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converted_docs | 076244 | # Presidential Scholars Program Semifinalists
# April 2007
##
> **Semifinalists are grouped by their legal place of residence.**
\[ \* \] An asterisk indicates a Presidential Scholar in the Arts
Semifinalist.
## Alabama
AL - Birmingham - Emily M. Haines, Oak Mountain High School
AL - Birmingham - Victoria E. Kraft, Mountain Brook High School
AL - Birmingham - Morgan L. Rote, Vestavia Hills High School
AL - Birmingham - Raymond B. Smith, Jefferson County International
Baccalaureate School
AL - Birmingham - Nathaniel T. Stockham, Indian Springs School
AL - Florence - Kelsey L. Sherrod, Mars Hill Bible School
AL - Hampton Cove - Jennifer M. Clegg, Huntsville High School
AL - Montgomery - Lova L. Sun, Loveless Academic Magnet Program High
School
AL - Orange Beach - Sean W. Sessel, Bayside Academy
**[Alaska]{.underline}**
AK - Anchorage - Duncan M. Ariey, West Anchorage High School
AK - Anchorage - Matthew A. Crimp, Steller Secondary School
AK - Anchorage - Joseph A. Falcone, South Anchorage High School
AK - Anchorage - Amelia M. Josephson, West Anchorage High School
AK - Anchorage - Megan R. Rawson, East Anchorage High School
AK - Anchorage - Hillary A. Walker, East Anchorage High School
**[Americans Abroad]{.underline}**
AE - APO - Gregory F. Billington, Lakenheath High School
AE - APO - Kyle M. McCloskey, Lakenheath High School
AP - FPO - Paula M. Armstrong, International School Manila
AP - FPO - Emanne F. Desjardins, British International School - Jakarta
AP - FPO - Susannah R. Kroeber, International School of Beijing
Taiwan - Chu-Tung, Hsin Chu - Cindy Y. Teng, Phillips Exeter Academy
**[Arizona]{.underline}**
AZ - Chandler - Veronica J. Shi, Corona del Sol High School
AZ - Gilbert - Lu Wang, Mesquite High School
AZ - Paradise Valley - Rudolph J. Wong, Chaparral High School
AZ - Phoenix - **\[ \* \]** Kimiko E. Glenn, Interlochen Arts Academy
AZ - Phoenix - Mark Y. Jeng, Desert Vista High School
AZ - Sedona - Maxwell G. Weaver, Sedona Red Rock High School
AZ - Tucson - Alissa M. D\'Gama, Catalina Foothills High School
**[Arkansas]{.underline}**
AR - Cabot - Sondra K. Grinnis, Cabot High School
AR - Conway - Lana M. Hazel, Conway High School West
AR - Fayetteville - Kaia M. Mattioli, Fayetteville High School East
Campus
AR - Little Rock - Michael A. Heald, Pulaski Academy
AR - Little Rock - Craig V. Labbate, Central High School
AR - Little Rock - Stuart F. Shirrell, Central High School
**[California]{.underline}**
CA - Calabasas - Michael B. Liu, Calabasas High School
CA - Cerritos - Lynn C. Wang, Whitney High School
CA - Chino Hills - Charles H. Li, Troy High School
CA - Cupertino - Cosmo Y. Jiang, Cupertino High School
CA - Escondido - Scott M. Davidson, San Pasqual High School
CA - Glendale - **\[ \* \]** Julia H. Metzler, North East Juvenile
Justice Center ISS
CA - Irvine - Lulu Wang, University High School
CA - Irvine - Wesley Y. Yu, University High School
CA - La Canada - John S. Kim, La Canada High School
CA - Los Altos - Scott A. Levin-Gesundheit, Los Altos High School
CA - Menlo Park - John R. Eaton, Menlo Atherton High School
CA - Newport Beach - Samantha P. Wai, Santa Catalina School
CA - Palo Alto - Saranya A. Sethuraman, Henry M. Gunn High School
CA - Palo Alto - Caterina Yuan, Palo Alto Senior High School
CA - Rancho Mirage - Kelsy E. Greenwald, Palm Springs High School
CA - Rancho Palos Verdes - Geoffrey H. Woo, Palos Verdes Peninsula High
School
CA - Red Bluff - **\[ \* \]** Margaret M. Glaspy, Mercy High School
CA - Rio Vista - Janelle L. Tiulentino, Rio Vista High School
CA - Rowland Heights - Alan C. Lu, John A. Rowland High School
CA - San Diego - Henry P. Tung, Torrey Pines High School
CA - San Marino - Eleanor H. Kim, Harvard-Westlake School
CA - Valencia - Andrew C. Degiorgio, Valencia High School
CA - Valencia - Elizabeth Tang, William S. Hart Union High School
CA - West Covina - Michael Y. Koyfman, John A. Rowland High School
**[Colorado]{.underline}**
CO - Berthoud - Anita M. Lowe, Berthoud High School
CO - Boulder - Daniel J. Howard, Fairview High School
CO - Colorado Springs - Steven J. Clinton, Cheyenne Mountain High School
CO - Colorado Springs - Alexander D. Lofthus, Cheyenne Mountain High
School
CO - Colorado Springs - Jo Jo A. Nemec, William J. Palmer High School
CO - Colorado Springs - Diana Y. Qiu, William J. Palmer High School
CO - Colorado Springs - Erik J. Snider, Cheyenne Mountain High School
CO - Denver - Kara M. Miller, Denver School of the Arts
CO - Englewood - Rebecca M. Russ, Cherry Creek High School
CO - Englewood - Alicia G. Solow-Niederman, Cherry Creek High School
CO - Fort Collins - Austin R. Quan, Rocky Mountain High School
CO - Fort Collins - Qiancheng Sun, Poudre High School
**[Connecticut]{.underline}**
CT - Avon - Jeffrey S. Rosen, Choate Rosemary Hall
CT - Darien - David H. Joosten, Darien High School
CT - Darien - Jacqueline L. Nesi, Convent of the Sacred Heart
CT - Greenwich - Jennifer D. King, Greenwich Academy
CT - Pomfret Center - Zebulon G. Levine, Woodstock Academy
CT - Ridgefield - Sophie Cai, Ridgefield High School
CT - Stamford - Kunal G. Nayyar, Rye Country Day School Upper School
**[Delaware]{.underline}**
DE - Bear - Tiffany E. Wen, Newark High School
DE - Hockessin - Rachel A. Burns, Charter School of Wilmington
DE - Hockessin - Neil S. Nayak, Charter School of Wilmington
DE - Newark - Aditya P. Shivprasad, Charter School of Wilmington
DE - Wilmington - David B. Kettler, Tower Hill School
DE - Wilmington - Grier W. Tumas, Tower Hill School
**[District of Columbia]{.underline}**
DC - Washington - Caroline R. Bartman, National Cathedral School
DC - Washington - Elizabeth Z. Borges, Maret School
DC - Washington - **\[ \* \]** Amanda A. Fernandez, Duke Ellington
School of the Arts
DC - Washington - Susan M. Glass,
DC - Washington - Arjun V. Landes, Sidwell Friends School
DC - Washington - Julia A. Lemle, Sidwell Friends School
DC - Washington - Edward T. Parker, Sidwell Friends School
**[Florida]{.underline}**
FL - Coral Gables - Bret A. Voith, Gulliver Preparatory School
FL - Hollywood - Jeffrey E. Glass, Pine Crest School
FL - Lake Worth - **\[ \* \]** Lizette Avineri, Dreyfoos School of the
Arts
FL - Lakeland - Ye Yao, Bartow High School International Baccalaureate
Program
FL - Lantana - **\[ \* \]** Rebecca Mock, Dreyfoos School of the Arts
FL - Miami - **\[ \* \]** Bianca Brewton, New World School of the Arts
FL - Miami - **\[ \* \]** Milton Perez, New World School of the Arts
FL - Miami Beach - Rebecca Y. Linfield, Solomon Schechter Day School
FL - Naples - Elizabeth P. Galbut, Community School of Naples
FL - Palm Bay - Rachel R. Love, Palm Bay High School
FL - Royal Palm Beach - Jay T. Pantone, Suncoast Community High School
FL - Tallahassee - Catherine M. Cottle, Lawton Chiles High School
FL - Tampa - Victoria E. Alden, Hillsborough Senior High School
FL - Tampa - Helen M. Johnson, Saint Mary\'s School
FL - Tampa - Robert M. Parrish, Chamberlain High School
FL - Tampa - Marguerite A. Timmel, Berkeley Preparatory School
FL - Tampa - Charles M. Zhu, C. Leon King High School
FL - Valrico - Chelsae R. Johansen, Bloomingdale Senior High School
FL - Winter Springs - Jeremy L. Hsu, Winter Springs High School
**[Georgia]{.underline}**
GA - Alpharetta - Kurt A. Tomlinson, Milton High School
GA - Atlanta - Sue Ann A. Adams, The Westminster Schools
GA - Cumming - Kristin N. Corbett, Lakeview Academy
GA - Duluth - Vibin A. Kundukulam, Northview High School
GA - Duluth - Steven Y. Lau, Duluth High School
GA - Lilburn - Tiffany Han, George Walton High School
GA - Lilburn - Stephanie Z. Wang, Parkview High School
GA - Marietta - Mary C. Delvin, Wheeler High School
GA - Marietta - Harris R. Eppsteiner, Woodward Academy
GA - Marietta - Phillip C. Mote, Lassiter High School
GA - Peachtree City - Jessica M. Everage, McIntosh High School
GA - Peachtree City - Craig M. Western, McIntosh High School
GA - Richmond Hill - Alexander D. Squires, Richmond Hill High School
GA - Roswell - Maia R. Bageant, Roswell High School
GA - Snellville - Calley A. Mersmann, South Gwinnett High School
GA - Sugar Hill - Christine S. An, North Gwinnett High School
**[Hawaii]{.underline}**
HI - Honolulu - Scott L. Hong, Punahou School
HI - Honolulu - Jennifer I. Lai, Punahou School
HI - Honolulu - Kellie S. Young, Iolani School
HI - Kailua - Kai A. Morrell, Punahou School
HI - Kamuela - Keone Hon, Phillips Exeter Academy
HI - Kula - Benjamin B. Massenburg, King Kekaulike High School
**[Idaho]{.underline}**
ID - Boise - Kyle R. Antonini, Boise High School
ID - Boise - Stephanie L. Barnes, Centennial High School
ID - Boise - Leslie J. Gains-Germain, Timberline High School
ID - Boise - Sara K. Jaszkowski, Bishop Kelly High School
ID - Idaho Falls - Marie K. Herring, Skyline High School
ID - Rigby - Sean C. Bishop, Rigby High School
ID - Rigby - Matthew E. Wood, Rigby High School
**[Illinois]{.underline}**
IL - Barrington - Emily M. Laning, Barrington Community High School
IL - Belleville - **\[ \* \]** Derrick C. Cooper, Belleville Township
High School West
IL - Belleville - Joseph D. Thurman, Belleville High School East
IL - Chicago - Katharine E. Lauderdale, The University of Chicago
Laboratory High School
IL - Chicago - **\[ \* \]** Jason Lee, Northside College Preparatory
High School
IL - Chicago - **\[ \* \]** Dylan Rabe, Whitney M. Young Magnet High
School
IL - Downers Grove - Bradley T. Spahn, The University of Chicago
Laboratory High School
IL - Freeport - Trifone F. Whitmer, Freeport Senior High School
IL - Glen Carbon - Alex W. Miller, John Burroughs School
IL - Highland Park - **\[ \* \]** Ilana B. Goldberg, Highland Park High
School
IL - Highland Park - **\[ \* \]** Phoebe C. Rusch, Interlochen Arts
Academy
IL - Lake Forest - Alexander H. Krey, Thacher School
IL - Libertyville - Karen R. Li, Libertyville High School
IL - Makanda - Tess M. Hellgren, Carbondale Community High School
IL - Naperville - Sean A. Mirski, Illinois Mathematics and Science
Academy
IL - Naperville - Mahesh K. Vidula, Illinois Mathematics and Science
Academy
IL - New Lenox - Kelsey B. Freeh, Lincoln-Way Community High School
IL - Oak Park - Brooks E. Smith, Fenwick High School
IL - Palatine - Isabella M. Janusz, Palatine High School
IL - Palatine - Caroline M. VanAcker, William Fremd High School
IL - Wheaton - Emily A. Disbrow, Wheaton-Warrenville South High School
IL - Wilmette - John D. Wiltshire-Gordon, New Trier Township High School
IL - Winnetka - Rebecca A. Johnson, New Trier Township High School
**[Indiana]{.underline}**
IN - Batesville - Robert D. Waaser, Batesville High School
IN - Carmel - Andrew J. McGauley, Carmel High School
IN - Carmel - Ravi S. Parikh, Park Tudor School
IN - Carmel - Alexander N. Scherer, Park Tudor School
IN - Fort Wayne - Harikiran Vasu, Homestead High School
IN - Granger - Miel Sundararajan, Penn High School
IN - Indianapolis - Anna E. Boch, North Central High School
IN - Indianapolis - Kathryn J. Crabb, Park Tudor School
IN - Lowell - Jennifer M. Sharkey, Lowell Senior High School
IN - Mishawaka - Lenhard W. Winterrowd, Mishawaka High School
IN - New Albany - **\[ \* \]** Sara King, New Albany High School
IN - Rushville - Rebecca A. Sorber, Rushville Senior High School
IN - West Lafayette - Emma C. McClure, West Lafayette Junior/Senior High
School
**[Iowa]{.underline}**
IA - Cedar Rapids - Rebecca L. Dennis, George Washington High School
IA - Clinton - Luke T. Roling, Prince of Peace College Preparatory
IA - Council Bluffs - Oseremen E. Okoruwa, Creighton Preparatory School
IA - Des Moines - Moriah K. Lutz-Tveite, Des Moines Christian School
IA - Dubuque - Jennifer L. Hemesath, Hempstead High School
IA - Dubuque - Matthew W. Zmudka, Hempstead High School
**[Kansas]{.underline}**
KS - Leawood - Natalie M. Como, Blue Valley North High School
KS - Olathe - Edward J. Fensholt, Olathe North High School
KS - Olathe - Connie W. Hu, Olathe South High School
KS - Pittsburg - Atanu K. Paul, Pittsburg High School
KS - Prairie Village - Aishlinn N. O\'Connor, Shawnee Mission East High
School
KS - Shawnee - Spencer A. Hill, Shawnee Mission Northwest High School
**[Kentucky]{.underline}**
KY - Bardstown - David T. Tao, The McCallie School
KY - Edgewood - Kasey J. Leach, Dixie Heights High School
KY - Fort Thomas - Alan L. Hutchison, Highlands High School
KY - Goshen - Alexandra E. Sack, Assumption High School
KY - Hazard - Srinidhi S. Reddy, Hazard High School
KY - Louisville - Yi Cai, duPont Manual Magnet High School
KY - Owensboro - Jacob J. Machin, Daviess County High School
KY - Paducah - Andrew L. Robison, Lone Oak High School
**[Louisiana]{.underline}**
LA - Baton Rouge - Leixin R. Zhao, Baton Rouge Magnet High School
LA - Covington - Edward M. Dussom, The Saint Paul\'s School
LA - New Orleans - Caroline R. Albert, Benjamin Franklin Senior High
School
LA - New Orleans - Patricia Tsai, Benjamin Franklin Senior High School
LA - Shreveport - Claire A. Naus, Loyola College Preparatory
LA - Slidell - Aimee L. Alphonso, St. Mary\'s Dominican High School
LA - Slidell - Antony J. Thomas, Jesuit High School
LA - West Monroe - Caleb Y. Brasher, Ouachita Christian School
**[Maine]{.underline}**
ME - Arundel - Lindsey A. Beckett, Berwick Academy
ME - Cumberland - Louisa H. Smith, Waynflete School
ME - Gorham - Benjamin D. Farrar, Gorham High School
ME - Sabattus - Luther F. Schalk, North Atlantic Regional High School
ME - Topsham - David K. Witmer, Maine School of Science & Mathematics
ME - Westbrook - Zachary X. Jobin, Westbrook High School
**[Maryland]{.underline}**
MD - Baltimore - Molly E. Moses, Friends School
MD - Baltimore - Andrew A. Parchman, The Culver Academies
MD - Bethesda - **\[ \* \]** Tudor Maican, Winston Churchill High School
MD - Catonsville - **\[ \* \]** Lily Herman, Carver Center for Arts and
Technology
MD - Chevy Chase - Sara E. Edwards, Maret School
MD - Chevy Chase - Beatrice S. Parker, Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School
MD - Ellicott City - **\[ \* \]** Christopher G. Bowman, River Hill High
School
MD - Gaithersburg - Andrew T. Durnford, Montgomery Blair High School
MD - Montgomery Village - **\[ \* \]** Thomas F. Ford, Gaithersburg
Senior High School
MD - Owings Mills - **\[ \* \]** Vera A. Fomenkov, Carver Center for
Arts and Technology
MD - Owings Mills - **\[ \* \]** Ben Gansky, Carver Center for Arts and
Technology
MD - Owings Mills - **\[ \* \]** Justin A. Sklar, Carver Center for Arts
and Technology
MD - Pikesville - Lily R. Berger, Beth Tfiloh Community High School
MD - Potomac - Kathleen J. Jee, Montgomery Blair High School
MD - Potomac - Allen Yang, Winston Churchill High School
MD - Reisterstown - **\[ \* \]** Paige M. Mazurek, Franklin Senior High
School
MD - Rockville - Andrew L. Chang, Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School
MD - Rockville - Mindy B. Lin, Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School
MD - Silver Spring - Benjamin L. Howard, Springbrook High School
MD - Silver Spring - Eric H. Su, Montgomery Blair High School
MD - Towson - **\[ \* \]** Scott Giblin, Carver Center for Arts and
Technology
**[Massachusetts]{.underline}**
MA - Andover - Courtney A. Fiske, Phillips Academy
MA - Andover - Yunsoo A. Kim, Phillips Academy
MA - Andover - Vivek R. Sant, Andover High School
MA - Andover - Jiyuan J. Zhu, Phillips Academy
MA - Belmont - Charles C. Bridge, The Roxbury Latin School
MA - Belmont - Chi-Joan How, Belmont High School
MA - Belmont - Rebekah A. Meyer, Belmont High School
MA - Dover - Stephen W. Landy, Dover-Sherborn Regional High School
MA - Lexington - **\[ \* \]** Yuga J. Cohler, Lexington High School
MA - Melrose - Marissa A. Babin, Melrose High School
MA - North Attleboro - Bridget M. Endler, Bishop Feehan High School
MA - Rehoboth - James M. Oakley, Dighton-Rehoboth Regional High School
MA - Shrewsbury - Colin B. Murphy, Shrewsbury High School
MA - Shrewsbury - Kevin P. Prior, Saint John\'s High School
MA - Southborough - Janice J. He, Groton School
MA - Sudbury - Alex T. Vai, Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School
MA - Wellesley - Mari K. Oye, Wellesley High School
**[Michigan]{.underline}**
MI - Ann Arbor - **\[ \* \]** Benjamin R. Beilman, Community High School
MI - Ann Arbor - William F. Buckingham, Community High School
MI - Brighton - David W. Montague, Brighton High School
MI - Canton - Zhe Xiang, Plymouth-Canton High School
MI - Jasper - Samuel C. Guffey, Sand Creek High School
MI - Livonia - **\[ \* \]** Kristofer P. Wellman, Winston Churchill High
School
MI - Macomb Township - Nicholas J. Sapiano, Dwight D. Eisenhower High
School
MI - Midland - Emily C. Shao, Herbert Henry Dow High School
MI - Novi - Liting Chen, Novi High School
MI - Parma - David B. Chapel, Western High School
MI - Rochester Hills - Weike Wang, International Academy
MI - Royal Oak - Caitlin M. Kearns, International Academy
MI - Saint Joseph - Laurie M. Lai, St. Joseph Public High School
MI - Troy - Temple M. He, Troy High School
MI - Troy - June Q. Wu, Troy High School
MI - West Bloomfield - Jonathan E. Browalski, Brother Rice High School
MI - West Bloomfield - Subha Perni, Detroit Country Day School
MI - West Bloomfield - Bo J. Zhu, Detroit Country Day School
**[Minnesota]{.underline}**
MN - Duluth - Kevin Yang, East High School
MN - Eden Prairie - Samuel K. Blake, Eden Prairie High School
MN - Esko - Daniel J. Moore, Marshall School
MN - Grand Rapids - David R. Johnson, Grand Rapids High School
MN - Plymouth - Heidi H. Liu, The Blake School
MN - Plymouth - Rui L. Yang, Wayzata High School
MN - Saint Cloud - Courtney L. Paulson, Technical High School
MN - Saint Paul - Nicholas N. Rosenbaum, St. Paul Academy and Summit
School
MN - St. Louis Park - **\[ \* \]** Montana Casey, Perpich Center for
Arts Education
MN - Wayzata - Meredith B. Bundul, Wayzata High School
MN - White Bear Lake - John T. Molitor, Molitor Home School
**[Mississippi]{.underline}**
MS - Cleveland - Reed C. Gilbow, Cleveland High School
MS - Hattiesburg - Ryan J. Parsons, Oak Grove High School
MS - Horn Lake - Kathryn R. Stillman, Home School
MS - Jackson - Spencer E. Bowley, Murrah High School
MS - Jackson - Anna K. Hopper, St. Andrew\'s Episcopal School
