to interview the appropriate witnesses." OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5 (Aug. 26, 1985). The written procedures emphasize that the investigator should obtain evidence corroborating the complainant's allegations, secure the employer's response to the allegations, and attempt to corroborate the employer's response (id. at V5-V7). The procedures in effect at the time of the events in this case similarly required the investigator to consult with the employer. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.45A CH-4, at X5 (Mar. 8, 1984); OSHA Instruction DIS.6, at 4, 8-9 (Dec. 12, 1983); OSHA Investigation Manual at V1, V13-V14 (1979). We have lodged copies of these written procedures with the Clerk of this Court and served a copy of the procedures upon counsel for appellee. /4/ The Secretary has interpreted the statute to require the issuance of a final order within 120 days after the ALJ's issuance of his recommended decision. /5/ If neither the employer nor the employee requests a hearing, "the preliminary order (is) deemed a final order which is not subject to judicial review" (49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A)). /6/ Appellee also filed objections to the Secretary's findings and a request for an on-the-record hearing pursuant to 49 U.S.C. App. 2305(c)(2)(A). The hearing was held before an administrative law judge on March 26-29, 1985, and the ALJ issued his recommended decision and order on October 30, 1985 (J.S. App. 29a-43a). The ALJ observed that Hufstetler had filed numerous safety-related complaints (id. at 32a-35a, 39a-41a) and found that "(t)he record is replete with many statements by (appellee's) supervisors demonstrating their animus toward (Hufstetler) as a result (of) his engaging in protected activities. The issuance of warning letters to (Hufstetler), while other employees were not reprimanded for similar acts, and the acrimonious statements cause the conclusion that the discharge had a retaliatory motive" (id. at 41a). The ALJ further found that the evidence did not indicate that Hufstetler was discharged for a reason other than his safety-related activities (id. at 41a-42a). The ALJ's recommended decision is pending before the Secretary; appellee has raised a number of objections to the ALJ's recommended decision. See Mot. to Aff. 5-6 n.4, A1-A9. /7/ The district court also held that appellee was not required to exhaust its administrative remedies (J.S. App. 4a-5a), that the controversy between the parties was not moot (id. at 5a), and that the district court did not lack jurisdiction over appellee's claim (ibid.). We have not sought review of these determinations. /8/ The contract between appellee and its employees indicates that appellee generally is free to terminate an employee for just cause so long as the employee has received at least one warning notice. Discharges for dishonesty and certain other infractions need not be preceded by a warning. J.A. 37-39. /9/ We also note, as the court below failed to do, that there is a competing private interest -- that of the employee in not being wrongfully discharged (see pages 33-38, infra). /10/ The provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act governing adjudications apply to the conduct of such hearings. 5 U.S.C. 554(a) (providing that such requirements apply "in every case of an adjudication required by statute to be determined on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing"). Thus, an employer is entitled to an independent hearing examiner, use of oral and documentary evidence, cross-examination of adverse witnesses, and other trial-type procedures (5 U.S.C. 556, 557). /11/ Ex parte proceedings also are permissible where "swift action is necessary to protect the public health and safety." Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass'n, 452 U.S. 264, 301 (1981) (upholding the issuance of orders requiring the immediate closure of surface mining operations under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977); see also Ewing v. Mytinger & Casselberry, 339 U.S. 594, 599-602 (1950) (summary seizure under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of misbranded goods is permissible where there is probable cause to believe that the misbranding is fraudulent or would result in injury or damage to the purchaser or user); North American Cold Storage Co. v. City of Chicago, 211 U.S. 306, 313-321 (1908) (upholding the seizure and destruction of unwholesome food products under a municipal ordinance without any prior notice or hearing). Predeprivation notice and a hearing also are not required in other circumstances in which predeprivation procedures are not feasible. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517 (1984); Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981). /12/ Appellee argues (Mot. to Aff. 10-13) that the Court has concluded that these predeprivation procedures satisfy due process only where the administrative decision does "not turn on resolving disputed questions of fact, credibility, or veracity" (id. at 11). That assertion is incorrect. In Loudermill, for example, the Court observed that the propriety of the dismissal of the government employee "turned not on (an) objective fact * * *, but on the subjective question whether (the employee) had lied on his application form." Slip op. 10 n.9; see also Barry, 443 U.S. at 65-66 (evidentiary hearing not required despite factual dispute regarding trainer's negligence in connection with drugging of race hose); Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. at 15 ("even when disputes as to the historical facts do arise, we are not persuaded that the risk of error inherent in the statute's initial reliance on the representations of the reporting officer is so substantial in itself as to require that the (government) stay its hand pending the outcome of any evidentiary hearing necessary to resolve questions of credibility or conflicts in the evidence"); page 42, infra. /13/ Appellee suggests (Mot. to Aff. 8 n.6) that a reinstatement order would interfere with other "private property interests" because "it (would have) the effect of displacing employees junior to the complainant on the seniority roster and bumping an employee to lay-off status." Of course, a temporary reinstatement order does not require an employer to lay off an employee; any such layoff is a result of the employer's own choice and cannot be characterized as a necessary consequence of the reinstatement order, especially in a company the size of appellee. Moreover, an employee hired after the challenged discharge takes his position subject to being displaced as a result of the rehiring of his predecessor (J.A. 82). The reinstatement order accordingly does not disrupt his expectations. Appellee also observes (Mot. to Aff. 8 n.6) that the reinstatement order "had the effect of upsetting an arbitration decision rendered under the collective bargaining agreement which had sustained the * * * discharge." But this is simply another way of stating that the order deprived appellee of its right to fire its employee; if the arbitration decision had overturned the discharge, appellee would have been required to reinstate its employee and the reinstatement order would have been unnecessary. The existence of the arbitration decision thus adds nothing to the analysis. Moreover, the arbitration decision rejecting the employee's claim clearly did not bar the Secretary from considering the complaint challenging the discharge. See McDonald v. City of West Branch, 466 U.S. 284 (1984) (arbitration decision finding that discharge was supported by just cause does not bar employee from challenging discharge under 42 U.S.C. 1983); Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, 450 U.S. 728, 745-746 (1981) (unfavorable arbitration decision does not bar subsequent suit based on the same facts alleging violation of Fair Labor Standards Act); Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36 (1974) (adverse arbitration decision does not bar employee from challenging discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and federal court need not defer to arbitrator's decision). /14/ Appellee argues (Mot. to Aff. 15) that "(t)he period of time that an employer would be required to have a reinstated individual on its payroll is a factor to be considered in measuring the weight of the private property interest." As we have discussed (see page 6), the statute imposes limitations upon the amount of time that the temporary order would remain in effect; these time limits comport with those that the Court previously has found permissible. See Loudermill, slip op. 13 (nine months); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342 (10-11 months). The particular delay in this case is irrelevant because the "very nature of the due process inquiry indicates that the fundamental fairness of a particular procedure does not turn on the result obtained in any individual case; rather, 'procedural due process rules are shaped by the risk of error inherent in the truth-finding process as applied to the generality of cases, not the rare exceptions.'" Walters, slip op. 15, quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 344; see also Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 612-613 (1979). Appellee has not shown that the length of delay in this case is typical of Section 405(c) proceedings generally. See also page 49, infra. Finally, the length of time obviously also affects the burden on the employee, should his claim of unlawful discharge be vindicated. /15/ The safety provisions contained in the 1982 statute are virtually identical to provisions contained in a bill that was passed by the Senate in 1980, but died in the House of Representatives. See S. 1390, 96th Cong. 2d Sess. (1980). The legislative history of the 1982 statute makes clear that the 1980 bill -- and a 1978 bill that was the predecessor of the 1980 bill -- were the sources of the 1982 provisions. See 128 Cong. Rec. S15609 (daily ed. Dec. 19, 1982) (remarks of Sen. Danforth); id. at S14018-S14019 (daily ed. Dec. 7, 1982); see also Highway Revenue Act of 1982: Hearing on S. 3044 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 45 (1982) (statement of R.V. Durham) (suggesting incorporation of provisions of S. 1390 into the 1982 bill). The legislative histories of these earlier measures therefore are relevant in analyzing Congress's purpose in enacting the 1982 statute. /16/ In hearings on the 1978 truck safety bill, Senator Cannon, the chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, noted that "one-third of the 54,800 trucks and buses inspected by Federal personnel during 1974 and 1975 were unsafe and taken off the road until repaired." Truck Safety Act of 1978: Hearing on S. 2970 Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 1 (1978) (statement of Sen. Cannon); see also id. at 2 (54% of vehicles stopped on the basis of visual inspection were ordered out of service until violations were corrected because "in the judgment of the inspectors (the violations) were likely to cause accidents"); id. at 28-33 (summary of results of Department of Transportation roadside safety inspection). /17/ The fact that the reinstatement remedy "'operate(s) to confer an incidental benefit on private persons does not detract from (its) public purpose'" (Donovan v. Square D Co., 709 F.2d at 338 (citation omitted)). Rather, "(w)hile remedial, th(e) provision operates primarily toward furthering the public statutory goals" (ibid.). /18/ Appellee refers several times to an "ex parte decision-making process" (Mot. to Aff. 8, 14), even though the Secretary's written procedures require that an employer be given notice of the charges against it and an opportunity to present its views. Appellee may be arguing that only the provisions of the statute -- and not the procedures utilized by the Secretary in deciding whether to issue the temporary reinstatement order -- may be considered in evaluating the constitutionality of the process afforded under Section 405. That position is plainly incorrect. In Barry v. Barchi, supra, for example, the Court concluded that the requirements of due process were satisfied by the informal procedures utilized in issuing the interim suspension of the trainer, even though these procedures were not specified in the statute (443 U.S. at 60-61 n.8, 65-66). /19/ The Secretary's procedures specifically provide that the employer must be informed of the allegations of the complaint. OSHA Instruction DIS.4A, at V5 (Aug. 26, 1985). Although the procedures do not in terms require the Labor Department investigator to inform the employer of the substance of the evidence supporting the employee's allegations, that requirement is implicit in the investigator's obligation to obtain the employer's response to those allegations. The Department of Labor informs us that the practice followed by its investigators is to inform the employer of the substance of the evidence supporting the employee's allegations. /20/ The evidence is reviewed by several Labor Department officials before a temporary reinstatement order is issued. The investigator, the supervisory investigator, a representative of the Office of the Solicitor of Labor, and the Regional Administrator each consider the sufficiency of the evidence developed in the investigation. J.A. 93-94. /21/ The record does not indicate whether appellee was informed of the substance of the evidence supporting the allegations. Appellee's reference (Mot. to Aff. 4) to "secret evidence gathered during the investigation from unknown parties" rings somewhat hollow, however, in view of the fact that the prior arbitration proceeding enabled appellee to become familiar with all of the circumstances relevant to the propriety of the discharge. Indeed, a comparison between the relevant portion of the temporary reinstatement order (J.S. App. 21a-22a) and the record of the arbitration proceeding (J.A. 40-76) indicates that the factors that influenced the Secretary had been brought out during that proceeding. Appellee therefore cannot claim that it was denied due process because it was not informed of the evidence supporting Hufstetler's allegations. /22/ Appellee's argument to the contrary (Mot. to Aff. 10-13) is simply incorrect. The portion of Justice Brennan's concurring and dissenting opinion cited by appellee (id. at 13) in support of its assertion that Loudermill did not involve a factual dispute appears to conflict with the majority's view of the case. Moreover, appellee erroneously states that Barry involved a statute holding a trainer "to the standard of an 'insurer'" (Mot. to Aff. 12). In fact, the statute simply established an evidentiary presumption that the trainer was free to rebut (443 U.S. at 59 & n.6). Since the trainer's statement obviously was relevant in determining whether the presumption had been rebutted, the propriety of the government action turned in part upon the trainer's credibility. /23/ The Court in Goldberg also observed that "(i)n almost every setting where important decisions turn on questions of fact, due process requires an opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses" (397 U.S. at 269 (emphasis added)). The Court tied this procedural requirement to the magnitude of the interest at stake in the proceeding. As we have discussed (see pages 28-30), appellee's interest is considerably less significant than a welfare recipient's interest in continued benefits. /24/ The Court indicated in Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, that the "policy of allowing the disability recipient's representative full access to all information relied upon by the state agency" provided a "further safeguard against mistake" (424 U.S. at 345-346). However, the Court did not state that disclosure of all such information was a necessary element of due process. In Loudermill, for example, the Court stated only that the party to be deprived of a property interest must be afforded "an explanation of the (adverse) evidence" (slip op. 12). /25/ A copy of the witness's interview statement is supplied to the employer when the witness begins to testify. /26/ The time between the issuance of the temporary reinstatement order and the ALJ's issuance of his recommended decision -- approximately nine months -- is within the time limits that this Court previously has held to be permissible. See Loudermill, slip op. 13; Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342. The delay in the issuance of the Secretary's final decision in this case is the result of a dispute regarding the ALJ's decision and the state of the evidentiary record. See Mot. to Aff. 5-6 n.4, A1-A9. There is no reason to believe that this delay is typical of proceedings under Section 405.

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# Presentation: 913417 ## NOT CHISELED IN STONE ** **** **** ****NOT ****CHISELED IN STONE** - Joseph W. Howe ## Themes of This Talk **Themes of This Talk** - Creation of the General Schedule job evaluation system. - Evolution of the system over half a century. - Changes in the world and the system since it was created. ## FIFTY ** **** **** ****FIFTY** - The number of years the General Schedule job evaluation system has been in operation. ## Two Years **Two Years** - 1923 - 1949 ## TWO ** **** **** ****TWO**** **** **** ** - The number of changes in the text of the General Schedule grade level definitions in the statutes over a period of half a century. ## FOUR ** ****FOUR** - The number of times in 50 years CSC and OPM have started all over to create standards in a different format. ## THIRTEEN ** ****THIRTEEN** - The number of studies of the General Schedule job evaluation system that have recommended major changes or elimination of the system. ## ONE ** **** **** ****ONE** - The number of studies that actually changed the General Schedule job evaluation system. - The Test and Implementation Group created the Factor Evaluation System, 1972 – 1975. ## TWO ** **** ****TWO **** ** - The number of times the Executive Branch has actually sent to Congress legislative proposals to make major changes in the General Schedule job evaluation system during half a century. ## ZERO ** **** ****ZERO** - The number of those legislative proposals that became law. ## Two numbers **Two numbers** ** **** **** ****6.73** ** **** **** **** ****a****nd** ** **** **** ****9.51** ## Slide 12

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! Started logfile: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.log on Tue Dec 18 12:44:29 2007 obs J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uva.fits ! Reading UV FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uva.fits ! AN table 1: 236 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 2: 64 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 3: 116 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 4: 27 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 5: 149 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! AN table 6: 99 integrations on 190 of 190 possible baselines. ! Apparent sampling: 0.154978 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin. ! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument. ! Found source: J0854+2006 ! ! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels: ! ! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF ! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth ! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz) ! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06 ! ! Polarization(s): RR ! ! Read 2422 lines of history. ! ! Reading 81388 visibilities. select I ! Polarization I is unavailable. ! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4 ! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1 ! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2 ! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3 ! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4 print "field_size =",field_size ! field_size = 256 print "field_cell =",field_cell ! field_cell = 0.2 print "taper_size =",taper_size ! taper_size = 70 ![@muppet J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus] integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 6.0 float soltime1 soltime1 = 120 float soltime2 soltime2 = 20 float thresh thresh = 0.5 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float time_av time_av = 16 float old_peak float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size, field_cell ! Map grid = 256x256 pixels with 0.200x0.200 milli-arcsec cellsize. startmod ! Applying default point source starting model. ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 1 components and 1 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 3229 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1698 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1797 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1451 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 3235 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1671 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1797 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1445 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 3315 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1688 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1795 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1451 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 3244 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! A total of 1017 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! A total of 1688 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! A total of 276 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! A total of 1807 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! A total of 1454 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.390223Jy sigma=0.012959 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.815439Jy sigma=0.007926 ! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models. ! Redundant starting model cleared. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.535 mas, bmaj=0.8919 mas, bpa=-5.484 degrees ! Estimated noise=612.014 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (0, 0). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.867942 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.25997 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 1.25997 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.046987 max=0.250324 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000969 rms=0.015235 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.25997 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 5 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 5 components and 1.25997 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.612735Jy sigma=0.006036 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.598882Jy sigma=0.005959 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-0.6, -0.2). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.279592 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.433742 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.433742 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.031156 max=0.123259 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000526 rms=0.008402 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.69371 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 8 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 9 components and 1.69371 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.381712Jy sigma=0.003500 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.364243Jy sigma=0.003394 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.119294 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.188344 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.188344 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.021345 max=0.057846 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000338 rms=0.005577 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.88205 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 12 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 14 components and 1.88205 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.299641Jy sigma=0.002522 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.296359Jy sigma=0.002503 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0549971 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0920379 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0920379 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.018534 max=0.041098 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000244 rms=0.004760 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.97409 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 13 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 21 components and 1.97409 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.277042Jy sigma=0.002188 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.276377Jy sigma=0.002184 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-1.4, -0.2). ! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0402851 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0668018 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0668018 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.019085 max=0.026642 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000170 rms=0.004308 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.04089 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 14 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 26 components and 2.04089 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.266542Jy sigma=0.002014 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.265745Jy sigma=0.002007 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec print "************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************" ! ************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN ************** ! uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. win_mult = win_mult * 1.6 clean_niter = clean_niter * 2 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7033 mas, bmaj=1.187 mas, bpa=-8.602 degrees ! Estimated noise=313.002 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0537014 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0868001 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.108666 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.123486 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.123486 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.013801 max=0.026887 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000321 rms=0.005188 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16438 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 44 components and 2.16438 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.257406Jy sigma=0.001838 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256788Jy sigma=0.001830 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.13% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec print "************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************" ! ************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN ************** ! gscale true ! Performing overall amplitude self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! A total of 57 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.98 HH 0.88 ! HN 0.94 KK 1.00 KP 0.99 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.46 MK 1.00 NY 0.98 ON 0.97 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 1.05 TS 0.89 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.05 GN 0.98 NL 0.97 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 0.95 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.94 KP 0.99 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.96 PT 1.02 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 45 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.45 GC 1.00* HH 0.87 ! HN 1.06 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.35 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.00 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 1.78 SC 1.09 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.98 WZ 0.95 GN 1.00 NL 1.01 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 1.03 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.95 KK 1.01 KP 1.01 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00 NY 1.03 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.10 TS 1.00 ! WF 0.96 WZ 1.00* GN 1.03 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 18 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.98 GC 1.07 HH 0.97 ! HN 1.10 KK 1.00* KP 1.01 LA 0.98 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.97 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.98 SC 0.98 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 1.05 GN 0.97 NL 1.01 ! ! A total of 21 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.97 FD 0.99 GC 0.96 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.96 KK 1.00* KP 1.01 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.08 MK 2.13 NY 1.01 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.00 PT 1.01 SC 0.97 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.12 WZ 0.99 GN 1.00* NL 0.99 ! ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.93 HH 0.79 ! HN 0.94 KK 0.99 KP 0.94 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.47 MK 1.02 NY 0.99 ON 0.98 ! OV 0.99 PT 0.99 SC 1.00 TS 0.83 ! WF 1.00 WZ 1.04 GN 0.96 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.01 GC 0.90 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.93 KP 0.95 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.01 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 72 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.52 GC 1.00* HH 0.90 ! HN 1.10 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.40 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.07 SC 1.01 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.97 WZ 0.88 GN 1.03 NL 1.00 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.98 FD 1.02 GC 1.00 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.94 KK 1.03 KP 0.95 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 0.99 NY 1.03 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 0.99 SC 1.04 TS 0.97 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.01 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 18 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.99 GC 1.00 HH 1.00 ! HN 1.08 KK 1.00* KP 0.96 LA 0.97 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 0.97 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.02 PT 0.97 SC 0.92 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 0.99 GN 0.98 NL 1.02 ! ! A total of 27 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.98 FD 0.99 GC 0.93 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.94 KK 1.00* KP 0.96 LA 1.02 ! MC 1.04 MK 2.02 NY 0.99 ON 1.02 ! OV 1.00 PT 0.99 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.13 WZ 0.99 GN 1.00* NL 1.00 ! ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! A total of 129 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.00 GC 0.97 HH 0.91 ! HN 0.96 KK 1.15 KP 0.97 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.45 MK 0.98 NY 0.96 ON 0.99 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 1.01 TS 0.81 ! WF 1.01 WZ 1.03 GN 1.00 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.01 GC 0.94 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.92 KP 0.97 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.06 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.97 PT 1.02 SC 1.00* TS 0.86 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.76 GC 1.00* HH 1.38 ! HN 1.23 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.62 ! MC 1.00 MK 1.00* NY 0.99 ON 1.00 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.96 SC 0.96 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.94 WZ 1.07 GN 1.05 NL 1.07 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.95 FD 1.02 GC 1.04 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00 KP 0.97 LA 1.00 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00 NY 1.00 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.06 TS 0.98 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.03 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 24 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.96 FD 0.99 GC 1.09 HH 1.13 ! HN 1.11 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 0.98 ! MC 0.93 MK 1.00* NY 0.93 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.99 SC 0.94 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.07 WZ 1.05 GN 0.97 NL 1.02 ! ! A total of 33 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 0.96 FD 1.00 GC 0.97 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.03 MK 2.26 NY 0.97 ON 1.03 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.01 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.10 WZ 1.03 GN 1.00* NL 0.99 ! ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! A total of 48 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.00 GC 0.98 HH 0.94 ! HN 0.96 KK 0.99 KP 0.95 LA 0.98 ! MC 1.50 MK 0.98 NY 1.01 ON 0.99 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.00 SC 0.99 TS 0.83 ! WF 1.00 WZ 1.03 GN 0.99 NL 0.98 ! ! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2: ! BR 0.97 FD 1.01 GC 0.95 HH 1.00* ! HN 1.00* KK 0.95 KP 0.95 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NY 1.09 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.01 SC 1.00* TS 0.85 ! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00* GN 1.00* NL 1.00* ! ! A total of 54 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3: ! BR 1.00* FD 1.60 GC 1.00* HH 0.87 ! HN 1.12 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.51 ! MC 0.94 MK 1.00* NY 1.01 ON 0.98 ! OV 1.00* PT 2.03 SC 1.02 TS 1.00* ! WF 0.95 WZ 0.96 GN 1.02 NL 1.03 ! ! A total of 9 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4: ! BR 0.99 FD 1.01 GC 1.04 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.96 KK 1.01 KP 0.96 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.00* MK 0.96 NY 1.05 ON 1.00* ! OV 0.98 PT 1.00 SC 1.04 TS 1.01 ! WF 0.99 WZ 1.00* GN 1.01 NL 0.99 ! ! A total of 24 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 5. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 5: ! BR 0.99 FD 0.99 GC 1.13 HH 1.00 ! HN 1.14 KK 1.00* KP 0.97 LA 0.99 ! MC 0.95 MK 1.00* NY 0.95 ON 1.01 ! OV 1.01 PT 0.99 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.08 WZ 1.08 GN 0.98 NL 1.04 ! ! A total of 42 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 6. ! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 6: ! BR 1.00 FD 0.99 GC 0.96 HH 1.00* ! HN 0.97 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 1.01 ! MC 1.05 MK 2.37 NY 1.01 ON 1.02 ! OV 0.99 PT 1.01 SC 0.93 TS 1.00* ! WF 1.09 WZ 1.00 GN 1.00* NL 1.01 ! ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.256788Jy sigma=0.001830 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256668Jy sigma=0.001505 dynam = dynam - 0.5 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7151 mas, bmaj=1.191 mas, bpa=-8.009 degrees ! Estimated noise=316.173 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-2.4, 0). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0127545 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0178966 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0190002 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0197111 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0197111 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.008134 max=0.008899 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000018 rms=0.001980 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18409 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 20 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 61 components and 2.18409 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.255687Jy sigma=0.001496 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.256247Jy sigma=0.001494 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec selfcal true, true, soltime1 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 120 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.256247Jy sigma=0.001494 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.263863Jy sigma=0.001369 dynam = dynam - 0.75 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.728 mas, bmaj=1.194 mas, bpa=-6.848 degrees ! Estimated noise=321.705 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00018091 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000594557 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00128764 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00158635 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00158635 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004643 max=0.005304 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000061 rms=0.001151 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18568 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 14 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 69 components and 2.18568 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262901Jy sigma=0.001356 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.263283Jy sigma=0.001355 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000623812 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000875923 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00109748 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00149645 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00149645 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003441 max=0.004051 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000053 rms=0.001077 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18717 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 73 components and 2.18717 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262956Jy sigma=0.001350 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.262998Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.262998Jy sigma=0.001349 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.270164Jy sigma=0.001347 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.729 mas, bmaj=1.195 mas, bpa=-6.664 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.403 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000296194 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000782188 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000975171 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00132096 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00132096 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003213 max=0.004281 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000060 rms=0.000985 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1885 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 20 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 76 components and 2.1885 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269907Jy sigma=0.001343 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.269972Jy sigma=0.001342 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! Added new window around map position (-12.8, 12). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00198978 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00244416 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00272262 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00310829 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00310829 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003098 max=0.003723 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000041 rms=0.000941 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1916 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 80 components and 2.1916 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269819Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.269832Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths. win_mult = win_mult * 1.2 selfcal true, true, soltime2 ! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 20 minute time intervals ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.269832Jy sigma=0.001340 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272814Jy sigma=0.001340 clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.271 mas, bmaj=2.729 mas, bpa=-4.211 degrees ! Estimated noise=405.952 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00385635 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00486403 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00514991 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00534605 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00534605 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003623 max=0.004674 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000079 rms=0.001295 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19695 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 18 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 95 components and 2.19695 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272769Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272778Jy sigma=0.001339 flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000762115 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000806114 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000887097 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000957842 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000957842 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.004271 max=0.004674 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000070 rms=0.001315 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19791 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 18 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 101 components and 2.19791 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272757Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.272756Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. win_mult = win_mult / 1.2 print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************" ! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL ************** restore ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7295 mas, bmaj=1.197 mas, bpa=-6.558 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.967 mJy/beam. ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7295 x 1.197 at -6.558 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0031635 max=1.2631 Jy/beam if(peak(flux) > thresh) selfcal true, true clean clean_niter,clean_gain selfcal flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam selfcal new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) selfcal true, true end if ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.272756Jy sigma=0.001339 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.364977Jy sigma=0.001175 ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7308 mas, bmaj=1.195 mas, bpa=-6.629 degrees ! Estimated noise=322.914 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.00245712 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.00305481 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.00331373 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00354428 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.00354428 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003220 max=0.002882 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000004 rms=0.000775 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19436 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 13 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 101 components and 2.19436 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.364951Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.365041Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000140685 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -3.97693e-05 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 5.05446e-05 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000134001 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000134001 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003257 max=0.002799 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000005 rms=0.000764 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.1945 Jy ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 103 components and 2.1945 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.365020Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.365048Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Performing amp+phase self-cal ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.365048Jy sigma=0.001172 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.433118Jy sigma=0.001172 print "************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********" ! ************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER ********** clrmod true ! clrmod: Cleared the established and tentative models. uvw 2,-1 ! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels). ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.5457 mas, bmaj=0.8996 mas, bpa=-3.436 degrees ! Estimated noise=641.269 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.912299 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 1.36261 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 1.60407 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 1.74438 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 1.74438 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.012120 max=0.073743 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000587 rms=0.005444 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 1.74438 Jy uvw 0,-1 ! Uniform weighting is not currently selected. ! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1. ! Radial weighting is not currently selected. flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam ! Adding 8 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 8 components and 1.74438 Jy ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7316 mas, bmaj=1.196 mas, bpa=-6.55 degrees ! Estimated noise=323.229 mJy/beam. repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.177027 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.269089 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.323155 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.35697 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.35697 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.006113 max=0.020876 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000468 rms=0.003697 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.10135 Jy ! Adding 46 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 46 components and 2.10135 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (0.6, 0.2). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0239393 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0411403 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0538936 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0634196 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0634196 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003233 max=0.005687 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000134 rms=0.001287 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.16477 Jy ! Adding 46 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 84 components and 2.16477 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Added new window around map position (-1.4, -1.8). ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00721684 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0128438 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0172837 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.020816 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.020816 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.002796 max=0.003092 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=0.000019 rms=0.000811 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.18558 Jy ! Adding 44 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 102 components and 2.18558 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0.3,taper_size ! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths. clean clean_niter,clean_gain ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=2.272 mas, bmaj=2.731 mas, bpa=-4.254 degrees ! Estimated noise=405.248 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00428993 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00633089 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00680846 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00725368 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00725368 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003610 max=0.004400 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000040 rms=0.001102 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19284 Jy flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam repeat if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult clean clean_niter,clean_gain flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam keep new_peak = peak(flux) until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff) ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00021173 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000361204 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000527714 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000559071 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000559071 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003561 max=0.004447 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000046 rms=0.001081 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19339 Jy ! Adding 44 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 140 components and 2.19339 Jy ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec uvtaper 0,0 ! No UV-taper is currently set. clean ! Inverting map and beam ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7316 mas, bmaj=1.196 mas, bpa=-6.55 degrees ! Estimated noise=323.229 mJy/beam. ! clean: niter=200 gain=0.03 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.000753587 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000579951 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.0003392 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -4.74727e-05 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -4.74727e-05 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.003121 max=0.002859 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000018 rms=0.000735 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19335 Jy selfcal ! Performing phase self-cal ! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 150 components and 2.19335 Jy ! ! Correcting IF 1. ! ! Correcting IF 2. ! ! Correcting IF 3. ! ! Correcting IF 4. ! ! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.433134Jy sigma=0.001173 ! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.433121Jy sigma=0.001170 wmodel J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.mod ! Writing 150 model components to file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.mod wobs J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.fits ! Writing UV FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.fits wwins J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.win ! wwins: Wrote 7 windows to J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.win x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4 addwin -x,x,-x,x clean (field_size*4),0.01 ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! clean: niter=1024 gain=0.01 cutoff=0 ! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.0013417 Jy ! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.00188799 Jy ! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.00179926 Jy ! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.00153671 Jy ! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = -0.00136589 Jy ! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = -0.00115801 Jy ! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = -0.000955225 Jy ! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = -0.000678001 Jy ! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = -0.000600178 Jy ! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = -0.000485364 Jy ! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = -0.000446964 Jy ! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = -0.000409458 Jy ! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = -0.000335977 Jy ! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = -0.000372245 Jy ! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = -0.000300415 Jy ! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = -0.000336227 Jy ! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = -0.000336304 Jy ! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = -0.00037119 Jy ! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = -0.000440264 Jy ! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = -0.000474401 Jy ! Total flux subtracted in 1024 components = -0.000474348 Jy ! Clean residual min=-0.001841 max=0.001785 Jy/beam ! Clean residual mean=-0.000008 rms=0.000636 Jy/beam ! Combined flux in latest and established models = 2.19287 Jy keep ! Adding 72 model components to the UV plane model. ! The established model now contains 221 components and 2.19287 Jy ![Exited script file: muppet] wmap "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.fits" ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7316 x 1.196 at -6.55 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0030045 max=1.2638 Jy/beam ! Writing clean map to FITS file: J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.fits float peak_flux peak_flux = peak(flux,max) print "The peak flux is",peak_flux ! The peak flux is 1.26375 invert ! Inverting map ! Your choice of large map pixels excluded 4.12% of the data. ! The x-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1541 milli-arcsec ! The y-axis pixel size should ideally be below 0.1756 milli-arcsec float image_rms image_rms = imstat(rms) print "The final image rms is",image_rms ! The final image rms is 0.000636487 device "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.eps/VPS" ! Attempting to open device: 'J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.eps/VPS' loglevs 100*3*image_rms/peak_flux ! The new contour levels are: ! -0.151095 0.151095 0.30219 0.604379 1.20876 2.41752 4.83503 9.67006 19.3401 38.6803 77.3605 print "clev=",int(3*image_rms*10000)/10000 ! clev= 0.0019 print "peak=",int(1000*peak_flux)/1000 ! peak= 1.263 mapcolor none ! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5. mapplot cln ! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'. ! Restoring with beam: 0.7316 x 1.196 at -6.55 degrees (North through East) ! Clean map min=-0.0030045 max=1.2638 Jy/beam mapcolor color, 0.9 ! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5. device "J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus\_map.gif/vgif" ! Attempting to open device: 'J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_map.gif/vgif' mapplot cln quit ! Quitting program ! Log file J0854+2006_X_1999_12_20_pus_uvs.log closed on Tue Dec 18 12:44:59 2007

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731534

# Presentation: 731534 ## 5 most important scientific results over the 3 years:(not in order of importance) - Physics of the current hole phenomena - B.C. Stratton, J.A. Breslau, R.V. Budny, et al, “The Role of axisymmetric Reconnection Events in JET Discharges with Extreme Shear Reversal”, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, **44**,1127 (2002) - J. A. Breslau, S. C. Jardin, and W. Park, “Simulation Studies of the Role of Reconnection in the “Current Hole” experiments in JET”, Phys. Plasmas, **10**, 1665 (2003) - W. Park, J. A. Breslau, J. Chen, et al, “Nonlinear Simulation Studies of Tokamaks and STs”, Nuclear Fusion, **43**, 483 (2003) - Suppression of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability by a magnetic field - R. Samtaney, “Suppression of the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability in the Presence of a Magnetic Field”, Phys. Fluids, 15, L53-L56 (2003) - Diamagnetic stabilization of MHD modes and enhanced reconnection in stellarators - H. Strauss, G. Fu, W. Park, et al, “Nonlinear MHD and Energetic Particle Modes in Stellarators”, IAEA-CN-94/TH/P2-12 (19th IAEA Fusion Energy Conf. Lyon, France) - L. E. Sugiyama, H. R. Strauss, W. Park, G.Y. Fu, et al, “Two-fluid limits on stellarator performance” Explanation of three stellarator puzzles and comparison to axisymmetric plasmas, “submitted to IAEA 2004 - First-principles calculation of a tokamak thermal quench - S. E. Kruger, D. D. Schnack, D. P. Brennan, T. A. Gianakon, and C. R. Sovinec, “Nonlinear MHD dynamics of tokamak plasmas on multiple time scales”, submitted to Nuclear Fusion - E. D. Held, J. D. Callen, C. C. Hegna, et al, “Non-local closures for plasma fluid simulations”, Phys. Plasmas **11** 2419 (2004) - MHD and energy transport in SSPX - R. H. Cohen, H. L. Berk, B. I. Cohen, et al, “Theoretical investigation of field-line quality in a driven spheromak”, Nuclear Fusion, **43**, 1220 (2002) - G. A. Cone and C.R. Sovinec, “Controlled ramp-down of decaying spheromak plasmas”, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 152 (2003) ## What is the role of Advanced Computing? - All of the projects in our center make use of advanced computing - The CEMM center used over 6,000,000 NERSC node-hours in FY2003 - mp288, mp21, mp94, mp290, m127, m275 ## What have we learned from the ISICs? - It has been confirmed that high order (3-5th) finite elements are a big win for fusion MHD: - a must for highly anisotropic heat conduction - leads to smaller matrices for same accuracy, making an implicit time advance feasible - Adaptive Mesh Refinement is a powerful tool for some transient problems with a range of space scales, - but it’s usefulness for slow-growing MHD modes has not been demonstrated. - It is valuable to have multiple, interoperable linear solvers available. - this is especially true now that the Cray-X1 is in the mix of architectures available to us ## Is progress limited by computing power or by algorithms? - All of our new applications will be resource limited. - The resources available determine the allowed resolution, - This in turn determines what range of physical parameters can be realistically modeled. - However, our model extension activities require better algorithms.

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185161

# Presentation: 185161 ## New Orleans Federal Executive Board Presents ## A Message from the Chair, 2004 Federal Executive Board **“****Imagine, if you can, a United States Government without public servants. I cannot imagine what our country would be like without them. Every day we are all touched in some way and our lives are enriched by the services, products, protections, and benefits provided by those in public service.”** ## Greetings from the White House **Public service is a high calling and an expression of responsible citizenship...I commend all those dedicated to helping others, and I applaud public servants for your leadership and patriotism...Laura joins me in sending our best wishes for a memorable week.** ## FEB Policy Committee **Marvel Robertson** - Chairman, HUD **Leslye Baronich** - First Vice-Chairman, IRS **William Gibson, Jr.** - Second Vice Chairman, SPR **Dennis Bruhl** - SSA **Alan J. Cousin, Sr.** - US Postal Service - Captain James Stark for **RADM Robert F. Duncan** - 8th Coast Guard District ## FEB Policy Committee **Rowland Christian** - VARO **Dr. John Patrick Jordan** - ARS, SRRC - Orval Nangle for **Lt. Gen Dennis M. McCarthy** - Marine Forces Reserve **Cyrus G. Lohfink** - USDA/OFM/NFC **Michael Loria** - GSA - Mark Gant for **Louis M. Reigel** - FBI ## FEB Policy Committee **Col. Peter J. Rowan** - DOD, USACE - Charles Martino for **RADM John G. Cotton ** - Naval Reserve Force **Paul S. Trotter** - NWS - _EX-OFFICIO_ - Dwayne Holland - United Way (CFC) - Linda Simmons - Federal Personnel Council ## Training & Awards Program - May 6, 2004 ## Pat Evans,Trainer - Building - Leadership ***on*** ## Eddie J. Jordan, Jr.Orleans Parish District Attorney ## Honoring America **Daryl Ann Dabon, USDA** **National Anthem.** **MSgt. Julius B. Huggins, US MC, Pledge of Allegiance.** **Honoring America** ## Mistress of CeremonyVanessa E. Winins **US Department of State,** **PSRW Training & ** **Awards Program Chair** ## Opening PrayerDr. Warren V. Cooper, Jr. **Pastor, Branch Bell Baptist ** **Church & St. Andrew ** **Baptist Church** ## Welcome **Marvel Robertson,** **FEB Chair** **JoAnn Rochon** **2004 PSRW Chair** ## Jackie ClarksonNew Orleans City Council **On behalf of the Mayor, City Council, and all of New Orleans City government, Jackie Clarkson thanks Federal Employees for ** **their service.** ## Thank You Judges - Wayne Benjamin - Vice-President/Manager of Purchasing, - Times-Picayune Newspaper - Edgar Chase - Dean of Business, - Dillard University - Robert K. Whelan - Professor and Interim MPA Coordinator, - Freeport McMoran ## Distinguished Service Award Winners ## Richard B. PinnerOutstanding Professional **Army Corps ** **of Engineers** ## Kathleen WilliamsOutstanding Administrative **Naval Support** **Activity** ## Thomas G. WaguespackOutstanding Technical Support **Army Corps ** **of Engineers** **Thomas G. Waguespack****Outstanding Technical Support** ## Sherri MageeOutstanding Administrative Support **Naval Support** **Activity** ## Lawrence A. White, Jr.Outstanding Trade/Craft **Naval Air Station** ## Gail NorrisOutstanding Federal Supervisor, Level I **Naval Reserve** **Personnel Center** ## Nadine M. TheodoreOutstanding Federal Supervisor Level II **U.S. Coast Guard** ## Kenneth A. FrickOutstanding Federal Manager **Department of** **Veterans Affairs** ## Charles J. RomeOutstanding Community Volunteer **Army Corps of** **Engineers** ## Ronald FoganOutstanding Military Officer Jr. Grade **U.S. Coast Guard** ## Verne B. GiffordOutstanding Military Officer Field Grade **U.S. Coast Guard** ## John DebboutOutstanding Military Flag Officer **U.S. Naval Reserve** ## Brett L. SprengerOutstanding Military Non-Commissioned Officer **U.S. Coast Guard** ## Timothy MurphyOutstanding Military Senior Non-Commissioned Officer **U.S. Coast Guard** ## The Benjamin Award **Awarded to Alan J. Cousin, Sr., Postmaster, New Orleans by Anthony J. Ruda, ** **District Manager, Louisiana Customer Service and Sales, ** **U.S. Postal Service** ## Honorable Mention - Nelson Alexander - Dept. Homeland Security - Merril Ben - Naval Reserve Personnel Center - Kevin Benit - USDA National Finance Center - Teresa Callahan - Dept. Homeland Security - Allen Carman - Dept. Homeland Security - Janell Coleman - Social Security Admin - Matthew Coman - Dept. of Justice - Robert Cosby - USDA National Finance Center ## Honorable Mention - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Leander Dent - Marine Forces Reserve - Glenda Dorsey - USDA National Finance Center - Rhonda Evans - Naval Reserve Forces - Jeffrey Fox - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Vernon Gardner - Naval Reserve Forces - Adam Gillespie - Naval Air Station - June Gordon - Naval Support Activity **Honorable Mention** ## Honorable Mention - Naval Reserve Forces - Judith Hamilton - Social Security Admin. - Deirdre Harris - Internal Revenue Service - Jason Jackson - Naval Support Activity - Antonio Jones - US Coast Guard - Darlene Larkin - Naval Reserve Forces - JoAnn Lawrence - Small Business Admin. - Candace Letort - USDA National Finance Center **Honorable Mention** ## Honorable Mention - Naval Support Activity - Meg Rapelye - US Coast Guard - Beatrice Roberson - Dept. Homeland Security - Senovia Robinson - Naval Reserve Forces - James Russell - Naval Reserve Forces - Justin Sidwell - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Katherine Taylor-Williams - HUD **Honorable Mention** ## Honorable Mention - Food & Drug Admin - Michael Wallace - Navy Enlisted Placement Management Center - Jeanne Whitehurst - US Coast Guard - Edward Wright - Dept. Veterans Affairs **Honorable Mention** ## Special Recognition **Barry Jackson, 2003 FEB Chair, retired with nearly 35 years of service from the Dept of Veterans Affairs. ** **Patricia Tate Bivins, 1999 FEB Chair, retired with more than 37 years of service from the EEOC.** ## U.S. Navy Band ## Special Thanks To.. - EEOC - Minerals Management Service - Strategic Petroleum Reserve - USDA-ARS,SRRC - Marine Corps Color Guard - US Navy Band - Sheraton Hotel - Ronnie Attaway Trophy House - N.O. District Attorney’s Office - University of New Orleans **..For their assistance** ## Special Thanks To.. - Kathy Goss, Interpreter - Felicia Duhe, Interpreter - Donna Maeder, Photographer - Daryl Ann Dabon, Vocalist - New Horizon Computer Learning Center - City of New Orleans Mayor’s Office - N.O. City Council-woman Jackie Clarkson - Big Easy Flowers - Hamilton Enterprises **Special Thanks To..** **..For their assistance** ## Training & Awards Program Committee - Vanessa Winins, Chair, Dept. of State - Trinia Bax, USDA ARS - Kermit Brazley, Retired, US Navy - Karen Clampitt, Dept. of Labor - Hedy Duplessis, US Postal Service - Julius Huggins, US Marine Corps - Alma Reneau, US Postal Service - Tanya Shorter, US Postal Service - Sharon Varnado - US Postal Service ## Distinguished Service Awards Committee - Kathy Alost, Chair, Social Security Admin. - Karen Clampitt, Dept. of Labor - Kermit Brazley, Retired, US Navy - Vanessa Matthews, Minerals Mgmt. Service - Brenda Vincent, US Navy SPAWAR - Jelessa Hubbard, VA Regional Office ## Media/Publicity Committee - Trinia Bax, Chair, USDA - ARS, SRRC - Christine Albert, VA Medical Center - Tydell Nealy, EEOC - Audrey Grant, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Mall Outreach Program - Lakeside Mall - May 4, 2004 ## Mall Exhibits Committee - Andrea Foreman, Chair, Social Security Administration - Patricia Driscoll, Small Business Administration - Deanna Harvey, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Outreach Program Committee - Patricia Brown, Chair, National Weather Service - Erania Ebron, EEOC - Francine LaMothe, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve - Jan Pretus, Internal Revenue Service - Selina Fleury, VA Regional Office - Susan Massenburg, DOE, Strategic Petroleum Reserve ## Recognition of the Lakeside **Recognition of the Lakeside ** **Veterans Organization; ** **Veterans of WWII & ** **Korean War** ## Hurricane SafetyPresentation by the National Weather Service ## JoAnn Rochon, PSRW Chair and Andrea Foreman (background) welcome everyone to the Public Outreach and Mall Event **Welcome** ## Opening Remarks **Opening Remarks** **Patricia Brown** **Marvel Robertson** ## U.S. Navy Color Guard **U.S. Navy Color Guard** ## U.S. Marine Corps Band **U.S. Marine Corps Band** ## Business PlanningService Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) ## Small Business AdministrationStarting a Small Business ## Department of LaborUnderstanding FMLA, Minimum Wages, and Overtime ## U.S. Postal Inspection ServiceIdentity Theft **U.S. Postal Inspection Service****Identity Theft** ## St. Louis Cathedral SchoolMusical Salute **St. Louis Cathedral School****Musical Salute** ## Participating Organizations - Customs & Border Protection - USDA Agriculture Research Service - USDA National Finance Center - DOE Strategic Petroleum Reserve - DOI Minerals Management Service - Drug Enforcement Agency - EEOC - Housing and Urban Development - Immigration and Customs Enforcement ## Participating Organizations - Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Advocate Service - Jefferson Parish Fire Department - DOL Management Standards - DOL Office of Federal Contracts Compliance - Jefferson Parish Housing Authority - Louisiana Dept of Health/ Human Resources - Louisiana Dept of Hospitals Children’s Special Health Services - Louisiana Dept of Social Services Office of Family Support ## Participating Organizations - Louisiana Dept of Social Services; Office of Family Support - LSU Agricultural Center - National Weather Service - Naval Reserve Recruiting Office - Small Business Admin - Social Security Admin - Army Corps of Engineers - Army Recruiting - Border Patrol - Coast Guard - Marine Crops Recruiting - Passport Agency - Postal Service ## Participating Organizations - Probation Office - VA Medical Center - VA Regional Office - Marine Corps Band - Navy Color Guard - St. Louis Cathedral School Choir - Service Corps of Retired Executives - Lakeside Veterans Organization (WWII and Korean War Veterans) ## Mall Exhibits **U.S. Army Corps of Engineers** ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits **Department of Homeland Security** **Bureau of Customs Border Protection** **Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement** **Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services** ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits ## Mall Exhibits **Social Security Administration** ## Mall Exhibits **U.S. Dept. Veterans Affairs** ## Mall Exhibits **U.S. Postal Service Values Diversity** ## Federal Employees **Federal Employees** ***Employees were treated to discounted tickets at the May 9 game ******against****** the Orlando Predators. The VooDoo lost by a score of 40-45, but it was still a great game!*** ***GO Z’s! The New Orleans Zephyrs *** ***hosted both the Memphis Redbirds and Federal employees on May 7, culminating with a win 11-4 and fireworks spectacular.*** ***AT PLAY*** ## The New Orleans Federal Executive Board thanks those who participated in this year’s events, and those who serve all year long.

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# **GUIDANCE FOR THE** # **WILLIAM F. GOODLING EVEN START** # **FAMILY LITERACY PROGRAMS** # PART B, SUBPART 3 OF TITLE I # OF THE # ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) ![](media/image1.png){width="2.6493055555555554in" height="2.6493055555555554in"} **UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION** **WASHINGTON, DC** **SEPTEMBER 2003** # **[TABLE OF CONTENTS]{.underline}** ## Introduction ## ## Background page 2 ## > Purpose of the Guidance page 3 ### State Administration State Plans page 4 ####### Committee of Practitioners page 4 *Membership* State-Level Activities page 5 #### Administration #### Technical Assistance *Developing and Using Even Start Indicators of Program Quality* Competition for Subgrants page 8 #### Review Panel > *Selection Criteria* > > *Eligible Entity* ######### Project Funding page 12 *Minimum Subgrant Amounts* *Federal and Local Share* *Indirect Costs* ######### Duration of a Project page 15 #### Start-Up Period *Continuing Eligibility* *Insufficient Progress* ### Local Administration Program Elements page 17 *Identification and Recruitment of Families Most In Need of Even Start Services* *Screening and Preparation of Participants* *Flexible Scheduling and Support Services* *High-Quality, Intensive Instructional Services* *Staff Qualifications* *Staff Training* *Home-Based Instructional Services* *Year-Round Services* *Coordination with Other Programs* *Instructional Programs Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research* *Attendance and Retention* *Reading Readiness Activities Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research* *Continuity of Services* *Providing Services to Families Most In Need* *Local Independent Evaluation* Participant Eligibility page 23 #### Parents #### Children *Parents or Children in Private Schools* #### Other Family Members #### Eligible Participants Enrolled in Other Programs ##### Migrant and Indian Families #### Continuing Family Eligibility #### Temporary Absence from the Project Local Application page 27 Fiscal Issues page 27 #### Title I, Part A Collaboration *Allowable Costs* *Unallowable Costs* *Maintenance of Effort* ## National Evaluation, Local Evaluation, and Indicators of Program Quality #### #### National Evaluation page 32 *Classroom Literacy Interventions and Outcomes Study (CLIO)* #### Local Evaluation page 34 ### Indicators of Program Quality page 34 ### Additional Resources for Family Literacy Common Definition of Family Literacy page 35 Title I, Part A page 35 Early Reading First, Title I, Part B, Subpart 2 page 35 Migrant Education, Title I, Part C page 36 Head Start page 37 Adult Education page 37 Bureau of Indian Affairs page 37 Education for Homeless Children and Youth, (McKinney-Vento Act) page 38 # **GUIDANCE FOR THE WILLIAM F. GOODLING** # **EVEN START FAMILY LITERACY PROGRAMS** ###### SEPTEMBER 29, 2003 ## [INTRODUCTION]{.underline} Even Start is an education program for the Nation's low-income families that is designed to improve the academic achievement of parents and their young children, especially in the area of reading. Researchers, teachers, and administrators alike now acknowledge the vital importance of high-quality early childhood education for all children. Young children who have good vocabularies and who are taught early reading skills before they start school are more likely to become good readers and to achieve academic success throughout their school careers. Education experts also acknowledge that parents play a critical role in the language and intellectual development of their children. Children who have parents who talk and play with them and who read to them have an important advantage. And parents who themselves are competent readers are more likely to have good jobs and be able to help their own children in school. Even Start provides educational services for the family, parents and children alike, so that adults and their children will be able to take advantage of and benefit from the tremendous opportunities available to them in this Nation. For adults and children with limited English proficiency, Even Start helps them make progress toward acquisition of the English language and attainment of a high level of literacy. The Even Start Family Literacy program was first enacted in 1988 as Part B of Chapter 1 of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). Most recently, the program was reauthorized and amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). With the enactment of NCLB, two programs that complement Even Start are the Reading First and Early Reading First programs. The Reading First program gives funds to States to invest in scientifically based reading instructional programs for the early grades; and the Early Reading First Program gives funds to districts and other entities to support the early language, literacy, and pre-reading development of preschool-age children. Even Start started in FY 1989 with an initial \$14.8 million appropriation that supported 76 projects and 2,460 families. By FY 2000, the appropriation was \$150 million, and 860 projects served 36,000 families. In FY 2003, the \$248.4 million appropriation will fund some 1,200 projects that will serve more than 50,000 families. From the total Even Start appropriation, the majority of the funds go to States for State-administered subgrants. With the remaining funds set aside at the Federal level, the following activities are conducted: (1) migrant, Outlying Areas, and Indian tribal programs; (2) a women\'s prison demonstration project; (3) evaluation, technical assistance, program improvement, and replication activities; (4) research on family literacy; and (5) Statewide family literacy initiative grants (depending on the appropriation level). **BACKGROUND** Even Start offers promise for helping to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and low literacy in the Nation. The program integrates early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and/or instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive parent and child literacy activities into a single, unified family literacy program. The design is based on the premise that these components build on each other and that families need to receive high-quality instructional services in all four areas \-- not just one or two \-- in order to bring lasting change and effectively improve parents' and children\'s literacy achievement. Even Start supports integrated family literacy services for parents and children, primarily from birth through age seven, and has three interrelated goals: - to help parents improve their literacy or basic educational skills; - to help parents become full partners in educating their children; and - to assist children in reaching their full potential as learners. The term "family literacy services" is defined in section 9101(20) of the ESEA as services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that are of sufficient intensity in terms of hours, and of sufficient duration, to make sustainable changes in a family, and that integrate all of the following instructional activities: (A) Interactive literacy activities between parents and their children. (B) Training for parents regarding how to be the primary teacher for their children and full partners in the education of their children. (C) Parent literacy training that leads to economic self-sufficiency. (D) An age-appropriate education to prepare children for success in school and life experiences. At minimum, a successful Even Start project should: build on high-quality, community resources; employ qualified staff; carry out instructional activities grounded in scientifically based reading research; be able to document significant literacy achievement results (for adults and children) for the majority of families served; and make sufficient program progress as defined by the State. We have learned from the previous national evaluations of Even Start that: - The instructional focus must be on literacy and cognitive development. - Intensity of services and duration of program participation are correlated with participant achievement. - Data must be used for program improvement. - State and local programs must develop and implement a well-defined system of ongoing program monitoring and evaluation that focuses upon effective practices and program results. **PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDANCE** This Guidance for the William F. Goodling Even Start Family Literacy Programs is written to assist States and local projects in understanding, administering, and implementing the Even Start program. The Guidance reflects changes made to the program by the Literacy Involves Families Together (LIFT) Act of 2000 that are reinforced and further strengthened by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Guidance in this document replaces all prior nonregulatory guidance for Even Start and also addresses questions raised by State and local officials regarding the law. States may refer to this guidance when administering funds under the State-administered portion of the Even Start program, and local recipients of Even Start funds may refer to this guidance when administering or operating projects supported by subgrants awarded by States or by direct grants from the U.S. Department of Education. This document includes an explanation of the statutory requirements authorized by NCLB and provides guidance for carrying out these requirements. Citations in the document, unless otherwise indicated, are to the ESEA. This document does not impose any requirements beyond those in the Even Start statute and other applicable Federal statutes and regulations. While States may consider this guidance in developing their own guidelines and standards, they are free to develop alternative approaches that are consistent with applicable Federal statutes and regulations. In other words, this document contains acceptable but not exclusive guidance concerning Even Start. However, compliance with the guidance in this document will be deemed by U.S Department of Education (ED) officials, including the Inspector General, as compliance with the applicable Federal statutes and regulations. **[STATE ADMINISTRATION]{.underline}** The Department awards formula grants to State educational agencies (SEAs or States), with each State receiving funding based on the relative proportion of funds it receives under the Part A of Title I allocation formula. States subsequently make competitive discretionary subgrant awards to partnerships of local educational agencies (LEAs) and other public and private entities for Even Start Family Literacy projects. **State Plans** States must submit a State plan to the U.S. Department of Education for their administration of Even Start, but may apply for Even Start funds either through a consolidated State plan under section 9302 or through a separate Even Start State plan. (See the Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR), sections 76.100 -- 76.106.) ## Committee of Practitioners Each State must form a Committee of Practitioners to advise the State in carrying out its responsibilities under Even Start and other programs under Title I of the ESEA. The Committee of Practitioners reviews, prior to publication, any proposed or final State rules or regulations issued concerning the program. (Section 1903(b)) The Committee of Practitioners must also be substantially involved in the development of the separate or consolidated State plan and continue to be involved in the monitoring of the plan's implementation by the State. For example, the Committee reviews portions of the State plan describing the Even Start subgrant competition process. ***Membership*** At a minimum, the Committee of Practitioners must include the following: - representatives of LEAs, as a majority of its members; - administrators; - teachers, including vocational educators; - parents; - members of local boards of education; - representatives of private school children; and - pupil services personnel. A State may also include additional members, such as family literacy experts or other individuals, who are familiar with Even Start. If no family literacy experts or individuals familiar with Even Start are formally on the Committee of Practitioners, a State is encouraged to invite such persons to participate in Committee of Practitioners meetings if Even Start or family literacy policies are on the agenda for discussion. **State-Level Activities** A State may reserve up to 6 percent of its Even Start grant for the following State-level activities: - administration (Section 1233(a)(1)); - technical assistance under section 1233(a)(2), provided to Even Start subgrantees for program improvement and replication through one or more subgrants or contracts with third parties; - technical assistance under section 1234(c), provided to Even Start subgrantees to improve the quality of Even Start family literacy services (early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive parent and child literacy activities) through a subgrant, contract, or cooperative agreement with a qualified entity; - technical assistance under section 1234(c) to help local programs raise additional funds, provided through a subcontract, contract, or cooperative agreement with a qualified entity; and - activities to develop, implement, and use the State's Even Start indicators of program quality under section 1240. As explained in more detail below, in order to support the high quality implementation of local projects, a State has significant flexibility under these various functions in how it divides State-level activities. The Secretary encourages States to specify in their accounting records how, and under what authority, the State is using its State-level funds. However, of the total that the State reserves for these State-level activities, the State may use no more than one-half of the total amount for administrative activities*.* (Section 1233(a)) #### After determining the amount of funds to be used for State-level activities (up to 6 percent of the State's total grant amount) and identifying the portion of those funds to be used for activities that it categorizes as administrative (up to one half of the total amount reserved), the State may use the balance of its State-level funds as described below to provide technical assistance and to carry out the State's indicators of program quality. The technical assistance should be designed to improve local programs and support the replication of successful programs, help local programs raise additional funds and improve the quality of Even Start family literacy services, and develop, implement, and use the State's indicators of program quality. #### Administration As explained above, a State may use up to one half of the total amount it reserves for State-level administrative activities. The State may use its administrative funds for indirect and direct administration costs, and to provide technical assistance and training to local Even Start projects to improve participant achievement results. Under section 9201, a State may consolidate its Even Start administrative funds with State administrative funds from some of the programs under the ESEA if the SEA is able to demonstrate that the majority of the agency's resources come from non-Federal sources. Eligible programs under section 9201 include any ESEA program in which funds are authorized to be used for administration, and any other programs that the Secretary designates. #### Technical Assistance A State may provide training and technical assistance for local subgrantees in several ways. Different statutory requirements apply depending upon the type of training and technical assistance that the State chooses to provide. States may provide these activities directly, as part of the State's administrative function discussed above or as a part of its implementation of the State's Even Start indicators of program quality discussed below. In addition, a State may use a portion of the non-administrative State-level funds it has reserved to provide technical assistance to Even Start projects under section 1233(a)(2), to improve those projects and replicate those of high quality. If the State chooses to provide technical assistance under section 1233(a)(2) to improve or replicate Even Start projects, it must also do so through a subgrant or contract with another entity. A State may also use a portion of the non-administrative State-level funds it reserves to provide technical assistance and training under section 1234(c), to assist local Even Start projects in improving the quality of their family literacy services (that is, to improve one or more of the Even Start core components that make up "family literacy services"). The State must provide this technical assistance and training through one or more subgrants, contracts, or cooperative agreements with an entity that has experience in offering high-quality training and technical assistance to family literacy providers. In addition, the State must give priority to programs of low quality as evaluated based on a State's indicators of program quality. For local programs that the State determines to have demonstrated effectiveness, the State also may use technical assistance funds under section 1234(c) to help those programs access and leverage additional funds to expand services to families and reduce waiting lists for services, including through using such mechanisms as requesting and applying for non-Federal resources. ######## ######## The State's use of funds for technical assistance and training in improving family literacy services under section 1234(c) may not result in a decrease from the level of activities and services that subgrantees provided to program participants in the previous year (section 1234(c)(1)). In other words, a State's reservation of funds for technical assistance and training under section 1234(c) cannot negatively affect the quality and intensity of services that can be provided by subgrantees to their program participants. ######## ######## Developing and Using Even Start Indicators of Program Quality A State may also use funds it reserves for technical assistance to develop and use its State indicators of program quality, as described in section 1240, to monitor, evaluate, and improve local projects within the State. These technical assistance activities, for example, may include training local project staff and evaluators on the following: how to improve the content of local evaluations so that they are aligned with State indicators of program quality; how to better use local evaluations for continuous program improvement; how to identify high quality professional development activities for local Even Start staff; and strategies to improve participant retention and literacy achievement results. (See National Evaluation, Local Evaluation, and Indicators of Program Quality \-- Indicators of Program Quality section.) In addition, a State could use those funds to provide the technical assistance required under section 1233(a)(3) to improve local projects that have made insufficient progress on the State's indicators of program quality before the State discontinues those projects for insufficient progress. Unlike the technical assistance and training that a State provides under sections 1233(a)(2) and 1234(c), a State may provide technical assistance and training under section 1240 to local subgrantees and evaluators on its indicators of program quality either directly or through a contract with another qualified entity. **Competition for Subgrants** The Even Start statute establishes certain required information that each local subgrant application must contain. (Section 1237) However, each State may develop its own application for funding and may require additional information relevant to its own subgrant competition. (EDGAR, section 80.37(a)) For example, a State may require applicants to address that State's Even Start indicators of program quality, priorities for funding that target areas that are especially underserved and in need of Even Start services, or any other relevant criteria to obtain the most qualified applicants. (See Local Application section.) However, any State priorities must be consistent with the statutory competitive priorities in section 1238(a)(2) explained below. A State must follow certain statutory requirements in awarding subgrants, including using statutory selection criteria and statutory priorities and using a review panel that includes certain required members. (Section 1238(a), and the Review Panel and Selection Criteria sections.) However, except as required by the Even Start statute or other Federal statutes or regulations, a State follows its own policies and procedures when awarding subgrants and, therefore, has substantial discretion over the competitive process for allocating funds to high-quality local projects that can help families most in need of Even Start services attain literacy achievement results. (EDGAR, section 80.37(a)) For example, a State's process could include such things as on-site reviews, convening of panelists in one location for a paper review, or a two-tiered review process (using a combination of an on-site review and paper review). Before issuing their instructions for a subgrant competition, the Department encourages States to consult with their Committees of Practitioners in developing the application review process, and any additions to the statutory selection criteria, and priorities that are consistent with those statutory requirements. (See Committee of Practitioners section.) #### Review Panel The SEA must establish a review panel to review and approve local subgrant applications. The review panel must consist of at least three members, including one early childhood professional, one adult education professional, and one individual with expertise in family literacy. Additional members may include one or more of the following: a representative of a parent-child education organization, a representative of a community-based literacy organization, a member of a local board of education, a representative of business and industry with a commitment to education, or an individual who has been involved in the implementation of the State's Title I programs, which include Reading First and Early Reading First. (Section 1238(a)(3)) In order to ensure a fair and objective evaluation of applications, an SEA must follow State conflict-of-interest requirements or policies that it may have with respect to the review of subgrant applications. ***Selection Criteria*** The review panel evaluates and approves local applications in accordance with the statutory selection criteria and priorities in section 1238(a) of the ESEA and any additional State requirements that are consistent with those statutory selection criteria and priorities. Those criteria include the likelihood of success in meeting the purposes of the Even Start program, and effectively implementing the 15 required program elements (see the Local Administration -- Program Elements section). The approved applications also must be representative of urban and rural regions of the State. (Section 1238(a)(1)(G)) In addition, the applicant must demonstrate that the area to be served has a high percentage or a large number of children and families who are in need of Even Start services as indicated by high levels of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, limited English proficiency, or other need-related indicators. (Section 1238(a)(1)(B)) Applicants must also show how they will provide services for at least a three-year age range, demonstrate the greatest possible cooperation and coordination between a variety of relevant service providers, include a cost-effective budget, demonstrate the applicant's ability to provide the local share of the program's costs, and show the greatest promise for providing models that may be adopted by other family literacy projects and other LEAs. (Sections 1238(a)(1)(C)-(F) and (H)) The SEA must give priority to applications that target services to areas of the State with a high percentage or large number of children and families in need of Even Start services, as indicated by high levels of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, limited English proficiency, or other similar need-related factors. (Section 1238(a)(2)(A)) Examples of other similar need-related factors, as listed in section 1238(a)(1)(B), are: a high number or percentage of children to be served by the program who reside in a school attendance area eligible for participation in Title I, Part A programs, a high number or percentage of parents who have been victims of domestic violence, and a high number or percentage of parents who are receiving "Temporary Assistance to Needy Families." In addition, the SEA must give priority to applications for projects that are located in areas designated as empowerment zones or enterprise communities. (Section 1238(a)(2)(B)) To find areas in the State that have been designated as empowerment zones or enterprise communities, contact the Governor's office. #### #### Eligible Entity To qualify as an "eligible entity" for an Even Start subgrant, an applicant must be a partnership between one or more LEAs [and]{.underline} one or more nonprofit community-based organizations, public agencies other than an LEA, institutions of higher education (including two- and four-year institutions), or public or private nonprofit organizations of demonstrated quality other than an LEA. (Section 1232(e)(1)) A partnership may take a number of different forms and can designate any partner as the fiscal agent for the subgrant or form a formal legal entity that is a partnership to serve as the fiscal agent. However, in each case, the partners should clearly delineate their respective roles and functions, identify the partner(s) that will serve as the fiscal agent, and agree in writing to any required assurances and authorizations. The partnership provisions in the Even Start law strengthen the connections between schools and communities and improve a project's ability to reach families in greatest need of services through community outreach. The connection of a project to an LEA and a school's resources also allows for greater ease in the continuity of family literacy services, especially when children make the transition between an early childhood education provider to a school. In order to reach out to the greatest number of possible applicants, the Secretary encourages States to inform all potentially eligible partners of the availability of funds for an Even Start program and the process they should follow in applying for a subgrant. Even Start projects are cooperative projects that build on high-quality, existing community resources to create a new range of services to serve families\' educational needs. (Section 1231(2)(A)) In addition to the formal partners who comprise the eligible entity applying for funding and administering the grant, an Even Start project has a number of collaborators who provide direct instructional or support services to participating families and may contribute to the local project's matching or cost share. These collaborators might include such local agencies as: the community library, the community college, the welfare agency, a day care program, a professional association, a faith-based organization, or a volunteer organization. The Department encourages projects to cultivate community investment in the program by building on high-quality community resources or bolstering the quality of these community resources, if necessary by supplementing those services. **Project Funding** ***Minimum Subgrant Amounts*** The Secretary encourages States to make subgrants that are of sufficient size, scope, and quality to be effective in meeting the purposes of Even Start, allow projects to meet their program objectives and participant achievement goals, and make maximum use of the resources available at the local community level. (Section 1233(b)) SEAs are encouraged to make continuation awards of sufficient size to ensure each project's continuity of high-quality services and successful program outcomes and participant achievement results. After reserving funds for administration and technical assistance and funding continuation grants for projects that demonstrate sufficient progress toward meeting their individual program objectives and the State's Even Start indicators of program quality, States must use the remaining funds to award new subgrants. (Section 1233(b)) The minimum amount of Federal funds required for a subgrant for programs in their first through eighth year of operation generally is \$75,000 per year. The minimum subgrant size of \$75,000 per year is reduced to \$52,500 for recipients in their ninth and succeeding years. If less than \$75,000 of Federal funds remain available for a fiscal year after the State has awarded all other subgrants, the SEA may fund one subgrant of less than \$75,000 for a project in its first through eighth year of operation for that fiscal year, or one subgrant of less than \$52,500 for a project in its ninth or subsequent year of operation for that fiscal year. However, each State may have only one project operating under these conditions at any given time. (Section 1233(b)(2)) ***Federal and Local Share*** An Even Start project's funding is comprised of a portion of funds attributable to the Federal grant (Federal share) and a portion contributed by the project (local share). The amount of the local share in the first year of the local project's grant must be at least 10 percent of the [total cost]{.underline} of the project. In the second year of Federal funding, the project must provide at least 20 percent of the total cost of the second-year budget; in the third year, at least 30 percent of the third-year total budget cost; in the fourth year, at least 40 percent of the fourth-year total budget cost; in the fifth through eighth years, at least 50 percent of each year's total budget cost; and in each subsequent year, at least 65 percent of each year's total budget cost. (See Duration of a Project -- Continuing Eligibility section.) (Section 1234(b)(1)) It is not necessary to reduce a project's grant award each year in order to satisfy the requirements for the progressively increased local share. Instead, a State may keep a project's grant award constant and require a sufficient increase in the local share. Or, a State may even increase the grant award for subsequent years, so long as there is a sufficient local share. The important consideration is that each project receives sufficient funds to operate a high-quality program that generates successful participant achievement results. A local project may provide its local share in cash or through in-kind contributions, fairly evaluated. The project may obtain its local share from any source, including any Federal funds other than Even Start funds. (Section 1234(b)(1)(B)) For an explanation of how to place a value on specific third-party in-kind contributions, see EDGAR, section 74.23 (for institutions of higher education and non-profit organizations) and section 80.24 (for LEAs and Indian tribes). An Even Start project may only use allowable costs to satisfy the project's local share. (See EDGAR, section 80.24.) For example, indirect costs are not allowable for Even Start local projects and, therefore, may not be used to meet a project's local share. (Section 1234(b)(3)) In addition, a project may only count costs or values of third-party in-kind contributions toward satisfying its local share for one Federal grant or contract at a time. For example, if Head Start is a collaborating agency with an Even Start project and counts a volunteer teacher's time for all of the children (including the children participating in Even Start) toward satisfying a Head Start matching requirement, the Even Start project may not count that same teacher's time toward meeting the Even Start local share. In the alternative, the Head Start program and the Even Start program may agree to split the value of the volunteer teacher's time proportionately, based on the numbers of Head Start and Even Start children served by that teacher, between the two programs for the purpose of each program's respective matching requirement. #### #### Indirect Costs Under the statute, Even Start funds generally may not be used for the indirect costs of a local Even Start project. Under certain circumstances, the Secretary may waive this limitation for Indian tribe or tribal organization Even Start grants from the Department. (Section 1234(b)(3)) **Duration of a Project** A local project's grant period may not exceed four years. (Section 1238(b)(1)) The Secretary encourages SEAs to award grants for periods of at least two years to allow projects sufficient time to implement fully all program elements and core components and have one year of data to use for demonstrating continuous improvement. After the end of a project's grant period, the Even Start project may reapply and compete for additional grants or subgrants of Even Start funds. (Section 1238(b)(5)) #### Start-Up Period Implementing a new Even Start project presents many challenges, and experience has shown that the average new project takes several months to become fully operational. At an applicant's request, an SEA may provide funds to a subgrantee for a three-to-six month start-up period during the first year of a grant period before requiring full implementation of the project. During this start-up period, a project may use its Even Start funds for such activities as staff recruitment and training, and coordination of services. (Section 1238(b)(2)) ***Continuing Eligibility*** In making continuation awards from year to year during a project's grant period, an SEA has considerable discretion over the amount of the continuation award and may weigh a variety of factors in determining whether a subgrantee has made sufficient progress. However, in an SEA's review of a subgrantee's progress, it must always consider the subgrantee's progress in meeting the objectives of its program and its progress on the State's Even Start indicators of program quality. (Section 1238(b)(3)) ***Insufficient Progress*** An SEA may refuse to award continuation funds to a subgrantee if the SEA determines that the program has not made sufficient progress, as evaluated against the State's Even Start indicators of program quality. Before discontinuing a subgrantee, a SEA must first provide technical assistance to see if the program can improve its progress on the State indicators of program quality and also give the subgrantee notice and an opportunity for a formal or an informal hearing. (Section 1238(b)(4)) The hearing requirement can be satisfied by the SEA providing a formal hearing on the record as described above under the Selection Criteria section, or by providing an informal hearing before the denial and the formal hearing on the record if requested by the applicant after the final denial of funds. SEAs are encouraged to keep records describing the technical assistance that has been given in compliance with these requirements. **[LOCAL ADMINISTRATION]{.underline}** **Program Elements** Each local Even Start program is a complex project comprised of many different elements that when added, should equal more than the sum of each individual element. The fifteen statutory required program elements for Even Start projects, primarily grounded in research and national evaluation data, are intended to ensure that projects offer high-quality services so that all participating families can achieve their literacy goals. (Section 1235) It is important to note that all Even Start projects funded both before and after the December 21, 2000 LIFT Act reauthorization are subject to that law's new requirements and, therefore, must be implementing all fifteen required program elements. Note that, the following program elements (numbered by their statutory paragraph number in section 1235) were new in 2000: #5 (staff qualifications); #10 (instructional programs based on scientifically based reading research); #11 (attendance and retention of families); #12 (reading readiness activities based on scientifically based reading research); and #13 (continuity of family literacy services). In addition, program element numbers 8 (year-round services) and 15 (local independent evaluation) have been amended. Local applications for continuing subgrantees should be amended to reflect compliance with the new requirements. (Section 1237(c)(2)(B)) These program elements clarify the methods for the best implementation of the four Even Start core requirements \-- early childhood education, adult literacy (adult basic and secondary-level education and/or instruction for English language learners), parenting education, and interactive literacy activities between parents and their children \-- and the activities needed to support successful programs. Program elements 1, 2, 11, and 14 relate to the targeting of Even Start services to the families most in need and ready to commit to the four-component program. Program elements 3-8 and 10 and 12 focus on the delivery of high-quality instructional and support services so participants can better achieve literacy gains. Program elements 9 and 13 describe coordination with relevant programs to complement and supplement the work of the local Even Start project. And program element 15 highlights program accountability and linkages between program implementation and participant outcomes. An elaboration of each program element is provided below. 1. ***Identification and Recruitment of Families Most In Need of Even Start Services***. (Section 1235(1)) Each project must identify and recruit families most in need of Even Start services, as indicated by a low level of income, a low level of adult literacy or English language proficiency of the eligible parent or parents, and other need-related indicators. It is important to note the distinction between families that are considered "eligible" for Even Start services and those actually served by a project. Even Start projects serve a small subset of the "eligible" population and must target families who are most in need of family literacy services. 2. ***Screening and Preparation of Participants***. (Section 1235(2)) Each project must screen and prepare parents (including teenage parents) and children to enable such parents and children to participate fully in Even Start activities and services. This includes testing of parents to ensure eligibility for services, referral to necessary counseling, other developmental and support services, and related services. A project should ensure that each member of an eligible family is fully ready to commit to the entire four-component Even Start program prior to considering them for program participation. 3. ***Flexible Scheduling and Support Services.*** (Section 1235(3)) Each project must be designed to accommodate participants' work schedules and other responsibilities. This includes providing support services, when such services are unavailable from other sources, which are necessary for full participation in the Even Start program. Flexibility in scheduling classes in order to optimize family participation and retention is especially critical given the demands of work participation requirements for public assistance, as is providing support services such as transportation, child care, and meals. However, the main focus of the Even Start program should still remain on providing high-quality instructional services and ensuring that participants make literacy gains. 4. ***High-Quality, Intensive Instructional Programs***. (Section 1235(4)) Each project must provide high-quality, intensive instructional programs that promote adult literacy and empower parents to support the educational growth of their children, developmentally appropriate early childhood services, and preparation of children for success in regular school programs. Each of the four core components is considered an instructional program. ***5. Staff Qualifications***. (Section 1235(5)) Each project must meet the following staff qualification requirements for staff whose salaries are paid in whole or in part with Even Start funds. Staff who are not paid with Even Start funds, such as staff supported by collaborators or partners, are not subject to the requirements of this program element. However, whatever the funding source, the Secretary encourages a project to make a concerted effort to use the most highly qualified staff available. > [Staff providing academic instruction]{.underline} > > Instructional staff are considered those staff members who provide > instruction in the four core Even Start components. *All instructional staff --* by December 21, 2004, a majority of the individuals providing academic instruction: 1. must have obtained an associate\'s, bachelor\'s, or graduate degree in a field related to (see Q11) early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education; and > 2\. if applicable, must meet qualifications established by the State > for early childhood education, elementary or secondary school > education, or adult education provided as part of an Even Start > program or another family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(A)(i)) *New instructional staff* who are hired to work in Even Start projects must, when they are hired: 1. have obtained an associate\'s, bachelor's, or graduate degree in a field related to early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education; and 2. if applicable, meet qualifications established by the State for early childhood education, elementary or secondary school education, or adult education provided as part of an Even Start program or another family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(B)) [Project Director]{.underline} Not later than December 21, 2004, the individual responsible for administration of family literacy services must have received training in the operation of a family literacy program. (Section 1235(5)(A)(ii)) [Paraprofessionals]{.underline} > Not later than December 21, 2004, paraprofessionals who provide > support for academic instruction must have a high school diploma or > its recognized equivalent. (Section 1235(5)(A)(iii)) 6. ***Staff Training.*** (Section 1235(6)) Each project must train staff, including child care staff, to develop the skills necessary to work with parents and young children in the full range of Even Start instructional services offered. Effective staff professional development may include a set of activities that produce a demonstrable and measurable effect on student academic achievement, and may include activities such as coaching and mentoring. While not directly applicable to the Even Start program, you may find useful concepts on high-quality professional development in Part B of the Title II, Part A guidance (Improving Teacher Quality, State Grants), located at www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SIP/TitleIIguidance2002.doc. 7. ***Home-Based Instructional Services.*** (Section 1235(7)) Each project must provide and monitor integrated instructional services to participating parents and children through home-based services. Even Start projects should provide home-based services for every Even Start family on a regular basis. These services should be designed to improve the literacy skills of parents or their children, or both, and communicate the message that the home is a child's first classroom, just as the parent is a child's first teacher. 8. ***Year-Round Services.*** (Section 1235(8)) Each project must operate on a year-round basis, including the provision of some program services, instructional and enrichment, during the summer months. This allows families to receive continuous opportunities to improve their learning and avoid the drop-off in achievement that often occurs during long breaks or vacations. Therefore, the families served during the summer should be the same families served during the school year. 9. ***Coordination with Other Programs.*** (Section 1235(9)) Each project must coordinate with relevant programs, such as Title I, Part A, Early Reading First, Reading First, Migrant Education, 21^st^ Century Community Learning Centers, Head Start, and volunteer literacy programs. Local projects must also coordinate with any relevant programs under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, and any other relevant programs. 10. ***Instructional Programs Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research***. (Section 1235(10)) Each project must use instructional programs based on scientifically based reading research (as defined in section 1208) for children and adults, to the extent such research is available. The underlying premise of basing instructional programs on scientifically based reading research is that using strategies and techniques that are demonstrated to be effective through the application of scientific research methods will give States, districts, and schools a higher probability that children enter school prepared to learn to read and adults significantly improve their literacy and help their children succeed in school. 11. ***Attendance and Retention.*** (Section 1235(11)) Each project must encourage participating families to attend regularly and to remain in the program a sufficient time to meet their program goals. Each individual program determines what is reasonable attendance for a family in order to achieve its educational goals and to remain as active participants in the program. If a family is not attending regularly, the project needs to work with the family to determine what is needed to allow them to be active participants. If such attempts still fail, the project should transition the family out of Even Start, perhaps to a more suitable program, and recruit a more committed family. 12. ***Reading Readiness Activities Based on Scientifically Based Reading Research.*** (Section 1235(12)) Each project must base its reading readiness activities for preschool children on scientifically based reading research (as defined in section 1208), to the extent available, to ensure children enter elementary school with the language, cognitive, and early reading skills necessary for reading success. Research shows that the most effective ways to reach this goal include: 1) creating classroom environments rich in age-appropriate print (from sources such as books, labeling, and posting the alphabet and children's pre-writing work); 2) teachers who deliver intentional, contextualized, and explicit instruction that supports children's age-appropriate development of oral language, phonological awareness, print awareness, and alphabet knowledge; 3) progress monitoring to determine which skills children are learning; and 4) intensive and ongoing professional development that includes mentoring and coaching in the classroom. 13. ***Continuity of Services.*** (Section 1235(13)) Each project must promote the continuity of family literacy, to the extent applicable, to ensure that individuals retain and improve their educational outcomes. Educational services supplementing in-school instruction provided through the early school years can be critical to sustaining gains made during the preschool years. 14. ***Providing Services to Families Most In Need.*** (Section 1235(14)) Each project must ensure that the program will serve those families most in need of Even Start activities and services. This is related to Program Element #1. 15. ***Local Independent Evaluation.*** (Section 1235(15)) Each project must provide for an independent evaluation of the program that it will use for program improvement. The independent evaluation generally is conducted annually and provides critical data and information to the local program on the performance of each family, as well as on the quality of the implementation of the core components and program elements. The project must use the data and information for participant progress monitoring and continuous program improvement to lead to better participant outcomes. (See the Local Evaluation section of this guidance for further information.) Although included as an application requirement rather than as a program element, each project must also provide services for at least a three-year age range of children, which may begin at birth. (Section 1238(a)(1)(C) and the State Administration -- Selection criteria section.) **Participant Eligibility** To be eligible for Even Start, a family that qualifies as "most-in-need" (Program Element section, Program Element #1) must have at least one eligible parent and one eligible child, as described below, participating together. (Section 1236) #### Parents The definition of "parent" includes, in addition to a biological or adoptive parent, a legal guardian or other person standing "in loco parentis." Generally, "in loco parentis" means a person acting in place of a parent and may include a person such as a grandparent or stepparent with whom the child lives, or a person legally responsible for the child's welfare. (Section 9101(31)) To be eligible for Even Start, an adult must be the "parent" of an eligible child, and either be: (1) eligible for participation in adult education and literacy activities under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act; (2) within the State's compulsory school attendance age range, so long as an LEA provides or ensures the availability of the basic education component required under this part; or (3) attending secondary school. > (Section 1236(a)(1)) Eligible participants under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act are individuals: (1) who have attained 16 years of age; (2) who are not enrolled or required to be enrolled in secondary school under State law; and (3) who\-- $i$ lack sufficient mastery of basic educational skills to enable the individuals to function effectively in society; $ii$ do not have a secondary school diploma or its recognized equivalent, and have not achieved an equivalent level of education; or $iii$ are unable to speak, read, or write the English language. (Section 203(1) of the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, 20 U.S.C. 9202(1)) #### Children Children at birth through age seven are eligible to participate in Even Start if their parent or parents are eligible for and participating in Even Start services. (Section 1236(a)(2)) Children over the age of seven also are eligible to participate in Even Start with an eligible parent if the local project collaborates with a program under Title I, Part A of ESEA, and Title I, Part A funds contribute to the cost of providing Even Start program services to those children. Although the participation of families with children over the age of seven is now permissible, the focus of a local program must continue to remain on families with young children. (See the Title I, Part A Collaboration section of this guidance for further information.) ***Parents or Children in Private Schools*** # The equitable participation provisions, applicable to Even Start for the first time under NCLB, are found in sections 9501-9504. These provisions require recipients of Federal funds to provide eligible school-age children who are enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, and their teachers or other educational personnel, educational services and benefits under those programs on an equitable basis. Eligible entities must provide the equitable services after timely and meaningful consultation with the appropriate private school officials. The services must be provided by the eligible entity or through a contractor that is independent of any private school or religious organization. This means that Even Start projects must consult with private school officials to determine how to ensure that private school students (elementary and secondary) are given the same opportunity to participate in the Even Start project as their public school counterparts. (See the Parents and Children sections of this guidance above for further information on who is eligible for Even Start, whether they attend public or private schools.) Specifically, the eligible entity must consult with private school officials to determine how to provide equitable Even Start services to eligible families in Even Start that have children enrolled in private elementary schools or parents enrolled in private secondary schools. Consultation between public and private school officials must occur before any decision is made that could affect the ability of private school families to participate (that is, as the project is being designed and before the application is submitted to the subgrant competition) and should continue throughout the implementation and assessment of activities. Consultation generally must include discussions on such issues as: how the private school families' needs will be identified; what services will be offered; how and where the services will be offered and provided; who will provide the services; how the services will be assessed and how the results of assessments will be used to improve those services; the amount of funds available for services; the size and scope of services to be provided; and how and when the LEA/agency will make decisions about the delivery of services. The Even Start services for eligible private school students must be comparable to the services for their public school counterparts in terms of quality, scope, and opportunity for participation. In addition, total program expenditures for services and benefits for participating elementary and secondary private school students must be equal (taking into account the relative numbers of those private and public school students participating in the Even Start program and their needs) to the expenditures for participating elementary and secondary public school students. #### Other Family Members Family members of eligible participants may participate in activities and services provided by an Even Start project, when appropriate, to serve the purposes of the program. For example, if the participation of an older sibling would enhance learning for the participating parent and child, then the older sibling may participate in appropriate Even Start activities such as home-based interactive literacy activities between parents and their children. #### Eligible Participants Enrolled in Other Programs So long as participating families meet the Even Start eligibility requirements described in section 1236, and qualify as most in need of Even Start services, they may participate in the program. Even Start is designed to build on, rather than duplicate, already existing high-quality community resources. Therefore, a child's enrollment in a high-quality Head Start program or, for school-age children, enrollment in a high-quality, regular school program, could satisfy the required early childhood education component of Even Start. Likewise, a parent's enrollment in a high-quality, adult basic education program could fulfill the adult education component of the Even Start program. In both examples, the Even Start project should provide supplemental learning opportunities to reinforce what is being taught through its collaborators and partners. The project\'s responsibility is to ensure the family receives all four core components at high enough levels of quality, either through a collaborator or directly from the project, in order for families to make literacy achievement gains. ***Migrant and Indian Families*** Eligible migrant and Indian families in need of family literacy services may participate like any other family in an Even Start project under the State-administered program. Organizations serving migrant families or Indian tribes or tribal organizations may also apply to SEAs for subgrants in partnership with an LEA, if the organizations qualify as one of the required entities under section 1232(e)(1)(B). In addition, migrant and Indian families may participate in programs funded through the Federal set-aside programs for migrant and federally recognized Indian tribes and tribal organizations. For each fiscal year in which the appropriation is greater than \$200 million, the Secretary must reserve six percent of the funds appropriated for the Even Start program (if the appropriation is \$200 million or less, five percent of such amount) for grants to projects serving migrant families, the outlying areas, and federally recognized Indian tribes and tribal organizations. (Section 1232(a)(1)) However, if the same migrant or Indian tribe or tribal organization receives both a grant from the Secretary and a subgrant from the SEA for an Even Start project, the funds may not be used for duplicative purposes (that is, the funds may not be used to provide the same services to the same families). (EDGAR, sections 75.531 and 76.760) #### Continuing Family Eligibility Families generally may participate in Even Start Family Literacy program services until all family members become ineligible for participation. In the case of families who enter the program with children ages birth through seven, when the parent has achieved his or her educational goals, the family continues to be eligible until all children in the family reach age eight. In contrast, if all children in a family have reached the age of eight and the participating parent has not achieved his or her educational goals, the family continues to be eligible for two more years until the youngest participating child is 10 years old or until the parent is no longer eligible for adult education services under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, whichever occurs earlier. In both situations, if a family chooses to continue participating in Even Start under the provisions for continuing family eligibility, the family must participate in all remaining appropriate Even Start services (parenting education, interactive parent and child literacy activities, home visits) until the family exits the program. (Section 1236(b)(2)) If the Even Start program collaborates with a Title I, Part A program and Part A contributes to paying the cost of the Even Start program, families are eligible and may participate in the Even Start program until the parent reaches his or her educational goals, regardless of the age of the child. However, the focus of the local program must continue to remain on serving families with young children. Family ineligibility in this situation occurs when the parent attains his or her educational goals. (Section 1236(b)(3) and the Title I, Part A Collaboration section of this guidance.) #### Temporary Absence From the Project Even Start is unique in that it is designed as a family literacy program, in which the eligibility of parents and children is interdependent. (Section 1236) To be eligible, at least one parent and one or more eligible children must participate together in an Even Start project. However, should a child or parent be temporarily absent due to extenuating circumstances, the other eligible family members may continue to receive Even Start services. **Local Application** In order to be eligible to receive a subgrant, an applicant must submit an application to the SEA in the form and containing the information required by the SEA. (See the Eligible Entity section of this guidance for further information on what constitutes an eligible applicant.) At a minimum, each application must demonstrate that the applicant has the qualified personnel needed to develop, administer, and implement a high-quality Even Start program and provide access to the special training necessary to prepare staff for program implementation. (Section 1237(b)) Each application must also include a plan of operation and continuous improvement for the program. (Section 1237(c)(1)) The plan must include the following information, as well as any other information required by the SEA: (A) a description of the program objectives, strategies to meet those objectives, and how the objectives are consistent with the State\'s indicators of program quality; (B) a description of the activities and services to be provided by the program, including a description of how the program will incorporate all of the program elements required by section 1235 (See the Local Administration -- Program Elements section.); (C) a description of the population to be served and an estimate of the number of participants to be served; (D) as appropriate, a description of the applicant\'s collaborative efforts with institutions of higher education, community-based organizations, the SEA, private elementary schools, or other eligible organizations, in carrying out the program; (E) a statement of the methods that the project will use to: ensure that it will serve families most in need of Even Start activities and services, provide Even Start services to individuals with special needs such as individuals with limited English proficiency and individuals with disabilities, and encourage participants to remain in the program for a time sufficient to meet the program\'s purpose; (F) a description of how the plan is integrated with other ESEA programs or other programs, as appropriate; and (G) a description of how the plan provides for rigorous and objective evaluation of progress toward the program objectives described in (A) and for continuing use of evaluation data for program improvement. Each plan submitted as part of an application is effective for the duration of the subgrantee's participation in Even Start and may be periodically reviewed and revised as needed. The plan may be submitted as part of a consolidated local application. (Section 1237(d)) **Fiscal Issues** An Even Start project must use Federal Even Start funds to support the cost of providing family literacy services that involve parents and children, primarily from birth through age seven, in a cooperative effort to help parents become full partners in the education of their children and to assist children in reaching their full potential as learners. (Section 1234(a)) The remaining cost of the program may be provided in cash or in kind from any source, including any Federal funds other than Even Start. (See the Federal and Local Share and Indirect Costs sections of this guidance for further information.) #### Title I, Part A Collaboration If a project collaborates with a program under Title I, Part A, and Title I, Part A contributes to paying the cost of providing programs under this part to children 8 years of age or older, the Even Start project can allow the participation of families with children 8 years of age or older. (See the Continuing Family Eligibility section of this guidance.) However, the focus of the local program must continue to remain on families with young children. (Section 1236(b)(5)) The intent of this provision is not to divert substantial Even Start funds to families with older children, but to encourage greater contribution from the Title I, Part A program. #### Allowable Costs Projects may use Federal Even Start grant funds and matching resources only for the allowable costs of those projects. (EDGAR, section 80.22) For each type of organization, there is a separate set of Federal principles for determining allowable costs. State-administered grants that have LEAs as the fiscal agent, and Indian tribes and tribal organizations, must use the cost principles in *OMB Circular A-87*. Grantees that have institutions of higher education (IHEs) as the fiscal agent must use the cost principles in *OMB Circular A-21*, and non-profit organizations that are fiscal agents must use *OMB Circular A-122*. (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/index.html) The cost principles provide general rules for allowability, and in addition, list alphabetically certain specific items of cost (such as "materials cost"), indicating whether those specific cost items are allowable, unallowable, or allowable only with the prior approval of the awarding agency. In general, unless prohibited by the statute, regulations, or cost principles, local projects may use Even Start funds and matching resources for costs that are necessary and reasonable to meet the objectives of their projects and provide each of the 15 required program elements, including the four core family literacy service instructional components. Following are some examples of allowable costs. Other allowable costs are found in EDGAR and the applicable cost principles. - [Materials and supplies]{.underline}. Generally, a project may use Federal Even Start funds and matching resources to purchase materials and supplies related to the Even Start project. (See the applicable cost principles under "material costs" or "materials and supplies.") - [Equipment]{.underline}. Generally, capital expenditures for equipment are allowable as a direct cost when approved by the awarding agency. The cost principles define "equipment" as an article of nonexpendable, tangible personal property having a useful life of more than one year and an acquisition cost which equals the lesser of (a) the capitalization level established by the governmental unit for financial statement purposes, or (b) \$5,000. Items of equipment with an acquisition cost of less than \$5,000 are considered to be supplies under Circular A-87 and are allowable under all of the cost circulars as direct costs of Federal awards without requiring specific awarding agency approval. (See the applicable cost principles under the paragraph of selected cost items concerning "Equipment and other capital expenditures": *Circular A-87*, Attachment B, paragraph 19; *Circular A-21*, Section J, paragraph 16; *Circular A-122*, Attachment B, paragraph 15.) - [Food and meals for project participants.]{.underline} A project may use Federal Even Start funds to purchase food and meals for project participants to the extent those expenditures are reasonable and necessary as a support service under section 1235(3), when unavailable from other sources and when necessary for a person's participation in the Even Start program. For example, providing food may be reasonable and necessary when academic instruction is provided in the evening and participants do not have time to eat at home before coming to the program, at recruitment functions, or when individuals otherwise would not participate in the program. However, entertainment costs, including meals when provided for the purpose of being a social activity or amusement, are unallowable under all of the cost principles. - [Minor remodeling.]{.underline} Even Start projects may use funds for the reasonable and necessary costs of minor remodeling, as that term is defined in EDGAR, section 77.1. Under that definition, "minor remodeling" means, in general, minor alterations to a previously completed building. The specific term does not include building maintenance and repairs, but both are allowable expenditures to the extent they are necessary and reasonable. The term excludes building construction or structural alterations to buildings, which are unallowable expenditures. - [Rental costs of buildings and equipment.]{.underline} Generally, reasonable rental costs are allowable under all of the OMB cost circulars, subject to specific requirements in each applicable OMB cost circular that should be reviewed before a project enters into a rental agreement. The rental or lease costs of buildings and equipment, which are owned by a partner to an Even Start grant (or to another entity with a less-than-arms-length relationship with any of the partners), generally are valued on a different basis than are buildings and equipment rented or leased from a third-party. (Refer to the applicable OMB cost circulars for more detail about valuation.) - [Transportation]{.underline}. Projects may spend Even Start funds on transportation for participants as a support service under section 1235(3), when unavailable from other sources and when necessary for a person's participation in the Even Start program. Transportation costs must be reasonable and necessary. If a project wishes to provide this transportation through the lease or purchase of a vehicle, such a lease or purchase would be considered a capital expenditure and the applicable OMB cost circular rules for equipment and capital expenditures apply, including the requirement to obtain the approval of the awarding agency. ***Unallowable Costs*** Following are some examples of unallowable costs. Other unallowable costs are found in EDGAR and the applicable cost principles. - [Indirect costs]{.underline}. Local Even Start projects may not use project funds (including Even Start funds and matching funds) for any indirect costs of a project. (Section 1234(b)(3)) The differences between direct and indirect costs are explained in the applicable cost principles described above. In general, indirect costs are those costs that are incurred for common or joint purposes among multiple cost objectives (for example, the Even Start program and the school district's program) and cannot be readily and specifically identified with a particular final cost objective without effort disproportionate to the results achieved (for example, the cost of heating and lights for a building in which multiple programs are located). States may use the Even Start funds that they reserve for State-level activities for indirect costs at the State level. - [Constructing, renovating, or acquiring real property.]{.underline} An Even Start project may not use Federal Even Start funds or matching resources to acquire real property, or for construction or renovation. (See EDGAR, section 75.533 for direct grantees of the Department, and section 76.533 for State-administered subgrants.) Construction includes structural alterations to buildings, but does not include minor remodeling (see above). - [Organized fundraising.]{.underline} Under *OMB Cost Circular A-87*, the costs of organized fundraising, including financial campaigns, solicitation of gifts and bequests, and similar expenses incurred to raise capital or obtain contributions are unallowable. However, expenditures of funds to obtain the statutorily required cost or matching share for Even Start grants are not considered to be unallowable fundraising. ***Maintenance of Effort*** Beginning with FY 2002, Even Start programs are subject to a maintenance-of-effort requirement (section 9521), which is the same as the requirement that has applied to Title I, Part A for a number of years (section 1120(A)(a)). As applied to Even Start, the maintenance-of-effort requirement means that an Even Start project may receive funds only if the SEA determines that the project's LEA partner's combined fiscal effort per student or the aggregate expenditures of the LEA and the State with respect to the provision of free public education by the LEA for the preceding fiscal year was not less than 90 percent of the combined fiscal effort or aggregate expenditures for the second preceding fiscal year. However, in cases where a school district has failed to maintain effort in education expenditures, ED may waive that requirement if such a waiver would be equitable due to\-- (1) exceptional or uncontrollable circumstances such as a natural disaster; or (2) a precipitous decline in the financial resources of the local educational agency. For additional information on the maintenance-of-effort requirement, you may want to talk with your Title I State or LEA director. **[NATIONAL EVALUATION, LOCAL EVALUATION,]{.underline}** **[AND INDICATORS OF PROGRAM QUALITY]{.underline}** #### National Evaluation Since Even Start's first year, the legislation has included an evaluation requirement at the national level. Though the legislative mandate has changed slightly over the years, the national evaluation's basic purposes have remained the same \-- to describe Even Start projects and participants, to examine the performance and effectiveness of Even Start projects, and to identify effective Even Start projects for use in program improvement and technical assistance. There have been three national Even Start evaluations since the inception of the program. The following overall findings have emerged from the three national evaluations completed to date: 1) Even Start projects are generally able to implement the legislatively required program elements. We cannot say that all of the services provided by Even Start projects are of excellent quality, but we do know that all of the legislatively required program elements are being provided and that the letter of the law is met by all but a very few grantees. 2) On average, Even Start participants make gains on measures of literacy. These gains are generally small, particularly given the very low literacy levels of children and adults when they start the program. 3) When information has been available from a randomly-assigned control group, Even Start participants have made literacy gains; however, the gains are no greater than the gains made by members of the control group. The latest available evidence is from the third national Even Start evaluation's Experimental Design Study (EDS). (To access a copy of the *Third National Even Start Evaluation*, go to www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/disadv/evenstartthird/toc.html.) Compared with the Even Start population, the 18 EDS projects over-represent Even Start programs that serve ESL Hispanic families in urban areas. While such over-representation means that care should be taken in applying the findings to Even Start projects as a whole, almost 50 percent of the families served by Even Start are Hispanic and about 50 percent of the projects are in urban areas. Hence, the EDS findings apply to an important and growing part of the Even Start population. The key findings include: - While Even Start children and parents made gains on literacy assessments and other measures, children and parents in the 18 Even Start programs that participated in the EDS did not gain more than children and parents in the control group, about one-third of whom also received early childhood education or adult education services. - Even Start serves a very disadvantaged population. Compared with Head Start, Even Start parents are much less likely to have a high school diploma, and Even Start families have substantially lower annual household income. - Even Start children and parents made small gains on literacy measures and scored low compared to national norms when they left the program. Even Start children gained four standard score points on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the same gain made by control group children and by children in the Head Start FACES study. - Families in the program do not take full advantage of the services offered by Even Start projects; they participate in a small amount of instruction relative to their needs and program goals. - While the early childhood classroom experiences provided by the EDS projects were of overall good quality, there was not sufficient emphasis on language acquisition and reasoning to produce measurable impacts and hence to achieve legislative outcomes. Further study is needed to better document the quality and content of Even Start's instructional services. - The extent to which parents and children participated in literacy services is related to child outcomes. Each of the national evaluations has shown that Even Start is a complicated program that takes time to understand and implement fully. The focus on literacy for the family as a unit is a special challenge, as is the requirement to build on existing services to create a unified family literacy program in a community. Maintaining a literacy focus and ensuring that collaborators share the goals and objectives of Even Start are critical factors, since Even Start projects are held accountable for literacy outcomes, regardless of collaborators' objectives. By integrating the four core instructional components, Even Start projects seek to provide a value-added dimension to families' literacy experiences and outcomes. These characteristics make Even Start unique and exciting, but also difficult to evaluate. The Department is implementing several strategies to help States and local projects improve program performance, in part, to directly respond to findings from the *Third National Even Start Evaluation*. ED is working with States and local projects to strengthen the quality of each instructional component and identify examples of local projects that are achieving significant results in student achievement. In addition, ED will conduct a peer review of State indicators of program quality to ensure that all States have indicators that reflect high standards, use appropriate assessment tools, and allow States to use their indicators to monitor and improve local projects. Also, ED is helping to improve the quality of State and local evaluations through development of a revised guide to local evaluation and accompanying technical assistance. # ***Classroom Literacy Interventions and Outcomes Study (CLIO) (2003-07)*** # # Research evidence from previous national Even Start evaluations has prompted an evaluation effort to identify effective family literacy models. Two experimental evaluations have shown that Even Start projects, as currently implemented, have not been effective at increasing the literacy skills of participating children and their parents over and above that of control children and their parents. The CLIO study will test the effectiveness of various enhanced family literacy interventions in promoting: (a) literacy and other school readiness skills in low-income children; (b) parent literacy; and (c) parent involvement as teachers of their own child, especially in the area of early literacy. The goal of the CLIO study is to provide information for Even Start family literacy projects on the literacy gains made by children and parents who participate in projects offering different family literacy curricula. #### Local Evaluation Each Even Start project is required to conduct an independent evaluation of the program to be used for continuous program improvement. (Section 1235(15)) These evaluations are generally conducted annually and provide local projects with critical information on individual participant achievement results and areas of program strength and weakness. These evaluations also provide local projects, States, the Department, and the Congress with objective data about the activities and services provided by the project, all the participants served, the retention rates of those participants, and the achievement of all families in the project. (See Local Administration -- Program Element #15 for more information.) ### Indicators of Program Quality Section 1240 requires each State that receives Even Start funds to develop indicators of program quality to use in monitoring, evaluating, and improving local Even Start programs within the State. In addition, the Department encourages States to develop performance standards and benchmarks for each program indicator and use them for increased local program accountability and program improvement. Development of a complete system of accountability \-- comprised of indicators of program quality and performance standards and benchmarks \-- is important so that each State will have its own uniform and workable method to measure and evaluate whether or not local programs have made sufficient progress and improvement in participant outcomes. This accountability system will give each State objective and explicit data on which programs are showing gains in participant literacy, which ones need technical assistance and in what areas, and which programs should or should not receive continued funding. Starting in 2003, the Department will also use it monitoring authority, under the General Education Provisions Act: (20 USC 1232f(b), 1234(c), and 1234(f)), to perform a peer review of States' Even Start performance indicators. The review process will be used to ensure that all States have indicators that reflect high standards, and use appropriate assessment tools, and that States are able to use their indicators to monitor and improve local Even Start programs and participant literacy achievement results. **[ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR FAMILY LITERACY]{.underline}** Federal Even Start funds are not the only source of funding for family literacy programs. Funding for family literacy programs or for individual components of a family literacy program may come from a variety of sources at the Federal, State, and local levels. **Common Definition of Family Literacy** # The following Federal legislation shares a generally common definition of "family literacy services": - Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) # Head Start Act of 1998 - Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (Workforce Investment Act) - Community Services Block Grant Act **Title I, Part A** Title I, Part A of the ESEA provides formula grants to LEAs to improve the teaching and learning of children in high-poverty schools to enable them to meet challenging academic content and performance standards. The program emphasizes parental involvement and encourages each school to provide training to help parents work with their children to improve their school achievement. Schools may use Title I, Part A funds to provide necessary literacy training for parents if all reasonably available sources of funding have been exhausted, and they are encouraged to work with communities to provide health, nutrition, and social services that are not otherwise available to the children being served. LEAs must reserve at least one percent of their Title I, Part A allocations for parent involvement activities including promoting family literacy and parenting skills, unless the one percent is \$5,000 or less. (Section 1118(a)(3)) Title I, Part A funds may also be used for preschool programs for educationally disadvantaged children who reside in high-poverty areas. In addition, section 1111(c)(14) requires SEAs to encourage LEAs and individual schools participating in Title I, Part A programs to offer family literacy services (using Title I, Part A funds), if the LEA or school determines that a substantial number of disadvantaged students have parents who do not have a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent or have low levels of literacy. (For additional information on Title I, Part A, go to www.ed.gov/programs/titleiparta/index.html.) **Early Reading First, Title I, Part B, Subpart 2** The Early Reading First program provides competitive grants to eligible school districts and other public and private organizations located in those school districts, to transform existing early education programs into centers of excellence that provide high-quality, early education to young children, especially those from low-income families. The overall purpose of the Early Reading First program is to prepare young children to enter kindergarten with the necessary language, cognitive, and early reading skills to prevent reading difficulties and ensure school success. A variety of preschool programs located in eligible school districts, including Even Start family literacy programs, may apply for Early Reading First funds. All programs receiving Early Reading First grants must demonstrate how they: provide children with a high quality language- and literature-rich environment; provide professional development for staff in research-based early language and reading development; use a language and early literacy curriculum based in scientific research; and use screening assessments to effectively identify preschool-age children who may be at risk for reading failure. As Even Start programs primarily serve children from ages birth through seven, they are well equipped to ensure that there is continuity between preschool and kindergarten educational experiences, which is a key objective of the Early Reading First program. (For additional information on Early Reading First, go to http://www.ed.gov/programs/earlyreading/index.html.) **Migrant Education, Title I, Part C** The Migrant Education program (MEP) authorizes States to design services that bridge gaps in a student's education caused by his or her parents' moves to work in agriculture and other qualifying industries. Each State designs its services by giving priority to migratory children who are failing, or most at risk of failing, academically and whose education has been interrupted during the regular school year. Because of the nature of the migrant family lifestyle, migrant education programs generally coordinate resources and integrate services using Federal sources including Title I, Part A, State-administered Even Start, 21^st^ Century Community Learning Centers, Head Start, and Migrant and Seasonal Head Start programs, as well as State and local education, health, housing, and other programs. State and local migrant programs have also developed a wide array of strategies that enable projects that serve the same migrant students to communicate and coordinate with one another. Family literacy activities are among the allowable strategies cited in section 1304 to meet the unmet needs of preschool migratory children. Migrant education funding is derived from a count of eligible children ages 3-21. Migrant education funds may provide family literacy services to children from birth, and to their parents as well, depending on the State's priority for providing services to migrant students. States and local migrant education projects, therefore, may choose family literacy as a means to serve migrant children and their parents. It is important to note that, for highly mobile migrant families, progress in reaching literacy goals may require access to family literacy services that operate across school district, State, program, and national boundaries. Migrant Education Even Start (MEES), a set-aside program in Title I, Part B, Subpart 3 of the ESEA, is strengthening the capacity of its grantees to provide high-quality intensive services on a year-round basis. With planning, collaboration, and coordination that includes education funding, as well as community-based and volunteer programs, migrant education programs can leverage family literacy services no matter where migratory agricultural families travel to work and live. (For additional information on Migrant Education, go to http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/ome/index.html.) **Head Start** Head Start provides comprehensive early childhood, health, disabilities, and family support services to 905,000 young children from low-income families, including more than 55,000 infants, toddlers, and pregnant women. Head Start\'s historic focus on serving economically disadvantaged young children through a two-generational strategy of early childhood and parent services meshes well with the goals and strategies of Even Start. Many local Head Start agencies are collaborating with Even Start programs, adult education providers, and other family literacy organizations in providing family literacy services. The Head Start and Even Start legislation share a common definition of \"family literacy services". The HHS Head Start Bureau and ED are partnering in a variety of initiatives, including national leadership forums, a major jointly funded training and technical assistance project with the National Center for Family Literacy, and joint efforts to develop outcome measures for local programs. **Adult Education** The Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (Title II of the Workforce Investment Act) provides important resources to fund the adult literacy component of a family literacy program. The three most common types of instruction that States support through adult education grants are: adult basic education for basic literacy services for adults whose skills are below the eighth grade level; adult secondary education for services designed to prepare students to obtain a high school equivalency diploma; and English literacy services for adults with limited English proficiency. Adult education funds may also be used in family literacy programs for support services such as child care and transportation. (For additional information on Adult Education, go to http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/index.html.) **Bureau of Indian Affairs** The BIA/Office of Indian Education Programs funds family literacy programs that are similar to Even Start family literacy programs. The Family and Child Education (FACE) program is implemented in 32 Bureau-funded schools, integrated within each school's Consolidated School Reform Plan, and adopted as a research-based school reform model. FACE funds are provided to Bureau-funded schools to implement unique and culturally appropriate family literacy models. FACE serves American Indian families with children ages birth to eight at home and at Bureau-funded schools. The requirements for enrollment are that families served live within the boundaries of a Bureau-funded school to which their children attend or would be eligible to attend upon reaching school age. FACE is a full-day program operating four days per week with one day set aside for planning. FACE operates on a school-year basis. Technical assistance is provided in an ongoing commitment to all FACE staff, K-3 teachers and school administrators at national meetings and on-site. Other non-Bureau programs such as Even Start and Indian Head Start have participated in the technical assistance trainings. **Education for Homeless Children and Youth, (McKinney-Vento Act)** Title X, Part C of the No Child Left Behind Act amended the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, which authorizes State formula grants for the Education for Homeless Children and Youths program. The McKinney-Vento Act was enacted to confront the problems of homelessness in this nation and mandates State action to ensure that State and local educational agencies address barriers to the enrollment, attendance, and success in school of children and youth who are experiencing homelessness. The McKinney-Vento program establishes an Office for the Education of Homeless Children and Youths in participating States and a local liaison in all LEAs. One of the duties of the local education agency liaison is to ensure that homeless families and pre-school-aged children receive educational services such as Even Start family literacy programs, if needed. LEA subgrants may be used to support developmentally appropriate early childhood education programs, not otherwise provided through Federal, State, or local funding, for preschool-aged homeless children. (For additional information on Education for Homeless Children and Youth, go to http://www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/index.html.)