MS - Oxford - Adrienne E. Gispen, Oxford High School
**[Missouri]{.underline}**
MO - Columbia - Brooks S. Yang, Columbia-Rock Bridge Senior High School
MO - Lees Summit - Lee M. Mason, Lee\'s Summit North High School
MO - Liberty - Danielle A. Streifthau, Liberty High School
MO - Maplewood - Micah J. Manary, Saint Louis University High School
MO - St. Joseph - Robert B. Schaaf, Central High School
MO - St. Louis - Vanessa F. Hausmann, Mary Institute and St. Louis
Country Day School
MO - St. Louis - Layla Hazemi, Parkway West High School
MO - St. Louis - Emily M. Marx, Pattonville High School
MO - St. Louis - Christian M. Ronzio, Saint Louis University High School
MO - St. Louis - Daniel J. Viox, Saint Louis University High School
**[Montana]{.underline}**
MT - Bigfork - Kory D. Johnson, Flathead High School
MT - Helena - Lindsay S. Johnson, Helena High School
MT - Helena - Tiphani R. Lynn, Helena High School
MT - Kalispell - Alexandra L. Dixon, Flathead High School
MT - Missoula - Will R. Fletcher, Hellgate High School
MT - Missoula - William T. Taylor, Loyola Sacred Heart High School
**[Nebraska]{.underline}**
NE - Blair - Tom A. Johnson, Blair High School
NE - Lincoln - Meghan B. Rihanek, Lincoln East High School
NE - Lincoln - Salome Viljoen, Lincoln East High School
NE - Omaha - Peter D. Morrissey, Creighton Preparatory School
NE - Papillion - Andrea M. Tarrell, VJ & Angela Skutt Catholic High
School
NE - Prague - Ashley R. Paseka, Prague High School
**[Nevada]{.underline}**
NV - Elko - Brett R. Henson, Darlington School
NV - Henderson - Mina Chang, Green Valley High School
NV - Incline Village - Monica R. Ceragioli, Incline High School
NV - Las Vegas - Shaan B. Patel, Clark High School
NV - Reno - Bryan C. Chuan, Reno High School
NV - Reno - Laura Kreidberg, Reno High School
**[New Hampshire]{.underline}**
NH - Bedford - Richard J. Walsh, Manchester High School West
NH - Derry - John P. Swope, Pinkerton Academy
NH - Hollis - Dara R. Fisher, Hollis/Brookline High School
NH - Hopkinton - Brian D. Rowe, Hopkinton High School
NH - Keene - Erin M. Jaeger, Keene High School
NH - Windham - Sarah X. Guo, Phillips Academy
**[New Jersey]{.underline}**
NJ - Basking Ridge - Henry X. Yan, Ridge High School
NJ - Cherry Hill - Peter Tzeng, Cherry Hill High School East
NJ - Demarest - Andrew Y. Kim, Northern Valley Regional High School
NJ - East Windsor - Pramod Thammaiah, Hightstown High School
NJ - Edison - Reema B. Shah, John P. Stevens High School
NJ - Fair Lawn - Gabrielle S. Rabinowitz, Academy for the Advancement of
Science & Technology
NJ - Holmdel - Michelle H. Lu, Holmdel High School
NJ - Holmdel - Ann Ouyang, Holmdel High School
NJ - Livingston - Meryl H. Federman, Livingston High School
NJ - Lumberton - Omkar Baxi, Rancocas Valley Regional High School
NJ - Madison - Chetan Narain, Madison High School
NJ - Mullica Hill - **\[ \* \]** John A. Brancy, Clearview Regional High
School
NJ - Plainsboro - Nicolas A. Olarte-Hayes, West Windsor-Plainsboro High
School South
NJ - Ridgewood - **\[ \* \]** Christine Kim, Ridgewood High School
NJ - River Edge - Molly O. Fitzpatrick, Academy for the Advancement of
Science & Technology
NJ - Summit - Kent D. Twardock, Summit High School
NJ - Summit - Sarah K. Twardock, Summit High School
NJ - Warren - Lalit R. Gurnani, Watchung Hills Regional High School
**[New Mexico]{.underline}**
NM - Albuquerque - Chloe M. Williams, Bosque Preparatory School
NM - Farmington - Jared J. Watkins, Piedra Vista High School
NM - Hobbs - Candice C. Smith, Hobbs High School
NM - Los Alamos - Lawrence Z. Cai, Los Alamos High School
NM - Los Alamos - Jordan R. Schoonover, Los Alamos High School
NM - Rio Rancho - Zephra C. Doerr, Rio Rancho High School
**[New York]{.underline}**
NY - Belle Harbor - Matthew T. Costa, Regis High School
NY - Brooklyn - Daniel M. Firestone, Yeshivah of Flatbush
NY - Brooklyn - Ellie S. Hong, Phillips Exeter Academy
NY - Cazenovia - Gavin T. Byrnes, Manlius-Pebble Hill School
NY - Glen Cove - Michael J. Ding, Glen Cove High School
NY - Great Neck - Scott Huang, John L. Miller-Great Neck North High
School
NY - Hopewell Junction - Priya D. Farooq, Arlington Senior High School
NY - Huntington - Michael D. Kuchta, Cold Spring Harbor High School
NY - Irvington - Gideon E. Mausner, Irvington High School
NY - Jamesville - Timothy J. Moon, Manlius-Pebble Hill School
NY - Little Neck - Jenny Kim, Stuyvesant High School
NY - Mineola - Leah A. Libresco, The Wheatley School
NY - New York - Sabrina Ali, Hunter College High School
NY - New York - Lee E. Evangelakos, The Brearley School
NY - Ontario - Emma C. Fink, Wayne Central High School
NY - Pittsford - Olivia S. Kates, Allendale Columbia School
NY - Port Washington - Benjamin M. Jaffe, Paul D. Schreiber Senior High
School
NY - Roslyn - Mary S. Ibrahim, Herricks High School
NY - Schenectady - Beth E. Schaffer, Guilderland Central High School
NY - Woodmere - Samuel B. Haber, George W. Hewlett High School
**[North Carolina]{.underline}**
NC - Arden - Gabriel E. McGowan, T. C. Roberson High School
NC - Chapel Hill - Noah H. Marks, East Chapel Hill High School
NC - Chapel Hill - Varun Puvanesarajah, East Chapel Hill High School
NC - Chapel Hill - Arnav Tripathy, East Chapel Hill High School
NC - Chapel Hill - Michelle A. Tsang, East Chapel Hill High School
NC - Charlotte - Bo-Shan Xiang, Myers Park High School
NC - Durham - Jaime M. McCandless, The North Carolina School of Science
& Mathematics
NC - Efland - Harmony Pringle, Cedar Ridge High School
NC - Raleigh - Linda M. Zayas-Palmer, Ravenscroft School
NC - Rocky Mount - Christopher E. Jensen, Rocky Mount Academy
NC - Wilmington - Leigh A. Huffine, John T. Hoggard High School
NC - Wilmington - James J. Zhou, Eugene Ashley High School
NC - Winston-Salem - Lynda C. Blancato, R. J. Reynolds High School
NC - Winston-Salem - Caroline S. Worcester, Forsyth Country Day School
**[North Dakota]{.underline}**
ND - Bismarck - Erin C. Hocking, Century High School
ND - Fargo - Timothy M. Cooper, North High School
ND - Fargo - Kelsey J. Gustafson, North High School
ND - Fargo - Archana Rajender, Phillips Academy
ND - Mandan - Jayden R. Ziegler, Center High School
ND - Starkweather - Isaiah J. Berg, Oak Grove Lutheran High School
**[Ohio]{.underline}**
OH - Akron - Daniel J. Choi, Revere High School
OH - Beavercreek - Joel Jean, Beavercreek High School
OH - Chagrin Falls - Michael L. MacCombie, University School
OH - Chardon - Deanna R. Lentz, Chardon High School
OH - Cincinnati - Meredith A. Duffy, Walnut Hills High School
OH - Cincinnati - Colin S. McSwiggen, Cincinnati Country Day School
OH - Copley - John C. Mayer, Copley High School
OH - Highland Heights - Rachael D. Rho, Mayfield High School
OH - Kettering - Travis W. Pfander, Chaminade-Julienne High School
OH - Mason - Andrea J. Sohn, William Mason High School
OH - Perrysburg - Erin R. Dauson, North Allegheny Senior High
OH - Shaker Heights - Stephanie M. Goldfarb, Shaker Heights High School
OH - Shaker Heights - Hyunho R. Lee, Shaker Heights High School
OH - Solon - Andrew H. Debevec, Solon High School
OH - Solon - Luci Yang, Solon High School
OH - Westerville - Gene S. Kopp, Westerville South High School
**[Oklahoma]{.underline}**
OK - Broken Arrow - Vivian Ting, Broken Arrow High School
OK - Edmond - Brooke T. Luo, Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics
OK - El Reno - Cody W. Piersall, El Reno High School
OK - Enid - Alexandria K. Maurer, Oklahoma School of Science and
Mathematics
OK - Lawton - Scott A. Sheppard, Eisenhower Senior High School
OK - Warner - Justin L. Cockrell, Warner High School
**[Oregon]{.underline}**
OR - Beaverton - Prateek S. Bhide, Westview High School
OR - Beaverton - **\[ \* \]** Jeff R. Picker, Arts & Communication
Magnet Academy
OR - Beaverton - Arden M. Rienas, Aloha High School
OR - Corvallis - Haley R. Thompson, Corvallis High School
OR - Portland - Helen L. Helfand, St. Mary\'s Academy
OR - Portland - Sylvia M. Peterson-Perry, Lincoln High School
OR - Portland - Neal C. Pisenti, Lincoln High School
**[Pennsylvania]{.underline}**
PA - Bethlehem - Nina Jain, Moravian Academy
PA - Boalsburg - **\[ \* \]** Elizabeth L. Lyon, Bishop Guilfoyle High
School
PA - Broomall - Meng Jia, Marple Newtown High School
PA - Bryn Mawr - Carly M. Bernstein, The Baldwin School
PA - Carlisle - Christopher M. Kearney, Trinity High School
PA - Drexel Hill - Alexander R. Perry, Upper Darby High School
PA - Huntingdon Valley - Elizabeth M. Lakata, Lower Moreland High School
PA - Lewistown - Benjamin J. Matthews, Lewistown Area Senior High School
PA - Pequea - Chelsea L. Shover, Penn Manor High School
PA - Philadelphia - Randi O. Scott, Academy of Notre Dame de Namur
PA - Pittsburgh - Andrew S. Krieger, Fox Chapel Area High School
PA - Pittsburgh - **\[ \* \]** Michael J. O\'Brien, Pittsburgh High
School for the Creative and Performing Arts
PA - Riegelsville - Nathaniel C. Thomas, Palisades High School
PA - Rydal - Hallie A. Rozansky, Abington High School
PA - Sewickley - Brittany M. Hulings, Quaker Valley Senior High School
PA - West Chester - Lauren M. Joyce, Villa Maria Academy
PA - Wynnewood - Eric J. Nisenbaum, Friends Central School
PA - Wynnewood - Christopher R. Policastro, Lower Merion High School
**[Puerto Rico]{.underline}**
PR - Carolina - Daniel De Jesus, Colegio San Jose
PR - Guaynabo - Camille Y. Gandara, Colegio Puertorriqueno de Ninas
PR - Guaynabo - Carlos M. Ojeda, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola
PR - San Juan - Angel O. Saez, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola
PR - San Juan - Barbara M. Santisteban, Academia Menonita
PR - San Juan - Mariana J. Torregrosa, Academia Maria Reina
**[Rhode Island]{.underline}**
RI - Barrington - Michael Q. Ding, Barrington High School
RI - East Greenwich - Carolyn S. Wu, East Greenwich High School
RI - East Greenwich - Katherine A. Young, East Greenwich High School
RI - Greenville - May Min, Lincoln School
RI - South Kingstown - Tianchi Wu, South Kingstown High School
RI - Wood River Junction - Noah R. Warren, Phillips Academy
**[South Carolina]{.underline}**
HI - Honolulu - Tristan J. McKinney, South Carolina Governor\'s School
for Science & Mathematics
SC - Aiken - Amy G. Varallo, Aiken High School
SC - Chester - Rebecca K. Waldrip, Chester Senior High School
SC - Clemson - Jaydeep K. Srimani, D. W. Daniel High School
SC - Columbia - Luis M. Suarez, Dreher High School
SC - Greer - Megan C. Millard, The Culver Academies
SC - Moore - Jennifer C. Moffitt, Paul M. Dorman High School
SC - Simpsonville - Andrew C. Brown, Phillips Exeter Academy
**[South Dakota]{.underline}**
SD - Brookings - Scott J. Jorgenson, Brookings High School
SD - Elk Point - Darin M. Schmidt, Elk Point-Jefferson High School
SD - Rapid City - Katherine R. Aurand, Stevens Senior High School
SD - Sioux Falls - Daniel N. Gustafson, Washington High School
SD - Sioux Falls - Julie A. Santella, O\'Gorman High School
SD - Wagner - Jenalee R. Doom, Wagner Community High School
**[Tennessee]{.underline}**
TN - Bethpage - Sara E. Rupe, Westmoreland High School
TN - Clarksville - William E. Moore, Rossview High School
TN - Collierville - Bo J. Zhang, Collierville High School
TN - Cordova - Karen E. Krog, Immaculate Conception High School
TN - Franklin - Sarah E. Feldner, Harpeth Hall School
TN - Franklin - Jose U. Mena, Fred J. Page High School
TN - Kingsport - Nehal S. Mehta, Dobyns-Bennett High School
TN - Knoxville - Sarah K. Pearman, Bearden High School
TN - Knoxville - Katherine S. Roddy, Webb School of Knoxville
TN - Knoxville - Umang J. Shukla, Farragut High School
TN - Memphis - Erin E. Fowler, Saint Mary\'s Episcopal School
TN - Morristown - Lawrence W. Manning, Morristown-Hamblen High School
West
**[Texas]{.underline}**
TX - Austin - Michael F. Qian, Westwood High School
TX - Austin - John P. Vineyard, L. C. Anderson High School
TX - Carrollton - **\[ \* \]** Jay E. Jackson, Booker T. Washington High
School for the Performing & Visual Arts
TX - Dallas - **\[ \* \]** Brittanie A. Brown, Booker T. Washington High
School for the Performing & Visual Arts
TX - Dallas - Julie C. Campbell, The Hockaday School
TX - Dallas - **\[ \* \]** Asher C. Frankfurt, Booker T. Washington High
School for the Performing & Visual Arts
TX - Fort Worth - Anusha M. Alles, Robert L. Paschal High School
TX - Frisco - An Qi, Centennial High School
TX - Grapevine - Nicole A. Arockiam, Carroll High School
TX - Houston - **\[ \* \]** Dylan D. Conner, The High School for
Performing & Visual Arts
TX - Houston - Steven R. Dickerson, St. John\'s School
TX - Houston - Parker A. Gould, Cypress Creek High School
TX - Houston - Vicky Z. Ren, Cypress Falls High School
TX - Houston - Anjali V. Salvador, St. John\'s School
TX - Houston - Yijing Sun, St. John\'s School
TX - Irving - Michael T. Montoya, Cistercian Preparatory School
TX - Katy - Amber C. Xu, Cinco Ranch High School
TX - Mesquite - Matthew C. Johnson, The Covenant School
TX - Plano - Vishal Chanani, Plano Senior High School
TX - Plano - Gabriel A. Ha, Plano Senior High School
TX - Plano - Amelia H. Lin, Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science
TX - San Antonio - **\[ \* \]** Jessica I. Anastasio, Saint Mary\'s Hall
TX - San Antonio - Bonnue J. Kavoussi, Saint Mary\'s Hall
TX - Sugar Land - Alice Y. Li, Stephen F. Austin High School
TX - Sugar Land - Shalin S. Patel, L. V. Hightower High School
**[Utah]{.underline}**
UT - Centerville - Amanda Berbert, Viewmont High School
UT - Pleasant View - Karl F. Wolff, Christian Heritage School
UT - Provo - Kenneth I. Brewer, Timpview High School
UT - Riverton - **\[ \* \]** Garrett O. Smith, Riverton High School
UT - Salt Lake City - Kevin C. Ni, Skyline High School
UT - Salt Lake Cty - Siwei Zhou, Skyline High School
UT - South Weber - Kelsey A. Wheelwright, Northridge High School
**[Vermont]{.underline}**
VT - Barre - Michael R. Pope, Spaulding High School
VT - Colchester - Angela M. Viani, Rice Memorial High School
VT - Essex Junction - Henna A. Shaikh, Essex High School
VT - Proctor - Kyle E. Trombley, Rutland High School
VT - South Burlington - Hope Y. Yu, South Burlington High School
VT - Stowe - Mark A. Garret, Rice Memorial High School
**[Virginia]{.underline}**
VA - Annandale - Michael A. Smith, Thomas Jefferson High School for
Science & Technology
VA - Centreville - Christine E. Mai, Westfield High School
VA - Charlottesville - Brian W. Bills, Charlottesville High School
VA - Fairfax - Jie Hou, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science &
Technology
VA - Falls Church - Brian T. Glover, George Mason High School
VA - Falls Church - Mercedes K. Taylor, Thomas Jefferson High School for
Science & Technology
VA - Great Falls - Ashwin Goyal, Thomas Jefferson High School for
Science & Technology
VA - Great Falls - Hannah B. Lynch, Langley High School
VA - Keswick - Ellen H. Speers, The Covenant School
VA - Lynchburg - Emily C. Howell, E. C. Glass High School
VA - Mechanicsville - Brianna K. Teerlink, Atlee High School
VA - Midlothian - Elizabeth M. Peek, Clover Hill High School
VA - Midlothian - Mehdi M. Razvi, Maggie L. Walker Governor\'s School
VA - Virginia Beach - Theodore C. Goldstein, Frank W Cox High School
**[Washington]{.underline}**
WA - Bellevue - Jacqueline Corbitt, Issaquah High School
WA - Bellevue - Beatrice E. Liem, Lakeside School
WA - Lacey - **\[ \* \]** Ian A. McKenzie, North Thurston High School
WA - Mountlake Terrace - Caitlin C. Jacques, Shorewood High School
WA - Olympia - Duncan F. Moore, Olympia High School
WA - Pullman - Ingmar A. Saberi, Pullman High School
WA - Seattle - Pranoti Hiremath, James A. Garfield High School
WA - Seattle - **\[ \* \]** Alexander J. Jackson, James A. Garfield High
School
WA - Spokane - Jeffrey A. Burkert, Lewis & Clark High School
WA - Spokane - Elizabeth G. DeLeeuw, St. George\'s School
WA - Wenatchee - Kristen J. Ballinger, Wenatchee High School
WA - Woodinville - Kalie H. Pierce, Redmond High School
**[West Virginia]{.underline}**
WV - Cameron - Sean M. Eagan, Cameron High School
WV - Madison - Sarah J. Dolan, Scott High School
WV - Morgantown - Kamen P. Simeonov, University High School
WV - Weirton - Elizabeth R. Parnicza, Weir High School
WV - Wellsburg - John A. Zumpetta, Brooke High School
WV - West Union - Sarah R. Miles, Doddridge County High School
**[Wisconsin]{.underline}**
WI - Adell - Taylor D. Smith, Random Lake High School
WI - Fond du Lac - Kelsey C. Schuster, Fond du Lac High School
WI - Madison - Mark M. Kelly, West High School
WI - Madison - Robert A. Marsland, St. Ambrose Academy
WI - Madison - Mallery R. Olsen, James Madison Memorial High School
WI - Madison - Sakura Takemitsu, James Madison Memorial High School
WI - Menomonee Falls - Nyssa M. Becker, Kettle Moraine Lutheran High
School
WI - Neenah - Alex J. Yeh, Neenah High School
WI - Onalaska - Daniel T. Gerber, Onalaska High School
WI - Wauwatosa - Caroline E. Hagerman, University School of Milwaukee
WI - Whitefish Bay - **\[ \* \]** Katrina R. Galka, Dominican High
School
**[Wyoming]{.underline}**
WY - Casper - Jay K. Shah, Natrona County High School
WY - Laramie - Mollie F. Feldman, Laramie High School
WY - Powell - Elizabeth L. Simpson, Cody High School
WY - Saratoga - James J. Hedeen, Saratoga High School
| en |
all-txt-docs | 372947 | Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Jean Kenyon; Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Island Fisheries Sciences
Center, National Marine Fisheries Service
Publication_Date: 20070806
Title: CRED REA Coral Population Parameters at Maui, Main Hawaiian Islands, August 2005
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet
Online_Linkage: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/eco_assess.php
Description:
Abstract: Belt transects along 2 consecutively-placed, 25m transect lines were
surveyed as part of Rapid Ecological Assessments conducted at 6 sites at
Maui Island and 3 sites at Molokini Islet in the Main Hawaiian Islands in
August, 2005 from the NOAA vessel Hi'ialakai (HII05-05). Raw survey data
included species presence and relative abundance, colony counts and size
classes, and visual estimaion of percent cover. On each side of the
transect lines, 0.5 m was included in the belt (for a total of 50m2 per
site).
Purpose: Part of a reef assessment program at biennial intervals in which corals,
algae, fish, and other macroinvertebrates are co-sampled along the same set
of transect lines
Supplemental_Information: Maximum depth was 17 meters.
Corals observed:
Common Name Scientific Name
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum- Kingdom
Division
Coral Porites Poritidae Scleractinia Anthozoa Cnidaria Animalia
Coral Montipora Acroporidae Scleractinia Anthozoa Cnidaria Animalia
Coral Pocillopora Pocilloporidae Scleractinia Anthozoa Cnidaria Animalia
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20050804
Ending_Date: 20050806
Currentness_Reference: Ground condition
Status:
Progress: In Work
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Annual
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.978956
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.697211
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.031408
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.574383
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Numeric Data Sets > Biology
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: coral
Theme_Keyword: HII0505
Theme_Keyword: Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA)
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > BioDiversity
Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Photic Zone Corals
Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral Cover
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: biota
Theme_Keyword: 002
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Maui Island
Place_Keyword: Molokini Islet
Place_Keyword: Hawaiian Islands
Place_Keyword: Hawaii
Place_Keyword: Central Pacific
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus
Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui Island > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Maui Island (20N156W0004)
Access_Constraints: None.
Use_Constraints: Please cite CRED when using the data. Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries
Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Island Fisheries Sciences
Center, National Marine Fisheries Service
Contact_Person: Jean Kenyon
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1125B Ala Moana Blvd.
City: Honolulu
State_or_Province: HI
Postal_Code: 96814
Country: U.S.A.
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-592-7019
Data_Set_Credit: ;
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Observations were made by a single diver who is an expert in coral biology.
The population parameter survey is conducted one time per site per survey
year; it is not replicated.
Logical_Consistency_Report: The same methods of data collection were used at each of the sites surveyed
at this location, and were conducted by the same scientist.
Completeness_Report: Selection of survey sites was guided by priority areas outlined by the
State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Aquatic Resources. The intention was to survey areas that had not been
previously scientifically assessed. The sites therefore do not necessarily
represent a range of habitats or exposures.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: GPS unit
Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 1
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: Instrument parameters
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Dive computer and SCUBA depth gauge
Quantitative_Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.3
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: Instrument parameters
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description: As diver swam along the transect line, she inspected the corals whose
center fell within a 1m belt (i.e., 0.5m on each side of the transect
line). Each such coral was tallied by species and classified by its maximum
diameter in one of 7 size classes: 0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-40cm,
40-80cm, 80-160cm, or >160cm. At the end of this survey, a visual
estimation of coral percent cover was made and recorded. Lastly, a larger
area around the transect belt was inspected for additional coral taxa that
did not occur within the belt; the relative abundance of all corals was
qualitatively assessed using the DACOR system (D = Dominant, A = Abundant,
C = Common, O = Occasional, R = Rare.
Process_Date: Unknown
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Geographic:
Latitude_Resolution: 0.0001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.0001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Degrees and Decimal Minutes
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 (GRS80)
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.2572236
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Depth_System_Definition:
Depth_Datum_Name: Local surface
Depth_Resolution: 1
Depth_Distance_Units: meters
Depth_Encoding_Method: Explicit Depth Coordinate Included with Horizontal Coordinates
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Island Fisheries Sciences
Center, National Marine Fisheries Service
Contact_Person: Michael Parke
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1125B Ala Moana Blvd.
City: Honolulu
State_or_Province: HI
Postal_Code: 96814
Country: U.S.A.
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-592-7017
Distribution_Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and
reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot
assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data,
nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular
system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor dies the fact of
distribution constitute such a warranty.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: XLS (Microsoft Excel worksheet)
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Offline_Option:
Offline_Media: CDROM, or email
Recording_Format: ISO 9600
Fees: None if receiving the data online
Custom_Order_Process: Contact CRED data management team for information
Technical_Prerequisites: Contact CRED data management team for information
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20080812
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Island Fisheries Sciences
Center, National Marine Fisheries Service
Contact_Person: Haiying Wang
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1125B Ala Moana Blvd.
City: Honolulu
State_or_Province: HI
Postal_Code: 96814
Country: U.S.A.
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-592-7017
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
CoRIS:
CoRIS_ID: 20051128020431
CoRIS_Children: None
CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 20050804
CoRIS_Ending_Date: 20050806
CoRIS_Metadata_Link: http://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/txt/cred_rea_corals_maui_200508.txt
CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 1108
| en |
converted_docs | 902799 | **Barrier Coatings and Stability of Thin Film Solar Cells**
**1st Quarterly Report - Phase II:**
**September 1, 2003 \-- November 30, 2003**
**NREL Subcontract: 44575A**
**Subcontractor: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory**
**Principal Investigator: Larry C. Olsen**
**1. OBJECTIVES/APPROACH**
The key objectives of this program are to develop low cost barrier
coatings for CdTe and CIS solar cells and to develop an improved
understanding of mechanisms affecting the stability of CdTe solar cells.
The scope of this work entails investigation of multilayer, barrier
coatings for solar cells and studies of stability issues for CdTe solar
cells. The work is structured into three main tasks: (1) Barrier layer
coatings for CdTe and CIS solar cells; (2) Modeling of mechanisms
influencing CdTe stability; (3) Experimental studies of CdTe cells
supporting Tasks 1 and 2.
**2. PROGRESS FOR THIS REPORTING PERIOD**
**2.1 Accelerated Testing of SSI Circuits**
Data were obtained for a 10 cm x 10 cm SSI circuit that had a slightly
thinner coating than previously used. The process developed for
depositing barrier coatings for Shell Solar CIGSS devices consists of
first applying a relatively thick polymer layer to provide a planarizing
surface onto which to deposit the first oxide layer. Formation of the
thick polymer + oxide layer (subsequently referred to as the base dyad)
is followed by deposition of several dyads, each dyad consisting of a
polymer layer plus oxide. Previously reported accelerated lifetest data
were obtained for circuits coated with four dyads on top of the base
dyad (subsequently referred to as a five dyad coating). Figure 1
describes the barrier coating applied to Circuit \# S4079-22-8. This
circuit has been subjected to accelerated testing at 60ºC/90% RH for
1826 hours without significant degradation of performance. Efficiency
versus time for this circuit is shown in Figure 2.
{width="5.4375in" height="2.5833333333333335in"}
**Figure 1. Illustration of a barrier coating formed by adding three
dyads to the base dyad.**
{width="5.09375in" height="3.5625in"}
**Figure 2. Efficiency versus time for SSI Circuit in an environment of
60ºC and 90% RH.**
Circuit characteristics are shown in Table 1. Although it is satisfying
that very good performance is achieved with a four dyad coating, it is
particularly significant that the PNNL barrier coating enables the SSI
circuit to undergo 1826 hours of accelerated testing with minimal
reduction in circuit performance. If we consider the change in circuit
performance relative to performance prior to coating deposition, after
1826 hours at 60/90 the efficiency only decreased from 10.3 % to
10.0 %. Note that the value of J~sc~ and FF actually increased while Voc
decreased slightly.
**2.2 Studies With SSI Mini-Modules**
Current studies of SSI circuits are being carried out with Shell\'s new
mini-modules shown in Figure 3. Shell\'s 10 cm x 10 cm circuits that
were provided for barrier coating studies have one cm wide deletion
regions along each edge of the glass substrate. It is clear from results
of accelerated tests and from PNNL work with coatings for OLEDs that the
width of one cm provides a very good \'edge seal.\' The situation with
the min-modules is quite different. There is a 2 mm deletion region
around the mini-module shown in Figure 3. As noted, the cells along two
sides are inactive. As indicated, we can delete material from two of the
edges to establish an improved \'edge seal,\' but the two edges with
contacts can not be deleted completely. Evaluation of barrier coating
properties
**Table 1 \-- Circuit Characteristics For S4079-22-8 ^\*^**
------------- ---------------- -------- ---------------- ------------ -----------------
**V~oc~** **J~sc~** **FF** **Efficiency** **Time** **Measurement**
**(Volts)** **(mA/cm^2^)** **( % **( % )** **( Hrs@ **Date**
)** 60/90)**
5.75 31.91 56.1 10.3 before 9/26/2003
cleaning
5.74 31.87 56.5 10.3 cleaned 9/3/2003
5.68 31.96 58.3 10.6 coated 9/3/2003
5.64 31.86 58.4 10.5 50h 9/5/2003
5.57 31.86 58.3 10.3 111h 9/8/2003
5.6 32.01 58.7 10.5 166h 9/10/2003
5.61 32.21 58.4 10.6 266h 9/14/2003
5.61 31.88 58.8 10.5 360h 9/18/2003
5.61 32.3 58.4 10.6 460h 9/23/2003
5.59 32.06 59.1 10.6 530h 9/26/2003
5.59 31.86 58.8 10.5 595h 9/29/2003
5.59 31.56 59.5 10.5 660h 10/2/2003
5.58 31.73 59.2 10.5 775h 10/6/2003
5.59 31.37 58.6 10.3 851h 10/9/2003
5.56 31.15 57.8 10 1002h 10/15/2003
5.52 31.1 56.2 9.65 1125h 10/20/2003
5.38 32.32 55.4 9.64 1160h 10/22/2003
5.56 30.99 58.5 10.1 1210h 10/24/2003
5.57 30.91 58.8 10.1 1282h 10/28/2003
5.56 31.01 57.1 10.1 1353h 10/31/2003
5.58 31.25 58.3 10.2 1425h 11/3/2003
5.57 31.56 57.4 10.1 1502h 11/7/2003
5.53 31.1 57.7 9.93 1574h 11/10/2003
5.54 31.48 56.8 9.91 1664h 11/14/2003
5.55 32.04 56.3 10 1826h 11/21/2003
------------- ---------------- -------- ---------------- ------------ -----------------
\* J~sc~ refers total Circuit short circuit current divided by
individual cell area of 5.71 cm^2^.
based on results for mini-modules may be more difficult but studies will
be conducted because of their availability. SSI will probably continue
to provide 10 cm x 10 cm circuits as well. It should be noted that PNNL
is developing approaches to edge seals for applications to OLEDs.
**2.3 Effects Of Damp Heat On Bare SSI Circuits**
As reported previously, one SSI circuit was subjected to 60/90
accelerated testing that did not have a barrier coating \-- that is, a
bare circuit. Values of I-V properties were plotted versus time in the
last quarterly report. All parameters were affected significantly with
J~sc~ being affected the most. One significant effect of the stress
{width="4.749305555555556in"
height="3.3361111111111112in"}
**Figure 3**. The SSI 6 cm x 6 cm mini-module.
conditions is that the effective series resistance of the circuit
increases. However, since V~oc~ decreases significantly over the first
few hundred hours, it would appear that current-loss mechanisms
associated with the junction are also affected. The effect of the
accelerated tests on current loss mechanisms is discussed in this
report.
We have concentrated on analysis of dark data in this report.
Measurement of Circuit properties consists of measuring the total
current supplied to (or produced by) a circuit versus voltage across the
circuit terminals. Each circuit consists of ten cells connected in
series, each one approximately 8 cm x 0.7 cm. We have assumed that the
ten cells are identical, and characterized by individual device
parameters I~o~, A and R~s~. We ignore shunt resistance as a parameter
(which means that such effects are incorporated in I~o~ and A) and
assume that the series resistance associated with the external contacts
is negligible. Thus the assumed model is described by Figure 4. We
consider ranges of data where a single current mechanism is dominant.
We have determined the J and V for an individual cell from
J = I / (5.71) and V = V~circuit~ / 10 (1)
where 5.71 cm^2^ is the individual cell area, and 10 is the number of
cells in series.
{width="4.0in" height="2.4479166666666665in"}
**Figure 4.** Assumed equivalent circuit for 10 cm x 10 cm circuit.
Assuming that there is a dominant current loss mechanism, we write
J = J~o~ \[ exp(V~jct~/AkT\] (2)
where V~jct~ = V - R~s~ I = V - (5.71) R~s~ J (3)
The value of series resistance is determined by considering a plot of J
vs V~jct~ for a range of values for R~s\ ,~ and selecting the value that
leads to a straight line for J vs V~jct~ on a semilog plot. Figures 5A
and 5B summarize results for J-V analyses for Circuit S4079-22-3. Figure
5A gives the measured values for J vs V where J is the total current ( I
) divided by 5.71 cm^2^, and V is V~circuit~/10. At beginning-of-life
(BOL), the I-V data exhibit typical characteristics for a good quality
SSI CIGSS cell or circuit, that is, two current mechanisms are evident
with the transition occurring in the range of 0.35 to 0.4 .
Volts. After 1000 hours in a 60/90 environment, the bare circuit is
characterized by much larger current losses.
Figure 5B shows \'adjusted\' J-V characteristics. Series resistance
values were determined that provides a straight line on the semilog plot
for the large voltage mechanism at BOL conditions, and for most of the
voltage range for the 1000 hour case. Rs values of 1.8 ohms and 3.6 ohms
were determined as appropriate for the BOL and 1000 hour cases. These
values correspond to estimated values for one cm^2^ of junction. One of
the key results of this analysis is that the degradation is not simply
explained by a degradation of the series resistance associated with each
cell. In fact, the effective Jo accounts for a significant part of the
degradation, or in other words, it would appear that current loss
mechanisms due to recombination in the junction region account for a
significant part of the degradation. The straight line portion of the
adjusted curves are fit by parameters given in Table 2. It is
interesting that the A-value is essentially the same for the degraded
J-V curve and the upper mechanism at BOL. However, the J~o~-value
**(A)**
{width="4.542361111111111in"
height="3.4229166666666666in"}
**(B)**
{width="4.501388888888889in"
height="3.407638888888889in"}
**Figure 5.** (A) Measured dark J-V characteristics for bare circuit at
beginning of life (BOL) and after 1000 hours in environment of 60ºC and
90% relative humidity.
increased from 1.5x10-8 A/cm^2^ to 5x10-6 A/cm^2^ as a result of the
stress. It is tempting to interpret these results as follows: the stress
increases the density of recombination centers associated with the
A-value for 1.8 to 1.88 by a factor on the order of 400.