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# Presentation: 668804 ## Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento - julio 2007 - Principales Tendencias y Patrones en la - Salud y Envejecimiento ## Esta presentación resalta varios de los hallazgos más interesantes que posee el sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento - _[www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm)_ - Existe mucha más información en este y otros temas en el sitio Web. ## Cita sugerida: Sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento, www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm, (Fecha de acceso) Comuníquese con nosotros si tiene alguna pregunta a: nha@cdc.gov - Cita sugerida: - Sitio Web de Tendencias en la Salud y el Envejecimiento, _[www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm)_, (Fecha de acceso) - Comuníquese con nosotros si tiene alguna pregunta a: _[nha@cdc.gov](mailto:nha@cdc.gov)_ ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Edad, 1980, 1990 y 2005 - Año 1980 - Año 1990 - Año 2005 - 85+ - 80-84 - 75-79 - 70-74 - 65-69 - 60-64 - 55-59 - 50-54 - 45-49 - 40-44 - 35-39 - 30-34 - 25-29 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - 0% 5 % 10% - 0% 5 % 10% - 0% 5 % 10% - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2005 - Hispana - Negra no-Hispana - Blanca no-Hispana - 85+ - 75-84 - 65-74 - 55-64 - 45-54 - 35-44 - 25-34 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - 0% 5 % 10% 15% 20% - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Distribución de la Población en Estados Unidos según Sexo, 2005 - Mujer - Hombre - 10% 5 % 0% - 0% 5 % 10% - 85+ - 80-84 - 75-79 - 70-74 - 65-69 - 60-64 - 55-59 - 50-54 - 45-49 - 40-44 - 35-39 - 30-34 - 25-29 - 20-24 - 15-19 - 10-14 - 5-9 - 0-4 - Fuente de datos: Oficina del Censo ## Tipos de Alojamiento Según Edad y Sexo, 2006 - Porcentaje (%) - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Poblacional Actual ## Nivel de educación alcanzado entre personas de 65 años en adelante (ajustado por edad) según sexo y raza/grupo étnico, 2006 - Porcentaje (%) - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Poblacional Actual ## Porcentaje de Personas No-institucionalizadas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Reportó Estado de Salud Regular/Mala según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1982-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Porcentaje de personas de 65 años de edad adelante (ajustado por edad) que reportó tener enfermedades crónicas específicas según sexo, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Diabetes Diagnosticada y no-Diagnosticada entre Personas No-institucionalizadas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Sexo, 2001-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) Diabetes Diagnosticada según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1999-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) con Hipertensión según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1999-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ## Indicadores de Salud Mental entre Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Porcentaje de Beneficiarios de Medicare que Reportaron Dificultad con Actividades Cotidianas (ADLs) o con Actividades Cotidianas Esenciales (IADLs) según Edad, 2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Edentulismo entre Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Edad y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004-2005 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud ## Consumo Actual de Cigarrillo según Edad y Sexo, 1965-2005 - Porcentaje (%) **1965** **1975** **1985** **1995** **2005** - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud - Porcentaje (%) - Porcentaje de la Población Obesa (IMC* igual o mayor a 30) - según Edad, Años Seleccionados - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición - *También conocido como BMI, por sus siglas en inglés ## Porcentaje de la población de 65 años en adelante que es obesa (IMC* igual o mayor que 30) y severamente obesa (IMC* igual o mayor que 40) según sexo, 2001-2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Entrevistas de Salud - *También conocido como BMI, por sus siglas en inglés ## Porcentaje de Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) Vacunadas Contra la Neumonía según Estado, 2002-2004 - Fuente de datos: Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo del Comportamiento ## Tasa de Altas Hospitalarias por cada 1,000 Habitantes según Edad,1970-2004 - Altas por cada 1,000 habitantes - 65-74 - 75-84 - 85 años o más - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Altas Hospitalarias ## Tasa Anual de Visitas a Especialistas Seleccionados entre las Personas de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), Años Seleccionados - Tasa por 100 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Medicina Ambulatoria ## Tiempo de Permanencia Promedio (en días) según Edad, 1970-2004 - Tiempo de permanencia promedio en días - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Altas Hospitalarias ## Residentes de Asilos de Ancianos por Cada 1,000 Habitantes según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1977-2004 - Residentes por cada 1,000 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Asilos de Ancianos ## Residentes de Asilos de Ancianos por Cada 1,000 Habitantes según Edad, Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004 - Residentes por cada 1,000 habitantes - Hombres - Mujeres - Fuente de datos: Encuesta Nacional de Asilos de Ancianos ## Gastos Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Fuente de Pago, 1992 y 2003 - Medicare - Medicaid - Seguro privado - Pago directo - Otra - Dólares 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Gasto Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) - Dólares 2003 - Gasto Promedio por Cápita para los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) - según Tipo de Servicio, 1992 y 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Promedio de Gastos para la Adquisición de Medicamentos Recetados por Parte de los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Viven en la Comunidad según Fuente de Pago, 1992 y 2003 - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare - Dólares 2003 - Nota: Dos grupos de beneficiarios de Medicare fueron considerados residentes en la comunidad. El primer grupo vivió exclusivamente en unidades residenciales durante todo el año. El segundo grupo vivió parte del año en una institución de cuidado a largo plazo y parte del año en la comunidad. ## Gastos por Cuidado de Salud Personal entre los Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) en Dólares del 2003 según Estado Funcional, 1992-2003 | Limitaciones | 1992 | 1997 | 2003 | % cambio, 1992-2003 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Ninguna | 4,257 | 5,180 | 6,683 | 57.0 | | Limitación física solamente | 4,954 | 6.720 | 7,639 | 54.2 | | Actividades cotidianas esenciales (IADLs) | 8,243 | 9,273 | 11,660 | 41.5 | | 1-2 actividades cotidianas (ADLs) | 10,533 | 12,222 | 14,573 | 38.4 | | 3-6 actividades cotidianas (ADLs) | 24,368 | 28,240 | 29,433 | 20.8 | - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Porcentaje de Beneficiarios de Medicare de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) que Viven en la Comunidad por Cobertura Suplementaria de Seguro de Salud según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 2004 - Porcentaje (%) - Fuente de datos: Encuesta de Beneficiarios Actuales de Medicare ## Expectativa de Vida a la Edad de 65 según Sexo y Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1950-2003 - Años - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes entre la Población de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad) según Raza/Grupo Étnico, 1984-2004 - Hispana - Blanca no-Hispana - Negra no-Hispana - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes por Causas Seleccionadas entre Mujeres de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), 1981-2004 - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes - Enfermedades del corazón - Cáncer - Enfermedades cerebrovasculares ## Muertes por Cada 100,000 Habitantes por Causas Seleccionadas entre Hombres de 65 Años o más (ajustado por edad), 1981-2004 - Muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes - Fuente de datos: Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas Vitales - Enfermedades del corazón - Cáncer - Enfermedades cerebrovasculares ## Multilingual Services - Order #4608 *Multilingual Services - Order #4608*

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**PARK-SPECIES LIST** **NPSpecies Report** Generated: 2/8/2006 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- TSN Std. Scientific Name Preferred Scientific Name Std. Common Name(s) Preferred Common Name(s) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **HOME - Homestead** **Animalia - Fish** **Order: \_Unassigned Animalia - Family: \_Unassigned Animalia** -9739820 Sander vitreus **Order: Clupeiformes - Family: Clupeidae** 161737 Dorosoma cepedianum American gizzard shad eastern gizzard shad gizzard shad hickory shad mud shad skipjack **Order: Cypriniformes - Family: Catostomidae** 163919 Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker 163917 Carpiodes cyprinus quillback quillback carpsucker 163895 Catostomus commersoni white sucker 163928 Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse **Order: Cypriniformes - Family: Cyprinidae** 163508 Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller 163350 Carassius auratus goldfish 163792 Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner 163344 Cyprinus carpio CYPRINUS CARPIO common carp COMMON CARP European carp 163873 Margariscus margarita pearl dace 163368 Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner 163446 Notropis heterolepis blacknose shiner -501259 Notropis ludibundus sand shiner 163419 Notropis stramineus sand shiner 163502 Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow 163592 Phoxinus eos northern redbelly dace 163594 Phoxinus neogaeus finescale dace 163516 Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow 163517 Pimephales promelas fathead minnow 163376 Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub **Order: Esociformes - Family: Esocidae** 162139 Esox lucius northern pike **Order: Perciformes - Family: Centrarchidae** Page 1 of 2 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- TSN Std. Scientific Name Preferred Scientific Name Std. Common Name(s) Preferred Common Name(s) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 168097 Ambloplites rupestris rock bass 168132 Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish 168144 Lepomis gibbosus kiver pumpkinseed 168151 Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish 168141 Lepomis macrochirus bluegill 550562 Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass 168160 Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass 168166 Pomoxis annularis white crappie 168167 Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie **Order: Perciformes - Family: Moronidae** 167682 Morone chrysops white bass **Order: Perciformes - Family: Percidae** 168469 Perca flavescens yellow perch 168506 Stizostedion vitreum walleye **Order: Perciformes - Family: Sciaenidae** 169364 Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum **Order: Siluriformes - Family: Ictaluridae** 164039 Ameiurus melas black bullhead 164041 Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead 164040 Ictalurus melas ICTALURUS MELAS black bullhead BLACK BULLHEAD 164042 Ictalurus natalis yellow bullhead 163998 Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish graceful catfish 164013 Noturus flavus stonecat 164003 Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom 164029 Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish Page 2 of 2

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**Before the** **Federal Communications Commission** **Washington, D.C. 20554** ) In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Section 73.622(b), ) MM Docket No. 01-222 Table of Allotments, ) RM-10240 Digital Television Broadcast Stations. ) (Charleston, South Carolina) ) ) ) **[NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING]{.underline}** **Adopted: September 5, 2001 Released: September 7, 2001** Comment Date: October 29, 2001 Reply Comment Date: November 13, 2001 By the Chief, Video Services Division: 1\. The Commission has before it a petition for rule making filed by WCIV, LLC (\"WCIV\"), licensee of station WCIV(TV), NTSC channel 34, Charleston, South Carolina. WCIV requests the substitution of DTV channel 34 for station WCIV(TV)\'s assigned DTV channel 53. 2\. In support of its proposal, WCIV states that implementing it\'s DTV operation on an in-core channel would eliminate the need to change DTV channels at the end of the DTV transition period, thereby enabling the station to complete its DTV build-out earlier and at less cost. WCIV maintains that utilizing DTV channel 34 would also achieve an eight percent increase in interference-free population over that of its current NTSC facility\'s licensed Grade B contour service area. WCIV further contends that adoption of its proposal to vacate an out-of-core DTV channel would serve the Commission\'s objective to reallocate certain broadcast spectrum for multiple uses. 3\. We believe petitioner\'s proposal warrants consideration. DTV Channel 34 can be substituted for DTV Channel 53 at Charleston, South Carolina, as proposed, in compliance with the principle community coverage requirements of Section 73.625(a) at coordinates (32-55-28 N. and 79-41-58 W.). In addition, we find that this channel change is acceptable under the 2 percent criterion for [de]{.underline} [minimis]{.underline} impact that is applied in evaluating requests for modification of initial DTV allotments under Section 73.623(c)(2). We propose to substitute DTV Channel 34 for DTV Channel 53 for station WCIV(TV) at Charleston with the following specifications: ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- State & City DTV Channel DTV power (kW) Antenna HAAT (m) SC Charleston 34 340 597 ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- 4\. Accordingly, we seek comments on the proposed amendment of the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules, for the community listed below, to read as follows: [Channel No.]{.underline} [City]{.underline} [Present]{.underline} [Proposed]{.underline} Charleston, South Carolina 35, 40, \*49 34, 35, 40, 52[^1] , 53, 59 \*49, 52, 59 5\. The Commission\'s authority to institute rule making proceedings, showings required, cut-off procedures, and filing requirements are contained in the attached Appendix and are incorporated by reference herein. In particular, we note that a showing of continuing interest is required by paragraph 2 of the Appendix before a channel will be allotted. 6\. Interested parties may file comments on or before October 29, 2001, and reply comments on or before November 13, 2001, and are advised to read the Appendix for the proper procedures. Comments should be filed with the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 20554. Additionally, a copy of such comments should be served on the petitioner, or its counsel or consultant, as follows: Thomas P. Van Wazer Sidley & Austin 1722 Eye Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (Counsel for WCIV, LLC) 7\. The Commission has determined that the relevant provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 do not apply to rule making proceedings to amend the TV Table of Allotments, Section 73.606(b) and 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules. [See]{.underline} [Certification That Sections 603 and 604 of the Regulatory]{.underline} [Flexibility Act Do Not Apply to Rule Making to Amend Sections 73.202(b), 73.504]{.underline} [and 73.606(b) of the Commission\'s Rules]{.underline}, 46 FR 11549, February 9, 1981. The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 would also not apply to rule making proceedings to amend the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules. 8\. For further information concerning this proceeding, contact Pam Blumenthal, Mass Media Bureau, (202) 418-1600. For purposes of this restricted notice and comment rule making proceeding, members of the public are advised that no [ex parte]{.underline} presentations are permitted from the time the Commission adopts a Notice of Proposed Rule Making until the proceeding has been decided and such decision is no longer subject to reconsideration by the Commission or review by any court. An [ex parte]{.underline} presentation is not prohibited if specifically requested by the Commission or staff for the clarification or adduction of evidence or resolution of issues in the proceeding. However, any new written information elicited from such a request or a summary of any new oral information shall be served by the person making the presentation upon the other parties to the proceeding unless the Commission specifically waives this service requirement. Any comment which has not been served on the petitioner constitutes an [ex parte]{.underline} presentation and shall not be considered in the proceeding. Any reply comment which has not been served on the person(s) who filed the comment, to which the reply is directed, constitutes an [ex parte]{.underline} presentation and shall not be considered in the proceeding. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Barbara A. Kreisman Chief, Video Services Division Mass Media Bureau Attachment: Appendix [APPENDIX]{.underline} 1\. Pursuant to authority found in Sections 4(i), 5(c)(1), 303(g) and (r), and 307(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and Sections 0.61, 0.204(b) and 0.283 of the Commission\'s Rules, IT IS PROPOSED TO AMEND the DTV Table of Allotments, Section 73.622(b) of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, as set forth in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. 2\. [Showings Required]{.underline}. Comments are invited on the proposal(s) discussed in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. Proponent(s) will be expected to answer whatever questions are presented in initial comments. The proponent of a proposed allotment is also expected to file comments even if it only resubmits or incorporates by reference its former pleadings. It should also restate its present intention to apply for the channel if it is allotted and, if authorized, to build a station promptly. Failure to file may lead to denial of the request. 3\. [Cut-off protection]{.underline}. The following procedures will govern the consideration of filings in this proceeding. $a$ Counterproposals advanced in this proceeding itself will be considered, if advanced in initial comments, so that parties may comment on them in reply comments. They will not be considered if advanced in reply comments. ([See]{.underline} Section 1.420(d) of the Commission\'s Rules). $b$ With respect to petitions for rule making which conflict with the proposals in this [Notice]{.underline}, they will be considered as comments in the proceeding, and Public Notice to this effect will be given as long as they are filed before the date for filing initial comments herein. If they are filed later than that, they will not be considered in connection with the decision in this docket. $c$ The filing of a counterproposal may lead the Commission to allot a different channel than was requested for any of the communities involved. 4\. [Comments and Reply Comments; Service]{.underline}. Pursuant to applicable procedures set out in Sections 1.415 and 1.420 of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, interested parties may file comments and reply comments on or before the dates set forth in the [Notice of Proposed Rule Making]{.underline} to which this Appendix is attached. All submissions by parties to this proceeding or by persons acting on behalf of such parties must be made in written comments, reply comments, or other appropriate pleadings. Comments shall be served on the petitioner by the person filing the comments. Reply comments shall be served on the person(s) who filed comments to which the reply is directed. Such comments and reply comments shall be accompanied by a certificate of service. ([See]{.underline} Section 1.420(a), (b) and (c) of the Commission\'s Rules.) Comments should be filed with the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 20554. 5\. [Number of Copies]{.underline}. In accordance with the provisions of Section 1.420 of the Commission\'s Rules and Regulations, an original and four copies of all comments, reply comments, pleadings, briefs, or other documents shall be furnished the Commission. 6\. [Public Inspection of Filings]{.underline}. All filings made in this proceeding will be available for examination by interested parties during regular business hours in the Commission\'s Reference Center (Room CY-A257) at its headquarters, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. [^1]: We note that on June 25, 2001, the Commission released a Notice of Proposed Rule Making proposing the substitution of DTV channel 47 for station WCSC-TV\'s assigned DTV channel 52 at Charleston, South Carolina. See MM Docket No. 01-128, (DA 01-1465).

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# # An unexpected error has been detected by Java Runtime Environment: # # SIGSEGV (0xb) at pc=0xfac3c298, pid=1438, tid=3 # # Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (1.6.0_02-b05 mixed mode, sharing) # Problematic frame: # C [libGL.so.1+0x32298] # # If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit: # http://java.sun.com/webapps/bugreport/crash.jsp # --------------- T H R E A D --------------- Current thread (0x0808f000): VMThread [id=3] siginfo:si_signo=11, si_errno=0, si_code=1, si_addr=0xfe49ffe0 Registers: EAX=0x00000000, EBX=0x0806c940, ECX=0x00000000, EDX=0xffffffe0 ESP=0xfe4fda3c, EBP=0x0000059e, ESI=0x00000003, EDI=0x0806c950 EIP=0xfac3c298, EFLAGS=0x00010246 Top of Stack: (sp=0xfe4fda3c) 0xfe4fda3c: 00000000 00000003 0000059e fac5544a 0xfe4fda4c: 00000000 00000003 0000059e feffa7d8 0xfe4fda5c: fef0e613 feffa288 01ffa7d8 0000059e 0xfe4fda6c: f9cf0024 face0d58 fe4fdab4 fac558e2 0xfe4fda7c: 00000003 0000059e 00000001 f9cf0024 0xfe4fda8c: feffa7d8 fe4fdab4 feffa7d8 fefd47e1 0xfe4fda9c: feffcc68 feffa288 feffa7d8 00000000 0xfe4fdaac: fac558a0 fe4fdad0 fe4fdad0 fefd4970 Instructions: (pc=0xfac3c298) 0xfac3c288: 89 04 24 e8 10 41 fc ff 31 c9 8b 15 20 d5 ca fa 0xfac3c298: 65 89 0a 8b 15 24 d5 ca fa 65 89 0a 8b 15 28 d5 Stack: [0xfe4be000,0xfe4fe000), sp=0xfe4fda3c, free space=254k Native frames: (J=compiled Java code, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code, C=native code) C [libGL.so.1+0x32298] VM_Operation (0xfb657624): exit, mode: safepoint, requested by thread 0x08164400 --------------- P R O C E S S --------------- Java Threads: ( => current thread ) 0x084c6400 JavaThread "J3D-InputDeviceScheduler-1" [_thread_blocked, id=47] 0x084ca000 JavaThread "J3D-SoundSchedulerUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=46] 0x084c9000 JavaThread "J3D-RenderStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=45] 0x084c8400 JavaThread "J3D-BehaviorScheduler-1" [_thread_blocked, id=44] 0x084cd400 JavaThread "J3D-TransformStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=43] 0x084cc400 JavaThread "J3D-RenderingEnvironmentStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=42] 0x084b6800 JavaThread "J3D-SoundStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=41] 0x08417000 JavaThread "J3D-GeometryStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=40] 0x08426400 JavaThread "J3D-BehaviorStructureUpdateThread-1" [_thread_blocked, id=39] 0x0841c400 JavaThread "J3D-Renderer-1" [_thread_blocked, id=38] 0x083fac00 JavaThread "J3D-MasterControl-1" [_thread_blocked, id=37] 0x083fa400 JavaThread "J3D-NotificationThread" [_thread_blocked, id=36] 0x08387c00 JavaThread "J3D-TimerThread" [_thread_blocked, id=35] 0x0841d800 JavaThread "J3D-RenderingAttributesStructureUpdateThread" [_thread_blocked, id=34] 0x08164400 JavaThread "AWT-EventQueue-0" [_thread_blocked, id=32] 0x08371c00 JavaThread "Keep-Alive-Timer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=20] 0x0836ec00 JavaThread "TimerQueue" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=19] 0x081c0800 JavaThread "CacheCleanUpThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=18] 0x081bfc00 JavaThread "ConsoleWriterThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=17] 0x081be400 JavaThread "AWT-EventQueue-1" [_thread_blocked, id=16] 0x081bd800 JavaThread "AWT-Shutdown" [_thread_blocked, id=15] 0x081af800 JavaThread "traceMsgQueueThread" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=14] 0x08070400 JavaThread "DestroyJavaVM" [_thread_blocked, id=2] 0x08163400 JavaThread "Javaws Secure Thread" [_thread_blocked, id=12] 0x08162000 JavaThread "AWT-XAWT" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=11] 0x080f3400 JavaThread "Java2D Disposer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=10] 0x080de000 JavaThread "Low Memory Detector" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=8] 0x080d9800 JavaThread "CompilerThread0" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=7] 0x08099400 JavaThread "Finalizer" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=5] 0x08098400 JavaThread "Reference Handler" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=4] Other Threads: =>0x0808f000 VMThread [id=3] VM state:at safepoint (shutting down) VM Mutex/Monitor currently owned by a thread: ([mutex/lock_event]) [0x0806f6e0/0x0806f710] Threads_lock - owner thread: 0x0808f000 Heap def new generation total 960K, used 432K [0xd1600000, 0xd1700000, 0xd1ae0000) eden space 896K, 43% used [0xd1600000, 0xd16608f8, 0xd16e0000) from space 64K, 71% used [0xd16e0000, 0xd16eb7d0, 0xd16f0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0xd16f0000, 0xd16f0000, 0xd1700000) tenured generation total 5256K, used 4083K [0xd1ae0000, 0xd2002000, 0xd5600000) the space 5256K, 77% used [0xd1ae0000, 0xd1edcf90, 0xd1edd000, 0xd2002000) compacting perm gen total 12288K, used 5239K [0xd5600000, 0xd6200000, 0xd9600000) the space 12288K, 42% used [0xd5600000, 0xd5b1df50, 0xd5b1e000, 0xd6200000) ro space 8192K, 78% used [0xd9600000, 0xd9c51a00, 0xd9c51a00, 0xd9e00000) rw space 12288K, 59% used [0xd9e00000, 0xda5296d0, 0xda529800, 0xdaa00000) Dynamic libraries: 0x08050000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/java 0xfefa0000 /lib/libthread.so.1 0xfef80000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/../lib/i386/jli/libjli.so 0xfef60000 /lib/libdl.so.1 0xfee70000 /lib/libc.so.1 0xfe800000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/client/libjvm.so 0xfee40000 /lib/libsocket.so.1 0xfee60000 /usr/lib/libsched.so.1 0xfee00000 /lib/libm.so.1 0xfedd0000 /usr/lib/libCrun.so.1 0xfedb0000 /lib/libdoor.so.1 0xfed10000 /lib/libnsl.so.1 0xfecb0000 /lib/libm.so.2 0xfec80000 /lib/libscf.so.1 0xfe7d0000 /lib/libuutil.so.1 0xfe7b0000 /lib/libgen.so.1 0xfe790000 /lib/libmd5.so.1 0xfe760000 /lib/libmp.so.2 0xfe6b0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/native_threads/libhpi.so 0xfe660000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libverify.so 0xfe620000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libjava.so 0xfe5e0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libzip.so 0xfbff0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libawt.so 0xfbed0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libmlib_image.so 0xfbe80000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so 0xfbe50000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXext.so.0 0xfbdc0000 /usr/openwin/lib/libX11.so.4 0xfbda0000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXtst.so.1 0xfbd80000 /usr/openwin/lib/libXi.so.5 0xfbcd0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libfontmanager.so 0xfbb50000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libdeploy.so 0xfb950000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libnet.so 0xfb930000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libnio.so 0xfb900000 /lib/librt.so.1 0xfb8e0000 /lib/libaio.so.1 0xfb8b0000 /usr/lib/libsendfile.so.1 0xfb750000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libcmm.so 0xfb460000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libj2pkcs11.so 0xfb410000 /usr/lib/libpkcs11.so 0xfb3f0000 /usr/lib/libcryptoutil.so.1 0xfb350000 /usr/lib/security/pkcs11_softtoken.so 0xfb2e0000 /usr/lib/libgnomevfs-2.so 0xfb290000 /usr/lib/libgconf-2.so.4 0xfb220000 /usr/lib/libbonobo-2.so.0 0xfb1f0000 /usr/lib/libbonobo-activation.so.4 0xfb190000 /usr/lib/libORBit-2.so.0 0xfb140000 /usr/lib/libgobject-2.0.so.0 0xfb0f0000 /lib/libresolv.so.2 0xfb0d0000 /usr/lib/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 0xfb0b0000 /usr/lib/libgthread-2.0.so.0 0xfb010000 /usr/lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 0xfaf00000 /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2 0xfb3c0000 /lib/libpthread.so.1 0xfaee0000 /usr/lib/libz.so.1 0xfae90000 /usr/sfw/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7 0xfad60000 /usr/sfw/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.7 0xfad40000 /usr/lib/libORBitCosNaming-2.so.0 0xfad20000 /usr/lib/libpopt.so.0 0xfacf0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libjawt.so 0xfacb0000 /usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/libj3dcore-ogl.so 0xfac0a000 /usr/lib/libGL.so.1 0xfa200000 /usr/lib/libGLcore.so.1 0xfac00000 /usr/lib/libnvidia-tls.so.1 VM Arguments: jvm_args: -Xbootclasspath/a:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/javaws.jar:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/deploy.jar -Djava.security.policy=file:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/security/javaws.policy -DtrustProxy=true -Xverify:remote -Djnlpx.home=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin -Djnlpx.remove=false -Djnlpx.splashport=33778 -Djnlpx.jvm=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/bin/java java_command: com.sun.javaws.Main http://download.java.net/media/java3d/webstart/test/HelloUniverse.jnlp Launcher Type: SUN_STANDARD Environment Variables: PATH=/home/bharris/opt/python/bin:/opt/SUNWspro/bin:/home/bharris/opt/SUNWappserver/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/jwsdp-shared/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/jaxrpc/bin:/home/bharris/opt/jwsdp-1.5/apache-ant/bin:/home/bharris/opt/tomcat50-jwsdp/bin:/usr/local/bin:/home/bharris/opt/bin:/usr/xpg4/bin:/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/dt/bin:/usr/bin:/etc:/opt/sfw/bin LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386/client:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/i386:/usr/jdk/instances/jdk1.6.0/jre/../lib/i386::/home/bharris/Projects/Spdf/cdasWebServices/lib:/home/bharris/Projects/Spdf/cdasWebServices/lib SHELL=/bin/ksh DISPLAY=:0.0 Signal Handlers: SIGSEGV: [libjvm.so+0x35e37c], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGBUS: [libjvm.so+0x35e37c], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGFPE: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGPIPE: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGILL: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c SIGUSR1: SIG_DFL, sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000000 SIGUSR2: SIG_DFL, sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000000 SIGHUP: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGINT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGQUIT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGTERM: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGQUIT: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIGTERM: [libjvm.so+0x2d5404], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x00000004 SIG39: [libjvm.so+0x2d6e14], sa_mask[0]=0x00000000, sa_flags=0x00000008 SIG40: [libjvm.so+0x113310], sa_mask[0]=0xffbffeff, sa_flags=0x0000000c --------------- S Y S T E M --------------- OS: Solaris 10 11/06 s10x_u3wos_10 X86 Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Assembled 14 November 2006 uname:SunOS 5.10 Generic_125101-10 i86pc (T2 libthread) rlimit: STACK 10240k, CORE infinity, NOFILE 65536, AS infinity load average:0.11 0.04 0.03 CPU:total 1 (1 cores per cpu, 1 threads per core) family 15 model 39 stepping 1, cmov, cx8, fxsr, mmx, sse, sse2, sse3, mmxext, 3dnow, 3dnowext Memory: 4k page, physical 1047008k(376556k free) vm_info: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (1.6.0_02-b05) for solaris-x86, built on Jun 14 2007 16:20:54 by "" with unknown Workshop:0x580

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|CZG |15218.A |AEA |1.07| |TRI-CITIES AIRPORT |1292007| |ENDICOTT |NEW YORK | |NAD83 |5 CM |15 CM |NAVD88 |25 CM | | 12.3|1292007| | 832.7| |3+1379 |1292007| | | | | | 420442.7| -760546.8| @ |3 |P|1292007| |X| | | 420425.0861| -760557.1812| 234056| 3900| 75|1292007| | 832.7| |1292007| | | | | | | 0| 829.9| |1292007| | 3900| 826.2| |1292007| # |21 |P|1292007| |X| | | 420500.3633| -760536.4102|2034110| 3900| 75|1292007| | 832.7| |1292007| | | | | | | 0| 826.2| |1292007| | 3900| 829.9| |1292007| @ |VORTAC (CFB) | 420926.9837| -760811.2901| 1581.6| | | |1292007| # # @ |3 |ANALPV | |TREE | 420535.97| -760600.05|2C| 1239| | | 409| 406| 406| -6485| | 3080L| 192|1292007| |TREE | 420455.22| -760605.87|2C| 1096| | | 266| 263| 263| -2531| | 1826L| 148|1292007| |TREE | 420453.60| -760609.93|2C| 1155| | | 325| 322| 322| -2257| | 2040L| 214|1292007| |TREE | 420427.33| -760539.19|2C| 920| | | 90| 87| 87| -753| | 1152R| 17|1292007| |TREE | 420423.87| -760555.16|1B| 902| | | 72| 69| 69| 51| | 189R| 72|1292007| |TREE | 420423.85| -760611.04|1B| 918| | | 88| 85| 85| 534| | 907L| 47|1292007| |TREE | 420419.92| -760606.15|1B| 911| | | 81| 78| 78| 750| | 410L| 71|1292007| |TREE | 420418.76| -760606.58|1B| 905| | | 75| 72| 72| 871| | 391L| 62|1292007| |TREE | 420413.70| -760556.40|1B| 916| | | 86| 83| 83| 1032| | 517R| 57|1292007| |TREE | 420416.23| -760606.77|1B| 911| | | 81| 78| 78| 1112| | 302L| 63|1292007| |TREE | 420413.55| -760558.68|1B| 906| | | 76| 73| 73| 1115| | 365R| 57|1292007| |TREE | 420408.90| -760550.12|1B| 911| | | 81| 78| 78| 1287| | 1146R| 59|3322007| |TREE | 420415.41| -760613.94|1B| 922| | | 92| 89| 89| 1405| | 764L| 22|3322007| |TREE | 420414.34| -760615.85|1B| 927| | | 97| 94| 94| 1562| | 853L| 12|1292007| |POLE | 420407.47| -760603.51|1B| 875| | | 45| 42| 42| 1825| | 279R| 13|1292007| |TREE | 420405.22| -760559.42|1B| 918| | | 88| 85| 85| 1910| | 654R| 26|3322007| |POLE | 420407.03| -760605.45|1B| 878| | | 48| 45| 45| 1924| | 163R| 13|3322007| |TREE | 420405.59| -760607.74|1B| 929| | | 99| 96| 96| 2127| | 63R| 61|1292007| |TREE | 420403.05| -760602.07|1B| 922| | | 92| 89| 89| 2191| | 558R| 40|1292007| |POLE | 420405.82| -760610.83|1B| 876| | | 46| 43| 43| 2200| | 159L| 6|1292007| |BLDG | 420403.21| -760606.56|1B| 878| | | 48| 45| 45| 2312| | 241R| 6|1292007| |TREE | 420403.39| -760608.14|1B| 932| | | 102| 99| 99| 2343| | 125R| 59|1292007| |TREE | 420403.64| -760610.87|1B| 921| | | 91| 88| 88| 2403| | 74L| 47|1292007| |TREE | 420400.47| -760603.97|1B| 932| | | 102| 99| 99| 2487| | 532R| 49|1292007| |TREE | 420400.72| -760606.96|1B| 941| | | 111| 108| 108| 2555| | 315R| 64|1292007| |BLDG | 420400.56| -760606.48|1B| 879| | | 49| 46| 46| 2556| | 355R| 2|1292007| |TREE | 420401.26| -760609.07|1B| 946| | | 116| 113| 113| 2570| | 148R| 69|1292007| |TREE | 420358.64| -760603.31|1B| 925| | | 95| 92| 92| 2637| | 652R| 23|3322007| |TREE | 420300.89| -760614.47|2C| 1459| | | 629| 626| 626| 8330| | 2229R| 195|1292007| |TRMSN TWR | 420250.69| -760618.34|2C| 1473| | | 643| 640| 640| 9392| | 2377R| 162|1292007| |TREE | 420300.10| -760700.15|2C| 1175| | | 345| 342| 342| 9786| | 895L| 66|1292007| |TREE | 420253.69| -760641.15|1B| 1254| | | 424| 421| 421| 9806| | 678R| 166|1292007| |TREE | 420205.45| -760728.60|3D| 1640| | | 810| 807| 807| 15715| | 640L| 378|1292007| |TREE | 420205.81| -760731.32|3D| 1651| | | 821| 818| 818| 15765| | 844L| 388|3322007| |TREE | 420206.42| -760744.57|3D| 1681| | | 851| 848| 848| 16109| | 1784L| 292|1292007| |TREE | 420120.58| -760655.69|3D| 1788| | | 958| 955| 955| 18879| | 3458R| 92|1292007| # |21 |ANALPV | |TREE | 420349.32| -760533.56|2C| 1085| | | 259| 252| 252| -6500| | 3086L| 42|1292007| |TREE | 420356.35| -760531.82|2C| 1088| | | 262| 255| 255| -5795| | 2920L| 63|3322007| |TREE | 420455.22| -760605.87|2C| 1096| | | 270| 263| 263| -1369| | 1826R| 181|1292007| |TREE | 420502.03| -760541.49|1B| 907| | | 81| 74| 74| 1| | 418R| 81|1292007| |TREE | 420503.02| -760539.14|1B| 891| | | 65| 58| 58| 163| | 297R| 15|1292007| |RR | 420503.70| -760539.56|1B| 856| | | 30| 23| 23| 214| | 353R| 30|1292007| |TREE | 420505.46| -760539.21|1B| 896| | | 70| 63| 63| 388| | 400R| 66|1292007| |TREE | 420507.87| -760543.88|1B| 956| | | 130| 123| 123| 469| | 821R| 87|1292007| |TREE | 420507.80| -760542.47|1B| 944| | | 118| 111| 111| 506| | 721R| 76|1292007| |TREE | 420509.48| -760535.22|1B| 896| | | 70| 63| 63| 881| | 288R| 56|1292007| |TREE | 420514.56| -760543.86|1B| 967| | | 141| 134| 134| 1090| | 1092R| 113|3322007| |TREE | 420514.64| -760543.13|1B| 965| | | 139| 132| 132| 1120| | 1045R| 112|3322007| |TREE | 420512.29| -760532.06|1B| 886| | | 60| 53| 53| 1237| | 184R| 39|1292007| |TREE | 420513.56| -760534.94|1B| 918| | | 92| 85| 85| 1268| | 435R| 70|1292007| |TREE | 420516.94| -760542.20|1B| 956| | | 130| 123| 123| 1361| | 1074R| 16|1292007| |TREE | 420513.96| -760521.92|1B| 915| | | 89| 82| 82| 1699| | 448L| 58|1292007| |TREE | 420513.72| -760521.07|1B| 913| | | 87| 80| 80| 1703| | 516L| 48|1292007| |TREE | 420515.74| -760520.98|1B| 913| | | 87| 80| 80| 1893| | 440L| 53|1292007| |TREE | 420517.30| -760517.05|1B| 906| | | 80| 73| 73| 2157| | 648L| 16|1292007| |TRMSN TWR | 420523.23| -760519.18|1B| 907| | | 81| 74| 74| 2641| | 260L| 32|1292007| |TREE | 420522.71| -760516.05|1B| 909| | | 83| 76| 76| 2689| | 497L| 32|1292007| |TREE | 420526.68| -760521.72|1B| 911| | | 85| 78| 78| 2885| | 56R| 30|1292007| |TREE | 420536.76| -760518.91|1B| 917| | | 91| 84| 84| 3904| | 272R| 6|3322007| |TREE | 420635.29| -760515.23|2C| 1367| | | 541| 534| 534| 9441| | 2398R| 55|1292007| @ |Additional Information: | |THIS DATA WAS COLLECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FAA AREA NAVIGATION APPROACH (ANA-LPV) SURVEY SPECIFICATIONS. | | | |THE AIRPORT LOCATION IDENTIFIER HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE CHANGED FROM N17 TO CZG . | | | |NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY | EOF

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# Presentation: 912076 ## PubMed Central - Brooke Dine - National Library of Medicine - Medical Library Association Conference - May 2004 ## What is PubMed Central? - PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. - PMC serves as a... - a permanent archive - a platform for enriched linking, analysis, and use of research reports and data - one of many sources of full-text articles linked to PubMed/MEDLINE citations ## Access to PMC Content - Free access to full-text articles and supporting data - A journal may delay free access to its content - Research articles are generally free in a year or less - Non-research articles may have a delay of 6-24 months depending on the journal - Full-text searching of current and back issue content via PMC Entrez - Citations for articles included in PubMed - Fully integrated with other Entrez databases – sequence data, taxonomy, books, etc. ## PMC Participation & Usage - Currently, PMC includes: - 150 life sciences journals - over 300,000 articles, letters, etc. - 700,000 unique users monthly - 1.75 million full-text retrievals per month - Total retrieval is nearly 4 million pages per month ## PMC Home Page ## PMC Journal List – Full List ## PMC Journal List – Tabbed List ## PMC and Open Access - Deposit of Open Access (OA) content is subject to normal PMC standards and requirements - OA source files can be downloaded by anyone: - PMC-OAI service for full-text XML - FTP service to download complete article packet – XML, images, PDF and supplemental data files - OA simplifies distribution of content to collaborating archives - Opens door for data mining and creation of innovative products by others - Open Access may apply to an entire journal and its content or at the article-level when authors have retained the copyright ## Open Access Journals in PMC - Open Access Journals in PMC: - Amphibian and Reptile Conservation - BioMed Central Journals - PLoS Biology - Journals in PMC which offer authors the option to publish open access articles: - Nucleic Acids Research - PNAS - In October 2003, PMC began accepting individual open access articles from journals that do not participate in PMC on a routine basis. - Science ## Open Access & Copyright ## Open Access & Copyright ## PubLink with Open Access ## Open Access TOC ## Open Access Articles ## Ahead of Print Articles ## Back Issue Digitization in PMC - Create a complete digital archive of PMC journals - Bring the collection to today’s “if not online, it doesn’t exist” user - Cover-to-cover digital copy of everything up to where journal began producing electronic copy - Publisher gets free, unencumbered digital copy - First complete archive, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association (1911), released in November 2003 ## What’s Being Digitized? - 50 journals that deposit current issues including: - American Society for Microbiology (10 journals) - BMJ Publishing Group (BMJ and specialist journals) - Bulletin of the Medical Library Association - Journal of Clinical Investigation - Molecular Biology of the Cell - Nucleic Acids Research - Plant Physiology - PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA ## Archive Table of Contents (TOC) ## Digitized Issue TOC ## Digitized Article – Summary ## Digitized Article – Page Browse ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Back Issue Digitized Images ## Entrez - Entrez retrieval system supports access to PubMed, online books, the sequence databases, a taxonomy database, and more. - Users can now search the full text of all SGML- or XML-based content deposited in PMC, including articles for which the full text is viewable only at the journal’s site. - Back issue content is also searchable via PMC Entrez. ## PMC Entrez – Journal Limits ## PMC Entrez Limits ## PMC Entrez Results ## Linking Options within PMC - Articles within PMC offer various linking options across articles, issues, and journals. These include: - Commentaries - Cited In - Referenced Articles - Corrections ## Linking: Commentary Articles ## Linking: Commentary Articles ## Cited In ## Cited In TOC ## Referenced Articles ## Linking: Corrected Articles ## Linking: Original Article ## PMC - PubMed Central Site: - _[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov](http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/)_ - Questions about PMC: - pubmedcentral@nih.gov

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# Presentation: 194290 ## SNAP baseline Existing technologies Improvements needed for SNAP Scope of possible FNAL involvement Highly elliptical orbit 2.5 Re x 25 Re 3 day cycle 85% data collection ~12 hrs in low orbit (5 hrs over Berkeley) - Existing technologies - Improvements needed for SNAP - Scope of possible FNAL involvement - Highly elliptical orbit - 2.5 Re x 25 Re - 3 day cycle - 85% data collection - ~12 hrs in low orbit - (5 hrs over Berkeley) - SNAP Data Recorder ## SNAP Baseline - “A solid state recorder – a shoebox” - No moving (rotating) parts - Lots of memory - Radiation / space qualified - Low power - SNAP plans to transmit data in K band @ 150-300 Mbs with 6W transmitter. - 375 Gbyte (Levi, DOE talk) might grow to ~500 Gbyte storage (expanded science). ## Memory technologies - Memories - Dynamic RAM - Parasitic capacitance needs power to refresh - Static RAM - 2 transistors + 4 resistors FLIP-FLOP - FLASH memories - Floating gate with tunneling processes - FeRAM - Ferromagnetic crystal storage - Holographic and other technologies - Tape and disk recorders are candidates ## Some current missions - Cassini - Two SSRs each of 2.5 Gbit - 640 4Mbit DRAMs - Early 90’s technology => ’97 launch - Multiple-bit upsets observed despite testing (architecture flaw) - 3 control ASICs - 120 DRAM/board - Error detection and - correction circuitry ## Hubble Space Telescope Reel-to-reel tape replaced by SSR 1.2 Gb -> 12 Gb 1440 16 Mbit DRAM Two stacks of 10 (+2 spare) for 320 Mb packages (still 12500 chips for 500 GB) Single event upsets observed EDAC (Reed-Solomon scheme) Two events where memory corrected but damaged Kepler (earth size planets transiting stars) Large CCD array, but only star’s pixels Xmit’d - Reel-to-reel tape replaced by SSR - 1.2 Gb -> 12 Gb - 1440 16 Mbit DRAM - Two stacks of 10 (+2 spare) for 320 Mb packages (still 12500 chips for 500 GB) - Single event upsets observed - EDAC (Reed-Solomon scheme) - Two events where memory corrected but damaged - Kepler (earth size planets transiting stars) - Large CCD array, but only star’s pixels Xmit’d - Some current missions ## Challenges for SNAP - Amount of memory - No examples of large (>>1 GB) SSRs found - Moore’s Law growth. Need ~4000 x 1 Gbit - Mass budget - Boards with 1000’s of chips is several 10’s lbs - Power budget - Need more information - Radiation tolerance - Space qualification ## Radiation Tolerance - Ionizing radiation small (<50 Krad) - SEE (Single Event Effects) include many failure mechanisms - SEU (Single Event Upset) can change state of a bit - DRAM - Sensitive - area - SRAM - Sensitive - area ## Radiation Tolerance - FLASH memories - Very thin oxides make FLASH susceptible - Charge pump is the suspect for many failures - Limited number of read/write cycles ## Space qualification - Thermal-Vac - Vacuum and Temperature extremes (-40 to +90 degC) - Vibration facility - Hard shake - More Thermal-Vac and vibration testing after mount - Room filled with engine noise simulation - HST HOST - Mission ## Space qualification ## Space qualification ## Space qualification ## FNAL Involvement - Large robust memory is nicely associated with expanded science program of deep field sky survey - Radiation issues (tie-in with shield) are already studied at FNAL - Next steps - Continue to get working knowledge - Contact vendors - Narrow technologies to working concept - ASIC resources are possible ## Conclusions - No clear technology solution - High density, low power, radiation hard - Flash memories x10 less power (big difference between 100 W and 1 kW) - New concepts not ready for 1 Gb scale - Dense technologies use smaller feature sizes that are more prone to some failures - ASIC solution is possible, but could memories be made dense enough with accessible minimal feature sizes

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Wednesday, March 22, 2006 **Note to Members of the Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS)** Rick Freeman and Hal Mooney have asked me to begin our work together on the national rulemaking source example. Thanks especially to all who can participate in the face-to-face meeting planned for April 18-19, 2006 in Washington, DC. We hope that we can engage other subcommittee members who cannot attend through two pre-meeting teleconferences that we have scheduled for: > April 4, 2006 from 11 a.m. to 12 p.m., Eastern Time > > Purpose: to discuss the goals and strategy for working together and > preparing for a face-to-face meeting May 9-10, 2006. > > Teleconference number: Call 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 and > press the \# sign. > > April 11, 2006 from 11:00 - 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time > > Purpose: Subcommittee to discuss with Agency staff background > questions about the Agency's benefit assessments for the proposed and > final aquaculture rules and about the process used for developing > those assessments. > > Teleconference number: Call 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 and > press the \# sign. Please RSVP (<nugent.angela@epa.gov>) by Wednesday March 22 to confirm your availability for the calls. Please find attached background materials for subcommittee's work and preliminary agendas for our face-to-face meeting and pre-meeting teleconferences. The draft face-to-face meeting agenda assumes that members who are not able to attend the face-to-face meeting will be contributing text and ideas to the discussion through email or teleconference participation. Please read the background material described in the *Aquaculture Overview* and, at a minimum, the key sections of the final benefit assessment (identified on page 6 in the table "Key Sections of EPA Documents"\--web links provided) before the first planning call, April 4, 2006. Please let me know if I can be helpful as you begin work on the source example. Angela Table of Contents [Appendix 1: Aquaculture Overview 3](#__RefHeading___Toc130781593) [Appendix 2: Suggested Guidance 10](#__RefHeading___Toc130781594) [Appendix 3: Draft Agenda for Face-to-face Meeting April 18-19, 2006 15](#__RefHeading___Toc130781595) [Appendix 4: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 4, 2006 18](#__RefHeading___Toc130781596) [Appendix 5: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 18-19, 2006 19](#__RefHeading___Toc130781597) . []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781593 .anchor}Appendix 1: Aquaculture Overview **C-VPESS Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking: Aquaculture Rule Source Example: Overview of Aquatic Rule for C-VPESS Subcommittee** **Valuation Issue**: What are the benefits associated with the new regulations in the final rule? What were the benefits associated with options described in the proposed rule? **EPA Decision/Reason for Valuation:** On June 30 2004, EPA finalized a new rule establishing effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs) for concentrated aquatic animal production (CAAP), or aquaculture, facilities. The regulation applied to CAAP facilities that generate wastewater from their operations and discharge that wastewater directly into waters of the United States. The scope of the rule is described in Attachment 1. Attachment 2 provides a table of technologies required by the final rule compared with other options considered by EPA [Authority for and Genesis of Rule]{.underline} Title III of the Clean Water Act (CWA) gives EPA authority to issue effluent guidelines, national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (municipal sewage treatment plants). The standards are technology-based (i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies). They are not based on risk or impacts upon receiving waters. When EPA completed this regulation, it completed all the regulations required by a January 1992 settlement with the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, which established a schedule by which EPA would consider regulations for 19 industrial categories. Section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act governs how EPA works with the public in identifying identify industries for which effluent guidelines need to be revised or developed. [Requirements for and Use of Cost-benefit Analysis]{.underline} The CWA includes no mandate for cost-benefit analysis. As a technology-based rule, decision-making centers on analysis of cost-effectiveness. The CWA, however, does not prevent EPA decision-makers from considering cost-benefit analysis as part of the entire technical analysis supporting a decision. Under Executive Order 12866 the Agency must determine whether a regulatory action falls under the definition of a "significant regulatory action" which requires a cost-benefit analysis and OMB review. EPA generally conducts a cost-benefit analysis for rules that might meet this trigger. Information in cost-benefit analysis is used by decision makers, especially for controversial issues. Analysts supplement formal monetized cost-benefit analysis with narrative description of non monetized benefits to explain benefits of different regulatory options. These narrative descriptions are often removed stripped from final assessments because of the time involved in developing them and negotiating final language with OMB. **Decision-maker who was to use analysis:** Acting Administrator, **Other audiences for valuation information**: Other audiences include: OMB and interested and affected parties (e.g., regulated entities, trade associations, environmental groups, and the technical experts hired by these parties. In the case of some effluent guidelines (not the aquaculture guidelines) regulated parties may be interested in the valuation because they may have the ability to apply for waivers from site-specific permits because particular circumstances do not justify the cost-benefit standard established in the final economic assessment. **Status of Valuation Work and Chronology of Valuation Effort:** ------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Final rule published June 30, 2004 http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2004/August/Day-23/w15530.htm Final benefit analysis[^1] June 2004. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA/index.html published Due date for comments on January 27, proposed rule: 2003. Proposed rule published September 12, http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2002/September/Day-12/w21673.htm 2002 Proposed benefit analysis[^2] September http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/ea/ea.htm published 2002. ------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The web page for the rule (<http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/>) contains a more complete chronology and links to relevant documents: **["Bottom-line" Costs and Benefits]{.underline}** In the final assessment, EPA described the costs and benefits of the final rule option in the following ways. The Agency provided "Estimated Pre-Tax Annualized Compliance Costs and Monetized Benefits" (2003 dollars) (see Table ES-4 in the final assessment) ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Estimated Total Costs \$1,445,000 Estimated total Benefits \$66,000 to \$99,000 ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- > "Monetized benefit categories are primarily in the areas of improved > surface water quality (measured in terms of enhanced recreational > value). EPA also identified a number of benefits categories that could > not be monetized, including reductions in feed contaminants and > spilled drugs and chemicals released to the environment, as well as > better reporting of drug usage to permitting authorities." (p. ES-12) In the proposed assessment (see p. 10-1), EPA described the benefits in the following way: > "EPA has quantified and monetized a subset of the anticipated benefits > of the proposed action listed above. The central basis for the > quantitative benefits analysis is a water quality modeling assessment > that estimates water quality responses to the pollutant loading > reductions under technology options described earlier in this > document. Specifically, the benefits that EPA has been able to > quantify are (a) water quality improvements in stream reaches > downstream of flow-through and recirculating systems, and (b) > improvements in the recreational use value of these same reaches. > Benefits that were not quantified include water quality and ecological > responses to pollutant loading reductions at net pen systems and > ecological and other water resource benefits from reductions in > releases of non-native species, aquatic animal pathogens, and drugs > and chemicals used at CAAP facilities. EPA did not quantify or > monetize these potential benefits due to lack of readily available > assessment modeling tools for such an analysis. Thus, the estimated > monetized benefits of the proposed action are based only on a portion > of the expected environmental benefits of the proposed regulation." **[Overview of EPA Valuation: Key Sections of EPA Documents]{.underline}** +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Identif | **Final benefit | **http://www.epa.gov/waters | | ication | assessment: Chapter 7 on | cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA | | of | Environmental Impacts from | /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%207.pdf** | | pote | Aquaculture Facilities.** | | | ntially | | | | im | | | | portant | | | | eco | | | | logical | | | | changes | | | +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | | Proposed benefit | ht | | | assessment: Chapter 9 on | tp://www.epa.gov/waterscience | | | Environmental Impacts of | /guide/aquaculture/ea/ch9.pdf | | | the AAP Industry in the | | | | U.S | | +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Ch | **Final benefit | **http://www.epa.gov/waters | | aracter | assessment: Chapter 8 on | cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA | | ization | Environmental Benefits of | /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%208.pdf** | | and /or | Final Regulation,** | | | quantif | | | | ication | | | | of | | | | b | | | | enefits | | | | (non-m | | | | onetary | | | | terms | | | | and | | | | m | | | | onetary | | | | terms) | | | +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | | Proposed benefit | <http | | | assessment: Chapter 10 on | ://www.epa.gov/waterscience/g | | | Environmental Benefits of | uide/aquaculture/ea/ch10.pdf> | | | Proposed Regulation and | | | | Chapter 11., Section 1, | htt | | | Cost-Benefit Comparison | p://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ | | | | guide/aquaculture/ea/ch11.pdf | +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Ch | **Final benefit | **http://www.epa.gov/waters | | aracter | assessment: Chapter on | cience/guide/aquaculture/EEBA | | ization | Environmental Benefits of | /EEBA%20-%20Chapter%208.pdf** | | of | Final Regulation, Chapter | | | unce | 8, especially section | | | rtainty | 8.2.7, Source of | | | and | Uncertainty** | | | data | | | | quality | | | +---------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+ **[Other Aspects of the Analytical Process]{.underline}** **Data constraints:** The CWA provides direct authority for EPA to survey industries concerning technologies and costs related to effluent guidelines. OMB review of such surveys under the Paperwork Reduction Act does not impede development of regulations. There is no authority provided for data collection related to the benefit of such regulations. **Resource constraints:** The Office of Science and Technology prepared the final assessment with the support of Eastern Research Group, Incorporated and Tetra Tech. **Peer review:** The economic assessments were not peer reviewed nor were sections of the documents peer reviewed because they did not include novel methods or approaches. **Attachment 1: Scope of Final Rule** Excerpt from "Effluent Guidelines Aquatic Animal Production Industry Final Rule - Fact Sheet" http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/aquaculture/fs-final.htm# The rule requires that all applicable facilities: - Prevent discharge of drugs and pesticides that have been spilled and minimize discharges of excess feed. - Regularly maintain production and wastewater treatment systems. - Keep records on numbers and weights of animals, amounts of feed, and frequency of cleaning, inspections, maintenance, and repairs. - Train staff to prevent and respond to spills and to properly operate and maintain production and wastewater treatment systems. - Report the use of experimental animal drugs or drugs that are not used in accordance with label requirements. - Report failure of or damage to a containment system. - Develop, maintain, and certify a Best Management Practice plan that describes how the facility will meet the requirements. The rule requires flow through and recirculating discharge facilities to minimize the discharge of solids such as uneaten feed, settled solids, and animal carcasses. The rule requires open water system facilities to: - Use active feed monitoring and management strategies to allow only the least possible uneaten feed to accumulate beneath the nets. - Properly dispose of feed bags, packaging materials, waste rope, and netting. - Limit as much as possible wastewater discharges resulting from the transport or harvest of the animals. - Prevent the discharge of dead animals in the wastewater. Attachment 2 Technologies Required by the Final Rule Compared with other options considered by EPA Image below taken from final assessment, page 4-2 ![](media/image1.png){width="5.9944444444444445in" height="4.495833333333334in"} []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781594 .anchor}Appendix 2: Suggested Guidance **Suggested Guidance for C-VPESS Subcommittees Preparing Draft Text Relating to EPA Valuation "Source Examples" for the May 9-10, 2006 C-VPESS meeting** At the C-VPESS planning call on February 3, 2006, committee members agreed to work in March and April in three subcommittees focusing on three types of source examples of most apparent interest - Valuation for national-level rule-making: Tentative focus: EPA Office of Water Aquaculture rule; - Valuation for regional decision-making: Tentative focus: Green Infrastructure Mapping as a Decision-Support Tool - Valuation for local decision-making: (tentative focus: Superfund Site(s) combined with Traditional versus Sustainable Redevelopment of Contaminated Properties) C-VPESS members asked for guidance on the scope and general approach for the source example exercise. The suggested guidance below is offered to help subcommittees work in parallel to achieve the two major purposes of the source-example exercise: - to help the C-VPESS develop its *Applications Report*, which will examine how EPA might conduct valuation studies in particular decision contexts (e.g., national rule-making, regional decisions, local decision-making) using a variety of methods.[^3] - to help C-VPESS identify the extent to which the various methods included in the current draft SAB C-VPESS *Methods Report* might be used by EPA, to assess their strengths and weaknesses; and to shed additional light on a number of cross-cutting issues that have been identified for inclusion in that report. This guidance suggests that subcommittees consider three major questions: A. How could EPA conduct ecological valuation as completely as possible in the specific context provided by the source example? B. How could EPA conduct ecological valuation in other contexts that are similar to the specific context provided by the source example but differ in some key aspect such as scale, data availability, scientific uncertainty, etc.? In other words, how can the source examples provide a starting point for a more general approach to ecological valuation that would be useful to EPA? C. Based on subcommittee discussions, how can the C-VPESS refine the discussion of cross-cutting issues currently in the October 18, 2005 draft of the Methods Report[^4] and address other cross-cutting issues identified at the December 2005 SAB Workshop, *Science for Valuation of EPA\'s Ecological Protection Decisions and Programs*? More detail related to these questions can be found in the attachment to this guidance. Subcommittee draft expanded narrative outline for the May 9-10 meeting should represent the consensus views of subcommittee members or the range of views held by them. Draft expanded narrative outlines should be approximately 15-25 pages in length, provided to the Designated Federal Officer by May 1, 2006 for distribution to the full committee. **Attachment: Additional Detail on Three Major Questions for** **C-VPESS "Source Example Subcommittees"** A. **How could EPA conduct ecological valuation as completely as possible in the specific context provided by the source example?** > As a guide to this effort, each subcommittee can refer to the process > diagram discussed earlier by the committee (see figure 1) and ask: 1. how could you identify the potentially important ecological changes? 2. how could you determine what people care about, and hence what changes to focus on? 3. how can you quantify the ecological impacts in bio-physical terms? 4. how can you characterize and, if possible, quantify these impacts in human (but non-monetary) terms? 5. if necessary, how might you quantify these impacts in monetary terms? ![](media/image2.png){width="6.0in" height="4.743055555555555in"} > In the process of answering these questions, each subcommittee can > identify the extent to which the various methods included in the > current draft SAB C-VPESS Methods Report > > (<http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/c-vpess_oct_18_2005_draft_12_methods_report.pdf>) > might be used by EPA and assess their strengths and weaknesses. > > In regard to question 3, each subcommittee can also consider whether > they found the Boyd and Banzhaf approach (Boyd and Banzhaf 2006)[^5] > to defining ecosystem services to be helpful? If not, why not? B. **What questions should be asked related to this type of valuation that would make C-VPESS advice more generally useful to EPA? How can the subcommittee change aspects of the source example to illuminate potentially useful applications of analytical processes, methods and data sets?** - Subcommittees should ask: - Are there special features to this valuation exercise that analysts don't generally encounter? - Are there regular features or issues associated with other valuation exercises that this source example doesn't involve? - Some suggestions from Committee Members: - Could the issue raise concerns about the value of "natural" vs. non-natural (e.g., genetically engineered, engineered, exotic species) components of the ecosystem and does EPA's valuation approach address these concerns? Are there appropriate methods that could? - Could the valuation issue involve valuation issues regarding "bio-ecological" benefits (biodiversity, protection/restoration of native plant/animal species, "naturalness") and some important aesthetic benefits that can be represented visually (e.g., natural beauty---which requires some specific piece of landscape to represent)? If so present and discuss the role that (non-economic) verbal and perceptual survey methods might play in such a decision making process C. **Based on subcommittee discussions, how can the C-VPESS refine the discussion of cross-cutting issues currently in the October 18, 2005 draft of the Methods Report and address other cross-cutting issues identified at the December 2005 SAB Workshop, Science for Valuation of EPA\'s Ecological Protection Decisions and Programs?** - Determination of who is appropriate to assign ecological values (e.g., experts, non-experts) and related issues of sampling and representativeness - Selecting the endpoint or target to be valued - Choice of spatial and temporal scale for the valuation - Selecting appropriate descriptions or expressions of the endpoint or target - Spatial data issues - Importance of quantifying and/or characterizing non-monetized benefits in a way that is scientifically based, defensible, verifiable (not just listing them and including as +B); standardization is key; metrics to use? - Data quality -- general characterization of data quality, importance (or lack thereof) of response rates; use of knowledge networks; questions about reaction vs. introspection; tradeoffs between Type I and Type II errors; role of information (how informed) - Characterization of uncertainties - Potential for data sharing -- making existing data (ecological, economic, survey) readily available; data, model, and parameter "banks"; making use of LTER, NEON; standardization of data []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781595 .anchor}Appendix 3: Draft Agenda for Face-to-face Meeting April 18-19, 2006 **Meeting of the Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking, SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of** **Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Draft Agenda** **April 18-19, 2006** **Science Advisory Board Conference Center, 1025 F Street, NW, Suite 3705, Washington, D.C. 20004** **Purpose: Subcommittee to develop the Aquaculture Rule source example to develop draft text for full C-VPESS consideration on May 9-10, 2006 that will** **• help the C-VPESS develop the national rule-making portion of the Applications Report rule-making, regional decisions, local decision-making) using a variety of methods.** **• to help C-VPESS identify the extent to which the various methods included in the current draft SAB C-VPESS Methods Report might be used by EPA, to assess their strengths and weaknesses; and to shed additional light on a number of cross-cutting issues that have been identified for inclusion in that report.** **[Day 1]{.underline}** +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 9:00 - | Welcome | Dr. Angela Nugent, | | 9:10 | | EPA, SABSO | | | | | | | | Dr. Vanessa Vu, EPA, | | | | SABSO | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 9:10 - | Review of agenda | Drs. A. Myrick | | 9:20 | | Freeman and Harold | | | | Mooney, Co-Chairs | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 9:20 - | Identification of ecological | Dr. A. Myrick Freeman | | 9:40 | stressors associated with | | | | concentrated aquatic animal | | | | production (CAAP) | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 9:40 - | Identification of potentially | Dr. Robert Huggett | | 10:30 | important ecological changes | | | | | Dr. Harold Mooney | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 10:30 - | Break | | | 11:00 | | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:00 - | Identification of related human | Dr. Douglas MacLean | | 12:00 | values and ecological changes | | | | for what people care about, and | Dr. William Ascher | | | the ecological changes to focus | | | | on | Dr. Paul Slovic (not | | | | attending in person) | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 12:00 - | Lunch | | | 1:00 | | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 1:00 - | Quantification of ecological | Dr. Robert Huggett | | 2:30 | impacts in bio-physical terms | | | | | Dr. Harold Mooney | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 2:30 -- | Characterization and | Dr. Douglas MacLean | | 3:30 | quantification of impacts in | | | | human (but non-monetary) terms | Dr. William Ascher | | | | | | | | Dr. Paul Slovic (not | | | | attending in person) | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 3:30 - | Lunch | | | 3:45 | | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 3:45 - | Quantification in monetary | Dr. A.Myrick Freeman | | 4:45 | terms | | | | | Dr. V. Kerry Smith | | | | (not attending in | | | | person) | | | | | | | | Dr. Robert Stavins | | | | (not attending in | | | | person) | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 4:45 - | Characterization of data | Dr. William Ascher | | 5:30 | quality and uncertainty | | | | | Dr. Robert Stavins | | | | (not attending in | | | | person) | | | | | | | | \- | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 5:30 | Adjourn | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ **[Day 2]{.underline}** +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ | 8:30 - | Opening of Meeting/Review of | Drs. A. Myrick Freeman | | 8:35 | Agenda | and Harold Mooney | +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ | 8:35 -- | Additional methodological | All | | 11:00 | issues to address of importance | | | | to valuation for rulemaking | | +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ | 11:00 -- | Working Lunch | All, based on | | 2:45 | | assignments | | | Discussion of Cross-Cutting | | | | Issues[^6] | | +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ | 3:00 | Adjourn | | +----------+---------------------------------+------------------------+ []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781596 .anchor}Appendix 4: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 4, 2006 **Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS) Draft Agenda Planning Teleconference #1: April 4, 11:00 - 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time** **Teleconference number: 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 \#** **Purpose: Subcommittee to discuss the goals and strategy for working together and preparing for a face-to-face meeting May 9-10, 2006.** **[Day 1]{.underline}** +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:00 -- | Welcome and review of agenda | Dr. Angela Nugent, | | 11:10 | | EPA, SABSO | | | | | | | | Drs. A. Myrick | | | | Freeman and Harold | | | | Mooney, Co-Chairs | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:10 - | Review of goals for | Drs. A. Myrick | | 11:20 | subcommittee and review of | Freeman and Harold | | | materials sent to subcommittee | Mooney | | | members | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:20 | Discussion of pre-meeting | All | | -11:30 | teleconference (April 1?, 2006) | | | | with Agency | | | | | | | | Purpose: to raise questions | | | | about the Agency's benefit | | | | assessments for the proposed | | | | and final aquaculture rules and | | | | about the process used for | | | | developing those assessments | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:30 -- | Proposed agenda and assignments | All | | 11:50 | for April 18-19^th^ | | | | face-to-face Subcommittee | | | | meeting | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:50 -- | Summary of Action Items | Drs. A. Myrick | | 12:00 | | Freeman and Harold | | | | Mooney | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 12:00 | Adjourn | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ []{#__RefHeading___Toc130781597 .anchor}Appendix 5: Draft Agenda for Planning Call April 18-19, 2006 **Subcommittee on Valuation for National Rulemaking SAB Committee on Valuing the Protection of Ecological Systems and Services (C-VPESS)** **Draft Agenda** **Planning Teleconference #2 April 11, 11:00 - 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time** **Teleconference number: 866-299-3188, access code 343-9981 \#** **Purpose:** Subcommittee to discuss with Agency staff background questions about the Agency's benefit assessments for the proposed and final aquaculture rules and about the process used for developing those assessments. +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:00 -- | Welcome, introductions, and | Dr. Angela Nugent, | | 11:10 | review of agenda | EPA, SABSO | | | | | | | | Drs. A. Myrick | | | | Freeman and Harold | | | | Mooney, Co-Chairs | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:10 - | Response from Agency Staff to | Dr. Julie Hewitt | | 11:30 | questions provided in advance | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 11:30 | Discussion of additional | All | | -12:15 | questions | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 12:15 -- | Summary of Action Items | Drs. A. Myrick | | 12:30 | | Freeman and Harold | | | | Mooney | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ | 12:30 | Adjourn | | +------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+ [^1]: Economic and Environmental Benefits Analysis of the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Industry Point Source Category (hereafter called "final assessment"), EPA-821-R-04-013 [^2]: Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of the Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production Industry (hereafter called "proposed assessment") EPA-821-R-02-015 [^3]: More specifically, the source examples are intended: to provide specifics about what should be done to characterize ecological values more fully, not to critique EPA efforts or provide detailed advice on specific cases to provide context for a discussion of the practical issues that EPA is likely to face in doing valuations, not to provide EPA with analysis on specific valuations. to provide a starting point for discussion of how varying details of the examples (e.g., changing scale, type of pollutant, data availability) might lead to use of different methods or approaches, so that C-VPESS can generate general principles with applicability beyond the specific details of the source examples. to help the C-VPESS draft an Applications Report that would offer guidelines for conducting ecological valuation in different decision contexts with enough specificity to allow EPA analysts and decision makers to make better informed choices about how to conduct and use ecological valuations. [^4]: on the web at <http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/c-vpess_oct_18_2005_draft_12_methods_report.pdf>) , [^5]: Boyd, J. and S. Banzhaf (2006). What are Ecosystem Services? The Need for Standardized Environmental Accounting Units. RFF Discussion Papers. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future. On the web at: http://www.rff.org/rff/News/Features/What-are-Ecosystem-Services.cfm [^6]: > We could tag subcommittee members to come prepared to address the > topics below and have them come with brief text Determination of who is appropriate to assign ecological values and related issues of sampling and representativeness (Slovic-not attending in person, MacLean) Selecting the endpoint or target to be valued (Huggett) Choice of spatial and temporal scale for the valuation (Ascher) Selecting appropriate descriptions or expressions of the endpoint or target (Slovic-not attending in person) Spatial data issues (Smith-not attending in person) Importance of quantifying and/or characterizing non-monetized benefits in a way that is scientifically based, defensible, verifiable (not just listing them and including as +B); standardization is key; metrics to use? (Ascher) Data quality -- general characterization of data quality, importance (or lack thereof) of response rates; use of knowledge networks; questions about reaction vs. introspection; tradeoffs between Type I and Type II errors; role of information (how informed) (Smith-not attending in person, Ascher) Potential for data sharing -- making existing data (ecological, economic, survey) readily available; data, model, and parameter "banks"; making use of LTER, NEON; standardization of data (Smith-not attending in person)

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# Presentation: 164740 ## Environmental Health **Environmental Health** **Progress Review** **March 19, 2003** ## Key Components of **Environmental Health** - Source: Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd edition. With understanding and improving health - and objectives for improving health. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. November 2000. **Water Quality** **Toxics and Waste** **Outdoor Air Quality** **Healthy Homes and Healthy Communities** **Global Environmental Health** **Infrastructure and Surveillance** **Health of Individuals & Communities** **Notes:** EH objectives are organized into 6 topic areas. This presentation highlights one to two objectives from each topic area. Begin at one o’clock and progress clockwise. ## Outdoor Air Quality ** ****8-2. **** ****Alternative modes of transportation** ** ****8-3. **** ****Cleaner alternative fuels** ** ****8-4. **** ****Airborne toxins** ** ** **Outdoor Air Quality** **Notes:** 8-1 is a Leading Health Indicator. ## 8-1a. Persons living in areas that do not **meet EPA standards****†**** for ozone** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **Total** **American Indian/** **Alaska Native** **only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Percent** **2010 target****‡**** = 0%** **1997** **2001** **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific ** **Islander only** **Notes:** Data are available for all years (1997-2001). Between 1997 and 2000: No change in data point for any group in the template between (because regions keep their “non-attainment” designation for three years). Thus, trend data not shown. 1997 and 2001 provide only point of comparison. ## 8-1b. Persons living in areas that do not **meet EPA standards****†**** for particulate matter** **Total** **American Indian/** **Alaska Native** **only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Percent** **2010 target****‡**** = 0%** **1997** **2001** **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific** **Islander only** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **†** - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). **‡ ** ## meet EPA standards† for carbon monoxide **meet EPA standards****†**** for carbon monoxide**** ** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **2010 target****‡**** = 0%** **1997** **2001** **Percent** **American Indian/** **Alaska Native** **only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Total** **†** - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for carbon monoxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific ** **Islander only** **‡ ** ## 8-1d. Persons living in areas that do not **meet EPA standards****†**** for nitrogen dioxide** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **2010 target****‡**** = 0%** **Percent** **American Indian/** **Alaska Native** **only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Total** **1997** **2001** **†** - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for nitrogen dioxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific** **Islander only** **‡** - * - * - * - * - * - * - * ## meet EPA standards† for sulfur dioxide **meet EPA standards****†**** for sulfur dioxide**** ** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **2010 target****‡**** = 0%** **1997** **2001** **Percent** **American Indian/** **Alaska Native** **only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Total** **†** - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for sulfur dioxide. - Target set to be consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549). **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific ** **Islander only** **‡** ## 8-1a-f. Persons living in areas that do not meet **EPA standards****†**** for criteria pollutants, 2001** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **2010 targets****‡**** = 0%** **Percent** **Ozone** **Sulfur ** **dioxide** **Nitrogen ** **dioxide** **Carbon ** **monoxide** **Particulate ** **matter** - * - * **Lead** **Outside MSA** **Within MSA** **Total** - MSA: Metropolitan Statistical Area ## 8-1g. Persons living in areas that do not meet EPA **standards****† ****for criteria pollutants, by race/ethnicity** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **American Indian/** **Alaska Native only** **White only, ** **not Hispanic** **Black only, ** **not Hispanic** **Hispanic** **Asian** **only** **Number (thousands)** **2010 target = 0** **1997** **2001** **Native Hawaiian/** **Other Pacific** **Islander only** ## standards† for criteria pollutants, by age and **standards****† ****for**** ****criteria pollutants****, by age and ** **geographic location** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **Less than 10** **65 and over** **10-64** **Number (thousands)** **Age in years** **.................... ....................** **Within** **Outside** **.............. ..............** **MSA** **2010 target = 0** **1997** **2001** - MSA: Metropolitan Statistical Area ## EPA-designated nonattainment areas, **1990 and 2000** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. **1990** **2000** - * Criteria pollutants are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead. - * ## EPA-designated nonattainment areas for **EPA-designated nonattainment areas for**** ** **criteria pollutants****†****, ****September 2001** - Source: Aeromatic Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA/OAR. ## Water Quality ** ****8-6. **** ****Waterborne disease outbreaks** ** ****8-7. **** ****Water conservation** ** ****8-8. **** ****Surface water quality (developmental)** ** ****8-9. **** ****Beach closings (developmental – proposed **** **** **** baseline data shown)** ** ****8-10. **** ****Fish contamination (developmental)** **Water Quality** ## Number of beaches in the 2001 National **Number of beaches in the 2001 National ** **Health Protection Survey of Beaches** - Source: EPA/OW. *BEACH Watch Program: 2001 Swimming Season*. May 2002. ## 8-9. Beaches experiencing one or more - <date/time> **8-9. Beaches experiencing one or more ** **advisories or closings, 1997-2001** - Source: National Health Protection Survey of Beaches, EPA/OW. **Number** **Beaches surveyed** **Beaches experiencing **_**>**_** 1 advisories/closings** **23%** **25%** **24%** **27%** **27%** - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## Sources of pollution causing beach **advisories and closings, 2001** - Source: EPA/OW. *BEACH Watch Program: 2001 Swimming Season*. May 2002. **Unknown** **52%** **Storm water runoff** **20%** **Other** **3%** **Wildlife** **10%** **Combined sewer overflow** **3%** **Boat discharge** **2%** **Sanitary sewer overflow** **2%** **Sewer line blockage or break** **4%** **Publicly owned treatment works** **1%** **Septic system** **3%** ## Toxics and Waste ** ****8-12.**** **** Risks posed by hazardous sites **** ** ** ****8-13.**** **** Health care visits due to pesticide **** **** **** **** exposure **** ** ** ****8-14. **** **** Toxic pollutants generated for energy **** **** **** **** recovery (developmental)** ** ****8-15. **** **** Recycled municipal solid waste** ** ** **Toxics and Waste** ## 8-11. Children ages 1-5 years with **elevated blood lead levels****†** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. **Percent ** **1988-1991** **1999-2000** **1976-1980** **1991-1994** **88.2%** **8.9%** **4.4%** **2.2% ******** ## Mean blood lead concentration **in children ages 1-5 years** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. **†** Geometric mean **Mean****†**** blood lead concentration (ug/dL) ** - I 95% Confidence Interval **1976-1980** **1988-1991** **1999-2000** **1991-1994** ## Mean blood lead concentration in **children ages 1-5 years, by race/ethnicity** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. **†** Geometric mean **Mexican ** **American*** **White, ** **not Hispanic** **Mean****†**** blood lead concentration (ug/dL) ** - I 95% Confidence Interval **Black, ** **not Hispanic** - * Can be of any race **Total** **1991-1994** **1999-2000** ## Healthy Homes and Communities ** ****8-17.**** **** Office building air quality** ** ****8-18.**** **** Homes tested for radon **** ** ** ****8-19. **** **** Radon-resistant new home construction** ** ****8-20. **** **** School policies to protect against hazards** ** ****8-21.**** **** Disaster preparedness plans and protocols** ** ****8-22.**** **** Lead-based paint testing in pre-1950s homes** ** ****8-23.**** **** Substandard housing** ** ** **Healthy Homes and Communities** ## 8-16. Indoor allergens: Dust mite **and cockroach allergens in bed dust** - Source: National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, NIH/NIEHS; and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). **Group 1 dust mite ** **> 2 ug/g** **Millions of homes ** **1998-99 level** **2010 target** **Direction desired** **Group 1 dust mite ** **> 10 ug/g** **German cockroach ** **> 0.1 unit/g** **Allergen concentration in bed dust** **........................... ...........................****. ** **44.3** **23.2** **5.8** ## Homes with group 1 dust mite allergen **concentrations at or above threshold, 1998-1999** - Source: Arbes SJ, Cohn RD, Yin M, et al. House dust mite allergens in US beds: Results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens - in Housing. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. February 2003. _**>**_** 0.025 ug/g** **Percent of homes ** _**>**_** 2.0 ug/g** _**>**_** 10.0 ug/g** **Allergen concentration in bed dust** ** ........................ ........................ ** **Lower limit of detection** **Threshold for ** **allergic sensitization** **Threshold for ** **asthma sensitization** - I 95% Confidence Interval* of any race. **84.2%** **46.2%** **24.2%** ## Mean dust mite concentrations, by **housing unit characteristics, 1998-1999** - Source: Arbes SJ, Cohn RD, Yin M, et al. House dust mite allergens in US beds: Results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. February 2003. **Construction Year** - _<_ 1939 - 1940-1959 - 1960-1977 - 1978-1998 **1990 census region** - West - Midwest - South - Northeast **Household income** - < $20,000 - $20,000-39,999 - $40,000-59,999 - _>_ $60,000 **Mean concentration (ug/g)** - I 95% Confidence Interval* of any race. ## Infrastructure and Surveillance ** ****8-25.**** **** Exposure to heavy metals and other toxic **** **** **** **** **** chemicals (developmental – proposed **** **** **** **** baseline data shown)** ** ****8-26.**** **** Information systems used for environmental **** **** **** health**** ** ** ****8-27. **** **** Monitoring environmentally related diseases** ** ****8-28. **** **** Local agencies using surveillance for vector **** **** **** control** ** ** **Infrastructure and Surveillance** ## 8-24a-d. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, **persons ages 6 and over** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * *Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). **1-Napthol ** **(carbaryl)** **Paranitrophenol** **(methyl parathion/** **parathions)** **3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol** **(chlorpyfifos)** **Metabolite (pesticide)** **Isopropoxyphenol** **(propoxur)** - Note: 1988-1994 data are for persons ages 6 and over. 1999-2000 data are for persons ages 6-59 years. **< LOD** ** †** 95th percentile - I 95% Confidence Interval - LOD: Limit of detection **Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)****†** **1988-94** **1999-2000** **2010 target** - * ## 8-24a-c. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, **persons ages 6-59 years, by race, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). **1-Napthol ** **(carbaryl)** **Paranitrophenol** **(methyl parathion/** **parathions)** **3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol** **(chlorpyfifos)** **Metabolite (pesticide)** **†** 95th percentile - ** Can be of any race. **Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)****†** **Mexican American**** **Black, not Hispanic** **2010 target** **White, not Hispanic** - * ## 8-24a-c. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, **persons ages 6-59 years, by age, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). **1-Napthol ** **(carbaryl)** **Paranitrophenol** **(methyl parathion/** **parathions)** **3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol** **(chlorpyfifos)** **Metabolite (pesticide)** **†** 95th percentile **Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)****†** **6-11 years** **12-19 years** **2010 target** **20-59 years** - * ## 8-25b,c,e. Heavy metals in the blood, **persons ages 1 year and over, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. **†** 95th percentile - I 95% Confidence Interval **Cadmium** **Lead** **Blood concentration (ug/dL)****†** **Females & Males** **1-5 years** **Females** **16-49 years** - .......... .......... **Mercury** ## 8-25c. Mean blood lead concentrations, **persons ages 1 year and over, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). **Total** **1-5 years** **Mexican American*** **Male** ** ****Female** **Black, not Hispanic** **White, not Hispanic** **6-11 years** **12-19 years** **20 years and over** - * Can be of any race - I 95% Confidence Interval* **Mean blood lead concentration (ug/dL)** - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## 8-25f,g,i. Pesticide metabolites in the urine, **persons ages 6-59 years, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - LOD: Limit of detection. - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. **2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic ** **acid** ***ortho*****-Phenlyphenol** **2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-** **6-hydroxypyrimidine** **(Diazinon)** **Metabolite (pesticide)** **Urine concentration (ug/g creatinine)****†** **< LOD** **< LOD** ## 8-25m,o,p. Organochlorine compounds in the blood **serum, persons ages 12 years and over, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. **Oxychlordane** **Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane** **(DDE)** **Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane** **Organochlorine compound** **Serum concentration (ng/g lipid)****†** **†** - I - 95th percentile - 95% Confidence Interval* ## 8-25o. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) in the **blood serum, persons ages 12 and over, 1999-2000** - Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC/NCHS. Data reported in the *Second National Report on Human * * **Exposure to Environmental Chemicals*, CDC/NCEH (January 2003). **Total** **12-19** **years** **Mexican** ** ****American*** **Serum concentration (ng/g lipid)****†** **20+** **years** **Males** **Females** **Black,** **not** **Hispanic** **White,** **not** **Hispanic** - * Can be of any race - Note: This objective is developmental. A 2010 target has not yet been set. ## Global Environmental Health ** ****8-30.**** **** Water quality in the U.S.-Mexico border region **** ** ** ** **Global Environmental Health** ## U.S.-Mexico border region **U.S.-Mexico border region** - Source: U.S.-Mexico Border Health Commission ## 8-30a-f. Wastewater sewer service in selected **U.S.-Mexico border communities ** - Sources: EPA; Mexico’s Comision Nacional de Agua; State and local health departments; American Water Works Association; Rural Water - Association; U.S.-Mexico Border Health Association. **Ciudad ** **Acuna** **Percent ** **1997** **2002** **2010 target** **Mexicali** **Piedras** **Negras** **Matamoros** **Nogales,** **Sonora** **Reynosa** **NA** **NA** - NA: Data not available. - * - * - * ## 8-30g-l. Wastewater receiving treatment in **selected U.S.-Mexico border communities** - Sources: EPA; Mexico’s Comision Nacional de Agua; State and local health departments; American Water Works Association; Rural Water - Association; U.S.-Mexico Border Health Association. **Ciudad ** **Acuna** **Percent ** **1997** **2002** **2010 target** **Mexicali** **Piedras** **Negras** **Matamoros** **Nogales,** **Sonora** **Reynosa** **NA** - NA: Data not available. **NA** - * - * - * ## For more information **Progress Review data and slides ** **can be accessed on the web at:** **http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hphome.htm**

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# Presentation: 658344 ## PERSONAL PROPERTY - Status Meeting - October 12, 2006 ## AGENDA - Audit Calendar - Unresolved Audit Issues - Anticipated Projects by Line/Staff Office - Matrix of Missing Documentation - Unreconciled Payments Report (UPR) - Annual Inventory - FY07 - Training - Reports - General Information - Separation of Duties - Object Class Codes - Change of Property Custodians - Property Accountability and Security - 37-40 Hand Receipt - New DoC Reports ## AUDIT CALENDARhttp://www.pps.noaa.gov/audit_calendar.html | Date | Task | Whom Responsible | To Whom | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Oct. 16 | Run depreciation reports for October | Personal Property | n/a | | Oct. 19 | Financial reports due | Personal Property | Finance | | Oct. 27 | Audit field work ends at the Bureau level | | | | Nov. 6 | Documentation due to the Property Office for any adds, deletes or changes | Line/Staff Property Managers | Personal Property | ## DOCUMENTATION - Timely submission of documentation to the Property Office is _critical_ ## UNRESOLVEDAUDIT ISSUES Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - NWS - NWS Radio Transmitters – Donated - Received all but 5 - Project Manager: Mark Paese - PDA: March 31, 2006 - Est. Cost: ## UNRESOLVEDAUDIT ISSUES (cont.)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - OAR - Components of eJet (Boulder) - Project Manager: Bobby Kelly - PDA: February 2005 - Documentation Required - Est. Cost: ## NESDIS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - 13 M Antenna Control System - Project Manager: - PDA: - Est. Cost: $210K - 14.2 M Antenna Control System - Project Manager: - PDA: - Est. Cost: $500K ## NESDIS PROJECTS (Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Critical Single Points of Failure - Project Manager: Chung Wu - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $6.6 million - GOES Ground Projects - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $8 million ## NESDIS PROJECTS(Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission) - Project Manager: - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: - EMWIN (Emergency Manager Weather Information Network) - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: October 2006 - Est. Cost: $1.5 million ## NESDIS PROJECTS(Cont)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - NSOF (NOAA Satellite Operations Facility) Antenna Systems - Project Manager: Warren Dorsey - PDA: December 2006 - Est. Cost: $8 million - NSOF Network Core - Project Manager: - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: $1 million ## NESDIS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Svalbard System - Project Manager: Col. Dan Stockton - PDA: 1st Qtr 2007 - Est. Cost: $10.6 million **Is there anything else?** ## NMAO PROJECTS Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Twin Otter Aircraft - Project Manager: Michelle Fynn/Julie Robertson - PDA: October 2006 or January or February 2007 - Est. Cost: $1.5 million - Sonar for Long Range Fishery Vessel - Project Manager: Michael Webb - PDA: Dispute with Vendor. May default - Est. Cost: $5.6 million **Is there anything else?** ## NMFS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) **Is there anything?** ## NOS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - ADCAT Software - Project Manager: Dennis Hoar - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: - Two 35-39 ft. Research Vessels - Project Manager: ? - PDA: ? - Est. Cost: **Is there anything else?** ## NWS PROJECTSPlease verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - IBM Computer Lease - Project Manager: - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: - Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for NWS Telecommunication Gateway (NWSTG) - Project Manager: William Johnson - PDA: September 2006 - Est. Cost: ## NWS PROJECTS (CONT)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Wind Profilers Upgrade - Project Manager: Al Wissman - PDA: FY 2007 - Est. Cost: - Air Handling Replacement NWSTG - Project Manager: William Johnson - PDA: Sept/Oct 2006 - Est. Cost: ## NWS PROJECTS (CONT)Please verify the following projects’ projected date of acceptance (PDA) - Radiosonde Replacement System (RRS) - Project Manager: Edward C. Roberts - PDA: Oct 2006 - Est. Cost: 4.5M **Is there anything else?** ## MATRIX OF MISSING DOCUMENTATION - NWS - CD0001461661: Missing invoices *(4 months old)* - CD0000683693: Missing CD 509 *(New)* - CD0001445926: Missing CD 509 *(New)* - CD0001041943*: *Missing Receiving Report/Acceptance *(New)* ## UPR TRENDS | | FY 2005 | | FY 2006 | | Combined | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | | TOTAL | 200 | 200 | 2,656 | 4,672 | 2,856 | 4,872 | | AGO | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | CAO | 0 | 0 | 197 | 191 | 197 | 191 | | CFO | 0 | 0 | 430 | 7 | 430 | 7 | | CIO | 0 | 0 | .3 | 20 | .3 | 20 | | GC | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | | NESDIS | 0 | 0 | 117 | 67 | 117 | 67 | - In thousands (000s) ## UPR TRENDS (cont.) | | FY 2005 | | FY 2006 | | Combined | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | Sept 1 | Oct 6 | | NMAO | 0 | 0 | 525 | 1,340 | 525 | 1,340 | | NMFS | 0 | 0 | 333 | 684 | 333 | 684 | | NOS | 177 | 177 | 213 | 703 | 390 | 880 | | NWS | 0 | 0 | 361 | 682 | 361 | 682 | | OAR | 23 | 23 | 466 | 969 | 489 | 992 | | USAO | 0 | 0 | .4 | .8 | .4 | .8 | | WFM | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | - In thousands (000s) ## AGED UPR(90 DAYS & OLDER) | | FY 2005 | FY 2006 | Total 90 Days & Older UPR | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | TOTAL | 200 | 464 | 664 | | AGO | 0 | 0 | 0 | | CAO | 0 | 190 | 190 | | CFO | 0 | 0 | 0 | | CIO | 0 | 0 | 0 | | GC | 0 | 7 | 7 | | NESDIS | 0 | 36 | 36 | - In thousands (000s) ## AGED UPR (cont.)(90 DAYS & OLDER) | | FY 2005 | FY 2006 | Total 90 Days & Older UPR | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | NMAO | 0 | 6 | 6 | | NMFS | 0 | 41 | 41 | | NOS | 177 | 39 | 212 | | NWS | 0 | 21 | 21 | | OAR | 23 | 124 | 147 | | USAO | 0 | 0 | 0 | | WFM | 0 | 0 | 0 | - In thousands (000s) ## FY 2007 INVENTORYSCHEDULE - Annual Physical Inventory | Quarter | Norfolk | Kansas City | Boulder | Seattle | Natl. Capital Region | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | First | AGO NMFS OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO | AGO NLSC NMFS OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO | AGO OCAO OCFO OCIO OIG WFMO | AGO OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO OIG NMFS WFMO | AGO OAR OCAO OCFO OCIO WFMO | | Second | NESDIS NOS | NESDIS NOS | NESDIS OAR | NESDIS NOS | NESDIS NOS | | Third | NWS NMAO OAR OGC | NMAO NRC(NWS) NWS OGC | NWS | OGC NWS NMAO | OGC PPI NMAO NMFS NWS USEC | | Fourth | | | | | | ## FY 2006 INVENTORY OVERDUE - NESDIS (2nd Qtr) - 2 Headquarters - Joe Brust - Kent Hughes - NMFS (3rd Qtr) - 3 Headquarters - Jan Charity (2) - William Bradley ## FY 2006 CAPITALIZED INVENTORY OVERDUE - NWS - 1 Headquarters - Alan Lackas - 1 Kansas City - Boris Taubvurtzel - Emails sent to the HQS PC & PM on 7/03/2006 - Emails sent to the HQS PC & PM on 7/25/2006 ## PROPERTY ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICERS (PAO) REQUIRING TRAINING - NMFS - Herbert Kaufman - Garry Mayer - Scott Nichols - Emails sent to the PAO and PM on 07/03/056 - Emails sent to the PAO and PM on 07/24/06 - NOS - Daniel Basta - Rolin Meyer ## PROPERTY CUSTODIAN (PC) TRAINING - e-Learning: - Sunflower Training Course – - link has been established and is available on the e-Learning Website - _http:__//e-learning__.doc.__gov/noaa/index__.__cfm_ - Access through e-Learning ## SEPTEMBER REPORTS - Financial Reports - Submitted: September 19th ## General Information - Separation of Duties - To prevent even the appearance of waste, fraud or abuse, it is essential that there be a clear separation of duties between the purchaser and the recipient of new items, and the individual who enters the information about this newly acquired property into Sunflower. These processes should be performed by different individuals to ensure that the risk of loss through undetected diversion of property is minimized. When office size does not permit separation of these functions, internal procedures should demonstrate checks and balances exist to ensure that the possibility of fraud and abuse are minimized. The office manager will provide a written justification to their supervisor for the assignment of these multiple duties to one individual. ## General Information (Cont) - Change of Procedures for reviewing CD435/ Purchase Requisitions - Effective October 16th with the implementation of C-Request, Personal Property will no longer review CD 435’s and Purchase Requisitions - Requisitioners and all approvers in the approval chain need to be reminded that Object Class Codes that start with 31 should be used and should only be used when acquiring accountable property. ## General Information (Cont) - Change of Property Custodians - Whenever a Property Custodian leaves their position, they must be cleared of responsibility for the property for which they have been accountable by conducting a physical inventory and by the transfer of responsibility to another person, if even for a short time. ## General Information (Cont) - Physical Security - Remind employees to keep all property secure. - Encourage the use of locks and cables on sensitive, portable equipment, especially laptops. ## General Information (Cont) - New DoC Reports - Weekly – Personal Property program improvements NOAA is implementing. - Monthly - Report of missing laptops, recovered laptops. - New DoC Training Requirements for PMOs, PAOs, PCs - New Performance Element for PMOs, PAOs, PCs ## General Information (Cont) - Terminology - THE ASC’s NO LONGER EXIST - Business Management Branch - Norfolk, etc. - Norfolk Property Office, etc. - ERAD, CRAD, etc. = Eastern Region Acquisition Division, Central Region Acquisition Division, etc. ## What are your questions or comments? ## What are your agenda items for our next meeting? Date, time and location for next meeting November 2, 2006 @ 11:00 a.m. SSMC4 - Rm 8150 - Date, time and location for next meeting - November 2, 2006 @ 11:00 a.m. - SSMC4 - Rm 8150 ## HEADQUARTERS CONTACTS - NOAA Research (OAR) - Ryland Pine - NESDIS - Holly E. Turri - Ryland Pine - NOAA Weather & Climate (NWS) - Doreen A. Kaduri - NOAA Fisheries (NMFS) - Dominic Blakey - NOAA Marine & Aviation Operations (NMAO) - Melissa Nelson - NOAA Ocean Service (NOS) - Melissa Nelson - NOAA Staff Offices (AGO, CAO, CIO, CFO, USAO, WFM) - Melissa Nelson ## HEADQUARTERS CONTACTS (cont.) - Branch Chief - Jon Pinner - Audit Leads - Brian Mason - Tom Deckard - Support - Paul Myers - Ann Marquez - Heritage Assets - Lynette Joynes - Inventory - Larry Oates - Ryland Pine - Norfolk - Anita Holley, Acting Branch Chief (RPM) - Robin MacMillan (RPAM) - Boulder - Rudy Nunez (RPM) - Sheila Hensley (RPAM) - Kansas City - Anthony Harrison, Branch Chief - Seattle - David Petre, Branch Chief - Elizabeth Valezona (RPM) - Kim Hutchinson (RPAM) ## PROPERTY MANAGERS - The following people have been identified: - Carol Christian, AGO - Judy Mickens, CAO - Randy Hill, CIO - Barbara Beasley, CFO - Regina Jackson, GC - Bernadette Foreman, NESDIS - Jeanette McDonald, NMAO - Robert Ziobro, NMFS - Sloane Strother, NOS - Jan Evans, NWS - Deborah Martin, OAR - Jonathan Bailey, USAO - Linda Adkins, WFM ## PROPERTY MANAGERS (cont.) **ALTERNATES** - Denise Tyler-Littleford, AGO - Cynthia Burley, CAO - Gail Perry, CFO - Kathy Stowe, CIO - Thornette Johnson, GC - NESDIS - Sheila Foster, NWS - Millie Ingels, NMAO - Rhonda Perry, NMFS - NOS - Mary Manoogian, OAR - Danyale Little, USAO - Michelle Masias, WFM

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**June 27, 2006** **Contacts** For Immediate Release Erica Rychwalski, (703) 841-4837, <erychwalski@tnc.org> **NOAA AWARDS \$600,000 TO THE NATURE CONSERVANCY** # * Funds will be used to restore critical marine habitat and protect aquatic species* WASHINGTON, DC -- Across the United States, the loss and degradation of coastal habitats has led to detrimental impacts on marine life and the people who depend on our oceans and coasts. But increasing conservation efforts and effective management can result in healthier oceans and coasts for the benefit of people and nature. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Community-based Restoration Program supports projects to address the conservation needs of America's critical coastal habitats. This year, NOAA awarded The Nature Conservancy a grant of \$600,000 to implement habitat restoration projects that will restore important marine habitat and protect aquatic species across the country. Since 2001, the Conservancy has partnered with the NOAA Restoration Center to implement innovative conservation activities that benefit marine, estuarine and riparian habitats on both coasts of the country, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and Hawaii. The Conservancy engages coastal communities, stakeholders and other partners to carry out conservation strategies that are tailored to local needs. These projects protect coastal and marine habitat, restore species that are important to ecosystem functions, remove invasive species, create shellfish spawning sanctuaries and re-establish water flows to estuaries. "NOAA's goals for habitat restoration are best accomplished through strong community-based stewardship," said retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA Administrator. "The public's active commitment to restoring fisheries resources is integral to our success. I commend NOAA CRP and partners like The Nature Conservancy for their dedication to restore high quality fish habitat throughout our nation's coastal states and Great Lakes, as well as parts of Canada and the Caribbean." "As the Community-based Restoration Program celebrates 10 successful years, we are proud to continue our partnership with NOAA in restoring our country's coastal waters," said Steve McCormick, president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy. "These waters are a critical resource for millions of Americans, as well as marine plants and animals, and NOAA's support is essential to our effective conservation work." To date, NOAA grants to The Nature Conservancy have supported 58 on-the-ground restoration projects in 17 coastal states in the U.S. Current projects identified for funding include oyster reef restoration on the Pacific, East and Gulf of Mexico Coasts, salt marsh restoration in Maine, clam and scallop restoration in New York and Florida, and coral reef restoration in Florida and Hawaii**.** The Conservancy connects people and ideas through the NOAA partnership, helping to build restoration expertise and knowledge around the nation. The NOAA Restoration Center Community-based Restoration Program (CRP) is celebrating its 10-year anniversary as a financial and technical assistance program that promotes strong partnerships at the national, regional, and local level to restore fisheries habitat. NOAA CRP works with organizations and government to support locally-driven habitat restoration projects in marine, estuarine, and riparian areas. NOAA CRP funds on-the-ground habitat restoration projects that (1) offer educational and social benefits for citizens and their communities, and (2) provide long-term ecological benefits for fishery resources. Since 1996, more than 1000 projects in 26 states, Canada, and the Caribbean have been implemented using NOAA funding and leveraged funding from national and regional habitat restoration partners. Each year, NOAA awards approximately \$950 million in grants to members of the academic, scientific, governmental, and business communities to assist the agency in fulfilling its mission to study the Earth's natural systems to predict environmental change, manage ocean resources, protect life and property and provide decision makers with reliable scientific information. NOAA goals and programs reflect a commitment to these basic responsibilities of science and service to the nation for the past 36 years. \# \# \# The Commerce Department\'s **National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)** is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and to providing environmental stewardship of our nation's coastal and marine resources. To learn more about NOAA, please visit [http://www.noaa.gov](http://www.noaa.gov/). **The Nature Conservancy** is a leading international, nonprofit organization that preserves plants, animals and natural communities representing the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. To date, the Conservancy and its more than one million members have been responsible for the protection of more than 117 around the world. To learn more about The Nature Conservancy's Marine Initiative, visit <http://nature.org/initiatives/marine/work/>.

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**GLOSSARY** The abbreviations and terms listed below are not intended to be an exhaustive sample of what is or should be used in the preparation of descriptions of events pertaining to aeronautical products. The list was compiled from Service Difficulty Report (SDR) data submitted to the FAA. The duplication of abbreviations is deliberate to allow users to see the variations and difficulties that are encountered by the FAA and industry in collecting and analyzing the text of maintenance related data. This document may help lay the foundation for the development of standard terminology for the text. **ABBREVIATION/TERMS CODE ABBREVIATION/TERMS CODE** **A** AAP (AUTOFLT ANNUNCIATOR PANEL) 2210 ABS (ANTI-SKID BRAKE SYSTEM) 3241 ACARS (PULSE CODED TRANS SYS) 2320 ACM (AIR CYCLE MACHINE) 2150 ACW (AIR CREW WARNING) 3150 ADC (AIR DATA COMPUTER) 3417 ADF SYSTEM (AUTO DIRECTION FINDER) 3455 ADI (ATTITUDE DIRECTION INDICATOR) 3425 ADU (ATTITUDE DIRECTION UNIT) 3421 AFCS (AUTOFLT CONTROL SYSTEM) 2210 AHC (AUTO HEADING COMARATOR) 3425 AHRS (ATTITUDE HEADING REFERENCE SYS) 3425 AIRSTAIR DOOR 5260 AIRSTAIRS-INDEPENDENT 5260 AIRPHONE 2300 ALTITUDE ALERTER 3444 AOA (ANGLE OF ATTACK SENSOR) 3418 APP (AUTO-PILOT PANEL) 2210 APU GENERAL REPORTS 4900 ARP (AIR DATA REFERENCE PANEL) 3410 ARTS (FLT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 3460 ASDAR (ACFT TO SATELLITE DATA RELAY) 3170 ATC (TRANSPONDER SYSTEM) 3452 ATM (AIR TURBINE MOTOR) (HYD PUMP) 2923 ATM (AIR TURBINE MOTOR-STC APJC) 2420 ATM (COOLING TURBINE) 2150 ATTACH (TRUNNION) 3211 AUA (WASTE WATER HEATER) 3070 AUTO ALTITUDE SYSTEM 2220 AUTO COURSEN 6120 AVIONIC FLOW LIGHT 2120 AVM SYSTEM (VIBRATION ANALYZE SYS) 7732 **B** BATT CHARGER (BATTERY CHARGER) 2432 BETA SWITCH 6140 BIRD STRIKE-ENGINE COWL/INJESTION 7200 BPCU (BUS POWER CONTROL UNIT) 2450 BRAKE DE-ICE 3240 BREATHER TUBE 7261 BULLET 7220 BLEED AIR FAILURE-DUAL (BEECH 1900) 3610 **C** CADC (CENTRAL AIR DATA COMP) 3417 CAWS (CENTRAL AURAL WARNING SYS) 3150 CCAS (COCKPIT CREW ALERTING SYSTEM) 3150 CDU (CENTRAL DATA UNIT) 3460 CGCC (CENTER OF GRAV CONT COMPUTER) 2820 CHIP DETECTOR 7260 CISW HDS LIGHTS 3150 COALESCER SOCK (HUMIDITY CONTROL) 2170 COMPASS SYSTEM 3420 CONE BOLTS (ENGINE MOUNTING SYSTEM) 7120 COOLING FAN-EQUIP.RACK.GEN.DISTRI.) 2121 COOLING TUBE (JT8D ENGINE) 7520 COWLING (ENGINE) 7110 CPU (CONTROL PROTECTION UNIT) 2430 CROSS TIE LIGHT \"ON\" 2425 CROWN INSP. (TOP OF FUSELAGE STRUCT) 5310 CRT (CATHODE RAY TUBE) 3442 CRUISE TRIM (HORIZ. STAB. CONT. SYS) 2740 CSD (CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE) 2410 CSEU CONTROL SYSTEM ELECTRONIC UNIT 3140 CTA CURRENT TRANSFORMER ASSY 2433 CTOT (CONSTANT TORQUE ON TAKEOFF) 7712 CTC (CABIN TURBO COMPRESSOR) 2110 CUD (COURSE UNIT DISPLAY) 3425 CV (CONVERTER/REGULATOR) 2436 CVR (COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER) 2370 CW LIGHTS (CENTRAL WARNING SYS) 3150 CWP (COCKPIT WARNING PANEL) 3150 CWS (CENTRAL WARNING SYSTEM) 3150 **D** DADC DIGITAL AIR DATA COMPUTER 3417 DBU DATABASE UNIT 3140 DCAS (DIGITAL CORE AVIONIC SYSTEM) 3140 DECU (DIGITAL ELECT CONTROL UNIT) 7321 DFDR (DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER) 3130 DFGC (DIRECT FLIGHT GUIDANCE CONP) 3460 DFGS (DIRECT FLIGHT GUIDANCE SYSTEM) 3460 DME SYSTEM (DISTANCE MEASURE EQUIP) 3451 DRAIN MAST HEATER (PITOT ANTI-ICE) 3030 DRIP STICK (FUEL QTY.IND.TANK.MNT) 2840 DUAL BLEED AIR FAILURE (BEECH 1900) 3610 **E** EADI (ELECTRONIC ATTITUDE DIR.IND) 3421 ECU (ENGINE CONTROL UNIT) 7321 ECU ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT 2750 EDC (ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSOR) 3610 EDP (ENG.FUEL PUMP-RECIP ENGINE) 7314 EDP (ENG.FUEL PUMP-TURBINE ENGINE) 7314 EDP (ENGINE HYDRAULIC PUMP) 2913 EEC (ELECTRONIC ENGINE COMPUTER) 7321 EEL (EMERGENCY EXIT LIGHTS) 3350 EFIS (ELECT.FLITE INDICATION SYSTEM) 3425 EICAS (ENG IND CENTRAL ALERT SYS) 7200 EICAS (PANEL MOUNT-ENG IND/ALERT) 3150 EMERGENCY LANDING GEAR EXTENSION 3230 ENG SCREENS (TURBINE ENG. OIL SYSTEM) 7261 ENG SLOW ACCESS (FUEL CONTROL SYS) 7320 ENGINE CHANGE \-- ROUTINE 7200 ENGINE COMPRESSOR FAN-NO ROTATE 7230 ENGINE STALL/COMPRESSOR STALL 7230 ENGINE VIBRATION 7200 EPA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT.AGENCY) 7170 EPC (EXTERNAL POWER CONTAINER) 2440 EPR (ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO SYSTEM) 7711 EPR BRACKET (ENG.PRESSURE RATIO) 7711 EVBC (ENGINE VARIABLE BLEED CONTROL) 7530 EVC (ENGINE VANE CONTROL) 7530 **F** FDAU (FLITE DATA ACQUISITION UNIT) 3460 FDI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 FEEL SENSOR (STICK SHAKE TEST FAIL) 3418 FETM (FUEL ENRICHMENT TQ MOTOR) 7320 FFG (FUEL FLOW GOVERNOR) 7320 FFR (FUEL FLOW REG) 7320 FGC (FLIGHT GUIDANCE COMPUTER) 3460 FIREWALL 5412 FIRST AID KIT 2560 FLAP CONTROL UNIT 2750 FLIGHT DIRECTOR 3425 FLIGHT RECORDER 3130 FLUX DECTECTOR 3422 FMC (FLT.MANAGEMENT COMPUTER) 3460 FMCS (FLT MNGMNT COMPUTER SYS) 3460 FMS (FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 3460 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE-ENG) 7200 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE AIRFRAME 5101 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE FUSELAGE 5300 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE WING 5700 FOD (FOREIGN OBJ DAMAGE EMPENNAGE) 5500 FSEU (FLAP/SLAT ELECTRONIC UNIT) 2750 FUEL FLOW INDICATION 7331 FUEL HEATER/SYSTEM 7312 FUEL LEAK-ENGINE/PYLON/COWL AREA 7310 FUEL LEAK-WING AREA 2810 FUEL LINE FROM VSV-MEC 7310 FUEL NOZZLE 7313 FUEL PRESSURE WARNING SWITCH 2840 FUEL TEMP (TANK PROBE) 2843 FUEL TOTALIZER (FUEL QUANTITY IND) 2841 **G** GALLEY EQUIPMENT LIFT 2530 GARLOCK SEAL (STARTER SEAL) 7261 GASPER FAN 2121 GCU (GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT) 2424 GIRT BAR (ESCAPE SLIDE SYSTEM) 2560 GPWS (GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYS) 3444 GROUND RANGE LIGHT (PROP INDICATING) 6140 **H** H.P. BLEED AIR VALVE-JET ENGINE 7532 HASOV (HOT AIR SHUT-OFF VALVE) 2120 HMU (HYDROMECHANICAL UNIT) 7320 HOC (HIGH OIL CONSUMPTION-JET ENGINE) 7261 HOT SECTION (ENGINE COMBUSTION SECT) 7240 HOT/HUNG START/LOW ENGINE POWER 7320 HPT BORESCOPE-HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE 7250 HSI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 HSTCU (HORIZ STAB TRIM CONTROL UNIT) 2740 HYD ISO VALVE (HYDRAULIC ISOLATION) 2910 **I** IDG (INTEGRATED DRIVE GENERATOR) 2421 IFS (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 IGV (INLET GUIDE VANE) 7230 ILS SYSTEM (INSTRUMENT LANDING SYS) 3431 INLET BULLET/CONE 7220 INU (INERTIAL NAVIGATION UNIT) 3441 IRS (INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM) 3420 IRU (INERTIAL REFERENCE UNIT) 3441 ISOLATION VALVE 3610 ISOV (ISOLATION SHUTOFF VALVE) 3610 ISU (INTERTIAL SENSING UNIT-FLT IN) 3441 ITT (INLET TURBINE TEMP) 7722 IVSI (INSTANT VERTICAL SPEED IND.) 3413 IEC (INTEGRAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL 7600 **J** JFC (ENGINE FUEL CONTROL) 7321 **L** LAV LEAK - NOT SPECIFIC 3800 LBA LOW BLADE ANGLE 6120 LDG PROXIMITY BOX 3260 LIGHT/LAMP/SWITCH-OIL FILTER BYPASS 7931 LIGHTNING STRIKE-ENGINE COWLING 7200 LOC (LOCALIZER - VOR SYSTEM) 3454 LOP (LOW OIL PRESSURE ACTUAL JET ENG) 7261 LRRA (LOW RANGE RADIO ALTIMETER) 3444 **M** MACH TRIM & MACH SPEED CONTROL 2220 MAGNA STICK 2840 MASTER WARN ANN PANEL 3150 MAXARET (BRAKE ANTI-SKID SENSOR) 3241 MCDU (MULTIPURP CNTL DISPLAY UNIT) 3150 MEC MAIN ENGINE CONTROL 7321 MEGAPHONE 2560 MFDU (MULTI FUNCTION DISPLAY UNIT) 3140 MFQ (MAIN FUEL QUANTITY) 2841 MH4 (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 MHDI (HORIZON DIRECTION IND) 3425 MHR4 3425 MICROPHONE/HEADSET/SPEAKER/NOISE 2350 MITP (METAL IN TAIL PIPE) 7200 MUX (MULTIPLEXER) 2330 **N** N1/N2 (TACHOMETER) 7714 NAV RECEIVER (NAVIGATION) 3454 NAV. NO.1 ILS 3431 NAV/COM REPORTS (CODE TO COMM 23) 2312 NOSE BULLET (ENGINE INLET CENTER) 7220 NOSE CAL VALVE 3020 NTS (NEGATIVE TORQUE SENSOR) 6120 **O** OAT (OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 OIL CAP/LOW OIL LEVEL-TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL FILTER\--TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL LEAKAGE (TURBINE ENGINE ONLY) 7261 OIL PUMP, TURBINE ENGINE 7261 OIL REPLENISH (TURBINE ENGINE) 7261 OVERTEMP-TURBINE ENGINE (ACTUAL) 7250 **P** P & D VALVE (ENG FUEL PRESS/DUMP) 7320 P/S (POWER SECTION-RECIP ENGINES) 8520 P2 LINE 7320 P3 LINE 7320 PCU (PROP CONTROL UNIT) 6120 PDC PERFORMANCE DATA COMPUTER 3460 PDU (INDEPENDENT POSITION UNIT) 3440 PERSONNEL LIFT 2530 PFCS (SPOILER SYSTEM) 2760 PFP4 (BLEED AIR SENSE LINE FILTER) 7320 PGB (PROPELLER GEAR BOX) 7210 PMC (POWER MANAGEMENT CONTROL) 7320 PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR 3600 POWER BUSS 2450 PRBCV (BLEED CONTROL VALVE) 7532 PRE-COOL BLEED AIR (BEFORE CABIN) 3610 PRESS/VENTURI FAN (BAE125) 2130 PROXIMITY SWITCH 3260 PSEU (PROXIMITY SENSE ELECT UNIT) 3260 PSU (PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT) 2520 PT2 PROB (TEMPERATURE PROBE) 7320 PTU POWER TRANSFER UNIT 2910 PYLON BLOWOUT PANEL 5400 **Q** Q HEAT (PITOT HEAT) 3030 **R** RADIO ALT (RECEIVER) 3444 RADIO ALT (RADIO ALTIMETER) 3444 RADOME STRUCTURE 5350 RAT (RAM AIR TEMP) 3412 RAT (RAM AIR TURBINE) 2920 RCCB (REMOTE CTRL CIRCUIT BREAKER) 2430 RDI (INTEGRATED FLIGHT INDICATOR) 3425 RMDI (COURSE DIRECTION INDICATOR) 3425 RMI (RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR) 3454 ROOTS BLOWER 2121 ROSEMONT HEAT 3030 ROSEMONT PROBE (STALL WARNING) 3418 RTOP (RESERVE TAKEOFF POWER) 7320 RVDT (ROTARY VARIABLE DISPL TRANSD) 3418 **S** S DUCT 5400 S/G (STARTER-GENERATOR) 2435 SAI (STANDBY ATTITUDE INDICATOR) 3420 SAS (STALL WARNING SYSTEM TEST) 3418 SAT (STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 SBC (SURGE BLEED CONT. COMP STALL) 7530 SCAT (INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEM) 3425 SIF (ACFT STALL INDICATOR FAILURE) 3418 SIGN (NO SMOKE/SEAT BELTS SIGN) 3320 SKIN AIR VALVE (RAM AIR VLV) 2150 SLIDE PRESSURE LOW (BOTTLE REPLACE) 2560 SLIDE PRESSURE LOW (SLIDE REPLACE) 2565 SNUBBER.TIRE IN WELL AFTER RETRACT) 3230 SPEED TRIM FAIL LIGHT 2220 SPOOL DOWN-ENGINE 7200 SPR (SINGLE POINT REFUELING) 2810 SQUAT SWITCH (FLT/GROUND SWITCH) 3260 SRL (SINGLE RED LINE COMPUTER) 7722 SSB (SPLIT SYSTEM BREAKER) 2450 STABILON 5510 START VALVE (ENGINE MANUAL START) 8010 STATIC WICKS 2360 STATOR BLADE-VARIABLE 7530 STAUS MESSAGE PRI CONTL.CLEAR.MES 3160 SWIVEL FITTING(LDG.GEAR RETR.SYS) 3230 SWIVEL FLAP (ENG.THRUST REVERSER) 7830 SYMB GEN (ELECTRIC POWER IND.SYS) 2425 **T** T.O. WARN HORN (TAKEOFF WARN HORN) 3150 T/R (THRUST REVERSER SYSTEM) 7830 TACAN (MILITARY TYPE NAVIGATION) 3451 TAI (TAIL ANTI-ICE) 3010 TAIL CONE 5350 TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED) 3414 TAT (TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE) 3412 TGT (TURBINE GAS TEMP) 7722 TMS (THRUST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) 7600 TMS ACTUATOR (THRUST MGMT SYS) 7600 TO (TAKEOFF WARNING) 3150 TORLON INSERT 7210 TORQUE COND UNIT 7712 TORQUE RING 7712 **T** TPU (TRANSIT PRESSURE UNIT) 7532 TRAP PANEL (TRAPEZOIDAL) 5320 TRI (THRUST RATING INDICATOR) 7711 TRU (TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNIT) 2433 TRUNNION-MLG 3211 TRUNNION-NLG 3221 TSCU )TORQUE SENSING CONTROL UNIT) 7712 TSCU (TORQUE SIGNALING COND.UNIT) 7712 TTL (TOTAL TORQUE LIMITER) 7712 TTL VALVE 7712 TURBOCOMPRESSOR (DC8, 880, 707, 720) 2110 **U** UBR UTILITY BUS RELAY 2450 UER (UNSCHEDULED ENGINE REMOVAL) 7200 **V** VARIABLE STATOR VANE (VSV) TUBE 7530 VBV (VARIABLE BLADE VANE) 7530 VERNATHERM VLV 7922 VHF (COMM 1 OR COMM 2) 2312 VOICE RECORDER 2370 VOR SYSTEM (VISUAL OMNI RANGE) 3454 VORTILON (AIR DAM ON WINGS) 5720 VOT (VARIABLE OMNI TEST-VOR) 3454 VSI (VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR) 3413 **W** WEU WARNING ELECTRONIC UNIT 3150 WOW (WEIGHT ON WHEELS) SQUAT SWITCH 3260 WSW (WIND SHEAR WARNING) 3436 WXR (WEATHER RADAR) 3442 **Y** YAW DAMPER 2210

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# Archived Information **U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION** **FY 2000 GRANTS** **TENNESSEE** ***Prepared by the Office of Intergovernmental and Interagency Affairs*** ***(October 1, 2000)*** **This document highlights major FY 2000 competitive grant programs:** • 21st Century Community Learning Centers • Advanced Placement Incentive • Bilingual Professional Development • Class Size Reduction • Community Technology Centers • Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration • Effective Alternative Strategies • Elementary School Counseling • English Literacy/Civics Education • GEAR UP • Learning Anytime Anywhere Partnerships • Middle School Coordinators • New American High Schools \-- **second FY 2000 showcase sites pending** • Preparing Tomorrow\'s Teachers to Use Technology • Public Charter Schools • Reading Excellence • Safe Schools/Healthy Students • Smaller Learning Communities • Teacher Quality Enhancement • Technology Innovation Challenge • TRIO Programs [Note]{.underline}: The year listed after each grantee is the year of initial funding. [21st Century Community Learning Centers]{.underline} \$453 million in FY 2000 \$1 billion requested for FY 2001 *Funds school-community partnerships to keep schools open after-school and summers as safe havens for enhanced learning. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Blount County Schools \$ 389,098 (2000) - Claiborne County School System \$ 119,140 (2000) - Cleveland City Schools \$ 564,129 (2000) - Dyer County School System \$ 357,618 (2000) - Greene County Schools \$ 100,000 (1999) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 650,177 (1998) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 614,859 (2000) - Kingsport City Schools \$ 203,382 (1999) ```{=html}  ``` - Memphis City Schools \$ 1,720,629 (1999) - Memphis City Schools \$ 1,273,645 (1998) - Murfreesboro City School System \$ 723,901 (2000) - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 1,235,590 (2000) - Sumner County Board of Education \$ 390,012 (2000) [Advanced Placement Incentive]{.underline} \$15 million in FY 2000 \$20 million requested in FY 2001 *Enables states to reimburse part or all of the cost of Advanced Placement test fees for low-income individuals who are enrolled in an AP class or plan to take an AP test and provides for the development of activities directly related to increasing: (1) the enrollment of low-income individuals in AP courses; (2) the participation of low-income individuals in AP tests; and (3) the availability of AP courses in schools serving high-poverty areas. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is for the first year.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Tennessee State Department of Education \$ 400,150 (2000) [Bilingual Professional Development]{.underline} \$71.5 million in FY 2000 \$100 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps meet the critical need for fully certified bilingual and ESL teachers and other educational personnel.* > **FY 2000 Personnel Training Grantees:** > > *Awarded to local school districts, state education agencies, and > higher education institutions to prepare new teachers or current > teachers to better serve LEP students. (Five year grant \-- amount > listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future > appropriations.)* - University of Tennessee \$ 192,746 (2000) > **FY 2000 Training For All Teachers Grantees:** > > *Awarded to support school reform efforts by encouraging the > development of training curricula needed to improve the skills of > teachers and other personnel relating to* > > *the needs of LEP students. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is > awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future > appropriations.)* - Franklin Special School District \$ 76,843 (2000) [Class Size Reduction]{.underline} \$1.3 billion in FY 2000 \$1.75 billion requested in FY 2001 *Helps school districts hire 100,000 teaches over seven years to reduce class sizes in* *grades 1-3 to a nationwide average of 18. (Amount listed is the second year of an anticipated seven year effort.)* **In FY 2000, Tennessee will receive \$21,746,713 in program funds.** [Community Technology Centers]{.underline} \$32.5 million in FY 2000 \$100 million requested in FY 2001 *Expands access to information technology and learning services through the creation of computer learning facilities in low-income communities. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three year total.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 889,133 (1999) - Nashville READ \$ 372,947 (2000) [Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration]{.underline} \$220 million in FY 2000 \$240 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps raise student achievement by assisting public schools across the country to implement comprehensive school reform programs that are based on reliable research and effective practices and that include an emphasis on basic academics and parental involvement. (Amount listed is the third year of program funding.)* **In FY 2000, Tennessee will receive \$3,787,765 in program funds.** [Effective Alternative Strategies]{.underline} \$10 million in FY 2000 \$10 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps school districts create effective procedures, policies, and programs that serve to discipline students without suspending or expelling them as well as continue to educate students who have been suspended or expelled. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 541,805 (2000) [Elementary School Counseling]{.underline} \$20 million in FY 2000 \$20 million requested in FY 2001 Establishes or expands counseling programs in elementary schools. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the three year total.) **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 297,504 (2000) [GEAR UP]{.underline} \$200 million in FY 2000 \$325 million requested in FY 2001 *Gives disadvantaged students and their families pathways to college by partnering middle and high schools with colleges and community organizations.* **FY 2000 Partnership Grantees:** > *Awarded to locally-designed partnerships between colleges and > low-income middle schools, plus at least two other partners, to > increase college-going rates among youth. (Five year grant \-- amount > listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance, number of students served, and future > appropriations.)* - Dyersburg State Community College \$ 345,621 (1999) - Memphis City Schools \$ 607,069 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 237,394 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 227,731 (2000) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 427,200 (2000) - Vanderbilt University \$ 319,294 (2000) [Learning Anytime Anywhere Partnerships]{.underline} \$23 million in FY 2000 \$30 million requested in FY 2001 *Supports national or regional partnerships among colleges, businesses, and other organizations to deliver postsecondary life-long learning via asynchronous, Internet-based distance education. (Three to five year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three to five year total.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 1,170,339 (2000) [Middle School Coordinators]{.underline} \$50 million in FY 2000 \$50 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps school districts recruit, hire, and train drug prevention and school safety coordinators in middle schools. (Two year grant \-- amount listed is the two year total.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Dickson County Board of Education \$ 110,767 (1999) - Hamilton County Board of Education \$ 347,366 (2000) - Hickman County Board of Education \$ 174,488 (2000) - Memphis City Schools \$ 533,957 (1999) - Nashville Metropolitan Public Schools \$ 535,189 (2000) - Robertson County Board of Education \$ 210,584 (2000) - Sumner County Board of Education \$ 391,506 (1999) [Preparing Tomorrow\'s Teachers to Use Technology]{.underline} \$75 million in FY 2000 \$150 million requested in FY 2001 *Supports innovative teacher preparation programs to develop well-prepared, technology-proficient educators.* **FY 2000 Implementation Grantees:** > *Awarded to consortia that are now ready to implement full-scale > innovations to improve the preparation of technology-proficient > teachers. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is the projected three > year total.)* - Tennessee Technological University \$ 834,859 (1999) **FY 2000 Catalyst Grantees:** > *Awarded to consortia with a proven track record and the resources to > stimulate* > > *large-scale innovative improvements for developing or certifying > technology-proficient educators. (Three year grant \-- amount listed > is the projected three year total.)* - Vanderbilt University \$ 2,822,303 (1999) [Safe Schools/Healthy Students]{.underline} \$82 million in FY 2000 \$122 million requested in FY 2001 *Supports linking community-based services and prevention activities into one community-wide approach to violence prevention and healthy child development. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is awarded annually, assuming program compliance and future appropriations.)* **FY 2000 Grantees:** - Clinch-Powell Educational Cooperative \$ 929,359 (1999) [Smaller Learning Communities]{.underline} \$45 million in FY 2000 \$120 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps large high schools (1,000 or more students) create smaller, more personalized learning communities.* **FY 2000 Planning Grantees:** Provides large high schools the means to develop a viable SLC implementation plan. (One year grant.) - Anderson County Board of Education \$ 50,000 (2000) - Jefferson County Board of Education \$ 50,000 (2000) **FY 2000 Implementation Grantees:** Provides large high schools the means to either implement or expand an SLC program. (Three year grant \-- amount listed is approximately two-thirds of the total grant award. The remaining balance will be available in July 2001, contingent upon appropriations.) - Sevier County Schools \$ 154,435 (2000) [Teacher Quality Enhancement]{.underline} \$98 million in FY 2000 \$98 million requested in FY 2001 *Funds systemic change to state teacher licensure policies and practices.* **FY 2000 Partnership Grantees:** > *Awarded to partnerships between teacher preparation programs, schools > of arts and sciences, and a high-need school districts to bring about > fundamental change. (Five year grant \-- amount listed is for the > current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance, extent of need, and future appropriations.)* - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 697,994 (1999) > **FY 2000 Recruitment Grantees:** > > *Awarded to states and school-university partnerships to reduce > shortages of qualified teachers in high-need areas. (Three year grant > \-- amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts > are based on program compliance, extent of need, and future > appropriations.)* - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 407,228 (1999) **FY 2000 State Grantees:** > *Awarded to states to improve the quality of their teaching force > through comprehensive changes in teacher preparation, licensure, > certification, and professional development. (Three year grant \-- > amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are > based on program compliance, extent of need, and future > appropriations.)* - Tennessee State Department of Education \$ 544,104 (1999) [TRIO Programs]{.underline} \$645 million in FY 2000 \$725 million requested in FY 2001 *Helps disadvantaged students progress from middle school to postsecondary education programs. (Includes eight outreach and support programs. Competitions are held every fourth year, except TRIO Dissemination Partnership \-- every third year \-- and TRIO Staff Training \-- every other year.)* **FY 2000 Educational Opportunity Centers Grantees:** > *Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to provide counseling and > information on college admissions to qualified adults who want to > enter or continue a program of postsecondary education. (Four year > grant \-- amount listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual > amounts are based on program compliance and future appropriations.)* - Austin Peay State University \$ 320,263 (1998) - University of Tennessee \$ 348,580 (1998) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 197,676 (1998) > **FY 2000 Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement Grantees:** > > *Awarded to institutions of higher education for projects designed to > prepare participants for doctoral studies, through involvement in > research and other scholarly activities. (Four year grant \-- amount > listed is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.)* - East Tennessee State University \$ 223,827 (1999) - Middle Tennessee State University \$ 203,700 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 276,781 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Memphis \$ 221,827 (1999) > **FY 2000 Student Support Services Grantees:** > > *Awarded to institutions of higher education to provide opportunities > for academic development, assist students with basic college > requirements, and motivate students toward the successful completion > of their postsecondary education. (Four year grant \-- amount listed > is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.)* - Austin Peay State University \$ 198,582 (1997) - Dyersburg State Community College \$ 227,411 (1997) - East Tennessee State University \$ 206,328 (1997) - Hiwassee College \$ 203,893 (1997) - Lane College \$ 200,903 (1997) - Lemoyne-Owen College \$ 198,582 (1997) - Lincoln Memorial University \$ 198,582 (1997) - Martin Methodist College \$ 198,582 (1997) - Northeast State Community/Technical College \$ 209,801 (1997) - Tennessee State University \$ 200,903 (1997) - Tusculum College \$ 198,582 (1997) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 200,896 (1997) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 247,148 (1997) > **FY 2000 Talent Search Grantees:** > > *Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to identify and assist > individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who have the potential to > succeed in higher education. Talent Search also serves high school > dropouts by encouraging them to reenter the educational system and > complete their education. (Four year grant \-- amount listed is for > the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance and future appropriations.)* - Clinch-Powell Educational Cooperative \$ 238,083 (1998) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 273,262 (1998) - East Tennessee State University \$ 197,676 (1998) - Girls, Inc., of Memphis \$ 273,682 (1998) - Girls, Inc., of Memphis \$ 197,676 (1998) - Hiwassee College \$ 236,866 (1998) - Lane College \$ 253,512 (1998) - Tennessee State University \$ 236,866 (1998) - Tusculum College \$ 255,832 (1998) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 282,784 (1998) > **FY 2000 Upward Bound Grantees:** > > *Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to provide fundamental support > to participants in their preparation for college entrance. Upward > Bound serves high school students from low-income families, families > in which neither parent holds a bachelors degree, and low-income, > first generation military veterans. (Four year grant \-- amount listed > is for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on > program compliance and future appropriations.)* - Austin Peay State University \$ 360,190 (1999) - Austin Peay State University \$ 308,670 (1999) - Austin Peay State University \$ 205,400 (1999) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 246,867 (1999) - Douglas-Cherokee Economic Authority \$ 205,400 (1999) - Dyersbug State Community College \$ 253,423 (1999) - East Tennessee State University \$ 348,199 (1999) - East Tennessee State University \$ 233,690 (1999) - East Tennessee State University-Bristol \$ 205,400 (1999) - Hiwassee College \$ 254,450 (1999) - Lane College \$ 403,701 (1999) - Lemoyne-Owen College \$ 1,943,999 (1999) - Lincoln Memorial University \$ 260,694 (1999) - Shelby State Community College \$ 254,450 (1999) - Tennessee State University \$ 389,390 (1999) - Tusculum College \$ 345,300 (1999) - Tusculum College \$ 205,400 (1999) - University of Tennessee \$ 283,440 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 246,867 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 335,466 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 300,522 (1999) > **FY 2000 Upward Bound Math/Science Grantees:** > > *Awarded to institutions of higher education, non-profit agencies, or, > in exceptional cases, secondary schools to fund specialized Upward > Bound math and science centers. (Four year grant \-- amount listed is > for the current year. Subsequent annual amounts are based on program > compliance and future appropriations.)* - University of Tennessee-Chattanooga \$ 206,000 (1999) - University of Tennessee-Knoxville \$ 266,498 (1999)

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468445

# Presentation: 468445 ## Welcome **Curators of Marine**** ** **(& now Lacustrine)**** ** **Geological Samples** **30****th**** Anniversary Meeting** ## Greetings from Floyd McCoy, Chairperson of the original Curators’ Meeting in 1977 - “Please express my happiness that curatorial things continue from those slight beginnings so long ago...” - 2007 – Floyd on sabbatical, about to crawl into a Greek submersible **Notes:** And now a note from the Chairperson of the original Curators’ Meeting: “Well hi- from Crete! Oh my, 30 years... that's so nice to have an anniversary meeting. How I wish I could be there, but this coming academic year I am on sabbatical in Greece, first as a visiting research prof. at the Am. School of Classical Studies at Athens, and, second, as a Senior Fulbright Scholar (one of seven from the US to Greece). After seven years of running the faculty senate at UH, I need this break - and hope to get caught up in research with a bunch of papers done. At the moment I am on Crete doing geology at three arch. sites, and am just back from a 3 week cruise using the Greek ocean. ship "Aegeio" for geol., geophys. and arch. surveys just SE of Crete (no cores, though). I've attached a photo of me about to crawl into the Greek submersible for a deep dive (only to 500 m - my deepest was on Alvin to 10,000 ft. in the Pacific) where we found active methane vents. So, you see, my roots stay deep with going to sea as well as mapping on land. Please express my happiness that curatorial things continue from those slight beginnings so long ago.... Aloha and Yia sou, Floyd” ## Congratulations to Woody Wise for participanting in 1st meeting & the 30th! - Woody Wise - for participanting in - 1st meeting & the 30th! **Notes:** Congratulations to Woody Wise for participating in the first gathering of Curators in the summer of 1977 and this meeting 30 years later. In the summer of 1977, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Representatives from LDGO, SIO, UW, FSU, USC, RSMAS, WHOI, OSU, USGSMP, URI, USGSWH, HIG, U Wisc, UT, and NGDSDC met in La Jolla, CA to discuss data dissemination, standardization of curating techniques and methods, funding problems, responsibilities of curators, and sampling equipment. Following the meeting, a common data format was circulated. The format was finalized later in the fall of 1977 at a second meeting sponsored by NSF in Seattle. ## The Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples **The Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples** - Conceived at the first NSF-supported Curators’ meeting - in 1977 by participants from the following institutions: - FSU, HIG, LDEO, RSMAS, OSU, SIO, URI, USC, - USGS, UW, U Wisc, UT, WHOI, & NGDC **Objective of the Database:** ** *****Dissemination of standardized information on sample collections *** ***to the scientific community*** **Notes:** NGDC realizes that the Curators’ Consortium, begun 30 years ago, is much more than a common database. NGDC congratulates this group and all previous participants for their success in sharing best practices, ideas, and information through this remarkable gathering of institutions. NGDC also salutes the National Science Foundation (NSF) for their vital role in supporting the curation of sea floor and lakebed sample material. From the NGDC perspective, the Index to Marine and Lacustrine Geological samples database, built by both past and present contributing institutions, epitomizes the spirit of collaboration of the Curators’ group. NGDC is proud to be an honorary member of this group through our role as steward of your collective database. ## Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples30 years of progress - 2004 NSF Division of Ocean Sciences Data and Sample Policy (NSF 04-004) - 2003 EOS article “Curators of Sea Floor and Lakebed Samples Celebrate 25 Years of Service.” - 2002 NRC “Geoscience Data and Collections, National Resources in Peril” - 1996 IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data & Information Exchange, Resolution IODE-XIV.2 - _[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/)_ **Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples****30 years of progress** ## Not shown: newest contributor, the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) **Notes:** Again, welcome and congratulations! ## U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic & Atmospheric AdministrationNational Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)Marine Geology and Geophysics Division & Collocated World Data Center for MGG, Boulder - _http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/_ ## Where is NGDC within NOAA? **NOAA ** **National** **Marine** **Fisheries ** **Service** **National ** **Ocean ** **Service** **Oceanic ** **and** **Atmospheric** **Research** **National** **Weather** **Service** **National Environmental ** **Satellite, Data, and ** **Information Service** - Satellite Operations - Satellite Data Processing & Distribution - Research & Applications - Systems Development - National Climatic Data Center ** ****National Geophysical Data Center** - National Oceanographic Data Center **Program** **Planning** **and** **Integration** **Marine** **and** **Aviation** **Operations** ## The Environmental Data Spectrum **The Environmental Data Spectrum** **NGDC** **Lower Atmosphere** **NCDC** **Wet Ocean** **NODC** **Land Surface** **Snow** ** ****and** ** ****Ice** **NSIDC** **Ocean Floor** **Earth’s Interior - NGDC** **NGDC** **Solar Activity** **Space Environment** **Upper Atmosphere** **Notes:** NODC – The “wet ocean” NCDC – The weather-making portion of the atmosphere NSIDC – Snow and ice NGDC – Everything else from the surface of the sun to the Earth’s interior, including the ocean floor. ## What’s New at NGDC? **Ms. Susan McLean is Acting Chief of MGG, and Dr. George Sharman is now a special Assistant to the Office of the Director. ** **What’s New at NGDC?** ## NGDC Organizational Structure **NGDC Organizational Structure** - Mr. David Clark, Assistant Center Director - Dr. George Sharman, Special Assistant - Ms. Rashelle Richardson, Administrative Officer **Notes:** NGDC has two scientific divisions, the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Division (STP) and the Marine Geology and Geophysics Division (MGG). NGDC also operates several collocated international entities including the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) World Data Centers for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Solid Earth Geophysics, and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Data Center for Digital Bathymetry, among others. ## NGDC provides scientific stewardship for data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, and for data related to natural hazards including tsunamis. **NGDC provides scientific stewardship for data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, and for data related to natural hazards including tsunamis. ** **Notes:** In 1975, responsibility for sea floor data was transferred to NGDC from NODC as part of the Solid Earth Geophysics Division. The Marine Geology and Geophysics (MGG) Division was formed in 1981, and the World Data Center for MGG, Boulder was created in 1982. MGG is responsible for stewardship of data from the ocean floor, from both coastal and open ocean areas, lakebed data, and natural hazards data and information. Key data types include bathymetry and gridded relief, trackline geophysics (gravity, magnetics, seismic reflection), sediment thickness, data from ocean drilling and sea floor sediment and rock samples, digital coastlines, and data related to tsunamis including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** ** ****Data Scope & Mandate** - NGDC serves as the US National Repository for marine geological and geophysical data from the sea floor collected with public funds. - Internationally, NGDC operates the World Data Center for MGG, Boulder, and the International Hydrographic Organization Data Center for Digital Bathymetry. **Notes:** Nationally, MGG maintains the official archive for marine geological and geophysical data collected with public funds. Internationally, MGG operates the co-located World Data Centers for both Marine Geology and Geophysics and Solid Earth Geophysics, and maintains the IHO Data Center for Digital Bathymetry. NGDC also serves as the bathymetric data assembly center for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** **Notes:** NGDC manages all types of data and information from the sea floor and lakebeds, including derived gridded data sets and products. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** ** ****International Partnerships & Project Participation** - Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) - Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) - General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) & associated regional mapping projects sponsored by the IOC and IHO - Conducting IOC-sponsored international training in tsunami inundation DEM development - Managing the Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples database - Serving as a Bathymetric Data Assembly Center for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) - Cooperating with international projects like the Solid Earth Sample Registry (SESAR) and goSEABED **Notes:** NGDC cultivates data management partnerships around the world to promote excellence in data management. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** **Notes:** NGDC has a mandate and commitment to provide long-term archival for marine geological and geophysical data, including data pertaining to geophysical measurements and sea floor samples. NGDC archives data in both original and processed forms, prepares documentation according to FGDC/ISO standards for metadata, and archives metadata along with the data to increase its long-term utility. Data are currently archived in an ADIC system at NGDC, but digital archives are periodically migrated to new technology as necessary. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** ** ****Data Rescue & Digitizing** ***Rescuing data from scientists’ desks and file cabinets.*** ** ****NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP)** - 31,825 core photographs/negatives scanned - 7,234 core X-rays scanned - 6,202 core logs and smearslide descriptions key-entered - 1,043 coring data sheets scanned - 5,069 sea floor photographs scanned - plus seismic reflection data from the NGDC archives - (sea floor materials digitized 2005 through August 2007 – many other categories not shown) **Notes:** Part of NGDC’s commitment to archiving sea floor data includes locating and rescuing data at risk from outside sources, and digitizing historic analog data records to preserve their contents in the digital archive, as well as to make them more accessible to users. Over the years, NGDC has accomplished data rescue through several means, including contracts to some institutions to code data, data exchange, and most recently through the NOAA Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). Since 2005, NGDC has been able to tap into over $550k of NOAA funds to scan seabed materials for partner institutions, and also to begin scanning analog seismic data in the NGDC archive. Digitized materials are offered to the contributing institutions for their use, placed in the NGDC archive, and made available online at NGDC, with the consent of the contributor. ## Slide 18 **Notes:** Data held by NGDC are in the public domain and freely accessible unless restrictions are placed on data by the contributor. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** ** ****Access Interfaces and Tools** ***Making data freely and publicly available.*** - Geospatially-enabled relational databases - Interactive browse tools - Web Feature Services - Web Map Services - File download in multiple forms **Notes:** NGDC is constantly implementing new data access technologies. Most sea floor data at NGDC are made available on the web via geospatially-enabled relational databases with ArcIMS interfaces. Standard protocols including Web Map Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS) are used to make data available. Multiple data formats are offered for data download, as appropriate for the individual data set. User interfaces are developed in a collaborative environment using version control software. ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** - Example - ArcIMS Interface: DEM Discovery Portal - Locate DEMs - View images - Link to DEM, Project, Source - Download data ## NOAA/NGDC Commitment to **Sea Floor Data Stewardship** **Notes:** NGDC data are documented using FGDC-compliant metadata with remote-sensing extensions. NGDC is working to make all metadata records compliant with International Standards Organization (ISO) metadata standards, as well. NGDC is participating in development of Marine XML (MML) to facilitate tracking of data from collection through to the generation of of integrated datasets. MML also supports metadata describing the data collection, quality control and processing. NGDC metadata use NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) keywords for scientific themes and places, validating records against the latest official GCMD vocabularies. NGDC metadata records are offered in XML for harvesting by the GCMD and the US Geospatial-One-Stop (GOS) indexing sites. ## National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) - _[http://](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)__[www.ngdc.noaa.gov](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)__[/](http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html)_

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Release Number: DA-01-376 Release Date: February 15, 2001 218-219 MHz Service (formerly known as IVDS) Refund Procedures This Public Notice summarizes the procedures and identifies the points of contact for the processing of refunds authorized by the 218-219 MHz Order released by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC or Commission") on September 10, 1999. For detailed information, refer to additional Public Notices and other Commission decisions for the 218-219 MHz Service, which are at http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/218rest/218rest.html. Refunds will be processed via Automated Clearing House (ACH) credits. In order for the Commission to issue refunds, each entity due a refund must submit a written request (see sample attached to this Public Notice) along with information required to process the ACH transaction through the banking system. The Commission will endeavor to issue refunds to all approved entities within 90 days of receipt of written request. Please note that refunds related to the remedial bidding credit will be issued to the payor of record of the up-front, first, and second down payments consistent with Auction procedures on the refunds of up-front payments. Refunds of installment payments will be to the current licensee of record as of the election date. I. How do entities request refunds? All refunds must be requested in writing to the Office of the Managing Director, Tom Putnam. Requests may be mailed or delivered to: Federal Communications Commission, Office of the Managing Director, Attn: 219-219 MHz Refunds (Mr. Putnam), Suite 1-A840, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554 or via fax to (202) 418-2843, Attn: Tom Putnam. The attachment to this Public Notice contains sample refund requests and the SF 3881, ACH VENDOR/MISCELLANEOUS PAYMENT ENROLLMENT FORM. You may obtain additional copies of the SF 3881 at http://www.fms.treas.gov/pdf/3881.pdf or at the GSA web site at http://fillform.gsa.gov/. II. Installment Payment Refunds Both eligible and ineligible licensees qualify for a refund of their installment payments as outlined below: A. Eligible Licensees of Record as of the Election Date: The approval of a refund request depends upon the election made for each license. 1. Amnesty The Commission will refund installment payments in their entirety to Eligible Licensees in this category who have previously made installment payments. For an Eligible Licensee that elected Amnesty for all of its licenses, the Commission will retain the down payment (less any remedial bidding credit refund) and forgive the original principal balance and all interest payments due thereon. 2. Amnesty and Reamortization/Resumption No installment payment refunds will be made to Licensees in this category; however, a credit may be applied. For an Eligible Licensee that held more than one license and elected Amnesty for one or more of its licenses, and Reamortization/Resumption for its other license(s), all installment payments made on the Amnesty license(s) will be credited towards the outstanding balance due on the license(s) for which Reamortization/Resumption was elected. The installment payment credits will be applied against the accrued and unpaid interest on the retained license(s), with any excess funds being applied to the principal balance on each retained license. The installment payment credits will be prorated based on the net high bids of the retained licenses. 3. Prepayment (Prepayment-Retain/Prepayment-Return) Eligible Licensees electing Prepayment were permitted to retain or return as many licenses as they wished. The Commission will forgive all of the interest due on the retained licenses from grant date until the Election Date; however, Eligible Licensees must pay off the original principal balance of the license(s) they retained. Eligible Licensees will be given a prepayment credit equal to 85% of the down payment and 100% of the installment payment(s) made on the license(s) they returned to the Commission. If the original principal balance of the license(s) the Eligible Licensee retained is greater than the prepayment credit, the additional amount due is called "new money," and must be remitted to the Commission on or before April 30, 2001. If the prepayment credit is greater than the original principal balances, the excess prepayment credits will be refunded to the licensee to the extent that the funds were generated from installment payments. No excess prepayment credits generated from down payments will be refunded. B. Ineligible Entities: Ineligible Entities will have all previously paid installment payments refunded. III. Remedial Bidding Credits Where an Eligible Licensee or Ineligible Entity paid its first and second down payment and met the small business qualifications at the time of the July 1994 auction, but did not receive a woman- or minority- owned small business bidding credit at the time of auction, the Commission will process a refund based on the 25% remedial bidding credit. Because entities that registered as a woman- or minority-owned small business received a biding credit at the time of auction, no refund is generated by the small business bidding credit. Where licensees paid for their licenses in full and met the qualifications for a small business at the time of auction, and did not receive the credit as a women- or minority- owned business, the Commission will process a refund based on the remedial bidding credit. The refund of excess down payment due to the remedial bidding credit is separate and distinct from the 218-219 MHz restructuring plan. Eligible Licensees should not anticipate utilizing the remedial bidding credit refund to meet any payment obligations to the Commission that may exist after the recalculation of balances or installment payments due on retained licenses. The payment deadline obligations of the licensee may not correspond with the refund of the remedial bidding credit, and the Commission will not credit, or offset, the amount owed after the recalculation based upon the anticipated refund. In addition, the Commission is not responsible for remitting any remedial bidding credit refund before the licensee's payment deadline. IV. Whom do I contact for a status of my refund? Tom Putnam at (202) 418-8242 or Gail Glasser at (202) 418-1995 in the Office of the Managing Director. V. When should I expect to receive my refund? The Commission will endeavor to issue refunds to all parties within approximately 60 from the receipt of the completed written request. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Web site Documents related to the earlier rule making proceeding and its implementation are located at the Federal Communications Commission web site: http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/auctions/218rest/218rest.html FCC Reference Center Documents related to this issue may also be examined and copied during normal business hours in the FCC Reference Center, 445 12th Street, SW, Room CY-A257, Washington, DC 20554. Call (202) 418-0270 for further information concerning the business hours. ITS In addition, documents may be purchased from the Commission's copy contractor, ITS, Inc., 1231 20th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. The telephone number for ITS is: (202) 857-3800. For additional questions or further information concerning the 218-219 MHz restructuring, contact Rita Cookmeyer of the Auctions and Industry Analysis Division at (202) 418-0660 or Jamison Prime of the Public Safety and Private Wireless Division at (202) 418-0680. SAMPLE COVER LETTER INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS REQUEST FOR REFUND Date Federal Communications Commission Office of the Managing Director Revenue & Receivables Operations Group 445 12th Street, S.W. Suite 1-A840 Washington, D.C. 20554 Mr. Putnam, Enclosed please find a completed ACH Vendor/Miscellaneous Payment Enrollment Form for the 218-219 MHz service for the following license(s). License Number(s): ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Winning Bidder Name: __________________________ Current License Holder Name: __________________________ If you have any questions, please contact: Name: _______________________ Phone: ______________________ E-mail: _____________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ Please remit the funds to the payee on the enclosed form. Sincerely, _____________________________________ Payor or Authorized Representative for Payor SAMPLE COVER LETTER REMEDIAL BIDDING CREDIT REQUEST FOR REFUND Date Federal Communications Commission Office of the Managing Director Revenue & Receivables Operations Group 445 12th Street, S.W. Suite 1-A840 Washington, D.C. 20554 Mr. Putnam, Enclosed please find a completed ACH Vendor/Miscellaneous Payment Enrollment Form for the 218-219 MHz service for the following license(s). License Number(s): ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Winning Bidder Name: __________________________ Current License Holder Name: __________________________ If you have any questions, please contact: Name: _______________________ Phone: ______________________ E-mail: _____________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ Please remit the funds to the payee on the enclosed form. Sincerely, _____________________________________ Payor or Authorized Representative for Payor See In the Matter of Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Provide Regulatory Flexibility in the 218-219 MHz Service, Report and Order and Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 99-239, WT Docket No. 98- 169, RM-8951, (rel. Sept. 10, 1999) at 3, 2. (218-219 MHz Order). PUBLIC NOTICE Federal Communications Commission 445 12th St., S.W. Washington, D.C. 20554

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# Presentation: 559745 ## Testing General Relativity in Fermilab: - Sergei Kopeikin - University of Missouri-Columbia *** ******A Bridge between the Particles Physics and Relativistic Gravity***** ** ## Photograph by Paul Ehrenfest. Image Source: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives . *Photograph by Paul Ehrenfest. Image Source: *_*[AIP Emilio ](http://photos.aip.org/)*__*[Segrè](http://photos.aip.org/)*__*[ Visual Archives](http://photos.aip.org/)*_* .* - The U.S. program in particle physics is at a crossroads. The continuing vitality of the program requires new, decisive, and forward-looking actions. In addition, sustained leadership requires a willingness to take the risks that always accompany leadership on the scientific frontier. Thus, the committee recommends the thoughtful pursuit of a high-risk, high-reward strategy. **Committee on Elementary Particle Physics in the 21st Century, National Research Council (2006)** **Revealing the Hidden Nature of Space and Time: Charting the Course for Elementary Particle Physics ** ## It seems natural to neglect gravity in particle physics ## Tests of Gravity at Macroscopic Distances - Laboratory - Earth/Moon (Lunar Laser Ranging) - Solar System (VLBI, Doppler/radio ranging, GPS) - Binary Pulsars - Black Hole in the Milky Way - Cosmic Microwave Background - Gravitational-wave detectors (bars, interferometers) **Gravity regime tested in the solar system:** - weak field (U << c2) - slow motion (v << c) **Gravity regime tested in binary pulsars:** - strong field (U ≤ c2) - slow motion (v << c) - radiation-reaction force 2.5 post-Newtonian approximation ## Why Do We Need to Measure Gravity at Microscopic Scale? **Over the past 50 years accelerators have explored the energy range from 1 MeV in nuclear reactions up to about 1000 GeV at the Tevatron. We have a remarkably accurate theory to predict and explain what we see at present** ## Cosmological Evidence for Vacuum Energy ## Revolution in Gravity - Cris Quigg: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ## Newton’s Law in n dimensional space ## Testing Newtonian 1/r2 Law - 2- limits on 1/r2 violations. - [Credit: Jens H Gundlach 2005 *New J. Phys.* **7** 205 ] - Eöt-Wash 1/r2 test data with the - rotating pendulum - =1; =250 m - Casimir force+1/r2 law -  parameterization of the presumable violation of the Newtonian 1/r2 law. ## Gravity Field in Fermilab - Weak (U << c2) - Ultra-relativistic (v  c) - Post-Newtonian - _Possible experiments:_ - Post-Newtonian gravity force produced by magnetic stresses and mechanical strains - Gravity force at ultra-relativistic velocities (testing standard theory extension, other possible long-range relativistic forces between particles) ## The Tevatron Characteristics **The Tevatron Characteristics** **6** ## Local Inertial Reference Frame *x1 = X* *x3 = Z* *x2 = Y* ## The metric tensor in the local frame - Acceleration of gravity 9.81 m/s2 - Luni-solar tidal force - Angular velocity of - the Earth’s rotation ## Forces exerted on proton in the beam - Protons in the beam falls down to Earth - with acceleration of gravity twice as g=9.81 m/s2 ## Tevatron Magnets ***Two main types of magnets: dipole and quadrupole. Dipoles are able to bend a particle beam. Quadrupoles focus the particle beams. *** ***The strength of the magnetic field is determined by the amount of electric current flowing through the coils. The 8-Tesla magnetic field requires current of 12,000 amperes. *** ***The SC magnets rely on a niobium-titanium compound. At ~10 K, the NTC becomes super-conducting and carries electric currents without resistance. *** ***Fermilab operates its 4.4 Tesla magnets. *** ***The magnets are bathed in 4.2-Kelvin liquid helium******.****** *** **Tevatron Magnet Cross Section** ## Magnetic Field Structure in Tevatron Magnet ## Gravity by the Magnetic Stress - General relativity predicts that gravity should be produced by stress as well as by mass-energy of matter - Magnetic field is a matter field with energy and stresses (Maxwell’s tensor) - Post-Newtonian gravity field of a magnet crucially depends on the magnetic (and mechanical) stress besides the part generated by mass-energy **“****Believe it or not, gravity and magnetism are two totally different and ** ** ****really unrelated phenomena.” ** ** ****WikiAnswers ****http://wiki.answers.com/**** ** ## The Gravity by the Magnetic Stress Why is it important to study? - _Astrophysics:_ the maximum mass of neutron (and quark) stars depends on stress-produced by magnetic field - _Gravitational Physics:_ validity of the principle of equivalence depends on how the stress contributes to the inertial and gravitational masses of a self-gravitating body (motion of binary pulsars, the effacing principle _[gr-qc/0612017](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006gr.qc....12017K)__)_ ## Gravity by the Magnetic Stress. - Current circulating in magnet’s coil generates the magnetic force - The magnetic force leads to mechanical deformations that cause stresses in the material of the magnet that are comparable with the magnetic stress - Strain-stress tensor calculation: - L. Landau & E. Lifshitz “Electrodynamics of Continuum Media**”** ## Magnetic Strain-Stress Tensor ## Gravitational Field of the Magnet ## Gravitational Field of a Magnetized Sphere **Gravitational Field of a Magnetized Sphere** ## Gravitational Field of the Magnetized Sphere ## Gravitational Force of the Magnetized Sphere ## Numerical Estimate and Measurability -  -  -  ## Torsion balance in University of Washington - The free resonant period of our balances is about 2 mHz. - The torsional spring constant is about 0.03 in cgs units and the angular displacement sensitivity is about radians. A typical level arm of - our torsion balances is about 2.5 cm. So the force sensitivity is about - cgs units or Newtons. - The quality factor of our torsion oscillator is about 5000. But if the signal has a definite period (as is the case in all of our experiments so far) one can integrate much for longer longer times (and we do so). - To resolve radians of angular deflection (given our noise and other disturbances) we need days of running time. **Torsion balance in University of Washington ** ## Long range forces and spontaneous violation of the Lorentz symmetry - One may expect that the Lorentz invariance for gravity field is spontaneously broken. - Theories with spontaneous local Lorentz and diffeomorphism violation contain massless - Nambu-Goldstone modes, which arise as field excitations in the minimum of the - symmetry-breaking potential. If the shape of the potential also allows excitations above - the minimum, then an alternative gravitational Higgs mechanism can occur in which - massive modes involving the metric appear (see discussion of a class of bumblebee models by A. Kostelecky et al. _[gr](http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4119)__[-qc 0712.4119](http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4119)_) ## Local Lorentz Invariance - [Credit: Clifford M. Will] ***The limits***** *****assume a speed of the solar system of***** 370 km/s *****relative to the mean rest frame of the universe that is considered as a preferred frame. *** ***However, a genuine test of the Lorentz invariance of gravity must not rely upon this assumption (requires an experiment in a variable gravitational field)*** ## The speed-of-gravity VLBI experiment with Jupiter(Kopeikin, ApJL, 556, 1, 2001; Fomalont & Kopeikin, ApJ., 598, 704, 2003) **The speed-of-gravity VLBI experiment with Jupiter**(Kopeikin, ApJL, 556, 1, 2001; Fomalont & Kopeikin, ApJ., 598, 704, 2003) - Position of Jupiter from JPL ephemerides (radio/optics) - Position of Jupiter as - measured from the - gravitational deflection - of light by Jupiter - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 4 **10 microarcseconds** = the width of a typical strand of a human hair from a distance of 650 *miles !* - Measured with 20% of accuracy, thus, proving that the fundamental speed in General Relativity (the speed of gravity) equals the speed of light. - gravity-unperturbed position of quasar ## Relativity in high-energy accelerators **Fermilab’s Tevatron:** **CERN’s Large Hadron Collider** ## The Minkowski geometry of the gravity force measurement at ultra-relativistic speed - World line of the detector - World line of the - proton bunch - space - time - In general relativity ultra- - relativistic gravity force behaves - similar to the synchrotron EM radiation ## What makes it plausible to measure the ultra-relativistic force of gravity in Tevatron? - The bunch consists of N=3×1011 protons - Ultra-relativistic speed = large Lorentz factor -  =1000 - Synchrotron character of the force = beaming factor gives additional Lorentz factors - Spectral density of the gravity force grows as a power law as frequency decreases - The gravity force is a sequence of pulses (45000 “pushes” per second  36 bunches =1,620,000) ## Einstein-Maxwell Equations ## The Reissner-Nordström Metric (an exact solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations) - If q>>m, the two horizons disappear and the singularity becomes a naked one. Many physicists believe that such a situation can't arise: there is a principle of "cosmic censorship", which prevents naked singularities from ever forming. Theories with super-symmetry usually guarantee that such "super-extremal" black holes can't exist. **The Reissner-Nordstr****ö****m Metric ****(an exact solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations)** - Main features of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. Credit: N. Rumiano ## Electromagnetic-Gravitational Field Model in a post-Minkowskian Approximation - Gravity field potentials - Lorentz – de Donder gauge - Linearized field equations - = ## Electromagnetic Lienard-Wiechert Potentials **Electromagnetic Lienard-Wiechert Potentials** - Retarded time s=s(t,x) ## Electromagnetic Stress-Energy Tensor ## Gravitational Lienard-Wiechert Potentials - Gravitational mass of the particle - Inertial mass of the particle ## The frame used for calculation of the gravity force *Z* *Y* *X* - O ** - Gravity force detector - (torsion balance) - X-Z plane is the plane of the Tevatron ring. - Y axis is a local vertical. -  ## Slide 41 ## Equations of Motion of a Mechanical Detector - Braginsky V.B. and Manukin, A.B., “Measurement of Weak Forces in - Physics Experiments”, Univ. Chicago Press, 1977 - Braginsky, V.B., Caves, C.M. & K.S. Thorne, “Laboratory experiments to test relativistic - gravity”, PRD, 15, 2047-2068, 1977 - Braginsky, V.B., “Experiments with Probe Masses”, PNAS, 104, 3677-80, 2007 ## Gravitational versus Lorentz Force - Tensor force - Vector force ## Gravitational versus Lorentz Force ## Gravity Force in ultra-relativistic approximation ## Motion of the particle in the beam ## The Dipole Approximation -  ## The ultra-relativistic approximation ## Fourier Transform of the Gravity Force - Fourier frequency ## Fourier Transform in The Ultra-relativistic Approximation ## Numerical estimate of the gravity force -  -  -  ## Respond of the detector to the gravity force -  ## Laser Interferometer for Gravity Physics at Tevatron? -  -  - L -  = 999.5 m - d = 0.07 m - L = 16.7 m - Current technology of LIGO coordinate meters allows to measure position with an error - +d - Probe mass - Proton’s beam - Probe mass

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# Presentation: 064614 ## SEDAR 8 - Caribbean Yellowtail Snapper - And - Spiny Lobster - Data Workshop - December 6 – 10 2004 ## Welcome - Introductions - Materials - Process - Products - Deadlines ## Introductions ## Materials - Additional Papers - #12 - Updated Papers #1, #8 ## Process - SEDAR is a Council Process - Cooperative with Councils, NOAA Fisheries, and States – Territories - Participants appointed by the Councils and NOAA fisheries - Open, Public Meetings - Opportunity for public comment during Plenary sessions ## Process - Housekeeping - Please sign in each day - Sheets are on the materials table - Network - Please see Loyd Darby to configure your computer for the network – ASAP ## Process - Largely Group Work - Flexible, Adaptive Schedule - Group Leader/Rapporteur provide summary presentations of issues with alternatives for Plenary - Groups Draft Report Sections - Goal – Decisions made by 5pm Wednesday - Drafts of Sections by 10 am Thursday ## Process - Decision Making - By Consensus not Vote - All Decisions by Plenary - Expect suggestions and ideas, not simply criticisms - Establish bounds when single values/decisions are not feasible ## Process - Terms of Reference - Specify general data areas to address - Required to “Evaluate” the data ## Work Groups - Commercial Statistics - Landings, Age & Length Characterization - Dependent Indices - Recreational Statistics - Landings, Age & Length Characterization - Dependent Indices - Life History - Growth Models, Reproduction, Sex Ratios, M - Independent Indices - Measure of abundance ## Work Groups - Leader Responsibilities - Group Report Sections - Provide data files and programs - Present to Plenary - Rapporteur - Each group select a rapporteur to take notes during group and plenary sessions ## Work Group Assignments - Commercial Statistics - Leader: Josh Bennett - Members: Daniel Matos, Roger Uwate, Cheryl Ondeka, David Die, David Berry, Juan Agar - Recreational Statistics - Leader: Craig Liliestrom - Members: Joe Kimmel ## Work Group Assignments - Life History - Leader: Nancie Cummings - Members: Miguel Figuerola, William Tobias, Edwin Hernandez - Independent Indices - Leader: Jerry Scott - Members: Francisco Pagan, Steven Saul, Ron Hill ## Products - Assessment Report Section - Complete documentation of input data and modifications - Tabulation of all data - Supporting Files - Spreadsheet files of input data - Spreadsheet files of final assessment data - Program files and code ## Products - Provide Materials to Jennifer - Working papers - electronic - Report drafts - Plenary presentations - Data sets - Programs ## Deadlines - Decisions : 5 pm Wednesday - Draft Sections : 10 am Thursday - Data Files/Programs : 10 am Thursday - Loaded onto network - Draft Final Report: January 21, 2005 - Final Report Comments: February 2, 2005 - Final Report Completed: February 11, 2005 - ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP : March 14 - 18 ## Agenda - Monday, 2pm Convene - Introductory Materials - Group Breakout - Plenary 1: 5 pm - Initial group reports - Discussion of Working Papers - Tuesday, 8:30 am Convene - Continue Plenary (working papers) - Group breakout

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### DELAWARE VALLEY # FOOD SERVICE DEPARTMENT ## NUTRITION PROGRAM [Breakfast]{.underline} - Breakfast includes some traditional comfort foods such as pancakes, eggs and sausage. However, we make our pancakes fresh! We mix the batter and grill the flapjacks. We also offer scrambled eggs and three choices of sausages (pork, turkey and vegetarian) to ensure all students have dining options. - Fresh fruit, both fruit salad and whole fruit, is served at breakfast everyday. Fresh fruits, especially strawberries, honeydew melon, watermelon, and mangos have been a huge hit with the students. There is often a line at the fruit bar! - Our cereal bar has such cereals as Grape Nuts, Just Right, and Special K among others. - We have found that students are very visual when it comes to products served to them. For instance, we were buying name brand Yoplait yogurts and they were going uneaten. We switched to TRIX yogurt (made by the same manufacturer). This yogurt tastes the same and has the same calories, fat, and nutrients as the Yoplait, but the label is different, and the students could not get enough. [Lunch and Dinner]{.underline} - Many foods, including ethnic dishes, are prepared from scratch, in lieu of heat and serve items. To save time, some precut, frozen vegetables and other products are used, but sauces, garnishes, and seasonings are always homemade. - Food preparation has undergone dramatic changes. Fish is baked or broiled; meats are grilled, steamed or baked. Frying is avoided whenever possible. - Students always have choices. Our lunch menu always consists of two meat entrees, a fish entrée and a vegetarian entrée. We acknowledge that vegetarian students need more than a salad bar. We serve vegetable ravioli, wraps, tofu, Veggie Riblets, roasted portabella mushroom caps, sautéed spinach with griller strips, and stuffed butternut squash regularly. - An extensive salad bar is available to the staff and students. The salad bar consists of two types of lettuce or spinach, fresh seasonal vegetables, low-fat side salads, and fruit. Entrée salads, such as Greek or Caesar salads are often offered as a menu item. - Specialty dishes include shrimp lo-mein and the ethnic meals that our students request. We strive to make ethnic meals authentic. Many recipes come from students or their parents. We also have the students help prepare their recipes (after a food safety course). - As a treat, our center often serves fresh seafood. We make snow crab legs, shrimp skewers, catfish, salmon, Pollack filets and flounder. We have baked or broiled fish available daily at lunch and dinner. [Beverage Service]{.underline} - We have added more juice selections, removed the Cola and replaced it with coke zero- a no sugar, cola that does not taste like diet. We have also added a Crystal Lite machine in the café that offers a low calorie, sugar free beverage that is refreshing to drink. - Vending machines contain fruit drinks and water. Students have to actively seek out soft drinks. [Weight Improvement Programs]{.underline} - We use a point system (similar to Weight Watchers) for students who are concerned about their calorie and fat intake. The points are based on each individual's needs. - The USDA food guide, **mypyramid.gov,** is used to plan healthy meals. Students are able to log on, type in their age and gender, and the system will give them information on what foods to eat, how much of each food to eat, and exercise. - Students can use a brochure created by the Health and Wellness Center and Food Services to keep track of what they eat. Students are encouraged to utilize this system after leaving Job Corps. [Food Procurement/Budgeting]{.underline} In order to serve healthy foods within a budget, much work is put into comparison-shopping and negotiating prices with vendors. - Products are purchased from several different vendors to create competition and allow for comparison-shopping. Items are purchased from two large national vendors, a local vendor, a bakery, and a local dairy, among others. This allows the center to offer a larger variety of items, ensure freshness of items through multiple deliveries, and keep prices down. - Heat and serve convenience foods are limited. This allows the center to purchase more fresh items. [Teamwork]{.underline} - Food service works very close with the wellness center and with the recreation department to make sure the students learn about and see results from a healthier lifestyle. - A food committee is active in menu planning.

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**Recent Gains and Losses in Maryland Stream-Gaging Network** The Maryland stream-gaging network has had some ups and downs in 2005-2006. Eight long-term stream gages were threatened with discontinuation due to lack of State and local funding in the fall of 2005. The affected gages are on Big Elk Creek, Casselman River, Piscataway Creek, Zekiah Swamp Run, St. Mary's River, St. Clements Creek, Morgan Creek, and Unicorn Branch. Two of these eight have since been funded by the State---DNR agreed to support the gage on Big Elk Creek and MDE agreed to support the gage on Casselman River. Following an unsuccessful attempt to identify potential new funding partners, the other six gages were discontinued in February 2006. However, in May 2006, DNR agreed to provide support for restarting these six discontinued gages beginning in July 2006. In addition, gages in Baltimore City on Maidens Choice Run and Gwynns Run, and a Baltimore County gage on Minebank Run, were discontinued as planned in October 2005. A long-term gage on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown was discontinued in the spring of 2005 due to funding problems. On the positive side, new gages were started on Stony Run in Baltimore City in the spring of 2005, on Powder Mill Run and Scotts Level Branch in Baltimore County in the fall of 2005, and on Sand Spring Run on the campus of Frostburg State University in the spring of 2005. Plans are underway to restart two discontinued gages in July 2006---Pocomoke River near Willards and Town Creek near Oldtown---and to establish new gages on Evitts Creek and Fifteenmile Creek. The Pocomoke gage will be supported by DNR and the three western Maryland gages will be supported by the Pennsylvania DEP. Also, DNR plans to support a gage on Corsica River in the summer of 2006, and MDE plans to support a gage on Little Blackwater River, also this summer. Finally, a proposal has been submitted in collaboration with the U.S. Forest Service to initiate two to three new gages in the Gunpowder River watershed in late 2006.

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# Presentation: 797088 ## doi> - Digital Object Identifier **doi>** - A Handle Implementation - Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation ## Digital Object Identifier - Object - Identifier - What is DOI? - A unique identifier for "a piece of content“ on digital networks - Digital object *interoperability* **doi>** ## doi> - DOI – a Handle implementation **doi>** - DOI – more than a Handle implementation: - uses Handle as one component, of several that make up the DOI system - analogy: - engine and car? - Handle and DOI ## doi> * **by *_*structured *_ *metadata* *Resolution* * **by Handle* *Numbering * *scheme* * **Policies* **doi>** ## A unique identifier for "a piece of content" in the physical world single, common system: UPC/EAN Bar Code components: code writers, readers, policies, etc. many uses : once assigned, usable by anyone in chain wide community support made it work self-sustaining cost recovery model etc. standard – helps to integrate systems efficiently - A unique identifier for "a piece of content" in the physical world - single, common system: UPC/EAN Bar Code - components: *code writers, readers, policies, etc.* - many uses : once assigned, *usable by anyone* in chain - wide community support made it work - self-sustaining cost recovery model etc. - standard – helps to integrate systems efficiently - Analogy: the physical bar code **doi>** ## "The DOI is the UPC (Bar Code) for objects of intellectual property on the Internet.” 1. Uniquely identifies “content” enables management of transactions of all kinds 2. Provides a stable, persistent link to the content itself or to services 3. Can be used to articulate services as real world applications using metadata, multiple resolution, rules, etc. - 1. Uniquely identifies *“content”* - enables management of transactions of all kinds - 2. Provides a stable, persistent link - to the content itself** ***or to services* - 3. Can be used to articulate services as real world applications - using metadata, multiple resolution, rules, etc. - What is the DOI? **doi>** **doi>** ## Show DOI as combination of components use existing standards including Handle Show examples of services (applications) built on DOI Examples here web–based but DOI applicable to all platforms - use existing standards including Handle - Show examples of services (applications) built on DOI - Examples here web–based - but DOI applicable to all platforms - This presentation **doi>** **doi>** ## An identifier “container” e.g. 10.1234/5678 10.2341/0-7645-4889-1 10.5678/978-0-7645-4889-4 10.1000/ISBN 0764548891 10.1234/Norman_presentation 10.2224/2003-1-29-CENDI-DOI etc - can include **any ** **existing identifier**, - formal or informal, - of any entity - An identifier “container” e.g. - 10.1234/5678 - 10.2341/0-7645-4889-1 - 10.5678/978-0-7645-4889-4 - 10.1000/ISBN 0764548891 - 10.1234/Norman_presentation - 10.2224/2003-1-29-CENDI-DOI - etc ## Resolve from DOI to: - allows a DOI to link to **any & multiple pieces** - of current data - Resolve from DOI to: - Location (URL) – *persistence* - Resolve to multiple data: - Multiple locations - Metadata - Services - Nested DOIs (related objects etc) - Extensible: new types ## Metadata - DOI can describe **any form** of - intellectual property, - at **any level** of - granularity - For interoperability - Kernel metadata - A standard, interoperable, small set of data - Able to use existing metadata - Mapped using standard dictionary - Providing a standard way of accessing and using the object - “Hooks” to Open URL, UDDI, etc - DOI Applications, Services ## Common rules of the road (IDF) - allow **any ** **business model** - for practical - implementations - Governance and agreed scope, policy, rules - Cost-recovery (self-sustaining) - Registration agencies (cf ISBN, Visa) - Each can develop own applications, services, sector rules, business model, fees, metadata etc - DOI at cost - DOI free - DOI with other services - etc ## <indecs> framework: - DOI can describe **any form** of - intellectual property, - at **any level** of - granularity *Handle resolution * - allows a DOI to link to **any & multiple pieces** - of current data *DOI syntax* - can include **any ** **existing identifier**, - formal or informal, - of any entity *DOI policies * - allow **any ** **business model** - for practical - implementations ## doi> - The combination of components is unique - Aim to use *existing standards* or, if not available, to *develop standards* with others - Numbering: standard principles - (Naming authorities, delegated responsibility, uniqueness, non-intelligent numbering, etc) - Resolution: DOI is a Handle implementation - (Initially single, now multiple resolution; close collaboration with CNRI as technology partner) - Metadata: indecs framework - (Initially <indecs> consortium, now ISO MPEG) - Policies: based on similar business models - (UPC, ISBN, Visa, etc.) **doi>** - DOI components ## doi> **Single redirection ** **(persistent identifier****)** **Metadata** **W3C, WIPO, NISO, ISO, MPEG etc.** **Multiple resolution** **A continuing development activity** - DOI: development path **doi>** ## “Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems” <indecs> – a multi-partner effort: see www.indecs.org Became adopted and now basis of ISO MPEG-21 Dictionary approach: see the paper “Towards a Rights Data Dictionary” Unique Identification Functional Granularity Designated Authority Appropriate Access Metadata as “a relationship between two entities” - The “metadata” component **do****i****>** **doi>** - “Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems” - <in*d*ecs> – a multi-partner effort: see www.indecs.org - Became adopted and now basis of ISO MPEG-21 Dictionary approach: see the paper “Towards a Rights Data Dictionary” - Unique Identification - Functional Granularity - Designated Authority - Appropriate Access - Metadata as “a relationship between two entities” **doi>** ## Precision – a consistent extensible framework, for automation Terminology – defined scope “content” more precisely In relation to “Digital Objects”, W3C “resources”, WIPO “works”: description by precise attributes, ontology Ability to interoperate with any existing metadata SCORM, MARC, ONIX, etc Link to standards work like MPEG, XML A way of defining “Application Profiles” sets of metadata plus rules, a way of grouping DOIs the basis of applications beyond simple persistence documentation now being completed - The “metadata” component **do****i****>** **doi>** - Precision – a consistent extensible framework, for automation - Terminology – defined scope “content” more precisely - In relation to “Digital Objects”, W3C “resources”, WIPO “works”: - description by precise attributes, ontology - Ability to interoperate with any existing metadata - SCORM, MARC, ONIX, etc - Link to standards work like MPEG, XML - A way of defining “Application Profiles” - sets of metadata plus rules, a way of grouping DOIs - the basis of applications beyond simple persistence - documentation now being completed **doi>** *Why this has been important to DOI* ## doi> - in DOI can describe **any form** of - intellectual property, - at **any level** of - granularity - Text objects (ONIX) - Art objects (CIDOC) - Learning objects (SCORM) - Audio objects (GRID) - Video objects (SMPTE) - etc - Metadata efficiency **doi>** **doi>** ## doi> - DOI can describe **any form** of - intellectual property, - at **any level** of - granularity - Text objects (ONIX) - Art objects (CIDOC) - Learning objects (SCORM) - Audio objects (GRID) - Video objects (SMPTE) etc - Metadata efficiency **doi>** - Common single mapping **doi>** ## Acrobat plug-in as focus example here (web based) Four example demonstrations shown here: Version (provide a dynamic update version of the pdf in hand) Multiple resolution (retrieve multiple data: a URL and some metadata in this case) CrossRef (retrieve a standard set of metadata and use it in an application, a citation builder) Rights (very simple e-commerce interface as an illustration) - Adding value: services **do****i****>** **doi>** - Acrobat plug-in as focus example here (web based) - Four example demonstrations shown here: - Version (provide a dynamic update version of the pdf in hand) - Multiple resolution (retrieve multiple data: a URL and some metadata in this case) - CrossRef (retrieve a standard set of metadata and use it in an application, a citation builder) - Rights (very simple e-commerce interface as an illustration) **doi>** ## doi> **PDF** **Tool Bar** **Plug-In** **[ cache ]** - Acrobat Reader **do****i****>** - Adobe plug-in concept: what - PDF document viewed - through Acrobat reader **doi>** **doi>** ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” **Tool Bar** **Demo 1 – “get latest version”** ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” - cnri.test.jsn/pdf - TYPE - DATA - http://host-4-211/book-newversion.pdf - url - last_modified - 2002-06-13T14:06:03-03:00 - DOI - Handle** **Record **2002-06-13T14:06:03-03:00** _**http://host-4-211/book-newversion.pdf**_ **Internet** **Handle System** **Demo 1 – “get latest version”** ## Demo 1 – “get latest version” **Tool Bar** **Demo 1 – “get latest version”** ## Demo 2 – MultiRes **Demo 2 – MultiRes** ## Demo 2 – MultiRes **Demo 2 – MultiRes** ## Demo 2 – MultiRes **Demo 2 – MultiRes** ## Demo 2 – MultiRes **Demo 2 – MultiRes** ## Demo 3 –Citation **Tool Bar** **Demo 3 –Citation ** ## Demo 3 –Citation **Demo 3 –Citation ** ## Demo 3 –Citation **Demo 3 –Citation ** ## Demo 3 –Citation **Demo 3 –Citation ** ## Demo 4 – Permissions **Tool Bar** **Demo 4 – Permissions** ## Demo 4 – Permissions **Tool Bar** **Demo 4 – Permissions** ## Demo 4 – Permissions **Tool Bar** **Demo 4 – Permissions** ## Demo 4 – Permissions **Demo 4 – Permissions** ## Put the DOI data in functional units in the DOI record [Handle]; and the knowledge of what to do with them in the client Demonstrated with an end-user client (Acrobat) but equally applicable to middleware No constraints on adding additional functional units to a given DOI A common approach – could use same Handle record to manage pdf, html, mobile, etc., hence efficient in deploying content across platforms The resolution to returned metadata through Application Profiles allows complex applications Provided a complete packaged solution: numbering, resolution, metadata, policies On which individual applications and services can be built The same additional components could be of interest to other Handle applications: metadata, policies Avoid reinvention of the wheel - Demonstrated with an end-user client (Acrobat) but equally applicable to middleware - No constraints on adding additional functional units to a given DOI - A common approach – could use same Handle record to manage pdf, html, mobile, etc., hence efficient in deploying content across platforms - The resolution to returned metadata through *Application Profiles* allows complex applications - Provided a complete packaged solution: numbering, resolution, metadata, policies - On which individual applications and services can be built - The same additional components could be of interest to other Handle applications: metadata, policies - Avoid reinvention of the wheel **doi>** - What we have done **doi>** ## doi> **10.123/456** **URL** **http://www....** - Handles in DOI **doi>** ## Several hundred organisations Several million DOIs Examples: CrossRef Content Directions Inc TSO The Stationery office + others (Europe, US, Asia) Of special interest to CENDI: TSO – UK government documents Learning Objects Network - the ADL initiative Office of Publications of European Union* British Library* etc [*under discussion] - Several million DOIs - Examples: *CrossRef** * *Content Directions Inc * *TSO The Stationery office* + others (Europe, US, Asia) - Of special interest to CENDI: - TSO – UK government documents - Learning Objects Network - the ADL initiative - Office of Publications of European Union* - British Library* - etc - [*under discussion] - Who is using it now? **do****i****>** **doi>** **doi>** ## International DOI Foundation (IDF) Open member organisation, launched 1998 Members; publishing, technology, intermediaries Modelled on W3C, and on the Bar code development www.doi.org - Open member organisation, launched 1998 - Members; publishing, technology, intermediaries - Modelled on W3C, and on the Bar code development - www.doi.org - Who has done this? **do****i****>** **doi>** **doi>** ## Web site at http://www.doi.org DOI Handbook [http://www.doi.org/hb.html] DOI news [e mail sign up on site] DOI FAQs – in your pack [http://www.doi.org/faq.html] Metadata: Indecs framework [http://www.indecs.org] And see e.g. “Towards a Rights data Dictionary” [http://www.doi.org/topics/020522IMI.pdf] - DOI Handbook [http://www.doi.org/hb.html] - DOI news [e mail sign up on site] - DOI FAQs – in your pack [http://www.doi.org/faq.html] - Metadata: - Indecs framework [http://www.indecs.org] - And see e.g. “Towards a Rights data Dictionary” [http://www.doi.org/topics/020522IMI.pdf] - More information? **do****i****>** **doi>** **doi>** ## doi> - Digital Object Identifier **doi>** - Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation

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392 APPENDIX. XV. CLASS MONADELPHIA. * ' 66. Geranium robertianum, Nutt. Gen. II. p. 80. Common in Pennsylvania. XVI. CLASS DIADELPHIA. 67. Petalostemum candidum, Pursh, p. 461. Indigenous to the western country. 68. Petalostemum violaceum, Pursh, p. 461. Likewise peculiar to the western countries. Both these plants are well described by Michaux, and figured on his Tab. 37, f. 1 and 2. 69. Corydalis glauca, Pursh, p. 463. Common among rocky hills. 70. Amorpha canescens, Nutt. Gen. II. p. 92. Peculiar to the north-western country. 71. Lathyrus palustris, Pursh, p. 471. Found in Canada by Michaux, and common in Europe. 72. Lathyrus venosus, Pursh, p. 471. Common in the Pennsylvania mountains. 73. Vicia *tridentata, L. v. Schw. The single, but good specimen of this plant, does not agree,, I think, with any one described by American authors or Persoon. I therefore venture to point it out by the above name, taken from the singular form of its stipules. It approaches nearest to V. sylvatica. Stem flexuosely bent, subpubescent, angular and much grooved. Peduncles equal to the leaves. Leaflets numerous, sometimes alternate, sometimes opposite, narrow, oblong, entire, obtuse, with a short mucro, sprinkled with hair on the upper surface, and almost canescently so on the under. Stipules, upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate,

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# Presentation: 937632 ## caTissue Suite 1.1 ## caTissue Big Picture **Web based open source application** **Track receipt, processing, storage, quality review, and distribution of biospecimens.** **Certified on ** - JBoss App. Server(4.2.2 GA) - Oracle(10.2.0.2) and MySQL(5.0.45) databases - Windows and Linux servers - Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari (on Mac) ## Features **Customizable user roles and privileges structure to support multiple repositories within single caTissue instance** **Flexible storage container hierarchy** **Enhanced Collection Protocol Definition** - Pre-define specimen processing schemes - Define multiple study arms and time points **Patient registry & in-built duplicate check algorith** **Specimen accession, derivatives, and processing** **Pathology Annotation (CA)** - CAP protocol pathology annotation for major organ systems **caTIES-like Pathology Report Annotation** **Custom Annotation (Dynamic Extensions)** **Advanced Query “Wizard”** - Create and save complex, pre-defined or parameterized searches **Specimen Requisition and Request Tracking ** **caGrid data share and API access** ## Biospecimen Functional Outline ## Functional Outline **Log In** ## ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS ## Privileges at user level **Privileges at user level** *2. Select Sites* *1. Select Role* *3. Select CPs* *4. Select Privileges* ## Multi-Site Repository | Role | Description | | --- | --- | | Super Administrator | A Super Administrator can perform any operation within the application. | | Administrator | An Administrator registers new users, containers, and collection protocols and distribution protocols into the system. | | Supervisor | A Supervisor adds participants and registers them to collection protocols. | | Technician | A Technician adds specimens into the system. | | Scientist | A Scientist performs a query and orders specimens and specimen arrays of interest. | | Custom | The role can be customized and certain required privileges can be assigned to the user. | **User Roles** ## Multi-Site Repository **User Provisioning** | Privilege | Description | Role | | --- | --- | --- | | User Provisioning | Create a user and assign privileges. | Administrator | | Storage Administration | Add and edit storage containers. | Administrator | | Protocol Administration | Add and edit CP Assign privileges for each protocol | Administrator | | Registration | Add or edit a Participant without registration Register Participants, Consents, and Specimen Collection Group(SCG) Add and edit Specimen and Consents | Administrator or Supervisor | | Specimen Processing | Aliquot and Derive Add Events Add Specimen Annotations Create Specimen Array Specimen Array Aliquots | Administrator, Supervisor, or Technician | | Distribution | View orders Process Ordering Requests(changing status of specimen orders) Distribution | Administrator, Supervisor, or Technician | | Read Denied | Disallow read access to data under a CP. | Scientists except the Principal Investigator or the coordinators of the CP. By default Scientists have de-identified read privilege to everything. | ## Multi-Site Repository **Bank A** **Bank B** **Protocol B** **A Protocol** **Protocol C** **B Banker** **A Banker** ***Shipping / Tracking*** *Register a participant to “A” Accession a tissue Ship tissue to Bank B* *Receive tissue ****X**** Query tissue Derive into RNA Ship RNA back to Bank A* ## Creating a storage container **Creating a storage container** *1. Select a container Type* *2. Select parent location details* *3. Name the container* *4. Restrict a container to a specific protocol* *5. Restrict what the container can hold* ## Storage Container Map ## Creating a Collection Protocol **Ability to define consent questions, time points and specimen collected per time point** **Ability to define derivatives and aliquots that needs to be created on the specimens collected** **System will use this information to create *****anticipated***** specimens for each participant registration** **Support for complex protocols with arms and phases** ## Enhanced Protocol Definition **Enhanced Protocol Definition** **Pre-define Specimen requirements and properties at multiple time points in a collection protocol.** *Calendar Clock* *Define required specimens,* *Derivatives, and aliquots * *expected at collection event* ## Privileges at CP level ## Complex protocol **Notes:** Study arms are alternative pathways with alternative visit timelines, and participants are assigned to one of these alternative arms by inclusion criteria and/or randomization. Study phases are successive pathways that may or may not apply in the cause of a treatment for one participant. Some phases may apply to all participants and some phases are used for unplanned course of disease progression or relapse. ## BIOSPECIMEN MODULE ## Collection Protocol Based View **Collection Protocol Based View** *CP registration* *Register New* *Participant demographics * *Participants registered to the selected protocol* *Specimens collected/to be collected under a registration for a time point* ## Facilitated Bio-specimen Accession **Facilitated Bio-specimen Accession** *Label printing* *Creation of all expected specimens, derivatives, and aliquots based on CP definition* *1.Indicate expected specimens collected * *2.Indicate expected derivatives / aliquots created * *3. Pre-defined / editable labels, quantities, and storage destination. * ## Other specimen operations **Other specimen operations** - Whole Blood - Spin - Derive - Cell pellets - DNA samples **Create child specimens: Aliquot or derivatives** **Add specimen events : spin, thaw, freeze, check in, check out, transfer, embedded and so forth** **Add clinical or pathology annotations** **Bulk specimen operations** ## Consent Tracking **Consents tiers can be defined at collection protocol level** **Consents can be tracked at participant registration, specimen collection group and each specimen level.** **Consents are verified during distribution for concurrence** ## Consent Tracking *Capturing participant responses for consent tiers * ## LOADING SURGICAL PATHOLOGY REPORTS **LOADING SURGICAL PATHOLOGY REPORTS** ## caTIES-Like Path Report Annotation **Surgical Pathology Report loading pipeline:** - HL7 reports are loaded - The identified information in the report can be de-identified using different de-id tools. - Reports are concept coded using NCI's EVS meta-thesaurus. - These reports are associated with the Participants and Specimen Collection Groups within caTissue. - Finally the reports can be viewed and queried with caTissue. - Path reporting system (coPath) - Concept Coder - De-ID Tool Plug-In ## De-identified report with highlighted concept codes ## ANNOTATIONS – CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGY ## Clinical & Pathological Annotations **CAP (College of American Pathologists) checklist based annotations** **Can be collected at participant and specimens** **Clinical: Smoking and Alcohol Use, Family History, Lab Values, Treatment Information, Comorbidities, Followup Information** **Pathology: Breast, CNS, Colorectal, Heme, Kidney, Lung, Melanoma, Pancreas, Prostate** ## Forms hooked to different entities | Participant | Specimen Collection Group | Specimen | | --- | --- | --- | | Lab Annotation Family History Annotation Treatment Annotation Rad RX Annotation Chemo RX Annotation Treatment Regimen Environmental Exposure Health Annotation Alcohol Health Annotation Smoking Health Annotation Health Examination Annotation New Diagnosis Health Annotation No Evident Disease Health Annotation Recurrence Health Examination Annotation Local Recurrence Health Examination Annotation Distant Recurrence Health Examination Annotation | Base Solid Tissue Pathology Annotation Base Hematology Pathology Annotation Radical Prostatectomy Pathology Annotation Needle Biopsy Prostate Pathology Annotation Retropubic Enucleation Pathology Annotation Transurethral Prostatic Resection Pathology Annotation Pancreas Pathology Annotation Lung Biopsy Pathology Annotation Lung Resection Based Pathology Annotation Kidney Biopsy Based Pathology Annotation Kidney Nephrectomy Pathology Annotation Melanoma Pathology Annotation CNS Pathology Annotation Breast Pathology Annotation Local Excision Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation Excisional Biopsy Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation Resection Based Colorectal Pathology Annotation | Specimen Based Solid Tissue Pathology Annotation Colorectal Specimen Pathology Annotation Pancreas Specimen Pathology Annotation Melanoma Specimen Pathology Annotation CNS Specimen Pathology Annotation Prostate Specimen Pathology Annotation Kidney Specimen Pathology Annotation Lung Specimen Pathology Annotation Breast Specimen Pathology Annotation | ## Local Extensions **Add new forms on the fly – without any code changes** **Can be used to collect local or custom data elements** **Automatically generates forms without any programming efforts** **Can add, edit and query for dynamic data elements along with static data elements** *Example annotation loaded using this feature:* ## Workflow ## Dynamic Form Builder ## QUERY CAPABILITIES **QUERY CAPABILITIES** **SIMPLE QUERY INTERFACE** **ADVANCED QUERY INTERFACE** ## Query Interface **caTissue query interface supports following features:** - Query any data in caTissue allowing both simple and complex conditions/associations - Filtering results based on the access rights based on HIPAA compliance - Save query – Canned and parameterized - Export query results as a CSV file - Define results view - Select specimens from multiple queries and create a list for further actions(Ordering, shipping, bulk operations ) ## Simple Query Interface **Simple Query Interface** *Form the query* *Results view* ## Advance Query Wizard **Advance Query Wizard** *1. Find object of interest in data model* *2. **Define search conditions for selected object* *3. Create complex query based on combinations of selected objects and conditions* ## Advanced Query results: *Tree view of results* *Results table view with pre-defined data elements* **Advanced Query results:** ## Temporal Queries **Advanced Search Query Builder** **Build the Query with Data Types** **Select the subjects of the query** **Define the temporal expression and name the result field** ## Advance queries **Through Advance Query Interface, complex queries are possible. Some examples are:** - Query with complex criteria - Malignant breast DNA specimens from African American participants who are registered to protocol with the “Breast" in the title. - Query on reports - Find all surgical pathology reports that have text content ‘viral’ present. - Technician query - Find all the specimens that are to be collected today. - Query across static and dynamic data - Find male participants suffering from prostate tumor whose biospecimen samples were tested two weeks after recording the PSA value. - Temporal query - Find all the biospecimens which were fixed within 30 minutes of collection. ## Shipping & Tracking **Shipping & Tracking** ** ****Users can send/receive bio-specimens from one site to another. ** **The specimens will be placed in a shipment having a unique shipment label and optionally a barcode.** **The system tracks the shipments moving between the sites and sends email notifications to appropriate personnel at both sites.** - Site-A - Site-B - Send/Receive Bio-Specimens ## Creating a shipment *Specimens to be shipped* *Containers to be shipped* *Shipment details* ## Receiving shipment *Accept shipment and allocate storage* ## Ordering and Distribution - Allows scientist to query for specimens of interest and place order. - Allows ordering specimens, specimen arrays, tissue blocks from pathology reports. - Tissue bank staff can view the order list and process the distribution. - Generates distribution report which can be exported in CSV format. ## Biospecimen Ordering **Biospecimen Ordering** *Step1: Create specimen list* *Step2: Provide Order title and protocol title* *Step3: Provide order details* ## Biospecimen Distribution *Order List Dash Board* *Processing the distribution* *Once distributed, report is generated which can be exported* *Verify* *consents before Distribution* ## For More Information... ** ****The TBPT KC site- ** - _[https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/KC/index.php/Main_Page](https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/KC/index.php/Main_Page)_ ** ****Log on and try out the demo site for caTissue Suite v1.1- **_[http://catissue.wustl.edu:8080/catissuecore/](http://catissue.wustl.edu:8080/catissuecore/)_** ** ** ****For additional questions, post them to the KC Forum- ** - _[https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/forums/](https://cabig-kc.nci.nih.gov/Biospecimen/forums/)_** **

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# Presentation: 119364 ## Important note to readers - The “bell curve” slides in this presentation (slides number 20 & 21) were designed to simply give a non-technical audience in a few seconds a feel for the implications of the complicated analytical model recommended by the Institute of Medicine for assessing the percent of a population with inadequate (or excessive) intakes. Those seeking a more complete description of this assessment methodology should see the excellent description in ***Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. *****Institute of Medicine, 2000** ## 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the New Dietary Reference Intakes:Potential Implications for the NSLP and SBP Meals **Jay Hirschman, MPH, CNS** - Director, Special Nutrition Staff - Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation - USDA Food and Nutrition Service **Clare Miller, MS, RD** - Senior Nutritionist - Child Nutrition Division - USDA Food and Nutrition Service ## FNS Programs - FNS administers 15 domestic nutrition assistance programs - these programs serve 1 in 5 people in the U.S. each year - While the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) will influence most programs, a few merit special attention: **National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP)** - Food Stamp Program (FSP) - Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) - These four programs represent roughly 89% of FNS program spending in FY 2005 ## The 2006-2007 Horizon **Publication of Proposed Rule regarding implementation of 2005 DGA in NSLP and SBP** **Publication of Proposed Rule regarding WIC food package changes ** **Publication of revised Thrifty Food Plan market basket (FSP) ** ## Nutrition Standards Governing FNS Programs **NSLP:** Meet 1/3 of the RDAs, and are consistent with goals of the DGA **SBP:** Meet 1/4 of the RDAs, and are consistent with the goals of the DGA **WIC:** Foods that promote the health of the population served...as indicated by relevant nutrition science, public health concerns, and cultural eating patterns **FSP:** Raise nutrition levels of low-income households; benefit levels are based on the cost of USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan, a low-cost nutritious diet for a family of four persons ## General Considerations for Program Change - Administrative - Cost - Burden - Feasibility - Customers/Target Population - Participation & Satisfaction - Hunger prevention -  Hungry children don’t learn as well -  Disruptive children impede the learning of others - Net Value of the Changes ## 16 Percent of Children and Adolescents are OverweightPrevalence of Overweight among Children and Adolescents **NHANES 1999-2002 DHHS/NCHS: % with BMI at or above 95****th**** percentile** **16 Percent of Children and Adolescents are Overweight****Prevalence of Overweight among Children and Adolescents** ## NSLP/SBP: Reimbursable Meals - Key issue is defining the food and nutrient requirements for a ***reimbursable meal*** **Reimbursable meals** - meals served through NSLP and SBP that meet the _**food and nutrient**_ requirements outlined in regulation are eligible for federal reimbursements; - foods served outside of NSLP/SBP (e.g. a la carte, vending) are not reimbursable. ## NSLP/SBP: Current Requirements for Reimbursable Meals **Nutrients in meals are averaged over a school week; weekly averages must meet regulatory standards** **1/3 of RDA for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C at lunch; 1/4 of RDA for these nutrients at breakfast** **Appropriate level of **_**calories**_** for age/grade groups** **Consistent with the DGA** **Limit the percent of calories from **_**total fat**_** to 30% of the actual number of calories offered** **Limit the percent of calories from **_**saturated fat**_** to less than 10% of the actual number of calories offered** **Reduce **_**sodium**_** ****and**** **_**cholesterol**_** levels** **Increase the level of dietary **_**fiber**_ ## NSLP/SBP: Current Requirements for Reimbursable Meals - Four menu planning options - Two food-based systems - schools must *offer* at least five food items - specified quantities of milk, meat/meat alternates, fruits/vegetables, and grains - Two nutrient-based systems - reimbursable meals must contain a minimum of three menu items - specific food requirements include an entrée and fluid milk - Offer vs. Serve (OVS) - Students may refuse certain menu items, as long as they accept the minimum number of components ## In 1998-99 More Schools Offered Students the Opportunity to Select a Low Fat Lunch ...but even a dietitian couldn’t select a low fat NSLP meal at 10 to 35% of schools **In 1998-99 More Schools Offered Students the Opportunity to Select a Low Fat **_**Lunch**_** *****...but even a dietitian couldn’t select a low fat NSLP meal at 10 to 35% of schools *** **Elementary Schools** **Secondary Schools** **School Year 1991-92** **School Year 1998-99** ## In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for Lunches Offered on Average...but most schools were not “there” yet **In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for **_**Lunches**_** ****Offered on Average*****...******but most schools were not “there” yet*** **Elementary Schools** **Secondary Schools** **School Year 1991-92** **School Year 1998-99** ## In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for Breakfasts Offered on Average...but 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 still needed to improve **In 1998-99, More Schools Met the Fat and Saturated Fat Standards for **_**Breakfasts**_** ****Offered on Average...*****but 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 still needed to improve*** **Elementary Schools** **Secondary Schools** **School Year 1991-92** **School Year 1998-99** ## NSLP Lunches Are (still) NutritiousProvide One-third Or More Of The Daily RDA - Percent of 1989 RDA **Target ** **For** **Lunches:** **33%** ## SBP Breakfasts Are (still) NutritiousProvide One-quarter Or More Of The Daily RDA, Except for Calories - Percent of 1989 RDA **Target ** **For** **Breakfast:** **25%** ## Why is change needed?A Bit of History on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) - First published in 1943 to serve as goals for planning food supplies and interpreting food consumption by groups - 1968: 101 pages - 1974: 128 pages - 1980: 185 pages - 1989: 284 pages ## Why is change needed?Dietary Reference Intakes: A New Approach to RDAs **1994: began creation of the *****Dietary Reference Intakes***** (DRIs), including new RDAs** **Joint US + Canada effort** ***“******there has been a significant expansion of the research base, an increased understanding of nutrient requirements and food constituents...”*** ## Why is change needed?Dietary Reference Intakes: A New Approach to RDAs **1997:**** DRIs for Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Flouride (a.k.a. the bone nutrients) ****432 pages** **1998**** DRIs for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (a.k.a. the B vitamins report) ****564 pages** **2000****: DRIs for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids (a.k.a the antioxidant report) ****506 pages** **2001**** DRIs for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (a.k.a. the micronutrient report) ****773 pages** **2002**** DRIs for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (a.k.a. the macronutrient report) ****1331 pages** **2004**** DRIs for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (a.k.a. the electrolyte report) ****617 pages** ****** ****TOTAL: 4,223 pages** ***not including two additional reports on *** ***uses of the DRIs in assessment and planning*** ## First published in 1943 to serve as goals for planning food supplies and interpreting food consumption by groups 1968: 101 pages 1974: 128 pages 1980: 185 pages 1989: 284 pages DRIs 1997-2002: 4,223 pages - 1968: 101 pages - 1974: 128 pages - 1980: 185 pages - 1989: 284 pages **DRIs 1997-2002: ** **4,223 pages** **Why is change needed?** **The current NSLP/SBP** **Rules are based** **on the 1989 RDAs** ## The Old RDA Approach **The Old RDA Approach** **Mean ** **Intake** **1. Mean Intake as Percent of RDA****2. Percent of Population Meeting the RDA** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate orPercent Excessive Not Just Mean Intake **DRI Paradigm Shift****Assessing *****Percent ******Inadequate ******or******Percent ******Excessive *****Not Just Mean Intake** **UL** **Tolerable Upper** **Intake Level** **EAR** **Estimated ** **Average ** **Requirement** **Mean ** **Intake** **INADEQUATE** **Usual Intake** **EXCESSIVE** **Usual Intake** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean Intake TOTAL FAT in 1994-96 + 1998 by Poverty LevelPercent of School-Aged Children With Excessive Usual Intake of Percent of Calories from Total Fat **CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeTOTAL FAT in 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Excessive Usual 24-Hour Intake of Percent of Calories from Total Fat by NSLP Participation **CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin A 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A **CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005** **DRI Paradigm Shift****Assessing *****Percent Inadequate or Excessive *****Not Just Mean Intake****Vitamin A 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP Participation****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Vitamin A** **<1%** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeVitamin C 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C **CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005** **DRI Paradigm Shift****Assessing *****Percent Inadequate or Excessive *****Not Just Mean Intake****Vitamin C 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP Participation****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Vitamin C** **<1%** ## DRI Paradigm ShiftAssessing Percent Inadequate or Excessive Not Just Mean IntakeMAGNESIUM 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP ParticipationPercent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium **CSFII 1994-96 + 1998. Devaney et al, Oct 2005** **DRI Paradigm Shift****Assessing *****Percent Inadequate or Excessive *****Not Just Mean Intake****MAGNESIUM 1994-96 + 1998 by NSLP Participation****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Magnesium** **<1%** ## Percent InadequateHow are children doing?2001-2002 ## Percent Inadequate: Magnesium 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Magnesium **NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS** **Percent Inadequate: ****Magnesium 2001-2002****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Magnesium** **<3%** ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin A 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin A **NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS** **Percent Inadequate: ****Vitamin A 2001-2002****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Vitamin A** ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin C 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin C **NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS** **Percent Inadequate: ****Vitamin C 2001-2002****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Vitamin C** **<3%** ## Percent Inadequate: Vitamin E 2001-2002Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of Vitamin E **NHANES 2001-2002 USDA/ARS** **Percent Inadequate: ****Vitamin E 2001-2002****Percent of School-Aged Children With Inadequate Usual Intake of ****Vitamin E** **<3%** **>97%** **>97%** ## Why is Change Needed?A Bit of History on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) **First issued in 1980 by USDA and DHHS** **By law, updated every 5 years** **1990: first DGA quantitative recommendations for:**** ** **percent of calories from total fat (not more than 30% of total calories)** **saturated fat (less than 10% of total calories)** ## Why is Change Needed?The New Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) **The current ** **NSLP/SBP** **Rules are ** **Based on ** **the ** **1995 DGAs** **2005 DGAs** **10 years ** **newer;** **Reflect ** **the DRIs** ## Why is Change Needed?The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) **New quantitative recommendations for certain foods and nutrients** **Nutrients: ** **total fat:**** ** **ages 2 - 3 years = 30 to 35% of calories** **ages 4-18 years = 25 to 35 % of calories ** **mostly from fish, nuts and vegetable oils** **saturated fat:**** less than 10% of total calories** **cholesterol:**** less than 300 mg/day** **sodium****: less than 2,300 mg/day** **fiber****: 14 grams per 1,000 calories** **Foods:** **fat-free or low-fat milk:**** ** **2 cups/day for ages 2-8** **3 cups/day for ages 9-18** **whole grains:**** at least 1⁄2 of bread/grain consumption** ## 2005 DGAs: Nine Focus Areas **Adequate nutrients within calorie needs** **Weight management** **Physical activity** **Food groups to encourage** **Fats** **Carbohydrates** **Sodium and potassium** **Alcoholic beverages** **Food safety** ## Basic premises of the Dietary Guidelines... ***“******Good nutrition is vital to good health and is absolutely essential for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.”*** ***“...******nutrient needs should be met primarily through consuming foods.”*** ## Grain Recommendations Compared to Consumption - Consumed* - Recommended ***Consumption by males 9-13** **Refined grains** **Whole Grains** ## Vegetable Recommendations Compared to Consumption **Vegetable Recommendations ****Compared to Consumption** - Consumed* - Recommended ***Consumption by females 9-13** **Dark Green** **Orange** **Legumes** **Starchy** **Other Vegetables** ## Nutrients of Concern for Children - Calcium - Potassium - Fiber - Magnesium - Vitamin E **Notes:** The 2005 DGA have now identified nutrients that are of special concern for children. Calcium Potassium (currently not on Nutrition Facts label) Fiber Magnesium (not on Nutrition Facts label) Vitamin E (not on Nutrition Facts label) With the SMI nutrition standards, we have been tracking or monitoring certain nutrient as an indicator of an adequate diet. These proxy nutrients are: calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber. These nutrients are also identified on the Nutrition Facts Panels, making the information readily available for schools and state reviewers. ## MyPyramid Recommendations Compared to Consumption* **Increases** **Current Consumption ** **Decreases** ** ****Fruits **** **** Vegetables Grains Meat & Beans Milk**** ** - *Consumption data from NHANES 2001-2002 **Notes:** How do the final food intake patterns compare with what Americans now eat? This graph depicts that comparison for two age-sex groups, shown as the percent change needed to meet recommendations. The zero line indicates the amount currently consumed, and the bars indicate the percent increase (above the zero line) or decrease (below the zero line) in consumption that is needed to meet recommendations. This slide shows the five food groups. To meet recommendations individuals need a substantial increase in consumption for four food groups—fruits, vegetables, meat and beans, and milk. Consumption data is based on NHANES 01-02 data ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Calories **How should **_**calorie**_** levels be determined?** **School meal calorie levels are currently based upon the 1989 RDA for calories; this RDA provided one calorie level per age** **The 2005 DGA and the new DRIs provide calorie ranges based on activity level (sedentary, low active, active, very active) at each age** **Challenge to meet individual needs of children in a group feeding situation while minimizing both hunger and obesity** ## DRI Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) by Activity Level, Ages 6 to 11 Yearsvs. Current Basis for NSLP/SBP Calories ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Sodium **Should a maximum level be set for **_**sodium**_**?** **Previous DGAs have not recommended a specific value for sodium intake, rather to consume sodium in moderation** **Both DGA 2005 and the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) now recommend a clear Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for daily sodium intake** **Data from the *****School Nutrition and Dietary Assessment Study-II***** (SNDA-II) indicate that high school lunches contain about ****1,380 mg**** of sodium** ****** ****if current DGA/DRI guidance is followed, the maximum amount of sodium allowable in a high school lunch would be about ****770 mg**** *****(44% reduction)*** **Notes:** UL: 4-8 yrs = 1900mg 9-13 yrs = 2200mg ≥14 yrs = 2300mg ## Current Sodium Intake - Source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/calories.pdf **3877** **2896** **3500** **2993** ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Trans Fats **Should a maximum level be set for *****trans***** fats?** ***trans***** fats have not previously been addressed in the DGA or monitored in school meals** **The 2005 DGA recommends that intake of *****trans***** fats be minimized; *****trans***** fats will be added to the nutrition facts panel of food products in January, 2006** **Challenge in minimizing planning & monitoring requirements while following DGA** ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP Fiber **Should a minimum level be set for **_**fiber**_**?** **Currently, schools are encouraged to increase fiber in school meals, but a specific numeric target is not set** **The 2005 DGA offers clear recommendation of ** ** ****14 g/1000 kcal**** for fiber intake across all ages** **Data from CSFII 1994-96 indicate that the mean intake of fiber ** **at lunch by NSLP participants was about 5 g** **SBP participants consumed about 3 g at breakfast** **The new guidelines would necessitate offering approximately** **6 to 8 g of fiber at breakfast** **7 to 11 g at lunch** **depending on the age group being served** ## Specific Questions: NSLP/SBP **Which nutrients should be regulated?** - Three of the “nutrients of concern” for children in the 2005 DGA are not on the nutrition facts panel - magnesium - potassium - vitamin E _*Challenge*_*:* - determining which nutrients are the best “proxies” for overall diet quality among school children - how to reliably estimate the content of nutrients not on the nutrition facts panel of school foods ## FNS Program Considerations Beyond the DGA - Reducing the prevalence of inadequate and excessive nutrient intakes among participants (DRI) -  including reducing excess calories that contribute to overweight and obesity - Foods are readily acceptable, widely available and commonly consumed; take into account cultural food preferences; and provide incentives for program participation - Program design must facilitate good management and integrity ***And in the non-school programs...*** Foods are available in forms suitable for low-income persons who may have limited transportation, storage, and cooking facilities ## Slide 49

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# Presentation: 119269 ## Terascale computational atomic physics for the plasma edge *PSACI PAC * *PPPL* *June 5-6, 2003* **Mitch Pindzola** *Department of Physics * *Auburn University* - and **David R. Schultz** *Physics Division* *Oak Ridge National Laboratory* ## Mitch Pindzola - Francis Robicheaux - Eugene Oks - James Colgan - Stuart Loch - Michael Witthoeft - Turker Topcu *Auburn University* - Don Griffin - Dario Mitnik - Connor Ballance *Rollins College* - Hugh Summers - Nigel Badnell - Alan Whiteford *Strathclyde University * *JET, UK* - Phil Burke - Brendan McLaughlin *Queen’s University, Belfast* - Cliff Noble *Daresbury Laboratory* - David Schultz - Tatsuya Minami - Jack Wells *ORNL* - Keith Berrington *Sheffield Hallam University* - Klaus Bartschat *Drake University* **Notes:** This is title of our SciDAC project – emphasize again that SciDAC funded by Dept of Energy. This slide shows our (many) collaborators both in the U.S. and the U.K. Also that we use some of the largest non-defense supercomputers in the country, and use substantial proportions of computing time available. (millions of CPU hours) ## Direct Dissemination of Atomic Data **Controlled Fusion Atomic Data Center, ORNL** **www-cfadc.phy.ornl.gov** **A****tomic ****D****ata and ****A****nalysis ****S****tructure** **International consortium lead by Strathclyde University and JET** **adas.phys.strath.ac.uk/adas/docs/** ** ****manual** **H. P. Summers, ADAS Users Manual (2****nd**** Edition, 2003)** **Notes:** So how do we go about providing atomic data for these (fusion) plasma processes? One way is through setting up of atomic databases: eg ORNL and ADAS. Provide data on all collisional radiative processes: e-impact excitation/ionization, Charge exchange, proton/heavy particle impact excitation, recombination (dielectronic and radiative) etc. More available information on websites shown. Emphasize that most of the atomic calculations made by our group result in (possibly large quantities) of atomic data which is then posted on these websites in formats suitable for use by plasma modelers. We aim to provide high-quality atomic data and so we use some leading theoretical methods ## Scientific Advances, Accomplishments **Importance of continuum coupling in electron-impact excitation of light elements** **H (JPB 2000), He, He****+****, Li (PRA 2001), ...** **Importance of three-body dynamics in the electron-impact ionization of light elements** **Li, Li********* (PRL 2001), He****+**** (PRA 2003), Li****2+**** (PRA 2002)** **Importance of correlation and coupling in the dielectronic recombination of atomic ions** **DR project (2003), Cl****13+**** (PRL 2003)** **Importance of continuum coupling in proton scattering from light elements** **H (PRL 1999), H (PRA 2002), Li********* (PRA 2003)** **Importance of three-body dynamics in the double photoionization of atoms and molecules** **He (JPB 2001), Be (PRA 2002), (2********,2e) He (PRL 2002), H****2** **Importance of four-body dynamics in the triple photoionization of atoms** **Li photoionization** **Behavior of solitons in Bose-Einstein Condensates (JPB 2003)** **Simulations of the behavior of ultracold plasmas (PRL 2002)** **Notes:** These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## Electron-impact excitation of Li and Li+ ** ** ***Electron-impact excitation of Li and Li******+*** - R-matrix with Pseudo States (RMPS) method has been used for many electron-impact excitation cross section calculations - In these calculations use of pseudo states reflected the importance of accurately representing the coupling to the continuum - Systems of importance in fusion research, dramatic revision of accepted rate coefficients **Li**: Griffin et al, Phys. Rev. A (2001) **Li****+****:** Ballance et al, J. Phys. B (2003) **C****2+****:** Mitnik et al, J. Phys. B (2003) **C****3+****:** Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2000) **Notes:** So, studied electron-impact excitation of many light atoms and atomic ions; some examples given here. Chiefly used RMPS method although for some calculations these have been confirmed by selected TDCC calculations. However, including these states can give an order of magnitude increase in the size of the matrices which would lead to three orders of magnitude increase in the time required for the calculations Importance of coupling of the bound states to the continuum in R-matrix calculations Y-axis is collision strength which is closely related to the cross section (find out exactly how?) ## Electron-impact excitation of heavier ions ** ** ***Electron-impact excitation of heavier ions*** - Large R-matrix calculations (with no pseudo states) contain many levels to represent the low-lying bound states accurately - Ne+: Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Ne4+: Griffin et al, J. Phys. B (2000) - Ne5+: Mitnik et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe20+: Badnell & Griffin, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe21+: Badnell et al, J. Phys. B (2001) - Fe23+: Whiteford et al, J. Phys. B (2002) - Fe24+: Whiteford et al, J. Phys. B (2002) - Fe25+: Ballance et al, J. Phys. B (2002) **Notes:** Massively parallel computer codes needed to run these large calculations Neon calculations made in ICFT representation Point to make here is that previous calculations (on Li, C, etc) had relatively small structure components (few electrons) and large pseudo state expansions to get accurate continuum coupling effects incorporated. These calculations on neon and iron type systems need large structure (also with intermediate coupling) to get low-lying bound states accurately. These massive calculations cannot, yet, have pseudo state incorporated into them, so we only can examine transitions to low lying states. Also, big effort of course to look at Fe systems due to its importance astrophysically. (Ask Mitch; should I mention Iron Project of Berrington/Badnell UK group?) ## Electron-impact ionization of lithium - Demonstrated importance of treating the three-body Coulomb problem using non-perturbative methods - Large differences with perturbative calculations on the order of 50 – 100 % in ionization cross section ***J. Colgan, M. S. Pindzola, D. M. Mitnik, D. C. Griffin, and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001)*** ***Li (2s)*** ***Li (2p)*** **Notes:** Here say experimental measurements (of Zapesochnyi and Aleksakin) are from 1969(!). It seemed distorted-wave theory (perturbative) agreed well with them. When this was revisited, recently, it was found that new, state-of-the-art theoretical calculations were significantly below the old experiment and perturbative theory. 3 completely independent theories now were in excellent agreement, highlighting need for new experimental measurements, and also showing that previous plasma models using older theoretical/experimental data would be using data in error by ~50% or more. Make sure that I explain what ‘new’ theoretical calculations are; TDCC time-dependent (wave-packet) close-coupling calculations. RMPS are based on well-known R-matrix theory (of Burke), and CCC are convergent close-coupling calculations. Ionization of excited state lithium (from 2p). NO experimental measurements. Again perturbative theories way too high – almost by a factor of 2 at the peak of the cross section. Although population of excited states will probably be lower than that of ground state, magnitude of the cross sections shows that it will contribute significantly to the ionization rate (coefficients). good agreement with a more recent experiment in a higher energy range (away from the peak of the cross section). ## Electron-impact ionization of Be **Red line: TDCC**** ** **Green line: DWIS(N)** **Black line: DWIS(N-1)** **Blue circles: CCC** - Large differences near ionization threshold and cross section peak between the perturbative and nonperturbative calculations - No experimental measurements with which to compare for either configuration *** ******J. Colgan, S. D. Loch, M. S. Pindzola, C. P. Ballance, and D. C. Griffin, Phys. Rev. A (2003)*** ***Be(1s******2******2s******2)*** ***Be(1s******2******2s2p)*** **Notes:** Needs to be obvious what each line is – bigger legend or put it in right hand box. Explain 2 different types of DW; DWIS(N) is both incident and scattered electrons calculated in VN potential; DWIS(N-1) is both incident and scattered electrons calculated in VN-1 potential Also mention (if pushed) that lower graph has TDCC calculations from the 2p sub-shell of Be only! Lower line shows the DW contribution from the 2s sub-shell. Also talk about difference in rate coefficient with distorted-wave – around a factor of 10 at low energy. Got a figure if required? ## Dielectronic Recombination ***Dielectronic Recombination*** - Project well underway to calculate dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for complete isoelectronic sequences - Currently completed H-like through Be-like sequence - Moving onto second row of periodic table - Theoretical approach most accurate at high temperatures where recombination project is focused towards fusion plasma applications _***Theory & Methodology:***_*** Badnell et al, A&A (2003)*** _***H-like ions:***_*** Badnell et al, A&A (2003)*** _***He-like ions:***_*** Badnell et al, A&A (2003)*** _***Li-like ions:***_*** Colgan, Pindzola, and Badnell, A&A (2003)*** _***Be-like ions:***_*** Colgan, Pindzola, Whiteford, and Badnell, A&A (2003)*** **Notes:** Many experiments for Li-like systems; good agreement found Again, this project has astrophysical relevance (as well as fusion) as DR is probably dominant electron-ion recombination mechanism in astrophysical plasmas. Plays important role in determining the level populations and ionization balance of both high and low-temperature non-LTE plasmas for a wide range of electron densities Important therefore in modeling of transient astrophysical plasmas such as solar flares Cannot no longer assume coronal approximation; that all the ion population is in the ground state – there may well be significant population in metastable states Could mention (if they don’t know) that: DR can be viewed as a two-step process: 1) free electron excites an electron in an ion and is captured into an autoionizing state of the ion (reversible) 2) an electron can make a spontaneous radiative transition, leaving the ion in a non-autoionizing ie. a bound state – or – 3) an electron autoionizes leaving the ion in a bound state e- + X+z  X+z-1  (X+z)* + e-  (X+z)* + h DR can proceed via many intermediate autoionizing states (possible entire Rydberg series) – underlining its importance ## Dielectronic Recombination of Cl13+ - Dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for Be-like Cl13+ - Comparisons of our theoretical calculations with experiment of Heidelberg group at the TSR - Experimental confirmation of DR project results - Trielectronic recombination (core excitation of two electrons) observed for the first time *** ******Schnell et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2003)*** - Rate coefficient - Energy (eV) **Notes:** Emphasize these experimental measurements confirm our DR project results for Be-like system investigated here. For Li-like systems many more experimental measurements; our DR project in good agreement with these, especially at higher electron temperatures. Will probably need a little explanation of TR; core excitation of TWO electrons into a triply intermediate state (DR is core excitation of ONE electron). This process is automatically included in our DR calculations, but this is first time it has been isolated experimentally (as DR will in most situations, dominate it in the cross section, TR is significantly weaker). TR resonances represent more complex features than DR resonances because radiative stabilization competes with additional autoionizing decay channels not present in DR. Chlorine was picked as the TR resonances were most striking for this case. Was observed (though perhaps not as clearly) in other beryllium-like ions. ## Ion-Atom Collisions *Large scale calculations have established benchmarks by which to judge and evaluate other calculations and experiments, have lead to significant revisions of accepted results* *p + H:* Kolakowska, et al, Phys. Rev. A (1998) *p + H:* Schultz, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1999) *p + Li:* Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (1999) *p + Li*:* Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) *** **+ H:* Pindzola, Minami, and Schultz, Phys. Rev. A (2003) - Currently working on: - *Be**4+, **C**6+** + H total and state-selective charge transfer* * **p + H* in ExB fields**** ****with the goal of reaction and population control* *Time-dependent evolution of electronic wave function during p + Li collision* *p* *Li* **Notes:** Time-dependent evolution of electronic wave function during collision – ask Mitch or look at papers; this is proton on Li(2p) I think? Yes. Proton on Li (2py) at 15 keV with b=5. This was proton-impact excitation also. TD methods – following evolution of time-dependent wave function on a grid allows us to extract scattering information after collision is over. That’s what we are showing here. Looked at many ion-impact situations as listed. Currently looking at some directly relevant to fusion plasmas, eg Be4+ on hydrogen atoms and effect of crossed fields on excitation and charge exchange rates. One-electron two-center problem solved exactly on a numerical 3D lattice – large calculations even on a parallel computer. ## Double photoionization of helium ***Triple differential cross section at equal energy sharing between the ejected electrons*** ***(************,2e) *****He:** Colgan, Pindzola, and Robicheaux, J. Phys. B (2001) ***(************,2e) *****He:** Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) ***(************,2e) *****Be:** Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2002) ***(2************,2e) *****He:** Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002) ***(************,2e) *****He*:** Colgan and Pindzola, Phys. Rev. A (2003) **Notes:** This is a more fundamental atomic collision process – three-body Coulomb break-up problem – much experimental interest here on electron-electron correlation. A single photon knocks out both electrons from the helium atom – so electron-electron correlation is crucial to correctly calculating the cross section for this process. The figure shows the differential cross section for helium calculated using the time-dependent method. Calculated many related quantities of two-electron systems such as in He, Be, etc (Could also mention now looking a 4 body break up problems such as triple photoionization of lithium). ## Mode excitation of a BEC soliton state ***Density plot of a sodium condensate in a *** ***soliton state undergoing mode excitation****** *** - Feder, Pindzola, Collins, Schneider, Clark, Phys. Rev. A (2000) - Denschlag et al, Science (2000) - Pindzola and Texier, J. Phys. B (2003) - Currently working on BEC’s in wave-guides in collaboration with the MIT group of Pritchard and Ketterle **Notes:** Time evolution of Bose-Einstein condensates on a lattice. Direction numerical solution of Gross Pitaevskii equation in all 3 dimensions. ## Simulations of ultra-cold plasmas ***Inclusion of electron - Rydberg atom scattering and three-body recombination is necessary to properly simulate the expansion of an ultra-cold plasma*** - Robicheaux and Hanson, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002) - Robicheaux and Hanson, Phys. Plasmas (2003) - Asymptotic expansion velocity - Initial average ion energy - Experiment - With new effects - Without new effects **Notes:** Looking at atomic physics phenomena in different plasma regime – ultra-cold plasmas. By ultra cold we mean in micro-Kelvin range Models of experiments which looked at plasma expansions and thermalizations required atomic physics calculations (electron Rydberg scattering and 3-body recombination) to accurately model the experiment. ## Science Applications **Li beam diagnostics at General Atomic’s DIIID** **Rate data: Physica Scripta (2003), modeling comparisons: Phys. Rev. E (2003)** **Be wall studies at PISCES-B experiment at UCSD ** **Rate data to be published in Physica Scripta** **He beam diagnostic at University of Wisconsin** **PPPL, GA Beam penetration modeling** **GA Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy** **Kr diagnostics at Tore-Supra ** **Kr****q+**** (PRA 2002)** **W, Hf wall erosion studies at JET** **X-ray spectra from Chandra and XMM-Newton** **Fe****20+**** (JPB 2001), Fe****21+**** (JPB 2001), Fe****23+**** (JPB 2002), ...** **Early universe isotope abundances** **He (PRA 2002), Li (PRA 2003)** **Hypernovae spectra** **Fe****3+**** (JPB 2003)** **Notes:** These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## Electron-impact ionization data for fusion plasmas - Program initiated to completely revise atomic collisional data for lithium - Calculations have been used to perform modeling in support of plasma edge diagnostics made by Todd Evan’s group at ***DIIID *** - Accurate atomic data essential for collisional radiative modeling to be meaningful - Plasma modeling calculations also improve edge diagnostics at ***JET*** **Notes:** It was realized, in recent years, that the current atomic data for lithium and its ions was pretty much inadequate. There has been little recent experimental measurements of fundamental processes (such as ionization of Li etc) and, before 5/10 years ago, most theoretical calculations were perturbative in nature; also it was not clear how accurate they were. Also there was a demand for high quality data since lithium has been used (or proposed) as a plasma diagnostic within fusion devices. Indeed experiments have already been made using such diagnostics. Also liquid lithium was also considered as a plasma wall component, although it is unclear how viable this is! So our group decided to carry out a series of calculations, using several different theoretical techniques, for scattering processes from lithium and all its ions. ## Effective ionization rates for Li - New data for excitation, ionization, and recombination has been incorporated into an ADAS plasma modeling calculation - Also available at CFADC database - Very large differences compared to model using older atomic data (log scale!) - Significant increase in the accuracy of the plasma modeling for lithium ***Loch et al, Physica Scripta, (2003)*** ***Effective ionization rate for Li at an electron density of 10******14****** cm******–3 ******as a function of electron temperature*** **Notes:** Emphasize log scale on both axis. LARGE difference in the effective ionization rates from old data and rates from new calculations. Increase in the accuracy of plasma modeling for lithium now. Ask Stuart – what exactly is ‘effective’ ionization rate? Effective is density dependent; also it gives the total loss out of a given ion stage; i.e. includes ionization from all excited states of that ion. So this would include ionization from all excites states (2p,3l,4l) etc. ## Li emissivity coefficients - Emissivity coefficients as a function of electron temperature and density - Obtained from ADAS modeling calculation - Data such as this is used in a wide range of fusion plasma edge diagnostics - Also comparing these and similar plasma characteristics with modeling calculations made using Los Alamos set of computer codes ***Loch, Fontes, et al, Phys. Rev. E, (2003)*** **Notes:** Mention that we are currently working on comparing our ADAS plasma modeling calculations (incorporating our new data) with plasma modeling calculations based on the Los Alamos suite of computer codes. LA data typically uses plane-wave Born/distorted wave type of data but they usually look at heavier elements – are their models less accurate than ours for light systems? Number of photons lost: This is 2p-2s transition. A-value times the upper level population.... No of photons emitted per second per unit volume from a given transition As you increase the temperature the 2p level can be reached – so the emissivity turns on. Also as you increase the electron density the emissivity initially increases. At high densities, it drops as the lithium is preferentially ionized instead of excited. ## Collisional Data for modeling plasmas - ITER may use Be as a plasma wall component – our calculations made in support of the ITER fusion development program of Alberto Loarte (MPI – Garching) - Collisional Radiative modeling also made for the PISCES-B fusion device which will use Be as a potential plasma-facing wall component – in collaboration with Russ Doerner’s group at UCSD ***ITER *** **Notes:** In current calendar year we started new program to examine similar scattering quantities for beryllium. Important to fusion as it has been proposed as a first wall component in plasma devices. Thus interaction with plasma (in the form of excitation, ionization, and charge transfer) is important. Just recently submitted to PRA Large differences found between TDCC calculations and perturbative distorted-wave calculations for neutral Be Program currently underway to revise electron-impact excitation and ionization data for beryllium ## Be data applications - Ratio of ionization rate coefficients for Be - Large difference between typically employed DW calculations and new TDCC results show as much as a factor of 10 difference in the rate coefficient ## Revision of TRANSP and ONETWO collision data - Data needed to update the inelastic, heavy-particle collision database used by TRANSP (PPPL, McCune) and ONETWO (GA, Murakami) for neutral beam deposition, transport modeling - Priorities include charge transfer, ionization/excitation of light impurity ions (C6+, O8+, Be4+) between 10 eV and 150 keV colliding with hydrogen - Next phase, excited hydrogen targets, other light impurities, helium - Synergy with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy data production **Notes:** In current calendar year we started new program to examine similar scattering quantities for beryllium. Important to fusion as it has been proposed as a first wall component in plasma devices. Thus interaction with plasma (in the form of excitation, ionization, and charge transfer) is important. Just recently submitted to PRA Large differences found between TDCC calculations and perturbative distorted-wave calculations for neutral Be Program currently underway to revise electron-impact excitation and ionization data for beryllium ## Status of recommended charge transfer cross section for C6+ + H ***Status of recommended charge transfer cross section for C******6+****** + H*** ## LTDSE calculations to address charge transfer data needs - Asymmetric nuclear charges necessitate larger grids with high-order methods, 2453 and 5123 Fourier collocation – ORNL Cheetah IBM SP4 - First case Be4+ + H, H(2s) - Impurity charge exchange database project, ions + H, H(2s) ***LTDSE calculations to address charge transfer data needs*** ## LTDSE results for Be4+ + H charge transfer ***LTDSE results for Be******4+****** + H charge transfer*** - State-selective charge transfer results are providing stringent test of other theories - First results show significant deviations from best existing calculations - State-selective results will benefit spectroscopy diagnostics ## New results relevant to CHERS ***New results relevant to CHERS*** - For highly charged ions of great importance to diagnostics (e.g. C6+), optical transitions are detected between relatively high-lying n-levels - MPP computer have enabled half-billion trajectory simulations to produce new results pertaining to GA diagnostics - C, O, N, Ne, ..., data will be generated for H and H* ## Heavy species plasma studies - Plasma transport models study heavy species impurity transport studies - Our calculations generated collisional rate coefficients for all ion stages of krypton - Work has impacted plasma modeling of Mario Mattioli and coworkers at the CEA, Cadarache, France ***Reverse field pinch plasma device (RFX) at Padova, Italy*** ## Computational Aspects **NERSC support by Ng and Lamoureux on memory access by lattice codes – Winter 2001/02** **Fourier transform method by Robicheaux and Colgan for lattice codes – Spring 2002** **Comparison study of TDSE1 and TDSE2 codes by Minami – Summer 2002** **Variable mesh studies by Pindzola and Witthoeft – Fall 2002** **Propagator studies by Robicheaux and Pindzola for lattice codes – Winter 2002/03** **Comparisons of ADAS and Los Alamos plasma modeling codes by Loch and Fontes – Spring 2003** **ORNL PERC evalution of R-matrix and LTDSE codes – Summer 2003** **NERSC support by Schwartz on 3-d visualization for four-body codes – Summer 2003** **Comparison study of PRMAT1 and PRMAT2 codes by Ballance and McLaughlin – Summer 2003** **Notes:** These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics ## LTDSE calculations of proton-lithium excitation - Parallel time-dependent evolution of electronic wavefunction during collision - Parallel computation of time evolutions for required impact parameters  cross sections - 2p  3s - 2p  3p - 2p  3d - p + Li(2p) ## Scaling of the time-dependent codes on Seaborg - Calculation of proton Li charge exchange cross sections - LTDSE finite differences code ## Science Education **PhD students: ** **M. C. Witthoeft (BS Kansas State University)** **T. Topcu (BS Mamara University)** **Post-doctoral Fellows: ** **J. Colgan (PhD Queen’s University, Belfast)** **D. M. Mitnik (PhD Hebrew University)** **S. D. Loch (PhD Strathclyde University)** **C. P. Ballance (PhD Queen’s University, Belfast) ** **T. Minami (PhD Tokyo University)** **Long term visitor: C. Fontes (LANL)** **Short term visitors: ** **H. P. Summers (Strathclyde University)** **N. R. Badnell (Strathclyde University)** **M. O’Mullane (JET)** **K. Berrington (Sheffield-Hallam University)** **B. M. McLaughlin (Queen’s University)** **T. W. Gorczcycz (Western Michigan University)** **Notes:** These are some fundamental atomic scattering problems to which we apply large numerical calculations. Most have relevance to processes which can take place in fusion devices. Specific projects which we are/have been working on recently are listed. Will talk about some of them in detail in the coming slides. Other atomic scattering problems which we’ve also looked at – ranging from cold plasma studies, to BEC’s, to others touching on astrophysics