Clearly, we have tried to extract a lot of information from these I-V
characteristics. I think we can make two general conclusions: (1) the
average series resistance per cell increases as a result of the stress,
and is probably due to effects of moisture on ZnO; (2) the stress also
affects the junction region such that recombination centers leading to
current losses are increased. It is also tempting to postulate that the
effect of the moisture on this cell was to increase the density of
recombination centers in the depletion region that contribute to the
dominant current loss mechanism. In particular, since the A-factor is
essentially the same at BOL and after 1826 hours of stress, it appears
that the dominant recombination center at BOL is greatly increased as a
result of the stress.
**Table 2 \-- I-V Parameters For The SSI Bare Cell, S4079-22-3**
At BOL R~s~ = 1.8 ohms A = 1.80 J0 = 1.5E-8 A/cm^2^
After 1000 hrs R~s~ = 3.6 ohms A = 1.88 J0 = 5E-6 A/cm^2^
at 60/90
**2.4** **Module Reliability Meeting**
Dr. Olsen attended the Module team meeting in Albuquerque, September 18
and 19, 2003. Results for the first three quarters of this project were
presented. Discussions were held with several solar cells industries,
and plans made for future interactions. The meeting was very beneficial
for defining problems faced by manufacturers, and will be of tremendous
help in determining the direction of future work.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 016981 | # The following was converted from Radiance scene input
o Untitled
# Begin conversion from: conf.rad
m ceiling_tile
o
o backing
v v0 =
p -8 -2 -8
v v1 =
p 8 -2 -8
v v2 =
p 8 -2 8
v v3 =
p -8 -2 8
f v0 v1 v2 v3
# Begin conversion from: !xform -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0 door.rad
# xform -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
m door_glass =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rs 0.0778 0
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
ts 0.8262 0
# Begin conversion from: !genprism door_material door_main 10 0 0.006 .88 0.006 .88 2.0574 .76835 2.0574 .76835 1.1303 .1143 1.1303 .1143 1.9177 .76835 1.9177 .76835 2.0574 0 2.0574 -l 0 0 .04445 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# genprism door_material door_main 10 0 0.006 .88 0.006 .88 2.0574 .76835 2.0574 .76835 1.1303 .1143 1.1303 .1143 1.9177 .76835 1.9177 .76835 2.0574 0 2.0574 -l 0 0 .04445
m door_material
o
o door_main
v v4 =
p 1.016 -0.015875 0.006
v v5 =
p 1.896 -0.015875 0.006
v v6 =
p 1.896 -0.015875 2.0574
v v7 =
p 1.78435 -0.015875 2.0574
v v8 =
p 1.78435 -0.015875 1.1303
v v9 =
p 1.1303 -0.015875 1.1303
v v10 =
p 1.1303 -0.015875 1.9177
v v11 =
p 1.78435 -0.015875 1.9177
v v12 =
p 1.016 -0.015875 2.0574
f v4 v5 v6 v7 v8 v9 v10 v11 v7 v12
v v13 =
p 1.016 -0.060325 2.0574
v v14 =
p 1.78435 -0.060325 2.0574
v v15 =
p 1.78435 -0.060325 1.9177
v v16 =
p 1.1303 -0.060325 1.9177
v v17 =
p 1.1303 -0.060325 1.1303
v v18 =
p 1.78435 -0.060325 1.1303
v v19 =
p 1.896 -0.060325 2.0574
v v20 =
p 1.896 -0.060325 0.006
v v21 =
p 1.016 -0.060325 0.006
f v13 v14 v15 v16 v17 v18 v14 v19 v20 v21
f v4 v21 v20 v5
f v5 v20 v19 v6
f v6 v19 v14 v7
f v7 v14 v18 v8
f v8 v18 v17 v9
f v9 v17 v16 v10
f v10 v16 v15 v11
f v11 v15 v14 v7
f v7 v14 v13 v12
f v12 v13 v21 v4
# End conversion from: !genprism door_material door_main 10 0 0.006 .88 0.006 .88 2.0574 .76835 2.0574 .76835 1.1303 .1143 1.1303 .1143 1.9177 .76835 1.9177 .76835 2.0574 0 2.0574 -l 0 0 .04445 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox door_material door_lip .65405 .0127 .03175|xform -t .1143 1.905 0 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# xform -t .1143 1.905 0
# genbox door_material door_lip .65405 .0127 .03175
o
o door_lip
v v22 =
p 1.78435 -0.015875 1.905
v v23 =
p 1.78435 -0.047625 1.905
v v24 =
p 1.1303 -0.047625 1.905
v v25 =
p 1.1303 -0.015875 1.905
f v22 v23 v24 v25
v v26 =
p 1.1303 -0.047625 1.9177
f v24 v26 v10 v25
f v10 v11 v22 v25
v v27 =
p 1.78435 -0.047625 1.9177
f v11 v10 v26 v27
f v23 v22 v11 v27
f v26 v24 v23 v27
# End conversion from: !genbox door_material door_lip .65405 .0127 .03175|xform -t .1143 1.905 0 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox door_glass window .65405 .7874 .003175 |xform -t .1143 1.1303 .01905 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
# xform -t .1143 1.1303 .01905
# genbox door_glass window .65405 .7874 .003175
m door_glass
o
o window
v v28 =
p 1.78435 -0.034925 1.1303
v v29 =
p 1.78435 -0.0381 1.1303
v v30 =
p 1.1303 -0.0381 1.1303
v v31 =
p 1.1303 -0.034925 1.1303
f v28 v29 v30 v31
v v32 =
p 1.1303 -0.0381 1.9177
v v33 =
p 1.1303 -0.034925 1.9177
f v30 v32 v33 v31
v v34 =
p 1.78435 -0.034925 1.9177
f v33 v34 v28 v31
v v35 =
p 1.78435 -0.0381 1.9177
f v34 v33 v32 v35
f v29 v28 v34 v35
f v32 v30 v29 v35
# End conversion from: !genbox door_glass window .65405 .7874 .003175 |xform -t .1143 1.1303 .01905 | xform -e -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0
m wall_paint
o
o cover
v v36 =
p 1.0369 -0.065875 1.1
v v37 =
p 1.876 -0.065875 1.1
v v38 =
p 1.876 -0.065875 2.01
v v39 =
p 1.0369 -0.065875 2.01
f v36 v37 v38 v39
# End conversion from: !xform -rx 90 -t 1.016 -.015875 0 door.rad
# left side of room
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect01 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016| xform -rx 90 -t 0 0.1016 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 0.1016 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect01 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016
o
o wall_sect01
v v40 =
p -0.1 0.1016 0.1397
v v41 =
p 0 0.1016 0.1397
v v42 =
p 0 0.1016 1.0668
v v43 =
p -0.01 0.1016 1.0668
v v44 =
p -0.01 0.1016 1.069
v v45 =
p 0 0.1016 1.069
v v46 =
p 0 0.1016 2.8956
v v47 =
p -0.1 0.1016 2.8956
f v40 v41 v42 v43 v44 v45 v46 v47
v v48 =
p -0.1 1.94289029309e-16 2.8956
v v49 =
p 0 1.94289029309e-16 2.8956
v v50 =
p 0 8.32667268469e-17 1.069
v v51 =
p -0.01 8.32667268469e-17 1.069
v v52 =
p -0.01 8.32667268469e-17 1.0668
v v53 =
p 0 8.32667268469e-17 1.0668
v v54 =
p 0 2.77555756156e-17 0.1397
v v55 =
p -0.1 2.77555756156e-17 0.1397
f v48 v49 v50 v51 v52 v53 v54 v55
f v40 v55 v54 v41
f v41 v54 v53 v42
f v42 v53 v52 v43
f v43 v52 v51 v44
f v44 v51 v50 v45
f v45 v50 v49 v46
f v46 v49 v48 v47
f v47 v48 v55 v40
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect01 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016| xform -rx 90 -t 0 0.1016 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 .1016 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 .1016 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 .1016 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 .1016 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v56 =
p -0.01 0.1016 0.1397
v v57 =
p -0.002 0.1026 0.1397
v v58 =
p 0 0.1036 0.1397
v v59 =
p 0 0.1126 0.1397
v v60 =
p -0.004 0.1151 0.1397
v v61 =
p 0 0.1176 0.1397
v v62 =
p 0 0.1266 0.1397
v v63 =
p -0.002 0.1276 0.1397
v v64 =
p 0 0.1286 0.1397
v v65 =
p 0 0.1706 0.1397
v v66 =
p -0.002 0.1716 0.1397
v v67 =
p 0 0.1726 0.1397
v v68 =
p 0 0.1816 0.1397
v v69 =
p -0.004 0.1841 0.1397
v v70 =
p 0 0.1866 0.1397
v v71 =
p 0 0.1956 0.1397
v v72 =
p -0.002 0.1966 0.1397
v v73 =
p 0 0.1976 0.1397
v v74 =
p -0.01 0.1976 0.1397
f v56 v41 v57 v58 v59 v60 v61 v62 v63 v64 v65 v66 v67 v68 v69 v70 v71 v72 v73 v74
v v75 =
p -0.01 0.1976 2.8956
v v76 =
p 0 0.1976 2.8956
v v77 =
p -0.002 0.1966 2.8956
v v78 =
p 0 0.1956 2.8956
v v79 =
p 0 0.1866 2.8956
v v80 =
p -0.004 0.1841 2.8956
v v81 =
p 0 0.1816 2.8956
v v82 =
p 0 0.1726 2.8956
v v83 =
p -0.002 0.1716 2.8956
v v84 =
p 0 0.1706 2.8956
v v85 =
p 0 0.1286 2.8956
v v86 =
p -0.002 0.1276 2.8956
v v87 =
p 0 0.1266 2.8956
v v88 =
p 0 0.1176 2.8956
v v89 =
p -0.004 0.1151 2.8956
v v90 =
p 0 0.1126 2.8956
v v91 =
p 0 0.1036 2.8956
v v92 =
p -0.002 0.1026 2.8956
v v93 =
p -0.01 0.1016 2.8956
f v75 v76 v77 v78 v79 v80 v81 v82 v83 v84 v85 v86 v87 v88 v89 v90 v91 v92 v46 v93
f v56 v93 v46 v41
f v41 v46 v92 v57
f v57 v92 v91 v58
f v58 v91 v90 v59
f v59 v90 v89 v60
f v60 v89 v88 v61
f v61 v88 v87 v62
f v62 v87 v86 v63
f v63 v86 v85 v64
f v64 v85 v84 v65
f v65 v84 v83 v66
f v66 v83 v82 v67
f v67 v82 v81 v68
f v68 v81 v80 v69
f v69 v80 v79 v70
f v70 v79 v78 v71
f v71 v78 v77 v72
f v72 v77 v76 v73
f v73 v76 v75 v74
f v74 v75 v93 v56
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 .1016 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 .1016 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect02 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 1.1628 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 1.1628 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect02 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652
o
o wall_sect02
v v94 =
p -0.1 1.1628 0.1397
v v95 =
p 0 1.1628 0.1397
v v96 =
p 0 1.1628 1.0668
v v97 =
p -0.01 1.1628 1.0668
v v98 =
p -0.01 1.1628 1.069
v v99 =
p 0 1.1628 1.069
v v100 =
p 0 1.1628 2.8956
v v101 =
p -0.1 1.1628 2.8956
f v94 v95 v96 v97 v98 v99 v100 v101
v v102 =
p -0.1 0.1976 2.8956
v v103 =
p 0 0.1976 1.069
v v104 =
p -0.01 0.1976 1.069
v v105 =
p -0.01 0.1976 1.0668
v v106 =
p 0 0.1976 1.0668
v v107 =
p -0.1 0.1976 0.1397
f v102 v76 v103 v104 v105 v106 v73 v107
f v94 v107 v73 v95
f v95 v73 v106 v96
f v96 v106 v105 v97
f v97 v105 v104 v98
f v98 v104 v103 v99
f v99 v103 v76 v100
f v100 v76 v102 v101
f v101 v102 v107 v94
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect02 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 1.1628 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 1.1628 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 1.1628 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 1.1628 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 1.1628 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v108 =
p -0.01 1.1628 0.1397
v v109 =
p -0.002 1.1638 0.1397
v v110 =
p 0 1.1648 0.1397
v v111 =
p 0 1.1738 0.1397
v v112 =
p -0.004 1.1763 0.1397
v v113 =
p 0 1.1788 0.1397
v v114 =
p 0 1.1878 0.1397
v v115 =
p -0.002 1.1888 0.1397
v v116 =
p 0 1.1898 0.1397
v v117 =
p 0 1.2318 0.1397
v v118 =
p -0.002 1.2328 0.1397
v v119 =
p 0 1.2338 0.1397
v v120 =
p 0 1.2428 0.1397
v v121 =
p -0.004 1.2453 0.1397
v v122 =
p 0 1.2478 0.1397
v v123 =
p 0 1.2568 0.1397
v v124 =
p -0.002 1.2578 0.1397
v v125 =
p 0 1.2588 0.1397
v v126 =
p -0.01 1.2588 0.1397
f v108 v95 v109 v110 v111 v112 v113 v114 v115 v116 v117 v118 v119 v120 v121 v122 v123 v124 v125 v126
v v127 =
p -0.01 1.2588 2.8956
v v128 =
p 0 1.2588 2.8956
v v129 =
p -0.002 1.2578 2.8956
v v130 =
p 0 1.2568 2.8956
v v131 =
p 0 1.2478 2.8956
v v132 =
p -0.004 1.2453 2.8956
v v133 =
p 0 1.2428 2.8956
v v134 =
p 0 1.2338 2.8956
v v135 =
p -0.002 1.2328 2.8956
v v136 =
p 0 1.2318 2.8956
v v137 =
p 0 1.1898 2.8956
v v138 =
p -0.002 1.1888 2.8956
v v139 =
p 0 1.1878 2.8956
v v140 =
p 0 1.1788 2.8956
v v141 =
p -0.004 1.1763 2.8956
v v142 =
p 0 1.1738 2.8956
v v143 =
p 0 1.1648 2.8956
v v144 =
p -0.002 1.1638 2.8956
v v145 =
p -0.01 1.1628 2.8956
f v127 v128 v129 v130 v131 v132 v133 v134 v135 v136 v137 v138 v139 v140 v141 v142 v143 v144 v100 v145
f v108 v145 v100 v95
f v95 v100 v144 v109
f v109 v144 v143 v110
f v110 v143 v142 v111
f v111 v142 v141 v112
f v112 v141 v140 v113
f v113 v140 v139 v114
f v114 v139 v138 v115
f v115 v138 v137 v116
f v116 v137 v136 v117
f v117 v136 v135 v118
f v118 v135 v134 v119
f v119 v134 v133 v120
f v120 v133 v132 v121
f v121 v132 v131 v122
f v122 v131 v130 v123
f v123 v130 v129 v124
f v124 v129 v128 v125
f v125 v128 v127 v126
f v126 v127 v145 v108
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 1.1628 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 1.1628 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect03 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 2.3764 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 2.3764 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect03 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect03
v v146 =
p -0.1 2.3764 0.1397
v v147 =
p 0 2.3764 0.1397
v v148 =
p 0 2.3764 1.0668
v v149 =
p -0.01 2.3764 1.0668
v v150 =
p -0.01 2.3764 1.069
v v151 =
p 0 2.3764 1.069
v v152 =
p 0 2.3764 2.8956
v v153 =
p -0.1 2.3764 2.8956
f v146 v147 v148 v149 v150 v151 v152 v153
v v154 =
p -0.1 1.2588 2.8956
v v155 =
p 0 1.2588 1.069
v v156 =
p -0.01 1.2588 1.069
v v157 =
p -0.01 1.2588 1.0668
v v158 =
p 0 1.2588 1.0668
v v159 =
p -0.1 1.2588 0.1397
f v154 v128 v155 v156 v157 v158 v125 v159
f v146 v159 v125 v147
f v147 v125 v158 v148
f v148 v158 v157 v149
f v149 v157 v156 v150
f v150 v156 v155 v151
f v151 v155 v128 v152
f v152 v128 v154 v153
f v153 v154 v159 v146
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect03 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 2.3764 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 2.3764 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 2.3764 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 2.3764 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 2.3764 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v160 =
p -0.01 2.3764 0.1397
v v161 =
p -0.002 2.3774 0.1397
v v162 =
p 0 2.3784 0.1397
v v163 =
p 0 2.3874 0.1397
v v164 =
p -0.004 2.3899 0.1397
v v165 =
p 0 2.3924 0.1397
v v166 =
p 0 2.4014 0.1397
v v167 =
p -0.002 2.4024 0.1397
v v168 =
p 0 2.4034 0.1397
v v169 =
p 0 2.4454 0.1397
v v170 =
p -0.002 2.4464 0.1397
v v171 =
p 0 2.4474 0.1397
v v172 =
p 0 2.4564 0.1397
v v173 =
p -0.004 2.4589 0.1397
v v174 =
p 0 2.4614 0.1397
v v175 =
p 0 2.4704 0.1397