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all-txt-docs

838740

PROJECTID,DEVICE,CORE_ID.,LATITUDE,LONGITUDE,DESCRIPTION,MEDIAN_PHI,MEAN_PHI,STDEV_PHI MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,151,42.60013,-70.6764,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,152,42.55,-70.7583,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,153,42.5122,-70.8111,FINE SAND,2.62,2.57,0.48 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,154,42.5203,-70.8218,MEDIUM SAND,1.63,1.69,0.49 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,155,42.5197,-70.8177,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,156,42.41881,-70.8147,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,157,42.41282,-70.8384,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,158,42.38798,-70.879,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,159,42.44071,-70.8756,FINE SAND AND SHELLS,2.7,2.56,0.86 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,160,42.45029,-70.8957,FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,161,42.40689,-70.9607,FINE SAND AND GRAVEL,2.95,2.57,1.06 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,162,42.40144,-70.95,FINE SAND AND SHELLS,2.51,2.48,0.83 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,163,42.40477,-70.9505,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,0.31,0.37,1.08 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,164,42.37626,-70.9522,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,165,42.39185,-70.9391,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,166,42.40283,-70.9376,"SAND, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,167,42.4051,-70.9183,SILTY FINE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,169,42.39085,-70.9202,MEDIUM SAND,1.2,1.39,0.67 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,170,42.3754,-70.9202,FINE SAND,2.6,2.38,0.8 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,171,42.33262,-70.8572,FINE SAND,2.14,1.99,0.84 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,172,42.2988,-70.8574,FINE SAND,2.27,2.17,0.68 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,173,42.29168,-70.8578,FINE SAND,2.37,2.34,0.46 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,174,42.28067,-70.8567,COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,175,42.28288,-70.7785,SILTY FINE COARSE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,176,42.28902,-70.807,"SILT, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,177,42.28221,-70.8093,MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,178,42.28874,-70.8179,FINE SAND AND GRAVEL,1.87,1.97,0.41 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,179,42.2744,-70.8353,"SILT, SAND AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,180,42.30468,-70.8375,"SAND, SHELLS, AND GRAVEL",,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,181,42.29716,-70.8227,MEDIUM SAND,1.85,1.65,0.83 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,182,42.30569,-70.8173,FINE SAND,2.38,2.32,0.53 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,183,42.30228,-70.7986,MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,184,42.31095,-70.7967,FINE COARSE SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,185,42.31401,-70.7951,MEDIUM SAND AND GRAVEL,1.55,1.69,0.52 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,186,42.36067,-70.7569,SILTY MEDIUM SAND,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,187,42.32556,-70.757,SILT,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,188,42.32102,-70.7592,SILTY SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,189,42.28934,-70.7583,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,190,42.19362,-70.6763,SILTY CLAY,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,191,42.17885,-70.6927,SAND AND GRAVEL,,, MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,192,42.16804,-70.6904,MEDIUM SAND,1.73,1.74,0.4 MEISBURGER1976,VIBRACORE,193,42.16878,-70.6963,MEDIUM SAND,1.95,1.91,0.86

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log-files

928875

! Started logfile: 2053+156_K.log on Wed Oct 1 17:04:07 2003 observe 2053+156_K ! Reading UV FITS file: 2053+156_K ! find_subarrays: No Antenna tables found. ! Error occured in command: observe ! print "***********************************" ! *********************************** print "*** Using gonzo instruction set ***" ! *** Using gonzo instruction set *** print "***********************************" ! *********************************** float field_size field_size = 1024 float field_cell field_cell = 0.03 integer clean_niter clean_niter = 100 float clean_gain clean_gain = 0.03 float dynam dynam = 8.0 float win_mult win_mult = 1.8 float solint solint = 3.6/6.0 logical doflt doflt = true logical doamp float new_peak float flux_cutoff mapsize field_size,field_cell ! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.0300x0.0300 milli-arcsec cellsize. select ! select: No UV data has been read in yet - use the 'observe' command. ! Error occured in command: select ! quit ! Quitting program ! Log file 2053+156_K.log closed on Wed Oct 1 17:04:07 2003

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converted_docs

128619

+-----------------------------------------------------+---+-------------+ | UNAPPROVED PARTS\ | | ![](me | | NOTIFICATION | | dia/image1. | | | | png){width= | | SUSPECTED UNAPPROVED PARTS PROGRAM OFFICE, AVS-20 | | "0.72986111 | | | | 11111111in" | | 13873 PARK CENTER ROAD, SUITE 165 | | height=" | | | | 0.741666666 | | HERNDON, VA 20171 | | 6666667in"} | | | | | | | | U.S. | | | | Department | | | | | | | | of | | | | Tra | | | | nsportation | | | | | | | | **Federal | | | | Aviation** | | | | | | | | **Admin | | | | istration** | | | | | | | | ** | | | | *REVISED*** | | | | | | | | *No. | | | | 2005-00208* | | | | | | | | *December | | | | 5, 2006* | +-----------------------------------------------------+---+-------------+ ***http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/safety/programs/sups/upn/*** *(See revisions in "Partial List of Parts" below. Changes to part numbers are highlighted.)* ## AFFECTED PARTS Boeing 737 galley kits. ## PURPOSE The purpose of this notification is to advise all aircraft owners, operators, manufacturers, maintenance organizations, and parts suppliers and distributors regarding the production of unapproved parts applicable to Boeing 737 galley kits. ## BACKGROUND Information received during a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) suspected unapproved parts investigation revealed that Commercial Aircraft Parts Services Engineering, Design, Inc. (CAPSED, Inc.), located at 17012 Roper Street, Mojave, CA 93501, had manufactured various parts applicable to Boeing 737 galley kits without holding a parts manufacturing approval. CAPSED, Inc., holds FAA Air Agency Certificate No. P24R2420 with a limited airframe rating. CAPSED, Inc., produced the galley kit parts for installation on type-certificated aircraft. Regulations require that no person may produce a modification or replacement part for sale for installation on a type-certificated product unless it is produced pursuant to a parts manufacturer approval. The galley kit parts were identified with Boeing part numbers followed by the letter "C." Below is a *partial* list of parts that CAPSED, Inc., manufactured and approved for return to service. **PARTIAL LIST OF PARTS** ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- **ITEM** **PART NUMBER** **DESCRIPTION** **QTY** 1 65-45815-32C STIFFENER 1 2 65-46814-80C VERT. STIFFENER 1 3 65C27018-275C INTERCOSTAL 5 4 65C27020-276C BRACKET 4 5 65C27020-277C BRACKET 1 6 65C27020-308C BRACKET 2 7 [65C27721-20C]{.mark} STRINGER CLIP 1 ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- 8 65C32337-24C FILLER 1 9 65C32337-25C FILLER 1 10 65C32337-26C FILLER 2 11 65C32337-27C FILLER 1 12 65C33972-26C INTERCOSTAL 1 13 65C33972-27C INTERCOSTAL 1 14 65C33972-28C INTERCOSTAL 1 15 [65C33972-33C]{.mark} INTERCOSTAL 1 16 65C33972-6C INTERCOSTAL 1 17 65C33972-7C INTERCOSTAL 1 18 [65C33986-115C]{.mark} J SUPPORT 1 19 65C33986-117C PANEL DIVIDER 1 20 65C33986-118C PANEL DIVIDER 1 21 65C33986-119C FILLER 1 22 [65C33986-189C]{.mark} J_SUPPORT 1 23 65C33986-20C SUPPORT ANGLE 1 24 65C33986-21C SUPPORT ANGLE 1 25 65C33986-224C J SUPPORT 1 26 [65C33986-22C]{.mark} WEB CHORD 1 27 65C33986-23C WEB 1 28 65C33986-33C PHENOLIC BLOCK 9 29 65C33986-44C J SUPPORT 1 30 [65C33986-503C]{.mark} SUPPORT TEE 1 31 66-12945-14C CHANNEL STIFFENER 1 32 69-75996-20C TIE DOWN FITTING 2 33 69-75996-3C TIE DOWN FITTING 2 34 69-76488-2C SUPPORT FITTING 1 35 69-77952-125C SUPPORT CLIP 1 36 69-77952-126C SUPPORT CLIP 1 37 69-77952-18C SUPPORT CLIP 1 38 69-77952-1C SUPPORT CLIP 1 39 69-77952-39C SUPPORT CLIP 1 40 69-77952-41C SUPPORT CLIP 1 41 69-77952-50C SUPPORT CLIP 1 42 69-77952-51C SUPPORT CLIP 1 43 69-77952-5C SUPPORT CLIP 2 44 69-77952-83C SUPPORT CLIP 1 45 69-77952-84C SUPPORT CLIP 1 46 69-87876-6C SHEAR TIE 1 47 69-87876-7C SHEAR TIE 1 48 BACF3F012H013NGC FILLER 1 ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- **RECOMMENDATIONS** Regulations require that type-certificated products conform to their type design. Aircraft owners, operators, manufacturers, maintenance organizations, and parts suppliers and distributors should inspect any aircraft and/or galley equipment for galley kits maintained, altered, or returned to service by CAPSED, Inc. If any referenced galley kit has been installed, appropriate action should be taken. If any kits are found in existing inventory, it is recommended that the kits be quarantined to prevent installation of their parts until a determination can be made regarding their eligibility for installation. **FURTHER INFORMATION** Further information concerning this investigation, and guidance regarding the above-referenced galley kit parts, can be obtained from the FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) shown below. In addition, the FAA would appreciate any information concerning the discovery of the referenced galley kit parts, the means used to identify the source, and the actions taken to remove the galley kit parts from the aircraft or inventory. This notice originated from the Van Nuys FSDO, 16501 Sherman Way, Suite 330, Van Nuys, CA 91406, telephone (818) 904-6291, ext.352, fax (818) 786-9732; and was published through the FAA Suspected Unapproved Parts Program Office, AVS-20, telephone (703) 668-3720, fax (703) 481-3002.

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851681

# Presentation: 851681 ## STEP from a Life Cycle Point of View - The PLCS Initiative *Position: ** **Chairman of the Board, PLCS Inc.* * ** **Chairman, ISO TC184 SC4* **STEP from a Life Cycle ****Point of View ****- The PLCS Initiative** ***NASA STEP for Aerospace Workshop*** ***JPL Pasadena, 17 January 2001*** ## Agenda ***Key Business Drivers*** ***Impact of the Internet - B2B exchanges*** ***Overview of Current Standards*** ***About the PLCS initiative*** ***The PLCS Technical Approach*** ***Questions*** ## Key Business Drivers ***International Collaboration demands product data exchange and sharing across many organisations*** ***Defence and Airline customers and major aerospace companies want a single way to exchange digital product data*** ***Suppliers want a unified approach from prime contractors*** ***Worldwide operation demands a worldwide standard*** ## Key Business Drivers ***Shared or Integrated Digital Environments demand accurate information on product configuration, which is:*** ***Achieved on delivery*** ***Maintained through the lifecycle*** ***Communicated between customer and supplier*** ***Communicated along the supply chain*** ***Integrated software needs configuration management *** ***Product software is a key element of the platform*** ***Need closer control of product structure than ever before*** ***Need to integrate and maintain information from multiple sources and systems*** ## The Internet changes everything... ***“******The emergence of the internet and the associated opportunities has sounded ******a wake-up call to all product development organisations****** across the world to change and adapt the way they do business or risk being run over”****** *** ***GartnerGroup, Strategic Analysis Report*** - “***How you gather, manage and use information will determine whether you ******win or lose******”*** ***Bill Gates, Microsoft Corporation*** ***“******The internet is driving business change and technology change and it lets you use the ******open standards****** to run your business”*** ***Oracle Corporation*** ## Which industries are likely to embrace B2B solutions? ***“ ******We conclude that industries that are B2B inclined exhibit certain key characteristics. *** ***Some of these characteristics include the following:*** ***The supply chain is highly diffuse*** ***Techno-innovators dominate the culture*** ***Process represents more than 20% of total costs*** ***Products exhibit complex configurations*** ***Expense pressure is intense” *** _*** ***__*** ***__*** ***__*** ***__*** ***_ _***www.goldmansachs.com/hightech/research/b2b***_ ## “Opportunity of a lifetime” or “Business as usual” ? **“****Opportunity of a lifetime” or**** “Business as usual” ?** ***“******by 2004 the aerospace sector will have the largest proportion of internet-based Business to Business (B2B) sales,****** ******35%******...” ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ******B2B: 2b or not 2B?, Goldman Sachs, 11/99*** ***but today...*** ***“******only 3%****** ******of all transactions involving sales of aviation parts are conducted on line” *** *** ****** ****** ******Shop Talk: Parts. Planes and B2B exchanges, Red Herring, 24 Feb 2000*** ## Different types of B2B Exchanges ***Capitalize on Supplier Competency and Capacity*** ***Sub-contractors,*** ***contract manufacturers, ******and strategic ******suppliers*** ** ** ***Few large******strategic customers*** ***Capture Customer Requirements and Develop Winning Products*** ***Many customers*** ***(potentially unknown)*** ** *****Attract New Customers******through Personalized Products*** ***Dynamically Identify Sources and Reduce Transaction Costs*** ** *****Direct Materials*** *** ******Indirect Materials*** *** ******New suppliers*** ## Overview of current standardsfor the Aerospace Industry ***Transaction oriented*** ***Defence: AECMA 2000M*** ***Commercial: ATA Spec 2000, EDIFACT, ANSI X.12*** ***Content oriented*** ***Manufacturing and process centric:*** - ISO 9000, STEP ***Operations and maintenance centric:*** - Defence: MIL-STD-1388, Def-Stan 00-60, AECMA 1000D - Commercial: ATA Spec 100, 200, 2100 ***Summary*** ***Current standards are very specialized and focus on either:*** - a piece of a business transaction, I.e. Order, Part or Invoice - presentation of specific content, I.e. Aircraft maintenance manual ## What is the adoption rate of these standards? ***ATA Spec 2000*** ***342 Spec2000 participants*** - 84 airlines out of 750+ - 78 ‘non-airlines’ out of thousands - 180 suppliers out of tens of thousands ***AECMA 2000M*** ***many of the recent large defence programs, i.e. Tornado, Eurofighter...*** - only the largest EU A&D manufacturers - some of the larger EU defence ministries ***Conclusion*** ***modest penetration, mainly with the largest Tier 1 operators/suppliers*** ***barrier to entry ( $, expertise...) is too high for the majority*** ## So what is missing? ***support the forecasted growth in e-business *** **So what is missing?** ***Available standards do not address product support requirements*** ***Major problems keeping technical information in line with the changing physical product through life*** ***Major problems linking support information to relevant product information*** ***Software applications use proprietary data standards and are often difficult to integrate*** ***Inconsistent data definitions*** ## Business Problem... **Business Problem...** ***How to keep the data needed to operate and maintain a product in line with the changing product over its life cycle?*** ***Product*** ***in Focus*** ## The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) initiative ***About PLCS*** ***A joint industry and government initiative to accelerate development of new standards for product support information*** ***An international project, managed within the ISO framework, to produce draft standard(s) within 3 years.*** *** ******PLCS utilizes ISO 10303 STEP - the ******ST******andard for ******E******xchange of ******P******roduct model data *** ***PLCS Inc. established in 1999 by 14 leading private and public sector organisations*** ## PLCS Launch Members **PLCS Launch Members** **Notes:** Very A&D and Mil 1) want to correct inbalance and add 2-3 air carriers ASAP 2) expand beyond A&D/Avtn and pick-up ind. Equip, maritime, rail, auto... ## Goals of PLCS **Goals of PLCS** ***Improve product availability*** ***Reduce operating,support and maintenance costs*** ***Improve quality and accessibility of Product Life Cycle Support information*** ***Accelerate technical development of the ISO standards*** ***Encourage early implementation commercial software vendors*** ***Encourage early industry participation in the development and testing of the standard*** ## The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) Initiative - today - Shared - Data - Life - Cycle - Data **The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) Initiative** ## Key Deliverables ***New capability for support******, based on simplified and integrated process components*** ***Interface ******standards defined****** to support enterprise integration *** ***Integrated data models using ******common terminology*** ***Cost drivers and performance ******metrics identified****** - generic and industry specific*** ***Information available for ******education and awareness****** programmes*** ***ISO standard****** for the exchange of product life cycle support data*** ## The PLCS Technical Approach ***Organisation *** ***Links to ISO *** ***Activity Modelling*** ***Data Modelling*** ***Testing *** ## PLCS Organisation **Contract** **Service Provider** **PLCS** **Board** **Project** **Management** **Academic** **Experts** **Vendor** **Experts** **Domain** **Experts** **STEP** **Experts** ## Links to ISO **Links to ISO** - ISO Ballots and Publication - Outline - PLCS Scope, - Activity Model, - Module - Structure - Define - Activity Model, - Data Planning - Model, - APs &AMs - AM - development - AP - development - NWI - CD - Draft for - ballot - AM Comment - Resolution - AP Comment - Resolution - DIS - TS - Vendor testing - Q - Q - Q - Q ## PLCS helps facilitate business improvement As-Is/To-Be process **PLCS helps facilitate business improvement As-Is/To-Be process** ## Top Level Model **Provide Life** **Cycle Support** ## Level 1 Model: Major Work Areas ***Configuration Management*** ***and Change Control*** ***Support*** ***Engineering*** ***Resource*** ***Management*** ***Maintenance and *** ***Feedback *** ## Areas of Development **Areas of Development ** ***Support Engineering*** ***Provide and sustain the support infrastructure*** ***Resource Management*** ***Buy, store, pack, move, issue and dispose of the physical product*** ***CM/Change Control*** ***Manage change to a configured item throughout the life cycle including tracking of serial number where applicable*** ***Maintenance and Feedback*** ***Maintain, test, diagnose, calibrate, repair and modify physical product, including schedules, resources and feedback*** ## PLCS - main activity areas **PLCS - main activity areas** ***Usage Guides*** ***“******To be” Scenarios*** ***Automate Current Processes*** ***New Integrated Processes*** ***NATO CALS PP1 and TLBM*** ***ISO Prelim Work Item*** ***PLCS Launch*** ***Better , Cheaper Information*** ## PLCS: Inputs to project **PLCS: Inputs to project** - ISO - 15288 - OMG - STEP - Mil Spec - 2549 - ATA - Effectivity - AP208 - POSC/ - Caesar - FMV - CTG2 - AP203 - TC184/SC4 - WG3/T8 - PWI - PDM - Schema - Def Stan - 00-60 - AECMA - 1000D - 2000M - Mil Spec - 1388 - AP 233 - AP214 - NCDM ## Proposed PLCS Data Modules (20 off) **Proposed PLCS Data Modules (20 off)** ***SE*** ***MF*** ***IM*** ***CM*** ***Core*** ***Work*** ***Areas*** ***Key*** - Requirements Analysis - Data Modelling - Established Standards ***Time*** ## Implementation Plan Summary ***Year 1 - Nov 99 to October 2000*** ***Develop and document process models, and associated process definitions, for the top level support processes*** - Support Engineering - Configuration Management - Maintenance and Feedback - Inventory Management ***Develop scenarios for testing*** ***Year 2 - Nov 2000 to October 2001*** ***Develop data exchange modules*** ***Develop pilot implementation scenarios*** ***Year 3 - Nov 2001 to October 2002*** ***Trial data exchanges using draft ISO standard*** ***Progress standard through stages of ISO approval*** ## Current status ***Progressive release of Activity models and scenarios for industry review - from end 2000*** ***Launch development of data modules*** ***PLCS Core - PDM schema plus extensions from AP 214 for “tail-number” tracking*** ***Resources and Task Planning*** ***Feedback from Operations and Maintenance*** ***Initial data modules available April-June 2001*** ***Trial implementation by October 2001*** ***Key customers looking a the process changes to take full advantage of PLCS approach*** ## Business benefits of PLCS ... **Business benefits of PLCS ...** ***Improved quality****** and access to support information, throughout the product life cycle and across the supply chain*** ***Reduced costs****** of acquiring, maintaining and delivering Product Support information*** ***Improved asset availability*** ***Provides ******ability to communicate****** consistently across COTS software*** ***Makes product ******change easier to manage*** ***Protects investment****** in product data *** ## In addition- the benefits of joining PLCS as a member... ***Membership of PLCS during the development of the standard provides the following additional benefits...*** ***Forum for exchange of views, experience and discussion of critical issues*** ***Develop new relationships, business contacts and sales opportunities****** *** ***Ability to influence the direction and scope of PLCS to ensure it meets your business needs****** *** ***Opportunity to learn about STEP and its benefits*** ***Early visibility of requirements to allow effective planning for implementation*** ***Access to existing data, business models and improvement initiatives from world leading organisations*** ## Summary ***B2B e-commerce is set to grow****** significantly in the next 5 years*** ***There is a growing ******trend towards leveraging the information asset****** to win new business in the Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) market*** ***After-market service****** is forecast to be a significant element of the B2B market*** ***Existing ******standards****** do not fully address the product support requirement*** ***PLCS standards will allow ******support information ******to be****** aligned with the changing product****** over its entire life cycle*** ***Adoption of PLCS standard will lead to ******reduced operating costs****** and ******increased product availability*** ## Visit the PLCS web site: or contact any of the PLCS core team members: John Dunford <john.dunford@eurostep.com> Nigel Shaw <nigel.shaw@eurostep.com> Chuck Stark <stark@aticorp.org> ***or contact any of the PLCS core team members: *** ***John Dunford <john.dunford@eurostep.com>*** ***Nigel Shaw <nigel.shaw@eurostep.com>*** ***Chuck Stark <stark@aticorp.org>*** **www.plcsinc.org** **For more information ...** ## Any Questions?

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487376

# Presentation: 487376 ## FTA Prescription and Over-The-Counter Drug Use In The Transit Industry **Presented by: Robbie L. Sarles** ## The information provided herein should be used only as guidance and does not constitute Federal Regulations. Sound medical knowledge and understanding of the pharmacological properties of prescription and over-the-counter medications, and detailed knowledge of an employee’s medical history and safety-sensitive job duties must guide the final assessment of potential risks to the public. - FTA Disclaimer ## Overview - National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Directive - Overview of the issue - Developing an Rx/OTC policy - Elements - Roles and responsibilities - Establishing medical review procedures - Employee Rx/OTC training **Notes:** NTSB Directive to all transit vehicle operators from the January 13, 2000 ## NTSB Directive to FTA - Educate transit systems - Potential safety risks of Rx and OTC - Require notification of Rx/OTC use by safety-sensitive employees - Incorporate qualified medical personnel in Fitness for Duty Assessment - Train employees on roles and responsibilities **Notes:** NTSB Directive to all transit vehicle operators from the January 13, 2000 ## Definitions - Prescription drugs (Rx) are medications which require written authorization for use by a healthcare professional whose license permits them to prescribe medication - Must include: - Patient’s name - Name of substance - Quantity/amount dispensed - Instructions on dosage, frequency, and method of administration - Refills - Date **Notes:** Common types of prescription medication include: Anti-inflammatory/Pain Medication (Relieves pain); Antidepressants and Psychoactive Medication (Relieves depression and other psychological conditions); Antihistamines (Reduces allergy & cold symptoms – also used to treat insomnia); Stimulants (Causes user to be more alert); and Tranquilizers & Sedatives (Relieves anxiety, stress & insomnia). ## Definitions - Over-The-Counter (OTC) medications are any legal, non-prescription substance taken for relief of discomforting symptoms - May include capsules, powders, tablets, or liquids **Notes:** Common over-the-counter medications include: Pain relief/fever reducer Colds/Flu medication Appetite Suppressants Bowel Preparations Sleeping Aids Stimulants ## Cause for Concern - Some side effects of Rx and OTC medications can be a safety issue when taken by safety-sensitive employees - Can include: - Agitation - Anxiety - Blurred vision - Breathing difficulty - Chest pain - Chest tightness - Confusion - Dizziness - Disorientation - Double vision - Drowsiness - Emotional instability - False sense of well being - Fatigue **Notes:** Transit systems should consult with competent medical professionals if deciding to use a side effect list to develop a medication list. The FTA is not saying if the medication causes these side effects they can not be used. Remind the participants that these side effects have the potential to affect employees performing safety sensitive functions. Side effects of both Rx and OTC medications vary greatly and can include a number of side effects, including: Agitation, Anxiety, Blurred vision, Breathing difficulty, Chest pain, Chest tightness, Confusion, Dizziness, Disorientation, Double vision, Drowsiness, Disorientation, Emotional instability, False sense of well being, Fatigue, Fever, Hallucinations, Severe Headache, Hyperventilation, Insomnia, Light headedness, Muscle cramps/spasms, Nausea/vomiting, Nervousness, Palpitations, Poor coordination, Rapid or irregular heart beat, Restlessness, Ringing in the ears, Sedation, Seizures, Severe diarrhea, Tremors, and Weakness. ## Cause for Concern (Cont’d) - Hallucinations - Severe headache - Hyperventilation - Insomnia - Light headedness - Muscle cramps/spasms - Nausea/vomiting - Nervousness - Palpitations - Poor coordination - Rapid or irregular heart beat - Restlessness - Ringing in the ears - Sedation - Seizures - Severe diarrhea - Tremors - Weakness ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements - Purpose of policy - Acknowledges risks associated with Rx/OTC use - Emphasizes safety - Balances the treatment of medical conditions and the requirements of performing safety-sensitive job duties **Notes:** The goal of an Rx/OTC policy is not to force employees in need of medical attention to work or keep employees who are eligible to work off duty for receiving treatment of a medical condition. Rather, it should be to ensure that those receiving medical attention are aware of the potential impacts on safety of the medication that they are taking, and to establish a process for addressing safety-sensitive work when employees are taking medication. ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Purpose of policy (cont’d) - Not intended to force employees in need of medical attention to work or keep employees who are eligible to work off duty for receiving treatment of a medical condition - Define processes and procedures that implement the policy, such as: - Medical review/authorization - Reporting - Use of leave benefits; limitations **Notes:** It will fall to Transit agency management to establish policy and procedures. These are likely to include procedures for: Determining content/process for medical review; Defining an employer notification process; Determining a process for employer physician/MRO review. Establishing record keeping, information disclosure and confidentiality protection procedures; Establishing procedures for removing employees from duty; Establishing consequences for policy violation; and Incorporating into the existing absenteeism policy topics such as type of leave and limitations on leave. ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Define consequences of violating specific policy provisions - Use of Rx/OTC that contribute to cause or increase the severity of an accident - Failure to report use - Failure to obtain medical authorization - Other policy provision violations **Notes:** Many transit systems have failed to include specific discipline in their Rx/OTC policies. Recommend to the participants that they need to define specific provisions to the policy to avoid having a big dog with no teeth. (a lot of bark but no bite) ## FTA Recommended Policy Elements (Cont’d) - Ensure that the policy emphasizes and maintains confidentiality - Records - Interaction with medical practitioner **Notes:** Any records or documentation generated as part of the RX/OTC program are MEDICAL records not drug and alcohol records. Ensure participants understand that they must maintain the RX/OTC records separate from the Drug and Alcohol records. ## Suggested Medical Review Process - Conduct a baseline medical assessment of safety-sensitive employees - CDL holders; expand scope and rigor of CDL biannual physical - Non-CDL holders; introduce biannual examination that mimics CDL physicals ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Biannual physical to include: - Assessment of medical fitness for the conduct of safety-sensitive duties - Physical - Mental - - List of all current prescriptions - List of all commonly used prescriptions - List of all commonly used over-the-counter medications - List of all commonly used dietary supplements / herbal remedies ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Review in light of safety-sensitive job duties - Essential job functions - Biannual physical results: - Approved - Approved with conditions - Medically disqualified - Temporary - Permanent ## Suggested Medical Review Process (Cont’d) - Limit number of medical practitioners - Establish high standard and philosophy of exams - Notification / education of medical practitioner - Responsibility to protect public safety - Safety-sensitive job responsibilities ## Employee Report New Medications - If medication is on list provided as part of exam, provide to human resources to verify: no additional action - If medication is not on list provided as part of the exam: - Employee should notify employer - Contact designated physician - Physician reviews in light of medical history contained on physical documentation - Documentation ## Suggested Employer Physician Responsibilities - Provide information on Rx/OTC hazards - Serve as resource by responding to questions - Consult with prescribing medical practitioner as appropriate and make final determination - Consult with prescribing medical practitioners as needed ## Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities - Establish policy and procedures - Determine content/process for medical review - Define employer notification process - Determine process for employer physician/MRO review - Institute employee Rx/OTC awareness and training program - Establish consequences for policy violation ## Establish record keeping, information disclosure and confidentiality protection procedures Based on medical review, determine if employee is authorized to perform safety-sensitive duties Establish procedures for removing employees from duty - Based on medical review, determine if employee is authorized to perform safety-sensitive duties - Establish procedures for removing employees from duty - Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities ## Suggested Management/ Supervisor Responsibilities - Incorporate into absenteeism policy - Type of leave - Limitations on leave - Use Rx/OTC program as a method for improving employee and public safety ## Suggested Employee Roles and Responsibilities - Be aware of medical condition and implications for job - Be aware of possible Rx/OTC side effects which may compromise safety - Read warning labels/side effects - Rx labels and warnings - Pharmacy information summaries - OTC Labels - OTC Package inserts **Notes:** In understanding medication, the types of things an employee would be expected to be aware of could include: Dosage Frequency Routes of administration – The way the medication is taken, oral, topical, or injected Possible side effects Interaction with other drugs and/or alcohol Impact on other medical conditions In this section remind participants that if the label lists alcohol as an ingredient that use before the performance of a safety-sensitive function is prohibited by Part 655. ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Discuss Rx or OTC with prescribing/ medical practitioner or pharmacist - Dosage - Frequency - Method of use (capsule, liquid, suppository) - Possible side effects - Interaction with other medications - Impact on other medical condition **Notes:** Method of use may include oral, topical, or injection. ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Inform medical practitioner of: - Safety-sensitive job duties - Other Rx, OTC, vitamins, herbal remedies, dietary supplements - Medical history - Previous experience with Rx/OTC’s - Medical treatment and prescriptions given by other medical practitioners ## Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) - Questions for medical practitioner: - Enquire into alternative dosage schedules that minimize impact on work performance (i.e., dose at end of shift rather than before) - Enquire into alternative treatment options that do not jeopardize safety ## When ill or injured obtain appropriate medical treatment Only use medications for their intended purpose Check the strength of the medication Keep your medical practitioner informed of your reaction to Rx/OTC Always take medication as directed - Only use medications for their intended purpose - Check the strength of the medication - Keep your medical practitioner informed of your reaction to Rx/OTC - Always take medication as directed - Employee Roles and Responsibilities (Cont’d) ## Do not take larger doses than prescribed Do not take longer than prescribed Do not double dosage after missing a dose Do not self-medicate with OTC or someone else’s Rx in lieu of obtaining medical treatment - Do not take longer than prescribed - Do not double dosage after missing a dose - Do not self-medicate with OTC or someone else’s Rx in lieu of obtaining medical treatment - Employee Warnings ## Do not use an expired prescription Do not stop taking medication because you begin to feel better – take for length prescribed Do not take for granted that a prescription is correct Always read the label every time you get it filled Make sure you have the right medication at the proper dosage - Do not stop taking medication because you begin to feel better – take for length prescribed - Do not take for granted that a prescription is correct - Always read the label every time you get it filled - Make sure you have the right medication at the proper dosage - Employee Warnings ## Never combine medications in the same bottle Never store in humid locations (bathroom) Make sure you understand the directions Ask questions if you don’t understand or the prescription doesn’t seem right Use the same pharmacy Always ask about interactions Keep medication in original labeled bottle - Never store in humid locations (bathroom) - Make sure you understand the directions - Ask questions if you don’t understand or the prescription doesn’t seem right - Use the same pharmacy - Always ask about interactions - Keep medication in original labeled bottle - Employee Warnings **Notes:** Humid locations may weaken or increase the strength of the medication by exposing it to the water/steam vapors. Using the same pharmacy allows the pharmacist to keep records of medications which may interact. ## Individual often can not judge level of own impairment Side effects may change/intensify/lessen with prolonged use Some medications should be taken with food to minimize adverse reaction while other should be taken on an empty stomach Changing dosage schedule (without medical practitioner approval) can alter effect - Side effects may change/intensify/lessen with prolonged use - Some medications should be taken with food to minimize adverse reaction while other should be taken on an empty stomach - Changing dosage schedule (without medical practitioner approval) can alter effect - Employee Warnings ## Monitor your reaction to the Rx/OTC Do not perform safety sensitive duty if impaired - Do not perform safety sensitive duty if impaired - Employee Warnings ## Summary The primary objective of developing and implementing a Prescription/OTC policy and training employees, is to enhance the safety of employees, customers, and the public Employees must accept responsibility for their own medical treatment They must also accept responsibility for protecting the public safety - The primary objective of developing and implementing a Prescription/OTC policy and training employees, is to enhance the safety of employees, customers, and the public - Employees must accept responsibility for their own medical treatment - They must also accept responsibility for protecting the public safety **Notes:** All information obtained for this presentation was gathered from the following sources: The Federal Aviation Administration (Office of Aviation Medicine) The Federal Railroad Administration The Food and Drug Administration All medical information was reviewed by Natalie Hartenbaum, M.D., MPH ## Relevant Web Sites - Aviation medicine – www.aviationmedicine.com/ - Food & Drug Administration – www.fda.gov - FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research – www.fda.gov/cder/ - Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality –www.ahrq.gov - U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services – www.hhs.gov - National Health Info Center – www.health.gov/nhic - The Internet drug list –www.rxlist.com **Notes:** Common Rx and Potential Side Effects (Lists of medications and potential side effects are not all-inclusive. In all cases competent medical opinions must be sought in order to accurately determine which medication is right for the condition being treated. Always consult a medical practitioner for potential risks and side effects based on your own medical history.) Common Anti-inflammatory and Pain Medications Aspirin Talwin Celebrex Talacet Darvon/Darvocet Tylenol with codeine Demerol Naprosyn Indocin Ultram Methadone Vioxx Morphine Vicodin Motrin Voltaren Percodan/Percocet Anti-inflammatory and Pain Medication Possible Side Effects Anxiety Fatigue Breathing difficulties Lightheadedness Constipation Nausea/vomiting Chest tightness Palpitations Dizziness Sedation Drowsiness Restlessness False sense of well being Weakness Common Antidepressants and Psychoactive Medications Adapin Nardil Buspar Pamelor Celexa Paxil Desyrel Prozac Elavil Tofranil Effexor Vivactil Limbitrol Zoloft Lithium Antidepressant and Psychoactive Medication Possible Side Effects Agitation Drowsiness Anxiety Nausea/vomiting Blurred vision Rapid heartbeat Chest pain Restlessness Confusion Seizures Dizziness Weakness

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**STATEMENT OF** **CHAIRMAN MICHAEL K. POWELL** *Re: Review of the Emergency Alert System* For over a half century, the United States has had in place a national warning system utilizing, in part, our Nation's broadcast outlets. From the CONELRAD, established in 1951 by President Truman during the Korean War to its replacement, the Emergency Broadcast System, established in 1963 by President Kennedy to the modern day Emergency Alert System (EAS), our government has sought to employ our country's media outlets as a mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency. A lot has changed since 1951. As the primary role of EAS remains a national public warning system, increasingly state and local jurisdictions have used its capabilities to notify their citizens of local emergencies, including natural weather disasters and in saving the lives of many abducted children through the Amber Alert. In addition, EAS has grown from its predecessor's birth on AM radio to FM radio, broadcast television and wireline and wireless cable systems. Of course, the threats to our homeland have also changed dramatically over the last fifty years. As the world around us has changed, however, the import of the EAS as a tool for reaching our citizenry during time of need remains high. We are proud to adopt this Notice today, as a result, in part, of the recommendations of the Media Security and Reliability Council and the Partnership for Public Warning and in coordination with our partners at the Department of Homeland Security and its component, FEMA and the Department of Commerce and its component, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. This proceeding will provide one of many vehicles by which we collectively explore the most effective mechanism for warning the American public of an emergency and the role of EAS as we move further into our digital future. I commend my colleagues here at the Commission and our partners at DHS, FEMA, DoC and NOAA for their dedication to making our homeland a safer place for our citizens.

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# Presentation: 559450 ## Mobile Ground-Based Observations of Landfalling Hurricanes: Current Capabilities and Future Plans - Kevin Knupp, Walt Peterson and Dan Cecil - Department of Atmospheric Science - and - Earth System Science Center - University of Alabama in Huntsville ## Outline - Goals (previous deployments) - Instruments - Past research activities – some highlights - Future research possibilities ## General Research Goals - _Topics that have been considered at least superficially_ - Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Processes **ABL transition**: land-to-water and water-to-land **Wind profiles** - Structure of ABL eddies, damaging wind streaks, etc. **Intensity change** around the landfall time - What factors, such as **cold air production** over land, control intensity? - _Topics not yet addressed_ - QPE (radar) and raindrop size distribution variability - Horizontal and vertical variability; factors controlling variability - Related mesoscale phenomena - Rainband/stratiform region kinematics and vertical transports - Tornadoes, gravity waves, fronts (and their interaction) ## UAH deployments to date **Hurricane Earl (1998),** Tallahassee, FL - Adjacent to TLH WSR-88D, east of circulation center **Hurricane Georges (1998),** N of Gulfport, MS - Close to two DOW radars, remained within west eyewall for several hours - Hurricane Irene (1999), NC - Irene turned to the right; no landfall - Tropical Storm Helene (2000), Panama City, FL - Modest rain, east of circulation center **Tropical Storm (Hurricane) Gabrielle (2001),** Venice, FL - Center passed over MIPS, co-located with SMART-R - Hurricane (Tropical Storm) Isidore (2003), Gulfport, MS - Sampled the right side, co-located with TTU towers and SMART-R **Hurricane Ivan (2004),** 5 km N of Orange Beach, AL - Sampled right eyewall, co-located with DOW ## Instrumentation ***Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS)*** - 915 MHz Doppler wind profiler - X-band Profiling Radar (under construction) - 12-channel microwave profiling radiometer - Lidar ceilometer - Surface instrumentation ***Mobile Meteorological Measurement Vehicle (M******3******V)*** - Surface measurements ***Mobile Alabama X-band (MAX) radar*** - Dual polarization capability - Under construction, will be ready for the 2007 season. - Future ## Components of the Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) - Components of the _**M**_obile _**I**_ntegrated _**P**_rofiling _**S**_ystem (MIPS) - 1) 915 MHz Doppler wind profiler - 2) 12 channel microwave profiling radiometer - 3) Lidar Ceilometer - Doppler sodar - Electric field mill - Surface instrumentation - 7) Satellite communication - 8) Parcival disdrometers (new, not shown) - Future: X-band Profiling Radar (XPR) will replace the sodar - _[http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips](http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips)_ **1** **2** **3** **4** **5** **6** **7** ## An ideal MIPS location on 23 June 2003 (BAMEX) - 3. Mobile Meteorological Measurement Vehicle - (M3V) - MIPS van and instrument trailer - 2. Pickup & power trailer - 6/23/03 ## Past research topics - Examination of wind profiles and their variability - Boundary layer properties - Fronts – in hurricanes? – yes - Cooling over land can be prominent and important - Cool air + convergence can produce frontogenesis - Intensity change? - Gravity waves - Prominence (Gabrielle) - A noteworthy gravity wave event in Hurricane Earl - The most active weather was associated with a gravity wave - Impact – unknown ## Analysis of TS Gabrielle (NASA CAMEX-4 campaign) **Boundary layer transition** for both on-shore and off-shore flow. (The circulation center passed very close to the MIPS) - Generation of **shallow warm and cold fronts** **Production of cold air** over land *Leading* *Rainband* **x** - Intense deep convection - Reflectivity from Tampa Bay WSR-88D ***MIPS & SMART-R*** ## 915 MHz - 915 MHz - profiler moments - Regions in terms of precipitation characteristics: - Leading stratiform - Convective region - Inner core region - West flank stratiform - Flow regimes - Off-shore: 0400-1100 UTC - On-shore: after 1200 UTC - The stable off-shore regime does not exhibit enhanced spectral width, but the on-shore regime does. - Core ## 915 MHz wind profiles at 30 min intervals - off-shore, veering with height - cool surface air, stable BL - on-shore, backing with height - warmer surface air, neutral to stable ABL ***TS Gabrielle*** ## Surface fluxes produced from cool air flowing over warm water  production of temperature gradient along the coastal waters - coastline *land* *water* - Cool air, 22 C - Warm water, 28 C - Surface fluxes *Off-shore flow* **Spatial variability across the coastal zone** - MIPS - profile *Isotachs (m s**-1**)* - Descending jet - Analysis based on Doppler radar + profiler ## Spatial variability across the coastal zone - Flow deceleration is apparent at flow levels over land. - Flow deceleration begins over water, prior to air reaching the land surface. Implication: perturbation pressure gradient force from dynamic forcing. - BL height is not well defined by the isotachs. - Vertical shear above the jet over water is greater than that over land. **Near surface winds are slowed by increase in surface roughness** ## Temporal variability in the 915 MHz wind profiles, 1330-1430 UTC - Systematic wind variation during this period: - Rapid changes in the wind profile close to the core region - General backing below 1 km - Sharp backing of wind with height is large initially. - Wind speed profile evolves from maximum at 200 m to a jet profile in which the maximum ascends with time. Thus, the jet is initially within the turbulent BL (consistent with Kepert 2001). *Jet location near the surface* ## Fronts - 0553 - 0553 - 0853 - Cool air (T≤23 C) covers a large area (50,000 km2). - Stratiform rainfall is widespread downshear of the core of Gabrielle. - A warm front formed as Gabrielle approached. This front was associated with tornadoes near 0800 UTC - Surface Analysis - MIPS - location ***Fronts*** ***Cool air**** * ***Tornadoes formed along a warm front*** ## Surface Analysis - 1153 - 1453 - A cold front appeared after 1200 UTC; occlusion by 1453 UTC. - The fronts were shallow, confined to the ABL. - The strongest frontal signature occurred at the MIPS site (near the center of the storm) ***Cold front*** ***Fronts*** ## With regard to cold air production over land, the observations suggest the following hypothesis: ## Hypothesis: Landfalling hurricanes weaken at an accelerated rate upon ingesting cold (low-valued e) continental air from the ABL - The presence of **cold air within the ABL will produce a rapid weakening** in the storm if entrained into the core region. - The cold air is produced by **rainfall evaporation within mesoscale downdrafts** whose characteristics (relative distribution relative to the center, minimum e) are predictable. - This hypothesis is consistent with observed rapid weakening over cool water. In fact, the weakening from cold air intrusion may be even more dramatic. ## Cooling within stratiform precipitation **Cooling within stratiform precipitation** **Significant mesoscale downdrafts provided downward transport of low-valued ********e**** air, and thereby produced appreciable cooling at low levels.** *w derived from EVAD analyses* - Gabrielle ## Is this process observed in other storms?The case of Ivan:Cold air from the continent may have produced weakening in the NW flank just before landfall ## Surface 0043 16 September 2004 - Cold feeder flow - e = 343 K - Extensive stratiform precipitation is present to the north of the circ center. - Ivan appeared to weaken rapidly around the time of landfall, more so than was forecast. ## Future work in this area: - Further examine the “cold air” hypothesis. - Relate the production of cold air to: - Thermodynamic vertical profiles in advance of the hurricane - Rainband kinematics, i.e., a more detailed description of the mesoscale downdrafts within rainbands and stratiform precipitation - Precipitation properties ## Future plans - More of the same, plus: - QPE (Quantitative Precipitation Estimation) - Disdrometers  profiler  radar calibration and improved Z-R (and eventually polarimetric) relations - Improved real-time QPE with the WSR-88D network - Precipitation growth processes (and drop breakup) - Mesoscale dynamics - Rainband and stratiform kinematics - Inner core processes - Thermodynamics – cooling within stratiform precipitation ## Rainband Kinematics: **Rainband Kinematics:** - A future research thrust - Kinematic structure of rainbands in TS Gabrielle (dual Doppler analysis using SMART-R and TBW WSR-88D) - Peak values of updrafts and reflectivity in the rainband : - 20 m s-1 and >50 dBZ - Vertical E-W section ***TS Gabrielle*** ## Raindrop spectrum and size distributions **Convolved distribution** **Observed distribution** **Hydrometeor size distribution**** ** - Raindrop spectrum and size distributions **Time: 060226 UTC Ht : 3.578km Vobs: 8.06m/s D****m****: 1.67mm Spectral width: 2.52m/s ******** = 3** *Doppler spectra* *Size distributions* - Develop a better understanding of precipitation processes, and drop break-up in the turbulent boundary layer. ## Summary - Mobile instruments have been used to examine: - Flow transition within the ABL across the coastal zone - Gravity waves in the hurricane environment - Cold air production over land, which appears to exert a large impact on hurricane intensity around the time of landfall - Future work should continue to investigate the above plus - Investigations of rainband & stratiform kinematics and thermodynamics - Precipitation physics and improved Z-R relations for accurate QPE, with applications to the future dual-pol capability of the WSR-88D ## But, this will require a dedicated multi-year field campaign utilizing other resources - WC-130 - NOAA P-3 (2) - In situ, dropsondes, radar - In situ, Dropsondes - Radars, Cloud physics - radar - Doppler radar - Atmospheric & BL profiling - (wind, T, v, cloud, precipitation) - Mobile Doppler radars - Towers - (~10) ## Questions? - E-mail: _[kevin@nsstc.uah.edu](mailto:kevin@nsstc.uah.edu)_ - Web site: _[http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips](http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips)_ ## Hurricane Earl (1998) - Cold air at the surface can provide an environment conducive to gravity waves - Doppler profiler observations of a gravity wave associated with Hurricane Earl at landfall (M.S. thesis by Barry Roberts) ## Combined analysis **Combined analysis** - Maximum updraft and downdraft of +13 and -9 m s-1 near the 0.8 km AGL level - Low uniform cloud base within the updraft ## FutureX-band Profiling Radar (XPR) - 9.4 GHz ( = 3.3 cm) - Peak power: 50 kW - Min detectable Z at 4 km: -20 dBZ - Time resolution 1-20 s - PRF ~ 2500 s-1 - Minimum gate spacing: ~30 m - Profiles of Z, W, Doppler spectra - Precipitation & clouds - Boundary Layer Properties **915** **XPR** ## Surface instrumentation - T - RH - p - Wind - Solar radiation - Rainfall rate - Electric field - DSD (Parcival optical disdrometers) ## Conclusions (ABL transition) - Significant temporal variability in airflow at the MIPS site related to gravity waves, large eddies (and boundaries). - Stable off-shore flow exhibited a jet profile that descended from land to water. Wind shear below the jet decreased over water. - On shore flow produced a more unstable BL. - In both cases, flow adjustment within the BL occurred within about 5 km of the coast line - A transition in flow occurs in the onshore (off-shore) cases as deceleration (acceleration) is observed to occur before air passes over the coast line.

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[Emerging Infectious Diseases * Volume 4 * Number 1 * January - March 1998] Synopses Proteases of Malaria Parasites: New Targets for Chemotherapy Philip J. Rosenthal San Francisco General Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The increasing resistance of malaria parasites to antimalarial drugs is a major contributor to the reemergence of the disease as a major public health problem and its spread in new locations and populations. Among potential targets for new modes of chemotherapy are malarial proteases, which appear to mediate processes within the erythrocytic malarial life cycle, including the rupture and invasion of infected erythrocytes and the degradation of hemoglobin by trophozoites. Cysteine and aspartic protease inhibitors are now under study as potential antimalarials. Lead compounds have blocked in vitro parasite development at nanomolar concentrations and cured malaria-infected mice. This review discusses available antimalarial agents and summarizes experimental results that support development of protease inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. Hundreds of millions of cases of malaria occur annually, and infections with _Plasmodium falciparum_, the most virulent human malaria parasite, cause more than one million deaths per year (1). Despite extensive control efforts, the incidence of the disease is not decreasing in most malaria-endemic areas of the world, and in some it is clearly increasing (2). Malaria also remains a major risk to travelers from industrialized to developing countries. Because malaria parasites are increasingly resistant to antimalarial drugs, appropriately counseled travelers to malaria-endemic regions are more likely to contract malaria now than they were 40 years ago. Malaria control efforts include attempts to develop an effective vaccine, eradicate mosquito vectors, and develop new drugs (2,3). However, the development of a vaccine has proven very difficult, and a highly effective vaccine will probably not be available in the near future (4). Efforts to control _Anopheles_ mosquitoes have had limited success, although the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets does appear to reduce malaria-related death rates (5). In addition, methods to replace natural vector populations with mosquitoes unable to support parasite development are under study and may contribute to malaria control in the long term (6). However, the current limitations of vaccine and vector control, as well as the increasing resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs, highlight the continued need for new antimalarial agents. Established Antimalarial Drugs Antimalarial drugs have been used for centuries. Early natural products, including the bark of the cinchona tree in South America and extracts of the wormwood plant in China, were among the first effective antimicrobial agents to be used. Cinchona bark was used in Europe beginning in the 17th century, and upon its isolation from bark in 1820, quinine became widely used. In the last 50 years, extensive efforts, including the screening of hundreds of thousands of compounds, have led to the development of a number of effective synthetic antimalarial drugs. The most important of these, chloroquine, has been the mainstay of antimalarial chemotherapy for the last 50 years. The compound eradicates parasites rapidly, has minimal toxicity, is widely available at low cost throughout the world, and needs to be taken only once a week for chemoprophylaxis. However, resistance to chloroquine has been steadily increasing since the drug's initial use in South America and Southeast Asia in the late 1950s. Chloroquine resistance is now widespread in most _P. falciparum_ -endemic areas of the world (3). Thus, the use of chloroquine for presumptive treatment of falciparum malaria or for chemoprophylaxis is usually no longer appropriate (7). Moreover, resistance to chloroquine of _P. vivax_, the second most lethal human malaria parasite, is increasing in South Asia (8). No other antimalarial drug (9-12) is as efficacious and safe as chloroquine (Table 1). The best antimalarial drug for treating chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria remains quinine (or intravenous quinidine), which is fairly toxic; quinine resistance is increasing in Southeast Asia, particularly in the border areas of Thailand (9). Amodiaquine, used to treat chloroquine-resistant malaria in developing countries, is also quite toxic, and resistance to it is also common (13). Mefloquine (14) is widely used for chemoprophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_, but its use is limited by toxicity (15) and (in the developing world) high cost. Mefloquine is not approved for treatment of malaria in the United States because of the neurotoxicity of doses required for the treatment. Fansidar, a combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, is no longer recommended for chemoprophylaxis because of its dermatologic toxicity (15). Fansidar is also not an ideal drug for treatment because it is slow acting, but it is increasingly important in treating chloroquine-resistant malaria in developing countries because economic constraints limit the use of other agents (16). The use of both mefloquine and Fansidar will increasingly be limited by drug resistance, already widespread in parts of Southeast Asia (9,17). Table 1. Established antimalarial drugs (sup a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Drug Role Best Feature(s) Limitations --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chloroquine TX of and CP Very safe; low Widespread R against non- Pf cost; long and sensitive Pf half-life parasites Quinine/quinidine Best TX for Pf Limited R; Fairly toxic malaria; low cost rapidly acting (cinchonism, cardiac) Amodiaquine (sup TX of R Pf malaria Low cost Toxicity (bone b) marrow, liver); R common Mefloquine CP against R Pf Relatively little Moderately toxic malaria; not R, though (mostly CNS); approved for TX in increasing; long high cost; R in United States half-life SE Asia Fansidar TX of Pf malaria; Relatively low Skin toxicity (can no longer cost; long be fatal); recommended for CP half-life increasing R Primaquine Eradication of Only drug for Hemolysis with chronic liver this indication G6PD deficiency; stage Pv, Po increasing R malaria Proguanil (sup b) CP only (often Low cost; R common with chloroquine) nontoxic Maloprim (sup b) CP only (often Low cost R common; skin with chloroquine) rashes Tetracyclines CP; TX of Pf Low cost Skin and malaria in gastrointestinal combination with toxicity quinine --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (sup a) TX, therapy; CP, chemoprophylaxis; R, resistance/resistant; Pf, _Plasmodium falciparum_; Pv, _P. vivax_; Po, _P. ovale_; CNS, central nervous system; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (sup b) Not available in the United States. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other antimalarial drugs have specialized uses. Tetracyclines and some other antibiotics (clindamycin, sulfas) are slow acting and generally best used as an adjunct to quinine therapy in treating falciparum malaria (9). Doxycycline is also used for chemoprophylaxis in regions with high levels of drug resistance, especially Southeast Asia (10,17). Other drugs for chemoprophylaxis include proguanil, which remains effective in combination with chloroquine in many areas other than Southeast Asia, and Maloprim, a combination of dapsone and pyrimethamine (10,17). Resistance to these drugs is fairly common, however. Primaquine has a well-defined specific role: eradicating chronic liver stages of _P. vivax_ and _P. ovale_ after treating the acute blood infection with chloroquine. New Antimalarial Drugs Relatively few new antimalarial drugs are undergoing clinical testing (Table 2). Halofantrine, identified in the 1940s, was not developed until the 1980s; its use has been limited by variable oral absorption and cardiac toxicity (12,18). The drug is approved in the United States for treatment of chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_ infection, although in most cases quinine (or intravenous quinidine) is preferable. The most effective new drugs are artemisinin and related compounds. Artemisinin was isolated in 1972 from _Artemisia annua_, a plant used in China for centuries to treat fever (19). Artemisinin derivatives (artesunate, artelinate, artemether, arteether, dihydroartemisinin) have been synthesized and are undergoing extensive clinical testing. These compounds, which are already widely used in some areas, are potent, rapidly acting antimalarials that are effective against chloroquine-resistant _P. falciparum_ (20). Because recrudescences of infection after treatment are common, however, artemisinin and related compounds might best be used in combination with another drug. Table 2. New antimalarial drugs --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Drug Role Best Feature(s) Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Halofantrine TX of Pf malaria; Usually effective Variable not approved for against R Pf bioavailability, CP malaria cardiac toxicity Artemisinin and TX of Pf malaria Rapidly acting; Recurrence after related compounds effective against TX fairly common (sup a) multidrug-R strains Atovaquone ? TX of Pf Limited toxicity Limited studies so malaria; ? CP far show frequent (probably in recurrence after combination with TX proguanil) Pyronaridine (sup ? TX of Pf Effective against Studies limited to a) malaria R strains date Desferrioxamine ? TX of severe Pf Well tolerated Studies limited to malaria when used for date iron overload Azithromycin ? CP Limited toxicity Studies limited to date -------------------------------------------------------------------------- For abbreviations, see Table 1, footnote a. (sup a) Not available in the United States. Other compounds are under evaluation. Atovaqone (21), which is approved for treating patients with _Pneumocystis_ infections, appears to be effective against malaria in combination with proguanil (22), but its use has been limited by recrudescence after treatment. Pyronaridine, an acridine derivative used to treat malaria in China, has shown efficacy against falciparum malaria (23). The iron chelator desferrioxamine enhances the clearance of parasites in mild malaria (24) and, in conjunction with quinine and Fansidar, hastens recovery from deep coma in severe falciparum malaria (25). Azithromycin, a quinolone antibiotic, appears efficacious in malaria chemoprophylaxis (26). Malarial Proteases: New Targets for Chemotherapy The limitations of antimalarial chemotherapy underscore the need for new drugs, ideally directed against new targets. Potential targets for chemotherapy include malarial proteases (27). The erythrocytic life cycle, which is responsible for all clinical manifestations of malaria, begins when free merozoites invade erythrocytes. The intraerythrocytic parasites develop from small ring-stage organisms to larger, more metabolically active trophozoites and then to multinucleated schizonts. The erythrocytic cycle is completed when mature schizonts rupture erythrocytes, releasing numerous invasive merozoites. Proteases appear to be required for the rupture and subsequent reinvasion of erythrocytes by merozoite-stage parasites and for the degradation of hemoglobin by intraerythrocytic trophozoites figure. [fig] Figure. Protease targets in erythrocytic malaria parasites. The _Plasmodium falciparum_ erythrocytic life cycle is shown schematically, and data supporting cysteine (CP), serine (SP), and aspartic (AP) proteases of the different parasite stages as chemotherapeutic targets are provided in italics. Proteases and Erythrocyte Rupture and Invasion The rupture of erythrocytes by mature schizonts and the subsequent invasion of erythrocytes by free merozoites appear to require malarial protease activity, possibly to breach the erythrocyte cytoskeleton, a complex network of proteins. In addition, a number of malarial proteins are proteolytically processed during the late schizont and merozoite life-cycle stages; for example, merozoite surface protein-1 is processed in a manner inhibited by serine protease inhibitors (28), presumably to facilitate the complex series of events involved in erythrocyte rupture and invasion (29). Although the specific roles of different classes of proteases are not completely clear, inhibitors of cysteine and serine proteases have consistently blocked erythrocyte rupture and invasion (27). Candidate _P. falciparum_ rupture/invasion proteases have been identified, but none has been fully characterized biochemically or molecularly: 1) a 68 kD cysteine protease was identified in schizonts and merozoites and localized to the merozoite apex, suggesting that it may be released from the rhoptry organelle during invasion (30); 2) a cysteine protease of mature schizonts and a serine protease of merozoites were identified in highly synchronized parasites (31); 3) a serine protease was shown to be bound to the schizont/merozoite membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor, to be activated by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C during the merozoite stage, and to be capable of cleaving the erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein band 3 (32,33); 4) another protease, inhibited by both cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, hydrolyzed the erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and band 4.1 (34); and 5) the serine repeat antigen (35,36) and the related protein SERP H (37), both expressed in mature schizonts, have important similarities in their sequences with cysteine proteases. Further research should identify the specific biologic roles of the proteases mentioned and better characterize these enzymes, thus fostering the development of specific inhibitors. Host proteases may also play a role in erythrocyte rupture by _P. falciparum_. In recent studies, host urokinase was shown to bind to the surface of _P. falciparum_-infected erythrocytes, and the depletion of urokinase from parasite culture medium inhibited erythrocyte rupture by mature schizonts (38). This inhibition was reversed by exogenous urokinase. Drug Development Efforts Synthetic peptide inhibitors of the _P. falciparum_ schizont cysteine protease Pf 68 inhibited erythrocyte invasion by cultured parasites (39,40). The most effective peptide, GlcA-Val -Leu-Gly-Lys-NHC (sub 2)H(sub 5), inhibited the protease and blocked parasite development at high micromolar concentrations (40; Table 3). Although these results do not demonstrate levels of inhibition expected to be therapeutically relevant, they suggest that a specific protease activity is required for erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites and thus is a potential target for antimalarial drugs. Proteases and Malarial Hemoglobin Degradation Extensive evidence suggests that the degradation of hemoglobin is necessary for the growth of erythrocytic malaria parasites, apparently to provide free amino acids for parasite protein synthesis (27,50). In _P. falciparum_, hemoglobin degradation occurs predominantly in trophozoites and early schizonts, the stages at which the parasites are most metabolically active. Trophozoites ingest erythrocyte cytoplasm and transport it to a large central food vacuole. In the food vacuole, hemoglobin is broken down into heme, a major component of malarial pigment (51), and globin, which is hydrolyzed to its constituent amino acids. The food vacuole is an acidic organelle analogous to lysosomes. Several lysosomal proteases are well characterized, including cysteine (cathepsins B, H, and L) and aspartic (cathepsin D) proteases (52), and malaria parasites contain analogous food vacuole proteases that degrade hemoglobin. At least two aspartic proteases and one cysteine protease have been isolated from purified _P. falciparum_ food vacuoles (53). Malarial aspartic protease activities have been identified (54-60). Two recently characterized aspartic proteases (plasmepsin I and plasmepsin II) are located in the food vacuole, have acid pH optima, and share sequence homology with other aspartic proteases (41,53,61,62). Furthermore, the aspartic proteases can cleave hemoglobin. One of the enzymes, plasmepsin I, cleaves native hemoglobin (53,59). Plasmepsin II appears to prefer denatured globin as a substrate (53). On the basis of these data, plasmepsin I is thought to be responsible for initial cleavages of hemoglobin after the molecule is transported to the food vacuole (53). Incubation of cultured _P. falciparum_ parasites with the protease inhibitor leupeptin caused trophozoite food vacuoles to fill with apparently undegraded erythrocyte cytoplasm (63-65). Analysis of the leupeptin-treated parasites showed that they contained large quantities of undegraded globin, while minimal globin was detectable in control parasites (64,66). Leupeptin inhibits both cysteine and some serine proteases, but the highly specific cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 also caused undegraded globin to accumulate. After parasites were incubated with inhibitors of other classes of proteases including the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin (63-67), globin did not accumulate. More recent studies that used nondenaturing electrophoretic methods demonstrated that cysteine protease inhibitors not only blocked malarial globin hydrolysis, but also inhibited earlier steps in hemoglobin degradation, including denaturation of the hemoglobin tetramer and the release of heme from globin (68). Another study showed that E-64, but not pepstatin, inhibited the production of hemozoin (the malarial end product of heme) by cultured parasites (69). These results suggest that a cysteine protease is required for initial steps in hemoglobin degradation by _P. falciparum_. A _P. falciparum trophozoite cysteine protease with biochemical features expected for a food vacuole hemoglobinase has been identified (31) and biochemically (70-72) and molecularly (73) characterized. This protease, called falcipain, degraded denatured and native hemoglobin in vitro; its acid pH optimum, substrate specificity, and inhibitor sensitivity indicated that it was a papain family cysteine protease (64,70,71). Specific inhibitors of falcipain blocked hemoglobin degradation and prevented parasite development. The degree of inhibition of falcipain by fluoromethyl ketones (44) and vinyl sulfones (46) correlated with their inhibition of hemoglobin degradation and parasite development, supporting the hypothesis that falcipain is the cysteine protease required for hemoglobin degradation. The specific mechanism for hemoglobin degradation in the malarial food vacuole remains unclear. As noted above, both the aspartic protease plasmepsin I and the cysteine protease falcipain have been identified in parasite food vacuoles and shown to cleave denatured and native hemoglobin in vitro (53,71). Results showing that only cysteine protease inhibitors block hemoglobin processing and globin hydrolysis in cultured parasites suggest that falcipain is required for initial steps of hemoglobin degradation (66-68,74). However, other studies have shown that native hemoglobin is cleaved by plasmepsin I, but not falcipain, in nonreducing conditions that may be present in the food vacuole (53,59,72). In any event, regardless of the exact sequence of hemoglobin processing, multiple enzymes, including at least the three proteases already identified, appear to participate in the degradation of hemoglobin. These proteases are thus logical targets for antimalarial drug development. Aminopeptidase activity has also been described in malaria parasites (75-77). This activity, with a neutral pH optimum, was not found in food vacuole lysates (77). When these lysates were incubated with hemoglobin, discrete peptide fragments, but not free amino acids, were identified (77). These results suggest that hemoglobin is degraded to small peptides in the food vacuole, that these peptides are transported to the parasite cytosol, and that additional processing of hemoglobin peptides is mediated by cytosolic aminopeptidase activity (77). Drug Development Efforts Both the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 and the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin blocked _P. falciparum_ development (63-67). Administered together, the two inhibitors acted synergistically (67). However, only E-64 blocked globin hydrolysis (64-67). Numerous peptide-based cysteine protease inhibitors, including fluoromethyl ketones (44,70,78) and vinyl sulfones (46), inhibited falcipain at low nanomolar concentrations and inhibited _P. falciparum_ development and hemoglobin degradation at concentrations below 100 nanomolar (Table 3). In a malaria animal model, a fluoromethyl ketone that inhibited falcipain at low nanomolar concentrations blocked _P. vinckei_ protease activity in vivo after a single subcutaneous dose, and, when administered for 4 days, cured 80% of murine malaria infections (45). Thus, despite the theoretical limitations of potentially rapid degradation in vivo and inhibition of host proteases, peptide protease inhibitors show promise as candidate antimalarial drugs. Fluoromethyl ketones have subsequently shown toxicity in animal studies, but evaluations of related, apparently nontoxic inhibitors of falcipain as antimalarial drugs are under way. Table 3. Protease targets for chemotherapy --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Effective inhibitors (sup a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Protease Biologic Compound (Reference) In vitro (sup In vivo (sup role b) c) (mg/kg/day) (IC(sub 50); (Microgram M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pf68 Erythrocyte GlcA-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-NHC(sub 900 invasion 2)H(sub 5) (40) Plasmepsin Hemoglobin SC-50083 (41) 2-5 I degradation 0.25 Ro 40-4388 (42) Plasmepsin Hemoglobin Compound 7 (43) 20 II degradation Falcipain Hemoglobin Z-Phe-Arg-CH2F (44) 0.064 degradation Mu-Phe-HPh-CH2F (45) ~0.03 400 Mu-Leu-HPh-VSPh (46) 0.01 Oxalic bis ((2-hydroxy-1-naph- 7 thylmethylene)hydrazide) (47) 1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-3- 0.23 (4-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-one (48) 7-chloro-1,2-dihydro-2-(2,3-di- 2 methoxy-phenyl)-5,5-dioxide- 4-(1H,10H)-phenothiazinone (49) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (sup a) The structures of these compounds and details of the described studies are in the references noted. (sup b) Assays compared the development of new ring-form parasites or the uptake of [ (sup 3) H]hypoxanthine by treated and control parasites. (sup c) Cure of _Plasmodium vinckei_-infected mice. A computer model for the structure of falcipain was used to identify nonpeptide inhibitors (47). Screening of potential nonpeptide inhibitors identified a low micromolar lead compound (47; Table 3). Subsequent synthesis and testing of small molecules based on the structure of the lead compound have identified biologically active falcipain inhibitors, including chalcones that block parasite metabolism at submicromolar concentrations (48) and phenothiazines that block parasite metabolism and development at low micromolar concentrations (49). Peptidelike aspartic protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of plasmepsins I and II. In independent studies SC-50083 (41), Ro 40-4388 (42), and "compound 7" (43) inhibited plasmepsin I or II at nanomolar concentrations and blocked parasite development at high nanomolar to micromolar concentrations (Table 3). Drug development efforts should be assisted by the recent determination of the structure of plasmepsin II (43). Inhibitors of aspartic and cysteine proteases have synergistic effects in inhibiting the growth of cultured malaria parasites (67), and these proteases also act synergistically to degrade hemoglobin in vitro (41). Therefore, the combination of inhibitors of malarial cysteine and aspartic proteases may provide the most effective chemotherapeutic regimen and best limit the development of parasite resistance to protease inhibitors. 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Identification of hemoglobin degradation products in _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;86:179-86. 75. Vander Jagt DL, Baack BR, Hunsaker LA. Purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase from _Plasmodium falciparum_. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1984;10:45-54. 76. Curley GP, O'Donovan SM, McNally J, Mullally M, O'Hara H, Troy A, et al. Aminopeptidases from _Plasmodium falciparum_, _Plasmodium chabaudi_, and _Plasmodium berghei_. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994;41:119-23. 77. Kolakovich KA, Gluzman IY, Duffin KL, Goldberg DE. Generation of hemoglobin peptides in the acidic digestive vacuole of _Plasmodium falciparum_ implicates peptide transport in amino acid production. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;87:123-35. 78. Rockett KA, Playfair JHL, Ashall F, Targett GAT, Angliker H, Shaw E. Inhibition of intraerythrocytic development of _Plasmodium falciparum_ by proteinase inhibitors. FEBS Lett 1990;259:257-9. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emerging Infectious Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA URL: ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/EID/vol4no1/ascii/rosenth.txt Please note that figures and equations are not available in ASCII format; their placement within the text is noted by [fig] and [eq], respectively. Greek symbols are spelled out. The following codes are used: (ft) for footnote; (sup) for superscript; (sub) for subscript; >/= for greater than or equal to. Italics are indicated by underlining before and after the italicized word(s) (e.g., _E.coli_ for E. coli).

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# **Instructions For Completing Service Difficulty Report (SDRX) Form 8070-1 (For Air Carrier And General Aviation)** The following instructions are provided as an aid to accurately complete the Service Difficulty Report (SDRX), FAA Form 8070‑1. The numbers/letters on this instruction sheet correspond with numbers/letters on the SDR form. Please provide as much information as possible in addition to the required reporting items. In accordance with SDR regulations, certificated SDR submitters have a time frame (currently 96 hours) in which to submit an SDR. The following items are required on an initial report, if the remainder of information to complete the report is not known. The remainder of the report can be submitted as a supplemental report when the information is obtained. If all the information required to comply with the applicable regulations is on the initial report, a supplemental report is not required. - ***Operator Control Number*** - ***Difficulty Date*** - ***Operator Designator*** - ***Submitter Designator*** - ***Submitter Type Code*** - ***SDR Type*** - ***JASC Code** (ATA Code)* - ***Nature Of Condition*** - ***Precautionary Procedure*** - ***Stage Of Operation Code*** - ***How Discovered Code*** - ***Aircraft Make*** - ***Major Equipment Identity:*** > Choose the manufacturer and model (and serial number if available) for > the following equipment to best describe the failure, malfunction, or > defect: Aircraft, Engine, Propeller, Part, or Component. (The Aircraft > Make will be required on all SDR's.) - ***Problem Description***: > Include a clear and concise description of the problem. Be as > descriptive as needed to accurately describe the failure, malfunction, > or defect. If possible, please limit the description to 1500 > characters. For SDR's submitted in this electronic format, information needed to complete various parts of the report is provided in the form of drop-down tables. Further information can be obtained in the soon-to-be-released Advisory Circular. **1.** **Submitter Information** **a.** ***[Operator Control Number (Unique Control #)\*]{.underline}***: > Only those certificate holders required by regulation to submit > service difficulty reports should include an operator control number > on the SDR. The operator control number provides a means to: 1) track > SDR\'s in the database; 2) recall SDR\'s from the database to update > or add supplemental information; and 3) allow the submitter and the > FAA to reference a particular SDR. The operator control number should be composed of a total of seventeen (17) alphanumeric characters. The operator control number will always begin with the first four alphanumeric characters of the submitter\'s certificate number. The next eight numbers represent the date when the SDR is submitted, in the format of "YYYYMMDD". The remaining numbers represent a submitter‑designed numbering system; any submitter‑designed numbering system is acceptable. For example, given operator control number \"ABCD2008013100455\": - \"ABCD\" denotes the first four alphanumeric characters of the submitter\'s certificate number - \"20080131\" indicates that the SDR was submitted on January 31, 2008 - \"00455\" indicates that this was the 455th SDR submitted by ABCD When a supplemental SDR is submitted, the certificate holder will use the operator control number from the original SDR, add the new or modified information to the original SDR, and resubmit it as a supplemental report. *\* This field is disabled on the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* b. ***[Difficulty Date]{.underline}***: > Enter the date the service difficulty was discovered. Submitters > should use the following format: \"MM/DD/YYYY". They year must contain > four digits. c. ***[Registration Number]{.underline}***: > Enter the aircraft registration number, excluding the "N" for US > registered aircraft. Include the country code and as much of the > registration number as possible for foreign-registered aircraft. > Because this field is also used to record foreign‑registered aircraft, > the first characters entered here must be the letter(s) or number(s) > that denote the country of registry. For example, the registration > number \"455RC\" would denote an aircraft registered in the United > States; the registration number \"C-GPRV\" would denote an aircraft > registered in Canada. Enter any special characters such as the "-" > (dash) in the Canadian-aircraft example. For military aircraft, enter > as much of the tail number as possible. d. ***[Submitter Type]{.underline}:*** > Enter the code that best identifies the person/organization initiating > the report. As an example, a part 121 air carrier would select 'a', a > repair station would select 'b'. Codes to aid selection are located in > a drop down table. e. ***[Submitter Designator\*:]{.underline}*** > If the report is submitted by a certificate holder, this field will be > auto-filled with the designator entered by the user when they > requested a user account for the application. > > *\* This does not apply to the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* **2. Codes** a. ***[Operator Designator\*:]{.underline}*** > Enter the operator designator, which is the first four alphanumeric > characters of the operator\'s certificate number. This designator will > always be the operator designator assigned to the operator of the > aircraft. Therefore, an SDR submitted by a repair station on behalf of > an operator should have the designator of the aircraft operator in > this block. The Operator Designator is required unless the Submitter > Type = 'Z' or the SDR Type = 'G'. *\* This field is disabled on the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form.* b. ***[Operator Type (SDR Type):]{.underline}*** > The Operator Type indicates whether the operator is General Aviation > ('G') or an Air Carrier ('A'). No values besides 'G' or 'A' are > allowed. c. ***[JASC/ATA Code:]{.underline}*** > Enter the appropriate code selected from the Joint Aircraft > System/Component (JASC) Code table or enter the code in the field. > > A drop-down table has been provided to aid in selecting a JASC Code. A > selection from the drop-down table can be made either by scrolling > through the codes or by typing part of the name or code number in the > 'Search' field to help select the correct code. The JASC Code must > contain four digits. d. ***[Stage of Operation:]{.underline}*** > Select the two‑letter code that best describes the stage of operation > when the service difficulty was discovered. The Stage of Operation > codes are for flight and ground operations. A drop-down table is > provided to aid in selection. e. ***[How Discovered:]{.underline}*** > Select the appropriate code to indicate how the service difficulty was > discovered. A drop down table is provided to aid in selection. f. ***[Nature of Condition:]{.underline}*** > Select one to three codes that best describe the nature of the > condition associated with the service difficulty. These codes may be > entered in an order that best describes the observed conditions. A > drop-down table is provided to aid in selection. g. ***[Precautionary Procedures:]{.underline}*** > Select one to four codes that best describe any precautionary > procedures taken by the flight crew in response to the reported > service difficulty. For example, selecting codes \"E,\" \"J,\" and > \"A\" signify that an engine was shut down, fuel was dumped, and an > unscheduled landing was made. A drop-down table is provided to aid in > selection. h. ***[FAA Region:]{.underline}*** > This field will be auto-filled by the system but can be edited if > needed. i. ***[FAA District Office:]{.underline}*** > This field will be auto-filled by the system but can be edited if > needed. **3. Major Equipment Identity** a. ***[Aircraft/ Engine/ Propeller:]{.underline}*** Enter the manufacturer, model, and serial number of the aeronautical product to which the service difficulty relates. The primary source for this information is the product\'s type certificate data sheet. Model and serial numbers should include prefix letters, if appropriate, but should not incorporate dashes, slashes, or blank spaces. If the product is amateur built, use the kit name. Avoid colloquial names and marketing titles. Engine and propeller data are not required unless related to the service difficulty. However, if the service difficulty concerns an engine or propeller, it is important to include engine or propeller information and aircraft make and model information. This information is needed because of the interchangeability of engine and propeller models on various aircraft. Submitters must use industry‑accepted abbreviations. For example, GE is the acceptable abbreviation for a General Electric engine and DOUG is the acceptable abbreviation for an aircraft manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Drop-down lists are provided for choices. b. ***[Total Time:]{.underline}*** If applicable, enter the aircraft, engine, or propeller total time in whole hours. c. ***[Total Cycles:]{.underline}*** If applicable, enter the aircraft, engine, or propeller total cycles. **4.** **Problem Description** > Clearly identify and describe the details of the failure, malfunction, > or defect. Include descriptive details of the conditions concerning > the part/assembly that caused the reported service difficulty. Provide > any significant facts that may help reduce the recurrence of the > problem and assist in the investigation. Enter any corrective action > taken if available at the time of the report. For supplemental SDR's, > prefix the new or modified information with "SUP". **5. Specific Part Causing Difficulty** **a.** ***[Part Name:]{.underline}*** Enter the applicable name given to the part by the manufacturer. A drop-down table provides a non-inclusive list to aid in part name selection. If your part name is not found on the list, simply enter the part name. The list will be continually updated. On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided and the Manufacturer's Name is not provided, you will be required to enter the Part Name. **b.** ***[Manufacturer\'s Name (Part Make):]{.underline}*** > Enter the name of the manufacturer of the part. Submitters should use > industry-accepted abbreviations. > > On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided and the > Part Name is not provided, you will be required to enter the > Manufacturer's Name. **c.** ***[Part Number:]{.underline}*** > Enter the applicable [manufacturer\'s]{.underline} part number, not an > airline/internally generated number. > > On the SDR Submission Form, if the Part Number is provided, you will > be required to provide either the Part Name or the Manufacturer's > Name. **d.** ***[Serial Number:]{.underline}*** > Enter the manufacturer\'s serial number, if applicable. **e.** ***[Part Condition:]{.underline}*** > Enter the single term that best describes the part condition. Avoid > the use of such terms as \"unserviceable\" or \"repairable.\" If > multiple terms are needed, enter the most significant term in the > \"part condition\" field and reference the other(s) in the Problem > Description field. A drop-down table is provided with a non-inclusive > list to aid in part condition selection. If the condition you desire > is not on the list, simply enter the condition on the form. The list > will be updated continually. **f.** ***[Part/Defect Location:]{.underline}*** > Enter the location of the defect on the part or enter the part > location on the aircraft, engine, or propeller as applicable. For > example, the location of an engine part on an engine is more > significant than the engine position on a multiengine aircraft. If a > generator has failed and the teardown reveals a bearing failure, it > would be important to identify in this block which bearing in the > generator has failed. In this example, the SDR (block 5f) would > identify the engine on which the generator is located. (Please report > the location of structural defects in the Structure area). **g.** ***[Total Time:]{.underline}*** > Enter the part total time in whole hours, if applicable. **h.** ***[Total Cycles:]{.underline}*** > Enter the part total cycles, if applicable. **i.** ***[Time Since:]{.underline}*** > If applicable, enter the time in whole hours that the part has been in > service since its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. Mark > the appropriate box to indicate whether the time indicated is since > its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. If the part has not > been overhauled, repaired, or inspected since it was new, no > information would be entered in this field. **6.** **Component/Assembly That Includes Defective Part** When completing this section of Form 8070‑1, provide information for the component/assembly that contains the defective part reported in item No. 5 of the SDR. The FAA requests that all references to components, assemblies, and parts (e.g., names and numbers) be those assigned by the manufacturer of those parts. It is difficult to perform meaningful trend analysis if submitters report problems using internally assigned names and numbers. a. ***[Component Name:]{.underline}*** > Enter the name of the malfunctioning or defective component/ assembly > containing the part that resulted in the generation of the SDR. The > component/assembly is the unit that includes the defective part. For > example, when the defective part is a bearing, the assembly will be > the unit that contains the bearing, such as a starter or alternator. > This name is important for output data sorting, interrogation, and > trend analysis. An initial SDR might only contain information on the component until teardown reveals the specific part that was defective. For example, an aircraft experiences an engine-driven generator malfunction. The generator is replaced after landing and an SDR is created and submitted. At that time, all that is known is that the generator has failed. During teardown of the generator, it is discovered that the shaft has broken. A supplemental SDR would be created with this new information. This would be a supplemental closed report, and the operator control number from the original report would again be used in this report. **b.** ***[Manufacturer\'s Name:]{.underline}*** > Enter the manufacturer of the component/assembly being reported. > Submitters should use industry‑accepted abbreviations such as PWA for > Pratt & Whitney. **c.** ***[Part Number:]{.underline}*** > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s part number for the component/ > assembly. **d.** ***[Serial Number:]{.underline}*** > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s serial number of the component/ > assembly. **e.** ***[Model Number:]{.underline}*** > Enter the applicable manufacturer\'s model number of the > component/assembly. **f.** ***[Location:]{.underline}*** > Indicate the location of the component/assembly. For example, if > reporting a generator failure and the generator is on the No. 2 > engine, report the location as engine No. 2. (Do not enter the > geographical location where the service difficulty was discovered). **g.** ***[Total Time:]{.underline}*** > Enter the total time in whole hours of the component/assembly. If the > component/assembly total time is unknown, use the aircraft, engine, or > propeller total time as applicable. **h.** ***[Total Cycles:]{.underline}*** > If applicable, enter the component/assembly total cycles. **i.** ***[Time Since:]{.underline}*** > Enter the time in whole hours that the component/assembly has been in > service since its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. Mark > the appropriate box to indicate whether the time indicated is since > its most recent overhaul, repair, or inspection. If the > component/assembly has not been overhauled, repaired, or inspected > since it was new, no information would be entered in this field. **7. Structure Causing Difficulty (for SDR Submission Form and Batch Upload)** If the service difficulty is structural in nature, use the appropriate blocks to identify the location of the defect. Use the manufacturer\'s standard location terminology as provided in the appropriate maintenance manual. The blocks provided identify some of the critical body and wing station locations. It is important to identify the location of the structural defect as specifically as possible because this information is used in trend analysis. Provide any additional location information in item No. 4, Problem Description. The following are some examples of additional location information: \"top of horizontal flange\", \"forward edge of attaching member\", \"forward surface of bulkhead\", \"inboard flange at nut plate\", and \"upper flange of stringer and skin surface\". If the SDR is related to aircraft structure, fill in the applicable blocks: a. ***[Body or Fuselage Station]{.underline}*** b. ***[Waterline]{.underline}*** c. ***[Crack Length]{.underline}*** If a crack is being reported, indicate crack length in inches. d. ***[Number of Cracks]{.underline}*** Normally one crack = one SDR. Use this block for multi-site cracking. e. ***[Stringer]{.underline}*** f. ***[Buttline]{.underline}*** g. ***[Wing Station]{.underline}*** h. ***[Structural Other]{.underline}*** i. ***[Corrosion Level]{.underline}*** > If corrosion is being reported, indicate corrosion level 2 or level 3 > by marking the appropriate block. Only those certificate holders with > a required corrosion prevention and control program (CPCP) are > required to report corrosion classification information in an SDR. For > corrosion reporting, corrosion levels are defined as follows: - [Level 2 Corrosion]{.underline}: > Level 2 corrosion is corrosion occurring between successive > inspections that requires rework/blend‑out that exceeds allowable > limits, requiring a repair or complete or partial replacement of a > principal structural element, as defined by the original equipment > manufacturer\'s structural repair manual. Level 2 corrosion is also > corrosion occurring between successive inspections that is widespread > and requires blend‑out approaching the allowable rework limits. - [Level 3 Corrosion:]{.underline} > Level 3 corrosion is corrosion found during first or subsequent > inspection(s) that is determined (normally by the operator) to be an > urgent airworthiness concern requiring expeditious action. **7. Submitted By (for Malfunction or Defect Submission Form only)** > For SDR's submitted through the Malfunction or Defect Submission Form, > users can enter the following contact information: **a. Name** **b. Telephone** **c. Email Address**

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# Presentation: 657300 ## Health Effects of Exposure to Extreme Heat **George Luber, PhD** **Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects** **National Center for Environmental Health** **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention** **Notes:** Good afternoon, I would like to begin by extending my thanks to the conference committee for orgainizing this session and giving for this opportunity to talk on an important emerging public health threat: heat waves. ## Presentation outline - An overview of the epidemiology of heat waves - The impact of climate change on extreme heat exposure - Current CDC activities **Notes:** Today’s talk will summarize some of the health impacts of exposure to extreme heat and highlight some of the activities CDC has undertaken to mitigate some of the effects I’ll begin this presentation will an overview of the heat related illnesses and discuss the current state of knowledge about the epidemiology of heat waves, This will be followed by a discussion of the potential impacts of climate change on extreme heat exposure and Finally, I will conclude with an overview of some current CDC activities in this area. ## Heat Waves **High mortality** - More deaths than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined. - From 1999–2003, total of 3,442 _reported_ heat-related deaths. Annual mean of 688 (MMWR 2006) **Lack of public recognition** - No damage to infrastructure (silent killer) - Many deaths go unreported or unattributed **Every death is preventable** **Notes:** Heat waves are not new phenomena; they have been quietly killing the most vulnerable residents of our cities for centuries In the United States, exposure to extreme heat is responsible for more deaths annually than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined. Over a 5 year period, from 1999–2003, there were a total of 3,442 reported heat-related deaths, for an annual average of 688. But, despite the lethality of heat and heat waves, there is still a lack of public recognition of the hazard of extreme heat exposure. Part of the problem lies in the fact that heat waves are silent killers--natural disasters that don’t leave a trail of destruction in their wake. Like other natural disasters they are sporatic phenomena, but unlike hurricanes, which leave lasting reminders of the devastation, memories of the heat wave disappears once cool weather arrives. From a public health viewpoint, another major obstacle lies in the fact that the true impact of heat waves is largely underestimated because many heat-related deaths are unreported or unrecognized as heat-related. Bodies found days after a heat wave, with no core temperature to record, often are not coded on death certificates as heat-related. Furthermore, increases in hospital visits and deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases have been documented during heat waves, suggesting that heat exacerbates these conditions as well. The inability, or failure to attribute these increases in mortality to the heat wave event has been a persistent challenge. At some fundamental level, each heat-related death represents a failure of the public health and social welfare system But despite these obstacles, it is our position that each and every heat-related death is preventable. ## Heat Wave Studies - 1980 St. Louis - 1st to highlight the magnitude of mortality from heat waves - All cause mortality increased 57% - 1993 Philadelphia - Identified cardiovascular mortality as a major cause of death associated with extreme heat - 1995 Chicago - Redefined heat-related death as used by medical examiners - Assisted with the development of a Heat Wave Response Plan ## MMWR 1995 **MMWR 1995** **2 day lag** **Notes:** Another important finding to emerge from the 1995 Chicago heat wave investigation was the relation between peak temperature, heat index, and mortality. This graph shows maximum temperature, heat index, and the number of heat-related deaths during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago Note the two day lag between max temp and deaths. This finding has important implications for it suggests that medical examiner surveillance should not be used as triggers for the activation of a public health response, including the provisioning of emergency cooling centers, instead a response must be activated when a heat-wave is forecast, not after illness or deaths are reported. ## Heat Wave Studies - 2003 France - 34,000+ dead in Europe - 14,000+ dead in France - Many were elderly in nursing homes - No effective method to cool **Notes:** Perhaps the most startling reminder of the potential lethality of heat waves was the August 2003 European Heat Wave, which was responsible for over 34,000 deaths across Europe and more than 14,000 deaths in France alone. A combination of several factors were responsible for the high death rate, including a general lack of appreciation of the lethality of heat waves as evidenced by the fact that many health care professionals, who were on annual summer holiday in August, were not recalled to duty by the Ministry of Health. Tragically, many of the victims of this heat wave in France were the elderly under supervised care in nursing homes, most of which were not equipped with air-conditioning or other means of cooling. Even cold baths, an inconvenient but effective option, were not able to be used for cooling because of the high ratio of residents to showers. It would have taken days to give all the residents a single turn, ruling out this option. ## Lessons Learned - _Risk factors for hyperthermia:_ - Age - Underlying medical conditions / mental illness - Income and poverty status - Homelessness - Social isolation - Access to health care and cooling facilities - Neighborhood characteristics: land use/ land cover, crime rate, housing type, urban heat island **Notes:** These investigations, along with others have highlighted some of the most important risk factors for hyperthermia and heat-related death, including --age: the elderly and very young are most vulnerable because they are not able to thermoregulate efficiently because of their higher sweating thresholds,thus increasing the risk of life-threatening consequences when their body temperatures rise --those with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease, obesity, and even mental illness are at increased risk --poverty represents the combined risk of reduced health status and access to protective measures such as air conditioning: [CLICK] Increased risk is not limited to individual factors but also include features of the built environment that accentuate the health risks of heat waves including access to transportation, medical care and cooling centers as well as crime (necessitating keeping windows and doors closed for safety reasons), housing type and the urban heat island effect. ## Temperature-mortality relation for 11 US cities, 1973–1994 **Notes:** Another important epidemiologic insight gained from long term analysis of temperature and mortality is that cities have a temperature at which mortality is lowest. Mortality rates rise at temperatures outside this comfort zone This figure shws thel U-shaped relation between temperature and mortality for 11 US cities. The trough represents the comfort zone; the steeper (right-side) arm of each line shows the mortality increase at hot temperatures, and the shallower (left-side) arm of each line shows the increase with colder temperatures. What’s most important about this analysis is that the temperature-mortality relation varies greatly by latitude and climatic zone. In general, northern cities are more vulnerable to high temperatures and southern cities to low temperatures. Understanding the city-specific relation between temperature and mortality is critical for developing an appropriate public health respnse ## Climate Change Predictions **Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): ** * ** * * ** ** **“**Cities that currently experience heat waves are ** ** ** **expected to be further challenged by an ** ** ** ** **increased number, intensity and duration of ** ** ** **heat waves during the course of the century.”* [very high confidence] **Notes:** While urban areas of the United States are currently challenged by the high morbidity and mortality of heat waves a larger challenge is looming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the leading international scientific body on the effects of climate change predicts an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of heat waves in the coming century. The fact that the IPCC, a body known for their highly conservative predictions of the impact of climate change, estimates this outcome with a very high confidence, underscores the certainty that this will become a major public health problem this century. ## A July day in Atlanta that now reaches a heat index of 105°F would reach a heat index of 115°F in the Hadley model, and 130°F in the Canadian model. - July Heat Index Change -- 21st Century - Map by B. Felzer, UCAR, based on data from Canadian and Hadley modeling centers. **Notes:** An indication of the magnitude of the impact climate change will have on temperatures is illustrated here. These maps show the projected increase in average daily July heat index (a measure which combines heat and humidity) for the coming century, relative to the present. The largest increases in temperature are found in the southeastern states, where the Canadian model projects increases of more than 25°F. For example, a July day in Atlanta that now reaches a heat index of 105°F would reach a heat index of 115°F in the Hadley model, and 130°F in the Canadian model. ## Urban “built” environments - Cities and climate are coevolving in a manner that will place more populations at risk. - Increase in vulnerable populations: - Today, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, up from 30% in 1950. - By 2100 there will be 100 million more people > 65 years old (relative to 2000) (Ebi et al. 2006). - Urban heat islands **Notes:** Adding to the climate change-driven increases in temperature are the added effects of the urban “built” environment In fact, cities and climate are co-evolving in a manner that will certainly amplify both the effect of heat as well as the vulnerability of urban populations to heat-related death, for example: More than half the planet now lives in cities, up from 30 percent only 50 years ago. Urban areas are gaining an estimated 67 million people per year—about 1.3 million every week. By 2030, approximately 60% of the projected global population of 8.3 billion will live in cities. Additionally, there is a projected increase of 100 million more persons greater than 65 years of age by the year 2100 This population increase will be accompanied with rapid urbanization which is quickly transitioning communities from native vegetation to an engineered infrastructure that increases thermal-storage capacity, resulting in significant change in the urban climate compared to adjacent rural regions, known as the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI) ## Urban Heat Island can add 7° – 12° F - Thermal Satellite Image of Phoenix, AZ Night Surface Temperature **Notes:** The urban heat island can be a powerful force in local climate, as illustrated by the urban heat island diagram on the upper right. The combined effect of the high thermal mass provided by concrete and blacktop roads, and the low ventilation ability of the urban “canyons” created by tall buildings serve to extend the temperature increases created by climate change. [CLICK] In real terms, relative to the surrounding rural areas, urban heat islands can add from 7 – 12 degrees Fahrenheit to the urban heat load. More importantly, the urban heat island serves to absorb heat during the daytime and radiate it out at night, raising the nighttime minimum temperatures, which have been epidemiologically linked with excess mortality. This satellite thermal image of nighttime surface temperature in Phoenix vividly illustrates this effect. - Slide on the Phoenix neighborhood study - Neighborhood Microclimates within the UHI - Harlan et al 2006 **Notes:** In another study looking at the degree to which climate can vary within the urban heat island, Harlan and colleagues at Arizona State University compared 8 neighborhoods within Phoenix to look for differences in exposure to heat stress. They quantified and compared neighborhood ecological characteristics such as land cover, vegetation type, settlement density as well as sociodemographic characteristics such as age, income, education, and availability of resources to cope with heat such as air conditioning and swimming pools. They found statistically significant differences in temperatures between the study neighborhoods during the entire summer, which increased during a heat wave period. High settlement density typified by apartment buildings, sparse vegetation, and having no open green space in the neighborhood were significantly correlated with higher temperatures and thermal comfort index. Lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups, represented here by the Black Canyon Freeway neighborhood, were more likely to live in warmer neighborhoods with not only greater exposure to heat stress but in an environment that lacked resources to cope with it. In comparison, the upscale Historic Anglo Phoenix neighborhood, which has lush landscaped properties, ample greenspaces, and a high-percentage of houses with air-conditioning and pools experience significantly less heat exposure. If we compare average summertime mean maximum temperature for the two groups, we notice that the historic anglo neighborhood is about 7 degrees cooler on average. But these differences are amplified during the critical times such as heat waves where the difference jumps to 14 degrees Fahrenheit. In sum, people in warmer neighborhoods were more vulnerable to heat exposure because they had not only greater exposure to heat but also had fewer social and material resources to cope with it. ## CDC activities - Guidance on the development of city-specific heat response plans - Vulnerability mapping using remote sensing **Notes:** To respond to the multiple threats posed by heat waves, the urban environment, and climate change, CDC has have focused prevention efforts on developing tools that local emergency planners and decision-makers can use to prepare for and respond to heat waves. Two specific activities that I will highlight today include the creation of a guidance document for the development of heat response plans and the development of a methodology for mapping urban vulnerability to the effects of heat waves. ## Excessive Heat Events (EHE) Guidebook - City-specific heat response plans - The guidebook: - EPA, NOAA, CDC, FEMA collaboration - Options for defining EHE conditions - How to assess local vulnerability - EHE notification and response actions that work **Notes:** One critical lesson of previous investigations has been that excess mortality from heat waves can be prevented through the identification of relevant risk factors for a given locale and the development of written, city-specific heat response plans. Following this, CDC, in collaboration with colleagues at EPA, NOAA, and FEMA, have participated in the development of an Excessive Heat Events Guidebook, which provides a comprehensive set of guiding principle and a menu of options for cities and localities to use in the development of Heat Response Plans. These plans clearly define specific roles and responsibilities of government and non-governmental organizations during heat waves, They identify local populations at increased high risk for heat-related illness and death and determine which strategies will be used to reach them during heat emergencies. Heat response plans also include specific criteria for activation and deactivation of the plan and measures for periodic evaluation of the plan. ## Vulnerability Mapping using Remote Sensing - _Objective:__ _ - “to develop a new research methodology that provides local and regional governments a new set of skills and tools in prevention and emergency response planning for acute and chronic urban climate impacts.” **Notes:** A second activity focused on adapting to the challenges of climate change and heat waves centers on a collaboration between CDC and the National Center of Excellence on Urban Climate and Energy at Arizona State University. This project’s goal is to develop a research methodology that provides local and regional governments a new set of tools for prevention and emergency response planning for acute and chronic urban climate impacts. ## Identify Vulnerable Neighborhoods - Sorted spatially and temporally **Notes:** This approach attempts to understand the influence of built environment characteristics such as land use, housing stock and engineered materials on the spatial distribution of heat-related illness episodes, as quantified by EMS and Fire department dispatch data. This map of Phoenix Arizona shows the location of heat-related incidents for 2001-2005 ## Layers of Vulnerability / Risk Factors **Layers include:** - - Surface temp - - Land cover - - Power Outages - - Demographic variables - - Housing stock - - Engineered materials **Notes:** This heat incident data can then be overlayed with other layers of known risk factors to predict which neighborhoods are more likely to experience heat-realted morbidity and mortality during heat waves. This will allow local emergency response personnel to not only focus resources during these events but to also tailor prevention and health communication messages to specific ethnic or demographic groups. Prioirity areas for the provisioning of energy assistance and air conditioning can also be identified by this approach. ## Composite Vulnerability Map **Notes:** Colleagues at King’s College London are producing similar composite vulnerability maps which display a graduated sensitivity to heat stress index by district. This composite variable considers factors such as age, housing type, population density and poverty, but does not factor in the influence of the heat island effect through the use of satellite thermal imagery, as was shown in the previous work. We hope that future evaluations of these mapping techniques show that they are effective in predicting the location of deaths from heat waves and can prevent high mortality events like the one witnessed in Europe in 2003. ## Final thoughts: **Morbidity and mortality related to summer heat can prevented. ** **Adaptation measures such as city-specific Heat Response Plans are essential for prevention.** **Epidemiologic studies and ecological models of risk provide important guidance for prevention efforts.** **Notes:** To conclude, it has become clear that the excessive temperatures brought about by climate change and enhanced by factors of the built environment cannot be prevented, but the high morbidity and mortality associated with these events can be. Public health can and should play an active role in the development of adaptation measures such as city specific heat response plans. And finally, we should ensure that the development of these plans are guided by the best evidence based data, generated by epidemiologic studies and ecological models, on the relation between hazard and health outcomes. Thank you

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# Presentation: 877401 - (Trying to have) - Fun at the Supercomputing 2006 ## Layout - Open flow - Cheap - Flexible - Easy to assemble/present/disassemble - SLAC is responsible/will come up with, but it is good to have an opinion/alternatives ## Content - Theme: ‘(Postcards from?) the Quantum Universe’ - Keywords: Einstein, Powerful, Beyond Imagination, (Quantum) Universe, Discovery, Colliders - Non-scietific audience  Minimum of words, maximum of images - Dynamic images rather than static (_short_) movies/slideshows/presentations (image rich) - Whenever possible: expose the role of computing and computers ## Hardware/equipment - 7 display segments: - 4 plasma (LCD?) screens - 3 posters - 4 projection screens - 2 interactive workstations ## Static posters - Questions for (about?) the Universe - Einstein’s dream of unified forces - The particle world - Birth of the Universe ## Presentations/slide shows - Experiments and Detectors - World Wide Web of Laboratories (FNAL/SLAC/CERN/KEK/DESY) - Images of the universe - Faces of Fermilab - Hadron Colliders - Arts and Physics - Tracking down particles - Oddone’s talk for summer students (abbreviated) ## Movies - SDSS (3D?) - The CMS quest - Atlas detector - LHC machine - MINOS experiment - Gravity waves - Gravitational lensing - Black hole - Powers of ten ## Movies (the lighter side) - NOVA: The Elegant Universe - The Quantum Café - Extra Dimensions? - LHC (Les Horribles Cernettes) - Quantum Universe by Fermi Singers (?) ## Interactive displays/activities - Cloud chamber - Silicon chip probe station - Hitting the beams head-on (?) - E-mailing postcards from the Quantum Universe - Live video link to CDF/MINOS control rooms and to some selected physicists ## Handouts - Quantum Universe - Discovering the Quantum Universe - Bluff your way in the Quantum Universe - Pieces of scintillator - Pieces of scintillating/waveshifting fibers - ILC Handouts - Neutrino Handouts

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# Presentation: 435907 ## NIH - Electronic Grant - Application ## Getting Started with Electronic Submission **Notes:** Let’s discuss what steps you need to take to get started submitting electronic applications to NIH. ## Finding Grant Opportunities **How Do You Find Grant Opportunities?** - All applications must be submitted in response to a *Funding Opportunity Announcement* (FOA) - FOAs are posted online in the _[NIH Guide for Grants & Contracts ](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)__and at __[www.Grants.gov](http://www.grants.gov/)__ (under “Find Grant Opportunities”)_ **NIH Guide:** _[http://](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)__[grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/index.html)_ **Notes:** All applications to NIH must be submitted in response to a Funding Opportunity Announcement. Search for announcements related to your area of science in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts. Once you find the FOA that fits, open the announcement and there will be a button to “Apply for Grants Electronically” this will take you to the appropriate application package for the opportunity. ## Parent Announcements “Parent” FOAs are your ticket to applying for investigator-initiated research Use the Parent electronic application package for your chosen grant program (i.e. R01, R03, R21 etc.) **“****Parent****”**** **FOAs are your ticket to applying for investigator-initiated research - Use the Parent electronic application package for your chosen grant program (i.e. R01, R03, R21 etc.) **Parent FOAs** **Parent announcements listed at:** - _[http://](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm)__[grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm](http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/parent_announcements.htm)_ - Finding Grant Opportunities **Notes:** The move to electronic submission requires an electronic application package for each FOA so we created “Parent” FOAs to apply for Investigator-initiated research. Find the Parent announcement for your chosen grant program by typing in the word “Parent” while searching in the NIH Guide, or visit the Parent Announcement page at the URL listed. ## NIH – Two System Process **Grants.gov** - Grants.gov hosts standardized federal forms SF424 (R&R) and agency-specific forms (PHS 398) - Electronic application through Grants.gov using these forms is mandatory for most FOAs. Grants.gov checks the application for federal-wide requirements. **eRA Commons** - NIH retrieves the data from Grants.gov and checks the application against NIH-specific requirements - eRA Commons allows applicants to electronically track the status of submissions and to receive/transmit application and award information **Notes:** The electronic application process for NIH involves using standardized federal forms and some agency-specific forms provided online by Grants.gov. Once the forms are submitted to Grants.gov, the data is retrieved by NIH systems and checked against the rules and requirements for the Funding Opportunity Announcement. The vast majority of NIH Funding Opportunities require electronic submission through Grants.gov. Within NIH’s system, called the eRA Commons, Signing Officials and Principal Investigators can check the status of their applications and view the assembled application image. Each one of these systems has registration requirements that are independent of one another. ## Registration **Grants.gov**** ** - Be sure your organization is registered! (one time) - U.S. organizations obtain EIN from IRS (foreign applicants see next slide) - Request DUNS # from Dun & Bradstreet - Register with Central Contractor Registry (CCR) – identify the eBiz Point of Contact (POC) - Register the Authorized Organization Reps (AORs) who can officially sign the application and submit - Visit: http://www.grants.gov/applicants/get_registered.jsp **Grants.gov registration can take up to 8 weeks for international organizations. START NOW!** **Notes:** Every organization that will be applying for grants must be registered with Grants.gov – this is a one time process. The Authorized Organizational Representatives are the only ones who may submit applications electronically for the organization. The Grants.gov registration is a multi-step process that can take several weeks to complete. Be sure to start early to ensure that all the requirements are met prior to the receipt date for the grant application. Contact the Grants.gov Contact Center (information is included at the end of the presentation) for assistance with Grants.gov registration or software questions. ## Registration - International **Tips for Foreign Organizations** - If you do not have an EIN number – use 44-4444444 on the application - You will need a NATO Commercial & Government Entity (NCAGE) Code *prior *to registering with CCR. The form and instructions can be found at: _[http://www.dlis.dla.mil/Forms/Form_AC135.asp](http://www.dlis.dla.mil/Forms/Form_AC135.asp)__ _ - Organizations with an address containing APO, FPO, or AE *do not* need an NCAGE code - A few countries may have trouble accessing the CCR website. If so, phone: 1-269-961-5757 (International) - For more details visit: _[h](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm)__[ttp://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/preparing_grantsgov_reg.htm)__ _ **Notes:** There are some registration requirements that are specific to foreign organizations – those items are listed on this slide. ## Registration **eRA Commons – *****Register Your Organization *** - Register your organization (one time) & register your Signing Officials (SO) - SOs register and create separate accounts for the Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PDs/PIs) - May be completed simultaneously with Grants.gov registration (as soon as the DUNS # is obtained) - Register at: - _[https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/registration/registrationInstructions.jsp](https://commons.era.nih.gov/commons/registration/registrationInstructions.jsp)_ **Allow 2 – 4 weeks to complete organization** **registration in the eRA Commons** **Notes:** The NIH eRA Commons requires a one – time registration for the Organization. All Project Directors/Principal Investigators and Signing Officials must also be registered in the Commons. Signing Officials are able to view all applications that have been submitted on behalf of the organization. Contact the eRA Help Desk with any questions regarding registration or eRA Commons accounts. ## Registration **eRA Commons – *****PD/PI Registration*** - The PD/PI needs to work with the SO to get registered in the eRA Commons - The PI and SO need separate accounts because each has different privileges - PIs have one account that follows them throughout their careers. They can view all applications where they are listed as “PI.” The same account may be affiliated with multiple organizations. - SOs can view all applications submitted on behalf of the organization **Allow 4 – 5 business days to complete ** **PI registration in the eRA Commons** **Notes:** The organization’s SO must create the PD/PI account in the eRA Commons. Once created, the PD/PI is encouraged to review their profile and keep all personal information up to date. PD/PIs can only view the applications that were submitted where they were assigned the PD/PI role. This may include applications from multiple organizations if the PD/PI has worked with multiple organizations. Once a PI has an account, they will keep it throughout their career regardless of whether they change organizations/institutions. ## Software Requirements - Grants.gov Forms Viewer Software (Free) - PureEdge Forms Viewer - New Adobe Acrobat Viewer coming this Fall - _[http://](http://www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp)__[www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp](http://www.grants.gov/resources/download_software.jsp)_ - PDF generation software – list provided on Grants.gov website _[http://www.grants.gov/agencies/software.jsp#3](http://www.grants.gov/agencies/software.jsp#Finding Grant Opportunities)_ **Notes:** In order to view the electronic application forms, you must download the required Forms Viewer that is available at no charge from the Grants.gov website. Mac users have a special viewer that they will need to use until Grants.gov releases a new viewer from Adobe Acrobat which will also be free of charge. This is anticipated for release at the end of summer 2007 or early fall. Applicants also need to have the ability to generate PDF (portable document format) documents to attach all of the required information to the application forms. Grants.gov provides a list of PDF software that is compatible on their website. ## Preparing Your Application - Download the Application Package and Instructions at the same time. NIH-specific instructions are denoted by the HHS logo - Save the application to your hard drive – remember to save it after each change - The application includes specific data fields as well as multiple attachments - All attachments must be saved as** PDF** documents **Notes:** Once you find the appropriate Funding Opportunity Announcement, download the application and the instructions at the same time to ensure they are the most up-to-date. Save the application to your computer’s hard drive so that you can work on it offline. Remember to save the changes each time you update the application. Special instructions for NIH applications are denoted by the HHS logo in the Application Guide. Applicants will open each form that is included with the application, complete the form data fields and attach additional information as PDF documents. ## Preparing Your Application **Avoiding Common Errors** - NIH requires all application attachments to be in ***PDF*** format - The eRA Commons Username must be entered in the “Credential, e.g. agency login” field for each PI. This field is located on the R&R Senior/Key Person Profile(s) form. - The Organization Name must be included for all Senior/Key Persons listed - Senior/Key Person effort listed on the R&R Budget form must be greater than zero **For more information visit:** - _[http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm](http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm)_ **Notes:** These four errors are the most common that applicants have been experiencing. Keep this as a handy reference to ensure that you don’t get caught by one of them! ## Submit Your Application - Registration with Grants.gov *and* eRA Commons must be complete prior to submission - Only the AOR may sign & submit the application on behalf of the organization - Grants.gov provides a Tracking Number and a Date/Time stamp when you click ‘Submit’ – save this information **Notes:** All registration requirements with Grants.gov and the eRA Commons must be completed prior to submitting the application. The application is submitted to Grants.gov by the Authorized Organizational Representative. Grants.gov will provide a Tracking Number and a Date/Time stamp as proof of receipt when the application is submitted. Be sure to print and save this information in the event that you need to contact Grants.gov or NIH for support. ## On Time Submission - All registrations with Grants.gov & eRA Commons must be complete - Initial submission must have a Grants.gov timestamp on or before **5:00p.m. local time** of submitting organization on the receipt date - Errors in the application must be corrected within 5 business days of the receipt date **Notes:** On-time submission includes a Grants.gov timestamp on or before 5p (local time at the organization) on the receipt date. Grants.gov will notify the organization through the AOR the status of the application submission. Once NIH retrieves the application information, the SO, PD/PI and Person to be contacted that is listed on the application are all notified of the status at NIH. ## Errors & Warnings ***Errors*** stop processing and will keep your application from being accepted by NIH ***Warnings ***provide caution for you to ensure the item is correct, but will not stop processing - “Changed/Corrected” applications may be submitted to Grants.gov again to address errors/warnings in the **five business days** after the receipt date. - Initial application must have been on time - you must include a cover letter explaining your changes **Limited** **Time!** **Notes:** If you have errors in the application, it will stop processing and your application will go no further. Warnings are to provide an indication that something may not be correct and applicants should check to be sure that no changes to the application are needed. You must correct errors within 5 business days after the receipt date. This correction period is being provided for a Limited Time since the process is new for the community. In order to make changes to the application to correct errors and warnings, the AOR & PI must work together to make the necessary corrections and then the AOR must submit the entire application to Grants.gov again with a cover letter explaining the changes. ## Tracking Your Application - It is the applicants responsibility to track the application - Grants.gov will send status emails to the AOR. eRA Commons will send status emails to the Signing Official, PI & “Person to be contacted” listed on the application - Log into eRA Commons to check application status; do not rely on emails. If it is error-free, you will have an assembled application to view **Notes:** It’s important to track your application in the eRA Commons to ensure receipt by NIH from Grants.gov. Do not rely on the email notifications since email can be unreliable. ## Application – Viewing Window - Applicants have ***two weekdays*** (M-F, *not including U.S. federal holidays*) to view the assembled application. If no action is taken, it automatically proceeds to NIH’s Division of Receipt and Referral. - Signing Official has option to “Reject” - PI will receive e-mail notification if SO rejects application - If “Rejected” after receipt date for any reasonother than a Grants.gov or NIH system issue, the submission is subject to the NIH late policy **Notes:** An error free application will be assembled by the eRA Commons and an image of the application is available online. Be sure to check your application and all attachments to ensure it was assembled and formatted by the system correctly. ## Finding Help **eRA Commons Help Desk** Online Help Ticket : http://ithelpdesk.nih.gov/eRA/ Phone: 301-402-7469Hours : Mon-Fri, 7a.m. to 8 p.m. EST - Support for: Commons Registration, Application Status, Post-submission questions **Grants.gov Contact Center **Toll-free: 1-800-518-4726Hours : Mon-Fri, 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. ESTEmail : support@grants.gov - Support for: PureEdge Forms, PureEdge with a Mac, Grants.gov Registration **Notes:** Please do not hesitate to use the resources listed on this page for assistance with this new process! ## Online Resources - Overview of Electronic Submission http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/ - Frequently Asked Questions http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/faq.htm - Avoiding Common Errors http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/avoiding_errors.htm - Training Resources, Videos, Quick Reference Materials http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/training.htm

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# Presentation: 695035 ## Pbar Production Rates at Lithium Lens Collection - Steve Kahn - November 28, 2005 ## Iridium Target - 11 cm long - Target radius 1.5 mm - Beam spot 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Copper Target Case 1 - Copper Target - 11 cm long (remember that int=15 cm) - Radius is 1.5 mm - Beam spot is 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Copper Target Case 2 - Copper Target - 15 cm long (remember that int=15 cm) - Radius is 1.5 mm - Beam spot is 1 mm - Li Lens positioned 2 cm after end of target - 8 Tesla at 1 cm - 12 cm long - 240  mm mrad acceptance in x x (y y) required - p/p=6% about 3.5 GeV/c ## Pbar Production Rates | Case | Protons on Target | Pbars after Target | Pbars Accepted after Li Lens | Pbars collected in p/p=6% | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Iridium | 7563715 | 6666 8.8×104 | 99 1.3×105 | 16 2.1×106 | | Copper 11 cm | 8000000 | 6202 7.8×104 | 99 1.2×105 | 14 1.8×106 | | Copper 15 cm | 6000000 | 5639 9.4×104 | 85 1.4×105 | 10 1.7×106 |

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![](media/image1.png){width="5.972916666666666in" height="0.4791666666666667in"} Top of Form ## Complete Summary #### TITLE Perioperative care: percentage of surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first or second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic who had an order for cefazolin or cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis. #### SOURCE(S) American College of Surgeons, Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement®, National Committee for Quality Assurance. Perioperative care physician performance measurement set. Chicago (IL): American Medical Association, National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2006 Oct. 11 p. \[8 references\] ### Measure Domain #### PRIMARY MEASURE DOMAIN Process The validity of measures depends on how they are built. By examining the key building blocks of a measure, you can assess its validity for your purpose. For more information, visit the [Measure Validity](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/resources/measure_domains.aspx) page. #### SECONDARY MEASURE DOMAIN Does not apply to this measure ### Brief Abstract #### DESCRIPTION This measure is used to assess the percentage of surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first or second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic who had an order for cefazolin or cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis. #### RATIONALE Current published evidence supports the use of either cefazolin, a first generation cephalosporin, or cefuroxime, a second generation cephalosporin, for many surgical procedures, in the absence of Beta-lactam allergy. An alternative antimicrobial regimen may be appropriate depending on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in an individual institution (potentially a medical reason for excluding patients treated at that institution from this measure).\* \*The following clinical recommendation statements are quoted [verbatim]{.underline} from the referenced clinical guidelines and represent the evidence base for the measure: For most procedures, cefazolin should be the agent of choice because of its relatively long duration of action, its effectiveness against the organisms most commonly encountered in surgery, and it\'s relatively low cost. (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \[ASHP\]) In operations for which cephalosporins represent appropriate prophylaxis, alternative antimicrobials should be provided to those with a high likelihood of serious adverse reaction or allergy on the basis of patient history or diagnostic tests such as skin testing. The preferred antimicrobials for prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty are cefazolin and cefuroxime. Vancomycin or clindamycin may be used in patients with serious allergy or adverse reactions to Beta-lactams. The recommended antimicrobials for cardiothoracic and vascular operations include cefazolin or cefuroxime. For patients with serious allergy or adverse reaction to Beta-lactams, vancomycin is appropriate, and clindamycin may be an acceptable alternative. (Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup \[SIPGWW\]) #### PRIMARY CLINICAL COMPONENT Perioperative care; cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic; cefazolin; cefuroxime #### DENOMINATOR DESCRIPTION All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic (see the related \"Denominator Inclusions/Exclusions\" field in the Complete Summary) #### NUMERATOR DESCRIPTION Surgical patients who had an order for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis (see the related \"Numerator Inclusions/Exclusions\" field in the Complete Summary) ### Evidence Supporting the Measure #### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE CRITERION OF QUALITY - A clinical practice guideline or other peer-reviewed synthesis of the clinical evidence ### Evidence Supporting Need for the Measure #### NEED FOR THE MEASURE Use of this measure to improve performance\ Variation in quality for the performance measured #### EVIDENCE SUPPORTING NEED FOR THE MEASURE Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Making health care safer. A critical analysis of patient safety issues \[AHRQ Publication No. 01-E058\]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2001 Jul. 672 p.(Evidence report /technology assessment; no. 43). Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C, Steele L, Dellinger EP, Fry DE, Wright C, Ma A, Carr K, Red L. Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the national surgical infection prevention project. Arch Surg2005 Feb;140(2):174-82. [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15724000) Leatherman S, McCarthy D. Quality of health care for medicare beneficiaries: a chartbook. Focusing on the elderly living in the community. Vol. 815New York (NY): Commonwealth Fund; 2005 May. 184 p. ### State of Use of the Measure #### STATE OF USE Current routine use #### CURRENT USE Internal quality improvement\ National reporting ### Application of Measure in its Current Use #### CARE SETTING Hospitals #### PROFESSIONALS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH CARE Physicians #### LOWEST LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY ADDRESSED Individual Clinicians #### TARGET POPULATION AGE Age greater than or equal to 18 years #### TARGET POPULATION GENDER Either male or female #### STRATIFICATION BY VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Unspecified ### Characteristics of the Primary Clinical Component #### INCIDENCE/PREVALENCE Unspecified #### ASSOCIATION WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Unspecified #### BURDEN OF ILLNESS Unspecified #### UTILIZATION Unspecified #### COSTS Unspecified ### Institute of Medicine National Healthcare Quality Report Categories #### IOM CARE NEED Getting Better #### IOM DOMAIN Effectiveness ### Data Collection for the Measure #### CASE FINDING Users of care only #### DESCRIPTION OF CASE FINDING All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic #### DENOMINATOR SAMPLING FRAME Patients associated with provider #### DENOMINATOR INCLUSIONS/EXCLUSIONS **Inclusions**\ All surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic **Exclusions**\ Documentation of medical reason(s) for not ordering cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis #### RELATIONSHIP OF DENOMINATOR TO NUMERATOR All cases in the denominator are equally eligible to appear in the numerator #### DENOMINATOR (INDEX) EVENT Therapeutic Intervention #### DENOMINATOR TIME WINDOW Time window is a single point in time #### NUMERATOR INCLUSIONS/EXCLUSIONS **Inclusions**\ Surgical patients who had an order for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis **Note**: There must be documentation of order (written order, verbal order, or standing order/protocol) for cefazolin OR cefuroxime for antimicrobial prophylaxis OR documentation that cefazolin OR cefuroxime was *[given]{.underline}*. **Exclusions**\ None #### MEASURE RESULTS UNDER CONTROL OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR POLICYMAKERS The measure results are somewhat or substantially under the control of the health care professionals, organizations and/or policymakers to whom the measure applies. #### NUMERATOR TIME WINDOW Encounter or point in time #### DATA SOURCE Administrative data\ Medical record #### LEVEL OF DETERMINATION OF QUALITY Individual Case #### PRE-EXISTING INSTRUMENT USED Unspecified ### Computation of the Measure #### SCORING Rate #### INTERPRETATION OF SCORE Better quality is associated with a higher score #### ALLOWANCE FOR PATIENT FACTORS Unspecified #### STANDARD OF COMPARISON Internal time comparison ### Evaluation of Measure Properties #### EXTENT OF MEASURE TESTING Unspecified ### Identifying Information #### ORIGINAL TITLE Measure #3: selection of prophylactic antibiotic - first OR second generation cephalosporin. #### MEASURE COLLECTION [The Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® Measurement Sets](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/Browse/DisplayOrganization.aspx?org_id=1909&doc=178) #### MEASURE SET NAME [Perioperative Care Physician Performance Measurement Set](http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/Browse/DisplayOrganization.aspx?org_id=1909&doc=10256) #### SUBMITTER American Medical Association on behalf of the American College of Surgeons, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® #### DEVELOPER American College of Surgeons\ National Committee for Quality Assurance\ Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® #### FUNDING SOURCE(S) Unspecified #### COMPOSITION OF THE GROUP THAT DEVELOPED THE MEASURE Ronald A. Gabel, MD (*Co-Chair*); R. Scott Jones, MD, FACS (*Co-Chair*); Priscilla Arnold, MD; Raj Behal, MD, MPH; Dale W. Bratzler, DO, MPH; Quentin Clemens, MD; Charles Drueck, MD, FACC; Fred Edwards, MD; Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC; Alex Hannenberg, MD; Daniel L. Herr, MS, MD, FCCM; David Hunt, MD, FACS; Kay Jewell, MD; Rahul K. Khare, MD, FACS; Shukri F. Khuri, MD, MBA; Rick Leary, MD, MBA; Kenneth Moore, MD; Mark Morasch, MD; Stephen Novack, DO; Frank Opelka, MD; Laura Orvidas, MD; Tom Read, MD; Sam J.W. Romeo, MD, MBA; Jerry Shuster, MD; Carl A. Sirio, MD; Sandra Tunajek, CRNA, ND; Patrick Voight, RN, BSN, MSA, CNOR; William Wooden, MD Julie Lewis, American College of Surgeons; Karen Richards, American College of Surgeons Mark S. Antman, DDS, MBA, American Medical Association; Karen S. Kmetik, PhD, American Medical Association; Beth Tapper, MA, American Medical Association; Samantha Tierney, MPH, American Medical Association Joachim Roski, PhD, MPH, National Committee for Quality Assurance Tom Croghan, MD; Latousha Leslie, RN, MS, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Sylvia Publ, MBA, RHIA, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Michael Rapp, MD, Mathematica Policy Research, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Lisa Buczkowski, RN, MS, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; Raquel Gabriel-Bennewitz, MS/MBA, BSN, RN, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Rebecca A. Kresowik, Facilitators; Timothy F. Kresowik, MD, Facilitator #### FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES/OTHER POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Conflicts, if any, are disclosed in accordance with the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® conflict of interest policy. #### ENDORSER National Quality Forum #### INCLUDED IN Ambulatory Care Quality Alliance\ Physician Quality Reporting Initiative #### ADAPTATION This measure was harmonized to the extent possible to measures included in the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP). #### PARENT MEASURE Unspecified #### RELEASE DATE 2006 Oct #### MEASURE STATUS This is the current release of the measure. #### SOURCE(S) American College of Surgeons, Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement®, National Committee for Quality Assurance. Perioperative care physician performance measurement set. Chicago (IL): American Medical Association, National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2006 Oct. 11 p. \[8 references\] #### MEASURE AVAILABILITY The individual measure, \"Measure #3: Selection of Prophylactic Antibiotic - First OR Second Generation Cephalosporin,\" is published in the \"Perioperative Care Physician Performance Measurement Set.\" This document and technical specifications are available in Portable Document Format (PDF) from the American Medical Association (AMA)-convened Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® Web site: [www.physicianconsortium.org](http://www.physicianconsortium.org/). For further information, please contact AMA staff by e-mail at <cqi@ama-assn.org>. #### NQMC STATUS This NQMC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on September 13, 2007. The information was verified by the measure developer on October 26, 2007. #### COPYRIGHT STATEMENT © Measures including specifications © 2005-6 American Medical Association and National Committee for Quality Assurance ### Disclaimer #### NQMC DISCLAIMER The National Quality Measures Clearinghouse™ (NQMC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the measures represented on this site. All measures summarized by NQMC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public and private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, individuals, and similar entities. Measures represented on the NQMC Web site are submitted by measure developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NQMC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at <http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/about/inclusion.aspx>. NQMC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or its reliability and/or validity of the quality measures and related materials represented on this site. The inclusion or hosting of measures in NQMC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes. Readers with questions regarding measure content are directed to contact the measure developer. Bottom of Form © 2008 National Quality Measures Clearinghouse Date Modified: 11/3/2008

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Intergovernmental Data Quality Task Force Workbook for Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans Evaluating, Assessing, and Documenting Environmental Data Collection and Use Programs Part 2A: UFP-QAPP Workbook ![](media/image1.png){width="1.2451388888888888in" height="1.2368055555555555in"} ![](media/image2.png){width="1.2458333333333333in" height="1.2458333333333333in"} ![](media/image3.png){width="1.2118055555555556in" height="1.1645833333333333in"} Final Version 1 March 2005 ***This page intentionally left blank.*** **TABLE OF CONTENTS** INTRODUCTION QAPP Worksheet #1. Title and Approval Page 1 QAPP Worksheet #2. QAPP Identifying Information 2 QAPP Worksheet #3. Distribution List 6 QAPP Worksheet #4. Project Personnel Sign-Off Sheet 7 QAPP Worksheet #5. Project Organizational Chart 8 QAPP Worksheet #6. Communication Pathways 9 QAPP Worksheet #7. Personnel Responsibilities and Qualifications Table 10 QAPP Worksheet #8. Special Personnel Training Requirements Table 11 QAPP Worksheet #9. Project Scoping Session Participants Sheet 12 QAPP Worksheet #10. Problem Definition 13 QAPP Worksheet #11. Project Quality Objectives/Systematic Planning Process Statements 14 QAPP Worksheet #12. Measurement Performance Criteria Table 15 QAPP Worksheet #13. Secondary Data Criteria and Limitations Table 16 QAPP Worksheet #14. Summary of Project Tasks 17 QAPP Worksheet #15. Reference Limits and Evaluation Table 18 QAPP Worksheet #16. Project Schedule/Timeline Table 19 QAPP Worksheet #17. Sampling Design and Rationale 20 QAPP Worksheet #18. Sampling Locations and Methods/SOP Requirements Table 21 QAPP Worksheet #19. Analytical SOP Requirements Table 22 QAPP Worksheet #20. Field Quality Control Sample Summary Table 23 QAPP Worksheet #21. Project Sampling SOP Reference Table 24 QAPP Worksheet #22. Field Equipment Calibration, Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table 25 QAPP Worksheet #23. Analytical SOP Reference Table 26 QAPP Worksheet #24. Analytical Instrument Calibration Table 27 QAPP Worksheet #25. Analytical Instrument and Equipment Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table 28 QAPP Worksheet #26 Sample Handling System 29 QAPP Worksheet #27. Sample Custody Requirements 30 QAPP Worksheet #28. QC Samples Table 31 QAPP Worksheet #29. Project Documents and Records Table 32 QAPP Worksheet #30. Analytical Services Table 33 QAPP Worksheet #31. Planned Project Assessment Table 34 QAPP Worksheet #32. Assessment Findings and Response Actions 35 QAPP Worksheet #33. QA Management Reports Table 36 QAPP Worksheet #34. Sampling and Analysis Verification (Step I) Process Table 37 QAPP Worksheet #35. Sampling and Analysis Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Process Table 38 QAPP Worksheet #36. Sampling and Analysis Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Summary Table 39 QAPP Worksheet #37. Data Usability Assessment 40 **WORKBOOK FOR UNIFORM FEDERAL POLICY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE** **PROJECT PLANS** **INTRODUCTION** This *Workbook for Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans* is Part 2A of the *Uniform Federal Policy for Quality Assurance Project Plans* (UFP-QAPP). It provides examples of worksheets to assist with the preparation of QAPPs in accordance with Part 1 of the UFP-QAPP (the UFP-QAPP Manual) and Section 6 (Part B) of *Quality Systems for Environmental Data and Technology Programs - Requirements with guidance for use*, ANSI/ASQ E4 (February 2004). This Workbook may be used by the lead organization and its contractors to assist with the preparation of QAPPs for environmental data gathering activities. Each worksheet addresses specific requirements of the UFP-QAPP. Both the UFP-QAPP Manual and the Workbook are intended to be comprehensive and are not intended to be program-specific. Since the content and level of detail in a specific QAPP will vary by program, by the work being performed, and by the intended use of the data, specific worksheets may not be applicable to all projects. The ultimate success of an environmental program or project depends on the quality of the environmental data collected and used in decision-making, and this may depend significantly on the adequacy of the QAPP and its effective implementation. It is recommended that the individual worksheets included in this Workbook be taken to the project scoping and planning sessions. The use of the worksheets will aid in identifying the critical project information that will ensure that the right type, quality, and quantity of data are collected to meet all of the project's quality objectives. Though the format of each worksheet is not mandatory, the information required on the worksheets must still be presented in the QAPP, as appropriate to the project. In addition, QAPP preparers are encouraged to develop additional tables, as appropriate to the project. Sufficient written discussion in text format should accompany all tables. Certain sections, by their nature, will require more written discussion than others. In particular, Section 3.1.1 should provide an in-depth explanation of the sampling design rationale, and Section 5.2 should describe the procedures and criteria that will be used for data review. **QAPP Worksheet #1** **(UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.1)** **Title and Approval Page** **Site Name/Project Name: Title:** **Site Location: Revision Number:** **Revision Date:** > **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Document Title [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Lead Organization [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparer's Name and Organizational Affiliation [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparer's Address, Telephone Number, and E-mail Address [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Preparation Date (Day/Month/Year) Investigative Organization's Project Manager:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_ Printed Name/Organization/Date Printed Name/Organization/Date Investigative Organization's Project QA Officer:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_ > Printed Name/Organization/Date Lead Organization's Project Manager:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_ > Printed Name/Organization/Date Approval Signatures:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Printed Name/Title/Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Approval Authority Other Approval Signatures:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} Signature > [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} # Printed Name/Title/Date **Document Control Number:** **QAPP Worksheet #2** **(UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.2.4)** **QAPP Identifying Information** **Site Name/Project Name: Title:** **Site Location: Revision Number:** **Site Number/Code: Revision Date:** **Operable Unit: Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** **Contractor Name:** **Contractor Number:** **Contract Title:** **Work Assignment Number:** 1\. Identify guidance used to prepare QAPP: [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 2\. Identify regulatory program:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 3\. Identify approval entity:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 4\. Indicate whether the QAPP is a generic or a project-specific QAPP. (circle one) 5\. List dates of scoping sessions that were held:\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} > \_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 6\. List dates and titles of QAPP documents written for previous site work, if applicable: Title Approval Date [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 7\. List organizational partners (stakeholders) and connection with lead organization:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 8\. List data users:[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} \_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} 9\. If any required QAPP elements and required information are not applicable to the project, then circle the omitted QAPP elements and required information on the attached table. Provide an explanation for their exclusion below: \_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Identify where each required QAPP element is located in the QAPP (provide section, worksheet, table, or figure number) or other project planning documents (provide complete document title, date, section number, page numbers, and location of the information in the document). Circle QAPP elements and required information that are not applicable to the project. Provide an explanation in the QAPP. +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | **Required QAPP Element(s) and | **Required | **Crosswalk to | | Corresponding QAPP | Information** | Related | | Section(s)** | | Documents** | +================================+===================+================+ | ## Pro | | | | ject Management and Objectives | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.1 Title and Approval Page | \- Title and | | | | Approval Page | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.2 Document Format and Table | \- Table of | | | of Contents | Contents | | | | | | | 2.2.1 Document Control Format | \- QAPP | | | | Identifying | | | 2.2.2 Document Control | Information | | | Numbering System | | | | | | | | 2.2.3 Table of Contents | | | | | | | | 2.2.4 QAPP Identifying | | | | Information | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.3 Distribution List and | \- Distribution | | | Project Personnel Sign-Off | List | | | Sheet | | | | | \- Project | | | 2.3.1 Distribution List | Personnel | | | | Sign-Off Sheet | | | 2.3.2 Project Personnel | | | | Sign-Off Sheet | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.4 Project Organization | \- Project | | | | Organizational | | | 2.4.1 Project Organizational | Chart | | | Chart | | | | | \- Communication | | | 2.4.2 Communication Pathways | Pathways | | | | | | | 2.4.3 Personnel | \- Personnel | | | Responsibilities and | Responsibilities | | | Qualifications | and | | | | Qualifications | | | 2.4.4 Special Training | Table | | | Requirements and Certification | | | | | \- Special | | | | Personnel | | | | Training | | | | Requirements | | | | Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.5 Project Planning/Problem | \- Project | | | Definition | Planning Session | | | | Documentation | | | 2.5.1 Project Planning | (including Data | | | (Scoping) | Needs tables) | | | | | | | 2.5.2 Problem Definition, Site | \- Project | | | History, and Background | Scoping Session | | | | Participants | | | | Sheet | | | | | | | | \- Problem | | | | Definition, Site | | | | History, and | | | | Background | | | | | | | | \- Site Maps | | | | (historical and | | | | present) | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.6 Project Quality Objectives | \- Site-Specific | | | and Measurement Performance | PQOs | | | Criteria | | | | | \- Measurement | | | 2.6.1 Development of Project | Performance | | | Quality Objectives Using the | Criteria Table | | | Systematic Planning Process | | | | | | | | 2.6.2 Measurement Performance | | | | Criteria | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.7 Secondary Data Evaluation | \- Sources of | | | | Secondary Data | | | | and Information | | | | | | | | \- Secondary Data | | | | Criteria and | | | | Limitations Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 2.8 Project Overview and | \- Summary of | | | Schedule | Project Tasks | | | | | | | 2.8.1 Project Overview | \- Reference | | | | Limits and | | | 2.8.2 Project Schedule | Evaluation Table | | | | | | | | \- Project | | | | Schedule/Timeline | | | | Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | **Measurement/Data | | | | Acquisition** | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 3.1 Sampling Tasks | \- Sampling | | | | Design and | | | 3.1.1 Sampling Process Design | Rationale | | | and Rationale | | | | | \- Sample | | | 3.1.2 Sampling Procedures and | Location Map | | | Requirements | | | | | \- Sampling | | | 3.1.2.1 Sampling Collection | Locations and | | | Procedures | Methods/ SOP | | | | Requirements | | | 3.1.2.2 Sample Containers, | Table | | | Volume, and Preservation | | | | | \- Analytical | | | 3.1.2.3 Equipment/Sample | Methods/SOP | | | Containers Cleaning and | Requirements | | | Decontamination Procedures | Table | | | | | | | 3.1.2.4 Field Equipment | \- Field Quality | | | Calibration, Maintenance, | Control Sample | | | Testing, and Inspection | Summary Table | | | Procedures | | | | | \- Sampling SOPs | | | 3.1.2.5 Supply Inspection and | | | | Acceptance Procedures | \- Project | | | | Sampling SOP | | | 3.1.2.6 Field Documentation | References Table | | | Procedures | | | | | \- Field | | | | Equipment | | | | Calibration, | | | | Maintenance, | | | | Testing, and | | | | Inspection Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 3.2 Analytical Tasks | \- Analytical | | | | SOPs | | | 3.2.1 Analytical SOPs | | | | | \- Analytical SOP | | | 3.2.2 Analytical Instrument | References Table | | | Calibration Procedures | | | | | \- Analytical | | | 3.2.3 Analytical Instrument | Instrument | | | and Equipment Maintenance, | Calibration Table | | | Testing, and Inspection | | | | Procedures | \- Analytical | | | | Instrument and | | | 3.2.4 Analytical Supply | Equipment | | | Inspection and Acceptance | Maintenance, | | | Procedures | Testing, and | | | | Inspection Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 3.3 Sample Collection | \- Sample | | | Documentation, Handling, | Collection | | | Tracking, and Custody | Documentation | | | Procedures | Handling, | | | | Tracking, and | | | 3.3.1 Sample Collection | Custody SOPs | | | Documentation | | | | | \- Sample | | | 3.3.2 Sample Handling and | Container | | | Tracking System | Identification | | | | | | | 3.3.3 Sample Custody | \- Sample | | | | Handling Flow | | | | Diagram | | | | | | | | \- Example | | | | Chain-of-Custody | | | | Form and Seal | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 3.4 Quality Control Samples | \- QC Samples | | | | Table | | | 3.4.1 Sampling Quality Control | | | | Samples | \- | | | | Scree | | | 3.4.2 Analytical Quality | ning/Confirmatory | | | Control Samples | Analysis Decision | | | | Tree | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 3.5 Data Management Tasks | \- Project | | | | Documents and | | | 3.5.1 Project Documentation | Records Table | | | and Records | | | | | \- Analytical | | | 3.5.2 Data Package | Services Table | | | Deliverables | | | | | \- Data | | | 3.5.3 Data Reporting Formats | Management SOPs | | | | | | | 3.5.4 Data Handling and | | | | Management | | | | | | | | 3.5.5 Data Tracking and | | | | Control | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | **Assessment/Oversight** | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 4.1 Assessments and Response | \- Assessments | | | Actions | and Response | | | | Actions | | | 4.1.1 Planned Assessments | | | | | \- Planned | | | 4.1.2 Assessment Findings and | Project | | | Corrective Action Responses | Assessments Table | | | | | | | | \- Audit | | | | Checklists | | | | | | | | \- Assessment | | | | Findings and | | | | Corrective Action | | | | Responses Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 4.2 QA Management Reports | \- QA Management | | | | Reports Table | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 4.3 Final Project Report | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | ## Data Review | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 5.1 Overview | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 5.2 Data Review Steps | \- Verification | | | | (Step I) Process | | | 5.2.1 Step I: Verification | Table | | | | | | | 5.2.2 Step II: Validation | \- Validation | | | | (Steps IIa and | | | 5.2.2.1 Step IIa Validation | IIb) Process | | | Activities | Table | | | | | | | 5.2.2.2 Step IIb Validation | \- Validation | | | Activities | (Steps IIa and | | | | IIb) Summary | | | 5.2.3 Step III: Usability | Table | | | Assessment | | | | | \- Usability | | | 5.2.3.1 Data Limitations and | Assessment | | | Actions from Usability | | | | Assessment | | | | | | | | 5.2.3.2 Activities | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 5.3 Streamlining Data Review | | | | | | | | 5.3.1 Data Review Steps To Be | | | | Streamlined | | | | | | | | 5.3.2 Criteria for | | | | Streamlining Data Review | | | | | | | | 5.3.3 Amounts and Types of | | | | Data Appropriate for | | | | Streamlining | | | +--------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #3** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.3.1) **Revision Number:** List those entities to whom copies of the approved **Revision Date:** QAPP, subsequent QAPP revisions, addenda, and amendments. **Page** *\_\_\_* **of** *\_\_\_* **Distribution List** -------------- ----------- ------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------- ------------ **QAPP **Title** **Organization** **Telephone **Fax **E-mail **Document Recipients** Number** Number** Address** Control Number** -------------- ----------- ------------------ ------------- ---------- ------------- ------------ **QAPP Worksheet #4** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.3.2) **Revision Number:** Have copies of this form signed by key project personnel from each organization **Revision Date:** to indicate that they have read the applicable sections of the QAPP and will **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** perform the tasks as described. Ask each organization to forward signed sheets to the central project file. **Project Personnel Sign-Off Sheet** **Organization:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --------------- ------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------- **Project **Title** **Telephone **Signature** **Date QAPP Personnel** Number** Read** --------------- ------------ ------------- ---------------- ------------- **QAPP Worksheet #5 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.1) **Revision Number:** Identify reporting relationships between all organizations **Revision Date:** involved in the project, including the lead organization and all contractor and subcontractor **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** organizations. Identify the organizations providing field sampling, on-site and off-site analysis, and data review services, including the names and telephone numbers of all project managers, project team members, and/or project contacts for each organization. **Project Organizational Chart** ![](media/image4.wmf) **QAPP Worksheet #6 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.2) **Revision Number:** Describe the communication pathways and modes of communication that will **Revision Date:** be used during the project, after the QAPP has been approved. Describe the procedures **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** for soliciting and/or obtaining approval between project personnel, between different contractors, and between samplers and laboratory staff. Describe the procedure that will be followed when any project activity originally documented in an approved QAPP requires real-time modification to achieve project goals or a QAPP amendment is required. Describe the procedures for stopping work and identify who is responsible. **Communication Pathways** -------------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ **Communication **Responsible **Name** **Phone **Procedure Drivers** Entity** Number** (Timing, Pathways, etc.)** -------------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ **QAPP Worksheet #7 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.3) **Revision Number:** Identify project personnel associated with each organization, contractor, **Revision Date:** and subcontractor participating in responsible roles. Include data users, **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** decision-makers, project managers, QA officers, project contacts for organizations involved in the project, project health and safety officers, geotechnical engineers and hydrogeologists, field operation personnel, analytical services, and data reviewers. Identify project team members with an asterisk (\*). Attach resumes to this worksheet or note the location of the resumes. **Personnel Responsibilities and Qualifications Table** -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ------------------ **Name** **Title** **Organizational **Responsibilities** **Education and Affiliation** Experience Qualifications** -------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------------------- ------------------ **QAPP Worksheet #8 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.4.4) **Revision Number:** Provide the following information for those projects requiring personnel **Revision Date:** with specialized training. Attach training records and/or certificates to **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** the QAPP or note their location. **Special Personnel Training Requirements Table** +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | **Pr | **Sp | **Tr | ** | **Pe | * | **Location | | oject | ecialized | aining | Trai | rsonnel | *Pers | of Training | | Funct | Training | Prov | ning | /Groups | onnel | Rec | | ion** | --** | ider** | Da | Re | Ti | ords/Certif | | | | | te** | ceiving | tles/ | icates^1^** | | | **Title | | | Tra | Orga | | | | or | | | ining** | nizat | | | | De | | | | ional | | | | scription | | | | Aff | | | | of | | | | iliat | | | | Course** | | | | ion** | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | +-------+-----------+--------+------+---------+-------+-------------+ ^1^If training records and/or certificates are on file elsewhere, document their location in this column. If training records and/or certificates do not exist or are not available, then this should be noted. **QAPP Worksheet #9 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.5.1) **Revision Number:** Complete this worksheet for each project scoping session held. **Revision Date:** Identify project team members who are responsible for planning **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** the project. ### Project Scoping Session Participants Sheet +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | **Project | | | * | | | | | Name\_\_\_\ | | | * | | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | S | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | i | | | | | _\_\_\_\_** | | | t | | | | | | | | e | | | | | **Projected | | | N | | | | | Date(s) of | | | a | | | | | Sam | | | m | | | | | pling\_\_\_ | | | e | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | \ | | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | _ | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | \ | | | | | _\_\_\_\_** | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | **Project | | | _ | | | | | Ma | | | \ | | | | | nager\_\_\_ | | | _ | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | \ | | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | _ | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | \ | | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | _ | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | \ | | | | | _\_\_\_\_** | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | S | | | | | | | | i | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | L | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | c | | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | i | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | _ | | | | | | | | * | | | | | | | | * | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | **Date of | | | | | | | | Session:** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Scoping | | | | | | | | Session | | | | | | | | Purpose:** | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | **Name** | **Title** | **Affi | | **Phone | * | ** | | | | liation** | | \#** | *E-mail | Project | | | | | | | Ad | Role** | | | | | | | dress** | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----------+-----------+---+----------+---------+---------+ Comments/Decisions:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Action Items: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Consensus Decisions: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **QAPP Worksheet #10 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.5.2) **Revision Number:** Clearly define the problem and the environmental questions that should **Revision Date:** be answered for the current investigation and develop the project **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** decision "If\..., then\..." statements in the QAPP, linking data results with possible actions. The prompts below are meant to help the project team define the problem. They are not comprehensive. **Problem Definition** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **The problem to be addressed by the project:** | | | | **The environmental questions being asked:** | | | | **Observations from any site reconnaissance reports:** | | | | **A synopsis of secondary data or information from site reports:** | | | | **The possible classes of contaminants and the affected matrices:** | | | | **The rationale for inclusion of chemical and nonchemical analyses:** | | | | **Information concerning various environmental indicators:** | | | | **Project decision conditions ("If\..., then\..." statements):** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #11 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.6.1) **Revision Number:** Use this worksheet to develop project quality objectives (PQOs) in terms of type, quantity, and **Revision Date:** quality of data determined using a systematic planning process. Provide a detailed discussion **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** of PQOs in the QAPP. List the PQOs in the form of qualitative and quantitative statements. These statements should answer questions such as those listed below. These questions are examples only, however; they are neither inclusive nor appropriate for all projects. **Project Quality Objectives/Systematic Planning Process Statements** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Who will use the data?** | | | | **What will the data be used for?** | | | | **What type of data are needed? (target analytes, analytical groups, | | field screening, on-site analytical or off-site laboratory | | techniques, sampling techniques)** | | | | **How "good" do the data need to be in order to support the | | environmental decision?** | | | | **How much data are needed? (number of samples for each analytical | | group, matrix, and concentration)** | | | | **Where, when, and how should the data be collected/generated?** | | | | **Who will collect and generate the data?** | | | | **How will the data be reported?** | | | | **How will the data be archived?** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #12 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.6.2) **Revision Number:** Complete this worksheet for each matrix, analytical group, and concentration level. **Revision Date:** Identify the data quality indicators (DQIs), measurement performance criteria (MPC), **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** and QC sample and/or activity used to assess the measurement performance for both the sampling and analytical measurement systems. Use additional worksheets if necessary. If MPC for a specific DQI vary within an analytical parameter, i.e., MPC are analyte-specific, then provide analyte-specific MPC on an additional worksheet. **Measurement Performance Criteria Table** ----------------- ----------------- ------------ --------------- --------------- -------------- **Matrix** **Analytical Group^1^** **Concentration Level** **Sampling **Analytical **Data **Measurement **QC Sample **QC Sample Procedure^2^** Method/SOP^3^** Quality Performance and/or Activity Assesses Error Indicators Criteria** Used to Assess for Sampling (DQIs)** Measurement (S), Performance** Analytical (A) or both (S&A)** ----------------- ----------------- ------------ --------------- --------------- -------------- ^1^If information varies within an analytical group, separate by individual analyte. ^2^Reference number from QAPP Worksheet #21 (see Section 3.1.2). ^3^Reference number from QAPP Worksheet #23 (see Section 3.2). **QAPP Worksheet #13** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.7) **Revision Number:** Identify all secondary data and information that will be used for **Revision Date:** the project and their originating sources. Specify how the secondary data **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** will be used and the limitations on their use. **Secondary Data Criteria and Limitations Table** +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | * | **Data | **Data | **How Data | ** | | *Secondary | Source** | Ge | Will Be | Limitations | | Data** | | nerator(s)** | Used** | on Data | | | ** | | | Use** | | | (Originating | ** | | | | | O | (Originating | | | | | rganization, | Org., Data | | | | | Report | Types, Data | | | | | Title, and | Generatio | | | | | Date)** | n/Collection | | | | | | Dates)** | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +------------+--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #14** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.1) **Revision Number:** Provide a brief overview of the listed project activities. **Revision Date:** **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** **Summary of Project Tasks** **QAPP Worksheet #15** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.1) **Revision Number:** Complete this worksheet for each matrix, analytical group, and concentration **Revision Date:** level. Identify the target analytes/contaminants of concern and project-required **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** action limits. Next, determine the quantitation limits (QLs) that must be met to achieve the project quality objectives. Finally, list the published and achievable detection and quantitation limits for each analyte. **Reference Limits and Evaluation Table** Matrix: Analytical Group: Concentration Level: +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | **An | **CAS | **P | P | **Anal | | #### | | | alyte** | Num | roject | roject | ytical | | Achie | | | | ber** | Action | Quanti | Metho | | vable | | | | | L | tation | d^1^** | | Labora | | | | | imit** | Limit | | | tory L | | | | | | | | | imits2 | | | | | * | * | | | | | | | | *(appl | *(appl | | | | | | | | icable | icable | | | | | | | | un | un | | | | | | | | its)** | its)** | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | ### | ### | ### | ## | | | | | | # MDLs | # Meth | # MDLs | ## QLs | | | | | | | od QLs | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Analytical MDLs and QLs are those documented in validated methods. ^2^Achievable MDLs and QLs are limits that an individual laboratory can achieve when performing a specific analytical method. **QAPP Worksheet #16 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 2.8.2) **Revision Number:** List all project activities as well as the QA assessments that will be **Revision Date:** performed during the course of the project. Include the anticipated start and **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** completion dates. **Project Schedule/Timeline Table** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Act | **Organ | **Dates | | **Deli | **De | | ivities** | ization** | (MM | | verable** | liverable | | | | /DD/YY)** | | | Due | | | | | | | Date** | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | **An | **An | | | | | | ticipated | ticipated | | | | | | Date(s)** | Date of | | | | | | | Com | | | | | | **of | pletion** | | | | | | Ini | | | | | | | tiation** | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **QAPP Worksheet #17 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) **Revision Number:** Describe the project sampling approach. Provide the rationale **Revision Date:** for selecting sample locations and matrices for each **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** analytical group and concentration level. **Sampling Design and Rationale** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Describe and provide a rationale for choosing the sampling approach | | (e.g., grid system, biased statistical approach):** | | | | Describe the sampling design and rationale in terms of what matrices | | will be sampled, what analytical groups will be analyzed and at what | | concentration levels, the sampling locations (including QC, critical, | | and background samples), the number of samples to be taken, and the | | sampling frequency (including seasonal considerations) \[May refer to | | map or Worksheet #18 for details\]: | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #18 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) **Revision Number:** List all site locations that will be sampled and include sample ID number, **Revision Date:** If available. (Provide a range of sampling locations or ID numbers if a site **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** has a large number.) Specify matrix and, if applicable, depth at which samples will be taken. Only a short reference for the sampling location rationale is necessary for the table. The text of the QAPP should clearly identify the detailed rationale associated with each reference. Complete all required information, using additional worksheets if necessary. ##### Sampling Locations and Methods/SOP Requirements Table +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | **Sa | **Ma | **D | **Anal | **C | ** | **Sa | **Rat | | mpling | trix** | epth** | ytical | oncent | Number | mpling | ionale | | Locat | | | G | ration | of | SOP | for | | ion/ID | | **(un | roup** | L | S | Re | Sa | | Nu | | its)** | | evel** | amples | ferenc | mpling | | mber** | | | | | (id | e^1^** | Loca | | | | | | | entify | | tion** | | | | | | | field | | | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | | | uplica | | | | | | | | | tes)** | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Specify the appropriate letter or number from the Project Sampling SOP References table (Worksheet #21). **QAPP Worksheet #19** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) **Revision Number:** For each matrix, analytical group, and concentration level, list the analytical **Revision Date:** and preparation method/SOP and associated sample volume, container **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** specifications, preservation requirements, and maximum holding time. **Analytical SOP Requirements Table** +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | **Ma | **Anal | **C | **Anal | ** | **Cont | ** | **M | | trix** | ytical | oncent | ytical | Sample | ainers | Preser | aximum | | | G | ration | and | Vo | (n | vation | H | | | roup** | L | Prepa | lume** | umber, | Requir | olding | | | | evel** | ration | | size, | ements | Time | | | | | Meth | | and | (che | (pr | | | | | od/SOP | | t | mical, | eparat | | | | | Re | | ype)** | temper | ion/** | | | | | ferenc | | | ature, | | | | | | e^1^** | | | light | * | | | | | | | | protec | *analy | | | | | | | | ted)** | sis)** | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). **QAPP Worksheet #20 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.1) **Revision Number:** Summarize by matrix, analytical group, and concentration level **Revision Date:** the number of field QC samples that will be collected and sent to **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** the laboratory. **Field Quality Control Sample Summary Table** <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 8%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Matrix</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Analytical Group</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Concentration Level</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>Analytical and Preparation SOP Reference<sup>1</sup></strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Sampling Locations<sup>2</sup></strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Field Duplicate Pairs</strong></td> <td><h2 id="inorganic">Inorganic</h2></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Field Blanks</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of Equip. Blanks</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><strong>No. of PT Samples</strong></td> <td rowspan="2"><h2 id="total-no.-of-samples-to-lab">Total No. of Samples to Lab</h2></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><strong>No. of MS</strong></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). ^2^If samples will be collected at different depths at the same location, count each discrete sampling depth as a separate sampling location or station. **QAPP Worksheet #21 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.2) **Revision Number:** List all SOPs associated with project sampling including, but not limited to, **Revision Date:** sample collection, sample preservation, equipment cleaning and decontamination, **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** equipment testing, inspection and maintenance, supply inspection and acceptance, and sample handling and custody. Include copies of the SOPs as attachments or reference all in the QAPP. Sequentially number sampling SOP references in the Reference Number column. The reference number can be used throughout the QAPP to refer to a specific SOP. ### Project Sampling SOP References Table +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | ** | **Title, Revision | **O | **Equ | **Mo | **Com | | Ref | Date and/or | riginating | ipment | dified | ments** | | ere | Number** | Orga | Type** | for** | | | nce | | nization** | | | | | Nu | | | | **P | | | mbe | | | | roject | | | r** | | | | W | | | | | | | ork?** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **( | | | | | | | Y/N)** | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ | | | | | | | +-----+---------------------+------------+--------+--------+---------+ **QAPP Worksheet #22 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.1.2.4) **Revision Number:** Identify all field equipment and instruments (other than analytical instrumentation) **Revision Date:** that require calibration, maintenance, testing, or inspection and provide the SOP **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** reference number for each type of equipment. In addition, document the frequency of activity, acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. **Field Equipment Calibration, Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table** ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- **Field **Calibration **Maintenance **Testing **Inspection **Frequency** **Acceptance **Corrective **Responsible **SOP Equipment** Activity** Activity** Activity** Activity** Criteria** Action** Person** Reference^1^** ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Project Sampling SOP References table (Worksheet #21). **QAPP Worksheet #23** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.1) **Revision Number:** List all SOPs that will be used to perform on-site or off-site analysis. Indicate **Revision Date:** whether the procedure produces screening or definitive data. Sequentially number **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** analytical SOP references in the Reference Number column. Include copies of the SOPs as attachments or reference in the QAPP. The reference number can be used throughout the QAPP to refer to a specific SOP. **Analytical SOP References Table** +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **R | * | **Def | **Ana | **Instr | **Organ | **M | | efer | *Title, | initive | lytical | ument** | ization | odified | | ence | R | or | Group** | | Per | for | | Numb | evision | Sc | | | forming | Project | | er** | Date, | reening | | | Ana | Work?** | | | and/or | Data** | | | lysis** | | | | N | | | | | ** | | | umber** | | | | | (Y/N)** | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | | | | | | +------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ **QAPP Worksheet #24 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.2) **Revision Number:** Identify all analytical instrumentation that requires calibration and provide **Revision Date:** the SOP reference number for each. In addition, document the frequency, **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. ### Analytical Instrument Calibration Table ---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------- **Instrument** **Calibration **Frequency of **Acceptance **Corrective **Person **SOP Procedure** Calibration** Criteria** Action (CA)** Responsible Reference^1^** for CA** ---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). **QAPP Worksheet #25 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.2.3) **Revision Number:** Identify all analytical instrumentation that requires maintenance, testing, or inspection **Revision Date:** and provide the SOP reference number for each. In addition, document the **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** frequency, acceptance criteria, and corrective action requirements on the worksheet. ### Analytical Instrument and Equipment Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection Table --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- **Instrument/ **Maintenance **Testing **Inspection **Frequency** **Acceptance **Corrective **Responsible **SOP Equipment** Activity** Activity** Activity** Criteria** Action** Person** Reference^1^** --------------- --------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ---------------- ^1^Specify the appropriate reference letter or number from the Analytical SOP References table (Worksheet #23). **QAPP Worksheet #26 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Appendix A) **Revision Number:** Use this worksheet to identify components of the project-specific sample handling system. **Revision Date:** Record personnel, and their organizational affiliations, who are primarily responsible for **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** ensuring proper handling, custody, and storage of field samples from the time of collection, to laboratory delivery, to final sample disposal. Indicate the number of days field samples and their extracts/digestates will be archived prior to disposal. **Sample Handling System** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **SAMPLE COLLECTION, PACKAGING, AND SHIPMENT** Sample Collection (Personnel/Organization): Sample Packaging (Personnel/Organization): Coordination of Shipment (Personnel/Organization): Type of Shipment/Carrier: **SAMPLE RECEIPT AND ANALYSIS** Sample Receipt (Personnel/Organization): Sample Custody and Storage (Personnel/Organization): Sample Preparation (Personnel/Organization): Sample Determinative Analysis (Personnel/Organization): **SAMPLE ARCHIVING** Field Sample Storage (No. of days from sample collection): Sample Extract/Digestate Storage (No. of days from extraction/digestion): Biological Sample Storage (No. of days from sample collection): **SAMPLE DISPOSAL** Personnel/Organization: Number of Days from Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **QAPP Worksheet #27** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.3.3) **Revision Number:** Describe the procedures that will be used to maintain sample custody and **Revision Date:** integrity. Include examples of chain-of-custody forms, traffic reports, sample **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** identification, custody seals, laboratory sample receipt forms, and laboratory sample transfer forms. Attach or reference applicable SOPs. **Sample Custody Requirements** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Field Sample Custody Procedures (sample collection, packaging, | | shipment, and delivery to laboratory):** | | | | Laboratory Sample Custody Procedures (receipt of samples, archiving, | | disposal): | | | | **Sample Identification Procedures:** | | | | **Chain-of-custody Procedures:** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #28** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.4) **Revision Number:** Complete a separate worksheet for each sampling technique, analytical method/SOP, **Revision Date:** matrix, analytical group, and concentration level. If method/SOP QC acceptance **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** limits exceed the measurement performance criteria, the data obtained may be unusable for making project decisions. **QC Samples Table** --------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------- -------------- ------- ------------- -------- ----------- -------- --------------- ----------- Matrix Analytical Group Concentration Level Sampling SOP Analytical Method/ SOP Reference Sampler's Name Field Sampling Organization Analytical Organization No. of Sample Locations **QC Sample:** **Frequency/Number** **Method/SOP **Corrective **Person(s) **Data **Measurement QC Acceptance Action** Responsible Quality Performance Limits** for Indicator Criteria** Corrective (DQI)** Action** --------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------- -------------- ------- ------------- -------- ----------- -------- --------------- ----------- **QAPP Worksheet #29** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.5.1) **Revision Number:** Identify the documents and records that will be generated for all aspects of the **Revision Date:** project including, but not limited to, sample collection and field measurement, **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** on-site and off-site analysis, and data assessment. **Project Documents and Records Table** -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- **Sample **On-site **Off-site **Data **Other** Collection Analysis Analysis Assessment Documents and Documents and Documents and Documents and Records** Records** Records** Records** -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- **QAPP Worksheet #30 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 3.5.2.3) **Revision Number:** Identify all laboratories or organizations that will provide analytical services **Revision Date:** for the project, including on-site screening, on-site definitive, and off-site **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** laboratory analytical work. Group by matrix, analytical group, concentration, and sample location or ID number. If applicable, identify the subcontractor laboratories and backup laboratory or organization that will be used if the primary laboratory or organization cannot be used. **Analytical Services Table** +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | ** | **An | **C | **S | ** | * | **Laborat | **Backup | | Matr | alyt | once | ample | Analy | *Data | ory/Organ | Laborat | | ix** | ical | ntra | Lo | tical | Pa | ization** | ory/Organ | | | Gro | tion | catio | SOP** | ckage | | ization** | | | up** | Lev | ns/ID | | Turna | **(Name | | | | | el** | Numb | | round | and | **(Name | | | | | ers** | | T | Address, | and | | | | | | | ime** | Contact | Address, | | | | | | | | Person | Contact | | | | | | | | and | Person | | | | | | | | Telephone | and | | | | | | | | Number)** | Telephone | | | | | | | | | Number)** | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+-----------+ **QAPP Worksheet #31 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 4.1.1) **Revision Number:** Identify the type, frequency, and responsible parties of **Revision Date:** planned assessment activities that will be performed for the project. **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** **Planned Project Assessments Table** -------------- --------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- **Assessment **Frequency** **Internal **Organization **Person(s) **Person(s) **Person(s) **Person(s) Type** or Performing Responsible for Responsible for Responsible for Responsible for External** Assessment** Performing Responding to Identifying and Monitoring Assessment Assessment Implementing Effectiveness of (Title and Findings (Title Corrective CA (Title and Organizational and Actions (CA) Organizational Affiliation)** Organizational (Title and Affiliation)** Affiliation)** Organizational Affiliation)** -------------- --------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- **QAPP Worksheet #32** **Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 4.1.2) **Revision Number:** For each type of assessment describe procedures for handling **Revision Date:** QAPP and project deviations encountered during the planned **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** project assessments. **Assessment Findings and Corrective Action Responses** -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------- **Assessment **Nature of **Individual(s) **Timeframe of **Nature of** **Individual(s) **Timeframe Type** Deficiencies Notified of Notification** **Corrective Receiving for Documentation** Findings (Name, Action Response Corrective Action Response** Title, Documentation** Response (Name, Organization)** Title, Org.)** -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------- **QAPP Worksheet #33 Title:** (UFP QAPP Manual Section 4.2) **Revision Number:** Identify the frequency and type of planned QA Management **Revision Date:** Reports, the project delivery dates, the personnel responsible **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** for report preparation, and the report recipients. **QA Management Reports Table** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Type of | **Frequency | **Projected | **Person(s) | **Report | | Report** | (daily, | Delivery | Responsible | R | | | weekly | Date(s)** | for Report | ecipient(s) | | | monthly, | | Preparation | (Title** | | | quarterly, | | (Title and | | | | annually, | | Org | **and | | | etc.)** | | anizational | Org | | | | | Aff | anizational | | | | | iliation)** | Aff | | | | | | iliation)** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **QAPP Worksheet #34 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.1) **Revision Number:** Describe the processes that will be followed to verify project data. **Revision Date:** Manual (Section 5.1). Describe how each item will be verified, when **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** the activity will occur, and what documentation is necessary, and identify the person responsible. *Internal* or *external* is in relation to the data generator. **Verification (Step I) Process Table** ---------------- --------------------------------- ------------- ----------------- **Verification **Description** **Internal/ **Responsible for Input** External** Verification (Name, Organization)** ---------------- --------------------------------- ------------- ----------------- **QAPP Worksheet #35 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.2) **Revision Number:** Describe the processes that will be followed to validate project data. **Revision Date:** Validation inputs include items such as those listed in Table 9 **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** of the UFP-QAPP Manual (Section 5.1). Describe how each item will be validated, when the activity will occur, and what documentation is necessary and identify the person responsible. Differentiate between steps IIa and IIb of validation. **Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Process Table** ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------- **Step **Validation **Description** **Responsible for IIa/IIb** Input** Validation (Name, Organization)** ----------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------- **QAPP Worksheet #36 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.2) **Revision Number:** Identify the matrices, analytical groups, and concentration levels that each **Revision Date:** entity performing validation will be responsible for, as well as criteria **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** that will be used to validate those data. **Validation (Steps IIa and IIb) Summary Table** ----------- ------------ -------------- ----------------- -------------- ---------------- **Step **Matrix** **Analytical **Concentration **Validation **Data Validator IIa/IIb** Group** Level** Criteria** (title and organizational affiliation)** ----------- ------------ -------------- ----------------- -------------- ---------------- **QAPP Worksheet #37 Title:** (UFP-QAPP Manual Section 5.2.3) **Revision Number:** Describe the procedures/methods/activities that will be used to **Revision Date:** determine whether data are of the right type, quality, and quantity **Page \_\_\_ of \_\_\_** to support environmental decision-making for the project. Describe how data quality issues will be addressed and how limitations on the use of the data will be handled. **Usability Assessment** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Summarize the usability assessment process and all procedures, | | including interim steps and any statistics, equations, and computer | | algorithms that will be used:** | | | | **Describe the evaluative procedures used to assess overall | | measurement error associated with the project:** | | | | **Identify the personnel responsible for performing the usability | | assessment:** | | | | **Describe the documentation that will be generated during usability | | assessment and how usability assessment results will be presented** | | | | **so that they identify trends, relationships (correlations), and | | anomalies:** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

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516440

# Presentation: 516440 ## IT Security Policy for Remote System Scanning and Patching - IT Security Committee - Presented to the CIO Council - February 6th, 2007 ## Outline - Purpose - Issue - Background - Alternatives - Recommendation - Backup Slides ## Purpose - Present results of the ITSC review of current IT Security policy to ensure that is sufficient for securing remote devices. - Options for additional policy for “on-access” scanning of remote devices when they connect to NOAA networks - Implementation assessment of additional policy (including cost and potential benefits) ## Background - Carl Staton and the NOAA CIO Council tasked IT Security Committee with evaluation of additional vulnerability scanning requirements on 08/22/06 - Presentation to CIO Council due 01/16/07 moved back due to CIO Council scheduling considerations until 02/06/07 ## Issue - Current vulnerability scanning requirements require remote devices to be scanned, but do not include “on-access” vulnerability scanning ** g) Remote Devices – Devices that connect indirectly to NOAA local area networks or NOAA-controlled wide area networks. Typically include dial-up modems and 3**rd** party Internet connections to access NOAA networks. * *i. All remote devices shall have corrective actions performed within time frame set by the vulnerability priority level.* *ii. Devices that cannot have corrective action performed within the allocated time frame should be denied access until such time as corrective action is performed.* *iii. Access to corrective action resources may be allowed if the connection established is limited by system controls to only those resources necessary to perform the required corrective action.* ** Draft NOAA IT Security Manual update to NAO212-1300* ## Alternatives - Status Quo – - Quarterly vulnerability scanning of all devices including remote device - Alternative One – Broad Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring ALL remote devices to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing *tier two** connections to NOAA Networks & provide a licensing for scanning software - Alternative Two – Targeted Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing *tier two** connections to NOAA Networks & allow each system to implement scanning software as appropriate - * Tier 2 remote access is define by the DOC IT Security Program Policy Appendix D, section 4 as that where, “basic user privileges are allowed to access systems processing or storing non-national security information _inside the inner DOC firewalls and internal to the DOC computing environment _ ## Status Quo - The current version of the Draft NOAA IT Security Manual requires quarterly vulnerability scanning of all devices including remote devices - Scanning is not required before remote devices access NOAA Networks - Pros - Current policy draft has been vetted through all levels of the organization over the last three months - No additional resources requested - All DOC owned devices are required to be scanned quarterly - Cons - Systems are not scanned for vulnerabilities before connection to NOAA Networks - Corrective actions may not be validated in an automated fashion within the time frame for responding to a vulnerability (corrective actions may have been perform with manual validation) - Personally owned equipment used for remote access is not scanned at all ## Alternative One – Broad Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring ALL remote devices to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two connections to NOAA Networks & provide a licensing for scanning software *iv. All remote devices shall be scanned for vulnerabilities before accessing NOAA networks to validate that corrective actions have performed as required.* - Pros - Validation of corrective actions before potentially vulnerable systems are connected to NOAA networks - Software for performing “On Access” vulnerability scanning generally provides additional security benefits (see Backup Slide 1) - Validation of controls applied to all NOAA systems - Cons - Additional Software costs ~$313k (see Backup Slide 1) - Policy and Tool implementation time and resources - Running a scanning tool may affect performance of the end user device ## Alternative Two – Targeted Policy - Implement NOAA policy requiring remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems to be scanned for vulnerabilities before establishing tier two connection to NOAA Networks & allow each system to implement scanning software as appropriate *iv. All remote devices for “High” and “Moderate” impact systems shall be scanned for vulnerabilities before accessing NOAA networks to validate that corrective actions have performed as required.* - Pros - Validation of corrective actions before potentially vulnerable systems are connected to “High” or “Moderate” impact NOAA networks - Software for performing “On Access” vulnerability scanning generally provides additional security benefits (see Backup Slide 1) - Resources applied to systems with a greater level of security sensitivity - Cons - Additional Software costs ~$265k (see Backup Slide 1) - Policy and Tool implementation time and resources - Running a scanning tool may affect performance of the end user device ## Recommendation - Maintain Status Quo - Meets for current DOC and NOAA Policy requirements - Current policy requirement to scan all devices quarterly - IT Security priorities focusing on C&A and 800-53 controls - Minimal reduction of risk to systems (low % of incidents) - Recommendation for more comprehensive identification of Remote Access concerns to be addressed (inventory, authentication, auditing, and PII) - Recommendation approved by NOAA IT Security Committee - All LO representatives present agreed on the recommendation - NMAO and NESDIS were not present for the vote - No dissenting opinions ## Backup Slide 1 – “On Access” Scanning Software - Several “On Access” vulnerability scanning software packages available including products by Harris, Cisco, SAINT, & BigFix - For cost estimate purposes we used _Blink by eEye Digital_ - eEye’s Retina Vulnerability Scanning product in use by the IG - _[http://eeye.com/html/products/blink/index.html](http://eeye.com/html/products/blink/index.html)_ ** **** ****Capabilities** **Cost** - Protocol based intrusion prevention - Anti-spyware technology - Anti-Phishing and Identity theft protection - System & Application firewall - Local vulnerability assessment based on - eEye's _[Retina® Network Security Scanner](http://eeye.com/html/products/retina/index.html)_ - Policy-based application and process control - Policy-based control over USB and other - removable storage devices - Attack and event reporting to _[REM Management Console](http://eeye.com/html/products/REM/index.html)_ - - Broad Policy assumes coverage for 13,000 laptops based on laptop numbers reported for encryption effort - - Targeted Policy assumes coverage for 11,000 laptops based on the percentage of High and Moderate systems within NOAA (111 out of 134)

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----------------------.------ llll-------Ml-^_ i THE ADVANCING SUFFRAGE CAUSE. ' I It is undeniable that Saturday's \ parade of the woman suffragists impressed all who beheld it./ Not that it was a great parade in the sense of numbers, for New York has beheld many fifteen, or twenty times the size. Nor did it haye the picturesqueness which has made of the London suffrage demonstra-i tions such wonderful pageants, armies with Banners, of which it has been writ-, ten that they were like mediaeval festi-' vals, "vivid with simple grandeur, alive with, ancient dignity." But the same ; earnestness actuated the New York women who personified their protest on Saturday. How they would be received, most of them did not know; To New York's credit be it said that the crowds were as respectfully silent or as friendly to the women marchers as the great London throngs who went to scoff and jeer and found it impossible to do so, because of the impressiveness of the scene and t.hfi nnwfir nf t.lia anneal in the cause itself. ,And Saturday's marchers, we are sure, felt elated and inspired by the privilege of displaying their devotion to the cause under their veteran leaders, In the years to come, if there are still years of battling for the suffragists, this parade will, we hope, become one of the features of the city's life. The numbers, the color, and. the picturesqueness will be added, in time and with experience, while the democratic features will not disappear. For tfye significance of Saturday's demonstration was double. Not only did it i recall to the beholders the ctknplete entrance of women into industrial life and economic activities whereby they come into competition with men fortified by the special privilege of the ballot, but it was essentially a democratic parade in that women of great wealth and women .wage earners and those in the whole range between were brought together by the in-! npiration of a common ideathe exten- sion of the right of self-governmentTI Those persons read amiss the signs I of the times and of history who believe that a movement with this i purpose can be ignored or hooted down: It has- the irresistible power of a glacier, however slowly it may seem to move at times. But, so far as the woman suffrage cause is concerned, its progress nowadays is marvellously fast, for those whose recollections of it antedate the militant movement in England.^ Not only has another State lately been won, but in four others the question is to be submitted to the people in November next. In several others outside o the conservative East, notably South :j Dakota, the battle was lost in. the Legislature only by the narrowest of mar-' gins, and everywhere the agitation for it goes on unceasingly. Unless it be Socialism, there is no other radical political doctrine so warmly and widely discussed to-day, and, like Socialism, wo-man suffrage wins many of its triumphs

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**[Lamar Institute of Technology -- Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security and Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security]{.underline}** Lamar Institute of Technology is offering an Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security. The Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security and the Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security provides standardized education and training with real world solutions to Homeland Security. The Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security combines disciplines in computer security, corrections, emergency medical, emergency management, fire technology, law enforcement, and private security. Lamar Institute of Technology is the first college in the State of Texas approved by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer an Associate of Applied Science degree and one year certificate in Homeland Security. **[Associate of Applied Science in Homeland Security Curriculum]{.underline}** 1^st^ Year 1^st^ Semester: HMSY 1371 Introduction to Homeland Security 3:2:2 HMSY 1372 Understanding & Combating Terrorism 3:2:3 EMSP 1501 Emergency Medical Technician - Basic 5:3:6 EMSP 1160 Emergency Medical Services -- Clinical 1:0:6 ENGL 1301 Composition 3:3:0 SOCI 1302 Sociology 3:3:0 Total - 17:13:11 2nd Semester HMSY 1373 Weapons of Mass Destruction 3:2:2 CJLE 1394 Special Topics in Law Enforcement 3:2:2 HMSY 1374 Homeland Security Intelligence Ops 3:2:2 HMSY 1375 Critical Infrastructure Protection 3:3:2 COSC 1301 Microcomputer Application 3:3:0 HUMA 1315 Arts & Society 3:3:0 Total - 18:15:8 2nd Year 3rd Semester CJLE 2247 Tactical Skills for Police 2:1:4 FIRT 1347 Industrial Fire Protection 3:3:0 HMSY 1376 Homeland Security Emergency Communications Management 3:3:2 HMSY 1377 Homeland Security Contingency Planning 3:2:4 CJLE 1211 Basic Firearms 2:1:2 MATH 1332 College Mathematics 3:3:0 SPEC 1311 Fundamental of Public Speaking 3:3:0 Total - 19:16:12 4th Semester ITSY 1342 Information Technology Security \*\* 3:2:2 ITSY 1300 Fundamental of Information Security\*\* 3:2:2 SLPS 1391 Special Topics in Security & Loss Prevention 3:2:3 HMSY 2378 Managing a Unified Incident Command 3:2:4 CJCR 1307 LE-Correctional Systems \*\* 3:2:4 Total - 15:10:15 \*\* May be substituted for criminal justice or fire technology electives Electives: CJCR1300 LE-Basic Jail Course 3:3:0 CJLE 1358 Rights of Prisoners 3:3:0 CJCR2325 Legal Aspects of Corrections 3:3:2 CRIJ1301 Introduction to Criminal Justice 3:3:0 CRIJ1307 Crime in America 3:3:0 CJIJ1310 Fundamentals of Criminal Law 3:3:0 FIRT1301 Fundaments of Fire Protection 3:3:0 FIRT1303 Fire and Arson Investigation I 3:3:0 FIRT1338 Fire Protection Systems 3:3:0 **[Certificate of Completion in Homeland Security]{.underline}** Recommend Program of Study: 1^st^ Year, First Semester EMSP 1160 Clinical -- EMSP -- Introductory 1:0:6 EMSP 1501 Emergency Medical Technician-Basic 5:4:6 HMSY 1371 Introduction to Homeland Security 3:2:2 HMSY 1372 Understanding & Combating Terrorism 3:2:3 First Year, Second Semester CJLE 1394 Special Topics in Law Enforcement 3:2:2 HMSY 1373 Weapons of Mass Destruction 3:2:2 HMSY 1374 Homeland Security Intelligence Ops 3:2:2 HMSY 1375 Critical Infrastructure Protection 3:3:2 Lamar Institute of Technology (LIT) is a member of The Texas State University System and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission. LIT is the first college in Texas to receive approval from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer continuing education certificates in Homeland Security. For more information: > Contact: Chief Jim Doane, LIT Director, Homeland Security & Criminal > Justice Training > > Lamar Institute of Technology - Associate of Applied Science Degree > > 855 East Lavaca, P O Box 10043 > > Beaumont, Texas 77710 > > Phone: (409) 880-8293 > > Fax: (409) 880-2106 > > Email: <doanej@lit.edu> > > Additional Information: > [www.lit.edu/currentlinks.asp?PageID-153](http://www.lit.edu/currentlinks.asp?PageID-153) > > Additional Phone: (800) 518-2728 > > Updated: 11/09/05

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NCI Mammary Mouse Models Collective (MMMC) Minutes of Meeting---November 19, 2003 Building 41, Conference Room 507 1:15 p.m.--2:30 p.m. **Next Meeting: December 8, 2003** **Mouse Models of Mammary Cancer Retreat** Marriott Washingtonian Center, Gaithersburg. 8:30 a.m. -- 5:30 p.m. ##### ACTION ITEMS: ### MMMC Members - Notify Jeff Green (<jg155c@nih.gov>) of the names of potential MMMC seminar speakers. - Send abstracts for the MMMC Retreat to Valerie Sanders (sanderva@mail.nih.gov) as soon as possible. ##### UPDATES AND NEW BUSINESS: ### Overview of MMMC-Interfaculty Retreat Dr. Green presented a brief overview of the upcoming retreat at the Marriott Washingtonian Center in Gaithersburg on December 8. The agenda, details on submitting abstracts, and other general information about the meeting, can be found at the following Web site: <http://www.palladianpartners.com/MMMammary/default.asp> ### Upcoming Seminar Dr. Andras Nagy will be the guest speaker at the January 14, 2004, meeting of the MMMC at 1 p.m. in the NIH Building 41 conference room. The seminar will be broadcast to the Lombardi Cancer Center, NCI-Frederick, and the Key West Center. ##### SEMINAR: ## Novel Signaling in Breast Cancer---Dr. Mien-Chie Hung, Chairman, Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas. Dr. Hung began by explaining that the first part of his talk would focus on "traditional" cell signaling, while the second part would be on more novel concepts in membrane signaling. He presented data from recent studies in his lab examining the relationship between the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (*Her2/neu*; erbB2) and the tumor suppressor p53. *Her2/neu* is an oncogene encoding a transmembrane receptor, tyrosine kinase. Overexpression of *Her2/neu* confers resistance to apoptosis, promotes cell growth, and is associated with poor clinical outcome in many human cancers. Regarding its mechanism of activity, earlier work had demonstrated that *Her2/neu* activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI(3)K)-Akt pathway, thus preventing cells from undergoing apoptosis. NIH3T3 cells overexpressing *Her2/neu* (*Her2/neu* 3T3 cells) are resistant to the DNA-damaging agent etoposide, while cells overexpressing *Her2/neu* and an inactive Akt protein (DN-Akt 3T3 cells) undergo etoposide-induced apoptosis. The protein p53 induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage of this sort. Blockage of the Akt pathway with PI(3)K inhibitors does not affect survival in either wild type or p53^-^/^-^ cells, but it dramatically increases the sensitization to etoposide in wild type cells---measured as lower cell activity and greater apoptosis---demonstrating that p53 is essential for etoposide-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, an intact Akt pathway seems to be required for *Her2/neu*-mediated chemoresistance, and there appears to be a relationship between Akt and p53 in etoposide-induced apoptosis. Additional evidence for this relationship is that DN-Akt 3T3 cells, unlike *Her2/neu* 3T3 cells, express elevated levels of p53 and that these levels increase following exposure to etoposide Dr. Hung reminded the audience that p53 levels are regulated by the interaction of several proteins, including MDM2, p300, and p19^ARF^. In unstressed cells, MDM2 binds p53, resulting in p53 ubiquitination, transport to the cytoplasm, and degradation. Following DNA damage, MDM2 is unable to bind p53 to facilitate nuclear export; consequently, levels of p53 rise. Nuclear accumulation of p53 was seen in DN-Akt 3T3 cells treated with etoposide---but not in *Her2/neu* 3T3 cells---implicating Akt in p53-MDM2 interaction. To allow p53 accumulation in the nucleus of *Her2/neu* 3T3 cells, nuclear export was inhibited by Leptomycin B. The p53 protein obtained from *Her2/neu* 3T3 cells, but not from DN-Akt 3T3 cells, was ubiquitinated. Further experiments demonstrated that Akt binds and phosphorylates MDM2 at two sites, Ser166 and Ser188, close to sequences crucial for the cellular location of MDM2; immunofluorescence staining showed that MDM2 is almost exclusively nuclear in *Her2/neu* 3T3 cells, while it is both nuclear and cytoplasmic in the DN-Akt 3T3 cells. Dr. Hung explained that this would suggest that Akt must phosphorylate MDM2 for it to be translocated to the nucleus. The phosphorylation state of MDM2 also affects its ability to bind p300 or p19^ARF^. Phosphorylated MDM2 binds p300, resulting in increased p53 degradation, while nonphosphorylated MDM2 binds p19^ARF^, inhibiting MDM2's ubiquitin-ligase activity and, thus, stabilizing p53. Dr. Hung emphasized how blocking the *Her2/neu*-Akt pathway to prevent the nuclear translocation of MDM2 has clinical implications for increasing the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging drugs. Dr. Hung concluded the first part of his presentation by describing how *Her2/neu* overexpression and subsequent activation of the Akt pathway promotes cell growth. Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21^Cip1/WAF1^ results in cytoplasmic localization and allows interaction with caspase 3 and apoptosis-signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), thus inducing resistance to apoptosis. Nuclear p21^Cip1/WAF1^, however, inhibits cell growth. The cellular localization of p21^Cip1/WAF1^ is clinically relevant, as Dr. Hung presented evidence correlating significantly greater survival in cancer patients with nuclear rather than cytoplasmic p21^Cip1/WAF1^ expression. In the second part of his talk, Dr. Hung discussed the nuclear localization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its potential role as a transcription factor. A paper published by his group in 1994 showed that the *Her2/neu*-encoded protein p185 is localized in the nucleus and that its C-terminal domain possesses transcriptional activity when used as "bait" in the yeast two-hybrid system (Xie and Hung, *BBRC* 203; 1589-98). This was the first published report that a membrane-receptor tyrosine kinase had transcriptional activity. Work has since begun to address the function of nuclear EGFR. Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that EGFR is found in the nuclei of highly proliferating cells as well as those of tumor cells and that the C-terminal domain of EGFR is associated with strong transcriptional activity (see Lin *et al.*, Nat. Cell Biol. (2001) 3:802-808). Dr. Hung explained that the cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing) technique was employed to determine whether the EGFR bound directly to DNA and to identify its DNA-binding site. An AT-rich minimal consensus sequence (ATRS) was identified and subsequently confirmed as an EGFR-binding site using gel-shift assays. Because EGFR was found in the nucleus of highly proliferative cells, Dr. Hung explained that its targets might be genes involved in cell growth; two ATRS consensus sequences were subsequently identified in the cyclin D1 promoter. A reporter gene containing the two ATRS sequences derived from the cyclin D1 promoter was activated *in vitro* by EGF treatment. Dr. Hung also presented chromatin immunoprecipitation results showing that EGFR was physically associated with the cyclin D1 promoter, confirming that cyclin D1 expression is regulated by EGFR. Dr. Hung concluded that further studies are required to explain how EGFR is translocated into the nucleus and to define the involvement of its ligand in regulating DNA-binding and transcriptional activation. He indicated that the mechanism involved may be common to many other transmembrane receptors that have also been found in the nucleus, such as FGFR, IL-1R, and c-erbB-4. He closed his presentation by speculating on how transmembrane receptors physically translocate to the nucleus. **ATTENDANCE:** Dalit Barkan Xavier Coumoul Chuxia Deng Lionel Feigenbaum Jeff Green Morihisa Hirota Jung-Im Huh Kent Hunter Sonia Jakowlew Mindy Lancaster Wenmei Li Luanne Lukes Cristina Montagna Tri Nguyen Thomas Ried Gertraud Robinson David Salomon Valerie Sanders Youping Sun Binwu Tang Lalage Wakefield Weihan Wang Yumei Ye ######## NOVA Research Company Mel Simpson

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Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau The FCC launched its new Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. The bureau, which officially began operations on Monday, September 25, 2006, will develop, recommend, and administer the agency\'s policies pertaining to public safety communications issues including 911 and E911, operability and interoperability of public safety communications, communications infrastructure protection, and network security and reliability. The new bureau also will act as a clearinghouse for public safety communications information and take the lead on emergency response issues.

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so BOOTS AND SADDLES. general to leave his bed. It was growing dark, and we were in the midst of a Dakota blizzard. The snow was so fine that it penetrated the smallest cracks, and soon we found white lines appearing all around us, where the roof joined the walls, on the windows and under the doors. Outside the air was so thick with the whirling, tiny particles that it was almost impossible to see one's hand held out before one. The snow was fluffy and thick, like wool, and fell so rapidly, and seemingly from all directions, thjt it gave me a feeling of suffocation as I stood outside. Mary was not easily discouraged, and piling a few light fagots outside the door, she tried to light a fire. The wind and the muffling snow put out every little blaze that started, however, and so, giving it up, she went into the house and found the luncheon - basket we had brought from the car, in which remained some sandwiches, and these*" composed our supper. The night had almost settled down upon us when the adjutant came for orders. Knowing the scarcity of fuel and the danger to the horses from exposure to the rigor of such weather after their removal from a warm climate, the general ordered the breaking of camp. All the soldiers were directed to take their horses and go into Yankton, and ask the citizens to give them shelter in their homes, cow-sheds, and stables. In a short time the camp was nearly deserted, only the laundresses, two or three officers, and a few dismounted soldiers remaining. The towns-people, true to the unvarying western hospitality, gave everything they could to the use of the regiment; the officers found places in the hotels.

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# Presentation: 322963 ## The validation of in situ measurements of water isotopes on the NASA WB-57: scientific implications of the Harvard Hoxotope and ICOS observations. - Hoxotope: Thomas F. Hanisco and J. M. St. Clair, - ICOS: E. J. Moyer, F. N. Keutsch, D. S. Sayres - Harvard Water: J. R. Spackman, J. Smith, R. Lockwood, and E. M. Weinstock, J. G. Anderson - Harvard CO2: B. Daube, E. Gottlieb, S. Wofsy - JPL H2O: R. Herman, R. Troy - ALIAS H2O/HDO: L. Christensen, C. Webster - MMS: T. P. Bui - Aura Validation Meeting - NASA Goddard - September 20, 2005 ## Compare isotopic results Quantify level of agreement Quantify discrepancies Identify possible sources Arrive at best values for D Discussion of scientific implications - Quantify level of agreement - Quantify discrepancies - Identify possible sources - Arrive at best values for D - Discussion of scientific implications - Hoxotope and ICOS intercomparison ## Water isotopes as tracers of Convection - HDO condenses more readily than H2O - Rainout leads to HDO depletion - Ice injection can make the stratosphere “Heavy” *In situ* water isotope measurements can offer a tracer for the condensation history of air parcels - D = 1000 ( HDO/H2O/SMOW – 1) ## HDO Measurement Comparison - Photofragment laser induced fluorescence - Integrated Cavity Absorption ## deltaD Comparison ## deltaD Difference ## H2O regression ## HDO regression ## HDO fractional difference - Large fractional differences in *stratospheric* HDO - ICOS HDO is greater than Hoxotope HDO - Likely due to ICOS offset (fit issues) - Fit issues are mostly absent on 20050707 ## 20050707 D ## presummary - ICOS D offset of up to 100 per mil is likely due to the ICOS HDO fit. - Source consistent with ICOS analysis - Consistency on 20050707 when ICOS works best gives added confidence to D: - Dstratosphere = DHox = -462 per mil ## January July comparison ## CRYSTAL Comparison ## ATMOS tropical profiles - Z. Kuang, G. C. Toon, P.O. Wennberg, and Y. L. Yung, Measured HDO/H2O ratios across the tropical tropopause, *Geophys. Res. Lett.,* 30(7), 1372, 2003. - WB-57 Houston profile ## Stratospheric CO2 H2O ## Ice lofting D ## Ice lofting D lines ## Rayleigh Fraction - XICE = (Dstratosphere – DRayleigh)/(DICE – DRayleigh) ## Summary - Hoxotope and ICOS water isotope measurements are in excellent agreement throughout most of the dataset - Within 3% difference in HDO for AVE_WIIF - D agree within 100 per mil (within instrument uncertainties) - Differences between Hoxotope and ICOS are in the stratosphere - HDO difference likely due to ICOS HDO spectral retrieval - Flight of 20050707 shows excellent agreement (-5 per mil) - Stratospheric D = -462 per mil - Significantly heavier than January (D = -590) - Significantly heavier than CRYSTAL/FACE (D = -713) - Ice lofting mechanism are likely dominant - Thanks to NASA IIP, NASA WB57, Harvard Engineering ## Rayleigh with Ice

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Before the **Federal Communications Commission** **Washington, D.C. 20554** +--------------------------------+---+---+-------------------------------+ | # In the Matter of | ) | | ## | | | | | ##### File No.: EB-05-DT-278 | | Mr. Jim Humphrey | ) | | | | | | | ##### | | d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance | ) | | ## Citation No.: C20063236001 | | | | | | | Grand Haven, Michigan | ) | | | | | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | ) | | | +--------------------------------+---+---+-------------------------------+ **CERTIFIED MAIL NO.: 7003 1680 0001 9977 1784** **RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED** **AND FIRST CLASS U.S. MAIL** # CITATION **Released**: December 19, 2005 By the District Director, Detroit Office, Northeast Region, Enforcement Bureau: 1. This is an Official Citation issued pursuant to Section 503(b)(5) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended ("Act"),[^1] to Jim Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance for violation of Sections 15.5(b) and 15.5(c) of the Commission's rules ("Rules").[^2] 2. On February 23, 2005, Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel in the FCC's Enforcement Bureau, sent a letter notifying you that the office telephone system used in the offices of Farm Bureau Insurance apparently are causing interference to amateur radio operations.[^3] In a subsequent telephone message to Mr. Hollingsworth, you indicated that the telephone system had been repaired and that the harmful interference had been solved. The complainant, however, reported that the interference had been only minimally reduced and Mr. Hollingsworth sent a second letter requesting that you advise his office within twenty days what steps you are taking to resolve the interference.[^4] You did not respond to Mr. Hollingsworth's letter. 3. On August 19, 2005, an agent from the FCC's Detroit Field Office conducted an investigation at the offices of Farm Bureau Insurance in Grand Haven, Michigan, with Nancy Humphrey. The agent determined that the office telephones, which are Part 15 devices and part of a Panasonic KX-T7633 telephone system, were causing interference to amateur radio operations in the 3.82-3.870 MHz band. The agent informed Mrs. Humphrey of the interference findings and advised her that FCC's rules require that Farm Bureau Insurance discontinue use of the telephone equipment until the interference is eliminated, either through modification or replacement of the equipment. 4. As you previously were advised in the February 23, 2005 letter from Mr. Hollingsworth, Section 15.5(b) of the Rules states that "\[o\]peration of an intentional, unintentional, or incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused . . . . "[^5] Section 15.5(c) of the Rules states "The operator of a radio frequency device shall be required to cease operating the device upon notification by a Commission representative that the device is causing harmful interference. Operation shall not resume until the condition causing the harmful interference has been corrected." 5. Violations of the Act or the Commission's Rules may subject the violator to substantial monetary forfeitures,[^6] seizure of equipment through *in rem* forfeiture action, and criminal sanctions, including imprisonment.[^7] 6. Mr. Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance may request an interview at the closest FCC Office, which is Federal Communications Commission, 24897 Hathaway Street, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48335.[^8] You may contact this office by telephone, (XXX) XXX-XXXX, to schedule this interview, which must take place within 14 days of this Citation. Mr. Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance may also submit a written statement to the above address within 14 days of the date of this Citation. Any written statements should specify what actions have been taken to correct the violations outlined above. Please reference file number EB-05-DT-278 and citation number when corresponding with the Commission. 7. Any statement or information provided by you may be used by the Commission to determine if further enforcement action is required.[^9] Any knowingly or willfully false statement made in reply to this Citation is punishable by fine or imprisonment.[^10] 8. **IT IS ORDERED** that copies of this Citation shall be sent by First Class U.S. Mail and Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested to Mr. Jim Humphrey d/b/a Farm Bureau Insurance at his address of record. > **FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION** > > James Bridgewater > > District Director, Detroit Office > > Northeast Region > > Enforcement Bureau [^1]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(5). [^2]: 47 C.F.R. §§ 15.5(b), 15.5(c). [^3]: *See* Letter from Mr. Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel, Spectrum Enforcement Division, Enforcement Bureau, to Jim Humphrey, dated February 23, 2005. [^4]: *See* Letter from Mr. Riley Hollingsworth, Special Counsel, Spectrum Enforcement Division, Enforcement Bureau, to Jim Humphrey, dated March 29, 2005. [^5]: [^6]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.80(b)(3). [^7]: 47 U.S.C. §§ 401, 501, 503, 510. [^8]: 47 U.S.C. § 503(b)(5). [^9]: *See* Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a(e)(3). [^10]: *See* 18 U.S.C. § 1001 *et seq*.

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# Presentation: 909580 ## Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder ClO Measurements - Michelle Santee + MLS Team - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology - MkIV, SLS Teams - Odin/SMR Team - Aura Science and Validation Team Meeting - 11–15 September 2006 - Boulder, CO ## Overview of Aura MLS version 2.1 (v2.1) ClO Data - As in v1.5, the standard product for ClO is taken from the 640 GHz retrieval - v2.1 ClO data are scientifically useful over the range 100 to 1 hPa - ClO measurements are reported at 6 pressure levels per decade change in pressure - Vertical resolution is ~3 km from 100 to 10 hPa, ~5 km at 1 hPa - Adjacent profiles are separated by ~165 km along the orbit track - Horizontal resolution is ~250 km along-track, ~3 km cross-track - Brief review of the quality of the version 1.5 (v1.5) MLS ClO data: - Useful range: 100 – 1 hPa - Estimated precision: ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout the vertical range - Artifacts: pervasive negative bias of 0.2–0.3 ppbv in both daytime and nighttime mixing ratios below ~32 hPa; largely eliminated by taking Day-Night differences ## Comparisons between v2.1 and v1.5 MLS ClO Data - v2.1 vs. v1.5: Profiles are slightly noisier, max values at the secondary peak are smaller, and the negative bias at lowest levels is slightly larger ## Precision of Aura MLS v2.1 ClO Data - Scatter in the v2.1 data in a 20°-wide band centered around the equator (where atmospheric variability should be small) indicates ClO precision of ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout most of the vertical range - Observed scatter in the v2.1 ClO data is slightly larger than it was in v1.5, especially at the lowest retrieval levels - The single-profile precision reported by the Level 2 software agrees well with the observed scatter in the lower stratosphere but overestimates it slightly above 10 hPa ## Comparison with UARS MLS ClO Climatology & v1.5 - Time series of MLS ClO at 520 K (~46 hPa, 19 km) for both the Southern (left) and Northern (right) Hemispheres - Grey dots: daily means from UARS MLS for 1991–2000 - Blue dots: daily means from v1.5 Aura MLS for 2004–2006 - Red dots: daily means from v2.1 Aura MLS (17 available days, 2004–2006) - The evolution of ClO over an annual cycle, and the latitudinal distribution of enhanced wintertime ClO, generally matches that of UARS MLS very well - The low bias in Aura MLS ClO data is evident ## Comparisons with Balloon ClO Data - Comparisons with balloon measurements made near Aura overpasses in September 2005 show a significant negative bias in v1.5 MLS ClO mixing ratios below ~32 hPa that is even larger (~0.4–0.5 ppbv) in v2.1 - Taking Day-Night differences largely eliminates the low bias in MLS ClO ## Comparisons with Odin/SMR ClO Data - “Chalmers v2.0” SMR data - All coincident profiles from MLS and SMR for 17 days - Coincidence criteria: ±1° latitude, ±4° longitude, ±12 hours - No solar zenith angle (SZA) criteria have been imposed for these comparisons, which may affect agreement for some points - Agreement in general morphology is excellent - Compared to SMR, MLS v2.1 ClO is considerably smaller at the lowest retrieval levels, where MLS has a known negative bias ## Comparisons with Odin/SMR ClO Data - Average differences between MLS v2.1 and SMR ClO are small (less than 0.1 ppbv) except at the lowest levels, where they rise to 0.5 ppbv ## Summary of v2.1 MLS ClO Data Quality - v2.1 MLS ClO measurements are similar to those in v1.5 - Profiles are noisier and have slightly larger oscillations, and the low bias below ~32 hPa has been exacerbated - Useful range: 100 to 1 hPa - Vertical resolution: ~3 km from 100 to 10 hPa, ~5 km at 1 hPa - Estimated precision: ~0.1–0.2 ppbv throughout the vertical range - Artifacts: pervasive negative bias of 0.4–0.5 ppbv in both daytime and nighttime mixing ratios below ~32 hPa; largely eliminated by taking Day-Night differences - Significant changes are not expected for ClO in version 2.2