v v176 =
p -0.002 2.4714 0.1397
v v177 =
p 0 2.4724 0.1397
v v178 =
p -0.01 2.4724 0.1397
f v160 v147 v161 v162 v163 v164 v165 v166 v167 v168 v169 v170 v171 v172 v173 v174 v175 v176 v177 v178
v v179 =
p -0.01 2.4724 2.8956
v v180 =
p 0 2.4724 2.8956
v v181 =
p -0.002 2.4714 2.8956
v v182 =
p 0 2.4704 2.8956
v v183 =
p 0 2.4614 2.8956
v v184 =
p -0.004 2.4589 2.8956
v v185 =
p 0 2.4564 2.8956
v v186 =
p 0 2.4474 2.8956
v v187 =
p -0.002 2.4464 2.8956
v v188 =
p 0 2.4454 2.8956
v v189 =
p 0 2.4034 2.8956
v v190 =
p -0.002 2.4024 2.8956
v v191 =
p 0 2.4014 2.8956
v v192 =
p 0 2.3924 2.8956
v v193 =
p -0.004 2.3899 2.8956
v v194 =
p 0 2.3874 2.8956
v v195 =
p 0 2.3784 2.8956
v v196 =
p -0.002 2.3774 2.8956
v v197 =
p -0.01 2.3764 2.8956
f v179 v180 v181 v182 v183 v184 v185 v186 v187 v188 v189 v190 v191 v192 v193 v194 v195 v196 v152 v197
f v160 v197 v152 v147
f v147 v152 v196 v161
f v161 v196 v195 v162
f v162 v195 v194 v163
f v163 v194 v193 v164
f v164 v193 v192 v165
f v165 v192 v191 v166
f v166 v191 v190 v167
f v167 v190 v189 v168
f v168 v189 v188 v169
f v169 v188 v187 v170
f v170 v187 v186 v171
f v171 v186 v185 v172
f v172 v185 v184 v173
f v173 v184 v183 v174
f v174 v183 v182 v175
f v175 v182 v181 v176
f v176 v181 v180 v177
f v177 v180 v179 v178
f v178 v179 v197 v160
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 2.3764 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 2.3764 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect04 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 3.59 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 3.59 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect04 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect04
v v198 =
p -0.1 3.59 0.1397
v v199 =
p 0 3.59 0.1397
v v200 =
p 0 3.59 1.0668
v v201 =
p -0.01 3.59 1.0668
v v202 =
p -0.01 3.59 1.069
v v203 =
p 0 3.59 1.069
v v204 =
p 0 3.59 2.8956
v v205 =
p -0.1 3.59 2.8956
f v198 v199 v200 v201 v202 v203 v204 v205
v v206 =
p -0.1 2.4724 2.8956
v v207 =
p 0 2.4724 1.069
v v208 =
p -0.01 2.4724 1.069
v v209 =
p -0.01 2.4724 1.0668
v v210 =
p 0 2.4724 1.0668
v v211 =
p -0.1 2.4724 0.1397
f v206 v180 v207 v208 v209 v210 v177 v211
f v198 v211 v177 v199
f v199 v177 v210 v200
f v200 v210 v209 v201
f v201 v209 v208 v202
f v202 v208 v207 v203
f v203 v207 v180 v204
f v204 v180 v206 v205
f v205 v206 v211 v198
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect04 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 3.59 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 3.59 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 3.59 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 3.59 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 3.59 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v212 =
p -0.01 3.59 0.1397
v v213 =
p -0.002 3.591 0.1397
v v214 =
p 0 3.592 0.1397
v v215 =
p 0 3.601 0.1397
v v216 =
p -0.004 3.6035 0.1397
v v217 =
p 0 3.606 0.1397
v v218 =
p 0 3.615 0.1397
v v219 =
p -0.002 3.616 0.1397
v v220 =
p 0 3.617 0.1397
v v221 =
p 0 3.659 0.1397
v v222 =
p -0.002 3.66 0.1397
v v223 =
p 0 3.661 0.1397
v v224 =
p 0 3.67 0.1397
v v225 =
p -0.004 3.6725 0.1397
v v226 =
p 0 3.675 0.1397
v v227 =
p 0 3.684 0.1397
v v228 =
p -0.002 3.685 0.1397
v v229 =
p 0 3.686 0.1397
v v230 =
p -0.01 3.686 0.1397
f v212 v199 v213 v214 v215 v216 v217 v218 v219 v220 v221 v222 v223 v224 v225 v226 v227 v228 v229 v230
v v231 =
p -0.01 3.686 2.8956
v v232 =
p 0 3.686 2.8956
v v233 =
p -0.002 3.685 2.8956
v v234 =
p 0 3.684 2.8956
v v235 =
p 0 3.675 2.8956
v v236 =
p -0.004 3.6725 2.8956
v v237 =
p 0 3.67 2.8956
v v238 =
p 0 3.661 2.8956
v v239 =
p -0.002 3.66 2.8956
v v240 =
p 0 3.659 2.8956
v v241 =
p 0 3.617 2.8956
v v242 =
p -0.002 3.616 2.8956
v v243 =
p 0 3.615 2.8956
v v244 =
p 0 3.606 2.8956
v v245 =
p -0.004 3.6035 2.8956
v v246 =
p 0 3.601 2.8956
v v247 =
p 0 3.592 2.8956
v v248 =
p -0.002 3.591 2.8956
v v249 =
p -0.01 3.59 2.8956
f v231 v232 v233 v234 v235 v236 v237 v238 v239 v240 v241 v242 v243 v244 v245 v246 v247 v248 v204 v249
f v212 v249 v204 v199
f v199 v204 v248 v213
f v213 v248 v247 v214
f v214 v247 v246 v215
f v215 v246 v245 v216
f v216 v245 v244 v217
f v217 v244 v243 v218
f v218 v243 v242 v219
f v219 v242 v241 v220
f v220 v241 v240 v221
f v221 v240 v239 v222
f v222 v239 v238 v223
f v223 v238 v237 v224
f v224 v237 v236 v225
f v225 v236 v235 v226
f v226 v235 v234 v227
f v227 v234 v233 v228
f v228 v233 v232 v229
f v229 v232 v231 v230
f v230 v231 v249 v212
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 3.59 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 3.59 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect05 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 4.8036 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 4.8036 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect05 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect05
v v250 =
p -0.1 4.8036 0.1397
v v251 =
p 0 4.8036 0.1397
v v252 =
p 0 4.8036 1.0668
v v253 =
p -0.01 4.8036 1.0668
v v254 =
p -0.01 4.8036 1.069
v v255 =
p 0 4.8036 1.069
v v0 =
p 0 4.8036 2.8956
v v1 =
p -0.1 4.8036 2.8956
f v250 v251 v252 v253 v254 v255 v0 v1
v v2 =
p -0.1 3.686 2.8956
v v3 =
p 0 3.686 1.069
v v5 =
p -0.01 3.686 1.069
v v20 =
p -0.01 3.686 1.0668
v v6 =
p 0 3.686 1.0668
v v19 =
p -0.1 3.686 0.1397
f v2 v232 v3 v5 v20 v6 v229 v19
f v250 v19 v229 v251
f v251 v229 v6 v252
f v252 v6 v20 v253
f v253 v20 v5 v254
f v254 v5 v3 v255
f v255 v3 v232 v0
f v0 v232 v2 v1
f v1 v2 v19 v250
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect05 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 4.8036 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 4.8036 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 4.8036 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 4.8036 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 4.8036 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v8 =
p -0.01 4.8036 0.1397
v v18 =
p -0.002 4.8046 0.1397
v v9 =
p 0 4.8056 0.1397
v v17 =
p 0 4.8146 0.1397
v v16 =
p -0.004 4.8171 0.1397
v v15 =
p 0 4.8196 0.1397
v v7 =
p 0 4.8286 0.1397
v v14 =
p -0.002 4.8296 0.1397
v v12 =
p 0 4.8306 0.1397
v v13 =
p 0 4.8726 0.1397
v v21 =
p -0.002 4.8736 0.1397
v v4 =
p 0 4.8746 0.1397
v v25 =
p 0 4.8836 0.1397
v v10 =
p -0.004 4.8861 0.1397
v v22 =
p 0 4.8886 0.1397
v v11 =
p 0 4.8976 0.1397
v v26 =
p -0.002 4.8986 0.1397
v v24 =
p 0 4.8996 0.1397
v v23 =
p -0.01 4.8996 0.1397
f v8 v251 v18 v9 v17 v16 v15 v7 v14 v12 v13 v21 v4 v25 v10 v22 v11 v26 v24 v23
v v27 =
p -0.01 4.8996 2.8956
v v31 =
p 0 4.8996 2.8956
v v33 =
p -0.002 4.8986 2.8956
v v28 =
p 0 4.8976 2.8956
v v34 =
p 0 4.8886 2.8956
v v32 =
p -0.004 4.8861 2.8956
v v30 =
p 0 4.8836 2.8956
v v29 =
p 0 4.8746 2.8956
v v35 =
p -0.002 4.8736 2.8956
v v36 =
p 0 4.8726 2.8956
v v37 =
p 0 4.8306 2.8956
v v38 =
p -0.002 4.8296 2.8956
v v39 =
p 0 4.8286 2.8956
v v54 =
p 0 4.8196 2.8956
v v42 =
p -0.004 4.8171 2.8956
v v53 =
p 0 4.8146 2.8956
v v43 =
p 0 4.8056 2.8956
v v52 =
p -0.002 4.8046 2.8956
v v44 =
p -0.01 4.8036 2.8956
f v27 v31 v33 v28 v34 v32 v30 v29 v35 v36 v37 v38 v39 v54 v42 v53 v43 v52 v0 v44
f v8 v44 v0 v251
f v251 v0 v52 v18
f v18 v52 v43 v9
f v9 v43 v53 v17
f v17 v53 v42 v16
f v16 v42 v54 v15
f v15 v54 v39 v7
f v7 v39 v38 v14
f v14 v38 v37 v12
f v12 v37 v36 v13
f v13 v36 v35 v21
f v21 v35 v29 v4
f v4 v29 v30 v25
f v25 v30 v32 v10
f v10 v32 v34 v22
f v22 v34 v28 v11
f v11 v28 v33 v26
f v26 v33 v31 v24
f v24 v31 v27 v23
f v23 v27 v44 v8
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 4.8036 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 4.8036 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect06 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.0172 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.0172 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect06 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect06
v v51 =
p -0.1 6.0172 0.1397
v v45 =
p 0 6.0172 0.1397
v v50 =
p 0 6.0172 1.0668
v v49 =
p -0.01 6.0172 1.0668
v v47 =
p -0.01 6.0172 1.069
v v48 =
p 0 6.0172 1.069
v v55 =
p 0 6.0172 2.8956
v v40 =
p -0.1 6.0172 2.8956
f v51 v45 v50 v49 v47 v48 v55 v40
v v41 =
p -0.1 4.8996 2.8956
v v46 =
p 0 4.8996 1.069
v v57 =
p -0.01 4.8996 1.069
v v92 =
p -0.01 4.8996 1.0668
v v58 =
p 0 4.8996 1.0668
v v91 =
p -0.1 4.8996 0.1397
f v41 v31 v46 v57 v92 v58 v24 v91
f v51 v91 v24 v45
f v45 v24 v58 v50
f v50 v58 v92 v49
f v49 v92 v57 v47
f v47 v57 v46 v48
f v48 v46 v31 v55
f v55 v31 v41 v40
f v40 v41 v91 v51
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect06 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.0172 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.0172 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 6.0172 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.0172 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 6.0172 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v59 =
p -0.01 6.0172 0.1397
v v90 =
p -0.002 6.0182 0.1397
v v60 =
p 0 6.0192 0.1397
v v89 =
p 0 6.0282 0.1397
v v61 =
p -0.004 6.0307 0.1397
v v88 =
p 0 6.0332 0.1397
v v62 =
p 0 6.0422 0.1397
v v87 =
p -0.002 6.0432 0.1397
v v63 =
p 0 6.0442 0.1397
v v86 =
p 0 6.0862 0.1397
v v64 =
p -0.002 6.0872 0.1397
v v85 =
p 0 6.0882 0.1397
v v65 =
p 0 6.0972 0.1397
v v84 =
p -0.004 6.0997 0.1397
v v66 =
p 0 6.1022 0.1397
v v83 =
p 0 6.1112 0.1397
v v67 =
p -0.002 6.1122 0.1397
v v82 =
p 0 6.1132 0.1397
v v68 =
p -0.01 6.1132 0.1397
f v59 v45 v90 v60 v89 v61 v88 v62 v87 v63 v86 v64 v85 v65 v84 v66 v83 v67 v82 v68
v v81 =
p -0.01 6.1132 2.8956
v v69 =
p 0 6.1132 2.8956
v v80 =
p -0.002 6.1122 2.8956
v v70 =
p 0 6.1112 2.8956
v v79 =
p 0 6.1022 2.8956
v v71 =
p -0.004 6.0997 2.8956
v v78 =
p 0 6.0972 2.8956
v v72 =
p 0 6.0882 2.8956
v v77 =
p -0.002 6.0872 2.8956
v v74 =
p 0 6.0862 2.8956
v v75 =
p 0 6.0442 2.8956
v v93 =
p -0.002 6.0432 2.8956
v v56 =
p 0 6.0422 2.8956
v v73 =
p 0 6.0332 2.8956
v v96 =
p -0.004 6.0307 2.8956
v v106 =
p 0 6.0282 2.8956
v v97 =
p 0 6.0192 2.8956
v v105 =
p -0.002 6.0182 2.8956
v v98 =
p -0.01 6.0172 2.8956
f v81 v69 v80 v70 v79 v71 v78 v72 v77 v74 v75 v93 v56 v73 v96 v106 v97 v105 v55 v98
f v59 v98 v55 v45
f v45 v55 v105 v90
f v90 v105 v97 v60
f v60 v97 v106 v89
f v89 v106 v96 v61
f v61 v96 v73 v88
f v88 v73 v56 v62
f v62 v56 v93 v87
f v87 v93 v75 v63
f v63 v75 v74 v86
f v86 v74 v77 v64
f v64 v77 v72 v85
f v85 v72 v78 v65
f v65 v78 v71 v84
f v84 v71 v79 v66
f v66 v79 v70 v83
f v83 v70 v80 v67
f v67 v80 v69 v82
f v82 v69 v81 v68
f v68 v81 v98 v59
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.0172 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.0172 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect07 wall.pts -l 0 0 .59055 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.70375 0
# xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.70375 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect07 wall.pts -l 0 0 .59055
o
o wall_sect07
v v104 =
p -0.1 6.70375 0.1397
v v99 =
p 0 6.70375 0.1397
v v103 =
p 0 6.70375 1.0668
v v76 =
p -0.01 6.70375 1.0668
v v101 =
p -0.01 6.70375 1.069
v v102 =
p 0 6.70375 1.069
v v107 =
p 0 6.70375 2.8956
v v94 =
p -0.1 6.70375 2.8956
f v104 v99 v103 v76 v101 v102 v107 v94
v v95 =
p -0.1 6.1132 2.8956
v v100 =
p 0 6.1132 1.069
v v109 =
p -0.01 6.1132 1.069
v v144 =
p -0.01 6.1132 1.0668
v v110 =
p 0 6.1132 1.0668
v v143 =
p -0.1 6.1132 0.1397
f v95 v69 v100 v109 v144 v110 v82 v143
f v104 v143 v82 v99
f v99 v82 v110 v103
f v103 v110 v144 v76
f v76 v144 v109 v101
f v101 v109 v100 v102
f v102 v100 v69 v107
f v107 v69 v95 v94
f v94 v95 v143 v104
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect07 wall.pts -l 0 0 .59055 | xform -rx 90 -t 0 6.70375 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.70375 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 6.70375 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.70375 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 6.70375 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v111 =
p -0.01 6.70375 0.1397
v v142 =
p -0.002 6.70475 0.1397
v v112 =
p 0 6.70575 0.1397
v v141 =
p 0 6.71475 0.1397
v v113 =
p -0.004 6.71725 0.1397
v v140 =
p 0 6.71975 0.1397
v v114 =
p 0 6.72875 0.1397
v v139 =
p -0.002 6.72975 0.1397
v v115 =
p 0 6.73075 0.1397
v v138 =
p 0 6.77275 0.1397
v v116 =
p -0.002 6.77375 0.1397
v v137 =
p 0 6.77475 0.1397
v v117 =
p 0 6.78375 0.1397
v v136 =
p -0.004 6.78625 0.1397
v v118 =
p 0 6.78875 0.1397
v v135 =
p 0 6.79775 0.1397
v v119 =
p -0.002 6.79875 0.1397
v v134 =
p 0 6.79975 0.1397
v v120 =
p -0.01 6.79975 0.1397
f v111 v99 v142 v112 v141 v113 v140 v114 v139 v115 v138 v116 v137 v117 v136 v118 v135 v119 v134 v120
v v133 =
p -0.01 6.79975 2.8956
v v121 =
p 0 6.79975 2.8956
v v132 =
p -0.002 6.79875 2.8956
v v122 =
p 0 6.79775 2.8956
v v131 =
p 0 6.78875 2.8956
v v123 =
p -0.004 6.78625 2.8956
v v130 =
p 0 6.78375 2.8956
v v124 =
p 0 6.77475 2.8956
v v129 =
p -0.002 6.77375 2.8956
v v126 =
p 0 6.77275 2.8956
v v127 =
p 0 6.73075 2.8956
v v145 =
p -0.002 6.72975 2.8956
v v108 =
p 0 6.72875 2.8956
v v125 =
p 0 6.71975 2.8956
v v148 =
p -0.004 6.71725 2.8956
v v158 =
p 0 6.71475 2.8956
v v149 =
p 0 6.70575 2.8956
v v157 =
p -0.002 6.70475 2.8956
v v150 =
p -0.01 6.70375 2.8956
f v133 v121 v132 v122 v131 v123 v130 v124 v129 v126 v127 v145 v108 v125 v148 v158 v149 v157 v107 v150
f v111 v150 v107 v99
f v99 v107 v157 v142
f v142 v157 v149 v112
f v112 v149 v158 v141
f v141 v158 v148 v113
f v113 v148 v125 v140
f v140 v125 v108 v114
f v114 v108 v145 v139
f v139 v145 v127 v115
f v115 v127 v126 v138