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FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION FISCAL YEAR 2009 OMB BUDGET JUSTIFICATION ![](media/image1.png){width="3.1243055555555554in" height="2.988888888888889in"} September 4, 2007 Concurrently submitted to Congress **TABLE OF CONTENTS** Proposed Appropriation Language 1 Executive Summary 2 Commission Structure 3 Mission Statement 4 Strategic Goal 5 Strategic Framework 5 Transparency 6 Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public 6 Review of Campaign Finance Filing Reports 10 Compliance 12 > Education 12 > > Enforcement 13 > > Administrative Fine Program 14 > > Alternative Dispute Resolution 15 > > Audit Program 15 Development of the Law 16 > Interpreting the Act 16 > > Administering the Act 17 Impact of Request for Increase 18 > Request for Additional Staffing 18 > > Request for Additional Technological Initiatives 22 Budget Request by Object Class 25 **Proposed Appropriation Language** ***FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION*** *SALARIES AND EXPENSES* For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended, \$63,897,315 of which not to exceed \$5,000 shall be available for reception and representation expenses. Provided, That, the FEC is authorized to establish, modify, charge, and collect registration fees for FEC hosted conferences; Provided further, That notwithstanding 31 U.S.C. 3302, funds received from fees charged to attend the campaign finance conferences shall be credited to and merged with this account, to be available without further appropriation for the costs of carrying out these conferences. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION BUDGET REQUEST EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The FY 2009 budget request of the Federal Election Commission (FEC or Commission) is for \$63,897,315. This request reflects an increase of \$4,673,315 (7.9%) over the FEC's anticipated FY 2008 appropriation level. The FEC is requesting this increase to ensure that the Commission remains equipped to effectively and efficiently meet an anticipated increase in responsibilities resulting from (1) recent changes in Federal campaign finance laws, (2) the continuing increase in the level of contributions to, and spending by, Federal candidates, and (3) the expanding timeframe that Federal candidates are engaged in their campaigns. A brief summary of this request is presented below. +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | **Table 1: Budget | | | | | Summary** | | | | +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | **Category:** | **FY 2008** | **FY 2009** | **Percent** | | | | | | | | **Estimate** | **Request** | **Change** | +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | **Personnel** | \$42,498,848 | \$45,424,960 | 6.9% | +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | **Non-Personnel** | \$16,725,152 | \$18,472,355 | 10.5% | +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | **Total** | **\ | **\$ | **7.9%** | | | $59,224,000** | 63,897,315** | | +-----------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ To successfully manage the continued and anticipated increase in responsibilities, the Commission would allocate funds from the requested budget increase to: - Add 12 full-time equivalent (FTE) positions to work in areas of the agency that are most impacted by the increased demands; - Invest in several technological advances, such as improvements to its public disclosure databases and internal compliance systems, that would allow the Commission to provide additional services to the regulated community and the public, while conducting business more efficiently; and - Sufficiently address internal control weaknesses relating to financial management and systems previously identified through the annual audits of the Commission's financial statements. A portion of the budget increase also supports the standard anticipated inflationary adjustments for salaries and benefits, as well as inflation-driven cost increases for non-personnel expenditures. ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- **Table 2: Components of the Budget Request** FY 2008 Congressional Request (anticipated level) \$59,224,000 Built-in requirements to maintain current services 1,825,000 FY 2009 Current Services \$61,049,000 Enhancements: Additional Staffing 1,431,110 Technological Initiatives 1,417,205 FY 2009 Budget Request \$63,897,315 ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- **COMMISSION STRUCTURE** The FEC ([www.fec.gov](http://www.fec.gov/)) is an independent regulatory agency with exclusive responsibility for administering, enforcing, defending and interpreting the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, 2 U.S.C. 431 *et seq.*, as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), Pub. L. 107--155, 116 Stat. 81 (2002) (FECA or the Act). The Commission is also responsible for administering the public funding programs (26 U.S.C.) for presidential campaigns and conventions, which includes certification and audits of all participating candidates and committees, and enforcement of public funding legislation. The agency is directed by six Commissioners appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, no more than three Commissioners can be members of the same political party. Each Member serves a six-year term and two seats are subject to appointment every two years. The Commissioners meet regularly to formulate policy and to vote on significant legal and administrative matters. The Act requires at least a four-vote majority for the Commission to adopt any official action or policy. As part of its responsibilities, the FEC ensures transparency in the Federal campaign finance system by enforcing the Act's requirement that all Federal candidates and Federal political committees file financial disclosure reports, and by making those disclosure reports readily available to the public through the Commission's internet-based public disclosure system. The FEC also has exclusive responsibility for civil enforcement of the Act, including the handling of civil litigation arising from any legal actions brought by or against the Commission. All fines or civil penalties received are deposited with the U.S. Treasury and are not available for the Commission's use. Additionally, the Commission promulgates regulations implementing the Act and issues advisory opinions responding to inquiries generally from the regulated community. MISSION STATEMENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ***To prevent corruption in the Federal campaign process by administering, enforcing and formulating policy with respect to Federal campaign finance statutes.*** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The primary purposes of the Act are to: - Prevent improper influence or the appearance of improper influence of Federal candidates by imposing contribution limits; and - Provide transparency through mandatory disclosure of financial activity. In order to prevent improper influence of Federal candidates that might result from large campaign contributions, the Act limits the amount that any one person or entity may contribute to a Federal political candidate. The Act also prohibits certain entities, such as corporations and labor unions, from making Federal political contributions altogether. Beyond contribution limits and prohibitions, the Act also requires accurate and comprehensive public disclosure by Federal candidates and Federal political committees of all contributions and expenditures. The Commission facilitates transparency in the Federal campaign finance system through a state-of-the-art internet-based public disclosure system for all campaign finance activity. The FECA reflects a belief that democracy works best when voters can make informed decisions in the political process, decisions based in part on knowing the sources of candidates' financial support -- hence, the focus on transparency. Public confidence in the political process depends not only on laws and regulations to assure transparency, as well as on limits and prohibitions on the amounts and sources of contributions, but also on the knowledge that those who disregard those laws and regulations will face real consequences for non-compliance -- hence the focus on effective and fair enforcement to maintain the integrity of campaign financing. Despite a vigorous enforcement program designed to ensure compliance with both the Act's contribution restrictions and the disclosure provisions, voluntary compliance with the requirements of the Act remains a principal focus of the Commission's efforts. Because of the large and rising number of political committees and the ever-growing number and complexity of financial disclosure reports filed with the FEC, it would be cost-prohibitive to enforce the requirements of the Act without significant voluntary compliance. Accordingly, the Commission devotes significant resources to encouraging voluntary compliance through the widespread dissemination to the public, the press, political committees, and to State election officials of educational materials related to the campaign finance laws. STRATEGIC GOAL As reflected in an updated strategic plan that is being developed for FY 2008 through 2012, the FEC's mission is supported by a single, overarching strategic goal. The following goal is intended to succinctly, yet simply, characterize the fundamental responsibility with which the Commission has been entrusted. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *To protect the integrity of the Federal campaign process by providing transparency, enforcing contribution restrictions, and fairly administering the FECA and related statutes.* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK** This goal is pursued by three strategic objectives and underlying activities that guide the operations of the FEC. These are some of the many activities that constitute the day-to day work of the agency's staff. ## Objective A: Transparency -- Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public - Creating and maintaining a state-of-the-art electronic filing system for collecting financial disclosure reports from Federal candidates and political committees; - Making financial disclosure reports available to the public in a timely, efficient and useful manner; - Reviewing financial disclosure reports to ensure that the reports are accurate and complete; and - Encouraging candidates and political committees to correct inaccurate or incomplete reports. ### Objective B: Compliance -- Education and Enforcement - Expanding awareness of the campaign finance laws through creation and dissemination of educational materials, and instructional conferences and workshops; - Responding to complaints alleging violations of the campaign finance laws; - Imposing civil penalties for late-filed and non-filed disclosure reports; - Conducting audits in a timely and efficient manner; - Working with the Department of Justice regarding prosecution of criminal violations of the Act; and - Making findings in completed compliance matters available to the public in a timely and useful manner. **Objective C: Development of the Law -- Interpreting and Administering the Act** - Conducting rulemaking proceedings to promulgate Commission regulations consistent with revisions to the Act and judicial decisions related to the Act; - Issuing advisory opinions providing specific guidance to the regulated community; - Defending challenges to the Act, Commission regulations or actions; and - Certifying all presidential public funding payments in a timely and efficient manner. Management excellence is a key means to ensure that the FEC achieves these objectives in the most efficient and effective manner. Consistent with the President's Management Agenda (PMA), the Commission is updating its human capital plan to better address the following elements: (1) strategic alignment; (2) workforce planning; (3) leadership development; and (4) knowledge transfer and results-oriented performance. In addition to investing in its people, the Commission believes strong financial management and up-to-date technology are critical to supporting the mission and business operations, thereby ensuring that controls and systems meet applicable standards and can accommodate changes in stakeholder expectations and needs. Together these strategic objectives and management initiatives provide a strong foundation on which the FEC accomplishes its mission and plans for future challenges. The following section discusses the objectives mentioned above and presents brief descriptions of program activities, noteworthy trends and key accomplishments. Results achieved in carrying out these objectives and activities include (1) shorter processing times, (2) new procedures for informing the regulated community of the law, (3) an increase in the number and types of outreach activities, and (4) improved access to and the ease of use of the campaign finance data. # Objective A: Transparency **Receiving Accurate and Complete Campaign Finance Disclosure Reports and Making Them Available to the Public.** One of the FEC's most important responsibilities is to receive campaign finance reports, which detail the sources and amounts of funds used to finance Federal elections, and to make the reports available to the public in a timely and efficient manner. During the 2006 election cycle, the Commission received over 127,000 financial disclosure reports and statements, the equivalent of 3.9 million pages of financial data, disclosing approximately \$4.1 billion in spending related to Federal elections. This represents an increase of approximately five percent from the 2004 election cycle. The Commission anticipates that the 2008 election cycle will see even a greater increase, especially since there is no incumbent running for the Presidency. For example, as of August 2007, the Commission has received approximately seven percent more financial disclosure reports and statements than what was received relative to the same period before the 2004 presidential election. ![](media/image2.wmf) As illustrated in the chart above, the Commission has seen a continued increase in the total reports and statements filed over the past 10 years. Despite this increase, the Commission continues to improve on the timeliness with which reports are processed and made available to the public on the Commission's website. For example, since the institution of mandatory electronic filing in 2000, the median time to process all documents has decreased from eleven to just two days. In addition to the rising number and complexity of filings, the volume of transactions disclosed on campaign finance reports has also grown dramatically. As illustrated in the charts below, every election cycle since 1990 has seen a new record in total contributions and spending in Federal elections. ![](media/image3.wmf)![](media/image4.wmf) ![](media/image5.wmf) ![](media/image6.wmf) Not only does the FEC's internet-based electronic filing system allow candidates and political committees to file electronically, it also permits the committees to disclose more detailed information than ever before. The rise in the volume of reported information and financial activity has placed an increased burden on the review and analysis that the Commission must perform to ensure completeness and accuracy for disclosure and compliance purposes. With the passage of mandatory electronic filing for the majority of committees, the FEC, political candidates and committees, and the public are experiencing the benefits of timeliness and work process improvements that a sophisticated system affords. For example, the Commission's electronic filing system provides a comprehensive on-line help feature to assist candidates and committees with preparation and filing of their disclosure reports. Furthermore, the system permits anyone with internet access to view the following campaign finance information: +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - A list of all disclosure reports and other forms filed by a | | Federal candidate or a political committee, as well as a link to | | copies of the reports. | | | | - Summaries of financial activity, such as total receipts, | | disbursements, contributions to Federal committees, cash on hand | | and debts and obligations of a candidate or committee. | | | | - A list of all documents filed by a candidate with a cross | | reference to reports filed by other political committees, which | | disclose contributions and other expenditures related to that | | candidate. | | | | - An itemized list of each individual contribution to a candidate | | or committee. | | | | - An itemized list for each political committee of contributions | | made to candidates, including independent expenditures for or | | against candidates. | | | | - Documents related to FEC audits, enforcement actions and | | litigation regarding a candidate or political committee. | | | | - Documents related to FEC advisory opinions. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ In 2006, the FEC's electronic disclosure database and website received 3.8 million unique visits and over 101 million page hits by users seeking campaign finance data and other information. Each day, the FEC website continues to receive an average of 10,000 visitors. When on the FEC website, these visitors have access to over 27,000 documents, plus hundreds of thousands of pages of campaign finance data that have been submitted by candidates and committees and posted on-line by FEC staff. For FY 2007, it is anticipated that the FEC website will receive approximately 102 million hits. Also, as the 2008 presidential election nears, the Commission anticipates an even greater number of visits to the FEC website through FY 2009. ![](media/image7.wmf) To make campaign finance data contained in the disclosure reports filed with the Commission even more accessible to the public, in June 2007, the FEC launched a new interactive map of the United States at [www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do](http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do) that allows users to have immediate access to contribution information for the 2008 presidential race. With a simple click, users can access, through the map, the amount of funds raised on a state-by-state basis, with an option of viewing contributions to specific candidates, all candidates or all candidates from a particular political party. The map provides convenient access to the total contributions to each candidate, along with each candidate's cash-on-hand and the distribution of each candidate's contributions by amount. The map also allows the user to access lists of contributors by name, city, amounts of contributions and dates within the first three digits of their zip code, and can be sorted and downloaded to a spreadsheet format. Contribution data are updated within one day of the Commission's receipt of electronically-filed presidential disclosure reports. **[Presidential Campaign Finance Map](http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/mapApp.do).** Campaign finance information for the 2008 presidential election. ![](media/image8.png){width="5.081944444444445in" height="3.1770833333333335in"} This new interactive tool has already received nearly 500,000 hits since it was first made available in June 2007. The Commission is in the process of identifying other technological enhancements that will allow the public to access campaign finance data more easily and in more useful ways, thereby facilitating the public's capacity to conduct more sophisticated analyses of the available data. **Review of Campaign Finance Filing Reports** In addition to making available to the public all campaign finance disclosure reports that are filed, the Commission also reviews all reports for compliance with the law and to verify that the information is accurate and complete. This ensures that the public is provided a full representation of all candidates' and committees campaign finance activity. The following chart illustrates the (1) total number of reports and statements received; (2) total number of reports and statements processed; and (3) total number of reports and statements reviewed during an election cycle. ![](media/image9.wmf){width="5.626388888888889in" height="3.623611111111111in"} In the 2006 Congressional election cycle, nearly \$4.1 billion in campaign funds were disbursed by 8,000 committees that filed over 127,000 reports and statements. Together these reports contained information on 2.8 million separate campaign contribution and expenditure transactions. Despite an increase of nearly 15 percent between the 2004 and 2006 election cycles in the number of reports reviewed, and a continued increase in the amount of contributions and disbursements in the election cycles, the Commission was able to make significant improvements in the timeliness of the review of these reports. Although the Commission has achieved significant success in its effort to improve the review time for routine matters, it continues to face challenges in its efforts to analyze more complex matters. These include potential fraudulent activities designed to circumvent the limits of the Act, such as embezzlement and multi-tiered conduit schemes for making contributions in the name of another person. This budget request reflects the need for increased funding for staff with specialized expertise in identifying such complex, hard-to-detect schemes. The Commission also seeks funding to support this expertise through technological enhancements, such as data mining software. These resources will further assist the FEC in presenting financial data to the public and the regulated community in a manner that is even more transparent and beneficial to the public. # Objective B: Compliance **Education** The Commission continues to receive many telephone and written requests from the regulated community and the public for information, data and assistance in filing financial disclosure reports. Helping the regulated community understand its obligations under the Act is an essential component of improving voluntary compliance. One way the Commission continues to promote voluntary compliance with the law is by educating political committees and the public about the requirements of the Act. In FY 2006 alone, the Commission implemented several policy statements providing the regulated community with additional guidance on certain submissions by candidates and political committees. These include statements (1) to clarify and encourage self-reporting of violations, (2) to offer guidance on disclosure efforts including descriptions for the purpose of disbursements, and (3) to outline the requirements to show "best efforts" by committees to obtain and report financial information. The Commission also encourages voluntary compliance by hosting conferences in Washington, DC, and in other cities across the country, where Commissioners and staff explain how the Act applies to candidates and political committees. These conferences address recent changes in the campaign finance laws and focus on fundraising and reporting regulations. For both political committees and the public, the Commission's website has become the single-most important source of instantly accessible information about the Act and Commission regulations. While the Commission continues to make available printed copies of brochures and publications, documents related to all aspects of the FEC's work are available at [www.fec.gov](http://www.fec.gov/). These range from documents such as informational brochures on specific topics and the FEC's monthly newsletter, *The Record*, to copies of the Act, the Commission's regulations, advisory opinions, and litigation documents. Documents related to enforcement matters, including audit reports, are also available. The website also includes a query function for accessing documents related to final enforcement actions. The Commission strongly believes in all aspects of transparency, including making its internal process more accessible to the public. Through its continued efforts to improve the accessibility of data, in March 2007, a new tool to search for advisory opinions was implemented on the FEC website. The new search engine allows for full-text searches of all Commission advisory opinions issued since the beginning of 1990. When a specific opinion is selected, links to all related materials (e.g., copies of the original request, Commission draft opinions and third-party comments) are also provided, making the system a quick and comprehensive research tool. The Commission also recently expanded its information outreach on the internet to include (1) online presentations; (2) hypertext versions of the *Explanations & Justifications* for all FEC regulations; and (3) a "*Tips for Treasurers*" page that allows political committee treasurers and other interested individuals to receive automatic updates, even without having to visit the FEC's website. The Commission also recently transitioned to an e-mail distribution program for financial disclosure forms and other publications aimed at improving customer service, while simultaneously saving tax dollars by saving on costs associated with printing and postage. This program allows the Commission to distribute time-sensitive information to the regulated community more quickly and more efficiently than ever before. Furthermore, the FEC expanded its services by providing advance notices and reminders of filing deadlines. These investments represent a significant first step to help improve compliance with the Act and enable additional educational and outreach efforts. This budget request seeks to build on these accomplishments. **Enforcement** ***Traditional Enforcement Program*** Under the traditional enforcement program, the Commission learns of possible FECA violations primarily through: - The complaint process, whereby anyone may file a sworn complaint alleging violations of the Act; - The review of a committee's reports or through audit; - Voluntary self-reporting by candidates or political committees who believe that they may have violated the Act; and - The referral process, whereby other government agencies may refer possible violations of the Act to the FEC. The FEC has exclusive jurisdiction over civil enforcement of violations of the Act and coordinates with the Department of Justice on criminal enforcement of the Act. Whether initiated by outside complaint or internal referral, the most complex and legally significant enforcement matters, or matters under review (MURs), are handled by the Enforcement Division of the Office of General Counsel (OGC). The Enforcement Division: - Recommends to the Commission whether it should find "reason to believe" that the Act has been violated, a finding that formally initiates an investigation; - Investigates possible violations of the Act by requesting, subpoenaing, and reviewing documents and interviewing and deposing witnesses; - Conducts settlement negotiations seeking to culminate in conciliation agreements with respondents; - Recommends to the Commission whether it should find "probable cause" to believe the Act has been violated; and - Recommends to the Commission whether suit should be brought against a respondent in Federal district court if conciliation cannot be reached through settlement negotiations. If a conciliation agreement cannot be reached and the Commission votes to initiate civil litigation, it will file and prosecute a civil action in Federal district court to address the alleged violation of the Act. Depending on the size and complexity of the lawsuit, such cases may be resolved promptly or may require a significant amount of resources for several years. In calendar year 2006, the FEC closed 315 matters, the largest number since 2001, while the average time required to complete a case declined by nearly one third from earlier years. Over 85 percent of the agency's cases are now closed within 15 months, the fastest and most efficient processing of complaints in the Commission's history. Although swift resolution of enforcement matters is one of the Commission's highest priorities, efficiency cannot come at the expense of fairness to those regulated. The Commission remains focused on providing candidates and political committees with a fair opportunity to make appropriate presentations to the Commission in enforcement matters. As a result, the Commission recently adopted a test program allowing oral hearings in enforcement cases. The continued growth in the number and amounts of campaign contributions and disbursements, along with the increased volume in the number and length of reports filed with the Commission, has created an increased workload on the Commission's enforcement programs. This is especially true in election cycles, such as 2008, where the Commission expects to receive a high volume of complaints associated with the presidential election. These demands are further compounded by the number of increasingly complex schemes aimed at evading the law. Although the Commission attempts to maximize the effectiveness of its compliance and enforcement programs through increased use of technology and putting into place management initiatives to better focus available resources, it is vitally important that the agency attract and retain additional staff with the expertise to detect and investigate such schemes. ***Other FEC Enforcement Programs*** **Administrative Fine Program (AFP)** Based on the Commission's legislative recommendation and subsequent Congressional mandate, the FEC implemented an Administrative Fine Program (AFP) in July 2000. Through the AFP, the Commission addresses the timely filing of financial disclosure reports in a more streamlined fashion than permitted by the traditional enforcement process. Since its inception, the AFP has closed over 1,300 cases and assessed civil penalties totaling more than \$2.5 million for late-filed and non-filed reports. In FY 2006, the AFP assessed fines of approximately \$200,000 and closed 89 cases. In 2007, the Commission revised four aspects of its AFP regulations. One change completely replaces the "extraordinary circumstances" defense with a two-part "best efforts" defense. Another change includes the addition of examples of circumstances that will meet the new "best efforts" test. These revised regulations became effective April 30, 2007, however the Commission has not yet had an opportunity to handle a sufficient number of cases under the new regulations to assess the long-term impact on staff workload and appeal review turnaround time. Congressional approval for the program was initially provided through 2001. Since that time, it has been extended three times with the current extension through December 31, 2008. With the end of this extension approaching, the Commission recommends that Congress provides another extension to this program or make permanent the authority for the Administrative Fine Program. By making the program permanent, Congress would ensure that the Commission would retain one of the most cost-effective and successful programs in its history. **Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Program** The Commission implemented an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) program in October 2001. This program is designed to promote compliance with the Act by encouraging settlements outside the traditional enforcement or litigation processes. The ADR program aims to expedite resolution of certain less complex enforcement matters and to reduce the cost of processing complaints through streamlined procedures. This program also promotes future compliance through settlements reflecting primarily remedial measures for respondents, such as training, audits and the hiring of compliance staff. Since the inception of the ADR program, the Commission has concluded settlements with respondents in 232 cases and closed 322 cases, negotiating approximately \$400,000 in civil penalties. Thus far in FY 2007, the Commission has already negotiated \$55,400 in civil penalties. Generally, all ADR cases have been closed within three months of referral to the ADR program, thus expediting this portion of the Commission's enforcement caseload. Both the AFP and the ADR programs allow the Commission to expand the reach of the enforcement process and to streamline case resolution for less complex matters. These programs focus resources to ensure enforcement of the Act is performed as efficiently and effectively as possible given current resources. **Audit Program** The Commission also enforces the Act through audits of candidates and political committees. In FY 2009, the Commission expects to conduct 40 to 50 "for cause" audits, under Title 2, in those cases where political committees have failed to meet the threshold requirements for substantial compliance with the Act and have failed voluntarily to correct errors or omissions in their disclosure reports. In addition, the Commission expects to conduct six to eight mandatory audits, under Title 26, for those presidential candidates who opt to receive presidential matching funds in the 2008 election. The Commission's audit presence not only contributes to the Commission's enforcement efforts but also encourages voluntary compliance within the regulated community. **Objective C: Development of the Law** **Interpreting the Act** The Commission provides formal interpretation of the Act through promulgation of regulations and the issuance of advisory opinions (AOs). ***Regulations*** Congressional action, judicial decisions, petitions for rulemaking or other changes in the campaign finance law often necessitate that the Commission update or adopt new regulations. Consequently, the FEC undertakes rulemakings to either write new Commission regulations or revise existing regulations. The Policy Division of OGC drafts Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRMs), which once adopted by the Commission, are published in the *Federal Register*. NPRMs are also made available on the FEC's website and on the U.S. Government website, [www.regulations.gov](http://www.regulations.gov/). NPRMs provide an opportunity for members of the public and the regulated community to review proposed regulations, submit written comments to the Commission and testify at public hearings, which are conducted at the FEC when appropriate. The Commission considers the public comments and testimony and deliberates publicly regarding the adoption of the final regulations. The text of final regulations and the corresponding *Explanations and Justifications* (E&J), once adopted by the Commission, are published in the *Federal Register*. The Commission has completed revisions to its regulations to comport with recent court decisions in the *Shays v. FEC* litigation, in which the court remanded certain regulations to the agency for further action. Currently, the Commission is devoting substantial resources to revisions of its regulations as required by the recent Supreme Court decision limiting the scope of the Act with respect to electioneering communications in *Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life.* For FY 2009, the Commission expects that rulemaking proceedings will continue to require significant resources as a result of anticipated changes in the Act and final judicial decisions in challenges to the Act and to Commission regulations. ***Advisory Opinions*** The Commission responds to questions from the regulated community about how the Act applies to specific situations by issuing AOs. When the Commission receives a request for an AO, it generally has 60 days to respond. For AO requests from candidates in the two months leading up to an election, the response time for the Commission is reduced to 20 days. Nevertheless, the Commission instituted an expedited process last year for handling certain time-sensitive requests in even shorter timeframes. Last year the Commission placed special emphasis on expediting the processing and consideration of highly significant AO requests. Although the Act allows the agency 60 days to respond to most requests, the Commission issued some of its recent opinions within as little as two weeks. Although the number of AO requests that the Commission receives is subject to cycles dependent on whether or not it is a presidential election year, the Commission has received a steady increase in the number of requests in comparison to analogous prior years. Additionally, the complexity of the topics addressed in these AOs has increased because of BCRA, which required a number of new Commission regulations, and recent litigation. Despite this increased workload, the time that the Commission has issued these advisory opinions has decreased markedly due, in part, to the expedited AO program. As more requestors seek expedited advisory opinions on close questions of law under BCRA, the Commission anticipates these trends to continue well beyond the 2008 presidential election. In addition, the Commission anticipates additional rulemakings and advisory opinion requests as a result of the *Wisconsin Right to Life* decision. **Administering the Act** ***Defending Challenges to the Act*** The Commission is the exclusive representative of the FEC before the Federal district and circuit courts, and the Supreme Court with respect to cases involving publicly financed presidential candidates. It also has primary responsibility for defending the Act and Commission regulations against court challenges. In the case recently decided by the Supreme Court, *FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life*, the Commission defended against an \"as applied\" challenge to the electioneering communication provision of BCRA. In the aftermath of that decision, the Commission is likely to defend similar challenges based on the new standard the Court established. The Commission is also likely to develop regulations implementing that standard, which in turn may lead to court challenges to whatever regulatory standard the Commission adopts. In other ongoing litigation, the Commission continues to defend its regulations implementing BCRA. After initial litigation challenging more than a dozen regulations led to a decision by the D.C. Circuit and subsequent rulemaking, the case (known as *Shays III*) is again before the district court in the District of Columbia. Likewise, the Commission is in the process of defending its "political committee status" rulemaking. On both these matters, a decision is expected in 2007 and could lead to an appeal or additional rulemaking. ***Public Funding*** In addition to administering the FECA, the Commission is responsible for administering the public funding of presidential elections, as outlined in Title 26. Public funding of presidential elections has been an important part of the Nation's presidential election system since 1976. The program is funded by the \$3 income tax checkoff and administered by the FEC. Through the public funding program, the Federal government provides (1) matching funds to candidates seeking their party's presidential nomination, (2) financing for presidential nominating conventions, and (3) grants to presidential nominees for the general election campaigns. Under the presidential public funding program, the Commission certifies a candidate's eligibility to participate in the program, establishes eligibility for payments, and conducts a thorough examination and audit of the qualified campaign expenses of every candidate who receives payments under the program. For the 2004 presidential elections, the Commission certified the eligibility for ten candidates and two convention committees. **Impact of Request for Increase** The requested increase of \$4,673,315 will enable the Commission to keep pace with the ever-increasing demands being placed on it by (1) changes in the campaign finance laws and regulations, (2) improvements in technology, (3) mandated reporting requirements; and (4) the need to maintain a clean audit opinion and sound internal controls. This increase will also provide for current services, adjusted for inflation. Today's changing technological advances and growth in campaign financing necessitate that the Commission employ additional staff with specialized skills and abilities to investigate complex issues and apply sophisticated legal expertise to interpret and defend the law. Misappropriation of campaign funds continues to be a special concern, and corruption allegations are among the most complex, sensitive and serious matters brought before the Commission. Such allegations must be investigated quickly, fairly, and accurately. **Request for Additional Staffing** The FEC's employees are its most valuable resource and sound workforce planning and management are critical to its operations. The President's Management Agenda requires agencies to assess their organizational structures and develop organizational plans to streamline operations and business processes. Even though the Commission has implemented a number of management and organizational initiatives over the past several years to increase the efficiency of processing enforcement matters, additional resources are needed to address the continued growth and complexity of finance campaign activity. This means building a human capital infrastructure that can fulfill its mission. Without these additional resources, the Commission's ability to maintain its current level of responsiveness would be jeopardized. Provided below is a more specific description of the Commission's request for \$1,431,110 in additional funding for an increase of 12 FTEs. ***The Office of General Counsel (OGC).*** The Commission requests a budget increase to support five additional FTE for OGC. The post-BCRA trend of more complex factual scenarios and legal issues continues to be presented in complaints, advisory opinion requests and litigation. Examples of these include complaints alleging embezzlement, complex conduit schemes, and attempts to evade the Commission's heightened enforcement of activity by unregistered political committees. Also, in FY 2009, the Commission projects that OGC will face a significant increase in workload demands because of the large volume and increased complexity of matters arising from the 2008 election cycle. Typically, presidential election years present peak workload demands for OGC. With an open presidential race and record-setting early fundraising by the candidates, the Commission expects an even greater volume of complaints and overall activity for the 2008 cycle. During presidential election years, the Commission typically receives the highest number of complaints over the four-year election cycle. In each of the past two presidential election years, OGC processed over 400 complaints each cycle. In contrast, OGC receives approximately 180 complaints during non-presidential election cycles. The expected record-level of complaints stemming from the 2008 presidential elections will add a considerable strain on OGC's ability to prepare cases for activation and handling by attorneys. For example, in FY 2002, it took 197 days on average to activate a case. By the midpoint of FY 2007, that time was reduced by more than half to 89 days. If historical averages hold, the Commission projects that it will see over 180 complaints filed from July 2008 through December 2008. Additional FTE are required to continue the Commission's progress in streamlining the activation process and to maintain the overall efficiency of the Commission's enforcement docket. Once cases are reviewed and activated, they are assigned to attorneys for handling, including making recommendations to the Commission about how to proceed at various stages of the enforcement process. Over the past several years, significant strides have been made in reducing the time it takes to prepare recommendations at the various enforcement stages and to complete enforcement matters. In FY 2002, it took, on average, 730 days to close an enforcement matter. By fiscal year 2006, the Commission reduced this number by 230 days to an average of 500 days. With additional FTE resources, OGC would be able to activate cases even more quickly and increase the total number of cases that are active at any one time. The Commission will also be able to close cases even more quickly so that the regulated community has the benefit of Commission decisions as soon as possible during an election cycle. The increased activity in the 2008 election cycle also will have an impact on the potential number of litigation matters. Over past cycles, there has been a sharp increase in the number of litigation cases handled by OGC. For example, by the middle of FY 2005, the litigation workload increased by approximately 20 percent compared with the number of cases being handled the previous year. OGC anticipates similar increases for the 2008 cycle. While it is too early to know what the exact impact of the recent *Wisconsin Right to Life* decision will be on the litigation workload over the next several years, the Commission expects at least a modest increase in the number and complexity of challenges that will arise. Similarly, the Commission expects that rulemaking proceedings, necessitated both by anticipated changes in the Act and by final judicial decisions in challenges to the Act and to Commission regulations, will have a significant impact on OGC\'s workload. The Commission also anticipates an increase in the number of advisory opinion requests in the run-up to the presidential election, particularly requests for expedited advisory opinions. For example, in 2002, a non-presidential election year, the Commission received a total of 15 advisory opinion requests. In 2006, another non-presidential election year, the number of advisory opinion requests increased to 38. However, in 2004, a presidential election year, the Commission received a total of 45 advisory opinion requests. Accordingly, for the 2008 presidential election year, the Commission projects that it will receive an even greater volume than in 2004. Also, the complexity of the topics addressed in these AOs has increased because of BCRA, such as the Millionaires\' Amendment, which increases the permissible contribution limits for the opponents of self-funded candidates. As more requestors seek expedited advisory opinions on close questions of law under BCRA, the Commission anticipates these trends to continue well beyond the 2008 presidential election. In addition, the Commission anticipates additional rulemakings and advisory opinion requests as a result of the Supreme Court's recent *Wisconsin Right to Life* decision. Since early 2006, new statutes and Executive Orders have added to the Commission's responsibilities in administering the *Freedom of Information Act* (FOIA) and *Privacy Act*, resulting in an increase in workload for the FEC without an accompanying increase in FTE. Specifically, Executive Order 13392 required the Commission to: - Appoint a Chief FOIA Officer, a role served by a senior level OGC manager; - Establish a FOIA Service Center for the intake and initial processing of FOIA requests; - Appoint a "FOIA Public Liaison," who is an official "to whom a FOIA requester can raise concerns about the services a FOIA requester has received from the Center;" and - Develop a plan to ensure that agency administration of FOIA complied with the law, and report the plan to OMB and the Attorney General. So far during FY 2007, increasing demands have been placed on OGC as a result of newly promulgated government-wide requirements related to the *Privacy Act* and the *Freedom of Information Act*. Consistent with these requirements, OGC is responsible for processing and coordinating responses to all FOIA requests, not merely those that present legal issues under the FOIA. Moreover, demand for Commission services under FOIA is increasing. With two months remaining in FY 2007, the Commission has already received 66 requests as compared to the 47 FOIA requests received in all of FY 2006. Similarly, in the privacy area, new legislation and directives from OMB have created new responsibilities for OGC. Specifically, Section 522 of the *2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act*, OMB Memorandum M-05-08, *Designation of Senior Agency Officials for Privacy*, and other authorities impose more than a dozen new responsibilities and reporting requirements on the Commission. The Commission anticipates that these duties will be performed by a Chief Privacy Officer, who would be a senior-level OGC manager. The Office of the General Counsel has seen a large increase in demand for its full range of services without any corresponding increase in FTE. In part as a response to these increased demands, and in part as an effort to improve the overall operations, OGC has instituted management and process improvements that have resulted in handling matters as quickly and efficiently as possible with the current level of staffing. While there still remains room for additional improvements that may produce further benefits, the Commission believes it has done most, if not all, that it can to increase OGC's operational efficiency without additional staffing. ***The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Office).*** The Alternative Dispute Resolution Office seeks one additional FTE to address the anticipated growth in complaints that will be handled within this program, thereby freeing up other Commission resources for other, more complex enforcement matters. In the last several years, the ADR program has handled 60 to 100 cases per year, with each staff member handling 30 to 45 cases. The additional FTE will allow the ADR program to handle between 120 to 160 cases per year. The additional FTE will also free up resources from the existing ADR program staff to focus on ways to further expedite case processing. ***The Office of the Inspector General (OIG).*** The Commission requests a budget increase to support two additional FTEs in the Office of the Inspector General. One FTE would be an investigator and the other would be an auditor. The OIG has faced a considerable increase in workload in the past several years without an increase in staff. For example, since FY 2004, the OIG has been responsible for the oversight of the FEC\'s annual financial statement audit, as required by the *Accountability of Tax Dollars Act of 2002*, a new legislative requirement for the FEC. In addition, the OIG has experienced a significant increase in internal hotline complaints, some of which have resulted in criminal and administrative investigations. The increase in reporting requirements (e.g., FOIA, Privacy Act) places an additional burden on the OIG to conduct internal audits (1) to ensure compliance with applicable policies and procedures, and (2) to prevent and detect fraud, waste and abuse in FEC operations. ***The Office of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Program.*** The Commission requests two additional FTEs bringing the Commission's EEO staff to three. Staffing the EEO office at three FTE will further build upon the Commission's support of and commitment to equal opportunity and diversity by ensuring a strong and effective program. These resources will enable the Commission to conduct educational programs and other proactive measures to help prevent unlawful discrimination, to expeditiously address all cases that do arise, and to meet all regulatory and statutory reporting requirements to the Office of Personnel Management and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In pursuit of these commitments, the Commission is also striving to attain the status of a model EEO program, as prescribed by EEOC guidelines under CFR 1614, in implementing Title VII, *Age Discrimination in Employment Act*, the *Rehabilitation Act* programs, and relevant Executive Orders and policy guidance. # *The Office of Communications (OC).* The Commission requests a budget increase for one additional FTE in the Office of Communications. The additional FTE would enable the OC to expand its online educational initiatives, thereby reaching the segment of the regulated community that is unable to attend FEC regional conferences. For example, the Commission recently purchased software to develop new, interactive online training exercises for the regulated community. The software would allow the OC to create web-based training for the regulated community that is easy to navigate, available on demand and always up-to-date with new Commission regulations and initiatives. This new training initiative represents a fundamental change in the Commission's outreach efforts, and will provide the regulated community with 24-hour access to campaign finance training. However, at current staffing levels, development of these new exercises is often delayed by the staff's need to focus on maintaining existing services. An additional FTE would enable the Commission to move forward with this and other initiatives at an accelerated pace, providing better service to the public and the regulated community. ***The Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO).*** The Commission requests a budget increase to support one additional FTE in the Office of the Chief Financial Officer to strengthen financial management. The Commissioners recently restructured the role of the CFO to significantly enhance the CFO's responsibilities and to report directly to the Commission. The change was made to afford the Commission a higher level of oversight of financial management throughout the agency. The complexity and additional reporting requirements, such as the annual financial statement audit, have increased the visibility of the Commission's financial operations. Accordingly, the Commission believes having the CFO directly report to the Commissioners increases the objectivity and strengthens the internal controls surrounding financial management. This additional FTE would enhance the Commission's ability to properly address the underlying internal control weaknesses that resulted in a qualified audit opinion on the Commission's FY 2006 financial statements. Furthermore, resources would be allocated to maintain and update financial management policies and procedures, and provide training to FEC staff on these policies and procedures, such as travel, procurement, budget, and accounting matters. The increase would ensure that the CFO will be able to perform a higher-level review and analysis, thereby improving overall internal controls. The additional FTE also would facilitate succession planning to adequately prepare for the upcoming retirement of finance personnel; thereby reducing the risk of financial and payroll transactions not being processed timely or accurately. Finally, additional staffing also enables the CFO to communicate more effectively with the Commission and agency management. **Request for Additional Technological Initiatives.** The Commission requests a budget increase of \$1,417,205 to maintain a secure, flexible, and modern information technology system that fully supports the collection, analysis, and dissemination of campaign finance information. The Commission is in the early stages of developing a complete, integrated enterprise architecture consisting of infrastructure and applications that serve the Commission's business needs. To further build and implement this architecture, additional funds are needed to increase support for applications and systems development projects. These resources will be used to manage enhancements, modifications, and deployments of FEC systems. These include, but are not limited to: - eReview (electronic review of campaign finance filings); - Electronic document management; - Enhancing detection and analysis capabilities of compliance data (e.g., data mining); and - Enabling the public to search, view, download, and comment on Federal agency rulemaking documents in one central online system. Consistent with the President's Management Agenda, the Commission has begun to define requirements for an integrated financial management system. An integrated system will provide management and technical capabilities for an agency-wide implementation of standard systems and processes necessary to support financial management and human resource (HR) activities. Currently, the Commission does not have an integrated financial management system, which was noted as an internal control weakness in the financial statement audit. To address this weakness, the Commission intends to outsource its financial and HR operations to an approved line of business (LOB) provider. This will allow the FEC to provide timely, consistent, and reliable information for leadership and management decisions, as well as to be compliant with OMB requirements. Furthermore, the LOB is expected to provide an accounting structure to enable the FEC to achieve a "clean" audit opinion on its financial statements, and to resolve several of the internal control weaknesses identified in the Commission's past financial statement audits. Maintaining an effective financial management system includes: - Ensuring adequate internal controls; - Conducting risk assessments; - Implementing a back-up disaster recovery and continuing operations plan; and - Upgrading of security and systems to keep up with changes in technology, as well as changing regulations and reporting requirements. The Commission understands the importance of strong internal controls. Without additional funding, the Commission will be unable to adequately address its internal control weaknesses to fully resolve these issues. The FEC also continues to upgrade and enhance its website, electronic filing and review systems, and other electronic systems, and to adapt to changes in the law or to technological advances. The FEC plans to launch an enhancement to the presidential Campaign Finance Map application. This new application will focus on House and Senate candidates and allow drill-down capabilities on money raised in 17 specific categories. There will also be a feature that will facilitate the ability to compare candidates who are running in the same race. In order to address the more complex requirements of the campaign finance process and allow for transparency, the FEC needs to build additional tools and a supporting infrastructure to tap into the data that is being collected from the regulated community. The four cornerstones serving as the foundation for better tools and access to data include: - Integrated enterprise application architecture; - Enterprise content management; - Enterprise search/data mining capabilities; and - Robust and secure enterprise infrastructure. Several of these improvements will serve to effectively respond to the internal control weaknesses noted in the past several audits of the Commission's operations. These functions will also facilitate the FEC's mission to provide the public with a transparent campaign finance system by providing useful and accessible website enhancements, similar to the Presidential Campaign Finance Map, which, as anticipated, has proven to be a very popular tool for the public. Combined with the responsibility to provide transparency in the campaign finance process and the public's internet-driven expectation of instant access to the very latest information, these growing demands are projected to soon push the Commission's technology beyond its current capabilities. Therefore, additional resources are essential for the Commission to successfully achieve its mission and serve the public and regulated community. --------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ **Table 3: Budget Request by Object Class** **Personnel** **FY 2007** **FY 2008** **FY 2009 Request** **Estimate** **Estimate** 1110 Full Time Permanent \$28,909,914 \$31,909,311 \$33,859,311 1130 Other than Permanent 550,000 775,000 850,000 1150 Premium Pay, Overtime 65,000 85,000 90,000 1152 Cash Awards 427,659 550,000 600,000 1181 Witnesses 5,000 8,500 8,500 1210 Personnel Benefits 8,297,145 9,171,036 10,017,148 **Subtotal, Personnel** **\$38,254,718** **\$42,498,848** **\$45,424,960** 2101 Travel 389,689 397,483 415,000 2201 Transportation of Things 20,077 21,000 22,000 2311 Rent 3,513,877 4,726,125 4,773,094 2331 Equipment Rental 181,000 185,000 188,500 2332 Telephones 199,591 200,000 202,000 2335 Postage, Printing and 459,540 462,000 467,500 Microfilm 2511 Training and Tuition 293,503 299,374 305,361 2512 Administrative Expenses 114,018 116,298 119,500 2513 Depositions and 34,308 34,000 34,000 Transcripts 2514 IT Contracts 4,984,717 4,265,260 5,713,131 2521 Other Contracts 1,400,144 1,400,000 1,475,000 2523 Repair & Maintenance 168,398 165,000 175,000 2531 Federal Agency Services 957,940 960,000 967,000 2541 Facilities Maintenance 285,000 290,000 295,000 2572 Software and Hardware 1,345,296 1,283,157 1,375,000 2601 Supplies 190,856 170,000 170,000 2602 Publications 544,132 560,456 577,270 3101 Equipment Purchases 174,815 175,000 178,000 3102 Capitalized IT Equipment 848,897 850,000 855,000 3103 Non-Capitalized IT 167,000 165,000 165,000 Equipment **Subtotal, Non **\$16,272,798** **\$16,725,152** **\$18,472,355** Personnel** **TOTAL** **\$54,527,516** **\$59,224,000** **\$63,897,315** --------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

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Voluntary Report - public distribution **Date:** 12/9/2005 **GAIN Report Number:** IN5130 IN5130 **India** **Agricultural Situation** **Weekly Highlights & Hot Bites, #45** **2005** **Approved by:** ![](media/image1.wmf)Michael Riedel U.S. Embassy, New Delhi **Prepared by:** A. Govindan, Santosh Kr. Singh **Report Highlights:** \*Australian Wheat Board eyes wheat supply\*, \*Be cautious on Farm talks - Opposition Parties\*, \*Pepsi plans domestic orange juice production\*, \*Indian farm retail to get its first foreigners\*, \*World Bank keen on Indian farm sector\*. Includes PSD Changes: No Includes Trade Matrix: No Unscheduled Report New Delhi \[IN1\] \[IN\] Welcome to Hot Bites from India, a weekly summary of issues of interest to the U.S. agricultural community. The report includes information that has been garnered during travel within India, reported in the local media, or offered by host country officials and agricultural analysts. Press articles are included in this report. Significant issues will be expanded upon in subsequent reports from this office. DISCLAIMER: Any press summary contained herein does NOT reflect USDA's, the U.S. Embassy's, or any other U.S. government agency's point of view or official policy. **AUSTRALIAN WHEAT BOARD EYES WHEAT SUPPLY** India might import approximately one million tons of wheat in 2006 to meet supply shortages, according to a top Australian Wheat Board (AWB) official. \"It could be a million tons, a little more or little less, in that order of magnitude, through 2006,\" said Mr. Andrew Lindberg, AWB\'s Managing Director. \"Historically, Australia has been very well placed to provide supplies into this market. Our premium wheat is sought after in this market,\" Mr. Lindberg added. (Source: Business Line, 12/08/05) **BE CAUTIOUS ON FARM TALKS -- OPPOSITION PARTIES** At a meeting held by Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath with political opposition parties, the latter asked the government to move cautiously on agriculture in order to protect the interests of Indian farmers. They said the sector should not be opened unless developed countries committed themselves to cuts in their agricultural subsidies. "There was basically a meeting of the minds, as both sides \[government and the opposition\] agreed that India had to move carefully on agriculture, and that the interests of farmers had to be protected," a senior government official said. Bharatiya Janta Party (the main opposition party) General Secretary and former Commerce and Industry Minister Arun Jaitley said "India should tighten its shield as far as market access is concerned, taking care not to delink it from the question of subsidies." Commerce Minister Nath, agreeing with Jaitley's view, assured the opposition parties that India would not concede on agriculture unless the developed countries agreed to real and substantial cuts in their trade distorting support. (Source: Business standard, 12/06/05) **PEPSI PLANS DOMESTIC ORANGE JUICE PRODUCTION** Pepsi wants to develop the rs. 5 billion (\$110 million) Indian orange juice (OJ) market by getting into a direct-linkage, fully-integrated production model, which would give India its own domestically-produced OJ. Currently, the OJ-needs of India (around 5,000 tons a year) are met by imports from Florida and Brazil. As part of their long-term agribusiness investment plan, which would provide the much-needed backward linkage, Pepsi is already managing and operating the biggest citrus nursery in the world in Punjab state, which is likely to be followed by two large Tropicana processing facilities there. (Source: Economic Times, 12/09/05) **INDIAN FARM RETAIL TO GET ITS FIRST FOREIGNERS** AWB, an international commodity trading and risk management company, is planning to invest in a chain of shops and warehouses in rural India. This is the first time that a multinational company has shown interest in the Indian farm retail segment instead of the high-end urban retail. With an initial investment of Rs. 1 billion (\$22 million), the company is planning to supply large supermarkets with private-label foods through contract farming. The company set up a wholly-owned subsidiary, AWB India, which is currently focusing on agri-commodity trading and risk management. (Source: The Economic Times, 12/07/05) **WORLD BANK KEEN ON INDIAN FARM SECTOR** Expecting economic growth of eight percent for FY 2005/06, the World Bank said it wanted to fund the Indian agricultural sector and micro-finance, but wanted the government to allow greater foreign direct investment and remove bottlenecks that restricted the private sector's role. The Bank's activities have shifted to urban development and infrastructure in recent years. (Source: Business Standard, 12/06/05) # RECENT REPORTS SUBMITTED BY FAS/NEW DELHI ----------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- **REPORT **SUBJECT** **DATE SUBMITTED** \#** IN5129 Weekly Highlights & Hot Bites, #44 12/02/05 ----------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- **WE ARE ON THE NET** We are available at [www.usembassy.state.gov/posts/in1/wwwh43.html]{.underline} or visit our headquarter's home page at [www.fas.usda.gov]{.underline} for a complete selection of FAS worldwide agricultural reporting. **FAS/NEWDELHI EMAIL** To reach FAS/New Delhi, email us at [Agnewdelhi@usda.gov]{.underline}.

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# Presentation: 076299 ## Readout for the PIXEL detector for the Heavy Flavor Tracker upgrade at STAR - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 **Notes:** Hi, I’m going to talk about the development that we are doing for the STAR vertex detector ## Talk Structure - Review of Sensor development and coupled RDO development - System design - Detailed system structure - Data Rates - Ultimate sensor system discussion - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 **Notes:** I’m going to break the talk down into a few slides each on the following topics... ## IPHC Functional Sensor Development _**Data Processing in RDO and on chip by generation of sensor.**_ - The RDO system design evolves with the sensor generation. - 30 x 30 μm pixels - CMOS technology - Full Reticule = 640 x 640 pixel array - _Mimostar 2_ => full functionality 1/25 reticule, 1.7 ms integration time (1 frame@50 MHz clk), analog output. *(in hand and tested)* - _All sensor families:_ - _Phase-1_ and _Ultimate_ sensors => digital output *(in development)* - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 **Notes:** We are following a sensor development programme in collaboration with our colleagues at Strasbourg. There are two series of sensor that we follow with our mechanical and readout development. The first series is the mimostar series which we plan to use to produce a full prototype detector with analog readout. The characteristics are as shown... The ultimate series is the what we intend to use in the final detector. It has mostly the same pixel and physical characteristics as the mimostar series but with much more processing on chip such as on chip CSD, a much shorter 200 us integration time. Programmable dual discriminators and digital output via LVDS ## System Design – PIXEL Structure _**Current Conceptual Design**_ - ALICE Style Structure – carbon - fiber box beam - 10 sensors / ladder - 4 ladders / carrier unit - 10 carrier units in the detector - -1 < eta < 1 - Inner radius ~ 2.5 cm - Outer radius ~ 8.0 cm - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## System Design – System Blocks - This is a highly parallel system – a schematic representation is shown below. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## System Design – Physical Layout - 1 m – - Low mass twisted pair - 3 m - twisted pair - _System Design – Physical Layout_ - Magnet Pole Face - (Low Rad Area) - DAQ Room - Power - Supplies - Platform - 30 m - 100 m - Fiber optic cables - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – Sensors and Cables - Early prototype cable with 40 differential pair - output, clock and control routed under sensor - area. - 4 LVDS outputs / sensor - _Cable_ - 4 layer - 150 micron thickness - Aluminum Conductor - Radiation Length ~ 0.1 % - 40 LVDS pair signal traces - Clock, JTAG, sync, marker - Fine twisted pair cables - 125 micron diameter wire - Soldered directly to cable - Low stiffness / mass - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – LU Protection and Mass Termination - 1 Main Board - per carrier - 10 carriers in - the PIXEL - detector - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Board(s) - New motherboard - Two board System – Virtex-5 Development board mated to a new HFT motherboard - Xilinx Virtex-5 Development Board - Digital I/O LVDS Drivers - 4 X >80 MHz ADCs - PMC connectors for SIU - Cypress USB chipset - SODIMM Memory slot - Serial interface - Trigger / Control input - FF1760 Package - 800 – 1200 I/O pins - 4.6 – 10.4 Mb block RAM - 550 MHz internal clock - Note – This board is designed - for development and testing. - Not all features will be loaded - for production. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Functional Data Path – Phase 1 - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Function Data Path – Ultimate - Assumptions – - Data sparsification with rolling shutter architecture. Output from sensor is a series of addresses – BUT – processing / readout time varies with event occupancy. - Addition of a trigger input and a frame marker flag that strobes one frame after receipt of a trigger input. But this needs to be pipelined as well. Other simpler methods are also possible. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – RDO Functional Data Path – Ultimate - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Detailed System Structure – System Level Functioning - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates - Parameters - Rates as per Jim Thomas, L = 3 x 1027 for Phase-1, L = 8 x 1027 for Ultimate. - 2.5 hits / cluster. - 1 kHz average event rate. - 10 inner ladders, 30 outer ladders. - Factor of 1.6 for event format overhead (can be lowered). - No run length encoding. | 61.5 | 6.0 | | --- | --- | | 157.0 | 15.0 | - _R = 2.5_ - _R = 8.0_ - _200 us_ - _640 us_ **Hits / Sensor at L = 8 x 10****27****.** **Integration** **Time** **Radius** - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates - Ultimate => 49.7 MB / s raw addresses. - => **79.5 MB / s data rate**. - Phase–1 => 59.6 MB / s raw addresses - => **95.4 MB / s data rate.** - The dead-time is primarily limited by the number of externally allocated readout buffers! - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Data Rates – Dead time and Latencies - Average Ultimate inner sensor event size is 3.1 kb. - RDO at 160MHz on 1 LVDS link / sensor takes 19.4 us (< 200 us integration time) - What is the latency for data sparsification? - If the system were dead during the integration time (after trigger) and one serial RDO time we would be 21.9% dead at 1 kHz. - Look for ways to improve, earlier method is just one. - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 ## Ultimate Sensor System Discussion - The design of the Ultimate _SYSTEM_ should be an integrated design with the sensor and RDO designed to complement each other's capabilities. - Question – is it advantageous to use the processing capabilities inherent in an FPGA based RDO system to offload some of the functionality of the sensor? Would this help the overall system design? - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10 - fin - Leo Greiner IPHC DAQ 2007-10

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NSALCASS," ""LABEL"""," ""NAME"""," ""AGE"""," ""DESCRIPTION"""," ""SOURCES"""," ""SYMBOL"""," ""OVERPRINT""" 103,Qtf,Modern tidal flat and estuarine deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Well-sorted, sub-tidal, stratified silt and some sand and local gravel deposited in shallow embayments","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 100,Qs,"Unconsolidated surficial deposits, undivided",Quaternary,"Mainly unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, and silt produced, deposited, and reworked by action of wind, water, glaciers, and frost, including solifluction. Includes deposits of present streams, colluvial and alluvial fans; glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and deltaic deposits; unsorted material of morainal deposits; glacial-lake silt, clay, and muskeg deposits; and locally interstratified beach gravel, sand, and clay (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of the Drift River delta, this unit contains a significant proportion of volcanic debris derived from air fall, mudflows, and lahars from Mt. Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano (Till and others, 1993; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes artificial fill at the Drift River and West Foreland oil production facilities on the west side of Cook Inlet (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 295,Qs,"Unconsolidated surficial deposits, undivided",Quaternary,"Mainly unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, and silt produced, deposited, and reworked by action of wind, water, glaciers, and frost, including solifluction. Includes deposits of present streams, colluvial and alluvial fans; glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and deltaic deposits; unsorted material of morainal deposits; glacial-lake silt, clay, and muskeg deposits; and locally interstratified beach gravel, sand, and clay (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of the Drift River delta, this unit contains a significant proportion of volcanic debris derived from air fall, mudflows, and lahars from Mt. Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano (Till and others, 1993; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes artificial fill at the Drift River and West Foreland oil production facilities on the west side of Cook Inlet (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 105,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 109,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 110,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 111,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 114,Qat,Alluvial and terrace deposits,Quaternary,"Flood-plain alluvium and stream terrace deposits. Consists of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Also includes abandoned channel deposits in outwash above modern floodplains or underfit stream channels, inferred to be relict glacial melt water channels; may include some glacial deposits (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Till and others, 1993; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Rare natural levee deposits on deltaic or fan delta deposits occur on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 106,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 107,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 108,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 128,Qls,Landslide and colluvial deposits,Quaternary,"Unsorted, angular rock debris and mud in slumps, earth-debris flows, block glides, and debris avalanches, and poorly- to well-sorted silt to boulders in alluvial fans and cones, and unsorted rock talus (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Waythomas and Miller, 1999; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data); in the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Iliamna Volcano, may include some volcanic mudflow (lahar) deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980); in the Cordova quadrangle includes large (more than 10 km2) and small landslide deposits caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Post, 1967). On the west side of Cook Inlet solifluction deposits thought to be poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay derived from local upslope bedrock sources are found associated with plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 112,Qsl,"Lacustrine, swamp, and fine silt deposits",Quaternary,"Chiefly silt, clay, fine sand, peat, and other organic material generally of lacustrine origin (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 113,Qsl,"Lacustrine, swamp, and fine silt deposits",Quaternary,"Chiefly silt, clay, fine sand, peat, and other organic material generally of lacustrine origin (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; Richter and others, 2005; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 115,Qb,Beach deposits,Quaternary,"Sand, gravel, and cobbles of present and former beaches, beach ridges, spits, and tidal flats (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Wave-deposited, coarse-grained material and driftwood along seacoast; includes fine-grained sediment in mud flats of Copper River Delta; and uplifted marine terraces. Successive spit-building episodes of progressive gradation are preserved in beach sequences along coastal lowland between Cape Yakataga and Bering Glacier (Richter and others, 2005). Includes beaches uplifted by the 1964 Alaska Earthquake; most notably stranded beaches on southeastern side of Montague Island (Tysdal and Case, 1979)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages.",, 116,Qes,Estuarine deposits,Quaternary,"Fine-grained silt rich in organic material, mud, and peat (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Includes salt-marsh deposits of Detterman and Hartsock (1966) and grades into tidal flat deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Also includes marine terrace deposits on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 117,Qes,Estuarine deposits,Quaternary,"Fine-grained silt rich in organic material, mud, and peat (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Includes salt-marsh deposits of Detterman and Hartsock (1966) and grades into tidal flat deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Also includes marine terrace deposits on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 119,Qd,Eolian deposits,Quaternary,"Dunes consisting of well sorted, fine-grained sand and silt aligned in longitudinal ridges on the Cooper River delta (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes dunes on top of river bluffs, windblown flats, and river bars (Richter and others, 2005). Includes informally named Bremner sand dunes, a large barchan field, located at confluence of Bremner and Copper Rivers (Richter and others, 2005). Includes cliff-head dunes in the northern Kenai quadrangle on Turnagain Arm (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 120,Qd,Eolian deposits,Quaternary,"Dunes consisting of well sorted, fine-grained sand and silt aligned in longitudinal ridges on the Cooper River delta (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes dunes on top of river bluffs, windblown flats, and river bars (Richter and others, 2005). Includes informally named Bremner sand dunes, a large barchan field, located at confluence of Bremner and Copper Rivers (Richter and others, 2005). Includes cliff-head dunes in the northern Kenai quadrangle on Turnagain Arm (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 170,Qdl,Deltaic deposits,Quaternary,"Deltaic deposits, including outwash and alluvial deposits (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 123,Qgl,Glaciolacustrine deposits,Quaternary,"Largely ephemeral glacial lake and lake-related deposits. Well-sorted, well-stratified clay, silt, and fine sand deposited in ephemeral glacial and postglacial lakes. Thought to be typically covered by several feet of muck and peat (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes stratified and locally foreset-bedded sand and gravel that occur below 125 m elevation on West Foreland and from Katchin Creek to Redoubt Point; these deposits are probable emerged delta and glaciolacustrine deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). Also includes active outwash fans (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). On the Kenai Peninsula, includes hanging delta deposits in former proglacial lakes associated with the last glacial maximum (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 124,Qgl,Glaciolacustrine deposits,Quaternary,"Largely ephemeral glacial lake and lake-related deposits. Well-sorted, well-stratified clay, silt, and fine sand deposited in ephemeral glacial and postglacial lakes. Thought to be typically covered by several feet of muck and peat (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Includes stratified and locally foreset-bedded sand and gravel that occur below 125 m elevation on West Foreland and from Katchin Creek to Redoubt Point; these deposits are probable emerged delta and glaciolacustrine deposits (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). Also includes active outwash fans (Riehle and Emmel, 1980). On the Kenai Peninsula, includes hanging delta deposits in former proglacial lakes associated with the last glacial maximum (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 125,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 126,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 127,Qm,Glacial deposits,Quaternary,"Glacial drift consisting of sand, gravel, and boulders. Includes ground, recessional, end, medial, and lateral moraine deposits; as well as colluvium, talus, landslide debris, alluvium, and silt, locally (Riehle and Emmel, 1980; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). As shown also includes active and recently active rock glaciers consisting chiefly rubble and coarse rock debris (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) as well as fresh, poorly sorted, debris on surfaces of glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In the vicinity of Mount Redoubt and Mount Iliamna, may include a significant component of ash and other air-fall debris from eruptions (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data) Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 130,Qag,Drift of Neoglacial age,"Quaternary, Holocene","Neoglacial terminal, recessional, lateral, and ground moraine consisting of unsorted boulders, cobbles, gravel and sand deposited during retreat of glaciers. Includes deposits of the Tunnel and Tustumena Stade (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966); Tunnel Stade moraines are barren deposits as much as 1.6 km in front of present glaciers. Tustumena Stade deposits consist of partially dissected spruce and brush covered moraine 1.6 to 10 km in front of present glaciers (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Includes on the Kenai Peninsula unmodified moraine deposits which may be mantled by loess, generally 2 to 6 feet thick (Karlstrom, 1964). Locally includes kames and outwash proximal to present glaciers (Richter and others, 2005)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 131,Qao,Outwash of the Neoglacial age,"Quaternary, Holocene","Outwash deposits associated with modern and Holocene glaciers (Karlstrom, 1964; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Consist of poorly- to well-sorted silt, sand, and gravel in terraces and outwash fan plains (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 135,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 136,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 137,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 138,Qgn,Glacial deposits of the Naptowne and Brooks Lake Glaciations,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground moraine and other deposits. Moderately weathered moraine along Cook Inlet shoreline; heavily spruce and brush covered (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Internal contacts on west side of Cook Inlet reflect subdivisions of the Brooks Lake Glaciation; the Iliuk, Newhalen, and Iliamna advances. On the east side of Cook Inlet, includes prominent and little modified morainal deposits, mantled by 2 to 6 feet of loess (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 140,Qgno,Outwash and valley train deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Silt, sand, and gravel graded to moraines of Naptowne age (map unit Qgn) on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964) and to Brooks Lake age moraines on the west side of Cook Inlet (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 190,Qog,Older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Included here are the prominent, but modified morainal deposits of the Knik and Eklutna Glaciations. These deposits are widely exposed north of Homer on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). On the Kenai Peninsula, moraines of Knik and Eklutna age are terraced below approximately 228 m (750 ft), reflecting deposition in proglacial lakes. Also includes pebble- and boulder-bearing diamicton observed at one upland location at West Foreland and in sea cliffs along West Foreland and from Katchin Creek south to near Redoubt Point (Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 194,Qog,Older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Included here are the prominent, but modified morainal deposits of the Knik and Eklutna Glaciations. These deposits are widely exposed north of Homer on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). On the Kenai Peninsula, moraines of Knik and Eklutna age are terraced below approximately 228 m (750 ft), reflecting deposition in proglacial lakes. Also includes pebble- and boulder-bearing diamicton observed at one upland location at West Foreland and in sea cliffs along West Foreland and from Katchin Creek south to near Redoubt Point (Riehle and Emmel, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 195,Qogo,Outwash associated with older glacial deposits,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Silt, sand, and gravel graded to moraines of Knik and Eklutna age on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 200,Qch,Moraine of the Caribou Hills Glaciation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Highly modified morainal deposits in the Caribou Hills and exposed as remnant deposits elsewhere on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). These deposits are terraced below elevations of about 305 m (1,000 ft) and discontinuously mantled by proglacial lake sediment deposits (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 201,Qch,Moraine of the Caribou Hills Glaciation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Highly modified morainal deposits in the Caribou Hills and exposed as remnant deposits elsewhere on the Kenai Peninsula (Karlstrom, 1964). These deposits are terraced below elevations of about 305 m (1,000 ft) and discontinuously mantled by proglacial lake sediment deposits (Karlstrom, 1964)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 560,Tkn,Kenai Group,"Tertiary, Pliocene to Oligocene","Coal-bearing clastic unit consisting of, in descending order, the Sterling, Beluga, and Tyonek Formations and Hemlock Conglomerate in the vicinity of Cook Inlet. According to Calderwood and Fackler (1972) unit is at least 8,000-m-thick in the subsurface of Cook Inlet. Calderwood and Fackler (1972) included, the West Foreland Formation within the Kenai Group; however, it was separated as a distinct unit by Magoon and others (1976). Subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 540,Ts,Sterling Formation,"Tertiary, Pliocene and Miocene","Weakly lithified massive sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone and interbedded claystone; includes interbedded lignitic coals typically less than 1-m-thick in the upper part of the unit, but may be as much as 3-m-thick in the lower part of the unit (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). According to Flores and others (1997, cited in Bradley and others, 1999), sandstone grades upward from coarse- to very fine-grained in trough crossbedded sequences; siltstone is typically ripple-laminated and contains roots or burrows. Bradley and others (1999) indicated that only the lowest 700 m of the more than 3,000-m-thick Sterling Formation is exposed at the surface, consisting of siltstone, mudstone, carbonaceous shale, lignite coal, and minor volcanic ash. Triplehorn and others (1977) and Turner and others (1980) reported a number of K-Ar and fission-track age determinations from ash partings within coal beds within this unit (Table 1). These dates range from 4.21.4 to 8.91.0 Ma; some older reported ages were interpreted to be contaminated by detrital material (Turner and others, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 545,Tb,Beluga Formation,"Tertiary, Miocene","Nonmarine, interbedded, weakly lithified sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, carbonaceous shale, coal, and minor volcanic ash (Bradley and others, 1999). Calderwood and Fackler (1972) reported a distinctive feature of the Beluga Formation is its lack of massive sandstone beds and massive coal seams that characterize the underlying Tyonek Formation; however, lignitic to subbituminous coal seams can be as much as 4-m-thick in the upper part of the Beluga Formation. The contact between the Beluga and overlying Sterling Formation may be an unconformity (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972), but in any case can be difficult to pinpoint (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972; Turner and others, 1980). Triplehorn and others (1977) and Turner and others (1980) reported a number of K-Ar and fission-track age determinations from ash partings within coal beds in this unit ranging from 7.21.3 to 12.95.1 Ma (Table 1)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 600,Tty,Tyonek Formation,"Tertiary, Miocene and Oligocene","Nonmarine conglomerate and subordinate sandstone, siltstone, and coal within the map area as described by Bradley and others (1999). However, in general, the Tyonek Formation is identified by the presence of massive sandstone beds and lignitic to subbituminous coal beds as much as 9-m-thick (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). Its contact with the overlying Beluga Formation is believed to be a disconformity where sandstone beds and coal beds become markedly thinner (Calderwood and Fackler, 1972). Plant fossils comprising the Seldovian Stage of early and late Miocene age as well as plants representing the Angoonian Stage of Oligocene age provide age control for the unit (Wolfe and Tanai, 1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 630,Th,Hemlock Conglomerate,"Tertiary, Oligocene","Sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone assigned to this unit, as defined by Calderwood and Fackler (1972) occur only in the vicinity of Harriet Point in the Kenai quadrangle on the west side of Cook Inlet. On the basis of the description in Detterman and others (1976) these rocks are inferred to consist of fluvial conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate containing minor interbeds of siltstone, shale, and coal. Magoon and others (1976) mapped these rocks in a unit consisting of the combined Tyonek Formation and Hemlock Conglomerate whereas Detterman and others (1976) assigned these rocks to the Hemlock Conglomerate. The Hemlock Conglomerate is lithologically transitional with the Tyonek Formation, leading to some confusion; the Hemlock Conglomerate is best known from the subsurface. Plant fossils suggest an Oligocene age; Wolfe and Tanai (1980) suggested early Oligocene and Wolfe (cited in Detterman and others, 1996) suggested late Oligocene for rocks assigned to this unit south of the map area. Wolfe and Tanai (1980) suggested the rocks at Harriett Point may be isochronous with beds considered typical of the Tyonek Formation","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 855,Twf,West Foreland Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene","Exposed only on the west side of Cook Inlet, thin unit consists of tan to light-yellow-brown cobble conglomerate interbedded with lesser sandstone, laminated siltstone, and silty shale (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Thin coal beds are interbedded with the siltstone and shale. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) also describe a lenticular bed of ""carbonaceous ashstone breccia"" that may have been referred to as obsidian by Martin and Katz (1912). However, Detterman and Hartsock (1966) indicate that along with quartz and feldspar grains and probably glass shards, the bed also contains plant fragments and is clearly of sedimentary origin. Clasts in conglomerate are mainly rounded to sub-rounded quartz diorite, volcanic rock, argillite, sandstone, siltstone, quartzite, tuff, and coal fragments. Intrusive and volcanic rock fragments each make up about 35 percent of the clasts in conglomerate. Medium- to coarse-grained arkosic sandstone forms the matrix of the conglomerate as well as distinct lenticular beds. The siltstone and shale interbedded with conglomerate is a very fine-grained sub-arkosic equivalent of the sandstone. Originally mapped as the Kenai Formation by Detterman and Hartsock (1966); Calderwood and Fackler (1972) raised this unit to group status and subdivided it into a number of formations. The rocks here were assigned to the West Foreland Formation. The West Foreland was assigned an Oligocene age by Kirschner and Lyon (1973) and later reassigned an early Eocene and late Paleocene age by Magoon and others (1976). Recent dating of zircon from an interbedded tuff about 1-m-thick from north of the map area yielded a 43-Ma-age (middle Eocene) (P.J. Haeussler and D.W. Bradley, USGS, oral commun., 2005). The West Foreland Formation was removed from the Kenai Group because it was separated by a major unconformity from the overlying Hemlock Conglomerate (Magoon and Egbert, 1986). Lower contact of these rocks was described by Detterman and Hartsock (1966) as an angular unconformity with the Upper Jurassic Naknek Formation; subsequent work by Magoon and others (1980) showed there to be a nonmarine Upper Cretaceous sedimentary unit between the rocks of the West Foreland and Naknek Formations. Those Cretaceous rocks are shown here as map unit Ksm","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1961,Ksm,Saddle Mountain section of Magoon and others (1980),"Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian","Nonmarine sandstone, conglomerate, and minor siltstone and coal found northeast of Chinitna Bay in a section 83-m-thick (Magoon and others, 1980). Consists dominantly of fine- to medium-grained sandstone that becomes finer grained upward. Unit is generally massive though some crossbedded sections are present. It is soft and friable except where calcite cemented. Conglomerate contains volcanic and plutonic rock boulders as much as 30 cm in diameter in a sandy matrix. Coal beds, which tend to occur in the upper part of the section are as much as 2.7-m-thick and locally has underclay (""undersoils"", Magoon and others, 1980). Siltstone is most abundant in the middle part of the section. Sporomorphs Cranwellia striata (Couper) Srivastava, Balmeisporites spp., Wodehouseia spinata Stanley, Proteacidites spp., Aquilapollenites bertillonites Funkhouser, A. reticulatus Mtchedlishvili, A delicatus Stanley (Magoon and others, 1980) were recovered from the unit, indicating a Maastrichtian age. This unit was assigned in the Kaguyak Formation by Bradley and others (1999), but is separated here because its lithology and depositional environment are distinctly different from the Kaguyak Formation. This map unit overlies the Jurassic Naknek Formation with angular unconformity and is in turn overlain by rocks of the West Foreland Formation with angular unconformity","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3014,Jnp,"Naknek Formation, Pomeroy Arkose Member","Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian and Oxfordian?","Massive light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained arkose containing many interbedded thin beds of dark-gray to brownish siltstone and pebble conglomerate (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The sandstone is rich in quartz (40-45 percent) and sodic feldspar (30-35 percent) and also contains 15-20 percent hornblende and tourmaline. Volcanic lithic fragments make up 2-3 percent of the rock. Grains are sub-angular to sub-rounded. The matrix is generally clay, but locally, is tuffaceous. The siltstone is mineralogically distinctive from the arkose and resembles the graywacke of older units according to Detterman and Hartsock (1966); we interpret this to indicate it contains a higher proportion of volcanic- and sedimentary-sourced components. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) indicated that most sections of the Pomeroy Arkose Member have a 70- to 350-foot-thick (21 to 113 m) gray, medium-bedded to massive, arenaceous siltstone horizon, usually in the lower part of the member. The Pomeroy Arkose is sparsely fossiliferous, containing Lytoceras, Phylloceras, and Buchia concentrica, suggesting an age no younger than early Kimmeridgian. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) suggested that the nearby Jurassic part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith was the source for this unit and the subangular character of the easy-to-destroy grains (hornblende, tourmaline, and feldspar) indicate short transport and rapid burial","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3013,Jnst,"Naknek Formation, Snug Harbor Siltstone Member","Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian and Oxfordian","Dominantly massive to thin-bedded, dark-gray to black siltstone; calcareous gray sandstone beds are minor part of the unit (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Hard gray limestone concretions and lenses are locally abundant; rare thin layers of volcanic ash and tuff are found locally (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Deposited in moderately deep water, well below wave base and above carbonate compensation depth, in a basin having restricted circulation (Detterman and others, 1996). It is the lowest abundantly fossiliferous member of the Naknek; main fossils present are Buchia, including Buchia concentrica as well as the ammonites Amoeboceras, Phylloceras, and Perisphinctes","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3012,Jnn,"Naknek Formation, Northeast Creek Sandstone Member","Upper Jurassic, Oxfordian","Light-gray, thin-bedded to massive arkosic sandstone, graywacke, and siltstone. Originally called the ""lower sandstone member"" by Detterman and Hartsock (1966) who considered this unit to have only local significance. Later work on the Alaska Peninsula (Detterman and others, 1996) showed that the lateral equivalent of this unit, which they named the Northeast Creek Sandstone Member, is present along the entire length of the Alaska Peninsula. According to Detterman and Hartsock (1966), some beds have a tuffaceous matrix, zones of small pebbles, as well as thin beds of arenaceous siltstone. Fossils are most common in the lower part of this unit and include ammonites, particularly Cardioceras, but also include Phylloceras and Lytoceras. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) assigned a latest Callovian and early Oxfordian age to this unit based on the presence of Cardioceras martini in the lower part of the member and its association with Cardioceras distans, which then without Cardioceras martini continues to the top of the member. Detterman and others (1996) assigned only an Oxfordian age to the unit based on reinterpretation of the available information. Pelecypods including Pleuromya, Quenstedtia, Oxytoma, Thracia, and Astarte are present but not common as are gastropods, echinoids, and belemnites (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Lower contact of member intertongues with the Chisik Conglomerate Member. Upper contact is gradational with the overlying Snug Harbor Siltstone Member","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3016,Jnc,"Naknek Formation, Chisik Conglomerate Member","Upper Jurassic, Tithonian to Oxfordian","Consists of massive to thick-bedded conglomerate and interbedded, crossbedded, quartzose sandstone. Clasts, as large as 2 m, are mainly granitic rocks, but up to 20 percent metamorphic and volcanic rocks are present (Detterman and others, 1996). The unit in the map area is mainly restricted to the area adjacent to Iniskin and Tuxedni Bays. A K-Ar age determination (Table 1, sample 62Ale 6e) on a quartz diorite cobble yielded a protolith age of 156.6 Ma on biotite and 159.7 on hornblende (Detterman and others, 1965)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3020,Jcp,"Chinitna Formation, Paveloff Siltstone Member","Middle Jurassic, Callovian","Consists of massive dark-gray arenaceous siltstone in the upper part and a thick sandstone unit at its base (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Large ellipsoidal concretions and lenticular beds of limestone occur throughout the unit and thin interbeds of sandstone occur in the siltstone. A few siltstone beds contain abundant finely disseminated pyrite, causing the beds to weather rusty brown. The siltstone is well-indurated and the uppermost part is thin-bedded and fractures into angular fragments. The graywacke sandstone of the lower unit is "".thin bedded to massive, locally lenticularly bedded, fine to coarse grained, gray to greenish gray"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 43). Limestone concretions and interbeds are common and on fresh surfaces are very dark-gray, but weather buff to cream colored. Locally the limestone is bioclastic (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Many non-diagnostic pelecypods and gastropods have been collected from the lower sandstone (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), whereas a wide variety of ammonites have been collected from the siltstone and limestone concretions higher in the section. Many genera of ammonites, including Cadoceras, Stenocadoceras, Pseudocadoceras, Kepplerites, Kheraiceras, and Lilloettia, have been collected from the unit (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), indicating a Callovian age, although the uppermost zone of the Callovian has not been identified. The Paveloff Siltstone Member is the age equivalent of the Shelikof Formation of the Alaska Peninsula; the Shelikof contains a higher proportion of coarse volcanic debris (Detterman and others, 1996)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3030,Jct,"Chinitna Formation, Tonnie Siltstone Member","Middle Jurassic, Callovian","Massive dark-gray to brownish-gray arenaceous siltstone, which weathers brownish-gray to red-brown (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Numerous small yellowish-brown weathering limestone concretions occur in parallel bands and randomly throughout the section. The limestone concretions are generally ovoid and as much as 12-13 cm in diameter. They are extremely hard and commonly fossiliferous (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Thin fine-grained, greenish-gray sandstone interbeds occur in the siltstone and a more massive sandstone unit is found at the base of the section. The sandstone interbeds are compositionally similar, but coarser grained than the siltstone. The thick (6-30 m) sandstone bed present at the base of the unit is medium-bedded to massive, fine- to medium-grained and grayish-brown. On Chisik Island, a thick (65 m) channel conglomerate, consisting mainly of volcanic rock cobbles and boulders, is present at the base of the section. ""The Chisik Island section also contains numerous thin beds of volcanic ash (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 41)."" The Tonnie Siltstone is abundantly fossiliferous, yielding many mollusks, particularly ammonites. Paracadocreas, Pseudocadoceras, Phylloceras, Lilloettia, Kheraiceras, Kepplerites, and Xenocephilites are among the collections as are numerous pelecypods and rare belemnites, gastropods and brachiopods allowing an age assignment of early Callovian (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3181,Jtb,"Tuxedni Group, Bowser Formation","Middle Jurassic, Callovian and Bathonian","Heterogeneous assemblage of sandstone, conglomerate, shale and siltstone characterized by rapid facies changes (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Massive light- to dark-gray sandstone and conglomerate are the dominant lithologic types on the Iniskin Peninsula. The sandstone and the conglomerate matrix are coarse-grained and composed of angular fragments of feldspar and quartz, having biotite, augite, and magnetite as common accessory minerals. Light-gray sandstone is commonly calcareous and contains numerous coquina beds composed almost entirely of the pelecypods Retroceramus (formerly most Middle Jurassic Alaska inoceramids were referred to the genus Inoceramus) and Trigonia and is also interbedded with dark-gray sandstone. Clasts in the conglomerate are dominantly felsic volcanic rocks and basalt, but include about 10 percent granitic rocks. Siltstone beds are massive to thin-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained, dark-brownish gray, weathering to light-brown. Siltstone beds as much as 100-m-thick are interbedded with the conglomerate and sandstone and north of Chinitna Bay occurs in units as much as 250-m-thick, where the siltstone forms the dominant lithology of the Bowser Formation. Lenticular limestone concretions containing ammonites are common north of Chinitna Bay. The formation ranges in overall thickness from 380 to 560 m. Abundantly fossiliferous, containing ammonites and pelecypods, this formation can be divided into two faunal zones that occur on either side of the break between Callovian and Bathonian. The lower faunal zone immediately overlies the unconformity with the Twist Creek Siltstone and contains the ammonites Cranocephalites, Arctocephalites, Siemiradzkia, Cobbanites, and Parareineckia and is middle Bathonian in age. The upper faunal zone contains the ammonites Xenocephalites, Kheraiceras, and Kepplerites of Callovian age","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3182,Jtt,"Tuxedni Group, Twist Creek Siltstone","Middle Jurassic, Bajocian","Soft, poorly consolidated, thin-bedded to massive siltstone and silty shale as much 125-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The siltstone is dark-gray, weathers to dark-rusty brown, and contains many thin beds of volcanic ash that weather a bright-orange color. Small, commonly fossiliferous, limestone concretions are common throughout the unit. The Twist Creek Siltstone has an abundant ammonite fauna which includes Oppelia (Liroxyites), Megasphaerceras, Leptosphinctes, Lissoceras, and Normannites (Dettermanites), but which is restricted to the contained limestone concretions","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3183,Jtc,"Tuxedni Group, Cynthia Falls Sandstone","Middle Jurassic, Bajocian?","Massive to thick-bedded graywacke sandstone and pebble conglomerate about 200-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The sandstone is medium- to coarse-grained, greenish-gray to dark-green, has graded bedding and weathers mottled light-gray due to the presence of zeolites. The sandstone consists mainly of angular fragments of feldspar and volcanic rocks in a compositionally similar silt-size matrix. The pebble conglomerate occurs in thin lenticular beds within the sandstone and is well sorted within individual beds. Clasts consist of ""red and green felsitic volcanic rocks, aphanitic igneous rocks, and a few metasedimentary rocks that are primarily dark-gray quartzite"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 32). Coarse-siltstone is interbedded with the sandstone and may contain a few limestone concretions. Siltstone makes up 10 to 20 percent of the formation. Like the underlying Fitz Creek Siltstone and Gaikema Sandstone, the Cynthia Falls Sandstone is coarsest grained in the vicinity of Gaikema Creek and finer grained away from this area. Fossils are relatively uncommon in this unit, thought in part due to rapid deposition in a nearshore environment. The sparse fauna includes the ammonites Chondroceras and Stephanoceras, as well as the pelecypods Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) sp. and Mytilus sp.","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3184,Jtf,"Tuxedni Group, Fitz Creek Siltstone","Middle Jurassic, middle Bajocian","Thick sequence (up to 400-m-thick) of massive, bluish dark-gray, arenaceous, coarse- to fine-grained siltstone that commonly weathers rusty orange and contains many small limestone concretions (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Fine-grained sandstone and, locally, conglomerate is interbedded. In the upper part of the unit the siltstone could possibly be called silty shale. The unit is coarsest in the vicinity of Gaikema Creek and rapidly becomes finer-grained in all directions away from the Gaikema Creek section. This unit is abundantly fossiliferous and is the lowest unit of the Tuxedni Group where ammonites are more numerous than pelecypods. A few non-diagnostic brachiopods are also present. The ammonites include Normannites, Teloceras, and Chondroceras and many other genera; pelecypods include Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) and Pleuromya, both in forms distinctly different than those found in the lower parts of the Tuxedni Group","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3185,Jtg,"Tuxedni Group, Gaikema Sandstone","Middle Jurassic, lower middle Bajocian","Resistant, cliff-forming, massive to thin-bedded graywacke sandstone and cobble conglomerate 150- to 260-m-thick (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Sandstone commonly occurs in graded beds up to 3-m-thick, whereas conglomerate is well-sorted within individual beds and rarely shows grading (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Conglomerate is confined to the Iniskin Peninsula; clasts in it consist of ""red and green felsitic volcanic rocks, aphanitic igneous rocks, and minor metasedimentary rocks"" (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966, p. 26), all thought to be derived from the Talkeetna Formation. Rare granitic clasts in the Gaikema Sandstone are the first appearance of rocks presumably derived from the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith. Siltstone, occurring mainly as thin interbeds in sandstone, is thin-bedded to massive, generally coarse-silt to sandy, gray to olive-gray, and brownish to rusty brown weathering. In general, siltstone constitutes less than 10 percent of the unit, though, locally it can constitute as much as 40 percent. Siltstone apparently does not occur in close proximity to the conglomeratic parts of the formation (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Unit is fossiliferous throughout, containing pelecypods Meleagrinella, Trigonia, and Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus) and ammonites Witchellia(?), Stephanceras and locally, Sonninia (Papilliceras), Lissoceras, and Emileia","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3250,Jtk,"Talkeetna Formation, undivided",Lower Jurassic,"Bedded volcanic rocks widely distributed in the Seldovia and Kenai quadrangles west of Cook Inlet. Where undivided, unit consists of flows, breccia, tuff, and agglomerate and locally interbedded minor sandstone and shale, all typically somewhat altered or metamorphosed (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Detterman and Reed, 1980). Detterman and Hartsock (1966) formally divided unit into three members. Within the map area, the Talkeetna Formation is locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3251,Jtkh,"Talkeetna Formation, Horn Mountain Tuff Member",Lower Jurassic,"Bedded tuff and tuffaceous feldspathic sandstone, locally containing porphyritic andesite flows. Bedded tuff is tan, red, green, purple, or mottled-color, thin-bedded to massive and fine- to coarse-grained (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Locally, tree stumps are preserved within the tuff beds, suggesting subaerial deposition. However, thin-bedded laminated units that have graded bedding and contain rare belemnite fragments indicate some parts of the unit are marine. Measured thickness is as much as 870 m (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The above mentioned belemnites and plant fragments occur near the top of the unit; the fossils are not age diagnostic. In the Talkeetna Mountains north of the map area, fossils in the upper part of the Talkeetna Formation, which is considered correlative to the rocks of the Horn Mountain Tuff Member, indicate a late Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) age (Arthur Grantz, oral commun., 1963, cited in Detterman and Hartsock, 1966)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3252,Jtkp,"Talkeetna Formation, Portage Creek Agglomerate Member",Lower Jurassic,"Reddish fragmental volcanic debris, primarily rounded volcanic bomb-like fragments and lapilli tuff grading to fine-grained tuff, clastic sedimentary rocks and flows northward in the map area (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Interbedded flows, tuff, and sedimentary rocks are thicker than in the underlying Marsh Creek Breccia Member, suggesting to Detterman and Hartsock (1966) a decrease in violent volcanism in the source area. These rocks are generally more felsic, although commonly described as andesitic (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966), than those of the Marsh Creek Breccia Member and their distribution suggests a separate source (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). The estimated thickness of this unit is between 685 and 870 m. No fossil control is known for this map unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3253,Jtkm,"Talkeetna Formation, Marsh Creek Breccia Member",Lower Jurassic,"Massive dark-green to green volcanic breccia having a tuff matrix (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Consists of angular fragments of aphanitic pink and green volcanic rocks ranging in size from 1 cm to nearly 1 m and in general, fine upward. Interbedded flows of andesite and basalt, thought to be partly submarine, are common, and increase in abundance and thickness southward (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966; Detterman and Reed, 1980). Bedded tuff is locally important, thickest in the southern exposures of the unit, and coarser in the more northern exposures. This member has an estimated minimum overall thickness of 1,000 m although no complete section has been measured and the sections that have been measured are cut by extensive faulting. Locally this member has obscure contact relationships with plutons of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith or has been assimilated into the Holocene magma chamber under Iliamna Volcano (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). No fossils are known from this unit in the map area and its age is only inferred based on correlations with rocks in the Talkeetna Mountains type area","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3265,Jp,"Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980), undivided","Lower Jurassic, Sinemurian to Hettangian and older?","Informally named Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) is exposed on east side of Cook Inlet and consists of volcaniclastic rocks interbedded with small amounts of limestone, coal, and tuffaceous argillite. Kelley (1980) divided the unit into three members on the basis of rock type, modal composition, and depositional texture. His stratigraphically lowest member, the Dangerous member, consists of volcaniclastic breccia, conglomerate, and sandstone and is in depositional contact with his informal Port Graham formation (^pg herein). Locally tuffaceous dark-gray sedimentary rocks in the Dangerous member make it hard to distinguish from the Port Graham formation. The July member consists of dacitic pyroclastic rocks, tuffaceous sandstone, granule conglomerate, and mudstone. Kelley (1980) indicated that the high quartz content and abundance of glassy debris help to distinguish this unit from other parts of his Pogibshi formation. The uppermost member, the Naskowhak, consists of greenish-gray tuffaceous mudstone and siltstone, and tuff. Locally, the basal part of the Naskowhak member includes laterally extensive coal-bearing units. The presence of these coal-bearing units helps to distinguish the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) from the otherwise lithologically similar Talkeetna Formation on the west side of Cook Inlet. The Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980) is reportedly intruded by the tonalite of Dogfish Bay (^dt) and possibly by the diorite of Point Bede (^dt); if so the recently determined Triassic age on the diorite (D.C. Bradley, oral commun., 2007) may indicate that the Pogibshi is, in part, significantly older than the Talkeetna Formation. Martin (1915) and Martin (1926) reported a diverse Lower Jurassic fauna along the coast southwest of Seldovia. Bradley and others (1999) erroneously attributed these Jurassic collections by Martin (1915) to the Port Graham formation of Kelley (1980); however, those collections were from localities within the outcrop area Bradley and others (1999) assigned to the Talkeetna Formation, which we reassign back to the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980). Fossils noted in the two Martin reports (1915; 1926) included several species of scleractinian corals, numerous bivalves (mostly pectinaceans), gastropods, and ammonites. A brief visit by R.B. Blodgett (written commun., 2007) to a section of early Sinemurian age exposed about 3 km west of Seldovia showed it to contain numerous pectinacean bivalves, gastropods, and several species of scleractinian corals. The bivalves were found both as articulated and disarticulated specimens, and most appear to belong to the genus Weyla, an Early Jurassic index fossil found primarily along the western coast of North and South America. Lower Jurassic ammonites from these same rocks were discussed and, in part, illustrated in Imlay (1981), who recognized both Sinemurian and Hettangian fossil assemblages. A fossil determination by A.K. Armstrong of a collection made by J.S. Kelley yielded poorly preserved Permian corals (sample 75JK-151B, www.alaskafossil.org). Due to the poor state of preservation of the coral material, we tentatively discount this collection until further material can be collected and identified from this locality. Connelly (1978) and Connelly and Moore (1979) suggested correlation of these rocks with the Upper Triassic Shuyak Formation of the Afognak Island which is intruded by the Afognak pluton of Triassic age (see also Wilson and others, 2005)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4019,Trpg,Port Graham formation of Kelley (1980),Upper Triassic; Norian,"Dominantly dark-gray, carbonaceous limestone and silty limestone containing varying amounts of silica cement (Kelley, 1980). Fine-grained, dark-gray siliceous to limy mudstone, silty sandstone, and dark-gray to dark-olive-gray, thin- to medium-bedded chert having mudstone partings are also common lithologies according to Kelley (1980). Limy beds tend to be most common in the lower (middle Norian) part of the unit (R.B. Blodgett, written commun., 2007 and unpublished data of Humble Oil Company [now Exxon-Mobil] reported by R.B. Blodgett); whereas the upper part (of late Norian age) is composed of considerably more volcaniclastic fragment-rich and shaly beds. The volcaniclastic fragment-rich beds contain a diverse, but uncommon molluscan fauna consisting of both bivalves and gastropods, while the shaly beds tend to have a monotaxic fauna of monotid bivalves. Fossils are locally abundant, as reported by Kelley (1980) these are mostly thin-shelled mollusks, but also include corals, echinoids, ammonites, and trace fossils. Martin and others (1915) and Martin (1926) reported the bivalves Halobia cf. H. superba Mojsisovics, Pseudomonotis subcircularis Gabb (this species is now referred in the genus Monotis), Nucula?, as well as the coral Astrocoenia? sp. The Halobia cf. H. superba was suggested by Martin to possibly indicate a Carnian age (this species was later re-identified as belonging to middle Norian age species of Halobia by Silberling and others, 1997), while the Monotis subcircularis was noted to indicate a late Norian age. Silberling and others (1997) provided a detailed analysis of the known Late Triassic bivalve fauna known from the Port Graham area and reported that the middle Norian age Halobia lineata and H. dilitata were found in collections reported by Martin (1915; USGS Mesozoic localities 6380 and 6382, respectively). Two different species of Late Triassic Monotis were reported from these rocks by Silberling and others (1997): Monotis (Pacimonotis) subcircularis and Monotis (Monotis) alaskana, as well as the late middle Norian ammonite Steinmannites. Kelley (1984) and Bradley and others (1999) assigned an upper age limit of Early Jurassic to this unit, although no fossils of this age are found in this unit. Fossils of this age do occur in the upper part of the overlying Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 5220,JPk,Kakhonak Complex,"Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian(?) or older(?)","The Kakhonak Complex, defined by Detterman and Reed (1980) is a lithologically diverse and complex assemblages of metamorphosed mafic plutonic, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks found on the west side of Cook Inlet. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) mapped ""metalimestone"", argillite, quartzite, metatuff, greenstone, and phyllite from this unit. Detterman and Reed (1980) described the unit as largely consisting of roof pendants within the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith and believed that the Kakhonak Complex represents, in part, the metamorphic equivalent of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic rocks, the Kamishak and Talkeetna Formations, of the vicinity. However, quartzite and quartz-mica schist occurring within the Kakhonak Complex have no direct equivalent within the sedimentary rocks of the vicinity, indicating other protoliths may have contributed to the complex. As Permian rocks were known from Puale Bay, south of the map area, a possible Paleozoic age was not excluded by Detterman and Reed (1980). Internal contacts are typically faults, resulting in a tectonic mix of lithologies. Although most of the rocks of this complex are at greenschist facies, the rocks range from nonmetamorphosed to granulite facies. No age control is known from the Kakhonak Complex","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 300,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 305,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 311,Qv,"Volcanic rocks, undivided",Quaternary,"Andesite, dacite, and basalt lava flows, volcanic breccia, lahar deposits, and debris-flow deposits. Includes air-fall tuff, volcanic dome deposits, block-and-ash-flow deposits, ash-flow tuffs, volcanic-rubble flows, debris flows, and hot-blast avalanche deposits. Also includes tephra-rich colluvium in the vicinity of and west of Redoubt Volcano where these deposits both mantle and are incorporated into deposits of Holocene glaciation (Till and others, 1993; F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). Lava flows and clasts are porphyritic, typically glassy, gray to black, and commonly vesicular. Andesite is dominant composition and probably constitutes 60 percent or more of rocks. Unit typically forms volcanic edifices. Rocks of this unit mapped at Redoubt and Iliamna Volcanoes include Holocene rocks which cap ridges and include massive lava flows, agglomerate, and lahar deposits. May include Tertiary volcanic rocks as mapped by Magoon and others (1976). Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 312,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears to be derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 313,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 314,Qdf,Debris-flow deposits,"Quaternary, Holocene","Volcanic debris-flow and mudflow deposits from Redoubt Volcano in the Crescent River valley. Includes several small (older?) deposits in the upper valley and a 3,500-year-old debris flow in the lower valley (F.H. Wilson, unpub. data). The older deposits are from multiple debris flows off the west and southwest flanks Redoubt Volcano. Oldest(?) deposit is derived from west flank of Redoubt. Next oldest deposit appears derived from presently glaciated valley draining to the southwest off Redoubt. These older deposits are of relatively limited extent. They may have dammed the North Fork of the Crescent River, creating a temporary lake in the valley. Deposits of the youngest, most extensive, and probably most fluid debris flow derived from southwest flank of Redoubt Volcano. Flow was apparently derived from the only presently glacier-free valley draining south from Redoubt. This debris flow has been dated at 3,500 yrs. BP (Riehle and others, 1981), young enough to possibly explain the lack of glaciers in the source valley, as all surrounding valleys have extensive glaciers and glacial deposits. This debris flow extends to the coast of Cook Inlet and back flowed up the main fork of the Crescent River, creating Crescent Lake. Also includes mudflow deposits in the Drift River valley draining north and east from Redoubt Volcano (Till and others, 1993) of Holocene age; many of which are historic including 1966 and later flows","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 402,Qad,Andesite and dacite domes,"Quaternary, Pleistocene","Composite dome complex of Double Glacier Volcano consisting of medium- to coarsely porphyritic hornblende andesite and dacite. Three K-Ar andesite whole-rock ages were determined on these domes, two are considered minimum ages at 62724 and 76317 ka on sample 78AR 290 and one, on sample 90AR 99, yielded 88715 ka (Reed and others, 1992, Table 1 herein)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1000,Tvu,Lava flows,middle? to late? Tertiary,"A small exposure of dark-blue-gray to black, cryptocrystalline to vesicular basalt and andesite occurs on the mainland northwest of Chisik Island (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966) and is one of a number of scattered exposures in their map area. As described, the flows are slightly altered and locally contain irregular veins of hematite and malachite in altered zones along shear planes. The flows unconformably overlie an exposure of the Talkeetna Formation. Detterman and Hartsock (1966) inferred the flows were of middle(?) or late(?) Tertiary age on the basis of their degree of dissection and correlation with flows in the Lake Iliamna region where they overlie sedimentary rocks of known Tertiary age","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1660,TKgd,Granodiorite,Tertiary and [or] Cretaceous,"Medium-grained, hypidiomorphic granular, seriate granodiorite. Biotite tends to more abundant than hornblende. Occurs in the northwest corner of the Kenai quadrangle west of the Lake Clark fault and also in the adjacent Lake Clark quadrangle (Reed and Lanphere, 1972, 1973; Magoon and others, 1976; Detterman and others, 1976). K-Ar ages on biotite and hornblende range between 65.11.9 and 70.52.0 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972; 1973; Magoon and others, 1976; Detterman and others, 1976)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2430,Kqd,Quartz diorite,Cretaceous,"Locally foliated, largely medium-grained hornblende-biotite quartz diorite, but includes hornblende-pyroxene gabbro and diorite, quartz diorite, tonalite, and minor granodiorite (Magoon and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1983; Reed and others, 1992). Located in the northwest part of the map area, east of the Lake Clark fault, these rocks were mapped as Tertiary or Cretaceous by Magoon and others (1976). Biotite-hornblende ratio is quite variable although color index remains constant. Deuteric epidote is common. On the basis of K-Ar dates on biotite and hornblende between 67.21.9 and 74.42.2 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972), they are shown as Cretaceous here (Age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2900,KJg,Quartz monzodiorite,Cretaceous and (or) Jurassic,"Medium-gray, medium-grained, hypidiomorphic granular hornblende-biotite quartz monzodiorite containing variable amounts of clinopyroxene located in the extreme northwest part of the Kenai quadrangle. Flow structures locally present and hornblende and plagioclase are aligned in a north-northeast direction. Two samples from outside the map area yielded strongly discordant K-Ar biotite and hornblende ages between 58.8 and 97.5 Ma (Nelson and others, 1983). Part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith of Reed and Lanphere (1969, 1972)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3380,Jtr,"Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith,Trondhjemite",Late Jurassic,"Medium- to coarse-grained, seriate, leucocratic trondhjemite containing 10 percent muscovite and about 5 percent interstitial, perthitic potassium feldspar. Occurs in two bodies in the Kenai quadrangle immediately west of Redoubt Volcano and in the headwaters of Big River north of Double Glacier (Reed and others, 1983). It also comprises a large body in the central part of the batholith in the Iliamna quadrangle west of Chinitna Bay. A single K-Ar age on muscovite from the Iliamna quadrangle was 148 Ma (Reed and Lanphere, 1972, analytical error not reported)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3404,Jg,"Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith, Quartz diorite, tonalite, and diorite",Jurassic,"Locally foliated medium-grained quartz diorite and tonalite; this is by far the dominant map unit of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith in this area. Hornblende is the primary mafic mineral, biotite increases in proportion to the presence of quartz and potassium feldspar. Detterman and Reed (1980) reported that the rocks of this unit grade to diorite but they did not observe it grading into quartz monzonite or granodiorite of their unit Jqm. As mapped here, this unit includes that quartz monzonite unit which consists of medium-grained, pinkish light-gray quartz monzonite and whitish-gray, medium-grained, biotite granodiorite containing minor hornblende and accessory primary muscovite. The quartz monzonite and granodiorite unit is exposed only on the eastern margin of the batholith within the map area. Potassium-argon ages generally range from 1464.3 to 183 Ma for the batholith; a number of samples yielded younger ages which were considered suspect or reset by younger plutonism. Within the map area the maximum reported age is 174 Ma (Table 1). Two small exposures of gabbro and diorite are included in unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4310,Trdt,Quartz diorite and tonalite,Late Triassic,"In the Seldovia quadrangle, this unit includes the diorite of Point Bede and the tonalite of Dogfish Bay of Bradley and others (1999), both on the east side of Cook Inlet. The diorite of Point Bede of Bradley and others (1999) is fine- to medium-grained nonfoliated quartz diorite that Bradley and others (1999) assumed to be of Jurassic age based on correlation with a quartz diorite pluton in the Barren Islands, just south of the Seldovia quadrangle that yielded a K-Ar hornblende age of 1911.3 Ma (Cowan and Boss, 1978, age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977). However, a Triassic age was recently determined on zircon from the diorite (D.C. Bradley, oral commun., 2007). The tonalite of Dogfish Bay of Bradley and others (1999) is medium-grained nonfoliated tonalite which shows chloritic alteration similar to that found in the diorite of Point Bede and hence was assigned a Jurassic age by Bradley and others (1999); we have shown the diorite and tonalite as a single map unit to which we have assigned a Triassic age. Bradley and others (1999) also mapped a light-gray, fine-grained to aphanitic felsite body south of the tonalite of Dogfish Bay. This felsite is undated and is tentatively assigned a Triassic age due to its proximity and similar setting to the tonalite and diorite of this map unit. Bradley and others (1999) suggested the felsite could be early Tertiary in age; however, no other rocks of Tertiary age are reported in this vicinity. Kelley (1980, 1984) mapped an intrusive contact between the diorite and his informal Pogibshi formation (Jp); however, the newly determined Triassic zircon date from the diorite and the Jurassic fossils from the Pogibshi indicate that there is some error in interpretation of the available data. Possible scenarios include an incorrectly mapped contact, a wider range of age for the Pogibshi formation of Kelley (1980), or inheritance in the zircon","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3610,Jsch,Seldovia metamorphic complex,Early Jurassic,"Marble, quartzite, garnet-mica schist, and glaucophane-bearing amphibolite whose protoliths were interpreted to consist of limestone, chert, argillite, and greenstone by Bradley and others, (1999). This unit occurs as narrow fault slices within the Border Ranges fault zone south of Seldovia and has been correlated with the Raspberry Schist of Roeske and others (1989) to the southwest and the Schist of Liberty Creek and Schist of Iceberg Lake of Winkler and others (1981) to the northeast. All these units preserve mineral assemblages representing blueschist facies metamorphism. Carden and others (1977) reported a series of 10 K-Ar ages on micas (including chlorite) and amphiboles from this unit ranging from 158.38.3 to 197.111.0 Ma and Bradley and Karl (2000) reported 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages on mica of 191.10.3 and 191.70.3 Ma and on hornblende of 191.90.6 Ma. Dating of the blueschist facies metamorphism of this metamorphic complex appears to support a pattern of decreasing age from west to east as originally suggested by Sisson and Onstott (1986)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 565,QTy,Yakataga Formation,"Quaternary, Pleistocene to Tertiary, Miocene","""Consists of diverse marine and glaciomarine clastic rocks more than 1,670-m-thick on Kayak and Wingham Island and at least an additional 1,200-m-thick on Middleton Island (Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Much of the continental shelf between Middleton Island and Kayak Island also is underlain by the Yakataga [Formation] (Plafker and others, 1975b). Interbedded gray to dark-gray and greenish-gray siltstone, mudstone, and sandstone predominate in lower third of formation. Till-like diamictite is interbedded with siltstone and sandstone in all but the lowest part of the formation and is the dominant rock type in the upper part of the formation, particularly on Middleton Island. Conglomerate is a minor lithology throughout the formation and scattered clasts-presumably dropstones-are present in all lithologies. Sandstone and conglomerate combined constitute about 10 percent of the section on Kayak Island and about 12 percent on Middleton Island"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). In most exposures the Yakataga Formation is conformable and gradational to the underlying Poul Creek Formation but in some areas there is an angular unconformity of up to 15 degrees (Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Age control derived from abundant mollusks and foraminifers, although most are identical to living species (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Plafker and Addicott, 1976). Foraminifera are typical of the lower or middle Miocene Saucesian or Relizian Stages of Washington (Rau and others, 1977). Paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic dating indicate the upper part of the formation on Middleton Island was deposited during the Matuyama reversed polarity epoch (Plafker and Addicott, 1976)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 675,Tr,Redwood Formation,"Tertiary, Pliocene to Oligocene?","Marine mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). ""Lower unnamed sandstone member consists of about two-thirds thick-bedded sandstone and one-third silty sandstone and siltstone. Upper Puffy Member is more diverse and consists of about 50 percent siltstone, mudstone, and claystone, 30 percent conglomeratic mudstone and conglomerate, and 20 percent sandstone. Characteristic conglomeratic beds show complete gradation from coarse-grained, clast-supported conglomerate to matrix-supported conglomeratic mudstone and sandstone where coarse-grained clasts are suspended in the matrix. Siltstone, mudstone, and claystone are similar in appearance to parts of the underlying Poul Creek Formation but contain few or no concretions, no glauconitic or volcanic beds, and are sandier and more resistant to erosion"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""The fauna and lithology of the Redwood Formation indicate deposition below wave base in cold water at depth from neritic to probably bathyal. The well rounded character of clasts in the conglomerate indicates that the coarser clastic material was thoroughly abraded before being resedimented in the marine environment. The sparse and poorly preserved molluscan fauna from the formation suggests a correlation with the upper Galavinian (""Lincoln"") and Matlockian (""Blakeley"") Stages of the Pacific Northwest, or a range in age from late Eocene through Oligocene (Addicott and others, 1978). Foraminiferal control is extremely sparse, but suggests that the upper part of the formation may be as young as late Miocene (Rau and others, 1977); however, the USGS has accepted an age of late Oligocene(?) through early Pliocene for the unit Plafker (1987). Thus, the Redwood Formation in the Don Miller Hills apparently correlates with the upper part of the Poul Creek Formation and the lower part of the Yakataga Formation exposed on Kayak and Wingham Islands"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 680,Tps,"Poul Creek Formation, Sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, early Miocene to late Eocene","""Concretionary, pyritic, glauconitic, reddish-weathering, dark-gray to greenish-gray siltstone, claystone, and sandstone; subordinate dark-brown, laminated shale that is rich in organic material, silty shale, and gray calcareous sandstone; locally includes thin interbeds of basaltic tuff"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Thickness is approximately 1,600 m (Miller, 1975). ""Deposited in cool neritic to bathyal marine environment, mostly below wave base. Occurrence of shales as much as 244-m-thick with high organic carbon contents (to 7.57 percent), extractable petroleum (0.8 gallons per ton), abundant glauconite, and common pyrite are suggestive of deposition in part under conditions of restricted bottom circulation. Intercalated basaltic fragmental rocks and less common pillow basalt (map unit Tpv) indicate episodic submarine mafic volcanism in the basin (Plafker, 1974). Mollusks indicate a range in age from late Eocene (Galvinan or ""Keasey"") through much of the Oligocene (Matlockian or ""Blakeley"") (Addicott and others, 1978). In general, foraminifera from the same localities indicate slightly younger ages, ranging from late Eocene through early Miocene (Refugian, Zemorrian, and Saucesian Stages) (Rau and others, 1977)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1080,Tpv,"Poul Creek Formation, Volcanic rocks","Tertiary, early Miocene to late Eocene","""Basaltic pyroclastic and flow rocks, including minor pillowed lava flows; locally interbedded with marine sedimentary rocks, including tuffaceous or glauconitic strata, probably related genetically to mafic dikes, sills, and plugs unit (Tm)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Winkler and Plafker (1981) reported a K-Ar whole rock date of 31.21.3 Ma on a sample from the mafic dike unit (Tm) intruding unit Tps on the southeast side of Kayak Island, providing a minimum age for the unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 810,Tt,Tokun Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Consists predominantly of concretionary siltstone and lesser, variable amount of interbedded sandstone, chiefly in lower part of formation. Thick sandstone beds exposed near Point Hey and on Kayak and Wingham Islands presumably correlate with lower part of formation to the north but were closer to the sediment source. Siltstone generally is medium to dark gray and nearly massive; locally, thin beds and lenses of lighter gray, brown-weathering calcareous siltstone and silty limestone are found within darker siltstone. Spheroidal calcareous concretions as much as 1 m in maximum dimension are distributed randomly or along bedding surfaces in siltstone. Near Bering Lake, thin beds of glauconitic sandstone are found near top of formation. Interbedded sandstone in Tokun, which generally is lighter gray than the siltstone, is micaceous, feldspathic, and brown weathering. Isolated, intertidal outcrops of coarse- to fine-grained, brown-weathering feldspathic sandstone on Wessels Reef, which are exposed only at low tide, may correlate with the Tokun Formation"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""Lithology and megafauna indicate general deposition under quiet bottom conditions seaward of the surf zone in tropical to warm temperature water (Miller, 1975)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Gradational with the underlying mostly non-marine Kulthieth Formation and has gradational to abrupt contact with the overlying Poul Creek Formation (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Represents a transgressive marine sequence approximately 1,070-m-thick (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Fossil crabs are abundant, especially in the upper part of the formation and occur intact in concretions (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Sparse mollusks indicate middle and upper Eocene ""Tejon"" and ""Keasey"" Stages of the Pacific Coast standard section (Addicott and others, 1978)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 860,Tkt,Kulthieth Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Includes at least 1,500 m of interbedded, massive to thin-bedded, coal bearing arkosic sandstone, dark-gray to black carbonaceous siltstone and shale, and minor coal. Sandstone to shale ratios in measured sections of the Kulthieth Formation (Martin, 1908) average about 1:1. Sandstone varies from massive intervals as much as 150-m-thick to thin-bedded and shaly intervals. Bituminous to semi-anthracite coal in beds as much as 3-m-thick is conspicuous, but minor part of sequence. Commonly intensely deformed into imbricated stacks of fault-bounded chevron folds displaying shearing and structural thinning and thickening of coal beds"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""Mostly nonmarine, with minor tongues of transitional marine strata lithologically similar to the underlying Stillwater Formation (Tsu [in their report, Tsw herein]) and overlying Tokun Formation (Tt). Represents major progradational cycle into an otherwise marine lower Tertiary sequence"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Age control derived from widespread fossil plant collections and single mollusk collection near the top of the section (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Mollusk collection indicates a late Eocene (Tejon) age, whereas fossil plant collections indicate wider range from lower Ravenian (late middle Eocene) to lower Kummerian (early Oligocene) (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Wolfe, 1977); however, the accepted age for the unit is Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 820,Tsw,Stillwater Formation,"Tertiary, Eocene","""Primarily consists of dense hard dark-gray siltstone. Where siltstone is carbonaceous, it has a coal-like appearance; where it is calcareous, it may be variegated from reddish brown to pale green and usually contains foraminifers"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Lithology and microfauna of lower section indicate marine deposition in neritic to upper bathyal depths (Tysdal and others, 1976; Winkler and Plafker, 1981); in ""*** exposures north of the Bering River, which may constitute a higher part of the formation, ***"" lithology and megafauna indicate regressive shallow marine deposition (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). Grades upward into the non-marine rocks of the overlying Kulthieth Formation (Miller, 1951; MacNeil and others, 1961). ""Dominantly marine strata of the Stillwater Formation in the map area may be coeval with the nonmarine lower part of the Kulthieth Formation 65 km to the east in the Bering Glacier quadrangle (Miller, 1961; MacNeil and others, 1961)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). ""The Stillwater Formation is complexly deformed and is characterized by tight folds and shearing in incompetent strata; hence its thickness can be estimated only crudely to be at least 1,500 m (Plafker, 1971)"" as reported in Winkler and Plafker (1981). Age control derived from poorly constrained ages of forams and mollusks. ""According to W.W. Rau, the foraminifera indicate a range from possibly the Paleocene and early Eocene Bulitian Stage to the middle Eocene Ulatisian Stage. The mollusks indicate a younger age, late middle or early late Eocene (F. S. MacNeil in Wolfe, 1977)"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 950,Tos,"Orca Group, Sedimentary rocks, undivided","Tertiary, early middle Eocene to late Paleocene","Thin- to thick-bedded graywacke sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, slate, and locally, minor conglomerate, which display abundant sedimentary structures, such as graded bedding, crossbedding, and ripple marks, along with flute, groove, and load casts, indicating deposition from turbidity currents (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Graywacke sandstone is more abundant than finer-grained rocks (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Bioturbated limestone lenses and concretions are found locally, and along with conglomerate, are characteristic of sedimentary rocks belonging to the Orca Group (Moffat, 1954; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Lenticular matrix-supported conglomerate and pebbly mudstone and sandstone lenses are widespread, and contain clasts of intrabasinal and extrabasinal sedimentary rocks, felsic igneous rocks, and quartz (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Thin-section petrography indicates that most of the sandstone is feldspathic to feldspatholithic (Nelson and others, 1985) and contains abundant monocrystalline quartz, indicating a plutonic provenance (Dumoulin, 1987, 1988). Winkler and Plafker (1993) reported unit is metamorphosed to zeolite or prehnite-pumpellyite facies in the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles; Nelson and others (1985) reported alteration ranges from diagenetic recrystallization of the matrix to low greenschist facies metamorphism. In the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, this unit also includes rocks mapped as siltstone by Tysdal and Case (1979). Their siltstone unit is locally tightly folded and metamorphosed to slate; medium-gray and green lenses of micritic limestone as much as 2-m-thick are present locally. At several places in the islands south of Knight Island Passage Tysdal and Case (1979) describe locally folded and contorted sequences of siltstone and isolated greenstone blocks mixed in with sandstone and siltstone within otherwise uniformly layered sections. Tysdal and Case (1979) thought these sequences were olistostromes. Tysdal and Case (1979) reported the same sedimentary rock types are included in their sedimentary rock-greenstone map units containing basalt sills (Togs) and pillow basalt (Tops) which are herein assigned to units Tosv and Tov, respectively. Fossils reported by Nelson and others (1985) include: Alnus (Alder) pollen; foraminifers: Globogerina sp., G. senni, Globogerina sp. (hispid), and Globorotalia sp.; and echinoids: Holaster sp., ?Hypsopygaster sp., and Nucleopygus","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 952,Toc,"Orca Group, Conglomerate","Tertiary, early middle Eocene to late Paleocene","""Ranges from matrix-supported pebbly mudstone and sandstone to massive clast-supported pebble, cobble, and boulder conglomerate"" (Nelson and others, 1985). Generally well-rounded clasts consist primarily of extrabasinal felsic volcanic and igneous rocks (felsic porphyry and tuff, granitic rocks, and white quartz); and intrabasinal sedimentary and mafic rocks (greenstone, sandstone, siltstone argillite, and limestone (Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Winkler and Tysdal, 1977; Moffit, 1954). Usually occurs as lenses 90- to 210-m-thick within flyschoid rocks; though the thickest lens, located in Miners Bay, measured 900-m-thick (Nelson and others, 1985). Matrix-supported conglomerate and pebbly mudstone may have been formed by sub-marine landslides on unstable slopes, whereas inversely and normally graded clast-supported conglomerate beds are channel fill deposits in feeder and distributary channels (Winkler and Tysdal, 1977). Fossils reported by Addicott and Plafker (1971, cited in Nelson and others, 1985) include a crab, Branchioplax washingtoniana, and a pelecypod, Acila decisa which suggest an age assignment of Paleocene(?) to late Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2700,Kvs,"Valdez Group, Metasedimentary rocks, undivided",Upper Cretaceous,"Dark-gray, thin- to thick-bedded, laumontite to mid-greenschist facies metamorphosed, moderately to poorly sorted sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone flysch; sandstone is fine- to coarse-grained and mainly composed of plagioclase, quartz, and igneous rock fragments (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Dumoulin, 1987). Unit is a thick sequence of rhythmically alternating, multiply-deformed, metamorphosed sandstone-siltstone turbidites having beds generally ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters thick and locally, massive beds as much as tens of meters thick (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Bradley and others, 1999). Point count analysis by Dumoulin (1987) showed Valdez Group sandstone contains between 6 to 30 percent quartz, 23 to 45 percent feldspar, and 28 to 68 percent lithic fragments; lithic fragments are dominantly volcanic rocks. Proportion of lithic fragments decreases from west to east, as feldspar and quartz increases (Nelson and others, 1985). Conglomeratic sandstone containing clasts of quartzite, intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks, and rare sandstone, limestone, and granitic rocks is uncommon but widely distributed, occurring at base of some sandstone beds (Bradley and others, 1999; Bradley and Miller, 2006). In some places, primary sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, current-ripple cross-lamination, convolute bedding, and sole markings are preserved (Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Inoceramus kusiroensis, Inoceramus ulrichi, and Inoceramus concentrica of Maastrichtian or Late Cretaceous age have been reported (Tysdal and Plafker, 1978; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; Bradley and others, 1999). A K-Ar date on biotite semischist of 51.51.5 Ma was reported by Nelson and others (1985). D.C. Bradley (USGS, oral commun., 2007) reported 70 Ma detrital zircons from unit near Anchorage","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2702,Kvvs,"Valdez Group, Interbedded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks",Upper Cretaceous,"Approximately equal portions of interbedded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Metavolcanic rocks include semischistose volcanic breccia, tuff, tuffaceous sediment, and minor pillow basalt; metasedimentary rocks include slate and phyllite, although metamorphosed sandstone, siltstone, and chert are interbedded in many places (Winkler and Plafker, 1981; Nelson and others, 1985; Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Unit crops out in two locations; in the north central Cordova quadrangle, and on the east side of the Resurrection Peninsula in the Seward quadrangle. Winkler and Plafker (1993) report unit tends to be ""variably metamorphosed regionally from zeolite to lower greenschist facies, although near Cordova, Woodworth, and Schwan Glaciers rocks are transitional to amphibolite facies""","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2705,Kvv,"Valdez Group, Metavolcanic rocks, undivided",Upper Cretaceous,"Tholeiitic metabasalt, massive greenstone, and basaltic metatuff, including local pillow lava, pillow breccia, and gabbroic dikes and sills (Winkler and Plafker, 1993) in the Cordova quadrangle. Metabasalt forms rugged, nearly massive outcrops, whereas semischistose metatuff forms more subdued outcrops (Winkler and Plafker, 1993)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2706,Kvt,"Valdez Group, Aquagene tuff",Upper Cretaceous,"Metamorphosed aquagene tuff is green to dark-gray, fine-grained, and finely laminated containing plagioclase phenocrysts; metamorphosed to chlorite and biotite zones of greenschist facies; chlorite, epidote, and locally, actinolite are abundant; remnants of glossy shards are present (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Whole rock age for metatuff on Fox Island of 54.4 2.7 Ma was interpreted by Miller (1984) as possibly reset during a thermal event; alternatively, the metatuff on Fox Island (formerly Renard) is closely associated with the ophiolitic rocks of the Resurrection Peninsula, now considered to be of Eocene age. In any case, a whole-rock age determination on a metamorphosed rock must be considered suspect","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2710,Kvgs,"Valdez Group, Schist",Upper Cretaceous,"In the Valdez Group, schistose metamorphic rocks are found in two general modes of occurrence. In the Cordova quadrangle, Winkler and Plafker (1993) describe a ""chiefly homogenous pelitic schist and minor amphibolite; [unit which] also includes spotted biotite-plagioclase-quartz (muscovite) schist containing porphyroblasts of cordierite, andalusite, garnet, and staurolite in several places. Common banding probably represents original layering inherited from protoliths; transitional into gneissose rocks to the east and into greenschist-facies rocks of the metasedimentary rocks unit (Kvs) to the west."" In contrast with these rocks, in the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Tysdal and Case (1979) describe a schist unit as consisting ""interbedded siltstone, graywacke, and less abundant tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, and basalt (pillow basalt?) ***."" These rocks are primarily localized on the west side of the Placer River fault and ""*** metamorphosed chiefly to biotite zone of greenschist facies, but locally to chlorite zone; typical metamorphic-mineral assemblages of biotite zone are biotite-muscovite-chlorite-quartz-epidote-calcite-albite ***"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Nelson and others (1985) chose to not distinguish the schistose rocks mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a distinct map unit because they reported them to be only semi-schistose and interlayered with rocks that have no penetrative deformation; Nelson and others (1985) reported that rocks such as these were common throughout the Valdez Group, especially near faults and in areas of finer-grained sedimentary protolith. However, we have retained the belt of schistose rocks along the Placer River fault by Tysdal and Case (1979), which they reported as being conspicuously schistose and the only extensive area of schistose rocks in their map area. Nelson and others (1985) reported other areas of schistose rocks are common in the Valdez Group, yet none been distinguished on maps to date except for areas on Fox [Renard] Island and the Resurrection Peninsula by Tysdal and Case (1979); the Resurrection Peninsula occurrence is included in map unit Kvs here, following the mapping of Bradley and Miller (2006)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2715,Kvgg,"Valdez Group, Gniess",Upper Cretaceous,"""Muscovite-biotite-quartz-plagioclase ( sillimanite and garnet) schist, banded gneiss, and migmatitic gneiss; potassium-feldspar-bearing segregations in migmatite; many local intrusive stringers, dikes, and sills of granodiorite and granite; transitional into schistose rocks to the north, south, and west"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Nelson and others (1985) describe the unit as a paragneiss of ""predominantly metasedimentary rocks with well-developed gneissic foliation consisting of alternating quartz and feldspar-rich layers with biotite-rich layers. *** Locally some layers in the paragneiss contain 1-in.-long [2.5 cm] porphyroblasts of andalusite."" Unit contains as much as 10 percent cream colored or light-gray, coarse-grained orthogneiss that locally grades into normal textured granitic rocks containing abundant inclusions of country rock (Nelson and others, 1985). Metamorphic grade ranges from middle to upper amphibolite facies (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). Hornblende and biotite ages of 51.52 and 46.7 respectively were reported by Hudson and others (1979). Unit is a gneissic equivalent of the Valdez Group found along the Wernicke Glacier","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2708,Kvm,"Valdez Group, Mlange of Iceworm Peak of Kusky and others (1997)",Upper Cretaceous,"Tectonic mlange consisting of blocks of graywacke in a phacoidally cleaved matrix of slate having a Valdez Group protolith for both matrix and blocks (Bradley and others, 1999; Bradley and Wilson, 2000). Mapped only in the Seldovia and Kenai quadrangles but may be more extensive along the McHugh Complex and Valdez Group contact (Kusky and others, 1997). Intruded by Paleocene dikes (Kusky and others, 1997) not shown here","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2190,KMm,McHugh Complex,Cretaceous to Mississippian,"""Mlange of siltstone, sandstone, mud-chip sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, tuff, and less abundant gabbro, serpentinite, bedded chert, and pillow basalt; fine-grained sedimentary strata commonly streaked out; sedimentary and igneous rocks are broken and discontinuous; metamorphic minerals include muscovite, epidote, calcite, chlorite, albite, and veinlets of prehnite"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Paraphrasing Clark (1981), the McHugh Complex is a heterogeneous, chaotic assemblage that includes metamorphosed clastic and volcanic rocks of diverse ages. Clastic rocks, which are the most abundant, comprise thick, fault-bounded sequences of weakly metamorphosed graywacke, arkose, siltstone, and conglomeratic sandstone. Bedding is rarely seen and commonly discontinuous. Volcanic rocks in the McHugh Complex, also in fault-bounded sequences, are greenstone, mostly of basaltic composition, and are associated with radiolarian metachert, metasiltstone, and argillite. Clark (1981) thought the volcanic rocks represent oceanic crust and that the clastic sedimentary rocks were deposited in an oceanic trench. Sedimentary rocks of the matrix of the mlange have yielded Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) fossils, whereas protolith ages on blocks in the mlange have yielded radiolarians of Cretaceous (Albian-Aptian), Jurassic, and Triassic age (Bradley and others, 1999; Winkler and others, 1981), Permian conodonts and fusilinids (Bradley and others, 1999), and Mississippian to Pennsylvanian conodonts (Nelson and others, 1986). D.C. Bradley (USGS, oral commun., 2007) reported 70 Ma detrital zircons from metasandstone within the McHugh Complex collected along Turnagain Arm in the Anchorage quadrangle to the north of the map area. Bradley and others (1999) locally subdivided the McHugh Complex into distinct lithologic packages","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2198,KJms,"McHugh Complex, graywacke and conglomerate","Early Cretaceous to Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian","Consists of fault-bounded blocks of massive conglomerate and graywacke that range up to several kilometers in structural thickness (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported that deformation has generally obliterated primary sedimentary features; they interpreted the conglomerate and massive graywacke to be of turbiditic origin and locally noted the presence of thin- and medium-bedded turbiditic graywacke. Graywacke is matrix-supported, poorly sorted, and has clasts consisting primarily of chert and volcanic rock fragments (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported Pliensbachian radiolaria in conformably underlying ribbon chert at one locality and considered this McHugh Complex unit to range in age regionally from Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to as young as Early Cretaceous","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2199,KTrmc,"McHugh Complex, basalt and chert","Early Cretaceous, Albian to Middle Triassic, Ladinian","""Pillow and massive basalt, depositionally overlain by complexly folded and faulted radiolarian chert"" (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999, citing a C.D. Blome, USGS written commun. of 1994) reported radiolaria in bedded chert ranging in age from Middle Triassic, Ladinian to Early Cretaceous, Albian","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4880,Mzg,"McHugh Complex, Gabbro",Mesozoic,"Dark-green, medium- to coarse-grained gabbro and minor leucogabbro and plagiogranite (Bradley and others, 1999). Occurs as fault-bounded bodies in the McHugh Complex; following Bradley and others (1999), only the larger bodies are shown here; others are too small to map. Associated with McHugh Complex basalt and chert unit (K^mc), which Bradley and others (1999) suggested may indicate a genetic relationship and therefore they thought may indicate a Triassic to mid-Cretaceous age. However, they assigned an undifferentiated Mesozoic age to the unit. Bradley and Karl (2000) reported a concordant U-Pb zircon age of 227.70.6 Ma from this unit","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 4890,Mzu,"McHugh Complex, Ultramafic plutonic rocks",Mesozoic,"Predominantly layered, variably serpentinized dunite containing rare to locally abundant layers of chromite and pyroxenite and fault slices of garnet pyroxenite and serpentinite (Bradley and others, 1999). Bradley and others (1999) reported at least 7 fault-bounded bodies, all associated with the McHugh Complex. Most bodies are bounded by low angle thrust faults. This was originally suggested for the Red Mountain body, but as discussed in Bradley and others (1999), it is not a klippe as interpreted by Magoon and others (1976), but rather is bounded by late stage, sub-vertical faults. However, Bradley and others (1999) did suggest a thrust may bound the Red Mountain body at depth. They also inferred that the gabbro (}g) and ultramafic rocks, while not spatially associated are comagmatic and therefore by extension may be of Triassic to mid-Cretaceous age; nonetheless, they assigned a Mesozoic to these rocks","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1053,Tdc,Dacite of Cape Saint Elias,"Tertiary, Pliocene or Miocene","Described by Winkler and Plafker (1993) as follows: ""Prominent very pale gray dacite plug complex that forms Cape Saint Elias and Pinnacle Rock at the southwestern end of Kayak Island (Plafker, 1974). Dacite is very dense and hard and is conspicuously jointed. Unit has a microgranitic and porphyritic texture and consists of about 35 percent plagioclase, 35 percent quartz, 25 percent orthoclase, and 5 percent relict brown hornblende and biotite. Unit has sharp, nearly vertical contacts with adjacent dark-gray argillaceous rocks of the Yakataga and Poul Creek Formations, which are metamorphosed to dark hornfels for at least 100 m around the intrusion. Intrudes lower part of Yakataga Formation (unit QTy) and, therefore, must be at least as young as late Miocene and more likely Pliocene because unit was emplaced after enclosing strata were deformed."" A whole-rock K-Ar age of 6.20.3 Ma (Table 1, herein) was reported by Nelson and others (1985)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1090,Tm,Mafic plugs,"Tertiary, Oligocene?","Strongly altered dikes, sills, and plugs of diabase, alkalic basalt, olivine basalt, and lamprophyre, mostly on or near Kayak Island. Winkler and Plafker (1993) suggested these hypabyssal rocks were probably genetically related to extrusive volcanic rocks in the Poul Creek Formation (Tpv). Winkler and Plafker (1981) described these rocks as coarse-grained and diabasic in the plugs west of the Nichawak Hills and fine-grained and glassy elsewhere. The two plugs immediately west of the Nichawak Hills are diabasic, containing 45 percent euhedral plagioclase intergrown with 30 percent anhedral augite and enstatite, 5 percent opaque minerals and 20 percent secondary chlorite. An isolated plug east of Ragged Mountain is nepheline syenite. Lithologic associations and cross-cutting relationships suggest an Oligocene age; nowhere do they intrude rocks younger than the upper part of the Poul Creek Formation (Winkler and Plafker, 1981). K-Ar whole rock date of a mafic dike on Kayak Island was 31.21.3 Ma (Winkler and Plafker, 1981)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1270,Tg,Granitic rocks,"Tertiary, Oligocene? and latest Eocene","Plutons in the Seward quadrangle are dominantly light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained biotite hornblende granodiorite and granite stocks; larger stocks commonly grade inward from marginal zones containing more biotite (and locally hornblende) to more leucocratic zones; large areas of intrusions are porphyritic and contain orthoclase phenocrysts in a medium-grained groundmass; plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine in composition, and biotite constitutes between 5 and 15 percent (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Also includes the Cedar Bay granite of Tysdal and Case (1979), a light-gray and pink medium- and coarse-grained muscovite (biotite) granite; plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine in composition, and biotite is commonly less than 1 percent. Hypidiomorphic-granular texture is most common, but equigranular as well as porphyritic varieties also exist. Primary biotite is the most abundant mafic mineral and is sometimes accompanied by hornblende. Towards the pluton margins, however, hornblende commonly dominates over biotite (Nelson and others, 1985). K-Ar dates on biotite and hornblende range from 34.21.7 to 37.11 Ma (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985; ages recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977). 40Ar/39Ar ages were 29.20.1 and 31.70.1 on potassium feldspar; however these dates are inherently suspect as potassium feldspar is not generally considered suitable for dating emplacement of plutonic rocks","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1294,Tgd,Gabbro and diorite,"Tertiary, Oligocene and older","Dominantly, dark-gray medium- to coarse-grained gabbro and subordinate diorite, both having finer grained borders of quartz gabbro and quartz diorite (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). Gabbro generally composed of subequal amounts of labradorite and clinopyroxene; locally contains olivine on Esther Island; pyroxene largely altered to hornblende north of Paddy Bay (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Texturally, the rocks are mostly subophitic; however, some are hypidiomorphic- to allotriomorphic-granular and a few are porphyritic (Nelson and others, 1985). Rocks of this unit are considered to be an early mafic phase associated with granitic plutons of the granitic rocks unit (Tg). A K-Ar date on biotite of 37.61.0 Ma (age recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977), was originally assigned to the Granite of Passage Canal by Tysdal and Case (1979); Nelson and others (1985) assigned the sample locality to this map unit although the reported rock type for the date was granodiorite. Grant and Higgins (1910) and Tysdal and Case (1979) suggested, and Nelson and others (1985) supported, a genetic and chronological relation of these mafic rocks to the granitic rocks unit (Tg)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1300,Tgg,Granite and granodiorite,"Tertiary, Eocene","Generally medium- and medium- to coarse-grained hypidiomorphic-granular biotite granite having border phases of biotite-hornblende granite, granodiorite, and tonalite (Nelson and others, 1985) located in the Cordova quadrangle. Also includes uncommon dacite (George Plafker, written commun., 1985) Mafic mineral content varies with composition, as a result the color index of the granite ranges from 5 to 10, the granodiorite color index ranges from 10 to 20, and the tonalite color index ranges from 15 to 35. In the Cordova quadrangle, plutons also include biotite-muscovite garnet tonalite and trondhjemite (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). These Cordova area plutons include strongly foliated and lineated plutons, weakly foliated, syn-deformation plutons, and nonfoliated, post-deformation plutons (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, 2002, written commun.). K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 47.23 Ma on dacite to 53.51.6 Ma on hornblende from a sample reported only as granitic rock; a U-Pb monazite age on a sill located near Van Cleve glacier was about 54 Ma (Poole, 1996). U-Pb analyses of zircon from this sill were unsuccessful due to inheritance and lead loss (J.N. Aleinikoff, USGS, written commun., 2007). Also included in this unit is a small pluton in the northern part of the Seward quadrangle on the west side of Port Wells. Surrounded by plutons assigned to unit Tg, this small pluton is most appropriately assigned to this map unit (Tgg) on the basis of reported age (561 Ma, listed in Table 1 for the Granite Mine in the section on hydrothermal alteration dates). Other small plutons having similar, but slightly younger ages, occur to the north in the adjacent Anchorage quadrangle","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1310,Tgg,Granite and granodiorite,"Tertiary, Eocene","Generally medium- and medium- to coarse-grained hypidiomorphic-granular biotite granite having border phases of biotite-hornblende granite, granodiorite, and tonalite (Nelson and others, 1985) located in the Cordova quadrangle. Also includes uncommon dacite (George Plafker, written commun., 1985) Mafic mineral content varies with composition, as a result the color index of the granite ranges from 5 to 10, the granodiorite color index ranges from 10 to 20, and the tonalite color index ranges from 15 to 35. In the Cordova quadrangle, plutons also include biotite-muscovite garnet tonalite and trondhjemite (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, written commun., 2002). These Cordova area plutons include strongly foliated and lineated plutons, weakly foliated, syn-deformation plutons, and nonfoliated, post-deformation plutons (T.L. Pavlis and V.B. Sisson, 2002, written commun.). K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages range from 47.23 Ma on dacite to 53.51.6 Ma on hornblende from a sample reported only as granitic rock; a U-Pb monazite age on a sill located near Van Cleve glacier was about 54 Ma (Poole, 1996). U-Pb analyses of zircon from this sill were unsuccessful due to inheritance and lead loss (J.N. Aleinikoff, USGS, written commun., 2007). Also included in this unit is a small pluton in the northern part of the Seward quadrangle on the west side of Port Wells. Surrounded by plutons assigned to unit Tg, this small pluton is most appropriately assigned to this map unit (Tgg) on the basis of reported age (561 Ma, listed in Table 1 for the Granite Mine in the section on hydrothermal alteration dates). Other small plutons having similar, but slightly younger ages, occur to the north in the adjacent Anchorage quadrangle","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1320,Tgh,Granitic rocks of Harding Icefield region,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene","Primarily ""medium- to dark-gray foliated medium- to coarse-grained biotite-muscovite-(hornblende) granite and granodiorite; marginal phases are locally biotite-muscovite-(hornblende) tonalite"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Consists of a large batholith extending from Nuka and Aialik Bays and offshore islands northward more than 60 km into the Harding Icefield where it is exposed in many nunataks and westward into the Seldovia quadrangle around Harris Bay; ""*** mafic minerals, almost wholly biotite, constitute 20 to 30 percent of minerals in tonalitic rocks, 15 to 20 percent of granodiorite, and 5 to 10 percent of granite; muscovite, a late but primary mineral, commonly makes up less than 2 percent"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Unit includes the Nuka, Aialik, and Tustumena plutons, as well as the Chernof stock of Bradley and others (1999). A K-Ar date from a sample collected at Aialik Cape yielded 61.01.8 Ma on biotite and 56.01.6 Ma on muscovite (Tysdal and Case, 1979, ages recalculated using constants of Steiger and Jager, 1977), whereas a sample of the Aialik pluton from Harris Bay yielded a weighted mean 40Ar/39Ar age of 52.20.9 Ma (Bradley and others, 2000) and the Paguna stock of Bradley and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 53.41.5 Ma. The apparent large size of the pluton and wide ranging age determinations, from 52.2 to 61.0 Ma, which overlap that of unit Tgg, suggest these rocks are part of a multiphase batholith rather than a single pluton. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes (part of map unit TKd, herein) that they associated with the same ridge subduction related system thought responsible for these plutons","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1135,Tov,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic rocks, undivided","Tertiary, Eocene","""Thick and thin tabular bodies of altered tholeiitic basalt consist of pillowed, massive, or crudely columnar flows, but also include pillow breccia, aquagene tuff, and diabase or gabbro sills; pillows have chilled margins that are palagonitic and amygdaloidal. Minor mudstone and siltstone that have interbedded basalt are included locally. Commonly contains green, gray, or red chert in interstices between pillows, rarely includes interpillow clots of pink limestone or black mudstone. *** Metamorphosed to zeolite or prehnite-pumpellyite facies"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also includes areas mapped as greenstone that were probably pillow basalt, basaltic tuff, and sills (Tysdal and Case, 1979, unit Tog; Nelson and others, 1985, unit Tov). May be equivalent in part to units Top, Tovs, and Tod. Locally subdivided","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1136,Tov,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Pillow basalt","Tertiary, Eocene","""Pale- to dark-green aphyric to porphyritic, frequently amygdaloidal, pillow basalt composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxene; plagioclase commonly replaced by albite and epidote, and clinopyroxene by hornblende, actinolite, and(or) chlorite; vesicles mostly filled with chlorite; pillow basalt in some areas is interlayered with subordinate pillow breccia and tuff"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Discrete pillows average 2 ft [50 cm] in diameter on the Resurrection Peninsula and average about 1 m where they were mapped in the Orca Group by Nelson and others (1985) and are metamorphosed to as high as low greenschist facies (Nelson and others, 1985). The pillows have fractured surfaces, chilled margins, palagonitic coatings, and cracks that radiate outward from pillow centers, indicating rapid cooling (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Altered brown-colored volcanic glass makes up much of the matrix, especially in the outer parts of pillows (Nelson and others, 1985). Inter-pillow material consists of extrusive breccia, agglomerate, and hyaloclastite; and locally, thin sequences of siliceous mudstone and argillite, sandstone, and carbonate rocks, and minor red, green, and gray chert (Capps, 1915; Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984; Nelson and others, 1985). Interbedded sedimentary layers locally display crossbedding and graded beds (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). ""Pillow basalt and lesser massive basalt and broken pillow breccia make up most of the western flank of the mafic complex on the Resurrection Peninsula"" (Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and Case, 1979) where flows dip westward roughly 30? and are as much as 1000-m-thick (Tysdal and others, 1977). Flows dip west on the west side of Knight Island and eastward on the east side of the island and are more than 5000-m-thick (Tysdal and others, 1977). This unit is gradational into and cut by sheeted dikes of unit Tod over a wide zone on Glacier and Knight Islands and interbedded with volcanic and sedimentary rocks of unit Tovs in eastern Prince William Sound (Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and Case, 1979)","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 951,Tovs,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic and sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","Consists of locally variable amounts of tholeiitic basalt, and tuffaceous and generally minor turbiditic sedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and others, 1976). The lithology is quite variable throughout the study area. ""Basalt consists of pillowed and massive flows, pillow breccia, and tuff. Turbidites, in most places, are mudstone, siltstone, and fossiliferous volcanogenic sandstone; in a few places nonvolcanogenic sandstone is interbedded"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""In the Ragged Mountains of the Cordova quadrangle, volcaniclastic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks are abundant, and pillow basalt is rare"" (Nelson and others, 1985, Tysdal and others, 1976). In this area the lower part of unit is interlayered with abundant aquagene tuff, tuff breccia, and calcareous sandstone containing shells (Tysdal and others, 1976). Another variation of the unit is found north of the Martin River where Nelson and others (1985) mapped a unit, Tots, consisting of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, volcaniclastic sandstone, and minor chert. The majority of the Tots unit is found south of the Martin fault where minor pillow basalt and abundant volcanic breccia is included with the sedimentary rocks of the unit and the ""rocks are altered to a bright orange-weathering gossan *** intruded by numerous porphyritic dikes for a distance of 10 mi along the south side of the Martin fault"" (Nelson and others, 1985). As shown here, in the vicinity of Knight Island, this map unit is composed as much as 92 percent volcanic rocks; in this area these were mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops) and a greenstone and sedimentary rocks unit (Togs) and by Nelson and others (1985) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops). Nelson and others (1985) distinguished this pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit from a separately mapped interbedded sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks unit (Tosv) on the basis of the predominance of pillow basalt in the section; however we have combined the units herein. Locally, this combined unit is marginal to and probably gradational to thicker sequences composed of pillowed and massive basalt flows (Top). Nelson and others (1985) reported a number of varieties of foraminifers of Paleocene to late middle Eocene age from this unit in the Seward and Cordova quadrangles and north of the Martin River the tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of this unit contain locally abundant radiolarians and diatoms of late Paleocene to Eocene age (Tysdal and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1985). A 47.61.4 Ma K-Ar hornblende age from a greenschist sample (Table 1, sample number 71Apr 23A, Winkler and Plafker, 1981; George Plafker field notebook, 1971; Nelson and others, 1985) collected from the head of Port Fidalgo in the Cordova quadrangle was originally assigned to the Valdez Group by Winkler and Plafker (1981) and Nelson and others (1985); however, Winkler and Plafker (1993) reassigned rocks in the vicinity of this sample to the Orca Group, which at face value would constrain the age of this unit to no younger than early Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 953,Tovs,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Volcanic and sedimentary rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","Consists of locally variable amounts of tholeiitic basalt, and tuffaceous and generally minor turbiditic sedimentary rocks (Winkler and Plafker, 1993; Nelson and others, 1985; Tysdal and others, 1976). The lithology is quite variable throughout the study area. ""Basalt consists of pillowed and massive flows, pillow breccia, and tuff. Turbidites, in most places, are mudstone, siltstone, and fossiliferous volcanogenic sandstone; in a few places nonvolcanogenic sandstone is interbedded"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). ""In the Ragged Mountains of the Cordova quadrangle, volcaniclastic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks are abundant, and pillow basalt is rare"" (Nelson and others, 1985, Tysdal and others, 1976). In this area the lower part of unit is interlayered with abundant aquagene tuff, tuff breccia, and calcareous sandstone containing shells (Tysdal and others, 1976). Another variation of the unit is found north of the Martin River where Nelson and others (1985) mapped a unit, Tots, consisting of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, volcaniclastic sandstone, and minor chert. The majority of the Tots unit is found south of the Martin fault where minor pillow basalt and abundant volcanic breccia is included with the sedimentary rocks of the unit and the ""rocks are altered to a bright orange-weathering gossan *** intruded by numerous porphyritic dikes for a distance of 10 mi along the south side of the Martin fault"" (Nelson and others, 1985). As shown here, in the vicinity of Knight Island, this map unit is composed as much as 92 percent volcanic rocks; in this area these were mapped by Tysdal and Case (1979) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops) and a greenstone and sedimentary rocks unit (Togs) and by Nelson and others (1985) as a pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit (Tops). Nelson and others (1985) distinguished this pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks unit from a separately mapped interbedded sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks unit (Tosv) on the basis of the predominance of pillow basalt in the section; however we have combined the units herein. Locally, this combined unit is marginal to and probably gradational to thicker sequences composed of pillowed and massive basalt flows (Top). Nelson and others (1985) reported a number of varieties of foraminifers of Paleocene to late middle Eocene age from this unit in the Seward and Cordova quadrangles and north of the Martin River the tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of this unit contain locally abundant radiolarians and diatoms of late Paleocene to Eocene age (Tysdal and others, 1976; Nelson and others, 1985). A 47.61.4 Ma K-Ar hornblende age from a greenschist sample (Table 1, sample number 71Apr 23A, Winkler and Plafker, 1981; George Plafker field notebook, 1971; Nelson and others, 1985) collected from the head of Port Fidalgo in the Cordova quadrangle was originally assigned to the Valdez Group by Winkler and Plafker (1981) and Nelson and others (1985); however, Winkler and Plafker (1993) reassigned rocks in the vicinity of this sample to the Orca Group, which at face value would constrain the age of this unit to no younger than early Eocene","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1137,Tod,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Sheeted basalt dikes","Tertiary, Eocene","Mafic sheeted-dike complexes consisting of dark-green, gray, and brown, aphanitic to porphyritic; chiefly basaltic, but locally gabbroic to dioritic, dikes (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). In the Knight Island area, felsic plagioclase-quartz dikes occur locally and plagioclase-clinopyroxene-olivine dikes are present but not common (Tysdal and Case, 1979). On the Resurrection Peninsula, olivine is present in a few dikes (Tysdal and Case, 1979). The dikes are commonly 1- to 2-m-thick, vertical or nearly so, and generally strike north (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979). The dikes contain greenschist facies mineral assemblages ascribed to ocean-floor metamorphism by Bradley and Miller (2006); according to Tysdal and Case (1979), plagioclase replaced by albite, clinopyroxene by hornblende and actinolite, and olivine partly altered to serpentine. The dikes crosscut one another, intrude the adjacent pillow basalt (map unit Top), and on Knight Island, locally intrude sedimentary rocks of the Orca Group (Tysdal and others, 1977). Double- and single-sided chilled margins were observed on the dikes, indicating a spreading center setting (Bradley and Miller, 2006; Tysdal and Case, 1979). Pillow basalt screens are common in the up to 2000 m wide transition zone between the pillow basalt and sheeted dike units (Top and Tod) (Tysdal and others, 1977; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984; and Bradley and Miller, 2006). Xenoliths of gabbro and peridotite are present locally on Knight Island (Richter, 1965; Nelson and others, 1985). Small irregular pods, veins, and dikes of plagiogranite are also present in the dike complex north of Bay of Isles on Knight Island (Nelson and others, 1985). The dikes are intruded by and also intrude the gabbro in the transition zone between the gabbro and sheeted dike units (Togb and Tod) (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Tysdal and others, 1977). The dikes make up the topographically high and rugged cores of the Resurrection Peninsula, Knight Island, and Glacier Island (Tysdal and others, 1977). Whole rock K-Ar ages on greenstone reported by Miller (1984) are 35.01.3 Ma and 38.81.9 Ma on Knight Island; and 49.62.5 Ma, 45.72.3 Ma, and 47.32.4 Ma on the Resurrection Peninsula. Miller (1984) interpreted these ages as representing minimum ages for accretion due to heating during the event that caused argon loss","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1374,Togb,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Gabbro","Tertiary, Eocene","""Medium- and dark-gray to green coarse-grained chiefly clinopyroxene-plagioclase rocks with ophitic to subophitic texture and gabbroic to dioritic composition; locally pegmatitic with clinopyroxene crystals as much as 5 cm long; clinopyroxene commonly is partly replaced by uralitic amphibole and chlorite; plagioclase is partly replaced by albite; epidote and minor opaque minerals are common"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979). Several small intrusive bodies of gabbro occur on Knight Island, the largest of which crops out east of Drier Bay, where it intrudes sheeted dikes (Nelson and others, 1985). Other gabbro bodies are too small to show at the scale of this map, but most are elongate parallel to the trend of the sheeted dikes. At the north end of Latouche Island a 30-m-wide exposure of gabbro intrudes slate and sandstone and is itself cut by several small gabbro-pegmatite dikes (Grant and Higgins, 1910, p. 49-50; Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others, 1985). On the Resurrection Peninsula, Miller (1984) described local occurrences of west dipping magmatic mineral layering and cumulate textures within the gabbro. Dikes and plugs of fine- to medium-grained plagiogranite are also present (Miller, 1984; Bradley and Miller, 2006), the largest of which crop out northwest of the head of Drier Bay on Knight Island and south side of Killer Bay on the Resurrection Peninsula (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984). The gabbro grades into the sheeted dike map unit (Tod herein) and is generally elongate and parallel to the sheeted dikes, but it also crosscuts the dikes locally (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Miller, 1984). Tysdal and Case (1979) state that on the Resurrection Peninsula, ""The gabbro intrudes slate and sandstone of the Valdez Group, crosscuts the bedding, and forms aphanitic sills in other places. A blue-gray and whitish thermal aureole, at least 200 m wide, marks the contact zone with the sedimentary rocks."" Nelson and others (1985) and Bradley and Miller (2006) instead interpreted the contacts between the gabbro and Valdez metasedimentary rocks on the Resurrection Peninsula as faults. On Knight Island, the gabbro intrudes rocks of the Orca Group. Nelson and others (1989) reported a 57 Ma U-Pb zircon age on a plagiogranite intruding the gabbro on the Resurrection Peninsula","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1375,Tou,"Ophiolitic rocks of Prince William Sound, Ultramafic rocks","Tertiary, Eocene","""Dunite, locally with layers of chromite, moderately to mostly altered to serpentine, serpentine-talc, and talc schist; lustrous pale- to dark-green and black, locally reddish weathering rock that forms dike-like and irregularly shaped intrusive bodies"" (Tysdal and Case, 1979) on the Resurrection Peninsula. ""In most places enough relict texture and mineralogy remains to recognize original clinopyroxenite, dunite, and harzburgite"" (Miller, 1984). Unit occurs as small pods in gabbro and fault-bounded slices within Valdez Group metasedimentary rocks (Miller, 1984; Nelson and others, 1985). On Knight Island, xenoliths of peridotite in sheeted dikes were observed by Richter (1965) but not by subsequent workers (Tysdal and Case, 1979; Nelson and others (1985). However, Nelson and others (1985) mapped three peridotite bodies, including two that lie within or near a shear zone in the sheeted dikes unit (Tod) and the other body occurs as a xenolith in sheeted dikes unit. These ultramafic rocks weather orange brown in color and form subdued rubble outcrops","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1380,Tmu,Mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks,"Tertiary, Eocene and Paleocene?","""Compositionally and texturally variable unit consists mainly of clinopyroxene gabbro, two-pyroxene gabbro, and local diabase, hornblende gabbro, peridotite, and orthopyroxenite. Gabbro commonly is medium-grained and equigranular and is slightly to moderately foliated except near contacts with country rocks where it locally is strongly foliated or mylonitic"" (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Also in the Cordova quadrangle, near the head of Port Fidalgo Nelson and others (1985) mapped a small area of both banded and massive dark- to light-green serpentinized dunite and peridotite. There, blocks of serpentinite and serpentinized peridotite crop out within the metasedimentary rocks unit of the Valdez Group (Kvs). Their strongly shared margins suggest that these rocks have been tectonically emplaced (Nelson and others, 1985). Within country rocks of the Orca Group, these intrusions commonly have well-developed thermal aureoles and where they intrude sedimentary rocks have prominent zones of iron-staining (Winkler and Plafker, 1993). Winkler and Plafker (1993) considered the age of the unit as uncertain; two hornblende K-Ar ages of 64.52.1 and 48.51.5 Ma were reported on the unit; the older of the two was considered suspect because it is older than the Orca Group, which the mafic rocks intrude","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1011,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 1301,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 2401,TKd,Dikes,early Tertiary to Early Cretaceous,"Dikes of dacite, rhyolite, andesite, and rare basalt intrude rocks of the Valdez Group (Kvs) and McHugh Complex (KMm) (Bradley and others, 1999). Analyzed samples of dikes yield a wide range of ages, as shown in Table 1. A basaltic-andesite dike intruding McHugh Complex yielded an 40Ar-39Ar hornblende plateau age of 1152 Ma, whereas an intermediate composition dike yielded an 40Ar-39Ar isochron(?) age of 57.00.22 Ma (W. Clendenin, written commun., cited in Bradley and others, 1999) whereas felsic dikes mapped by Nelson and others (1999) yielded a 40Ar-39Ar isochron age as young as 31.10.2 Ma on potassium feldspar, as well as a 40Ar-39Ar plateau of 38.60.6 Ma on biotite and a 40Ar-39Ar disturbed age of 401 Ma, also on biotite. Lytwyn and others (2000) described a suite of dikes ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite that they associated with the near-trench intrusions commonly related to the subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center. A 40Ar-39Ar plateau amphibole age on andesite from this suite of dikes yielded an age of 58.640.52 Ma. Lytwyn and others (2000) considered the dikes they studied to represent the same system as the plutons we have included in map unit Tgh here. Even discounting the potassium feldspar age as a minimum age, the data indicate that the dikes this map unit include rocks of multiple ages, possibly representing multiple events throughout the region","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 99,bu,Bedrock unknown,,Unit does not appear on published map,"Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages." 3186,Jtg,"Tuxedni Group, Red Glacier Formation","Middle Jurassic, lower Bajocian to lower middle Bajocian","Thin-bedded to massive, red-brown weathering, dark-gray to moderate olive-gray, highly arenaceous siltstone, locally containing lenticular interbeds and concretions of reddish-gray, dense limestone and very minor coal seams (Detterman and Hartsock, 1966). Underlying this is light-tan to buff arkosic sandstone and a thick black, silty to arenaceous, very fissile, shale. Siltstone constitutes about 40 percent of the unit, concentrated in the upper part, sandstone about 25 percent, and shale the remainder. Overall thickness ranges from 600 to as much as 2,000 m. Fossils are most abundant fossiliferous in the upper part of the Red Glacier Formation; no fossils are known from the lowermost part (as much as 600 m) of the unit. Pelecypods include Meleagrinella, Trigonia, Retroceramus (formerly Inoceramus), Camptonectes, and Pleuromya. Ammonites occur in two distinct faunal assemblages; the lower assemblage includes Erycites, Tmetoceras, and Pseudolioceras and this faunal zone ranges from 450 to 1,400 m below the top of the formation. The upper assemblage in the upper 400 m of the formation includes Soninia, Emileia, Parabigottes and in the uppermost 150 meters, Papilliceras, Strigoceras, Lissoceras, Stephanoceras, Stemmatoceras, and Skirroceras","Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., in press, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska; Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, SIM-????, scale 1:350,000, 2 sheets, pamphlet,89 ms. pages."