f v138 v126 v129 v116
f v116 v129 v124 v137
f v137 v124 v130 v117
f v117 v130 v123 v136
f v136 v123 v131 v118
f v118 v131 v122 v135
f v135 v122 v132 v119
f v119 v132 v121 v134
f v134 v121 v133 v120
f v120 v133 v150 v111
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.70375 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.70375 0.1397 trim.rad
# Last line is extra trim to bridge corner
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.79975 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -t 0 6.79975 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.79975 0.1397
# xform -e -t 0 6.79975 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
v v156 =
p -0.002 6.80075 0.1397
v v151 =
p 0 6.80175 0.1397
v v155 =
p 0 6.81075 0.1397
v v128 =
p -0.004 6.81325 0.1397
v v153 =
p 0 6.81575 0.1397
v v154 =
p 0 6.82475 0.1397
v v159 =
p -0.002 6.82575 0.1397
v v146 =
p 0 6.82675 0.1397
v v147 =
p 0 6.86875 0.1397
v v152 =
p -0.002 6.86975 0.1397
v v161 =
p 0 6.87075 0.1397
v v196 =
p 0 6.87975 0.1397
v v162 =
p -0.004 6.88225 0.1397
v v195 =
p 0 6.88475 0.1397
v v163 =
p 0 6.89375 0.1397
v v194 =
p -0.002 6.89475 0.1397
v v164 =
p 0 6.89575 0.1397
v v193 =
p -0.01 6.89575 0.1397
f v120 v134 v156 v151 v155 v128 v153 v154 v159 v146 v147 v152 v161 v196 v162 v195 v163 v194 v164 v193
v v165 =
p -0.01 6.89575 2.8956
v v192 =
p 0 6.89575 2.8956
v v166 =
p -0.002 6.89475 2.8956
v v191 =
p 0 6.89375 2.8956
v v167 =
p 0 6.88475 2.8956
v v190 =
p -0.004 6.88225 2.8956
v v168 =
p 0 6.87975 2.8956
v v189 =
p 0 6.87075 2.8956
v v169 =
p -0.002 6.86975 2.8956
v v188 =
p 0 6.86875 2.8956
v v170 =
p 0 6.82675 2.8956
v v187 =
p -0.002 6.82575 2.8956
v v171 =
p 0 6.82475 2.8956
v v186 =
p 0 6.81575 2.8956
v v172 =
p -0.004 6.81325 2.8956
v v185 =
p 0 6.81075 2.8956
v v173 =
p 0 6.80175 2.8956
v v184 =
p -0.002 6.80075 2.8956
f v165 v192 v166 v191 v167 v190 v168 v189 v169 v188 v170 v187 v171 v186 v172 v185 v173 v184 v121 v133
f v120 v133 v121 v134
f v134 v121 v184 v156
f v156 v184 v173 v151
f v151 v173 v185 v155
f v155 v185 v172 v128
f v128 v172 v186 v153
f v153 v186 v171 v154
f v154 v171 v187 v159
f v159 v187 v170 v146
f v146 v170 v188 v147
f v147 v188 v169 v152
f v152 v169 v189 v161
f v161 v189 v168 v196
f v196 v168 v190 v162
f v162 v190 v167 v195
f v195 v167 v191 v163
f v163 v191 v166 v194
f v194 v166 v192 v164
f v164 v192 v165 v193
f v193 v165 v133 v120
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -t 0 6.79975 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -t 0 6.79975 0.1397 trim.rad
# right side of room
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect08 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016| xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 0.1016 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 0.1016 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect08 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016
o
o wall_sect08
v v174 =
p 3.3766 0.1016 2.8956
v v183 =
p 3.2766 0.1016 2.8956
v v175 =
p 3.2766 0.1016 1.069
v v182 =
p 3.2866 0.1016 1.069
v v176 =
p 3.2866 0.1016 1.0668
v v181 =
p 3.2766 0.1016 1.0668
v v178 =
p 3.2766 0.1016 0.1397
v v179 =
p 3.3766 0.1016 0.1397
f v174 v183 v175 v182 v176 v181 v178 v179
v v197 =
p 3.3766 2.77555756156e-17 0.1397
v v160 =
p 3.2766 2.77555756156e-17 0.1397
v v177 =
p 3.2766 8.32667268469e-17 1.0668
v v200 =
p 3.2866 8.32667268469e-17 1.0668
v v210 =
p 3.2866 8.32667268469e-17 1.069
v v201 =
p 3.2766 8.32667268469e-17 1.069
v v209 =
p 3.2766 1.94289029309e-16 2.8956
v v202 =
p 3.3766 1.94289029309e-16 2.8956
f v197 v160 v177 v200 v210 v201 v209 v202
f v178 v160 v197 v179
f v181 v177 v160 v178
f v176 v200 v177 v181
f v182 v210 v200 v176
f v175 v201 v210 v182
f v183 v209 v201 v175
f v174 v202 v209 v183
f v179 v197 v202 v174
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect08 wall.pts -l 0 0 .1016| xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 0.1016 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v208 =
p 3.2866 0.1976 0.1397
v v203 =
p 3.2766 0.1976 0.1397
v v207 =
p 3.2786 0.1966 0.1397
v v180 =
p 3.2766 0.1956 0.1397
v v205 =
p 3.2766 0.1866 0.1397
v v206 =
p 3.2806 0.1841 0.1397
v v211 =
p 3.2766 0.1816 0.1397
v v198 =
p 3.2766 0.1726 0.1397
v v199 =
p 3.2786 0.1716 0.1397
v v204 =
p 3.2766 0.1706 0.1397
v v213 =
p 3.2766 0.1286 0.1397
v v248 =
p 3.2786 0.1276 0.1397
v v214 =
p 3.2766 0.1266 0.1397
v v247 =
p 3.2766 0.1176 0.1397
v v215 =
p 3.2806 0.1151 0.1397
v v246 =
p 3.2766 0.1126 0.1397
v v216 =
p 3.2766 0.1036 0.1397
v v245 =
p 3.2786 0.1026 0.1397
v v217 =
p 3.2866 0.1016 0.1397
f v208 v203 v207 v180 v205 v206 v211 v198 v199 v204 v213 v248 v214 v247 v215 v246 v216 v245 v178 v217
v v244 =
p 3.2866 0.1016 2.8956
v v218 =
p 3.2786 0.1026 2.8956
v v243 =
p 3.2766 0.1036 2.8956
v v219 =
p 3.2766 0.1126 2.8956
v v242 =
p 3.2806 0.1151 2.8956
v v220 =
p 3.2766 0.1176 2.8956
v v241 =
p 3.2766 0.1266 2.8956
v v221 =
p 3.2786 0.1276 2.8956
v v240 =
p 3.2766 0.1286 2.8956
v v222 =
p 3.2766 0.1706 2.8956
v v239 =
p 3.2786 0.1716 2.8956
v v223 =
p 3.2766 0.1726 2.8956
v v238 =
p 3.2766 0.1816 2.8956
v v224 =
p 3.2806 0.1841 2.8956
v v237 =
p 3.2766 0.1866 2.8956
v v225 =
p 3.2766 0.1956 2.8956
v v236 =
p 3.2786 0.1966 2.8956
v v226 =
p 3.2766 0.1976 2.8956
v v235 =
p 3.2866 0.1976 2.8956
f v244 v183 v218 v243 v219 v242 v220 v241 v221 v240 v222 v239 v223 v238 v224 v237 v225 v236 v226 v235
f v178 v183 v244 v217
f v245 v218 v183 v178
f v216 v243 v218 v245
f v246 v219 v243 v216
f v215 v242 v219 v246
f v247 v220 v242 v215
f v214 v241 v220 v247
f v248 v221 v241 v214
f v213 v240 v221 v248
f v204 v222 v240 v213
f v199 v239 v222 v204
f v198 v223 v239 v199
f v211 v238 v223 v198
f v206 v224 v238 v211
f v205 v237 v224 v206
f v180 v225 v237 v205
f v207 v236 v225 v180
f v203 v226 v236 v207
f v208 v235 v226 v203
f v217 v244 v235 v208
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 .1016 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect09 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 1.1628 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 1.1628 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect09 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652
o
o wall_sect09
v v227 =
p 3.3766 1.1628 2.8956
v v234 =
p 3.2766 1.1628 2.8956
v v228 =
p 3.2766 1.1628 1.069
v v233 =
p 3.2866 1.1628 1.069
v v230 =
p 3.2866 1.1628 1.0668
v v231 =
p 3.2766 1.1628 1.0668
v v249 =
p 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397
v v212 =
p 3.3766 1.1628 0.1397
f v227 v234 v228 v233 v230 v231 v249 v212
v v229 =
p 3.3766 0.1976 0.1397
v v252 =
p 3.2766 0.1976 1.0668
v v6 =
p 3.2866 0.1976 1.0668
v v253 =
p 3.2866 0.1976 1.069
v v20 =
p 3.2766 0.1976 1.069
v v254 =
p 3.3766 0.1976 2.8956
f v229 v203 v252 v6 v253 v20 v226 v254
f v249 v203 v229 v212
f v231 v252 v203 v249
f v230 v6 v252 v231
f v233 v253 v6 v230
f v228 v20 v253 v233
f v234 v226 v20 v228
f v227 v254 v226 v234
f v212 v229 v254 v227
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect09 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 1.1628 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v5 =
p 3.2866 1.2588 0.1397
v v255 =
p 3.2766 1.2588 0.1397
v v3 =
p 3.2786 1.2578 0.1397
v v232 =
p 3.2766 1.2568 0.1397
v v1 =
p 3.2766 1.2478 0.1397
v v2 =
p 3.2806 1.2453 0.1397
v v19 =
p 3.2766 1.2428 0.1397
v v250 =
p 3.2766 1.2338 0.1397
v v251 =
p 3.2786 1.2328 0.1397
v v0 =
p 3.2766 1.2318 0.1397
v v18 =
p 3.2766 1.1898 0.1397
v v52 =
p 3.2786 1.1888 0.1397
v v9 =
p 3.2766 1.1878 0.1397
v v43 =
p 3.2766 1.1788 0.1397
v v17 =
p 3.2806 1.1763 0.1397
v v53 =
p 3.2766 1.1738 0.1397
v v16 =
p 3.2766 1.1648 0.1397
v v42 =
p 3.2786 1.1638 0.1397
v v15 =
p 3.2866 1.1628 0.1397
f v5 v255 v3 v232 v1 v2 v19 v250 v251 v0 v18 v52 v9 v43 v17 v53 v16 v42 v249 v15
v v54 =
p 3.2866 1.1628 2.8956
v v7 =
p 3.2786 1.1638 2.8956
v v39 =
p 3.2766 1.1648 2.8956
v v14 =
p 3.2766 1.1738 2.8956
v v38 =
p 3.2806 1.1763 2.8956
v v12 =
p 3.2766 1.1788 2.8956
v v37 =
p 3.2766 1.1878 2.8956
v v13 =
p 3.2786 1.1888 2.8956
v v36 =
p 3.2766 1.1898 2.8956
v v21 =
p 3.2766 1.2318 2.8956
v v35 =
p 3.2786 1.2328 2.8956
v v4 =
p 3.2766 1.2338 2.8956
v v29 =
p 3.2766 1.2428 2.8956
v v25 =
p 3.2806 1.2453 2.8956
v v30 =
p 3.2766 1.2478 2.8956
v v10 =
p 3.2766 1.2568 2.8956
v v32 =
p 3.2786 1.2578 2.8956
v v22 =
p 3.2766 1.2588 2.8956
v v34 =
p 3.2866 1.2588 2.8956
f v54 v234 v7 v39 v14 v38 v12 v37 v13 v36 v21 v35 v4 v29 v25 v30 v10 v32 v22 v34
f v249 v234 v54 v15
f v42 v7 v234 v249
f v16 v39 v7 v42
f v53 v14 v39 v16
f v17 v38 v14 v53
f v43 v12 v38 v17
f v9 v37 v12 v43
f v52 v13 v37 v9
f v18 v36 v13 v52
f v0 v21 v36 v18
f v251 v35 v21 v0
f v250 v4 v35 v251
f v19 v29 v4 v250
f v2 v25 v29 v19
f v1 v30 v25 v2
f v232 v10 v30 v1
f v3 v32 v10 v232
f v255 v22 v32 v3
f v5 v34 v22 v255
f v15 v54 v34 v5
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 1.1628 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect10 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 2.3764 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 2.3764 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect10 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect10
v v11 =
p 3.3766 2.3764 2.8956
v v28 =
p 3.2766 2.3764 2.8956
v v26 =
p 3.2766 2.3764 1.069
v v33 =
p 3.2866 2.3764 1.069
v v23 =
p 3.2866 2.3764 1.0668
v v27 =
p 3.2766 2.3764 1.0668
v v44 =
p 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397
v v8 =
p 3.3766 2.3764 0.1397
f v11 v28 v26 v33 v23 v27 v44 v8
v v24 =
p 3.3766 1.2588 0.1397
v v50 =
p 3.2766 1.2588 1.0668
v v58 =
p 3.2866 1.2588 1.0668
v v49 =
p 3.2866 1.2588 1.069
v v92 =
p 3.2766 1.2588 1.069
v v47 =
p 3.3766 1.2588 2.8956
f v24 v255 v50 v58 v49 v92 v22 v47
f v44 v255 v24 v8
f v27 v50 v255 v44
f v23 v58 v50 v27
f v33 v49 v58 v23
f v26 v92 v49 v33
f v28 v22 v92 v26
f v11 v47 v22 v28
f v8 v24 v47 v11
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect10 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 2.3764 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v57 =
p 3.2866 2.4724 0.1397
v v48 =
p 3.2766 2.4724 0.1397
v v46 =
p 3.2786 2.4714 0.1397
v v31 =
p 3.2766 2.4704 0.1397
v v40 =
p 3.2766 2.4614 0.1397
v v41 =
p 3.2806 2.4589 0.1397
v v91 =
p 3.2766 2.4564 0.1397
v v51 =
p 3.2766 2.4474 0.1397
v v45 =
p 3.2786 2.4464 0.1397
v v55 =
p 3.2766 2.4454 0.1397
v v90 =
p 3.2766 2.4034 0.1397
v v105 =
p 3.2786 2.4024 0.1397
v v60 =
p 3.2766 2.4014 0.1397
v v97 =
p 3.2766 2.3924 0.1397
v v89 =
p 3.2806 2.3899 0.1397
v v106 =
p 3.2766 2.3874 0.1397
v v61 =
p 3.2766 2.3784 0.1397
v v96 =
p 3.2786 2.3774 0.1397
v v88 =
p 3.2866 2.3764 0.1397
f v57 v48 v46 v31 v40 v41 v91 v51 v45 v55 v90 v105 v60 v97 v89 v106 v61 v96 v44 v88
v v73 =
p 3.2866 2.3764 2.8956
v v62 =
p 3.2786 2.3774 2.8956
v v56 =
p 3.2766 2.3784 2.8956
v v87 =
p 3.2766 2.3874 2.8956
v v93 =
p 3.2806 2.3899 2.8956
v v63 =
p 3.2766 2.3924 2.8956
v v75 =
p 3.2766 2.4014 2.8956
v v86 =
p 3.2786 2.4024 2.8956
v v74 =
p 3.2766 2.4034 2.8956
v v64 =
p 3.2766 2.4454 2.8956
v v77 =
p 3.2786 2.4464 2.8956
v v85 =
p 3.2766 2.4474 2.8956
v v72 =
p 3.2766 2.4564 2.8956
v v65 =
p 3.2806 2.4589 2.8956
v v78 =
p 3.2766 2.4614 2.8956
v v84 =
p 3.2766 2.4704 2.8956
v v71 =
p 3.2786 2.4714 2.8956
v v66 =
p 3.2766 2.4724 2.8956
v v79 =
p 3.2866 2.4724 2.8956
f v73 v28 v62 v56 v87 v93 v63 v75 v86 v74 v64 v77 v85 v72 v65 v78 v84 v71 v66 v79
f v44 v28 v73 v88
f v96 v62 v28 v44
f v61 v56 v62 v96
f v106 v87 v56 v61
f v89 v93 v87 v106
f v97 v63 v93 v89
f v60 v75 v63 v97
f v105 v86 v75 v60
f v90 v74 v86 v105
f v55 v64 v74 v90
f v45 v77 v64 v55
f v51 v85 v77 v45
f v91 v72 v85 v51
f v41 v65 v72 v91
f v40 v78 v65 v41
f v31 v84 v78 v40
f v46 v71 v84 v31
f v48 v66 v71 v46
f v57 v79 v66 v48
f v88 v73 v79 v57
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 2.3764 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect11 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 3.59 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 3.59 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect11 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect11
v v83 =
p 3.3766 3.59 2.8956
v v70 =
p 3.2766 3.59 2.8956
v v67 =
p 3.2766 3.59 1.069
v v80 =
p 3.2866 3.59 1.069
v v68 =
p 3.2866 3.59 1.0668
v v81 =
p 3.2766 3.59 1.0668
v v98 =
p 3.2766 3.59 0.1397
v v59 =
p 3.3766 3.59 0.1397
f v83 v70 v67 v80 v68 v81 v98 v59
v v82 =
p 3.3766 2.4724 0.1397
v v103 =
p 3.2766 2.4724 1.0668
v v110 =
p 3.2866 2.4724 1.0668
v v76 =
p 3.2866 2.4724 1.069
v v144 =
p 3.2766 2.4724 1.069
v v101 =
p 3.3766 2.4724 2.8956
f v82 v48 v103 v110 v76 v144 v66 v101
f v98 v48 v82 v59
f v81 v103 v48 v98
f v68 v110 v103 v81
f v80 v76 v110 v68
f v67 v144 v76 v80
f v70 v66 v144 v67
f v83 v101 v66 v70
f v59 v82 v101 v83
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect11 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 3.59 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v109 =
p 3.2866 3.686 0.1397
v v102 =
p 3.2766 3.686 0.1397
v v100 =
p 3.2786 3.685 0.1397
v v69 =
p 3.2766 3.684 0.1397
v v94 =
p 3.2766 3.675 0.1397
v v95 =
p 3.2806 3.6725 0.1397
v v143 =
p 3.2766 3.67 0.1397
v v104 =
p 3.2766 3.661 0.1397
v v99 =
p 3.2786 3.66 0.1397
v v107 =
p 3.2766 3.659 0.1397
v v142 =
p 3.2766 3.617 0.1397
v v157 =
p 3.2786 3.616 0.1397
v v112 =
p 3.2766 3.615 0.1397
v v149 =
p 3.2766 3.606 0.1397
v v141 =
p 3.2806 3.6035 0.1397
v v158 =
p 3.2766 3.601 0.1397
v v113 =
p 3.2766 3.592 0.1397
v v148 =
p 3.2786 3.591 0.1397
v v140 =
p 3.2866 3.59 0.1397