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\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* REMOVE THIS OUTLINE GUIDE BEFORE PLACING THE SPECIFICATION SECTION IN THE CONTRACT \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* O U T L I N E G U I D E [DIVISION 6: WOOD AND PLASTICS]{.underline} SECTION 06311 ‑ PRESERVATIVE‑TREATED LUMBER USE: Application of preservative treatment to lumber. Unique job requirements may require specific coverage in the following specification sections: **NOTES TO SPECIFIER:** A. Options within paragraphs are identified by enclosure in brackets; blank spaces enclosed by brackets \[[ ]{.underline}\] provide for information to be inserted, as appropriate to individual projects. B. **TO AVOID CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS AND COSTLY MISTAKES,** the specifier must edit (delete, substitute or add to the text). The remaining paragraphs must be renumbered. C. DELETE FOR FINAL COPY: Notes to the Specifier, located between lines of asterisks; all \[brackets\], [underlining]{.underline}, **boldface, **and *italics* within the paragraphs; and this page. (Open Reveal Codes \[alt F3\] to do this accurately). D. [To Edit "(Footer B)":]{.underline} (Corel 8). **ENTIRE FOOTER SHOULD BE BOLDED. **Click in the footer and delete the "Project Name (ftr B)" text and replace it with the **Name Of The Project (upper/lower case).** Replace date with current MM/YY (WITHOUT BRACKETS). E. The Guide Specifications are intended to be continuously reviewed and revised. User's technical comments are appreciated. Also, other related or similar specifications that are written "from scratch" that could benefit others, or other questions can be sent to NARSC A/E Group, RS-110 or call (303) 987-6851. F. DESIGN NOTES: 1\. **DRAWING DATA REQUIRED:** Show on construction drawings what wood is to be preservative or fire-retardant treated. **REVISIONS OF THIS SECTION:** CSI format, editorial changes 10/99 Metric: Not Applicable Technical Update: 3/2000 SECTION 06311 PRESERVATIVE‑TREATED LUMBER [PART 1: GENERAL]{.underline} 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: Furnishing treated wood products. Refer to applicable sections and drawings for additional wood requirements. B. Related Sections: \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* List sections where items of work that might logically be furnished and installed under this section but are specified in another section. This article is rarely required. \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* C. Alternates/Alternatives: Where drawings indicate construction heart‑grade redwood, the Contractor may substitute treated wood which conforms to the configuration indicated. 1.2 SUBMITTALS A. General: Submittals shall be according to \[Section 01009 ‑ General Information and Requirements.\] \[Section 01365 ‑ Certificates of Conformance.\] B. Submit certification from treating plant that fire-retardant treatment will not bleed through finished surfaces. C. Manufacturer's written recommendations for application of wood treatments. 1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Preservative Treated Lumber and Plywood: Each piece shall bear a quality mark from an agency accredited by ALSC. The quality mark shall include the preservative retention level, the corresponding application (above ground, ground/freshwater contact, etc.), applicable AWPA standards, and the symbol of the inspection agency. B. Fire Retardant Treated Lumber and Plywood: Each piece shall be legibly marked with a UL label. C. Fabricator\'s Qualifications: A person required to apply preservatives must provide evidence of completion of an Environmental Protection Agency approved training course. 1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING A. Storage: Stack treated material separately from untreated material. Identify framing lumber as to grades, and store each grade separately from other grades. Support above the ground and cover against moisture. Allow air to circulate between members. B. Handling: Treated materials shall be handled to preserve the integrity of the treatment. Scrapes, penetrations or abrasions shall be treated with a preservative approved in writing by the Contracting Officer. 1.5 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING A. Requirements: Coordinate the provision of treated members with the progress of the work and the crew necessary for their installation. Anchor bolts or other necessary attaching devices shall be correctly sized and in place. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for hot dipped galvanized or otherwise treated fasteners. [PART 2: PRODUCTS]{.underline} 2.1 MATERIALS A. Lumber: Shall be treated according to AWPA C2 \[fire retardant lumber shall be treated according to AWPA C20\]. B. Plywood: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 9. \[Fire retardant plywood shall be treated according to AWPA C27\]. C. Wood for Highway Construction: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 14. D. Wood for Marine Construction: Shall be treated according to AWPA C 18. 2.2 WOOD PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT PRACTICES A. General: Minimum net retention, penetration, and treatment method shall be according to AWPA C 1, and the appropriate AWPA standard listed above. B. Pentachlorophenol: Shall conform to AWPA P3 in petroleum conforming to AWPA P 9. C. Waterborne Preservatives: Shall conform to AWPA P 5, as follows: 1\. Acid Copper Chromate (ACC) 2\. Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA) 3\. Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA) 4\. Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), types A, B, and C D. Coal Tar Creosote: Conforming to AWPA P 1 or P 2. E. Creosote-Petroleum Oil Solution: Conforming to AWPA P 3. F. Copper Naphthenate: Shall conform to AWPA P3 in petroleum conforming to AWPA P9, for treatment of field cuts, follow the procedures in AWPA M4 using a preservative with a concentration containing no less than 2 percent copper metal. G. Washing and Kiln Drying: After treatment, lumber and plywood treated with waterborne preservatives shall be washed and kiln dried to a maximum moisture content of 19 and 15 percent respectively. 2.3 FIRE RETARDANT TREATMENT PRACTICES A. Interior Type A: For interior locations, use chemical formulation tht produces treated lumber and plywood with the following properties under conditions present after installation. 1\. Bending strength, stiffness, and fastener-holding capacities are not reduced below values published by manufacturer of chemical formulation under elevated temperature and humidity conditions simulating installed conditions when tested by a qualified independent testing agency. 2\. No form of degradation occurs due to acid hydrolysis or other courses related to treatment. 3\. Contact with treated wood does not promote corrosion of metal fasteners. B. Exterior type: Use for exterior locations and where indicated. C. Inspect each piece of treated lumber or plywood after drying and discard damaged or defective pieces. 2.4 FABRICATION A. Incising: 1\. All lumber except Ponderosa, Red, or Southern Pine, 2-inch nominal (28 mm actual) or greater in thickness shall be incised prior to treatment. The spacing and shape of the cutting teeth and the method of incising shall be such as to produce a uniform penetration. 2\. Lumber 1-inch (25 mm ) in thickness or less shall be incised on the wide faces only. All other lumber shall be incised on all faces. B. Framing: Treatment shall be done prior to framing. C. Sorting: The material shall be sorted into one kind or designated group of kinds of wood and into pieces of approximately equal size, moisture and sapwood content. Separate to ensure contact of the treating medium with all surfaces. D. Painting: Treated wood shall be clean and dry before painting. Allow water repellent (W.R.) penta-treated material a minimum of 2 days to dissipate carrier before painting. Waterborne treated members to be painted shall have no visible residue on surfaces. E. Field Treatment: Lumber fabricated in the field or cut after treatment shall be treated and cared for according to AWPA M 4. [PART 3: EXECUTION]{.underline} There are no applicable requirements. [PART 4: MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT]{.underline} 4.1 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT A. Units: The work described in this section will not be measured for payment. 4.2 BASIS OF PAYMENT A. Payment: No direct payment for the work described under this section will be made. The Contractor shall include consideration for this item in the bid price for other items of the Contract. END OF SECTION

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# Presentation: 833704 ## Connected Vehicles for a Connected World - Research & Innovative Technology Administration - US Department of Transportation - January 2008 ## What VII will Enable .... Safety **Imagine**: - Your vehicle knows the speed and location of approaching vehicles - Your vehicle can “see” vehicles you can’t see - Your vehicle knows roadway conditions that you can’t see ## What VII will Enable..... Mobility **Imagine**: - You had traffic information on all your potential routes and modes of travel - You could compare different routes and modes of travel based on traffic speed - Your navigation unit could reroute you when an accident occurs during travel ## What VII will Enable .... Consumer Services **Imagine**: - You can quickly download movies and other high content material into your vehicle - You can find and reserve available parking spaces before you arrive - You can pay for tolls, parking, and your morning cup of coffee automatically from within your vehicle - Your vehicle can tell you when it needs servicing and direct you to a service station ## What VII will Enable .... Agency Management & Operations ***Imagine:*** - Managing your system if you knew real-time travel speeds and densities, braking activities, and roadway temperatures for all major facilities - Planning for growth when you know complete traffic patterns around development - Having the information needed to measure and track system performance ## VII Concept **VII Concept** **Probe Data** **Situation Relevant Information** **Notes:** VII Addresses Two Fundamental interests of Transportation Managers: Ability to collect accurate, real-time, and comprehensive information on roadway conditions throughout the transportation network Ability to deliver situation relevant messages about roadway conditions directly to drivers at the right place and time so that they can use this information to avoid incidents, select alternative routes, and better manage their travel plans Safety Services: Signal and stop sign violation Curve speed warning E-Payment Services for POC: Tolling, Parking, Gas Vehicle to vehicle: Emergency electronic brake lights Blind spot warning ## USDOT’s Research and Demonstration Program ## A Change in Strategy - Previous approach - Deployment decision by OEMs, US DOT, state transportations agencies in 2010 with synchronized deployments beginning around 2012 - Key technology for vehicle to infrastructure communications was Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) - Expectation that the infrastructure build out could be substantially funded by the Federal government - Current approach - Open up the architecture to allow for non-DSRC technology - Work with aftermarket suppliers to enable VII capabilities sooner - Demonstrate a subset of capabilities that VII can provide in a few, high concentration operational test sites - Support growth in geographic coverage and functionality over time - Leverage new technologies and private industry developments - Learn from related state and university research ## Program Goals and Objectives - Goals - Nationwide system - Enable the full range of safety, mobility, and commercial applications - Adaptable to technology evolution - Objectives: - Near term – to demonstrate current capability and provide for more rapid deployment of VII applications - Mid term – to expand both the system functionality and geographic coverage of the system - Long term – to enhance system performance ## Multi-Phased Approach - Phase 1 – Field operational test site(s) established to demonstrate and test what can be done today - Phase 2 – Applied research and development activities to support the longer term needs of the program in areas of technology, policy, and public agency applications - Phase 3 – Monitoring and assessing new technologies that can enhance system performance ## Phase 1: SAFE TRIP-21Safe and Efficient Travel Through Innovation and Partnerships - Develop field test bed(s) to: **Accelerate availability of travel information** and services to provide users with greater situational awareness of safety hazards, congestion bottlenecks, and route and modal choices **Evaluate impacts, value of integrated infrastructure** for travelers and commercial operators, and market readiness of near-term applications, including but not limited to those using DSRC **Leverage other U.S. DOT activities** such as the Urban Partnership Agreements, the Corridors of the Future Sites, and others. **Leverage existing systems and capabilities** (i.e., 511, Highway Advisory radio, vehicle-based collision warning technologies, traffic reporting services, etc., and state, local, university, and industry research ) ## Phase 1: SAFE TRIP-21 (2007 – 2008) - Key Dates and Milestones - Request for Information (RFI) released December 18, 2007 - Information requested on partnering for Phase 1 test site development - Information requested on test site characteristics, applications and their readiness, innovative technologies - RFI responses expected by January 11, 2008 - Site(s) operational and evaluation to begin December 1, 2008 - Interim findings will be transitioned toward mid- and longer-term ongoing research in VII Phases 2 and 3 - SAFE TRIP-21 Final Report in January 2010 (Interim reports in 09) ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment - Fund applied research and development activities: - In the areas of enabling technologies, public applications, and institutional issues - To support a phased, nationwide deployment of VII capabilities between 2008 and 2015 - Key Objectives: **Assess and demonstrate capabilities** of various technical solutions **Identify phased roll-out strategies** to support rapid deployment of near-term capabilities and enable the long term vision **Analyze alternative business models** and governance structures **Develop technical and policy solutions** to address security, privacy, liability and other institutional issues **Develop key applications** for the public sector **Leverage results of operational tests** **and state and university research** to improve and refine research and deployment approaches ## VII National System Network Build Up ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide DeploymentProof of Concept (POC) Testing – MI and CA - Testing of public, private, and e-commerce applications - Testing to be completed in March with results published in June 2008 - Validate the vehicle to roadside and vehicle to vehicle capabilities in a multi-application environment - Demonstrate that VII technical approach ensures anonymity, privacy, and security - The Michigan POC test includes: - 25 vehicles, 57 intersection and freeway locations near Detroit  approximately 47 square miles of coverage - Vehicle based communications is DSRC for both V2I and V2V - Backhaul communications is a combination of 3G, WiMax, and Mesh - Scheduled to operate through June ’08 - Currently preparing an RFI to solicit input and expressions of interest in: - Using the test bed by other private and public sector entities and - Options for continued operation and maintenance ## Most of the VII POC Testing will be conducted in the suburbs of Detroit. RSEs placed along several stretches of highway as well as multiple signalized intersections. ***Most of the VII POC Testing will be conducted in the suburbs of Detroit. RSEs placed along several stretches of highway as well as multiple signalized intersections.*** ## Michigan Test Bed - Private Applications ## Michigan Test Bed – Public Applications - Traveler Informationand Corridor Management Load Balancing Applications - All Applications - Weather Information and Corridor Management Planning Assistance Applications use the entire DTE area ## VII California Infrastructure - Access to 60 miles of Right-of-Way, including hills and “urban canyons” - Three, parallel, 20 mile long North/South routes: US 101; SR 82 (El Camino Real); and I-280 - 12 RSEs are installed and operating, with approved FCC licenses - Mix of freeway / intersection locations - 28 more RSE sites have been selected and surveyed - Installation of RSEs will continue through August 2008 - Backhaul: wired (T1 lines) and wireless (3G cellular; WiMAX, Municipal WiFi) - Communications choice is site dependent - Back End Servers - One at the 511 TIC in Oakland; one at PATH in Richmond - IP-based; additional servers can be located anywhere **Notes:** There are three main parts to the VII California infrastructure The first part is the Roadside Equipment, or RSE, that communicates with the vehicles using DSRC The second is the Backhaul network that transports data to and from the RSE and a central location The third is the computer server that stores the traffic data from the cars and sends messages to the driver ## VII California TestbedSouthern Peninsula, San FranciscoBay Areaviicalifornia.org **Notes:** Caltrans and MTC have a strong commitment to ensure the success of VII: We are building 40 VII hot spots in the Palo Alto area They will be installed along three parallel north/south corridors: US Highway 101; State Route 82 (El Camino Real); and Interstate 280; half are located on the freeway and half are at signalized intersections ## VII Technical Innovations - Most extensive DSRC/WAVE protocol testbed (56 RSEs) - Prioritization of radio access & messages for safety (while supporting other applications) - Multi-channel DSRC radios with channel switching - Single radio will support diverse applications simultaneously - One-way, 2-way, individual, and broadcast communications - Supports many vehicles simultaneously and scaleable to large population - Groundbreaking method to maintain privacy & anonymity while ensuring legitimacy of messages & data - Implement common vehicle interface for V2V across OEMs ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Technology and Testing – Going Forward - Continue technical research to support deployment - Additional research anticipated in the areas of: - Communications - Mapping - Security - Positioning - Standards - Enable future testing needs - Ensure testing capabilities are available to support public and private interests - Ensure test bed activities are working to common standards and interfaces ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Applications – Activities Underway - CICAS-V - Violation warning at traffic signal and stop sign controlled intersections - Prototype development complete summer 2008 - Field operational test option being examined - Vehicle to Vehicle Communications - Develop architecture and message sets - Develop relative positioning technology using DSRC - Develop and verify objective test procedures - Applications being examined include: - Emergency Electronic Brake Light - Forward Collision Warning - Intersection Movement Assist - Blind Spot Warning + Lane Change Warning - Do-Not-Pass Warning - Control Loss Warning - Assessment of benefits both with autonomous systems and DSRC alone - Initial test platform to be established mid-2008 with final project results end of 2009 ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Applications – Going Forward - Begin development of deployment oriented applications - Mobility applications using vehicle probe data - Traveler information - Traffic Management - Transit operations - Commercial vehicle operations - Road weather information (building on current USDOT/NWS research) - Electronic payment for tolling - Leverage results of existing and future test and evaluation activities - Public sector application workshop(s) to be held in spring 2008 - Identify real world needs for input into Concept of Operations and Requirements documents - Provide basis for private sector development of products and services ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment - Outcomes will be used to: - Identify possible roles of the public sector moving forward - Initiate conversations with the private sector regarding cost-sharing arrangements - Identify research gaps and ways for the Federal government to serve as a catalyst for the deployment of technologies and applications ***Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment *** ***Business Models*** ## Phase 2 – Enable a Phased Nationwide Deployment Institutional Issues - Research to overcome potential institutional barriers to deployment - Activities underway and to be initiated in 2008 - Privacy policy framework (complete) - Benefit-cost analysis (underway) - Legal research (underway): - Patent search - Liability analysis for public agencies and private partners - Analysis of potentially influential federal legislation - Identification of potential state legal and regulatory hurdles - Data ownership and access rights (pending) - Network ownership and access rights (pending) - Capabilities and limitations of the 5.9GHz spectrum allocation (ongoing) **Notes:** Examples of Potentially influential federal legislation: Electronic Communications Privacy Act Drivers Privacy Protection Act Privacy Act USA Patriot Act Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards Public Safety Spectrum regulations State and federal laws governing access to networks and computers Telecommunications regulations ## Phase 3: Monitor Cutting Edge Technology - Monitor and assess developing technology that may be incorporated into the VII system to enhance system performance, including: - Advancements in mesh networks for vehicle to vehicle communications - Mobile WiMax - 4G cellular - Low cost inertial navigation

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# Presentation: 733337 ## BBC rate in p+p collisions year 2005 - use the BBC scalers to « quantify - the illumination » nearby the beam ## Beam Beam Counter (BBC) small tiles - STAR BBC schematic front view - Located at 3.5 m from IR - Inner tiles : #1 to 6 - from 5 to 15 cm (radius) - 3.8 < |eta| < 5 - Outer tiles : #7 to 18 - from 15 to 25 cm (radius) - 3.3 < |eta| < 3.8 ## Rate vs tile number - With E&W coincidence - Rate in East and no hit in - West BBC ## Rate observed in BBC and RHIC scalers(day 140) - Rate observed in BBC and RHIC scalers(day 140) - May 20th - May 19th - With E&W coincidence - RHIC scalers ## Rate vs coincidence - Linear relation between - rate observed vs coincidence : - slope larger for inner tiles ## Back up ## Multiplicity in East BBC tiles with E&W coincidence ## Rate vs bunch crossing number

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# Presentation: 093161 ## Distribution of dust traps in southern Nevada and California, 1984-present **Distribution of dust traps in southern Nevada and California, 1984-present** **Genesis of desert soils** **Dust storms & climate** **Dust sources** **High dust flux follows periods of drought AND high precipitation** **Salt- & carb.-rich dust from playas** **Silt & clay from alluvial settings** **Owens (dry) Lake dust – ** **high in As, Zn, Sb, Pb, Li** **Human activities—agriculture, military, urbanization, recreation** **Flux range: 0.5-10 g/m****2****/yr** - Conclusions from early work: ## ENSO-dust relations & variations, central Mojave **Dust flux (4 sites) and dust-storm frequency at Barstow correlate positively with years following both strong La Nina (dry) and El Nino (wet) years** **Dust Flux** **Previous year’s** **ENSO anomaly** **Dust events are diminished under milder ENSO conditions** **ENSO-dust relations & variations, central Mojave** - (Okin and Reheis, 2002) **Dust storm frequency** ## Dust increases with drought at sites with alluvial sources and some with playa sources - <date/time> ## Dust increases with wetting events at some sites with playa sources - <date/time> ## A wet-playa source: **A wet-playa source:** **Carson Sink, 4/28/04** ## Dust and precip relative to source type **Dust and precip relative to source type** ## Source response to precip events--<50 μm - Current year - Prev year - Prev winter - Current winter - Current summer - Prev summer ## Source response to precip events--Salt - Current winter - Current summer - Prev summer - Current year - Prev year - Prev winter ## Wet playas produce dust when recently wetted! ## Winter precip in previous year suppresses dust ## Problems and future work - Many dust traps not adjacent to playas so sources may be mixed. Need more? - 2-year collection interval difficult to interpret - New seasonal (winter vs. summer) data coming - Quantifying source strength relative to area; salts seem to increase everywhere in wet years, but may be distributed from wet playas - Where do the salts go? Global circulation? - Groundwater pumping may affect response - Scaling up; how to extrapolate

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# Presentation: 815354 ## Dallas Agency Forum **Dallas Agency Forum** **August 15-16, 2007** **Susan Markland** ## Purpose - Discuss the GWA Modernization Project objectives impact on IPAC - Current Status - Current Reporting Requirements - In Development - On the Horizon - Planning Strategy - Contacts ## Current Status - Implemented: - October, 2003 - 27 Character String TAS and 8 Character BETC in bulk file formats - March, 2006 - Online screens updated to include TAS/BETC ## Current Reporting Requirements - All ALCs report a TAS on the sender side - Pilot ALCs report a TAS and BETC on sender side - Trading Partners of Pilot ALCs must report Sender TAS and Receiver TAS/BETC - Current TAS format is STAR string ## Reporting Scenarios | Scenario Sender/Receiver | Sender TAS | Sender BETC | Receiver TAS | Receiver BETC | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Non Pilot/Non Pilot | Required | | | | | Pilot/Non-Pilot | Required | Required | | | | Non Pilot/Pilot | Required | | Required | Required | | Pilot/Pilot | Required | Required | Required | Required | - Reporting Scenarios ## Current Capability - Enter TAS/BETC - Find a list of BETCs that are valid for TAS - Wild card search to find valid TAS/BETC - Select from a history of previous values entered - If a TAS/BETC is entered even if the field is not designated as mandatory IPAC will reject any transactions with invalid values ## Payment Entry Screen ## In Development - December, 2007 – IPAC Release 11 - New Graphical User Interface (GUI) - more intuitive - Online Help - Support of TRACs initiative to eliminate manual 1081s - Implementation of Mandatory Unique File ID - Capability to accept GWA Standard TAS (String) ## Payment Entry Screen ## On the Horizon - GWAMP Support: - Reviewing the strategy for implementing TAS/BETC - Phasing in of Pilot ALCs - New Implementation Date - Only transactions for GWA Reporter ALCs are posted - TAS/BETCs recorded on IPAC transactions for Non GWA Reporter ALCs are for information only. Non GWA Reporter ALCs must continue to report monthly FMS 224 - TAS/BETC implementation for payroll offices in RITS ## On the Horizon - Financial Management Line of Business (FMLOB) - Common Government Accounting Classification (CGAC) - TAS/BETC Component Pieces - Reimbursables - Standardizing IPAC Fields and Business Processes ## On the Horizon - Central Reporting Transformation Team (CRTT) - Developing recommendations to improve IPAC - Support Intra-governmental Business Rules - (TFM Bulletin No. 2007-03 Volume I) - Improve Governmentwide Accounting and Reporting - Eliminate Intra-governmental differences - Recommendations expected Spring 2008 ## Planning Strategy - Now - Provide support GWAMP in implementing new strategy - Future - Beginning September 2007 - Consider upcoming initiatives - Analyze Survey Results - Form focus groups - Prioritize recommendations - Develop plan for implementing recommendations and mandates ## Release 11 - Training - Available Now - Treasury Support Center - Available October 2007 - Tutorials - Training Environment - Online Help ## Contacts - FMS - Susan Markland, Project Director 202-874-9816 - Lori Makle-Sellman, Deputy Director 202-874-8782 - Rene Talbert, IPAC Staff 202-874-8942 Kneasha Bragg, IPAC Staff 202-874-6610 - Keshawn Moore, IPAC Staff 202-874-1112 - IPAC Help Desk - Treasury Support Center 866-809-5218

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# yum -d 4 remove glibc-kernheaders Gathering package information from servers server name/cachedir:Fermi Linux 731 main-/var/cache/yum/731server Getting headers from: Fermi Linux 731 main getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/731server/header.info server name/cachedir:Fermi Linux 731 updates-/var/cache/yum/731updates Getting headers from: Fermi Linux 731 updates getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/731updates/header.info server name/cachedir:yum update-/var/cache/yum/yum Getting headers from: yum update getting header.info from server headerinfofn: /var/cache/yum/yum/header.info Finding updated packages putting kfile-pdf in simple update list putting mikmod in simple update list putting ed in simple update list putting mutt in simple update list putting kdepim-cellphone in simple update list putting xsri in simple update list putting cdparanoia-libs in simple update list putting kedit in simple update list putting gphoto2 in simple update 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kdeartwork-locolor in simple update list putting pciutils in simple update list putting kdesdk-kapptemplate in simple update list putting lm_sensors in simple update list putting ksconfig in simple update list putting setuptool in simple update list putting sharutils in simple update list putting gimp in simple update list putting cdp in simple update list putting kdeaddons-knewsticker in simple update list putting grub in simple update list putting gtk+-devel in simple update list putting kbdconfig in simple update list putting perl-XML-Twig in simple update list putting anacron in simple update list putting nss_ldap in simple update list putting libungif-devel in simple update list putting pilot-link-devel in simple update list putting libtool in simple update list putting openssh-askpass in simple update list putting kdesdk-kspy in simple update list putting PyQt-devel in simple update list putting perl-URI in simple update list putting gpm in simple update list putting SDL_mixer in simple update list putting VFlib2 in simple update list putting perl-libxml-perl in simple update list putting kruler in simple update list putting mozilla-nss in simple update list putting indexhtml in simple update list putting usbutils in simple update list putting alchemist in simple update list putting gdbm-devel in simple update list putting XFree86-xdm in simple update list putting netconfig in simple update list putting lv in simple update list putting kdepasswd in simple update list putting libcap in simple update list putting sed in simple update list putting man-pages in simple update list putting radvd in simple update list putting symlinks in simple update list putting cdrtools-cdrecord in simple update list putting gpm-devel in simple update list putting mozilla-psm in simple update list putting automake15 in simple update list putting iputils in simple update list putting mtools in simple update list putting cdecl in simple update list putting pax in simple update list putting slocate in simple update list putting bison in simple update list putting procmail in simple update list putting lesstif-devel in simple update list putting xmms in simple update list putting pnm2ppa in simple update list putting libkscan in simple update list putting at in simple update list putting nscd in simple update list putting cyrus-sasl-md5 in simple update list putting exmh in simple update list putting perl-libnet in simple update list putting modutils in simple update list putting mozilla-nspr in simple update list putting netpbm-devel in simple update list putting pspell in simple update list putting freetype-devel in simple update list putting cyrus-sasl in simple update list putting SysVinit in simple update list putting sh-utils in simple update list putting ncompress in simple update list putting glib2-devel in simple update list putting rhn_register in simple update list putting nfs-utils in simple update list putting perl-libxml-enno in simple update list putting perl-CGI in simple update list putting kcalc in simple update list putting kdesdk-kompare in simple update list putting klpq in simple update list putting hesiod in simple update list putting kdesdk-kmtrace in simple update list putting gzip in simple update list putting tcsh in simple update list putting rsh in simple update list putting libglade2 in simple update list putting sox in simple update list putting libxml in simple update list putting libstdc++ in simple update list putting crontabs in simple update list putting kdesdk-kbugbuster in simple update list putting kdepim in simple update list putting glib2 in simple update list putting kregexpeditor-devel in simple update list putting lockdev-devel in simple update list putting pmake in simple update list putting vim-common in simple update list putting krb5-fermi-config in simple update list putting authconfig in simple update list putting mailx in simple update list putting grep in simple update list putting gd in simple update list putting nedit in simple update list putting libjpeg in simple update list putting xsane in simple update list putting zlib in simple update list putting python in simple update list putting tcl in simple update list putting kdeaddons-noatun in simple update list putting libxml2 in simple update list putting pwdb in simple update list putting gtk2 in simple update list putting vixie-cron in simple update list putting bc in simple update list putting ksnapshot in simple update list putting kudzu in simple update list putting termcap in simple update list putting kdbg in simple update list putting gcc in simple update list putting openafs-kernel in simple update list putting zz_fermi-release in simple update list putting xml-common in simple update list putting logwatch in simple update list putting rsync in simple update list putting zz_libg2c.a_change in simple update list putting apmd in simple update list putting bdflush in simple update list putting basesystem in 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list putting libusb-devel in simple update list putting mkinitrd in simple update list putting kdeadmin in simple update list putting PyQt in simple update list putting db1 in simple update list putting ksirc in simple update list putting util-linux in simple update list putting procps in simple update list putting cyrus-sasl-devel in simple update list putting pciutils-devel in simple update list putting krb5-devel in simple update list putting libusb in simple update list putting mpage in simple update list putting ddd in simple update list putting elinks in simple update list putting info in simple update list putting sip in simple update list putting tetex-fonts in simple update list putting setserial in simple update list putting xloadimage in simple update list putting libuser in simple update list putting vim-minimal in simple update list putting xdelta in simple update list putting kpaint in simple update list putting audiofile in simple update list putting knewsticker in simple update list putting xdelta-devel in simple update list putting ctags in simple update list putting amanda-client in simple update list putting make in simple update list putting zz_force_2nd_cdrom in simple update list putting bzip2 in simple update list putting finger in simple update list putting chkfontpath in simple update list putting openssl-devel in simple update list putting kdemultimedia-kfile in simple update list putting perl-libwww-perl in simple update list putting initscripts in simple update list putting sgml-common in simple update list putting pcre-devel in simple update list putting glibc-kernheaders in simple update list putting gnome-audio in simple update list putting timidity++ in simple update list putting korn in simple update list putting gawk in simple update list putting pygtk-devel in simple update list putting cdlabelgen in simple update list putting cipe in simple update list putting tar in simple update list putting binutils in simple update list putting kdebase-devel in simple update list putting esound-devel in simple update list putting perl-HTML-Parser in simple update list putting kdoc in simple update list putting yp-tools in simple update list putting dosfstools in simple update list putting perl-MIME-Base64 in simple update list putting libxml-devel in simple update list putting hotplug in simple update list putting pkgconfig in simple update list putting FermiStandAlone-tag in simple update list putting zlib-devel in simple update list putting pango in simple update list putting Distutils in simple update list Best version for openssl is 0:0.9.6b-30.7 Best version for openssl is 0:0.9.6b-30.7 Best version for kernel is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for kernel is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for glibc is 0:2.2.5-43 Best version for glibc is 0:2.2.5-43 Best version for kernel-smp is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Best version for kernel-smp is 0:2.4.18-27.7.x Downloading needed headers cached 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cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/mgetty-voice-0-1.1.28-3.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/perl-BSD-Resource-0-1.14-11.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/x3270-text-0-3.2.18-2.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731updates/headers/samba-client-0-2.2.7-3.7.3.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/tetex-dvilj-0-1.0.7-47.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/mtr-1-0.49-1.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/gimp-devel-1-1.2.3-4.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/arts-devel-7-1.0.3-0.7.1.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/nss_db-compat-0-2.2-14.i386.hdr cached /var/cache/yum/731server/headers/ucd-snmp-devel-0-4.2.5-7.73.0.i386.hdr nulist = 858 uplist = 2 newlist = 856 obsoleting = 0 obsoleted = 0 Erasing glibc-kernheaders Resolving dependencies Erasing: glibc-kernheaders-i386 Erasing: glibc-kernheaders-i386 # of Deps = 4 dep: glibc-devel req kernel-headers - - 0 Traceback (innermost last): File "/usr/sbin/yum", line 44, in ? yummain.main(sys.argv[1:]) File "yummain.py", line 201, in main File "nevral.py", line 357, in resolvedeps NameError: arch

en

all-txt-docs

251542

year day dechr hour min sec rh esh clong clat HGIlong br bt bn vp1r vp1t vp1n crot np1 vp1 Tp1 vaz vel Bx By Bz sBx sBy sBz nal val Tal np2 vp2 1976.0000 190.0000 1.9017 1.0000 54.0000 6.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.3700 -0.7300 5.8299 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 572.3336 -17.2864 -2.4984 1643.0000 2.9300 572.6000 194280.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1000 603.5000 678213.0000 2.6300 568.8000 1976.0000 190.0000 1.9467 1.0000 56.0000 48.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.3400 -0.7300 5.8265 -3.2400 2.0900 -0.3700 573.1332 -17.3106 -2.5019 1643.0000 3.0500 573.4000 181582.0000 -1.7300 0.2500 3.2400 -2.0900 -0.3700 0.1100 0.0700 0.3700 0.1300 597.2000 413360.0000 3.4000 572.6000 1976.0000 190.0000 1.9917 1.0000 59.0000 30.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.3200 -0.7300 5.8331 -4.9500 1.0300 -0.9100 572.6796 -15.5963 -3.0497 1643.0000 3.0400 572.9000 182414.0000 -1.5600 0.0000 4.9500 -1.0300 -0.9100 0.1900 0.0900 0.0000 0.1000 623.7000 881398.0000 3.0200 575.8000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.0367 2.0000 2.0000 12.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.2900 -0.7300 5.8297 -4.7900 1.3200 -1.0800 575.0920 -18.4749 -3.6153 1643.0000 3.2300 575.4000 201989.0000 -1.8400 0.3600 4.7900 -1.3200 -1.0800 0.1400 0.2300 0.2300 0.1100 595.0000 501237.0000 3.3900 569.2000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.0822 2.0000 4.0000 56.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.2700 -0.7300 5.8366 -4.5700 0.9800 -1.6400 570.5044 -17.9288 -3.9849 1643.0000 3.0300 570.8000 189102.0000 -1.8000 0.4000 4.5700 -0.9800 -1.6400 0.6800 0.4300 0.1300 0.1000 614.9000 331174.0000 3.4300 573.5000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.1272 2.0000 7.0000 38.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.2400 -0.7300 5.8332 -2.9000 2.2900 -1.3000 579.6985 -10.7259 1.6191 1643.0000 3.1200 579.8000 182671.0000 -1.0600 -0.1600 2.9000 -2.2900 -1.3000 0.2300 0.4500 0.5100 0.1300 605.8000 698977.0000 3.2700 573.5000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.1722 2.0000 10.0000 20.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.2200 -0.7300 5.8398 -3.1100 2.3100 -1.0500 573.5911 -11.0135 1.9025 1643.0000 3.2700 573.7000 165791.0000 -1.1000 -0.1900 3.1100 -2.3100 -1.0500 0.2000 0.1900 0.1800 0.1300 606.0000 749108.0000 2.9500 573.6000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.3072 2.0000 18.0000 26.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.1400 -0.7300 5.8396 -1.0600 1.6300 -4.5500 577.8187 -9.6824 -0.5043 1643.0000 3.3400 577.9000 191552.0000 -0.9600 0.0500 1.0600 -1.6300 -4.5500 0.1000 0.2000 0.0000 0.1200 610.3000 725199.0000 3.3600 571.7000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.3522 2.0000 21.0000 8.0000 0.9800 155.5700 328.1100 -0.7300 5.8362 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 580.1336 -8.4045 2.5316 1643.0000 3.1100 580.2000 159847.0000 -0.8300 -0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1200 603.9000 524899.0000 2.7700 577.6000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.3972 2.0000 23.0000 50.0000 0.9800 155.5600 328.0900 -0.7300 5.8428 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 585.0688 -1.6338 5.8207 1643.0000 3.0900 585.1000 157105.0000 -0.1600 -0.5700 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1200 594.6000 509384.0000 3.0500 586.6000 1976.0000 190.0000 2.4422 2.0000 26.0000 32.0000 0.9800 155.5600 328.0600 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0.9800 155.3600 317.2600 -0.8100 6.3956 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 529.5983 -23.0302 -1.1102 1643.0000 3.2000 530.1000 128905.0000 -2.4900 0.1200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.3500 531.9000 1976.0000 190.0000 21.7019 21.0000 42.0000 7.0000 0.9800 155.3600 317.2400 -0.8100 6.4022 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 528.2032 -20.3839 -1.9374 1643.0000 3.0100 528.6000 100169.0000 -2.2100 0.2100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.8000 529.6000 1976.0000 190.0000 21.7469 21.0000 44.0000 49.0000 0.9800 155.3600 317.2100 -0.8100 6.3988 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 529.8405 -19.5210 -0.0925 1643.0000 2.9900 530.2000 122058.0000 -2.1100 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.1900 528.5000 1976.0000 190.0000 21.7914 21.0000 47.0000 29.0000 0.9800 155.3600 317.1900 -0.8100 6.4050 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 534.1376 -19.6793 -0.0933 1643.0000 3.2200 534.5000 137780.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0900 555.1000 290646.0000 3.3700 533.8000

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# Presentation: 665959 ## Geophysical Signatures Used to Constrain Geologic Mapping: Narrowing the Search for VMS Deposits in Southeast Alaska **Jeff Wynn****1****, Jon Doucette****1****, Sue Karl****1****,Anne McCafferty****1****, Bruce Smith****1****, and Peter Bittenbender****2** **1U.S. Geological Survey** **2Bureau of Land Management**** ** **Notes:** Geophysical Signatures Used to Constrain Geologic Mapping: Narrowing the Search for VMS Deposits in Southeast Alaska. ## The Prince of Wales Team **Jeff Wynn, Geophysicist** **Sue Karl, Geologist Team Leader** **Peter Bittenbender, Mine Specialist** **Jon Doucette, Geophysicist** **Joe Wooden, Geochronologist** **John Slack, Geologist** ***Not shown:***** ** **Anne McCafferty, and Bruce Smith, both geophysicists.** **Notes:** The POW Team at Khayyam. The team leader is Sue Karl. Not shown are Anne McCafferty and Bruce Smith. Joe Wooden will report separately on the geochronology the Wales Group, and John Slack will report later on the depositional setting, geochemistry, and isotopic composition of the known deposits on POW Island. ## Southeast Alaska Mining Districts **Notes:** The focus of this presentation is to describe the work that is being done to characterize VMS mineralization from Admiralty Island southwest of Juneau south to Prince of Wales Island, the latter found within the Ketchikan mining district in southeast Alaska. ## Index Map: Southeast Alaska - The driving forces behind all this work are the forced cutbacks in logging permits, and the search for a new Greens Creek-type deposit as a local economic alternative to logging - Areas with potential for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are the targets of the airborne geophysics. **Index Map: Southeast Alaska** **Notes:** Work began in 1995 on Admiralty Island, then progressed south with an airborne Mag and EM survey (flown in 1996) to the Duncan-Zarembo area, and is now focused on following up a 1999 airborne Mag/EM survey on Prince of Wales Island. The driving forces behind all this work are the forced cutbacks in logging permits, and the search for a new Greens Creek – type VMS deposit as a local economic alternative to logging ## Bruce Smith, using a ground mag... **Bruce Smith, using a ground mag...** **Notes:** This is Bruce Smith measuring the magnetic field on a profile that passes the Frenchie deposit on Woewodski Island. The devise is a proton-precession (total field) magnetometer. The “Jacob Staff “he holds in his left hand is designed to maintain the sensor (the white can on the end of the staff) a measured distance away from the ground and from the operator; this is done in order to minimize noise. ## Jeff Wynn using a VLF-EM resistivity profiler **Jeff Wynn using a VLF-EM resistivity profiler** **Notes:** Jeff Wynn setting up for a VLF-EM resistivity measurement on the mountain southwards above the Niblack deposit on POW Island. Note the electrode in his left hand; the receiver itself is beneath his right hand. ## Principles of EM, and How We Obtained Resistivities **Principles of EM, and How We Obtained Resistivities** **Notes:** Before we continue it is appropriate to briefly explain the basic characteristics of a Helicopter Electromagnetic (HEM) survey. A Helicopter EM survey of course requires a helicopter. The EM transmitter and receiver are connected onto the helicopter by means of a long cable. Note the position of the Mag Bird and EM bird. Suspending the birds away from the helicopter helps reduce noise and gets the measuring devices closer to the ground. The length of the cable is approximately 100 ft (30 meters). The EM bird contains a number of tuned coils in transmitter/receiver pairs. These coils can be configured in a coplanar or coaxial orientation. The coplanar configuration is most sensitive to flat lying conductors like a saline water-body, while the coaxial configuration responds best to vertically oriented conductors such as vertically-dipping massive sulfide bodies. The EM system works by means of EM induction, that is, a strong alternating magnetic field is set up by the transmitter coil. If there is a conductor nearby, eddy currents will be set up in it by the AC magnetic field, and the receiver coil will pick up the secondary field caused by these induced eddy currents. By measuring both in-phase and out-of-phase (quadrature) components of the secondary signal, information can be gleaned about the geometry and conductivity of buried conductor. Taking this information one step further we can calculate a Conductivity Depth Image (CDI) that resembles a “geologic” section. We do this by realizing that the 56,000 Hz signal will penetrate rather shallowly vis-à-vis the 900 Hz signal, and plot the solutions closer to the surface accordingly. ## Zarembo Island: 7200 Hz Airborne EM Resistivity map **We also utilized airborne geophysical data acquired by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources** **Notes:** This map shows the calculated resistivities for the mid-level-depth 7,200Hz frequency of the Helicopter-borne EM system for Zarembo Island. ## Zarembo Island: Airborne Magnetic Data **Notes:** This is a map of the helicopter-borne magnetic data for Zarembo Island. ## ...and we acquired mag and VLF-EM resistivity profiles wherever we had reasonable exposure that the team geologists could confidently map. The following example profile is from southeastern Zarembo Island  **Map of Zarembo Island** **Notes:** ...and we acquired mag and VLF-EM resistivity profiles wherever we had reasonable exposure that the team geologists could confidently map. The above example profile is from southeastern Zarembo Island. ## ...where we combined geologic mapping with ground geophysical profiles: **Notes:** This is an example, taken from Zarembo Island, of a geologic-geophysical profile. Resistivities are shown in red, magnetic values in blue, and the inferred geologic cross-section (based on observed geology and the geophysics together) is shown below the geophysical profile. ## From the geologic-ground-geophysics profiles we developed these geophysical signature tables  - From the geologic-ground-geophysics profiles we developed these geophysical signature tables  - ...note how these forced us to subdivide the Cannery (PMc) unit into two different units, PMc1 and PMc2 - ...note also the resemblance in geophysical signatures between PMc2 and Trha. This is causing us to reconsider the assignment of these map units. **Notes:** From careful selection of known geology we set up a number of ground geophysics profiles to adequately sample the main geologic units in the Duncan-Zarembo area that we were interested in. When we analyzed the results we got these tables of geology-vs-resistivity, geology-vs-magnetic susceptibility, and geology vs-magnetic variability, a rough classification of magnetic wavelength observed in the given geologic unit. These three taken together allow us to discriminate the key geologic units in the Duncan-Zarembo area, and even force us to reconsider the Cannery (PMc) unit as possibly two separate geologic units (note the similarity of PMc2 with the Trha unit). In this latter case, the difference may be due to a different depositional environment or may be due to a different degree of metamorphism in two different areas. ## From these we developed Predictive Geophysical Models from the airborne geophysical data for specific geologic units that we felt we could separate out with confidence... - From these we developed Predictive Geophysical Models from the airborne geophysical data for specific geologic units that we felt we could separate out with confidence... - Here we have the PGM for Triassic argillite, (Trha), one of the units known to host VMS deposits on Admiralty Island to the north. **Notes:** We can develop Predictive Geophysical Models from these assumptions about magnetic susceptibility and resistivity for given geologic units. Using this supervised classification scheme, we can develop a sort of “pseudo-geology”map that the geologists can field-check. This map is a PGM for Triassic rocks in the Duncan-Canal-Zarembo Islands area. ## Trhv: Triassic Hyd Volcanic Breccia **Notes:** This is an example of Triassic volcanic breccia (photo by Sue Karl), a sub-unit of the Hyd Group in the Little Duncan Canal area of Kupreanof Island. The Hyd Group is the rock unit that hosts the Greens Creek VMS deposit on Admiralty Island. ## We also used Euler Deconvolution on the airborne magnetic data to develop depth-to-source information. Since Euler Deconvolution calculates these depths at magnetic gradient points, we have an additional defacto set of information on buried structures. Note some of the dipping solutions (most dipping south or SSW). **Euler Deconvolution, calculated on the airborne mag, superimposed on the shaded-relief digital topo of Zarembo Island** **Notes:** We also used Euler Deconvolution on the airborne magnetic data to develop depth-to-source information. This is a method uses least-squared inversion of the data (in this case magnetic data) to fit simple bodies such as spheres, steps, and cylinders to the observed signal. Since Euler Deconvolution calculates these depths at magnetic gradient points, we have an additional defacto set of information on buried structures. Note some of the dipping solutions (most dipping south or SSW). ## The team effort worked extremely well in Duncan-Zarembo. Geologists were learning geophysics, and geophysicists were learning geology. By closely cooperating on the evolutionary steps in the analysis of the geophysical data, and tying it iteratively to the evolving geologic map, we were able to combine the geologic mapping with the Predictive Geophysical Models and the Euler Deconvolution structural geology information into a new geologic map of the Duncan-Zarembo mining district... **Notes:** How the team-effort worked... almost purely electronically. ## The Revised Geologic Map, Duncan-Zarembo Area: the area underlain by Triassic rocks has increased by ~30% with this map. **The Revised Geologic Map, Duncan-Zarembo ****Area****: *****the area underlain by Triassic rocks has increased by ~30% with this map.*** **Notes:** This is the revised geologic map of the Duncan Canal-Zarembo Island area, by Karl, Haeussler, and McCafferty. This map has far more detail than the original reconnaissance geologic map because it had heavy geophysical input. A side-benefit of the effort was to increase the area underlain by Triassic rocks by over 30%-- these are the rocks known to host Greens Creek – type VMS deposits. ## Why is geophysics so important here? **Why is geophysics so important here?** **For one thing, geologists can’t work very efficiently in “blueberry chainlink”... and most of southeastern Alaska is covered with water, mud-flats, or dense vegetation like this.** **Notes:** ‘Why is geophysics so important? Because 95% of the terrain in SE Alaska is covered with water, mud-flats, or dense vegetation such as this “Blueberry Chainlink”. ## Red dots: sampling locations - **Red dots: sampling locations** **Notes:** This base map shows the location of the major VMS (?) occurrences that were visited during this past summers field work. The small red dots show the locations of physical property measurements and/or rock samples. Nearly 500 sites were occupied in two weeks. Note the location of the towns of Ketchikan and Hydaburg; Craig is to the northwest off the map. ## HEM Flight Lines on Shaded Topography **Notes:** A helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic (HEM) survey was flown in 1999 over areas of Prince of Wales Island (POW) selected to cover significant volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) style occurrences. Local villages, Ketchikan Gateway Borough, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) provided funding for this work. Previously proprietary HEM surveys donated by Sealaska Native Corporation provide additional coverage. These data were compiled and released in August, 1999 by the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (DGGS). The newer surveys are shown in black, grey, magenta, blue and yellow. The older surveys are depicted in green, coral and cyan. The nominal line spacing for the newer surveys was approximately 400 meters (1/4 mile). The older surveys were flown at both 400 meter (1/4 mile) and 200 meters (1/8 mile). Nominal, coplanar frequencies of 900, 7200 and 56,000 Hz were collected. Coaxial frequencies of 900 and 7200 Hz were also sometimes collected. Approximately 7,600 line km (4,700 line miles) were covered on the combined surveys. ## Total Magnetic Intensity on Shaded Topography **Total Magnetic Intensity on Shaded Topography** **Notes:** The Total Magnetic Intensity field is imaged on this slide. The areas of high magnetic intensity are generally associated with plutons. The subdued magnetic response (blue and green) is associated with sedimentary rocks, some volcaniclastics, and greenstone. The characterization of these units will be discussed later. Note however that sample locations (the red dots) have covered wide areas of varying magnetic signature. ## 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity on Shaded Topography **7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity on Shaded Topography** **Notes:** This image shows apparent resistivity derived from the 7200 Hz HEM data. The deep blue and red areas are electrically conductive (low resistivity) and the light green to white areas are electrically resistive (high resistivity). Note the deep blue at the water margins: this is a typical response to the highly conductive seawater. Note also, however, certain conductors northwest of Niblack – these are NOT caused by seawater, but by something buried that is highly conductive. Massive sulfides? Altered rock? Note the conductive sea water. Also note the broad areas in the northwest portion of the survey that are more conductive. Part of the focus of this past summers field work was to explain some of these anomalies. ## Older Geology on Shaded Topography - From Grybeck **(SOsv)** **KARHEEN (Dk)** **WALES (CZwg)** **Notes:** Don Grybeck’s simplified Craig / Dixon-Entrance geology map. As you can see a number of different geologic units were mapped but the mapping shows some inconsistencies. The northern boundary of the olive green Descon rocks with the purple-gray Wales Group rocks is not well known, and this is important if we are searching for Proterozoic rocks that could host a VMS deposit. The felsic to mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Karheen Formation also have potential for VMS mineralization. In map units characterized by small scale lithologic variability, we can look for areas with alteration signatures or small areas with geophysically anomalous signatures. The area labeled SOsv is a time correlative unit to the Descon Formation to the north. ## Proterozoic - Cambrian - Ordovician - Early Silurian - Silurian - Early - Devonian - Jurassic - Cretaceous - Tertiary **voluminous mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks and marble – *****arc*** **silicic volcanics and felsic pyroclastic deposits, sheeted dike complex, pillow basalt, conglomerate, and black carbonaceous phyllite, ****(VMS deposits)**** – *****rifted arc basins*** **metamorphism and deformation** **voluminous mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks, limestone, mudstone and volcaniclastic turbidites, debris flows – *****arc*** **silicic volcanics and felsic pyroclastic deposits with carbonaceous graptolitic argillite and chert, ****(VMS deposits?)**** –*****rifted arc*** **voluminous andesitic breccia, volcaniclastic and calcareous graywacke turbidites - *****arc*** **pillow basalt, limestone - *****arc*** **rhyolite flows and pyroclastic deposits, mafic to felsic dike swarms, fossiliferous limestone ****(VMS deposits?)**** – *****rifted arc*** **breccia, conglomerate, argillite, limestone** **alkaline granite and syenite intrusions** **contractional deformation, quartz diorite intrusions – *****arc*** **limestone reefs** **mafic to felsic dikes and extrusive volcanics– *****strike-slip extension*** **Notes:** The geology on POW is a product of at least 3 separate periods of rifting. Known VMS mineralization occurs in the Proterozoic -- however, each one of these rifting events provides the appropriate geologic setting for VMS mineralization. There may be VMS deposits in the Paleozoic part of the section as well. ## Location of Khayyam on Shaded Topography **Location of Khayyam on Shaded Topography** **Notes:** A goal of the USGS is to provide an analysis of the airborne geophysics over the significant, known VMS deposits to provide a baseline for their response. So far, we conclude that a well-defined conductivity anomaly is not usually apparent over the known VMS occurrences. Most of the occurrences are located in close proximity to the shore and the HEM response is adversely affected by the highly conductive seawater. It is also suspected that the texture, grain characteristics and species of sulfide at known VMS deposits may not lend themselves well to direct geophysical detection – for instance the sulfides may be in blebs and not interconnected, so EM cannot set up an eddy current in the target. This is a work in progress. An exception to this observation is at Khayyam where an obvious connection between outcropping sulfide and a HEM response is clear. Physical property data over this deposit also support this conclusion. ## Khayyam **Notes:** A beautiful day on Khayyam Mountain in late June. ## 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity **Notes:** We now focus on the Khayyam area, a prospect worked over and abandoned early in the last century. An obvious resistivity anomaly is shown. The black X’s show the location of physical property measurements. The location of the “Khayyam Mine” appears offset from the location of the conductor... apparently because this is the adit opening leading under the mountain to where the sulfides are located. The adit was buried by snow and was not accessible when we visited. The point we wish to make here is that the HEM response is directly associated with outcropping sulfide mineralization and or alteration. Note the less conspicuous anomaly to the east that has a similar shape and size to the Khayyam anomaly. The Stumble On workings are located near the X just to the right of the “Khayyam Mine” label, and represent an outcrop of massive sulfides found there. A conductivity-depth image (what we like to call a CDI for obvious reasons) is shown using the same color scale. This section depicts electrical resistivity vs. depth along the line highlighted in red. The Khayyam anomaly is a typical “pant leg” style response characteristic of a shallow, narrow conductive body. This section supports the fact that the sulfide mineralization giving rise to this anomaly is very shallow and has only limited depth-extent (e.g., note that the white areas below the topography line are resistive). Note the Khayyam anomaly is in the 10’s of ohm-m range... this is very conductive when we consider that the HEM system is averaging a large volume of rock. We will now focus on the area outlined in red to have a look at the physical property data measured on the ground. ## Susceptibility on TMI Mag **Notes:** This image shows the Total Magnetic Intensity from the airborne survey. The X’s pinpoint the location of magnetic susceptibility measurements, a measure of the ability of a rock to become magnetized. The photos show the instrument used to measure magnetic susceptibility (A Geo Instruments GMS-2, made in Australia). It is effectively a very small EM survey, sampling about a fist-worth of rock. The output appears on a LCD and the digital data can be stored. Each measurement takes about 10 seconds. A number of measurements are taken at each site to develop an average. The Magnetic susceptibility data are in units of micro-CGS and are shown on the upper right side of the Xs. These can be easily converted to the other common susceptibility standard, SI, by multiplying these micro-CGS values by 4*pi. The susceptibility measurements are quite variable and don’t seem to correlate exactly to the airborne mag data. This makes sense since the local geology is also quite variable at this site: changing readily on the scale of meters. Also, small magnetite grains in veinlets significantly impact the localized susceptibility measurements. Keep in mind that the airborne magnetic data average a very large volume of rock, thus smoothing or averaging the response considerably. Despite these inconsistencies, this work quantifies the connection between the airborne geophysical data and geology, improves the rigor of geophysical models, and aids in the overall geologic interpretation. A significant effort is underway to relate these physical property measurements with known geologic units to possibly help outline these units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. ## VLF on 7200 Hz Apparent Resistivity **Notes:** Resistivity was also measured on the ground using a Geonics EM-16R. Unlike the magnetic susceptibility measurements, the resistivity measurements average a considerable volume of material (about a 100 meter hemisphere). The results thus agree much better with the airborne data. The EM 16-R uses submarine communication signals near 20,000 Hz (Very Low Frequencies, or VLF) that propagate along the earth/ionosphere interface and refract into the ground. A measurement of the magnetic and electric fields at the surface allow us to measure both resitivity and phase (the phase data give us an idea of weather the ground is getting more conductive or more resistive with depth). Like the magnetic susceptibility measurements, this work helps quantify the connection between the airborne geophysical data and the geology. A piece of massive sulfide kicked loose from some nearby tundra is shown in the upper left photograph. To be sure that the EM response was not caused by water, the electrical conductivity of a small pond of meltwater was measured. The water was about 1 degree C and had a resistivity of about 1700 ohm-m, and so was not responsible for the anomaly. The EM response at this location was thus most likely caused by massive sulfide mineralization. ## Preliminary Geophysical Assumptions,SE Prince of Wales Island **Notes:** Several of the most distinctive geologic units were used to do a preliminary interpretation of the airborne geophysics. Some initial assumptions were made concerning their physical properties for the preliminary, first-pass version of “Anne’s Map”. ## Preliminary Geological Unit Classification from the airborne geophysical data **Notes:** This is Anne McCafferty’s first attempt at interpreting the airborne geophysics using the assumptions about the physical properties of selected lithologic units. With the newly acquired physical property data and improved geologic mapping and age dating, Anne will improve her statistical interpretation and extend known lithologic units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. This information is fundamental to understanding the age relationships, setting, and genesis of VMS mineralization on POW Island and all of southeast Alaska. ## Slide 32 **Notes:** The major rock units mapped on Prince of Wales Island are subcategorized on this table. After a season of field work, our preliminary interpretation has allowed us to correlate rock units to the physical property data. This data is critical for using the airborne geophysics to help extend the geologic mapping. A significant effort is underway to relate these physical property measurements with known geologic units to possibly help outline the units in areas of poor rock exposure and limited mapping. The graph shows the range and mean of resistivity grouped by the major rock units shown in the table. Note that the range of resistivities are not terribly different from one rock unit to the next. The carbonaceous unit stands out however. Also the spatial variability of these data are lost in this figure, so a better distinction between units may be more evident in a map presentation. Note that there are a different number of samples in each category. The photo at right shows a typical outcrop of the carbonaceous unit (Photo taken by Jeff Wynn at station RT30 east of Cable Creek). ## Slide 33 **Notes:** The magnetic susceptibility of major rock units are similarly displayed. A larger contrast is apparent but the range of susceptibility is typically very wide. Statistical outliers are understandable since many local factors affect the magnetic susceptibility measurements including local weathering, metamorphism, alteration, and small magnetite veins. Trying to correlate a small-scale phenomena with macroscopic geology is never straight-forward. A finer categorization of rock units is underway to help resolve the association between geology and geophysics. The photo by Sue Karl shows graywacke turbidites of the Descon Formation. ## Geologic Interpretation Using Geophysics - The first-pass at a predictive geophysical model map: the - distinctive geophysical units - Older, reconnaissance geologic map (compiled by Don Grybeck) **Notes:** Our goal is to improve our understanding of the regional geologic picture on POW. Using the physical property data and the airborne geophysics will help improve the geologic map. We see here the first iteration based on our initial classification of the geophysical data by Anne McCafferty. ## What Lessons have we Learned? - The physical property data and airborne geophysics can be used to help map areas of limited rock exposure - CDI sections should help aid in the interpretation of buried geology along presently unverified contacts. - The majority of the VMS deposits on POW do not have clear EM anomalies *(...but neither does Green’s Creek!)..* - An interpretation using geology, geochemistry, geochronology and geophysics will allow us to subdivide the Wales Group and give us criteria for delineating prospective terrain much more reliably. - VMS mineralization on POW may not be confined to the Proterozoic. **Notes:** These are the lessons we have learned after one field season in the Duncan Canal-Zarembo Island area, and one field season on Prince of Wales Island. ## Slide 36 **Notes:** This presentation was originated by Jon Doucette, and a simplified version of it was presented at the Alaska Miners Association meeting in Anchorage, AK, in November 2000 by Jeff Wynn. Sue Karl served as the the team leader. She developed and organized the project. and coordinated multidisciplinary workers toward coherent, integrated geological and geophysical products. Sue also compiled the geologic maps, and cross sections for geophysical profiles. Andrew Grosz, Herb Pierce, and Art Schultz provided technical reviews, and John Watson spent a great deal of time converting the PowerPoint presentation to HTML for the USGS web-site. All Alaska presentations MUST have a bear in them somewhere (can you see it?). Photo by Jeff Wynn.

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www.hudclips.org U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D.C. 20410-8000 OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HOUSING-FEDERAL HOUSING COMMISSIONER AUG - 3 1994 Mortgagee Letter 94-38 TO: ALL HUD-APPROVED MULTIFAMILY MORTGAGEES SUBJECT: DISPOSITION OF FIRE and HAZARD INSURANCE PROCEEDS The Department published regulation changes on June 17, 1994, that affect disposition of multifamily fire and hazard insurance proceeds. Enclosed for your convenience are copies of these changes. Sincerely yours, Nicolas P. Retsinas Assistant Secretary for Housing Federal Housing Commissioner Enclosure _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 1 of 3 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner 24 CFR Parts 207, 213, 221, and 242 Docket No, R-94-1723; FR-3603-F-01 RIN 2502-AG19 Disposition of Fire and Hazard Insurance Proceeds AGENCY: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner, HUD. ACTION: Final rule. __________________________________________________ SUMMARY: This rule revises certain provisions in HUD regulations covering multifamily mortgage insurance which have the effect of requiring prior HUD endorsement before the expenditure of any fire and hazard insurance loss proceeds by mortgagees. Instead of this requirement the regulations would be revised to allow loss proceeds to be expended to restore or repair the property without prior HUD approval. The proceeds may not however, be used for any other purposes without prior HUD approval. EFFECTIVE DATE: July 18, 1994. FOR FUTURE INFORMATION CONTACT: James Tahash, Planning and Procedures Division, Office of Multifamily Housing Management, Room 6182, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20410, voice (202) 708-3944, TDD (202) 7084594. (These are not toll-free numbers.) SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Under existing HUD regulations (24 CFR 207.260) in the event a loss occurs to the _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 2 of 3 mortgaged property under any policy of fire or other hazard insurance and the mortgagee has received the proceeds therefrom, it shall not exercise its option under the mortgage to use the proceeds of the insurance for the repairing, replacing, or rebuilding of the premises, or apply them to the mortgage indebtedness, or make any other disposition of the proceeds without the prior written approval of the Commissioner. Through cross-referencing this requirement is also made applicable to other FHA multifamily programs i.e. Part 213 Cooperative Housing Mortgage Insurance, Part 220 Mortgage Insurance and Insured Improvement Loans for Urban Renewal and Concentrated, Development Areas, Part 221 Low Cost and Moderate Income Mortgage Insurance, Part 231 Housing Mortgage Insurance for the Elderly, Part 232 Mortgage Insurance for Nursing Homes, Intermediate Care Facilities, and Board and Care Homes, Part 234 Condominium Ownership Mortgage Insurance, Part 236 Mortgage Insurance and Interest Reduction Payments for Rental Projects, Part 241 Supplementary Financing for Insured Project Mortgages and Part 242 Mortgage Insurance for Hospitals. This rule revises current regulatory requirements to provide that the mortgagee may exercise its option to use the insurance proceeds for the repairing, replacing or rebuilding of the premises without prior HUD approval. It may not however make any other disposition of insurance proceeds without prior approval. The Department has found that its Field Office staff resources can be more effectively allocated to tasks other than the endorsing of property insurance loss drafts where the proceeds, in any event, are going to be used to restore or repair the property. We estimate that from $10,000 to $20,000 per year in staff resources could be saved by making this change. Mortgagees could have similar _____________________________________________________________________ 31140 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 3 of 3 savings (from reduction of paperwork and check cashing steps) of from $5,000 to $10,000 per year. Project owners also could have savings. Approximately 20,000 project owners, their mortgagees and their insurance agents and companies should benefit by eliminating this unnecessary procedural step. The rule also makes conforming revisions to 24 CFR 207.10, 213.13, 221.521 and 242.43 of HUD regulations to provide that fire and hazard and insurance have attached a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns rather than the current requirement that loss be payable to the mortgagee and the Commissioner as their interests may appear. Due to the strictly technical nature of this rule, the Department has determined that the notice and public comment procedure under Title 5 of the United States Code is unnecessary and is therefore issuing this document as a final rule. Procedural Matters Executive Order 12866--Regulatory Planning and Review This rule was reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review. Any changes made to the rule as a result of that review are clearly identified in the docket file which is available for public _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 1 of 5 inspection in the office of the Department's Rules Docket Clerk, room 10276, 451 Seventh Street SW., Washington, DC. Regulatory Flexibility Act In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 605(b) (the Regulatory Flexibility Act), the undersigned hereby certifies that this rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is technical in nature. It effects no substantive changes in HUD programs or policies. Semiannual Agenda This rule was listed as item 1569 in the Department's Semiannual Agenda of Regulations published on April 25, 1994 (59 FR 20424, 20444) under Executive order 12866 and the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Executive Order 12612, Federalism The General Counsel, as the Designated Official under section 6(a) of Executive order 12612, Federalism, has determined that the policies contained in this rule do not have Federalism implications and, thus, are not subject to review under the Order. No programmatic or policy changes result from this rule's promulgation which would affect existing relationships between the Federal Government and State and local governments. Executive Order 12606, The Family The General Counsel, as the Designated Official under Executive order 12606, The Family, has determined that this rule does not have potential for significant impact on family formation, maintenance, and general well-being, and, thus, is not subject to review under the Order. The _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 2 of 5 rule is technical in nature and makes no significant change in existing HUD policies or programs. Environment An environmental assessment is unnecessary, since internal administrative procedures whose content do not constitute a development decision affecting the physical condition of specific project areas or building sites is categorically excluded from the Department's National Environmental Policy Act procedures under 24 CFR 50.20(k). List of Subjects 24 CFR Part 207 Manufactured homes, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Solar energy. 24 CFR Part 213 Cooperative Mortgage Insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 24 CFR Part 221 Low and moderate income housing, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 24 CFR Part 242 Hospitals, Mortgage insurance, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Accordingly, 24 CFR parts 207, 213, 221, and 242 are amended to read as follows: _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 3 of 5 PART 207--MULTIFAMILY HOUSING MORTGAGE INSURANCE 1. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 207 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1713 and 1715b; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). Sections 207.258 and 207.258b are also issued under 12 U.S.C. 1701z-11(e). 2. Section 207.10 is revised to read as follows: 207.10 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns 3. Paragraph (e) of 207.260 is revised to read as follows: 207.260 Protection of mortgage security. * * * * * (e) Application of insurance proceeds. (1) In the event a loss has occurred to the mortgaged property under any policy of fire or other hazard insurance and the mortgagee has received the proceeds therefrom, it may exercise its option under the mortgage to use the _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 4 of 5 proceeds of such insurance for the repairing, replacing, or rebuilding of the premises. It may not make other disposition of such proceeds, without the prior written approval of the Commissioner. (2) If the proceeds are applied to the mortgage with such prior written approval and result in the payment in full of the entire mortgage indebtedness, the contract of mortgage insurance made with the Commissioner shall thereupon terminate. (3) If the Commissioner shall fail to give his approval to the use or application of such funds within 60 days after written request by the mortgagee, the mortgagee may use or apply such funds for any of the purposes specified in the mortgage without the approval of the Commissioner. PART 213--COOPERATIVE HOUSING MORTGAGE INSURANCE 4. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 213 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b, 1715e; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). 5. Section 213.13 is revised to read as follows: 213.13 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in _____________________________________________________________________ Federal Register / Vol, 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 31141 =========================================================================== 5 of 5 an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. PART 221--LOW COST AND MODERATE INCOME MORTGAGE INSURANCE 6. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 221 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b and 1715l; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d); sec. 221.544(a)(3) is also issued under 12 U.S.C. 1707(a). 7. Section 221.521 is revised to read as follows: 221.521 Covenant for fire insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property _____________________________________________________________________ 31142 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 1 of 2 insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The policies, evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. PART 242--MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HOSPITALS 8. The authority citation for 24 CFR part 242 continues to read as follows: Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1715b, 1715n(f), 1715z-7; 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). 9. Section 242.43 is revised to read as follows: 242.43 Covenant for fire Insurance. The mortgage shall contain a covenant acceptable to the Commissioner binding the mortgagor to keep the property insured by a standard policy or policies against fire and such other hazards as the Commissioner, upon the insurance of the mortgage, may stipulate, in an amount which will comply with the coinsurance clause applicable to the location and character of the property, but not less than 80 percent of the actual cash value of the insurable improvements and equipment of the project. The initial coverage shall be in an amount estimated by the Commissioner at the time of completion of the entire project or units thereof. The _____________________________________________________________________ 31142 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 116 / Friday, June 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations =========================================================================== 2 of 2 policies evidencing such insurance shall have attached thereto a standard mortgagee clause making loss payable to the mortgagee, its successors and assigns. Dated: June 9, 1994. Nicolas P. Retsinas, Assistant Secretary for Housing-Federal Housing Commissioner. FR Doc. 94-14744 Filed 6-16-94; 8:45 am BILLING CODE 4210-27-P

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# Presentation: 271254 ## Overview of the High Intensity Neutrino Source - Overview of the High Intensity Neutrino Source - Jean-Paul Carneiro - FNAL Accelerator Physics Department - FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar - February 8th 2007 ## Fermilab 8 GeV Superconducting H-minus LINAC - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - MI10 - ACCELERATING - SECTION - ~678 meters - TRANSPORT - LINE - ~1 km ## Fermilab 8 GeV H-minus LINAC : Main parameters - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - G. W. Foster (Editor) *An 8-GeV Superconducting Linac Proton Driver* * ** ** **http://protondriver.fnal.gov/SCRF_PD_v56.doc* - (2005) _**CREDITS**_ ** **** **** **** **_**INITIAL**_ _**ULTIMATE**_ - Linac Particles per macropulse : 1.56E+14 - Linac Macropulse Width : 3 ms 1 ms - Linac Pulse Repetition Rate : 2.5 Hz 10 Hz - Linac Beam Power : 0.5 MW 2.0 MW ## OUTLINE - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***OUTLINE*** - 1 / Accelerating Section : Code benchmarking TRACK (ANL, P. Ostroumov) - ASTRA (DESY, K. Floettmann) - 2 / Transport Line : Implementation into TRACK - Start-to-end parallel simulations (~1.7 km) - 3/ The 60 MeV Front End Setup (Meson Linac) ## PART I - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***PART I*** ***THE ACCELERATING SECTION *** ## ACCELERATING SECTION : LAYOUT (P. Ostroumov, ANL) - Z~4 m - W~2.5 MeV - ~16 m - ~10 MeV - ~60 m - ~120 MeV - ~140 m - ~420 MeV - ~230 m - ~1.2 GeV - ~678 m - ~8.0 GeV - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ## ASTRA **(K. Floettmann, DESY)** **TRACK ** **(P. Ostroumov, ANL)** - • Integration of Equation of motion by Runge-Kutta Method of Forth Order - • id - • Read arbitrary input distribution - • id - • Read 2D and 3D external E fields - • id - • Read 2D and 3D external B fields - • _Read only 2D external B fields_ - • 3D space charge (Free Space) - • 3D space charge (Image Charge) - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : BRIEF DESCRIPTION*** - • Handle RFQ’s - • _Do not handle RFQ’s_ ## BENCHMARKING METHODOLOGY - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - • Benchmark TRACK/ASTRA from RFQ to last accelerating cavity - ( 674 m, 454 Cavities, 55 Sol., 117 Quads) - • First Zero Current (10k particles) - • Then for 43.25 mA (200k macro-particles, 3D Space Charge) - 6 beam parameters : RMS Trans. Size, RMS Trans. Emittance - RMS Bunch Length, RMS Long. Emittance - Energy, RMS energy spread ## TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** - KINETIC ENERGY ## RMS ENERGY SPREAD - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** ## RMS BUNCH LENGTH - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** ## RMS LONG. EMITTANCE - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** ## RMS ENVELOPE - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** ## RMS TRANSVERSE EMITTANCE - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT*** ## TRACK / ASTRA : ZERO CURRENT Résumé - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ## TRACK / ASTRA : 3D Uniform Ellipsoidal Bunch - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* **3D UNIFORM ELLIPSOID** **500k macro-particules (TRACK/ASTRA)** - _CREDITS_ : T. Wangler, RF Linear Accelerators, p. 277. ## TRACK / ASTRA : 3D Uniform Ellipsoidal Bunch ## RMS ENERGY SPREAD - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA*** ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA*** - RMS BUNCH LENGTH ## RMS LONG. EMITTANCE - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* **RMS LONG. EMITTANCE** ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA*** ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA*** - RMS TRANSVERSE EMITTANCE ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA*** - RMS ENVELOPE ## TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA Résumé - 1.34 - 1.32 - [mm] - RMS SIZE Y - ASTRA - TRACK - UNITS - [mm-mrad] - [mm] - [keV-mm] - [mm] - [keV] - [MeV] - 8009 - 8013 - KINETIC ENERGY - 0.493 - 0.453 - RMS NORM. EMIT X - 1.87 - 1.76 - RMS SIZE X - 943 - 857 - RMS NORM. EMIT Z - 0.345 - 0.345 - RMS BUNCH LENGTH - 2773 - 2564 - RMS ENERGY SPREAD ***TRACK / ASTRA : 43.25 mA R******ésumé*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - RMS NORM. EMIT Y - [mm-mrad] - 0.549 - 0.566 - (+8.15 %) - (+10.03 %) - (+6.25 %) - (+1.52 %) - (+8.83 %) - (+3.09 %) ## CONCLUSION : TRACK / ASTRA BENCHMARKING - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - TRACK / ASTRA Agreement Within 10% (Zero Current and 3D Space Charge) - ``Benchmarking of simulation codes for high intensity hydrogen ion linacs’’ - submitted to Journal of Instrumentation. ## LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA - Jean-Paul Carneiro - CALCULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR USING ASTRA - L01 - L02 - SOLENOID - RF GUN + SOLENOID - 9.4 M **LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA** ## LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA - Jean-Paul Carneiro - CALCULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR USING ASTRA **LCLS INJECTOR : ASTRA / PARMELA** ## EXIT L02 (8.42 M) – RESUME - Jean-Paul Carneiro - ASTRA SIMULATIONS OF THE LCLS INJECTOR **EXIT L02 (8.42 M) – RESUME** | | UNITS | ASTRA | PARMELA | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | MOMEMTUM | [MeV/c] | 149.14 | 149.96 | | RMS ENERGY SPREAD | [%] | 0.18 | 0.17 | | RMS SIZE X | [mm] | 0.32 | 0.29 | | RMS NORM. EMIT X | [mm-mrad] | 0.98 | 0.96 | | RMS SIZE Y | [mm] | 0.32 | 0.29 | | RMS NORM. EMIT Y | [mm-mrad] | 0.98 | 0.96 | | RMS BUNCH LENGTH | [mm] | 0.90 | 0.88 | - (0.5 %) - (6%) - (10%) - (2 %) - (10%) - (2 %) - (2%) ## PART II - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***PART II*** ***THE TRANSPORT LINE *** ## ARC 1 - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* **Stripping foil** - ARC 2 - Matching - + - Collimation **DEBUNCHER CAVITY** **RT-SUPERSTRUCTURE** **17 CELL** **(T. Khabiboulline, FNAL-TD)**** ** - ~1 km (8 GeV, Space Charge Off) ## No Collimator ***TRANSVERSE PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION AT THE FOIL (TRACK)*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - With Collimators ## Debuncher OFF - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - Debuncher ON ## TRANSPORT LINE : MAD SIMULATIONS - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - From D. Johnson (FNAL) ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT (M. Borland, ANL) ***TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT (M. Borland, ANL)*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - DISPERSION - [m] ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT ***TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / ELEGANT*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - BETA FUNCTION ## TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / PARALLEL TRACK (J. Xu, ANL) - ~10 H 40 mn - ~1 H 18 mn - Acc. Section - (3D Space Ch.) - Transport Line - (No Space Charge) ***TRANSPORT LINE : TRACK / PARALLEL TRACK (J. Xu, ANL)*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ## TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS ***TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS *** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - TRANSV. RMS EMITTANCE ## TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS ***TRACK START-TO-END SIMULATIONS *** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - RMS ENERGY SPREAD ## TRACK SIMULATIONS : CONCLUSION & NEXT STEPS ***TRACK SIMULATIONS : CONCLUSION & NEXT STEPS*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - Start-to-End simulations (from RFQ to stripping foil) implemented into TRACK - The 1.7 km beamline runs on parallel (64 CPU) at **ANL-BlueGene** computer - Takes 1H18 mn to perform, 200k particules. _**NEXT STEPS IN HINS SIMULATIONS**_ - 1/ Halo Studies (1M to 80M particle distribution on 64 to 256 CPUs) - 2/ Jitter + Misalignment Studies (up to 100 CPU on ANL-JAZZ computer) - 3/ Implementation H-minus stripping into TRACK - (Magnetic, Residual Gas and Blackbody radiation) ## TRACK SIMULATION : BLACKBODY STRIPPING ***TRACK SIMULATION : BLACKBODY STRIPPING*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* **H. C. Bryant and G. H. Herling** “Atomic physics with a relativistic H- beam” - Journal of Modern Optics, January 2006 _**CREDITS**_ **C. Hill** “Preliminary Notes: H- Ion Stripping in Transport by Thermal Photons” - FERMILAB-Internal Memorandum (Dec. 2004) – *unpublished* - _**Hill’s Equation of Total Loss per Unit Length :**_ *with* _**Numerical Application :**_ - 300 K : 1/L=7.86E-7 m-1 × 1.56E14 p/sec × 1.28E-9 J ≈ 0.15 W/m (1 Hz) - 80 K : 1/L=2.7E-10 m-1 × 1.56E14 p/sec × 1.28E-9 J ≈ 5.3E-5 W/m (1 Hz) **W. Chou** “8 GeV H- Ions : Transport and Injection” PAC05 ## PART III - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***PART III*** ***THE MESON LINAC *** ## MESON LINAC : LAYOUT (~60 MeV, ~48 m) - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - Cooling ring dipole - Effective Magnetic Length ~1.3 m - SQA Quads “Old 8 GeV to MR line” - Effective Magnetic Length ~45 cm - Main Ring Trim Quads - Effective Magnetic Length ~35 cm ## MESON LINAC : TRACK SIMULATIONS ***MESON LINAC : TRACK SIMULATIONS*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ## MESON HALL : SOUTH VIEW - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***MESON HALL : SOUTH VIEW *** - Capture Cavity II Cave ## MESON HALL : NORTH VIEW - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***MESON HALL : NORTH VIEW *** ## MESON LINAC : MODULATOR, PULSE TRANSFORMER, KLYSTRON - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***MESON LINAC : MODULATOR, PULSE TRANSFORMER, KLYSTRON*** ## MESON LINAC : KLYSTRON, RF CONTROL SYSTEM - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***MESON LINAC : KLYSTRON, RF CONTROL SYSTEM*** ## FERMILAB Proton Source + LEBT - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***FERMILAB Proton Source + LEBT *** ***(H. Piekarz, C. Schmidt, D. Moehs) *** - Installed in MS6 building - ~15 mA, 66 μs, 15 Hz ## FERMILAB magnetron H- source (D. Moehs) - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* ***FERMILAB magnetron H- source*** (D. Moehs) - ~20 mA, 3 ms, 1 Hz - (January 2007) ## MESON LINAC : CONCLUSION - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - Modulator, Pulse Transformer and Klystron installed into Meson Hall - Expected delivery time for RFQ : Summer 2007 - Expected first 2.5 MeV beam : Winter 2007 ## Acknowledgments - G. Apollinari (FNAL), S. Aseev (ANL), M. Borland (ANL), K. Floettmann (DESY), - B. Foster (ex-FNAL), I. Gonin, C. Hill (FNAL), D. Johnson (FNAL), T. Khabiboulline, - D. Moehs (FNAL), B. Mustapha (ANL), P. Ostroumov (ANL), H. Piekarz (FNAL), C. Schmidt (FNAL), V. Shiltsev (FNAL), B. Webber (FNAL), D. Wildman (FNAL), J. Xu (ANL). ***CONCLUSION and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS*** - *Jean-Paul Carneiro ** ** ** ** FNAL Accelerator Physics and Technology Seminar, Feb 8**th** 07* - Start-to-End simulation of the 8 GeV H-minus linac implemented into TRACK - Jitter Studies and impact into stripping efficiency and MI losses (ESME ?) - Benchmarking the code with experimental datas (Meson Linac)

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The Oold-Seekers. obstacles which ever supervene at the moment of departure, and cause a lengthened delay for no visible reason. The sun set behind tne Peak of Tequilla, and the Cerro del Col disappeared in the centre of the chain of tall, ahrupt hills wnich borders the Rio Tololotlan : gradually the scene was veiled in darkness. The travellers progressed gaily conversing together, while following the winding and accidented course of the Rio Grande del Norte, along whose banks their road ran. The latter was wide, well made, and easy to follow. "Angela, mv child," the colonel presently remarked, "you are wrong to tease your horse so. Rebecca is a good beast, very gentle, and very sure-footed ; and you should je .nore merciful to her than you are." " 1 assure you, papa," the pretty girl answered with a laugh, " I am not teasing Rebecca. 1 arp only tickling her to render her lively." " Yes, and to make her dance too, little madcap. That would be all very well if we were only taking a ride for a few hours, instead of a journey which will last a month. You would not like, I fancy, to be left on the road by your horse." " Heaven forbid, fatiier ! If it be so, I will obey you. Rebecca may be at ease in future." And, while speaking thus, she bent over her horse's neck and gently patted it. " Right ! " the colonel continued ; " and now what do you think of our way of travelling? Does it please you ? *' " I think it charming, father. I never was so happy." " All the better, my child, because I so feared the effects of such a journey for you, that I was on the point of leaving you at the convent." " Thank you, father, for bringing me wilh you. I was so wearied with that wretched convent ; and then it is so long since I have seen my dear mother, whom 1 long to embrace." " This time, child, you will have ample leisure to do so, for I propose leaving you with your mother." "Then I shall not return to Guadalajara with you ? " " No, child : you will live at my large hacienda, with your mother and servants, during my absence ; for so soon as 1 have ended the urgent business that demands my presence at San Bias, I shall go to Mexico and join General Santa Anna." " Oh ! " she said, clasping her hands in entreaty, " you ought to take me with you to the ciudad." " Uttle madcap, you know perfectly well that is impossible ; but on my return I will bring you and your mother the finest things from the Portaies des Mercaderes and the Parian, in order that you may eclipse the mcst coquettish senoras of Tepic." " Oh ! that is not the same thing," she said with a charming pout ; " and yet," she added, suddenly regaining her good humour, " I thank you, father ; for you are kindyou love me." "I am glad tnat you recognise tht fact, and at length do me justice, little rattle- brain." The girl began laughing, and by a sudden impulse lening her reins fall, she thiew her arms round hei father's neck and kissed him several times." " Take care what you are about," the colonel said, at once happy and alarmed. *' If R brcca were to bolt you would be killed.** " Nonsense I " she said, laughing ; " Rebecca is too well trained to behave in such a way." Still she caught up her reins and settled herself in her saddle. ** Angelita mia," the father continued, " you are no longer a child. You ought <o begin to grow more reasonable." " Do you scold ine tor loving you, my father?"