f v109 v102 v100 v69 v94 v95 v143 v104 v99 v107 v142 v157 v112 v149 v141 v158 v113 v148 v98 v140
v v125 =
p 3.2866 3.59 2.8956
v v114 =
p 3.2786 3.591 2.8956
v v108 =
p 3.2766 3.592 2.8956
v v139 =
p 3.2766 3.601 2.8956
v v145 =
p 3.2806 3.6035 2.8956
v v115 =
p 3.2766 3.606 2.8956
v v127 =
p 3.2766 3.615 2.8956
v v138 =
p 3.2786 3.616 2.8956
v v126 =
p 3.2766 3.617 2.8956
v v116 =
p 3.2766 3.659 2.8956
v v129 =
p 3.2786 3.66 2.8956
v v137 =
p 3.2766 3.661 2.8956
v v124 =
p 3.2766 3.67 2.8956
v v117 =
p 3.2806 3.6725 2.8956
v v130 =
p 3.2766 3.675 2.8956
v v136 =
p 3.2766 3.684 2.8956
v v123 =
p 3.2786 3.685 2.8956
v v118 =
p 3.2766 3.686 2.8956
v v131 =
p 3.2866 3.686 2.8956
f v125 v70 v114 v108 v139 v145 v115 v127 v138 v126 v116 v129 v137 v124 v117 v130 v136 v123 v118 v131
f v98 v70 v125 v140
f v148 v114 v70 v98
f v113 v108 v114 v148
f v158 v139 v108 v113
f v141 v145 v139 v158
f v149 v115 v145 v141
f v112 v127 v115 v149
f v157 v138 v127 v112
f v142 v126 v138 v157
f v107 v116 v126 v142
f v99 v129 v116 v107
f v104 v137 v129 v99
f v143 v124 v137 v104
f v95 v117 v124 v143
f v94 v130 v117 v95
f v69 v136 v130 v94
f v100 v123 v136 v69
f v102 v118 v123 v100
f v109 v131 v118 v102
f v140 v125 v131 v109
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 3.59 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect12 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 4.8036 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 4.8036 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect12 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect12
v v135 =
p 3.3766 4.8036 2.8956
v v122 =
p 3.2766 4.8036 2.8956
v v119 =
p 3.2766 4.8036 1.069
v v132 =
p 3.2866 4.8036 1.069
v v150 =
p 3.2866 4.8036 1.0668
v v111 =
p 3.2766 4.8036 1.0668
v v134 =
p 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397
v v121 =
p 3.3766 4.8036 0.1397
f v135 v122 v119 v132 v150 v111 v134 v121
v v156 =
p 3.3766 3.686 0.1397
v v184 =
p 3.2766 3.686 1.0668
v v151 =
p 3.2866 3.686 1.0668
v v173 =
p 3.2866 3.686 1.069
v v155 =
p 3.2766 3.686 1.069
v v185 =
p 3.3766 3.686 2.8956
f v156 v102 v184 v151 v173 v155 v118 v185
f v134 v102 v156 v121
f v111 v184 v102 v134
f v150 v151 v184 v111
f v132 v173 v151 v150
f v119 v155 v173 v132
f v122 v118 v155 v119
f v135 v185 v118 v122
f v121 v156 v185 v135
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect12 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 4.8036 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v128 =
p 3.2866 4.8996 0.1397
v v172 =
p 3.2766 4.8996 0.1397
v v153 =
p 3.2786 4.8986 0.1397
v v186 =
p 3.2766 4.8976 0.1397
v v154 =
p 3.2766 4.8886 0.1397
v v171 =
p 3.2806 4.8861 0.1397
v v159 =
p 3.2766 4.8836 0.1397
v v187 =
p 3.2766 4.8746 0.1397
v v146 =
p 3.2786 4.8736 0.1397
v v170 =
p 3.2766 4.8726 0.1397
v v147 =
p 3.2766 4.8306 0.1397
v v188 =
p 3.2786 4.8296 0.1397
v v152 =
p 3.2766 4.8286 0.1397
v v169 =
p 3.2766 4.8196 0.1397
v v161 =
p 3.2806 4.8171 0.1397
v v189 =
p 3.2766 4.8146 0.1397
v v196 =
p 3.2766 4.8056 0.1397
v v168 =
p 3.2786 4.8046 0.1397
v v162 =
p 3.2866 4.8036 0.1397
f v128 v172 v153 v186 v154 v171 v159 v187 v146 v170 v147 v188 v152 v169 v161 v189 v196 v168 v134 v162
v v190 =
p 3.2866 4.8036 2.8956
v v195 =
p 3.2786 4.8046 2.8956
v v167 =
p 3.2766 4.8056 2.8956
v v163 =
p 3.2766 4.8146 2.8956
v v191 =
p 3.2806 4.8171 2.8956
v v194 =
p 3.2766 4.8196 2.8956
v v166 =
p 3.2766 4.8286 2.8956
v v164 =
p 3.2786 4.8296 2.8956
v v192 =
p 3.2766 4.8306 2.8956
v v193 =
p 3.2766 4.8726 2.8956
v v165 =
p 3.2786 4.8736 2.8956
v v133 =
p 3.2766 4.8746 2.8956
v v120 =
p 3.2766 4.8836 2.8956
v v160 =
p 3.2806 4.8861 2.8956
v v177 =
p 3.2766 4.8886 2.8956
v v181 =
p 3.2766 4.8976 2.8956
v v200 =
p 3.2786 4.8986 2.8956
v v176 =
p 3.2766 4.8996 2.8956
v v210 =
p 3.2866 4.8996 2.8956
f v190 v122 v195 v167 v163 v191 v194 v166 v164 v192 v193 v165 v133 v120 v160 v177 v181 v200 v176 v210
f v134 v122 v190 v162
f v168 v195 v122 v134
f v196 v167 v195 v168
f v189 v163 v167 v196
f v161 v191 v163 v189
f v169 v194 v191 v161
f v152 v166 v194 v169
f v188 v164 v166 v152
f v147 v192 v164 v188
f v170 v193 v192 v147
f v146 v165 v193 v170
f v187 v133 v165 v146
f v159 v120 v133 v187
f v171 v160 v120 v159
f v154 v177 v160 v171
f v186 v181 v177 v154
f v153 v200 v181 v186
f v172 v176 v200 v153
f v128 v210 v176 v172
f v162 v190 v210 v128
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 4.8036 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect13 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 6.0172 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 6.0172 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect13 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176
o
o wall_sect13
v v182 =
p 3.3766 6.0172 2.8956
v v201 =
p 3.2766 6.0172 2.8956
v v175 =
p 3.2766 6.0172 1.069
v v209 =
p 3.2866 6.0172 1.069
v v179 =
p 3.2866 6.0172 1.0668
v v197 =
p 3.2766 6.0172 1.0668
v v202 =
p 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397
v v174 =
p 3.3766 6.0172 0.1397
f v182 v201 v175 v209 v179 v197 v202 v174
v v183 =
p 3.3766 4.8996 0.1397
v v178 =
p 3.2766 4.8996 1.0668
v v218 =
p 3.2866 4.8996 1.0668
v v245 =
p 3.2866 4.8996 1.069
v v243 =
p 3.2766 4.8996 1.069
v v216 =
p 3.3766 4.8996 2.8956
f v183 v172 v178 v218 v245 v243 v176 v216
f v202 v172 v183 v174
f v197 v178 v172 v202
f v179 v218 v178 v197
f v209 v245 v218 v179
f v175 v243 v245 v209
f v201 v176 v243 v175
f v182 v216 v176 v201
f v174 v183 v216 v182
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect13 wall.pts -l 0 0 1.1176 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 6.0172 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v219 =
p 3.2866 6.1132 0.1397
v v246 =
p 3.2766 6.1132 0.1397
v v242 =
p 3.2786 6.1122 0.1397
v v215 =
p 3.2766 6.1112 0.1397
v v220 =
p 3.2766 6.1022 0.1397
v v247 =
p 3.2806 6.0997 0.1397
v v241 =
p 3.2766 6.0972 0.1397
v v214 =
p 3.2766 6.0882 0.1397
v v221 =
p 3.2786 6.0872 0.1397
v v248 =
p 3.2766 6.0862 0.1397
v v240 =
p 3.2766 6.0442 0.1397
v v213 =
p 3.2786 6.0432 0.1397
v v222 =
p 3.2766 6.0422 0.1397
v v204 =
p 3.2766 6.0332 0.1397
v v239 =
p 3.2806 6.0307 0.1397
v v199 =
p 3.2766 6.0282 0.1397
v v223 =
p 3.2766 6.0192 0.1397
v v198 =
p 3.2786 6.0182 0.1397
v v238 =
p 3.2866 6.0172 0.1397
f v219 v246 v242 v215 v220 v247 v241 v214 v221 v248 v240 v213 v222 v204 v239 v199 v223 v198 v202 v238
v v211 =
p 3.2866 6.0172 2.8956
v v224 =
p 3.2786 6.0182 2.8956
v v206 =
p 3.2766 6.0192 2.8956
v v237 =
p 3.2766 6.0282 2.8956
v v205 =
p 3.2806 6.0307 2.8956
v v225 =
p 3.2766 6.0332 2.8956
v v180 =
p 3.2766 6.0422 2.8956
v v236 =
p 3.2786 6.0432 2.8956
v v207 =
p 3.2766 6.0442 2.8956
v v217 =
p 3.2766 6.0862 2.8956
v v244 =
p 3.2786 6.0872 2.8956
v v235 =
p 3.2766 6.0882 2.8956
v v208 =
p 3.2766 6.0972 2.8956
v v203 =
p 3.2806 6.0997 2.8956
v v252 =
p 3.2766 6.1022 2.8956
v v231 =
p 3.2766 6.1112 2.8956
v v6 =
p 3.2786 6.1122 2.8956
v v230 =
p 3.2766 6.1132 2.8956
v v253 =
p 3.2866 6.1132 2.8956
f v211 v201 v224 v206 v237 v205 v225 v180 v236 v207 v217 v244 v235 v208 v203 v252 v231 v6 v230 v253
f v202 v201 v211 v238
f v198 v224 v201 v202
f v223 v206 v224 v198
f v199 v237 v206 v223
f v239 v205 v237 v199
f v204 v225 v205 v239
f v222 v180 v225 v204
f v213 v236 v180 v222
f v240 v207 v236 v213
f v248 v217 v207 v240
f v221 v244 v217 v248
f v214 v235 v244 v221
f v241 v208 v235 v214
f v247 v203 v208 v241
f v220 v252 v203 v247
f v215 v231 v252 v220
f v242 v6 v231 v215
f v246 v230 v6 v242
f v219 v253 v230 v246
f v238 v211 v253 v219
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 6.0172 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect14 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 7.0784 0
# xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 7.0784 0
# genprism wall_paint wall_sect14 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652
o
o wall_sect14
v v233 =
p 3.3766 7.0784 2.8956
v v20 =
p 3.2766 7.0784 2.8956
v v228 =
p 3.2766 7.0784 1.069
v v226 =
p 3.2866 7.0784 1.069
v v212 =
p 3.2866 7.0784 1.0668
v v229 =
p 3.2766 7.0784 1.0668
v v254 =
p 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397
v v227 =
p 3.3766 7.0784 0.1397
f v233 v20 v228 v226 v212 v229 v254 v227
v v234 =
p 3.3766 6.1132 0.1397
v v249 =
p 3.2766 6.1132 1.0668
v v7 =
p 3.2866 6.1132 1.0668
v v42 =
p 3.2866 6.1132 1.069
v v39 =
p 3.2766 6.1132 1.069
v v16 =
p 3.3766 6.1132 2.8956
f v234 v246 v249 v7 v42 v39 v230 v16
f v254 v246 v234 v227
f v229 v249 v246 v254
f v212 v7 v249 v229
f v226 v42 v7 v212
f v228 v39 v42 v226
f v20 v230 v39 v228
f v233 v16 v230 v20
f v227 v234 v16 v233
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint wall_sect14 wall.pts -l 0 0 .9652 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 7.0784 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
o
o break_trim
v v14 =
p 3.2866 7.1744 0.1397
v v53 =
p 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397
v v38 =
p 3.2786 7.1734 0.1397
v v17 =
p 3.2766 7.1724 0.1397
v v12 =
p 3.2766 7.1634 0.1397
v v43 =
p 3.2806 7.1609 0.1397
v v37 =
p 3.2766 7.1584 0.1397
v v9 =
p 3.2766 7.1494 0.1397
v v13 =
p 3.2786 7.1484 0.1397
v v52 =
p 3.2766 7.1474 0.1397
v v36 =
p 3.2766 7.1054 0.1397
v v18 =
p 3.2786 7.1044 0.1397
v v21 =
p 3.2766 7.1034 0.1397
v v0 =
p 3.2766 7.0944 0.1397
v v35 =
p 3.2806 7.0919 0.1397
v v251 =
p 3.2766 7.0894 0.1397
v v4 =
p 3.2766 7.0804 0.1397
v v250 =
p 3.2786 7.0794 0.1397
v v29 =
p 3.2866 7.0784 0.1397
f v14 v53 v38 v17 v12 v43 v37 v9 v13 v52 v36 v18 v21 v0 v35 v251 v4 v250 v254 v29
v v19 =
p 3.2866 7.0784 2.8956
v v25 =
p 3.2786 7.0794 2.8956
v v2 =
p 3.2766 7.0804 2.8956
v v30 =
p 3.2766 7.0894 2.8956
v v1 =
p 3.2806 7.0919 2.8956
v v10 =
p 3.2766 7.0944 2.8956
v v232 =
p 3.2766 7.1034 2.8956
v v32 =
p 3.2786 7.1044 2.8956
v v3 =
p 3.2766 7.1054 2.8956
v v15 =
p 3.2766 7.1474 2.8956
v v54 =
p 3.2786 7.1484 2.8956
v v34 =
p 3.2766 7.1494 2.8956
v v5 =
p 3.2766 7.1584 2.8956
v v255 =
p 3.2806 7.1609 2.8956
v v50 =
p 3.2766 7.1634 2.8956
v v27 =
p 3.2766 7.1724 2.8956
v v58 =
p 3.2786 7.1734 2.8956
v v23 =
p 3.2766 7.1744 2.8956
v v49 =
p 3.2866 7.1744 2.8956
f v19 v20 v25 v2 v30 v1 v10 v232 v32 v3 v15 v54 v34 v5 v255 v50 v27 v58 v23 v49
f v254 v20 v19 v29
f v250 v25 v20 v254
f v4 v2 v25 v250
f v251 v30 v2 v4
f v35 v1 v30 v251
f v0 v10 v1 v35
f v21 v232 v10 v0
f v18 v32 v232 v21
f v36 v3 v32 v18
f v52 v15 v3 v36
f v13 v54 v15 v52
f v9 v34 v54 v13
f v37 v5 v34 v9
f v43 v255 v5 v37
f v12 v50 v255 v43
f v17 v27 v50 v12
f v38 v58 v27 v17
f v53 v23 v58 v38
f v14 v49 v23 v53
f v29 v19 v49 v14
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.0784 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
v v33 =
p 3.2866 7.2704 0.1397
v v92 =
p 3.2766 7.2704 0.1397
v v26 =
p 3.2786 7.2694 0.1397
v v22 =
p 3.2766 7.2684 0.1397
v v8 =
p 3.2766 7.2594 0.1397
v v24 =
p 3.2806 7.2569 0.1397
v v47 =
p 3.2766 7.2544 0.1397
v v11 =
p 3.2766 7.2454 0.1397
v v28 =
p 3.2786 7.2444 0.1397
v v44 =
p 3.2766 7.2434 0.1397
v v62 =
p 3.2766 7.2014 0.1397
v v96 =
p 3.2786 7.2004 0.1397
v v56 =
p 3.2766 7.1994 0.1397
v v61 =
p 3.2766 7.1904 0.1397
v v87 =
p 3.2806 7.1879 0.1397
v v106 =
p 3.2766 7.1854 0.1397
v v93 =
p 3.2766 7.1764 0.1397
v v89 =
p 3.2786 7.1754 0.1397
f v33 v92 v26 v22 v8 v24 v47 v11 v28 v44 v62 v96 v56 v61 v87 v106 v93 v89 v53 v14
v v63 =
p 3.2786 7.1754 2.8956
v v97 =
p 3.2766 7.1764 2.8956
v v75 =
p 3.2766 7.1854 2.8956
v v60 =
p 3.2806 7.1879 2.8956
v v86 =
p 3.2766 7.1904 2.8956
v v105 =
p 3.2766 7.1994 2.8956
v v74 =
p 3.2786 7.2004 2.8956
v v90 =
p 3.2766 7.2014 2.8956
v v64 =
p 3.2766 7.2434 2.8956
v v55 =
p 3.2786 7.2444 2.8956
v v77 =
p 3.2766 7.2454 2.8956
v v45 =
p 3.2766 7.2544 2.8956
v v85 =
p 3.2806 7.2569 2.8956
v v51 =
p 3.2766 7.2594 2.8956
v v72 =
p 3.2766 7.2684 2.8956
v v91 =
p 3.2786 7.2694 2.8956
v v65 =
p 3.2766 7.2704 2.8956
v v41 =
p 3.2866 7.2704 2.8956
f v49 v23 v63 v97 v75 v60 v86 v105 v74 v90 v64 v55 v77 v45 v85 v51 v72 v91 v65 v41
f v53 v23 v49 v14
f v89 v63 v23 v53
f v93 v97 v63 v89
f v106 v75 v97 v93
f v87 v60 v75 v106
f v61 v86 v60 v87
f v56 v105 v86 v61
f v96 v74 v105 v56
f v62 v90 v74 v96
f v44 v64 v90 v62
f v28 v55 v64 v44
f v11 v77 v55 v28
f v47 v45 v77 v11
f v24 v85 v45 v47
f v8 v51 v85 v24
f v22 v72 v51 v8
f v26 v91 v72 v22
f v92 v65 v91 v26
f v33 v41 v65 v92
f v14 v49 v41 v33
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -t 3.2766 7.1744 0.1397 trim.rad
# back right
# !genprism wall1_paint wall_sect15 wall.pts -l 0 0 .8128 | xform -mx -rx 90 -t 3.2766 7.2644 0
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
v v78 =
p 2.3678 7.2744 0.1397
v v40 =
p 2.3678 7.2644 0.1397
v v84 =
p 2.3688 7.2664 0.1397
v v31 =
p 2.3698 7.2644 0.1397
v v71 =
p 2.3788 7.2644 0.1397
v v46 =
p 2.3813 7.2684 0.1397
v v88 =
p 2.3838 7.2644 0.1397
v v73 =
p 2.3928 7.2644 0.1397
v v79 =
p 2.3938 7.2664 0.1397
v v57 =
p 2.3948 7.2644 0.1397
v v48 =
p 2.4368 7.2644 0.1397
v v103 =
p 2.4378 7.2664 0.1397
v v81 =
p 2.4388 7.2644 0.1397
v v110 =
p 2.4478 7.2644 0.1397
v v68 =
p 2.4503 7.2684 0.1397
v v76 =
p 2.4528 7.2644 0.1397
v v80 =
p 2.4618 7.2644 0.1397
v v144 =
p 2.4628 7.2664 0.1397
v v67 =
p 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397
v v66 =
p 2.4638 7.2744 0.1397
f v78 v40 v84 v31 v71 v46 v88 v73 v79 v57 v48 v103 v81 v110 v68 v76 v80 v144 v67 v66
v v59 =
p 2.4638 7.2744 2.8956
v v82 =
p 2.4638 7.2644 2.8956
v v101 =
p 2.4628 7.2664 2.8956
v v83 =
p 2.4618 7.2644 2.8956
v v70 =
p 2.4528 7.2644 2.8956
v v98 =
p 2.4503 7.2684 2.8956
v v114 =
p 2.4478 7.2644 2.8956
v v148 =
p 2.4388 7.2644 2.8956
v v108 =
p 2.4378 7.2664 2.8956