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Meeting notes from the Oregon/Northern California Coast TRT meeting 16 December 2003, 9am -- 4pm Notes taken by: Kerrie Pipal Attendees: TRT Members: Gordie Reeves, Tom Lisle, Chuck Huntington, Tom Nickelson, Mike Rode, Greg Bryant, George Kautsky, Tom Wainwright, Walt Duffy, Tommy Williams, Pete Lawson. Staff: Heather Stout, Rosemary Furfey, Justin Mills, Kerrie Pipal. The meeting was called to order at 9:15 am. 1\. Introductions. 2\. Minutes Approval, ONCC (Sept), Oregon Workgroup (Nov) 3\. Agenda Revision -- moved Rosemary's update to occur after SONCC discussion. 4\. Discussion of SONCC population delineation method, results (Tommy Williams). -Tommy discussed updates to the Intrinsic Potential (IP) model, including 1) combining Applegate and the Middle Rogue River to represent a single unit, 2) counting Humboldt Bay tributaries as a single unit, and 3) splitting the lower and upper Trinity River into separate units, with the North Fork Trinity inclusive of the upper Trinity. Tommy distributed plots using logit vs. Integrated IP values, along with a corresponding table of IP values for SONCC basins. Tommy explained use of the centroid method for use in the distance matrix for within basin analysis. Tom Lisle suggested a different method for finding the center of the 'best habitat' by using a plot (Cumulative IP vs. Distance from River Mouth). Group agreed that using Tom L.'s 'width function' method is worth exploring. -Chuck Huntington is interested in knowing how stray rates are affected by small vs. large basins as related to their distance from on another; also, how direct an effect will river mouth to river mouth straying function have on model accuracy? Justin Mills suggested that it might be possible to include a factor on within-basin straying and its variance between basins to try and further define gray areas present in the model. Placement of the plot's vertical line was discussed, and Pete Lawson recommended adding confidence bars to the vertical line. This would allow an estimate of uncertainty. Tommy will add 50% confidence bars to the plot and determine a break based on these. Tommy emphasized that at this point, Eric (Bjorkstedt) needs well thought-out ideas to incorporate into the model to increase efficiency when running and re-running the model. Group agreed that model process should remain simplified at this point and details could be added/investigated as the model progresses. Action Items: a\. Tom L. will write up more information on the 'width function' method for the group to review. b. Recalculate the centroid for each basin. c. Tommy will add 50% confidence bars to vertical line on logit vs. Integrated IP plots. Skipped to 11c on agenda Coordination with State, outreach update, etc. -- Rosemary Furfey -Rosemary will attend and present information at the next Oregon Coastal Zone Management meeting. The Internal Domain Team has been formed. Four meetings with the state have taken place to assess the development of the Oregon plan. Plan strategy and process of how to form a stakeholder group for recovery planning were major topics. The next meeting is in mid-January. The second draft of the Recovery status and strategy report is ready for review and comments. Draft is also being shared with the Internal Domain Team and outside reviewers. Draft was distributed to TRT for review. 6\. No public comments. 7\. Discussion of Oregon Workgroup population method, results, Population Draft Document -Tom Nickelson presented data and plots he used to determine Estimated Potential Historical Abundance based on smolt counts (assuming 40% harvest rate). Instead of using IP in his analysis, he used adult abundance, as Estimated Potential Historical Abundance estimates were similar when based on either catch or IP. Tom N. agreed to work with the equation to try and find possible improvements. Chuck noted the need to find citation support for some of the constants used in the equation. Tom N. added confidence intervals around the vertical line (+/- 50%), which affected 5 of the 46 basins. Action Items: a. Tom N. will review the equation principles to look for further improvements. b. Chuck will review his library for citations supporting equation constants; he will pass any citations along to Tom N. Tom N. will keep the +/- 50% confidence lines around the vertical line. Break for lunch. Skipped to 11a on agenda TRT Coordinator Update -Tommy Williams and Gordie Reeves provided an update on the RSRP review of the IP model from meetings taking place at Santa Cruz Lab earlier this week. RSRP seemed to accept the use of the IP model and commented on what other issues it might be applied to in the future. RSRP identified IP as a tool that could be used in the restoration aspect (Phase II) of recovery planning. 10\. TRT approval of Oregon Coast Coho Historical Populations or with needed revisions (Heather Stout and Pete Lawson). Heather started discussion on this draft document with a review of Figure B (p. 8 in Figures section) -- "Conceptual model of ESU Population Structure." Changes to the model included 1) emphasize that it is only representing part of an ESU, and 2) improve the figure's caption by adding additional details and explanation. Group discussed using the term 'persistence' in the draft document. Most of group feels that the document should be more consistent in its wording and referencing. Group is generally comfortable with the methods and figures presented in the document. Action Items: a. Heather and Pete will make changes to Figure B (should emphasis that figure represents only part of an ESU and improve caption). b. Heather will make revisions to the Table on populations (add vertical lines to split the two sides and change to abbreviations -- FI, PI, D). c. Tommy will send Heather an email copy of the SONCC document for table comparison. d. Tom N. and Tom Wainwright will discuss the usage of the term 'persistence' and determine its appropriateness in reference to the horizontal axis. They will send the group an email after this matter is further discussed. e. Tommy will re-post several documents on Docushare (working paper written by TRT chairs regarding use of Viable Salmonid Populations in 'real world' situations, plus relevant papers by Eric Bjorkstedt and Steve Lindley). f. Oregon work group will meet on Dec 22 (9am at ODFW) to further discuss and review the draft document. g. TRT members should complete document review and forward all revisions and suggestions to Heather ASAP (preferably by Dec 22). h. Tommy to check if one or two documents are required for the 2 ESU's. i. Pete suggested the final deadline for the document (before being released to the public) could be changed to the end of February 2004. 11b. Oregon Coast Coho Critical Habitat Analysis -- Using the Decision Support System (DSS). Justin Mills presented his work on ranking 5^th^ field watersheds included in the Oregon Coast ESU using DSS. Results are still considered in DRAFT format. Justin is nearing completion on his final review of the results. 12\. Other TRT Business. 13\. Review Tasks. 14\. Schedule Future Meetings (OR Workgroup = Dec 22, next TRT mtg = March?) 15\. No public comments. 16\. Adjourn (4:15pm)

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Ed Campion Headquarters, Washington, DC May 1, 1996 (Phone: 202/358-1780) RELEASE: 96-83 SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS HIGHLIGHT SHUTTLE MISSION STS-77 NASA's fourth Shuttle mission of 1996 is devoted to the continuing effort to help open the commercial space frontier. During the flight, designated STS-77, Endeavour and a six-person crew will perform microgravity research aboard the commercially owned and operated SPACEHAB Module. Endevour's crew also will deploy and retrieve a research satellite and perform rendezvous operations with a test satellite. Launch of Endeavour is currently targeted for May 16, 1996 at approximately 6:32 a.m. EDT from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39-B. The STS-77 mission is forecast to last 10 days, 0 hours, 37 minutes. The actual STS-77 flight duration will be determined by power consumption and the amount of cryogenic fuel available to support Endeavour's electrical power system depending on how close to the target launch date Endeavour actually begins its mission. Mission Control in Houston will closely monitor power consumption along with cryo reserves. Shuttle managers will have the option of shortening the mission one day if necessary. An on-time launch and full 10-day mission duration will result in a landing on May 26 at 7:09 a.m. EDT at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility, FL. The STS-77 crew is commanded by John Casper, making his fourth Shuttle flight. The pilot for the mission, Curt Brown, is making his third flight. There are four mission specialists assigned to the flight. Andrew Thomas, serving as Mission Specialist-1, is making his first flight. Mission Specialist-2 is Dan Bursch is making his third flight. Mario Runco, serving as Mission Specialist-3, also is making his third flight. Mission Specialist-4 is Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau, who is flying in space for the second time. Over 90 percent of the payloads aboard Endeavour are being sponsored by NASA's Office of Space Access and Technology, Washington, DC, through its Commercial Space Centers and their industrial affiliates. Primary payloads include experiments flying aboard the pressurized, commercially-developed SPACEHAB Module, the Inflatable Antenna Experiment to be deployed aboard the free-flying Spartan-207 carrier spacecraft, and a suite of four technology experiments known as "TEAMS," in the Shuttle's payload bay. Additionally, secondary experiments on the flight will include a "Brilliant Eyes" cryo-cooling experiment, a facility for examining the effect of microgravity on small aquatic creatures, and a small facility for examining the microgravity effects on simple living systems. In 1990 NASA contracted SPACEHAB, Inc. for the lease of their SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratories for a series of flights. STS-77 marks the fourth flight of the SPACEHAB under this contract. The SPACEHAB single module will be carrying nearly 3,000 pounds of experiments and support equipment for 12 commercial space product development payloads in the areas of biotechnology, electronic materials, polymers and agriculture as well as several experiments for other NASA payload organizations. One of these, the Commercial Float Zone Facility (CFZF) has been developed through international collaboration between the U.S., Canada and Germany. It will heat various samples of electronic and semi-conductor material through the float zone technique. Another facility on SPACEHAB will be the Space Experiment Facility (SEF), which will grow crystals by vapor diffusion. This experiment is expected to yield large, defect-free crystals that are important for electronic applications and remote sensing. In addition to the SPACEHAB module, the Goddard Space Flight Center's deployable Spartan 207 is another one of the primary payloads on this flight and the most ambitious Spartan mission to date. It will deploy and test the Inflatable Antenna Experiment (IAE). The IAE experiment is meant to lay the groundwork for future technology development in inflatable space structures and will be launched and inflated like a balloon on orbit. The experiment will validate the deployment (inflation) and performance of a large inflatable antenna during a ninety- minute mission. The antenna structure then will be jettisoned and the Spartan spacecraft recovered at mission end. Inside Endeavour's cargo bay will be four experiments called Technology Experiments for Advancing Missions in Space (TEAMS): The Global Positioning System (GPS) Attitude and Navigation Experiment (GANE) will determine to what accuracy the GPS system can supply attitude information to a space vehicle; the Vented Tank Resupply Experiment (VTRE) will test improved methods for in-space refueling; the Liquid Metal Thermal Experiment (LMTE), which will evaluate the performance of liquid metal heat pipes in microgravity conditions, and the Passive Aerodynamically Stabilized Magnetically Damped Satellite (PAMS) payload will be a technology demonstration of the principle of aerodynamic stabilization in the upper atmosphere of low-Earth orbit. Cameras on the Shuttle will record the PAMS satellite as it is deployed. Later during the mission the Shuttle will rendezvous with the satellite on two separate days and will point the PAMS measuring system, while cameras aboard the Shuttle record the satellite's movements. The Brilliant Eyes Ten Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE) carries an instrument that can quickly cool infrared and other sensors to near absolute zero using the evaporation of hydrogen. BETSCE is a technology demonstration experiment to show that cryocoolers of this type, called "sorption coolers," can operate in the absence of gravity. Sorption coolers have essentially no vibration, are very efficient at these cold temperatures, and can operate reliably for over 10 years. NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, Washington, DC, is responsible for two experiments. The two experiments are the Aquatic Research Facility (ARF), and the Biological Research In a Canister (BRIC). The ARF is a joint Canadian Space Agency/NASA project and will be making its first flight into space on Endeavour. The ARF allows sophisticated investigations with a wide range of small aquatic species. The facility will permit scientists to investigate the process of fertilization, embryo formation and development of calcified tissue and feeding behaviors of small aquatic organisms while in microgravity. The BRIC payload has flown several times. The focus on this flight will be on the tobacco hornworm during its metamorphosis period. This study will examine the synthesis of protein necessary to form muscle. Analysis will be made using the hemolymph (blood), flight muscle, intersegmental muscles and cuticle of the insect. This study will clarify the mechanism(s) behind one endocrine system in insects which may aid in research on endocrine systems in general, including those of humans when subject to microgravity effects. -end-

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DONALD P. HODEL, ET AL, PETITIONERS V. TRIBAL VILLAGE OF AKUTAN, ET AL. No. 86-303 In the Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 1986 Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit The Solicitor General, on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior and the other federal parties, petitions for a writ of certiorari to review the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in this case. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING The petitioners are Donald P. Hodel, Secretary of the Interior, subordinate officials of the Department of the Interior, Anthony Calio, Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and NOAA. The respondents are: Governor Bill Sheffield, State of Alaska Alaska Independent Fishermen's Marketing Association Aleutians East Coast Resource Service Area Bering Sea Fishermen's Association Bristol Bay Borough Bristol Bay Coastal Resource Service Area Cenaliulriit United Fishermen of Alaska Tribal Village of Akutan Tribal Village of Togiak Tribal Village of Nelson Lagoon Trustees for Alaska Natural Resources Defense Council Eskimo Walrus Commission Northern Alaska Environmental Center City of Quinhagak Nunam Kitlutsisti Alaska Center for the Environment Village of False Pass Sierra Club Wilderness Society Environmental Policy Institute National Audubon Society Defenders of Wildlife Amoco Production Company ARCO Alaska, Inc. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Elf Aquitaine, Inc. Exxon Corporation Mobil Exploration & Producing Services, Inc. Murphy Oil Company Sohio Alaska Petroleum Company Shell Western E & P, Inc. Union Oil Company of California International Association of Geophysical Contractors TABLE OF CONTENTS Parties to the Proceedings Opinions below Jurisdiction Statute involved Questions Presented Statement Reasons for granting the Petition Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I OPINIONS BELOW The decision of the court of appeals (App., infra, 1a-7a) is reported at 792 F.2d 1376. /1/ The order of the district court as modified (App., infra, 9a-15a) is unreported. JURISDICTION The judgment of the court of appeals (App., infra, 20a) was entered on April 28, 1986. By order dated July 17, 1986, Justice Rehniquist extended the time for filing a petition for a writ of certiorari to and including August 26, 1986. The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). STATUTE INVOLVED Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 3120, is set forth in the appendix to this petition (at 40a-41a). QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether a district court must, except in unusual circumstances, enter a preliminary injunction whenever it finds a likely violation of a procedural requirement of an environmental statute. 2. Whether Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), 16 U.S.C. 3120, which requires federal land managers to determine whether proposed dispositions of public lands in Alaska "would significantly restrict subsistence uses" and, if so, to follow certain procedures and make certain findings prior to any such disposition, applies to the outer continental shelf (OCS), when the Act defines "public lands" as lands which are "in Alaska" and "the title to which is in the United States." 3. Whether, even if Section 810 applies to the OCS, the Secretary may not proceed with OCS leasing until the Secretary of the Interior complies with Section 810's procedural requirements for all stages of the OCS program, including development and production. 4. Whether, even though the Secretary has found that significant restrictions on subsistence uses are unlikely, the Secretary still must follow the procedures mandated by Section 810 for disposition of public lands that "would significantly restrict subsistence uses" because of the possibility that such effects could nevertheless occur. STATEMENT This case concerns the application of Section 810 of the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act (ANILCA), 16 U.S.C. 3120, to the Secretary of the Interior's decision to hold Lease Sale 92 in the North Aleutian Basin area of the outer continental shelf (OCS) offshore Alaska. This case also concerns the appropriate judicial standard for determining whether injunctive relief is appropriate to redress a violation or a likely violation of Section 810. Both issues are currently pending before the Court in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, cert. granted, No. 85-1406 (June 2, 1986), and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, cert. granted, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986). 1. In November 1974, the Secretary of the Interior first announced a lease sale in the Lease Sale 92 area (App. infra, 22a). The Secretary, however, postponed the lease sale to respond to concerns expressed by the State of Alaska. In March 1984, in response to those concerns, the Secretary reduced the sale area by 83 percent (from 32.5 to 5.6 million acres) and adopted stringent mitigation measures to provide extra protection for fishery habitats, commercial fishing, and biological resources (1 Minerals Mgmt. Service, Alaska OCS Region, U.S. Dep't of Interior, Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) I-A-3 (1985); see Secretary of the Interior, Statement of Reasons for the Decision on Sale 92, 71 (Dec. 1985)). Although the Secretary was of the view that Section 810 of the ANILCA does not apply to the OCS, he prepared a thorough pre-sale Section 810 evaluation of the impacts on "subsistence uses" /2/ both of the lease sale and of possible future activities at the exploration and development and production stages; the Secretary incorporated the evaluation into the draft and final environmental impact statements prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 4321 et seq. (see FEIS, at IVK-1-IVK-10). In addition, the Secretary prepared a formal 72-page Statement of Reasons for the Decision on Sale 92 (Statement of Reasons). The Statement of Reasons concluded based on a careful evaluation of subsistence uses and consideration of the proposed oil and gas activities, that neither leasing, exploration, nor production resulting from Lease Sale 92 would significantly restrict subsistence uses (App. infra, 24a). Because the Secretary recognized, however, that findings concerning possible future activities, particularly those regarding activities at the development and production stage, necessarily involve substantial speculation, the Secretary added that he would conduct new Section 810 analyses prior to his approval of any exploration plan, as well as prior to his approval of any development and production plan (App., infra, 26a). 2. In December 1985, respondents, including the State of Alaska, Trustees for Alaska, and the Tribal Village of Akutan, filed three lawsuits (later consolidated) in the United States District Court for the District of Alaska to enjoin the Secretary from conducting Lease Sale 92, which was scheduled to commence with the opening of sealed bids on January 15, 1986 (50 Fed. Reg. 51372 (1985)). Respondents alleged, inter alia, that the Secretary had violated Section 810 of ANILCA by construing Section 810 to inquire implementation of its notice, hearing and findings provisions (see 16 U.S.C. 3120(a)(1)-(3)) only when a proposed disposition of public lands "would" significantly restrict subsistence uses. /3/ According to respondents, those additional procedural requirements are triggered where, as in this case, the proposed activity "may," but is unlikely to, restrict subsistence uses. On January 13, 1986, the district court granted respondents' motion for a preliminary injunction and enjoined the Secretary from holding Lease Sale 92 (App., infra, 10a-15a). The court relied on the Ninth Circuit's decisions in Kunaknana v. Clark, 742 F.2d 1145 (1984), and Village of Gambell v. Hodel, 774 F.2d 1414 (1985), cert. granted, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986), in concluding both that the Secretary's second-tier procedural duties under Section 810 were triggered by a showing of a mere "possibility" or "threat" of significant restriction of subsistence uses and that a preliminary injunction was required (App., infra, 11a-13a). The court ruled that Ninth Circuit precedent compels the issuance of a preliminary injunction where, as here, the moving parties had established a strong likelihood of success on their ANILCA claim (id., at 13a). Later that day, the district court granted the Secretary's and the oil companies' applications for a partial stay of the injunction to allow the Secretary to receive all bids and to retain them unopened after midnight deadline on January 15, 1986 (id. at 16a-17a). 3. On April 28, 1986, the court of appeals affirmed. The court of appeals framed the legal issue presented as whether "the notice and hearing requirements under ANILCA section 810(a) apply * * * (only when) the Secretary find(s) that a proposed action 'would significantly restrict subsistence used' (16 U.S.C. Section 3120(a) (emphasis added)) (o)r is a finding that significant restrictions 'may' result sufficient, even though such restrictions are deemed unlikely" (App., infra, 4a-5a). The court concluded that a determination that a significant restriction on subsistence is unlikely, but may occur, is sufficient to trigger Section 810's additional requirements. The court reasoned the dictum to the effect in its prior decision in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, supra, was "plainly controlling," notwithstanding that both the plain meaning of the statutory language and deference to agency construction supported an interpretation of Section 810 that limited its additional requirements to instances when the Secretary determined that such significant restrictions "would" occur (App., infra, 7a). The court acknowledged that in the absence of the Gambell dictum, these two competing considerations "might be compelling" (ibid.). Finally, the court of appeals affirmed the district court's issuance of a preliminary injunction on the ground that "(a)bsent unusual circumstances, irreparable damage is presumed and an injunction is required when an agency violates ANILCA Section 810(a)" (id. at 4a (citing Village of Gambell v. Hodel, 774 F.2d at 1422-1423)). See App., infra, 7a. Pursuant to a joint motion of the parties, the district court on May 21, 1986, issued an order continuing its stay of the preliminary injunction and premitting the Secretary to continue to hold the unopened bids pending this Court's disposition of Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406, and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239. REASONS FOR GRANTING THE PETITION 1. The Court has granted certiorari in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406 (June 2, 1986), and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239 (June 2, 1986), to consider the application of Section 810 of ANILCA to an OCS lease sale, including: (1) whether Section 810 of ANILCA applies to the OCS; (2) whether OSC leasing may proceed before the Secretary complies with Section 810's procedural requirements for later stages of the OCS process; and (3) whether a finding that significant subsistence restrictions "may" occur, triggers the additional procedural requirements of Section 810. The Court will also consider in those cases the standards for granting injunctive relief to redress violations or likely violations of Section 810. Because the same issues are presented here as well, the Court should hold the petition in this case and dispose of it as appropriate in light of its decision in Village of Gambell. 2.a. In addition to repeating the errors of Village of Gambell, the decision of the court of appeals in this case exacerbates these errors. In Village of Gambell, the Secretary had determined that significant subsistence restrictions would not occur at either the lease or exploration stage, but were likely to occur in certain areas at the development and production stage, should that stage be reached, which the Secretary concluded was unlikely. The court of appeals in that case held (erroneously, in our view) that the possibility of such later restrictions was sufficient to trigger Section 810's additional procedural requirements, although Section 810 expressly provides that those procedures must be followed only when a proposed disposition of public lands "would" significantly restrict subsistence uses. The court, in effect, ruled that the statutory term "would" means "may." Here, the court compounded its error by ruling that the "would" standard was met even where, as here, the Secretary had found that significant restrictions on subsistence resources were unlikely to occur at any stage, including development and production. Hence, the court has further diverged from the plain meaning of Section 810, which by utilizing "would" and not "may", requires some likelihood of significant subsistence restrictions. Cf. Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 422 (1984) (use of "would" in statute denotes standard of "likelihood"). b. Although we believe that the court of appeals erred in this additional respect, we do not seek review at this time on the issue. The basic issue of statutory construction is already before the Court in Village of Gambell and its decision in that case may well be controlling here. CONCLUSION The petition for a writ of certiorari should be held and disposed of as appropriate in light of the Court's decision in Hodel v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1406, and Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, No. 85-1239. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES FRIED Solicitor General RALPH W. TARR Solicitor Department of the Interior AUGUST 1986 /1/ The decision was originally issued as a memorandum opinion not for publication. On July 1, 1986, the panel issued an order redesignating the decision as a signed opinion (792 F.2d 1376). See App., infra, 8a. /2/ The term "subsistence uses" is defined in Section 803 of ANILCA, 16 U.S.C. 3113, as "the customary and traditional uses by rural Alaska residents of wild, renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, or transportation; for the making and selling of handicraft articles out of nonedible byproducts of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption; for barter, or sharing for personal or family consumption; and for customary trade." /3/ Respondents also alleged that the Secretary's decision to conduct the lease sale violated Section 19 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), 43 U.S.C. 1345, NEPA, 42 U.S.C. (& Supp. II) 4321 et seq., and Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. 1536. APPENDIX

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**FILE NAME:** **company.wpt (7/1/2005)** **(xml)** **Template Number P25** **ATTENTION:** **All commodity terms must comply with the Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary database (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed**/**).** **All text in blue font (instructions for preparing the document), should be removed prior to sending the document to the Federal Register Staff. Instructional text and prompts in green font should also be removed.** **COMPANY FEDERAL REGISTER DOCUMENT SUBMISSION TEMPLATE** **(1/1/2005)** **EPA Registration Division contact: \[**Janet Whitehurst, 703-305-6129**\]** ***INSTRUCTIONS:* Please utilize this outline in preparing tolerance petition documents. In cases where the outline element does not apply please insert "NA-Remove" and maintain the outline. The comment notes that appear on the left margin represent hidden typesetting codes designed to expedite the processing of the Federal Register document. Please do not remove or alter these comment notes or change the margins, font, or format in your document. Simply replace the instructions that appear in italics and brackets, i.e., "****\[*insert company name*\]," with the information specific to your action.** ***TEMPLATE:*** **Valent U.S.A. Company** **5f7016** EPA has received a pesticide petition (5f7016**\]**) from **\[Valent U.S.A. Company\]**, **\[1600 Riviera Ave., Walnut Creek, CA 94596-8025\]** proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180. **Options (pick one)** 1\. by establishing a tolerance for residues of **\[fluopicolide\]** in or on the raw agricultural commodity **\[Grape at 2 parts per million (ppm), Raisin at 6 ppm, Vegetable, leafy, except brassica, group 4 at 20 ppm, Vegetable, fruiting, group 8 at 0.8 ppm, Vegetable, cucurbit, group 9 at 0.4 ppm, Potato at 0.02 ppm, Sweet potato, roots at 0.02 ppm, Wheat forage at 0.2 ppm, Wheat grain at 0.02 ppm, Wheat hay at 0.5 ppm, and Wheat straw at 0.5ppm**. EPA has determined that the petition contains data or information regarding the elements set forth in section 408(d)(2) of the FFDCA; however, EPA has not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the submitted data at this time or whether the data supports granting of the petition. Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the petition. *A. Residue Chemistry* 1\. *Plant metabolism*. **\[The fate of fluopicolide in plants is clearly understood. Metabolism studies were conducted with grapes, potato, and lettuce. The metabolic profile of fluopicolide was similar in all three crops and demonstrated that fluopicolide is degraded by oxidation and hydrolysis. The primary residue found in all crops, and the only residue of concern, is the parent molecule fluopicolide. \]** 2\. *Analytical method*. **\[A practical analytical method utilizing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection is available and has been validated for detecting and measuring levels of fluopicolide in and on crops. The validated limit of quantitation is 0.01 ppm.\]** 3\. *Magnitude of residues*. **\[Residue data for the use of fluopicolide on the commodities listed within this notice has been submitted.\]** *B. Toxicological Profile* 1\. *Acute toxicity*. **\[** A battery of acute toxicity studies places technical fluopicolide in toxicity category IV. No evidence of sensitization was observed in guinea pigs. In an acute neurotoxicity study in rats, only statistically lower body temperature was observed 6 hours after dosing at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg. No other treatment-related changes were noted in the study, and the NOAEL was considered to be 100 mg/kg. **\]** 2\. *Genotoxicty*. **\[** Fluopicolide has been evaluated for genotoxicity using a battery of tests, including bacterial reverse mutation tests, a mammalian cell gene mutation (HPRT) assay, an *in vivo* mouse micronucleus assay, an *in vitro* chromosome aberration test, and an *in vivo* unscheduled DNA synthesis test. The weight of evidence from all of these assays shows that fluopicolide is not genotoxic.**\]** 3\. *Reproductive and developmental toxicity*. **\[** i\. In a developmental toxicity study in rats gavage dosed from gestation days 7 to 20 at levels of 0, 5, 60 or 700 mg/kg/day, evidence of maternal and fetal toxicity was observed at 700 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. The maternal and fetal NOAEL was 60 mg/kg/day based on statistically lower body weights in dams and fetuses, and skeletal findings in fetuses that included delayed ossification of some bones and slight increases in the incidence of various rib and thoracic vertebrae anomalies. ii\. In a developmental toxicity study with rabbits, pregnant animals were given oral doses of 0, 5, 20 or 60 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6 to 28. At the high dose, 15 animals were sacrificed following spontaneous abortions and 3 animals were found dead. The few surviving animals in this group had live fetuses at cesarean sectioning but other than lower fetal weight and crown/rump length, no treatment-related findings were observed upon external, visceral and skeletal examinations of these fetuses. The NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was 20 mg/kg/day. iii\. In a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study, fluopicolide was administered to rats at dietary levels of 0, 100, 500, or 2000 ppm. The NOAEL was 500 ppm (equivalent to 26 and 33 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively) for developing offspring and for parental/systemic toxicity. The LOAEL was 2000 ppm based on decreased body weight and organ weight changes in both F0 and F1 adults and F1 and F2 pups. The reproductive NOAEL was 2000 ppm. **\]** 4\. *Subchronic toxicity*. **\[** Ninety-day feeding studies were conducted in dogs, mice and rats. i\. No evidence of toxicity was observed in dogs up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL in dogs is 1000 mg/kg/day. ii\. In 90-day feeding studies in both CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice, liver was the only target organ identified with hepatocellular hypertrophy seen at dietary levels of 320 ppm and higher. The NOAEL in C57BL/6 mice was 200 ppm (equivalent to 37.8 and 52.8 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively). iii\. In a 90-day rat study with dietary levels of 100, 1400 and 20,000 ppm, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was exceeded at 20,000 ppm based on body weight gain of 30 to 40% below control. The target organs identified in rats were the liver (centrilobular hypertrophy) in both sexes and the kidneys in males (accumulation of hyaline droplets, single cell death at the proximal tubule epithelium, slight foci of basophilic tubules and granular casts) at 1400 ppm and 20000 ppm. The NOAEL was 100 ppm, equivalent to 7.4 and 8.4 mg/kg/day, in males and females, respectively. iv\. In a subchronic neurotoxicity study, rats were treated with 0, 200, 1400 or 10000 ppm in the diet for 13 weeks. The NOAEL for systemic toxicity is 1400 ppm (107 mg/kg/day in males and 125 mg/kg/day in females) based on findings in the liver and kidney. There were no neurotoxicity findings. The NOAEL for neurotoxicity is 10,000 ppm (781 mg/kg/day in males and 866 mg/kg/day in females). iii\. In a subchronic dermal toxicity study, male and female rats were treated with fluopicolide at dose levels of 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day. There were no effects at any dose level. The NOAEL of the study is 1000 mg/kg/day.**\]** 5\. *Chronic toxicity*. **\[** i\. Lower body weight gain at the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day was the only treatment-related effect noted in a 52-week dog study performed at 70, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day by gavage. Thus, the NOAEL in dogs was established at 300 mg/kg/day. ii\. Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity was assessed in rats at dietary levels of 50, 200, 750 and 2500 ppm. The NOAEL was 200 ppm (8.4 mg/kg/day in males and 10.8 mg/kg/day in females) based on microscopic changes in the liver and kidneys similar to those observed in the 90-day rat study. No evidence of carcinogencity was observed in rats up to 2500 ppm. iii\. The oncogenic potential of fluopicolide was investigated in C57BL/6 mice at dietary levels of 0, 50, 400, or 3200 ppm. Significantly lower body weight gain was seen at 3200 ppm in conjunction with a slight decrease in food consumption. Increased liver weight and centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy were observed at 400 and 3200 ppm in both sexes. In addition at 3200 ppm, an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas was noted in both sexes, but the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was not affected. The NOAEL was 50 ppm (equivalent to 7.9 and 11.5 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively). Subsequent mechanistic work demonstrated a marked transient hepatocellular proliferation, which returned to control levels after 28 days of treatment. This was accompanied by a clear induction of total cytochrome P-450 and related enzymes. These results parallel findings with Phenobarbital, which has a well understood threshold-based mechanism of rodent tumor formation commonly known to be of no relevance to humans. **\]** 6\. *Animal metabolism*. **\[** The animal metabolism of fluopicolide is well understood. Fluopicolide is rapidly absorbed and excreted when administered to rats and the resulting tissue residues are very low. The metabolic pathway for fluopicolide is similar in rodents, goats and hens. Metabolism in livestock proceeded primarily via hydroxylation and hydrolysis.**\]** 7\. *Metabolite toxicology*. **\[** Four metabolites (AE C653711, AE C657188, AE C657378, and AE 1344122) were identified as low-level plant and/or soil metabolites of fluopicolide. Several of the metabolites were identified at low levels in the rat following fluopicolide or AE C653711 administration and were therefore covered by the tox studies conducted with the parent molecule. All compounds were tested for acute, subchronic (28-day) and genetic toxicity and AE C653711 and AE C657188 were additionally studied in *in vivo* ADME studies. All were found to be equally or less toxic than the parent molecule itself. These metabolites are therefore considered not toxicologically relevant to the overall assessment of fluopicolide human health.. **\]** 8\. *Endocrine disruption*. **\[** The toxicology database for fluopicolide is current and complete. No special studies to evaluate the potential endocrine effects of fluopicolide have been conducted. However, the studies in this database include evaluation of the potential effects on reproduction and development, and an evaluation of the pathology of the endocrine organs following short- or long-term exposure. These studies revealed no endocrine-related effects.**\]** *C. Aggregate Exposure* 1\. *Dietary exposure*. **\[An assessment was conducted to evaluate potential risks due to chronic and acute dietary exposure of the U.S. population subgroups to residues of fluopicolide. This analysis covers all pending crop uses. \]** i\. *Food*. **\[** **Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible.** **Chronic: Chronic assessments were conducted to evaluate potential risks due to chronic dietary exposure to the U.S. population and selected population subgroups to residues of fluopicolide. This analysis was conducted using the Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Evaluation System (CARES) using actual field trial residue and estimated percent crop treated. \]** ii\. *Drinking water*. **\[** **Acute: Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible.** **Chronic: A tier II PRZM/EXAMS assessment was conducted to determine the EECs in the standard EPA pond and the EDWCs in the Standard Index Reservoir associated with fluopicolide on crops. The EXPRESS, PRZM/EXAMS shell was used to conduct the modeling. The worst case scenario was used in the drinking water exposure assessment and a refined chronic drinking water exposure risk analysis was conducted using the CARES Water Wizard. \]** 2\. *Non-dietary exposure*. **\[There is a potential residential exposure to adults applying , and adults and children entering residential turf areas treated with fluopicolide. Based on the application of fluopicolide to residential turf, conservative estimates of exposure were calculated for both children and adults. All estimates resulted in calculated margins of exposure in excess of 100.\]** *D. Cumulative Effects* **\[Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider "available information" concerning the cumulative effects of a particular pesticide's residues and "other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity". EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine whether fluopicolide has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk assessment. For the purposes of this tolerance action, EPA has not assumed that fluopicolide has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.\]** *E. Safety Determination* 1\. *U.S. population*. **\[** **Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible.** **Chronic: The aggregate risk of the US population to fluopicolide was determine and the resultant exposure value was expressed in terms of margin of exposure (MOE), which was calculated by dividing the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) by the exposure for each population subgroup. In addition, exposure was also expressed as a percent of the chronic reference dose (%cRfD). The results of the chronic dietary and drinking water exposure and risk analyses presented here, demonstrate that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the U.S. population or sensitive sub-populations, including infants and children, from chronic dietary exposure resulting from the proposed uses of fluopicolide.\]** 2\. *Infants and children*. **\[** **Acute: No appropriate toxicological endpoint attributable to a single exposure was identified in the available toxicology studies conducted with fluopicolide. Since no acute toxicological endpoints could be established, the acute aggregate risk is considered to be negligible.** **Chronic: The results of the chronic dietary and drinking water exposure and risk analysis demonstrate that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the U.S. sub-populations of infants and children from chronic dietary exposure resulting from the proposed uses of fluopicolide. The percentile of chronic dietary exposure (food) was highest among children 1 to 2 years of age. The percentile of chronic drinking water exposure was highest among infants "0\" years of age. The percentile aggregate chronic exposure from food and water was highest among infants "0\" years of age.** **The maximum chronic exposure from food and water for each population sub-group was estimated to be less than 1 % of the c-PAD.\]** *F. International Tolerances* **\[There are no CODEX tolerances for residues of fluopicolide\]**

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Required Report - public distribution **Date:** 10/1/2003 **GAIN Report Number:** RP3054 RP3054 **Philippines** **Sugar** **Semi-Annual** **2003** **Approved by:** ![](media/image1.wmf)David C. Miller #### FAS Manila **Prepared by:** Pia Abuel-Ang **Report Highlights:** Sugar production is seen to hit 2.158 million metric tons for crop year 2002-03, more than sufficient to meet the domestic requirement of just under 2.0 MMT and to meet the country\'s sugar export quota of 142,160 MT. Due to better than expected 2003 production, no sugar was imported this year. Includes PSD Changes: No Includes Trade Matrix: No Semi-Annual Report Manila \[RP1\] \[RP\] +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | ####### PSD Table | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Country** | **Phi | | | | | | | | lippi | | | | | | | | nes** | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Commodity** | #### | | | | (1000 | | | | ## Ce | | | | MT) | | | | ntrif | | | | | | | | ugal | | | | | | | | Sugar | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | 2002 | Re | 2003 | Est | 2004 | For | | | | vised | | imate | | ecast | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | Off | Est | Off | Est | Off | Est | | | icial | imate | icial | imate | icial | imate | | | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | | | Old\] | New\] | Old\] | New\] | Old\] | New\] | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Market Year | | 09 | | 09 | | 09 | | Begin** | | /2001 | | /2002 | | /2003 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Beginning Stocks | 322 | 322 | 239 | 239 | 197 | 277 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Beet Sugar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Production | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Cane Sugar | 1900 | 1900 | 2000 | 2160 | 2100 | 2240 | | Production | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL Sugar | 1900 | 1900 | 2000 | 2160 | 2100 | 2240 | | Production | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Raw Imports | 11 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 0 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Refined Imp.(Raw | 98 | 98 | 68 | 0 | 30 | 0 | | Val) | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL Imports | 109 | 109 | 80 | 0 | 40 | 0 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL SUPPLY | 2331 | 2331 | 2319 | 2399 | 2337 | 2517 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Raw Exports | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Refined Exp.(Raw | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Val) | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL EXPORTS | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Human Dom. | 1950 | 1950 | 1980 | 1980 | 2010 | 2010 | | Consumption | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Disappearance | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Total | 1950 | 1950 | 1980 | 1980 | 2010 | 2010 | | Disappearance | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Ending Stocks | 239 | 239 | 197 | 277 | 185 | 365 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL DISTRIBUTION | 2331 | 2331 | 2319 | 2399 | 2337 | 2517 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Data from the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) show that efforts to raise the productivity of the sugar industry through the use higher-yielding varieties, adoption of new technology and rehabilitation of antiquated milling facilities resulted in a 32.6-percent growth in production over the last four years. After more than a decade of experiencing production shortfalls, sugar production is projected to hit a high of 2.158 million metric tons for crop year 2002-03, more than enough to meet the domestic requirement of about 2.0 million metric tons and to supply the country's sugar export quota of 142,160 metric tons to the United States. No sugar was imported this year, not even the Minimum Access Volume of 59,780 MT. In the island of Negros, the country's sugar bowl, the 29-percent increase in sugar production over a four-year period (1999-2003) is considered quite substantial, especially in light of the fact that the area dedicated to sugarcane planting on the island dropped by 2.8 percent.\ \ Based on SRA data, sugar production in Mindanao increased by almost 100 percent, which was attributed to a 52-percent increase in hectarage, a 9.59-percent increase in mill recovery and an 82-percent improvement in yield per hectare by major sugar producers in Bukidnon. In Luzon, there was a significant increase of 16.57 percent in production largely due to higher sugar content of cane and better mill recovery. Area planted to sugarcane and cane tonnage also increased at 2.69 percent and 3.35 percent, respectively. Given the positive production situation for next year, the country will likely not import any sugar including the Minimum Access Volume of over 60,000 MT. The Philippine Department of Agriculture has been studying the possibility of exporting Philippine sugar to countries other than the United States. For CY 2004, the US will be importing a total of 142,160 MT from the Philippines under a tariff-rate quota agreement with the country. +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | # PSD Table | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Country** | ## P | | | | | | | | hilip | | | | | | | | pines | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Commodity** | ## S | | | | (1000 | | | | ugar | | | | HA) | | | | Cane | | | | (1000 | | | | for C | | | | MT) | | | | entri | | | | | | | | fugal | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | 2002 | Re | 2003 | Est | 2004 | For | | | | vised | | imate | | ecast | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | USDA | Post | | | Off | Est | Off | Est | Off | Est | | | icial | imate | icial | imate | icial | imate | | | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | \[ | | | Old\] | New\] | Old\] | New\] | Old\] | New\] | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | **Market Year | | 09 | | 09 | | 09 | | Begin** | | /2001 | | /2002 | | /2003 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Area Planted | 385 | 385 | 390 | 390 | 395 | 0 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Area Harvested | 380 | 380 | 385 | 385 | 390 | 0 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Production | 24962 | 24962 | 25835 | 25835 | 26100 | 26100 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL SUPPLY | 24962 | 24962 | 25835 | 25835 | 26100 | 26100 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Utilization for | 24962 | 24962 | 25835 | 25835 | 26100 | 26100 | | Sugar | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Utilization for | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Alcohol | | | | | | | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | TOTAL UTILIZATION | 24962 | 24962 | 25835 | 25835 | 26100 | 26100 | +--------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ The Office of the Philippine President issued on August 7, 2003, Executive Order No. 230 (EO 230), setting tariffs for all raw and refined sugar, including cane and beet sugar, imported from all Southeast Asian countries at 48 percent. This order was dated July 26, 2003 and took effect immediately. The new order, which reduces sugar tariffs by two percent from the current 50 percent in-quota Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariff, follows the decision of the Tariff and Related Matters (TRM) Committee to grant the tariff concession to ASEAN members in exchange for the transfer of Philippine sugar to the sensitive list. The Philippine government notified the WTO earlier this year of its intention to break its tariff binding for raw and refined sugar, which raised the bound rate and out-of-quota tariff to 80 percent. Under the Uruguay Round, the Philippines committed to unifying both in-quota and out-of-quota sugar tariffs at 50 percent beginning January 2003. Principal supplying country to the Philippines, by WTO definition, is Thailand. (see Gain RP3048)

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**TCAS II CHANGE PROPOSAL (CP)** ----------- ---- --- ---- --- ---- ------------------------------------- --------- **DATE:** 03 / 29 / 99 **No.:** **98** ----------- ---- --- ---- --- ---- ------------------------------------- --------- ------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------- -------- **TCAS II **DO-185A (v7)** X **Other (Specify)** Version:** ------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------- -------- ---------------------- ------------------ ---- -------------- ---- --------- ---- **MOPS Function **Surveillance** **Display **CRS** X Area:** Req'ts** ---------------------- ------------------ ---- -------------- ---- --------- ---- ---------------------- ----------------- ---- ----------- ---- ----------- ---- **CAS X **Test **Other** Pseudocode** Suites** ---------------------- ----------------- ---- ----------- ---- ----------- ---- --------------- ------------- ----- --------------- ----- -------------- ----- **Priority:** **URGENT** X **Necessary** **Optional** --------------- ------------- ----- --------------- ----- -------------- ----- ------------ ----------- ---- ----------------- ---- -------------------- ---- **CP Type:** **ERROR** X **Enhancement** **Evaluation Request** ------------ ----------- ---- ----------------- ---- -------------------- ---- ------------ --------- ---- ------------------ ---- ----------------- ---- **Editorial **Editorial (Logic)** (Text)** ------------ --------- ---- ------------------ ---- ----------------- ---- **Description of Problem/Issue:** During TCAS flight testing nuisance failures of the barometric altitude credibility monitor have been observed. They have occurred during vertical rate maneuvers approaching 1g in acceleration. This is in excess of the standard RA maneuver that Air Transport category aircraft are likely perform. However, it is not unlikely that business jets and military aircraft with TCAS would perform maneuvers such as this on a regular basis. Discussion with Mitre indicates that the baro altitude credibility monitor was designed to handle approximately ½ g accelerations maximum. It is believed that if not corrected this monitor design will result in regular occurrences of TCAS system failures during climbout and during resolution advisories where the pilot responds aggressively. **Proposed Resolution:** Intruder altitude tracking was affected similarly. Constants only changed in Pcode and CRS. Changes attached. Three new tests, EN04TS49.dat, EN03TS79.dat, and EN03TS80.dat, were produced to cover the CRS transitions 3.92-C2, 3.98-C2, and 3.57-C1, respectively. The RWG verified that the tests do, in fact, cover these transitions. TSIM was updated with the constant modifications and used to produce an updated set of expected outputs and transition files for all existing tests. The updated expected outputs were successfully compared to the outputs generated by several of the TCAS manufacturer's implementations. --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- **Requester:** Aaron Reinholz --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- **Organization:** Rockwell Collins --------------------- ------------------------------------------------- **DISPOSITION OF CHANGE PROPOSAL (Per RWG):** ------------------------------------- ----- --- ---------- ---- ---------- **DATE OF DISPOSITION** 8 / Apr / 1999 ------------------------------------- ----- --- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------- ----- --- -------------- ----- --- --------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- **Rejected** **Deferred** **\[Review / / **\]** Date:** -------------- ----- --- -------------- ----- --- --------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- -------------- ------- --- -------------- ------ --- --------------- ------ **Accepted** X **Modified** **Withdrawn** -------------- ------- --- -------------- ------ --- --------------- ------ **DISPOSITION OF CHANGE:** -------- --- --------------- --- ------------- --- ---------- --- ------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- **On **Designing** **Testing** **Done** X **\[Date:** / / **\]** Hold** -------- --- --------------- --- ------------- --- ---------- --- ------------- --- --- --- --- --- -------- **Final Approval of Changes:** ------------------ --------- --- ------- --- -------- --------------------- **Signature:** Kathryn W. Ybarra, RWG Chair **Date:** 21 / Apr / 1999 ------------------ --------- --- ------- --- -------- --------------------- CRS Changes For Altitude Credibility Modifications Page 149 -- From Addendum: State Switch_Own_Tracker, Abbreviation CREDIBLE_INIT_CHECK. > In line 3, change 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft (CREDZADC) and change 10 to 5 > (MAXSOFT). Page 151 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Figure 2-27 and Description. > Remove states 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Add arrow for default entry state > to state 5. Remove arrow showing the 4 to 5 transition. Reverse > direction of arrow from state 5 to the bar connector so that it points > from the bar connector to state 5 (thus indicating the ANY to 5 > transition as well as the 4 to 5 transition). In line 7 of > [Note]{.underline}: Description, change "value of 2" to "value of 3". Page 152 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 1. > Change the state transition from ANY → 10 to ANY → 5. Page 153 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 2. > Remove the state transitions for 2 → 3, 5 → 6, 6 → 7, 7 → 8, 8 → 9, > and 9 → 10. Page 154 -- State Own_Tracker_Softness, Transition 3. > Remove the state transitions for 3 → 2, 6 → 5, 7 → 6, 8 → 7, 9 → 8, > and 10 → 9. Page 409 -- Macro Own_Altitude_Coast. > In line 1 of Definition, change 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft (CREDZADC). In > Abbreviation SOFTNESS_FACTOR, remove lines for softness factors 2, and > 6 through 10 which coorespond to Own_Tracker_Softness states 2, 6, 7, > 8, 9, and 10. Page 448 -- Macro VT_Credible_Report(T,DZM,TSTART,TDAT,ZD,QUANT). > In line 4 of Definition, change 20 ft/s to 30 ft/s and change 8 > ft/s^2^ to 20 ft/s^2^. Page 654 -- APPENDIX A, CONSTANT DEFINITIONS. > Change the value of CREDACCDIV from 8.0 ft/s^2^ to 20 ft/s^2^. > > Change the value of CREDZADC from 35.0 ft to 65.0 ft. > > Change the value of CREDZDERR from 20 ft/s to 30 ft/s. Page 656 -- From Addendum --APPENDIX A, CONSTANT DEFINITIONS. > Change the value of MAXSOFT from 10 to 5. ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.476388888888889in" height="8.4in"} ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.631944444444445in" height="8.740277777777777in"} ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="6.7131944444444445in" height="8.6in"} ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="6.54375in" height="8.5in"} ![](media/image5.jpeg){width="6.4743055555555555in" height="8.4in"} ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="6.143055555555556in" height="8.0in"} ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="6.550694444444445in" height="8.5in"} ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="6.336805555555555in" height="8.3in"} ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="6.188888888888889in" height="8.0in"} CONSIDER_INCREASE 6 RESVAR.select_advisory CONSIDER_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONT_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONVERGE_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CORRECTIVE_CLM 2 G.display CORRECTIVE_DES 2 G.display COSB 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal COV(2,2) 2 ITF.mdf COV(2,2) 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal CREDACCDIV2 2 PN.credibility 8 ft/s2 CREDINIT 2 PN.credibility 200 ft/s CREDMINDT 2 PN.credibility 5.5 s CREDZADC 2 P.track 35 ft CREDZDERR 2 PN.credibility 20 ft/s CREFNO 2 ITF.identity CREFPTR(100) 2 G.cross_reference CROSSING 2 TO_DISP_AURL.additional_aural CROSSING_RA 2 G.broadcast CROSSTHR 2 P.general 100 ft CROSSTHRL 2 P.general 100 ft CUR_SENSE 6 RESVAR.modeling CURRENT_SENSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CVC 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CVC 3 RCV_VAR.message DBINS 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELAY 6 RESVAR.modeling DELT 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZ 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZDT 2 PN.no_transition 4 s MAXSOFT 2 P.track 10 MAXZDINT 2 P.detect 10000 ft/min MAXZDTIME 2 PN.transition 17 s MDF_HIT_COUNT 2 ITF.mdf MEDHISCORE 2 P.traffic 500 MEDLOSCORE 2 P.traffic 300 MEDSCORE 2 P.traffic 400 MID 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent MID 3 RCV_VAR.message MIN_NOM_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_PTS_FOR_SWITCH 2 P.track 3 MIN_REV_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_RI_TIME 2 P.model 4 s MINBINS 2 PN.alpha_beta_tracker 3 MINDRATE 2 P.seladv -- 4400 ft/min MINFIRM 2 P.eval 2 MININITHFIRM 2 P.mdf 3 MINRVSTIME 2 P.model 10 s MINSOFT 2 P.track 2 MINTATIME 2 P.traffic 8 s MINTAU 2 P.delay 0 s MNSIGDPX 2 P.mdf 0.7 MNVR_SHTDWN_TM 2 P.mdf 10 MODC 2 S.identity MODC 2 ITF.capability MODEC_FLAG 4 TRACKVAR.vertical MODEL_T 2 P.model 9 s MODEL_ZD 2 P.model 2500 ft/min MTB 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CONSIDER_INCREASE 6 RESVAR.select_advisory CONSIDER_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONT_REVERSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CONVERGE_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CORRECTIVE_CLM 2 G.display CORRECTIVE_DES 2 G.display COSB 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal COV(2,2) 2 ITF.mdf COV(2,2) 4 TRACKVAR.horizontal CREDACCDIV2 2 PN.credibility 20 ft/s2 CREDINIT 2 PN.credibility 200 ft/s CREDMINDT 2 PN.credibility 5.5 s CREDZADC 2 P.track 65 ft CREDZDERR 2 PN.credibility 30 ft/s CREFNO 2 ITF.identity CREFPTR(100) 2 G.cross_reference CROSSING 2 TO_DISP_AURL.additional_aural CROSSING_RA 2 G.broadcast CROSSTHR 2 P.general 100 ft CROSSTHRL 2 P.general 100 ft CUR_SENSE 6 RESVAR.modeling CURRENT_SENSE 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft CVC 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent CVC 3 RCV_VAR.message DBINS 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELAY 6 RESVAR.modeling DELT 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZ 4 TRACKVAR.vertical DELZDT 2 PN.no_transition 4 s MAXSOFT 2 P.track 5 MAXZDINT 2 P.detect 10000 ft/min MAXZDTIME 2 PN.transition 17 s MDF_HIT_COUNT 2 ITF.mdf MEDHISCORE 2 P.traffic 500 MEDLOSCORE 2 P.traffic 300 MEDSCORE 2 P.traffic 400 MID 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent MID 3 RCV_VAR.message MIN_NOM_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_PTS_FOR_SWITCH 2 P.track 3 MIN_REV_SEP 8 MACVAR.multiaircraft MIN_RI_TIME 2 P.model 4 s MINBINS 2 PN.alpha_beta_tracker 3 MINDRATE 2 P.seladv -- 4400 ft/min MINFIRM 2 P.eval 2 MININITHFIRM 2 P.mdf 3 MINRVSTIME 2 P.model 10 s MINSOFT 2 P.track 3 MINTATIME 2 P.traffic 8 s MINTAU 2 P.delay 0 s MNSIGDPX 2 P.mdf 0.7 MNVR_SHTDWN_TM 2 P.mdf 10 MODC 2 S.identity MODC 2 ITF.capability MODEC_FLAG 4 TRACKVAR.vertical MODEL_T 2 P.model 9 s MODEL_ZD 2 P.model 2500 ft/min MTB 2 INTENT_TO_THREAT.RA_intent Roland Lejeune 31 March 1999 ## Proposed Change to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window Rockwell-Collins recently identified an issue with the altitude tracker used in TCAS II Version 7 to track own aircraft altitude when finely quantized altitude measurements are available. This tracker is referred to as the airdata-tracker in the Version 7 pseudocode. # Issue During a flight test in which the pilot responded very aggressively to a Climb RA (post-flight data analysis showed that the vertical acceleration reached 1.0g for a very short time), the airdata-tracker declared the altitude measurements "not credible" during the acceleration. The track was then coasted. The track continued to coast until the altitudes measurements were re-captured by the credibility window 19 seconds later. The MOPS require that TCAS be taken down by the System Performance Monitor when the own aircraft track is coasted for 5 seconds. Thus, if a similarly aggressive maneuver was executed by a pilot during an operational flight, the TCAS function would be terminated. This would not only result in a serious nuisance, since a TCAS unit taken down by the System Performance Monitor needs to be pulled off the airplane and sent to maintenance, but could also raise a safety issue, if the TCAS function was terminated during an RA. # Background Originally, the CAS logic did not include a specific credibility check for own aircraft altitude. A comment in the pseudocode simply stated that the credibility of the altitude measurements should be checked before being passed to the tracker, presumably by the System Performance Monitoring function. In May 1996, the Requirements Working Group decided that the credibility check of altitude measurements supplied by the airdata computer (or other source of finely quantized altitude measurements) should be performed by the logic itself (altitude tracker) rather than by the System Performance Monitor. CRF257 was generated to address this new requirement. However, the specific requirements to which the credibility check should be designed were left wide open. A first credibility check intended to capture altitude measurements corresponding to a vertical acceleration of up to 0.35g was implemented in the logic. (The largest acceleration assumed by the logic when a pilot responds to an RA is 0.35g.) Shortly thereafter, the value of one credibility check parameter (CREDZADC) was slightly increased to improve the ability of the airdata-tracker to maintain track during short vertical accelerations of up to 0.5g. The purpose of the credibility check is to ensure that bad altitude measurements (i.e., measurements having a measurement error much larger than that anticipated in the tracker design) will not be passed to the tracker. Altitude tracks recorded during the TCAS Transition Program and analyzed by the FAA Technical Center were found to have a few, rare bad measurements characterized by very larger errors (3,000 to 5,000 ft). However, comments made by one avionics manufacturer indicated that a measurement error as small as 300 ft was seen on at least one occasion. In the absence of further characterization of bad altitude measurements, the design of the credibility window should thus be aimed at rejecting bad measurements characterized by measurement errors as small as 300 ft. # Discussion A few simulations were performed with the currently specified credibility window (parameters: CREDZDAC = 35 ft; MINSOFT = 2; MAXSOFT = 10). They confirmed that, with the current credibility window, the airdata-tracker was capable of maintaining track during accelerations reaching 0.5g for a short duration (change in vertical rate no greater than 3,000 fpm) when none of the altitude measurements are bad. However, the airdata-tracker starts failing to properly maintain track when the acceleration increases beyond 0.5g, or even when a maximum acceleration of 0.5g is maintained for more than about 2 seconds (resulting in a change in the vertical rate larger than 3,000 fpm). Also, the ability of the current credibility window to capture a good measurement following a bad one is relatively poor when the bad measurement happens to occur in the middle of a moderate to large acceleration. In short, these new performance simulations confirmed that a further widening of the credibility window was necessary to raise the probability that the track for own aircraft will be maintained during an aggressive maneuver. # Analysis The attached spreadsheet contains a quick analysis of the sizing of the credibility window. The analysis is based on a worst-case scenario. In this worst-case scenario, own aircraft initially descends at 6,000 fpm, then, after a short time, reverses its vertical rate with an acceleration that builds up at the high rate of 8 ft/s^3^ (jerk) to a maximum acceleration of 40 ft/s^2^ (1.25g). The first 4 columns of the spreadsheet show the time, acceleration, vertical rate, and altitude for every second of this short scenario. The next four columns show the response of an alpha-beta tracker similar to that specified for the airdata-tracker. Note that in this simple spreadsheet model, the measurements, which are the same as the true altitudes, do not include a measurement error. The column entitled \"residual\" shows the build up of the tracker lag during the acceleration. The maximum residual (difference between the measured altitude and the predicted altitude) is 130 ft. To maintain track during this scenario, the credibility window should thus be sized so as to accommodate a residual of at least 130 ft. In fact, the credibility window should be somewhat larger than that in order to simultaneously accommodate an adequate amount of random measurement error (or noise). Assuming a worst random measurement error standard deviation (sigma) of 10 ft and aiming at a 3-sigma margin leads to a credibility window with a half-width of at least 160 ft. A credibility window with a half-width of 160 ft will in fact not be quite sufficient. Indeed, the error in the predicted altitude, which is one component of the residual, is the result of not only the tracker lag accumulated during the acceleration but also of the random error in the tracked vertical rate (which itself is caused by the random measurement errors on the previous cycles). Increasing the window half-width by another 20 to 30 ft should accommodate the latter source of error. This leads to a credibility window with a half-width of about 180 ft to 190 ft. Note that a credibility window with a half-width of about 180 ft will accommodate an even large acceleration (\>1.25g) when the standard deviation of the measurement random error is less than the assumed 10 ft. However, a scenario with an acceleration that is worse than the one assumed in this analysis is hard to imagine for the simple reason that, in the physical world, the acceleration itself cannot increase instantaneously, but needs to be gradually built up (jerk). In the above scenario, a constant jerk of 0.25g/s has been assumed. Even with such a large jerk, it takes 5 seconds to reach an acceleration of 1.25g. By the time this acceleration is reached, the accumulated change in the vertical rate (since the beginning of the acceleration) is already 4,800 fpm. Keeping the 1.25g acceleration for 1.0 second, then reducing the acceleration back down to zero with the same 0.25g/s jerk, results in a total change in the vertical rate of 12,000 fpm. A scenario worse than that would probably not be credible. In fact, this worst-case scenario may very well already be somewhat beyond the envelope of what would be considered an "aggressive" aircraft maneuver in a civilian airspace. The next issue to be considered in designing the credibility window is its ability to capture a good measurement following a bad one. The worst time for a bad measurement to occur is on the cycle where the residual would normally be the largest (if the measurement was good). This happens at time 12 seconds in the worst-case scenario. When the bad measurement is rejected, the track is coasted (i.e., the vertical rate estimate is not updated), which causes the tracker lag to increase even further. In the worst-case scenario, a rejected measurement at time 12 seconds results in a residual equal to 228 ft on the next cycle. Thus, to ensure with a high probability that a good measurement on that cycle will be captured by the credibility window, the window half-width should be at least 228 ft. In reality, a window half-width of about 260 to 270 ft will probably be necessary to accommodate the two sources of additional random errors discussed above. Finally, the question of how large the window should be at track initialization needs to be examined. For this purpose, the following worst-case scenario is defined. The aircraft has a maximum climb rate of 9,000 fpm when the track is initialized and the second measurement is a bad one. How wide should the window be to capture the third measurement? The altitude displacement over 2 seconds at that vertical rate is 300 ft. This suggests that the credibility window half-width should be of the order of 300 + 1.41\*30 = 340 ft to accommodate the random measurement errors in the first and third measurements. How should the current credibility window in the Version 7 pseudocode be modified? To summarize the above considerations, the credibility window should have a half-width of about 180 to 190 ft when track softness (inverse of track firmness) is at its minimum, a half-width of about 260 to 270 ft following one track coast, and a half width of about 340 ft when softness is at its maximum. These three requirements can be met with the following credibility window parameters: CREDZADC = 65 ft, MINSOFT = 3, and MAXSOFT = 5. This combination of parameters results in a credibility window with a half-width of 195 ft when softness is minimum, 325 ft when softness is maximum, and 260 ft in-between. # Testing Requirements The operation of the airdata-tracker is, for all practical purposes, independent of the remainder of the CAS logic. The interface between the airdata-tracker and the remainder of the logic is simple and straight-forward. The airdata-tracker receives altitude inputs from some barometric altitude measuring device (airdata computer or gyro), estimates the altitude and vertical rate of own aircraft on each tracking cycle, and passes these two estimates to the remainder of the logic. The airdata-tracker does not receive any input or feedback from the logic; it does not have multiple modes of operations that depend on the states of the logic. Thus, a comprehensive type of end-to-end testing of the proposed change that would involve the entire CAS logic is not absolutely necessary. New Safety Study simulations and new Operational Evaluation simulations are similarly not absolutely necessary in this case. Neither the scenarios used in the Safety Study simulations nor those used in the Operational Evaluation simulations have aircraft maneuvering with accelerations larger than 0.5g. The current airdata-tracker with the current credibility window tracks such maneuvers without problem. Therefore, the proposed credibility window change would not affect the result of these simulations. Given the above considerations, the following testing was performed. Simulation-based testing was performed at the module level using the airdata-tracker (with the proposed credibility window) and a driver capable of generating quantized altitude measurements that include an adequate amount of random measurement error (maximum quantization level = 10 ft; maximum error sigma = 10 ft). Altitude profiles with maximum accelerations between 0.5g and 1.25g (0.5g, 0.75g, 1.0g, and 1.25g) were simulated. Simulated accelerations were built up gradually (maximum jerk = 0.25g/s). For each profile, three cases were simulated. In the first case, all measurements were good; in the second case, an isolated bad measurement was introduced at the worst possible time; and in the third case, two successive bad measurements were introduced starting on a cycle randomly selected in an interval beginning 8 cycles (seconds) before the beginning of the acceleration and ending 8 cycles (seconds) after the end of the acceleration. (Note that this interval is centered on the period of acceleration and includes the worst possible cycle for a bad measurement to occur.) Simulations were performed both for the worst-case scenario used in the analysis and for a less extreme scenario in which the aircraft is initially in level flight. Simulations were also performed to test the initialization performance of the proposed credibility window. The results of all these simulations are summarized in an attached spreadsheet. They show that, for the worst-case scenario simulated, the proposed design was able to maintain track 100% of the time for all maximum accelerations up to 1.25g when none of the altitude measurements were bad. They also show that the ability of the tracker to maintain track when one isolated bad measurement occurs at the worst possible time or when two successive bad measurements occur at a random time remains very good for accelerations of less than 1.0g and fairly good for accelerations of 1.0g or more. [Note:]{.underline} In this analysis, a track is considered "maintained" when fewer than 5 successive altitude measurements are rejected by the credibility window. When testing the ability of the window to capture a good measurement following two successive bad ones, the first bad measurement is generated at least 8 cycles prior to the end of the simulated track to allow sufficient time for determining whether the track has been maintained or not. The geometry of the simulated scenarios is such that, when the credibility window rejects the first good measurement following one or more bad ones, it continues to reject the following good measurements as well. The ability of the credibility window to reject bad measurements was examined as follows. In a first set of simulation runs, bad measurements were simulated by adding 1,000 ft to the true altitude. Given the size of the credibility window such bad measurements are always rejected. Then, the amount of error defining a bad measurement was progressively reduced and the percentages of tracks maintained throughout were compared to those obtained when the error defining a bad measurement was 1,000 ft. Identical performance was taken to indicate that all bad measurements were correctly rejected. Identical performance was obtained for all acceleration scenarios with the following error magnitudes: - one isolated bad measurement: +200 ft and --400 ft, - two successive bad measurements: +600 ft and --600ft. Identical performance was obtained for all initialization scenarios with the following error magnitudes: - one isolated bad measurement: +400 ft and --600 ft, - two successive bad measurements: +400 ft and --600ft. Note that the tracker lag causes the rejection performance of the credibility window to depend on the sign of the error when one isolated bad measurement is generated at the worst possible time. Under much more common operating conditions, when the vertical rate of own aircraft is constant or when a mild vertical acceleration is taking place (0.25g or less), the credibility window, which has a half-width of 195 ft when softness is at its minimum and 260 ft after one cycle of coasting, would reject all isolated bad measurements and all pairs of successive bad measurements characterized by a positive or negative error of 300 ft or more. (The maximum tracker lag accumulated during a sustained 0.25g acceleration is equal to 17 ft.) <table> <colgroup> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 3%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 7%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 6%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 1%" /> <col style="width: 2%" /> <col style="width: 4%" /> <col style="width: 0%" /> <col style="width: 3%" /> <col style="width: 10%" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="18"><strong>Credibility Window Analysis</strong></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">initial altitude (ft) =</td> <td>10000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4">alpha =</td> <td colspan="5">0.58</td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="9">initial vertical rate (fpm) =</td> <td>-6000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4">beta =</td> <td colspan="5">0.25</td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">max. acceleration (ft/s2) =</td> <td>40</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="9">max. jerk (ft/s3) =</td> <td>8</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="9">final vertical rate (fpm) =</td> <td>6000</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="6"></td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td colspan="2">time<br /> (s)</td> <td colspan="3">accel (ft/s2)</td> <td colspan="3"><p>rate</p> <p>(ft/s)</p></td> <td colspan="5"><p>altitude</p> <p>(ft)</p></td> <td colspan="4">Residual<br /> (m)</td> <td colspan="6">z_track<br /> (ft)</td> <td colspan="5">zd_track<br /> (ft/s)</td> <td colspan="6">z_predict<br /> (ft)</td> <td colspan="6"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>0</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">10000</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="7">10000</td> <td colspan="6">0</td> <td colspan="4">10000</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>1</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9900</td> <td colspan="2">-100</td> <td colspan="7">9900</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9800</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>2</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9800</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9800</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9700</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>3</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9700</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9700</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9600</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>4</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9600</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9600</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9500</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>5</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9500</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">9500</td> <td colspan="6">-100</td> <td colspan="4">9400</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>6</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">-100</td> <td colspan="5">9404</td> <td colspan="2">4</td> <td colspan="7">9402</td> <td colspan="6">-99</td> <td colspan="4">9303</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>7</td> <td colspan="3">8</td> <td colspan="3">-92</td> <td colspan="5">9320</td> <td colspan="2">17</td> <td colspan="7">9313</td> <td colspan="6">-95</td> <td colspan="4">9218</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>8</td> <td colspan="3">16</td> <td colspan="3">-76</td> <td colspan="5">9256</td> <td colspan="2">38</td> <td colspan="7">9240</td> <td colspan="6">-85</td> <td colspan="4">9155</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>9</td> <td colspan="3">24</td> <td colspan="3">-52</td> <td colspan="5">9220</td> <td colspan="2">65</td> <td colspan="7">9193</td> <td colspan="6">-69</td> <td colspan="4">9124</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>10</td> <td colspan="3">32</td> <td colspan="3">-20</td> <td colspan="5">9220</td> <td colspan="2">96</td> <td colspan="7">9179</td> <td colspan="6">-45</td> <td colspan="4">9135</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>11</td> <td colspan="3">40</td> <td colspan="3">20</td> <td colspan="5">9256</td> <td colspan="2">121</td> <td colspan="7">9205</td> <td colspan="6">-15</td> <td colspan="4">9190</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>12</td> <td colspan="3">32</td> <td colspan="3">52</td> <td colspan="5">9320</td> <td colspan="2">130</td> <td colspan="7">9266</td> <td colspan="6">18</td> <td colspan="4">9283</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>13</td> <td colspan="3">24</td> <td colspan="3">76</td> <td colspan="5">9404</td> <td colspan="2">121</td> <td colspan="7">9353</td> <td colspan="6">48</td> <td colspan="4">9401</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>14</td> <td colspan="3">16</td> <td colspan="3">92</td> <td colspan="5">9500</td> <td colspan="2">99</td> <td colspan="7">9459</td> <td colspan="6">73</td> <td colspan="4">9531</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>15</td> <td colspan="3">8</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9600</td> <td colspan="2">69</td> <td colspan="7">9571</td> <td colspan="6">90</td> <td colspan="4">9661</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>16</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9700</td> <td colspan="2">39</td> <td colspan="7">9684</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">9783</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>17</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9800</td> <td colspan="2">17</td> <td colspan="7">9793</td> <td colspan="6">104</td> <td colspan="4">9897</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>18</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">9900</td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td colspan="7">9899</td> <td colspan="6">105</td> <td colspan="4">10003</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>19</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10000</td> <td colspan="2">-3</td> <td colspan="7">10001</td> <td colspan="6">104</td> <td colspan="4">10105</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>20</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10100</td> <td colspan="2">-5</td> <td colspan="7">10102</td> <td colspan="6">103</td> <td colspan="4">10205</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>21</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10200</td> <td colspan="2">-5</td> <td colspan="7">10202</td> <td colspan="6">101</td> <td colspan="4">10303</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>22</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10300</td> <td colspan="2">-3</td> <td colspan="7">10301</td> <td colspan="6">101</td> <td colspan="4">10402</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>23</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10400</td> <td colspan="2">-2</td> <td colspan="7">10401</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10501</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>24</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10500</td> <td colspan="2">-1</td> <td colspan="7">10500</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10600</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>25</td> <td colspan="3">0</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="5">10600</td> <td colspan="2">0</td> <td colspan="7">10600</td> <td colspan="6">100</td> <td colspan="4">10700</td> <td colspan="9"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- -------- -------- ---------- --------- -- ---------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- **Performance Results for the Proposed Credibility Window (I)** **Window **CREDZADC** 65 parameters:** **MINSOFT** 3 **MAXSOFT** 5 **1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 2 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 1 no yes 100 100 100 92 83 4 0.25 5 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 5 0.25 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 82 6 0.25 5 1 no yes 100 100 100 90 77 7 0.25 10 1 no no 100 100 100 100 100 8 0.25 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 88 63 9 0.25 10 1 no yes 100 100 97 89 80 10 0.25 2 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 11 0.25 2 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 81 12 0.25 2 10 no yes 100 100 100 92 85 13 0.25 5 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 14 0.25 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 98 83 15 0.25 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 93 76 16 0.25 10 10 no no 100 100 100 100 100 17 0.25 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 85 55 18 0.25 10 10 no yes 100 100 97 89 85 19 0.125 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 20 0.125 10 1 no yes 100 100 100 99 N/A 21 0.125 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 22 0.125 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 23 0.125 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 24 0.125 10 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- -------- -------- ---------- --------- -- ---------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- **Performance Results for the Proposed Credibility Window (II)** ---------------- -------------- ------------- -- -------------- -- -------- -- -------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ----------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -- -- --- **Window **CREDZADC** 65 parameters:** **MINSOFT** 3 **MAXSOFT** 5 **2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 5 1 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 4 0.25 10 1 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 7 0.25 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 10 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario **3. Initialization Scenario** **Test** **Test **Vertical Conditions** Rate (fpm)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **6,000** **7,000** **8,000** **9,000** **10,000** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 N/A 5 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 75 2 N/A 5 1 no yes 100 90 78 81 73 3 N/A 10 1 yes no 100 100 100 100 63 4 N/A 10 1 no yes 100 90 79 81 72 5 N/A 5 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 61 6 N/A 5 10 no yes 100 93 79 81 72 7 N/A 10 10 yes no 100 100 100 100 54 8 N/A 10 10 no yes 100 90 79 81 77 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- ------------- -- -------------- -- -------- -- -------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ----------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -- -- --- Roland Lejeune 4 April 1999 # Proposed Change to the 100-ft and 25-ft Altitude Tracker Credibility Window The proposed change widens the credibility window used by both the 100-ft and the 25-ft altitude trackers. Its purpose is to ensure that altitude reports generated during a vertical accelerations of up to 1.25g will be accepted, and thus, that track will be maintained on aircraft performing such maneuvers. ## Background The Requirements Working Group (RWG) agreed in March 1999 to widen the credibility window of the alpha-beta tracker used to track own aircraft altitude (airdata-tracker) to ensure that the tracker would be able to maintain track on own aircraft during a 1.25g vertical acceleration (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window). This change prompted a re-examination the credibility window used by the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers. Two considerations motivated the additional effort. First, since the 100-ft tracker is used in some TCAS installations to track own aircraft altitude (when the only source of altitude information available is the altitude encoder of the Mode A/C transponder), the same track maintenance requirements driving the design of the airdata-tracker should also drive the design of the 100-ft tracker. Second, since high performance aircraft are not limited to playing role of own aircraft, but can also act as intruders to other TCAS-equipped aircraft, the capabilities of the altitude trackers used to track intruders should match those of the altitude tracker used for own aircraft. New simulations performed with both the 100-ft and the 25-ft altitude trackers using the same worst-case scenario used to verify the track maintenance performance of the airdata-tracker (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window and below) revealed that neither tracker was able to maintain track on an aircraft maneuvering with a sustained acceleration greater than 0.5g. In light of these results, the RWG agreed that a change to the credibility check of the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers was necessary. ## Test Conditions The worst-case scenario used to verify the track maintenance performance of the altitude trackers is as follows. The tracked aircraft initially descends at 6,000 fpm, then, after a short time, reverses its vertical rate with an acceleration that builds up at the high rate of 8 ft/s^3^ (jerk) to a maximum acceleration of 40 ft/s^2^ (1.25g). Since the function of associating successive altitude reports with intruders is performed by the surveillance subsystem of TCAS and the function of the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers is limited to estimating altitude and altitude rate, the notion of track maintenance is vague when applied to these trackers. However, it is clear that neither tracker would fulfill its function of providing accurate altitude and altitude rate estimates if the credibility check was to reject many successive valid altitude reports. In the absence of a precise set of requirements, it seemed reasonable to adopt the same track maintenance criterion that was used in the analysis of the airdata-tracker. Specifically, a track is considered "maintained" when fewer than 5 successive altitude measurements are rejected by the credibility window. The purpose of the credibility check is to ensure that bad altitude reports (i.e., reports containing an erroneous altitude measurement or reports mis-correlated by the surveillance function) will not be passed to the tracker. Statistics characterizing bad reports are not available; however, it is generally agreed that the credibility check should be designed to reject isolated bad reports with an altitude error of 300 ft or more whenever possible. ## Analysis The width of credibility window used by the 100-ft and 25-ft altitude trackers once the track has been initialized (i.e., after the first 5 seconds of the track's live) is controlled by two parameters, CREDZDERR, which characterizes the largest credible error in the altitude rate estimate, and CREDACCDIV2, which characterizes the largest credible instantaneous acceleration. The current values of these two parameters are CREDZDERR = 20 ft/s and CREDACCDIV2 = 8 ft/s^2^. Note that CREDACCDIV2 in fact corresponds to one-half of the largest credible acceleration during which the tracker is required to maintain track. The new requirement for maintaining track during an acceleration of up to 1.25g strongly suggests that the value of CREDACCDIV2 should be changed to 20 ft/s^2^. It also suggests that the value of CREDZDERR may also have to be increased. A first set of simulations were performed after changing the value of CREDACCDIV2 as indicated, but without changing the value of CREDZDERR. They showed that the ability of the 100-ft tracker to maintain track during accelerations peaking at 1.25g was still weak (of the order of 70%). As a result, an increase to the value of CREDZDERR seemed desirable. Thus, the proposed change is to increase the values of CREDZDERR and CREDACCDIV2 as follows: CREDZDERR = 30 ft/s and CREDACCDIV2 = 20 ft/s^2^. Plots of the current and proposed windows as a function of the number of successive coasts are shown in Figure 1. A plot of the credibility window used in Version 6.04A is also shown. A "coast" is here defined as a tracking cycle during which the track is coasted (i.e., the altitude rate estimate is not updated) because either no altitude report was received or the received altitude report was deemed not credible and therefore rejected. Since all credibility windows are symmetric with respect to zero, it is sufficient and convenient to plot their half-widths instead of their total widths. As the plot indicates, the ability of the credibility window to reject bad altitude reports with an altitude error of 300 ft is limited to two successive bad reports, or one bad report following one missing report. Following the second coast, the half-width of the credibility window becomes larger than 300 ft. However, the latter fact was also true with the credibility window used in Version 6.04A. ![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.444444444444445in" height="3.8333333333333335in"} Figure 1. Current and Proposed Credibility Windows ## Simulation Results The simulation results obtained with the proposed credibility window using the worst-case scenario and various accelerations are shown in the attached spreadsheet. Simulation results were also obtained for a less extreme scenario in which the aircraft is initially level, then accelerates to a vertical rate of 6,000 fpm. As for the testing of the airdata-tracker (see Change Proposal to the Airdata-Tracker Credibility Window for further details), the track maintenance performance of the 100-ft and 25-ft trackers were examined under three different conditions: (1) no bad altitude report, (2) one bad altitude report at the worst possible time, and (3) two successive bad altitude reports starting on a cycle randomly selected in an interval beginning 8 cycles (seconds) before the beginning of the acceleration and ending 8 cycles (seconds) after the end of the acceleration. (In these simulations, a bad altitude report was a report with a 5,000 ft error.) --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ---------- -- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- **Performance Results: Proposed 100 ft Tracker Credibility Window (I)** **Window **CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters** =** **CREDZDERR =** 30 **CREDACCDIV2 20 =** **1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma\ **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 2 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 4 0.25 5 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 5 0.25 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 0.25 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 99 99 7 0.25 10 100 no no 100 100 100 100 100 8 0.25 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 9 0.25 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 99 96 10 0.125 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 11 0.125 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 12 0.125 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 13 0.125 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 14 0.125 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 15 0.125 10 100 no yes 100 100 99 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -- -------------- -- -- ---------- -- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -------------- -- ----------- -- ------------ -- -- --- -- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- **Performance Results: Proposed 100 ft Tracker Credibility Window (II)** **Window **CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters** =** **CREDZDERR =** 30 **CREDACCDIV2 20 =** **2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma\ **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 2 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 4 0.25 5 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 7 0.25 10 100 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 9 0.25 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario **3. Initialization Scenario** **Test** **Test **Vertical Conditions** Rate (fpm)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma (ft)** **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **6,000** **7,000** **8,000** **9,000** **10,000** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 N/A 2 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 2 N/A 2 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 3 N/A 5 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 4 N/A 5 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 5 N/A 10 100 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 N/A 10 100 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ----------- -- ----------- -- -------------- -- ----------- -- ------------ -- -- --- -- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- **Performance Results: Proposed 25 ft Tracker Credibility Window (I)** **Window **CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters** =** **CREDZDERR =** 30 **CREDACCDIV2 20 =** **1. Worst-case Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from -6,000 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma\ **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 2 25 no no 100 100 100 100 100 2 0.25 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 3 0.25 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 4 0.25 5 25 no no 100 100 100 100 99 5 0.25 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 99 6 0.25 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 99 7 0.25 10 25 no no 100 100 100 93 87 8 0.25 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 93 87 9 0.25 10 25 no yes 100 100 97 94 92 10 0.125 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 11 0.125 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 12 0.125 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 13 0.125 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 N/A 14 0.125 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 15 0.125 10 25 no yes 100 100 99 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ ---- -------- -- ------------- -- ---------- -- --------- -- -------------- -- ---------- -- ---------- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- --- ------------- --- ----------- --- ----------- --- -------------- --- ----------- --- ------------ --- -- **Performance Results: Proposed 25 ft Tracker Credibility Window (II)** **Window **CREDINIT 200 (unchanged) Parameters** =** **CREDZDERR =** 30 **CREDACCDIV2 20 =** **2. Less Extreme Scenario (Vertical Rate Changed from 0 to 6,000 fpm)** **Test** **Test **Maximum Conditions** Acceleration (g)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma\ **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **0.25** **0.5** **0.75** **1.00** **1.25** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 0.25 2 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 2 0.25 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 3 0.25 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 97 N/A 4 0.25 5 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 5 0.25 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 6 0.25 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 97 N/A 7 0.25 10 25 no no 100 100 100 100 N/A 8 0.25 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 N/A 9 0.25 10 25 no yes 100 100 98 98 N/A Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario Note 2: N/A indicates that the specified maximum acceleration cannot be reached in the scenario **3. Initialization Scenario** **Test** **Test **Vertical Conditions** Rate (fpm)** **Case** **Jerk (g/s)** **Sigma\ **Quant. **1 Bad **2 Bad **6,000** **7,000** **8,000** **9,000** **10,000** (ft)** (ft)** Meas** Meas** 1 N/A 2 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 2 N/A 2 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 3 N/A 5 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 4 N/A 5 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 5 N/A 10 25 yes no 100 100 100 100 100 6 N/A 10 25 no yes 100 100 100 100 100 Note 1: The numbers in the last five columns are the percentages of tracks that were maintained throughout the scenario ---------------- -------------- --------------- ------------ -- ---- -------- --- ------------- --- ----------- --- ----------- --- -------------- --- ----------- --- ------------ --- --

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# Presentation: 313804 ## “Identification of Type Ia Supernovae at Redshift 1.3 and Beyond with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on HST” - Riess, Strolger, Tonry et al - astro-ph/0308185 ## SN GO Piggyback Program - subtraction within 6-18 hrs of GOODS repeat visit to identify candidates - Keck and Magellan spectroscopy for most candidates with f850lp < 24 mag - ACS (grism), NICMOS ToO follow-up if: - host galaxy photometric redshift > 1.2 - UV deficit at host redshift - 43 total Sne candidates reported in IAU Circulars - 15 Sne Ia identified via UV deficit ## SNe Types - Type I have no H2 Balmer lines near maximum - Ia show silicon line at 6150; white dwarf progenitor - scattering of UV off iron group metals => “UV deficit” - Ib: no Si, but He 5876 (CC stripped of H) - Ic: no Si or He (CC stripped of H and He) - Type II show emission and/or absorption at Balmer hydrogen energies near max - IIP plateau in intensity, magnitude varies widely - IIL decline in linear fashion, ~2.5 mag fainter than Ia - II-n have narrow features in spectrum - All but Ia are core collapse of massive stars - also have weak UV, - but less common - than II, and fainter ## Typical Light Curves(Filippenko, AARA 1997) ## Fig. 1: blue = SNII, green = SNII, red = SNIa - Si(6150) - Purity of Ia sample - identified with UV - deficit signature - is estimated at 90% - for z > 1 ## includes R=100 - grism ## obs = rest (1 + z) - obs = rest (1 + z) - for z=1, Balmer lines - have obs < 8000 angstroms ## Fig. 3: SN Ia 2002fw (z=1.3) observed in ACS grism (red curve) and SNIa 1981B with hi-res spectroscopy - CaII - SiII(4120) ## ACS Filters - f850lp - used for image reference and discovery exposures - survey limit ~25.8 mag - 8000 - 10000 A covers B band for z ~ 1 - f775w - used for follow-up of lower redshift objects - 7000 -8500 covers B band for z ~ 0.7 - f606w - narrow band at 6000 A - Colors are used to identify SN Ia for z > 1 - f775w-f850lp ( i - z) - f606w - f850lp (v - z) ## Fig. 2: Colors of Ia and II vs redshift ( from SEDs of Fig 1) and - observed colors of 15 confirmed Ia’s - f775w - f850lp - f660w - f850lp - UV deficit ID - spectroscopic conf ## 0.2 < z< 1 - 4 SNe spectroscopically confirmed on ground - 3 SNe confirmed with ACS grism - but f606w bandpass is redward of 330 nm at z<1, so do not sample UV region and cannot use colors for Ia type identification ## 1 < z < 1.5 - 5 candidates had colors and host photo-z’s consistent with Ia and inconsistent with II - ACS bandpasses sample UV region - 4 of 5 were spectroscopically confirmed ## z > 1.5 - 2 candidates with colors and photo-z’s consistent with Ia - f775w-f850lp between 2 and 2.5 mag - absent in f606w to detection limit; f606w-f850lp > 3.2 mag ## Conclusions of Paper - UV deficit is a useful tool to discriminate SNeI from Sne II at z > 1. - MC simulations indicate < 10% false ID; no details shown in this paper - Can also calculate likelihood of mis-ID for each candidate; not included in this paper - No colors shown for non-Ia SNe - To obtain light curves (needed to constrain epoch of observations, determine extinction via color excess, and to calibrate peak magnitude) requires near-IR observations with NICMOS.

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**Division / Branch Safety Officer** **Please make use of this efficient tool to ensure a smooth transition of your new employee into the Goddard workforce.** ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- **[General Information]{.underline}** **New Employee's Name**: **Start Date**: **Code**: **Location (Bldg. / Rm.)**: **Phone**: ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **[Within the First Three Weeks]{.underline}** ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Inform the employee of:** > GSFC Safety & Health Resources (Greenbelt -- Code 250 Safety & > Environmental Division, 6-7442; WFF -- Code 803 Wallops Safety Office, > x7-2518 or 757-824-2518) > > Directorate Safety Resources (AETD Safety Coordinator, x6-3816) > > Other available resources > > Emergency telephone number for Fire, Police and Ambulance (Greenbelt > -- 911 or x6-8080 from an office phone or 301-286-8080 from a mobile > phone to report on-site emergencies; WFF -- 757-824-1333 from a mobile > phone to report on-site emergencies) > > Location of the Health Unit (Greenbelt -- x6-6666; WFF -- x7-1266) > > Location and appropriate use of fire extinguishers, fire alarm box, > emergency showers, eyewash stations and personal protective > clothing/equipment, and the location of two means of emergency exit > from work site > > Hazard Communication Program (chemical hazards, container labeling, > Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), proper chemical storage, emergency > spill response, etc.) > > Reporting illness or work-incurred injury > > Medical Surveillance Program (if applicable); including any medical > monitoring requirements > > Personal Protective clothing, equipment and uniforms; workstation > ergonomics > > Available safety and security training > > General Office Safety (housekeeping, fire safety, slips/trips/fall > prevention, etc.) > > Applicable Safety Plans/Documents: Health and Safety Manual, Chemical > Hygiene Plan, Emergency Action Plan; including disaster and evacuation > procedures, Hazardous Waste Disposal, etc. > > Traffic Safety Policies and Procedures (speed limit, seat belt use, > parking, etc.)

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###### ![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.825in" height="1.2409722222222221in"} ###### ###### GEORGE WASHINGTON BIRTHPLACE NATIONAL MONUMENT PRESENTS ^When\ George\ Washington\ Was\ A\ Child^ ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.7472222222222222in"} **CURRICULUM MATERIALS** # ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="3.25in" height="2.1666666666666665in"} {#section-3 .unnumbered} # > ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="1.75in" > height="1.3131944444444446in"}**Before Your National Park Visit** > [page]{.underline} > > **Park Background** > > **Happy Birthday George Washington** 5 Read a story about the Father of Our Country and learn vocabulary words. > **Colonial Matching** 9 Discover colonial animals and animals today through a matching activity. > **Past and Present** 10 > > ![](media/image5.jpeg){width="1.375in" > height="1.1680555555555556in"}Use photos to find differences between > life in George Washington's time and your life today. **After Your National Park Visit** > **Wants and Needs Chart** 12 > > Chart how peoples' wants and needs in George Washington's time were > the same or different from our wants and needs today. **Natural Resources Activity** 13 Use drawing and other skills to learn more about the natural resources you saw > at the park. ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="1.1784722222222221in" height="1.75in"} ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="3.875in" height="2.488888888888889in"} **Happy Birthday, George Washington!** Imagine a cold day **in the past** in late February. It was more than 275 years ago. It was lambing season at the Popes Creek Plantation on the Northern Neck of Virginia. That's when the baby lambs were being born. It was 1732 and Mary and Augustine Washington were looking forward to the birth of their own baby. In a little house overlooking the water, Mary had a little boy on February 22. She named him George: George Washington. ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="1.83125in" height="2.75in"} George Washington grew up to do many great things to help our country get started. He led the army in the Revolutionary War. This war caused our country to be separate from England. George Washington became a national hero, somebody that people looked up to. He also became the first president of our country. He helped our country get started, just like fathers help children get a good start in life. That's why he's called the **Father of Our Country**. ![](media/image11.png){width="2.3375in" height="1.75in"}Before George Washington did all these great things, he was a child just like most other children of his time. We call the time in the past when George was a child the **colonial times**. The Popes Creek plantation where George was born later became a national park that we can all visit. When you come to the park, look for ways that life was different in the **past**. What do you think has **changed**? Popes Creek Plantation was like a small town, or a **community**. George Washington's ***family***, servants and slaves raised everything for their **basic needs** on the plantation. These were the things they needed to live, like food, clothing, and shelter. Gardens were important on the plantation because there were no grocery stores. Peas, carrots, beets, cabbages and squash were part of the garden when George Washington was a child. The people living on the plantation wanted to avoid **scarcity**![](media/image12.png){width="2.35in" height="1.761111111111111in"}, or not having enough. The Washingtons and their slaves grew tobacco on the Popes Creek Plantation. Most of their neighbors grew tobacco too. Virginia was a good place for colonists like the Washingtons to settle. There were lots of **natural resources** here, like good soil that would grow tobacco, waterways that could be used for **transportation**, and plants that could be used for food, medicine and even clothing. ![](media/image13.jpeg){width="1.5208333333333333in" height="2.0208333333333335in"} Tobacco could be used instead of **money**. Colonists could trade tobacco for things they wanted to buy. This is called **bartering**. The Washingtons **bartered** their tobacco for fine clothes, spices, glass, medicines and tools from England. Some of these were things they **needed** and some were things they **wanted**. What's the difference? ![](media/image14.jpeg){width="2.5in" height="1.65625in"}Are you looking forward to seeing animals when you visit the park? The colonial farm you'll see when you visit the park is almost like it was when George Washington was a child there in the **past**. Animals had a lot of space and a lot of people to take care of them, mostly slaves. In the **present**, there are only a few workers on factory farms and the animals are crowded. ![](media/image15.jpeg){width="1.7916666666666667in" height="1.2069444444444444in"} Just like when George Washington was a child, there are wild animals at the park today. You might see deer, squirrels, snakes, swans, rabbits, foxes, woodchucks, turtles, lizards, eagles, or raccoons. ![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.9458333333333333in" height="1.3027777777777778in"} ![](media/image18.jpeg){width="1.6388888888888888in" height="1.2277777777777779in"}You'll also see domestic, or farmed, animals. They are different from wild animals. Farmed animals depend on us to take care of them. They are much like your pet cats or dogs at home. They are smart, they recognize each other, and they can be happy or sad, contented or scared. They can't live in the wild. Instead they count on us to feed them and treat them well. ![](media/image19.jpeg){width="1.8333333333333333in" height="1.375in"}There were many more farmed animals on the plantation in the **past** when George Washington was a child. Pigs are very smart and curious. When George was a child, they roamed free. They found roots, nuts and other food to eat under the trees and around the plantation grounds. Sheep recognize their own babies, even in a large flock. They have feelings just like your dog or cat. Sheep are afraid of predators, happy to get attention, and get upset if they're separated from ones they know. ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="1.8430555555555554in" height="1.382638888888889in"} ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="2.375in" height="1.78125in"}Horses were George's favorite. His father had over 40 horses on this plantation. George was an excellent rider. Horses and boats were the best ways to travel when George was little. They were used for transportation. The Washingtons kept chickens too. Chickens are very gentle animals. They need to scratch in the grass outside to find food. In the **past**, colonists needed to eat animals and their milk and eggs for food. In the **present**, we have many other choices for our **basic needs**. Cows give milk that their babies need to survive. When George was a child, all cows had horns. Now people cut cows' horns off, even though it hurts. The older boy cattle are oxen: they're very strong. When George was a child, farmers used oxen to pull carts. ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="1.8611111111111112in" height="2.7916666666666665in"}The colonists made many of the things they needed, such as tools. A blacksmith made iron tools such as hooks, nails, spoons, and screwdrivers on a forge, which is like a giant fireplace. The Washingtons' slaves cooked the **family's** food over a wood fire. The kitchen was in a separate building from the house, in case it caught on fire. ![](media/image25.jpeg){width="2.4034722222222222in" height="3.6597222222222223in"} There are many stories about George Washington as a child. The story of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree probably did not happen. It probably is ***make believe***. However, other stories are . What is the difference between ***make*** ***believe*** and ***real*** stories? Do you like it when people remember your birthday? We remember the birthdays of people that are important to us: our friends, our families, and our heroes. In the **present**, we remember George Washington's birthday each year because he was so important to our country. ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="2.225in" height="1.66875in"}George Washington Birthplace National Memorial is a national park. It protects the place where George Washington was born and spent his younger years. The park protects plants and animals like the ones George knew when he was here. The park helps us think of George Washington. His story is part of our country's **history**, or **past**. You can celebrate the birthday of **The Father of Our Country** any day just by visiting the park. ![](media/image27.jpeg){width="1.9166666666666667in" height="1.4381944444444446in"}**Colonial Matching\ **Match what the animal does to what it means (see example): Wiggling tail Tired Running away Curious Sleeping Cold Eating Happy Shivering Hurt Limping Hungry Coming over to gate Afraid ![](media/image28.jpeg){width="1.2083333333333333in" height="0.90625in"} [Match the names for boy and girl animals to the type of animal (see example):]{.underline} ![](media/image29.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Girl: hen Boy: rooster Girl: cow ![](media/image30.jpeg){width="0.8652777777777778in" height="1.0in"}Boy: ox or bull Girl: filly or mare Boy: colt or stallion ![](media/image31.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Girl: ewe Boy: ram Girl: sow ![](media/image32.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"}Boy: boar Girl: goose Boy: gander ![](media/image33.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="0.9375in"} **Past and Present** Some pictures here show life in the past when George Washington was a child. Others show life now in the present. Write **Past** or **Present** under each picture. (Hint: A few could be **Both**.) **[Transportation]{.underline}** Car Boat Horse Plane ![](media/image34.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.375in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Where to get things you Want or Need]{.underline}** Store Make it yourself Internet Shipped from England ![](media/image38.jpeg){width="1.625in" height="1.21875in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Clothing]{.underline}** Wool -- the only warm choice Synthetic fleece -- one of many warm choices ![](media/image42.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.03125in"} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Cooking]{.underline}** Hauling water Stove Fire Microwave ![](media/image45.jpeg){width="1.375in" height="1.132638888888889in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Farming]{.underline}** Free roaming animals Factory farms Tractors Oxen ![](media/image49.jpeg){width="1.625in" height="1.2194444444444446in"} \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Getting Food]{.underline}** Grow your own Store Refrigerator ![](media/image53.jpeg){width="1.25in" height="1.25in"} > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ![](media/image57.jpeg){width="0.9666666666666667in" height="1.45in"}**After Your Visit to the National Park** **Wants and Needs Chart** Think about how your wants and needs are different from people in George Washington's time. **[Wants]{.underline}** List people's [wants]{.underline} in George Washington's time that were [the same]{.underline} as your wants today. Then list their [wants]{.underline} that were [different]{.underline} than yours today. ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- **[The Same]{.underline}** **[Different]{.underline}** ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- **[Needs]{.underline}** List people's [needs]{.underline} in George Washington's time that were [the same]{.underline} as your needs today. Then list their [needs]{.underline} that were [different]{.underline} than yours today. ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- **[The Same]{.underline}** **[Different]{.underline}** ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ![](media/image58.jpeg){width="1.2097222222222221in" height="1.775in"} ![](media/image60.jpeg){width="2.375in" height="1.6333333333333333in"} **Natural Resources Activity** Draw the faces of animals you saw at the park. Which one is your favorite? When George Washington was a child, the farmed animals were named. In the national park, the farmed animals have names today. List the names you would give the farmed animals that live in the park today. -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- **Horses** **Cattle** **Hogs** **Sheep** **Chickens** -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ![](media/image61.jpeg){width="1.2916666666666667in" height="0.9694444444444444in"} ![](media/image65.jpeg){width="1.5416666666666667in" height="0.8076388888888889in"} People used plants for many needs and wants when George Washington was a child. Match the plant with what it was used for. See example. Indigo Money Flax Cloth (linen) Vegetables and fruit trees Dye for cloth Herbs from the garden Food ![](media/image66.jpeg){width="1.5in" height="1.125in"} Tobacco Spices Could we still use plant for any of these uses? Which ones?

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Butler, Jennie C **From:** Grassie, Linda A **Sent:** Tuesday, October 09, 2001 3:24 PM **To:** Butler, Jennie C **Subject:** FW: Request for Time to Testify at Oct. 30 FDA Public Hearing on BSE Feed Rule Jennie--- This is my first request. I'll fax it to you as soon as I receive it. Linda \-\-\-\--Original Message\-\-\-\-- From: Randall Gordon <%5Bmailto:rgordon@ngfa.org%5D> Sent: Tuesday, October 09, 2001 2:48 PM To: <lgrassie@cvm.fda.gov> Subject: Request for Time to Testify at Oct. 30 FDA Public Hearing on BSE Feed Rule Linda, Attached is our written request, which also is being faxed to you. Thank you! Sincerely, Randy Gordon Vice President, Communications and Government Relations National Grain and Feed Association 1250 Eye St., N.W., Ste. 1003 Washington, D.C., 20005 Phone: (202) 289-0873 Fax: (202) 289-5388 E-Mail: <rgordon@ngfa.org> Web Site: [www.ngfa.org](http://www.ngfa.org/) ![](media/image1.wmf){width="1.1458333333333333in" height="0.6458333333333334in"}![](media/image2.wmf){width="1.1458333333333333in" height="0.6458333333333334in"}

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;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- FUNCTION fg_noise, im, DIAMETER=diameter, LAMBDA=lambda, PLATE_SCALE=plate_scale, $ FILTIM=filtim, $ QUIET=quiet ;+ ; NAME: ; FG_noise ; ; PURPOSE: ; Estimate the photometric noise of a BFI or NFI filtergram. ; ; CATEGORY: ; Image processing ; ; SAMPLE CALLING SEQUENCE: ; noise = fg_noise(image) ; noise = fg_noise(image, FILTIM=fim) where fim = image*0, e.g. ; ; INPUTS: ; IM - A 2-D image. ; ; OUTPUTS: ; NOISEPOWER - The spectral noise power measured in the Fourier domain outside of the ; Nyquist frequency of the theoretically perfect circular aperture of ; diameter DIAM at wavelength LAMBDA. ; ; OPTIONAL INPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS: ; DIAMETER - The diameter of the telescope aperture. Assumed circular; no allowance ; for spider arms. Units of meters. ; LAMDA - The wavelength of the filtergram. Units of meters. ; ; PLATE_SCALE- The plate scale of the filtergram in arcseconds per pixel. ; ; Default values for all of the above are supplied as SOT/BFI G-band values. ; ; OPTIONAL OUTPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS: ; FILTIM - Set this keyword to a defined image variable to have a Fourier filtered ; image returned. The image is filtered by a sharp-edged circular mask at ; the Nyquist frequency of the theoretically perfect circular aperture of ; diameter DIAM at wavelength LAMBDA. ; ; COMMON BLOCKS: none. ; ; RESTRICTIONS: ; ; ; PROCEDURE: ; The routine returns the spectral noise power, the square root of the average ; power spectral density outside the theoretical telescope Nyquist limit. ; ; MODIFICATION HISTORY: ;v0.1 Written by T. Berger, 2-Feb-07, LMSAL ;- ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; ;Process keywords: if KEYWORD_SET(diameter) then diam = diameter else diam = 0.50 ;default SOT 50-cm diameter telescope if KEYWORD_SET(lambda) then lam = lambda else lam = 430.5e-09 ;default G-band if KEYWORD_SET(plate_scale) then ps = plate_scale else ps = 0.054 ;default SOT BFI, arcseconds/pixel if KEYWORD_SET(quiet) then loud = 0 else loud = 1 if KEYWORD_SET(filtim) then fil = 1 else fil = 0 ;Image size sz = SIZE(im) xn = sz[1] yn = sz[2] ;Apodize image. Insert in square array if needed for symmetric ;frequency sampling. Use Hamming function since it doesn't go to 0 at the edges. if xn ne yn then begin if loud then PRINT,'Non-square image: embed image in square array to get equal frequency sampling...' if xn gt yn then begin nn = xn imn = FLTARR(xn,xn) imn[0,(nn-yn)/2]= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54)*im end else begin nn = yn imn = FLTARR(yn,yn) imn[(nn-xn)/2,0]= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54)*im end end else begin nn = xn imn = HANNING(nn,nn,alpha=0.54)*im end if loud then PRINT,'Image size: ',STRTRIM(nn,2),'x',STRTRIM(nn,2),' pixels' ;Spatial and frequency sampling: deltax = ps*725 ;km deltak = 1./(nn*deltax) ;km-1 if loud then PRINT,'Spatial sampling (pixel scale) = ',STRTRIM(deltax,2),' km' if loud then PRINT,'Frequency sampling in Fourier space = ',STRTRIM(deltak,2),' km-1' ;Nyquist frequency of telescope/optics nyqt = diam/lam ;Nyquist frequency of Telescope, radians^{-1} nyqk = nyqt*!DTOR/3600/725 ;1/deltax km^{-1} on Sun nyqk = nyqk/2 ;Nyquist = 1/(2*deltax) nyqk = nyqk/deltak ;pixels in Fourier transform image if loud then PRINT,'Nyquist frequency of the imaging system = ',STRTRIM(nyqk*deltak,2),' km-1' if loud then PRINT,'Nyquist frequency of the imaging system = ',STRTRIM(nyqk,2),' pixels in FFT image' ;Transform and compute power spectrum: f = FFT(imn,-1) p = ABS(f)^2. p = p[0:nn/2-1,0:nn/2-1] ;extract unique quadrant if loud then begin WINDOW,xs=nn/2,ys=nn/2 TVSCL,ALOG(p) TVCIRCLE,nyqk,0,0 XYOUTS,nyqk*COS(45*!DTOR)+2,nyqk*SIN(45*!DTOR)+2,'Nyquist limit of optical system',/DEVICE,chars=2 end ;Mask out the area inside the optical Nyquist circle and measure the ;noise power: mask = 1 - aperture(2*nyqk,2*nyqk,nn/2,nn/2) xcoord = INDGEN(nn/2)#REPLICATE(1,nn/2) ycoord = TRANSPOSE(xcoord) mask = mask AND (xcoord GT nn/12) AND (ycoord GT nn/12) noisepower = TOTAL(mask*p)/TOTAL(mask) ;average level in masked area. noisepower = SQRT(noisepower) ;IDL divides by NN in the FFT so no need here. if loud then PRINT,'Noise power = ',STRTRIM(noisepower,2) ;Return filtered image if requested: if fil then begin ;return noise filtered image nq2 = 2*nyqk mask = aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=0,yc=nn-1) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=nn-1,yc=nn-1) mask = mask OR aperture(nq2,nq2,nn,nn,xc=nn-1,yc=0) filtim = ABS(FFT(mask*f,1)) if xn gt yn then filtim = filtim[*,(nn-yn)/2:(nn+yn)/2-1] if yn gt xn then filtim = filtim[(nn-xn)/2:(nn+xn)/2-1,*] filtim /= HANNING(xn,yn,alpha=0.54) end RETURN,noisepower END

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******************************************* * * * W E L C O M E to R O O T * * * * Version 5.14/00h 8 September 2007 * * * * You are welcome to visit our Web site * * http://root.cern.ch * * * ******************************************* Compiled on 8 September 2007 for linux with thread support. CINT/ROOT C/C++ Interpreter version 5.16.16, November 24, 2006 Type ? for help. Commands must be C++ statements. Enclose multiple statements between { }. ******** Welcome to the muon performance package. ******** Documentation may be found at https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Atlas/MuPerf Note: muhist_help() - lists macros available for analysis of histograms Functions: muhelp() - This message. mutree() - Returns a pointer to the muperf tree (ntuple). mures(draw, var, nbin, xlim, opt) - displays var resolution or pull mures2(draw, varx, vary, nbinx, xmin, xmax, ylim, flim, opt) - displays vary resolution or pull as a function of varx Classes: MuDraw - Plots and fits distributions and ratios thereof MuPublish - Publish plots and HTML descriptions Objects: cut_mc_not_htau - Select truth not hadron or tau: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_not_htau) cut_mc_b - Select truth from b: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_b) cut_mc_tau - Select truth from tau: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_tau) cut_w - Select truth from W: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_w) cut_mc_z - Select truth from Z: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_z) cut_mc_t - Select truth from top: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_t) cut_mc_tdirect - Select truth direct from top: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_tdirect) cut_mc_z - Select truth from Z: muperf.set_cut(cut_mc_z) musim - Plots simulated variables: musim.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mufound - Plots found variables: mufound.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mufound_combined - Plots found variables for combined tracks: mufound_combined.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mugood - Plots good variables: mugood.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mubad - Plots misreconstructed variables: mubad.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mulost - Plots lost variables: mulost.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) muperf - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperf.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) mudata - Plots reconstructed variables: mudata.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mufake - Plots reconstructed fakes: mufake.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mureco - Plots reconstructed, found and fake: mureco.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) mureco_combined - Plots reco, found and fake for combined tracks: mureco_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) muhits - Plots hit counts: muhits.draw("#SUM#", 50, 0, 50.) dimudata - Plots reconstructed variables: dimudata.draw("fmass", 100, 200000.) ssdimudata - Plots reconstructed variables: ssdimudata.draw("fmass", 100, 200000.) dimufound - Plots found variables: dimufound.draw("rmass", 100, 200000.) mufake - Plots reconstructed fakes: dimufake.draw("feta", 60, 6.0) ancfill - Filler for PDG ancestry: muperf.draw(&ancfill, 16, 0, 16) algfill - Filler for algorithm pattern: mureco.draw(&algfill, 7, 0, 7) muperfstd - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperfstd.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecostd - Plots reconstructed, found and fake: murecostd.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) musimstd - Plots simulated variables: musimstd.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecostd_combined - Plots reco, selected, notsel and fake for combined tracks: murecosel_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) muperfsel - Plots simulated, found, good and lost: muperfsel.draw("reta", 60, 3.0) murecosel - Plots reco, selected, not selected and fake: murecosel.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) murecosel_combined - Plots reco, selected, notsel and fake for combined tracks: murecosel_combined.draw("feta", 60, 3.0) Good muon evaluation distance is 4.5 Good dimuon evaluation distance is 10 Processing cscnote_plot.C... Dataset: t1 Selection: truth Reference name: indirect CSCPLOT: csc_lowpt_muid Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucon_staco_combined_selk001/muperf_tree.root Setting ATLAS style Hello from muid Dataset t1 Processing selection: mucon_muid_combined_selk001 Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucon_muid_combined_selk001/muperf_tree.root Appying truth cut: abs(reta)<2.5 Drawing... Redrawing... Adding line... Saving... mucon_muid_combined_selk001 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/mucon_muid_combined_selk001.eps bothhist0 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist0.eps TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 Processing selection: mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001 Input tree file: /usatlas/groups/tracking/www/tuples/12.0.6.1/trig1_misal1_mc12.005200.T1_McAtNlo_Jimmy.recon.AOD.v12000601/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001/muperf_tree.root Appying truth cut: abs(reta)<2.5 Drawing... Redrawing... Adding line... Saving... mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/mucmb_mugirl_kine_selk001.eps bothhist1 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/bothhist1.eps TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 Drawing hist 1 0xa3296d8 TH1.Print Name = bothhist1, Entries= 115286, Total sum= 20.3766 hist1 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/hist1.eps Drawing hist 0 0xacc6960 TH1.Print Name = bothhist0, Entries= 99215, Total sum= 18.6132 hist0 Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/hist0.eps Drawing both Saving both Printing ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/both.gif Printed ../plots/gif/csc_lowpt_muid/both.gif Printed ../plots/eps/csc_lowpt_muid/both.eps (int)0

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