v v113 =
p 2.4368 7.2644 2.8956
v v139 =
p 2.3948 7.2644 2.8956
v v158 =
p 2.3938 7.2664 2.8956
v v145 =
p 2.3928 7.2644 2.8956
v v141 =
p 2.3838 7.2644 2.8956
v v115 =
p 2.3813 7.2684 2.8956
v v149 =
p 2.3788 7.2644 2.8956
v v127 =
p 2.3698 7.2644 2.8956
v v112 =
p 2.3688 7.2664 2.8956
v v138 =
p 2.3678 7.2644 2.8956
v v157 =
p 2.3678 7.2744 2.8956
f v59 v82 v101 v83 v70 v98 v114 v148 v108 v113 v139 v158 v145 v141 v115 v149 v127 v112 v138 v157
f v67 v82 v59 v66
f v144 v101 v82 v67
f v80 v83 v101 v144
f v76 v70 v83 v80
f v68 v98 v70 v76
f v110 v114 v98 v68
f v81 v148 v114 v110
f v103 v108 v148 v81
f v48 v113 v108 v103
f v57 v139 v113 v48
f v79 v158 v139 v57
f v73 v145 v158 v79
f v88 v141 v145 v73
f v46 v115 v141 v88
f v71 v149 v115 v46
f v31 v127 v149 v71
f v84 v112 v127 v31
f v40 v138 v112 v84
f v78 v157 v138 v40
f v66 v59 v157 v78
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -rz 90 -t 2.4638 7.2644 0.1397 trim.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397 trim.rad
# xform -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397
# xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397
# genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 -.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559
v v126 =
p 1.6114 7.2744 0.1397
v v142 =
p 1.6114 7.2644 0.1397
v v116 =
p 1.6124 7.2664 0.1397
v v107 =
p 1.6134 7.2644 0.1397
v v129 =
p 1.6224 7.2644 0.1397
v v99 =
p 1.6249 7.2684 0.1397
v v137 =
p 1.6274 7.2644 0.1397
v v104 =
p 1.6364 7.2644 0.1397
v v124 =
p 1.6374 7.2664 0.1397
v v143 =
p 1.6384 7.2644 0.1397
v v117 =
p 1.6804 7.2644 0.1397
v v95 =
p 1.6814 7.2664 0.1397
v v130 =
p 1.6824 7.2644 0.1397
v v94 =
p 1.6914 7.2644 0.1397
v v136 =
p 1.6939 7.2684 0.1397
v v69 =
p 1.6964 7.2644 0.1397
v v123 =
p 1.7054 7.2644 0.1397
v v100 =
p 1.7064 7.2664 0.1397
v v140 =
p 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397
v v125 =
p 1.7074 7.2744 0.1397
f v126 v142 v116 v107 v129 v99 v137 v104 v124 v143 v117 v95 v130 v94 v136 v69 v123 v100 v140 v125
v v131 =
p 1.7074 7.2744 2.8956
v v109 =
p 1.7074 7.2644 2.8956
v v102 =
p 1.7064 7.2664 2.8956
v v184 =
p 1.7054 7.2644 2.8956
v v111 =
p 1.6964 7.2644 2.8956
v v151 =
p 1.6939 7.2684 2.8956
v v150 =
p 1.6914 7.2644 2.8956
v v173 =
p 1.6824 7.2644 2.8956
v v132 =
p 1.6814 7.2664 2.8956
v v155 =
p 1.6804 7.2644 2.8956
v v119 =
p 1.6384 7.2644 2.8956
v v118 =
p 1.6374 7.2664 2.8956
v v121 =
p 1.6364 7.2644 2.8956
v v156 =
p 1.6274 7.2644 2.8956
v v185 =
p 1.6249 7.2684 2.8956
v v135 =
p 1.6224 7.2644 2.8956
v v122 =
p 1.6134 7.2644 2.8956
v v134 =
p 1.6124 7.2664 2.8956
v v195 =
p 1.6114 7.2644 2.8956
v v168 =
p 1.6114 7.2744 2.8956
f v131 v109 v102 v184 v111 v151 v150 v173 v132 v155 v119 v118 v121 v156 v185 v135 v122 v134 v195 v168
f v140 v109 v131 v125
f v100 v102 v109 v140
f v123 v184 v102 v100
f v69 v111 v184 v123
f v136 v151 v111 v69
f v94 v150 v151 v136
f v130 v173 v150 v94
f v95 v132 v173 v130
f v117 v155 v132 v95
f v143 v119 v155 v117
f v124 v118 v119 v143
f v104 v121 v118 v124
f v137 v156 v121 v104
f v99 v185 v156 v137
f v129 v135 v185 v99
f v107 v122 v135 v129
f v116 v134 v122 v107
f v142 v195 v134 v116
f v126 v168 v195 v142
f v125 v131 v168 v126
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint break_trim 20 \
-.01 0 0 0 -.002 .001 0 .002 0 .011 -.004 .0135 \
0 .016 0 .025 -.002 .026 0 .027 0 .069 -.002 .070 \
0 .071 0 .080 -.004 .0825 0 .085 0 .094 -.002 .095 \
0 .096 -.01 0.096 -l 0 0 2.7559 | xform -e -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397
# End conversion from: !xform -mx -rz 90 -t 1.7074 7.2644 0.1397 trim.rad
o
o back1
v v167 =
p 3.2766 7.2644 0.1397
v v196 =
p 3.2766 7.2644 2.8956
f v167 v196 v82 v67
o
o back2
f v40 v138 v109 v140
o
o back3
v v163 =
p 1.5748 7.2644 2.8956
v v189 =
p 1.5748 7.2644 0.1397
f v142 v195 v163 v189
m door_material
o
o door_block
v v191 =
p 1.89865 -0.015875 0
v v161 =
p 1.89865 -0.015875 2.0574
v v194 =
p 2.2606 -0.015875 2.0574
v v169 =
p 2.2606 -0.015875 0
f v191 v161 v194 v169
# Begin conversion from: !genbox wall_paint dooredge .024 .006 2.04 |xform -t 1.898 -.015875 .01
# xform -t 1.898 -.015875 .01
# genbox wall_paint dooredge .024 .006 2.04
m wall_paint
o
o dooredge
v v166 =
p 1.922 -0.015875 0.01
v v152 =
p 1.922 -0.015875 2.05
v v164 =
p 1.898 -0.015875 2.05
v v188 =
p 1.898 -0.015875 0.01
f v166 v152 v164 v188
v v192 =
p 1.898 -0.009875 2.05
v v147 =
p 1.898 -0.009875 0.01
f v164 v192 v147 v188
v v193 =
p 1.922 -0.009875 0.01
f v147 v193 v166 v188
v v170 =
p 1.922 -0.009875 2.05
f v193 v147 v192 v170
f v152 v166 v193 v170
f v192 v164 v152 v170
# End conversion from: !genbox wall_paint dooredge .024 .006 2.04 |xform -t 1.898 -.015875 .01
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint topwall 12 3.2716 0.005 3.2716 7.2594 1.5698 7.2594 1.5698 6.853 0.005 6.853 0.005 0 \
0 0 0 6.858 1.5748 6.858 1.5748 7.2644 3.2766 7.2644 3.2716 0 -l 0 0 0.12065| xform -t 0 0 2.8956
# xform -t 0 0 2.8956
# genprism wall_paint topwall 12 3.2716 0.005 3.2716 7.2594 1.5698 7.2594 1.5698 6.853 0.005 6.853 0.005 0 0 0 0 6.858 1.5748 6.858 1.5748 7.2644 3.2766 7.2644 3.2716 0 -l 0 0 0.12065
o
o topwall
v v165 =
p 3.2716 0.005 2.8956
v v146 =
p 3.2716 7.2594 2.8956
v v133 =
p 1.5698 7.2594 2.8956
v v187 =
p 1.5698 6.853 2.8956
v v120 =
p 0.005 6.853 2.8956
v v159 =
p 0.005 0 2.8956
v v160 =
p 0 0 2.8956
v v171 =
p 0 6.858 2.8956
v v177 =
p 1.5748 6.858 2.8956
v v154 =
p 3.2716 0 2.8956
f v165 v146 v133 v187 v120 v159 v160 v171 v177 v163 v196 v154
v v181 =
p 3.2716 0 3.01625
v v186 =
p 3.2766 7.2644 3.01625
v v200 =
p 1.5748 7.2644 3.01625
v v153 =
p 1.5748 6.858 3.01625
v v162 =
p 0 6.858 3.01625
v v190 =
p 0 0 3.01625
v v210 =
p 0.005 0 3.01625
v v128 =
p 0.005 6.853 3.01625
v v172 =
p 1.5698 6.853 3.01625
v v178 =
p 1.5698 7.2594 3.01625
v v197 =
p 3.2716 7.2594 3.01625
v v218 =
p 3.2716 0.005 3.01625
f v181 v186 v200 v153 v162 v190 v210 v128 v172 v178 v197 v218
f v165 v218 v197 v146
f v146 v197 v178 v133
f v133 v178 v172 v187
f v187 v172 v128 v120
f v120 v128 v210 v159
f v159 v210 v190 v160
f v160 v190 v162 v171
f v171 v162 v153 v177
f v177 v153 v200 v163
f v163 v200 v186 v196
f v196 v186 v181 v154
f v154 v181 v218 v165
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint topwall 12 3.2716 0.005 3.2716 7.2594 1.5698 7.2594 1.5698 6.853 0.005 6.853 0.005 0 \
0 0 0 6.858 1.5748 6.858 1.5748 7.2644 3.2766 7.2644 3.2716 0 -l 0 0 0.12065| xform -t 0 0 2.8956
m floor_paint
o
o floor
v v179 =
p 0 0 0
v v245 =
p 3.2766 0 0
v v209 =
p 3.2766 7.2644 0
v v243 =
p 1.5748 7.2644 0
v v175 =
p 1.5748 6.858 0
v v176 =
p 0 6.858 0
f v179 v245 v209 v243 v175 v176
# walls do not include baseboards
# wall_paint polygon wall1
# 0
# 0
# 12
# 0 0 0.1397
# 0 0 3.01625
# 0 6.858 3.01625
# 0 6.858 0.1397
m base_board
o
o bb1
v v174 =
p 0 0 0.1397
v v183 =
p 0 6.858 0.1397
f v179 v174 v183 v176
m wall_paint
o
o wall2
v v216 =
p 1.5748 6.858 0.1397
v v182 =
p 0.7239 6.858 3.01625
v v201 =
p 0.7239 6.858 2.0828
v v202 =
p 0.381 6.858 2.0828
v v224 =
p 0.381 6.858 2.8956
v v198 =
p 0.7239 6.858 2.8956
f v183 v216 v153 v182 v201 v202 v224 v198 v182 v162
m base_board
o
o bb2
f v176 v175 v216 v183
m wall_paint
o
o wall3
f v216 v189 v200 v153
m base_board
o
o bb3
f v175 v243 v189 v216
# wall_paint polygon wall4
# 0
# 0
# 12
# 1.5748 7.2644 0.1397
# 3.2766 7.2644 0.1397
# 3.2766 7.2644 3.01625
# 1.5748 7.2644 3.01625
o
o bb4
f v243 v209 v167 v189
# wall_paint polygon wall5
# 0
# 0
# 12
# 3.2766 0 0.1397
# 3.2766 0 3.01625
# 3.2766 7.2644 3.01625
# 3.2766 7.2644 0.1397
o
o bb5
v v206 =
p 3.2766 0 0.1397
f v245 v206 v167 v209
m wall_paint
o
o wall6
v v223 =
p 0.3302 0 3.01625
v v237 =
p 0.3302 0 3.3401
v v199 =
p 0.9906 0 3.3401
v v205 =
p 0.9906 0 2.8895
v v239 =
p 2.286 0 2.8895
v v225 =
p 2.286 0 3.0927
v v204 =
p 0.9906 0 3.0927
v v180 =
p 2.9464 0 3.3401
v v222 =
p 2.9464 0 3.01625
v v236 =
p 3.2766 0 3.01625
v v213 =
p 2.2606 0 0.1397
v v207 =
p 2.2606 0 2.0574
v v240 =
p 1.016 0 2.0574
v v217 =
p 1.016 0 0.1397
f v174 v190 v223 v237 v199 v205 v239 v225 v204 v199 v180 v222 v236 v206 v213 v207 v240 v217
m base_board
o
o bb6
v v248 =
p 1.016 0 0
f v179 v174 v217 v248
o
o bb7
v v244 =
p 2.2606 0 0
f v244 v213 v206 v245
m ceiling_paint
o
o ceiling1
v v221 =
p 2.9464 6.525 3.01625
v v235 =
p 0.3302 6.525 3.01625
f v222 v221 v235 v223 v190 v162 v153 v200 v186 v236
m ceiling_tile
o
o ceiling2
v v214 =
p 0.3302 0.1 3.3401
v v208 =
p 0.3302 6.525 3.3401
v v241 =
p 2.9464 6.525 3.3401
v v203 =
p 2.9464 0.1 3.3401
f v214 v208 v241 v203
m ceiling_paint
o
o ceilingw1
f v223 v235 v208 v237
o
o ceilingw2
f v235 v221 v241 v208
o
o ceilingw3
f v241 v221 v222 v180
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 1.8542 -.015875 .9652 doorknob.rad
# xform -t 1.8542 -.015875 .9652
m knob_metal =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 0.1800
rs 0.4200 0.2000
o
o base
v v247 =
p 1.8542 -0.015875 0.9652
v v252 =
p 1.8542 -0.00635 0.9652
cone v247 0.0381 v252 0.01905
o
o bar
v v220 =
p 1.8542 0.01905 0.9652
cyl v252 0.01905 v220
o
o back
v v231 =
p 1.8542 0.022225 0.9652
cyl v220 0.0381 v231
o
o knob
v v215 =
p 1.8542 0.0381 0.9652
cyl v231 0.0508 v215
o
o face
v v6 =
p 1.8542 0.047625 0.9652
cone v215 0.0508 v6 0
# End conversion from: !xform -t 1.8542 -.015875 .9652 doorknob.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -rx 90 -rz 180 -t 1.6383 0 2.5908 clock.rad
# xform -rx 90 -rz 180 -t 1.6383 0 2.5908
m clock_glass =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rs 0.0801 0
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
ts 0.8815 0
m hand_color =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 0.0010
m clock_metal =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 0.1800
rs 0.4200 0.2000
m clock_surf =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 1.0000
m clock_metal
o
o clock_shell
v v242 =
p 1.6383 0 2.5908
v v238 =
p 1.6383 0.0508 2.5908
cone v242 0.254 v238 0.2286
m clock_surf
o
o clock_face
v cent =
p 1.6383 0.0507 2.5908
n -1.22464658789e-16 -1 -6.12323293944e-17
ring cent 0.005 0.254
m hand_color
o
o big_hand
v v211 =
p 1.6343 0.05075 2.8108
v v253 =
p 1.6423 0.05075 2.8108
v v219 =
p 1.6463 0.05075 2.5758
v v246 =
p 1.6303 0.05075 2.5758
f v211 v253 v219 v246
o
o little_hand
v v249 =
p 1.5283 0.05075 2.5948
v v229 =
p 1.6483 0.05075 2.5988
v v7 =
p 1.6483 0.05075 2.5828
v v212 =
p 1.5283 0.05075 2.5868
f v249 v229 v7 v212
m clock_glass
o
o glass_face
v v42 =
p 1.6383 0.0635 2.5908
cone v238 0.2286 v42 0.1524
o
o glass_face2
cyl v238 0.1524 v42
# End conversion from: !xform -rx 90 -rz 180 -t 1.6383 0 2.5908 clock.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t 2.5654 0 1.3208 lightswitch.rad
# xform -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
m switch_metal =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 0.1800
rs 0.4200 0.2000
m switch_plas =
c
cxy 0.5053 0.4339
rd 0.1133
m switch_metal
o
o faceplate
v v226 =
p 2.5704 0.003 1.3258
v v39 =
p 2.6304 0.003 1.3258
v v228 =
p 2.6304 0.003 1.4308
v v230 =
p 2.5704 0.003 1.4308
f v226 v39 v228 v230
o
o side1
v v227 =
p 2.5654 0 1.4358
v v234 =
p 2.5654 0 1.3208
f v226 v230 v227 v234
o
o side2
v v16 =
p 2.6354 0 1.3208
v v233 =
p 2.6354 0 1.4358
f v39 v16 v233 v228
o
o side3
f v230 v228 v233 v227
o
o side4
f v234 v16 v39 v226
# Begin conversion from: !genbox switch_plas switch_box .01 .002 .023 | xform -t .03 .003 .046 | xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# xform -t .03 .003 .046
# genbox switch_plas switch_box .01 .002 .023
m switch_plas
o
o switch_box
v v20 =
p 2.6054 0.003 1.3668
v v254 =
p 2.6054 0.003 1.3898
v v25 =
p 2.5954 0.003 1.3898
v v250 =
p 2.5954 0.003 1.3668
f v20 v254 v25 v250
v v2 =
p 2.5954 0.005 1.3898
v v4 =
p 2.5954 0.005 1.3668
f v25 v2 v4 v250
v v30 =
p 2.6054 0.005 1.3668
f v4 v30 v20 v250
v v251 =
p 2.6054 0.005 1.3898
f v30 v4 v2 v251
f v254 v20 v30 v251
f v2 v25 v254 v251
# End conversion from: !genbox switch_plas switch_box .01 .002 .023 | xform -t .03 .003 .046 | xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# Begin conversion from: !genbox switch_plas switch_stick .006 .008 .025 | xform -rx -70 -t .032 -.002 .06 | xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# xform -rx -70 -t .032 -.002 .06
# genbox switch_plas switch_stick .006 .008 .025
o
o switch_stick
v v1 =
p 2.6034 -0.002 1.3808
v v35 =
p 2.6034 0.0214923155196 1.38935050358
v v10 =
p 2.5974 0.0214923155196 1.38935050358
v v0 =
p 2.5974 -0.002 1.3808
f v1 v35 v10 v0
v v232 =
p 2.5974 0.0242284766663 1.38183296262
v v21 =
p 2.5974 0.000736161146605 1.37328245903
f v10 v232 v21 v0
v v32 =
p 2.6034 0.000736161146605 1.37328245903
f v21 v32 v1 v0
v v18 =
p 2.6034 0.0242284766663 1.38183296262
f v32 v21 v232 v18
f v35 v1 v32 v18
f v232 v10 v35 v18
# End conversion from: !genbox switch_plas switch_stick .006 .008 .025 | xform -rx -70 -t .032 -.002 .06 | xform -e -t 2.5654 0 1.3208
# End conversion from: !xform -t 2.5654 0 1.3208 lightswitch.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t .381 6.858 2.0828 vent1.rad
# xform -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# Begin conversion from: !genbox wall_paint bar .01 .03 .7493 |xform -t .150575 .02 .03175 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -t .150575 .02 .03175
# genbox wall_paint bar .01 .03 .7493
m wall_paint
o
o bar
v v3 =
p 0.541575 6.878 2.11455
v v36 =
p 0.541575 6.878 2.86385
v v15 =
p 0.531575 6.878 2.86385
v v52 =
p 0.531575 6.878 2.11455
f v3 v36 v15 v52
v v54 =
p 0.531575 6.908 2.86385
v v13 =
p 0.531575 6.908 2.11455
f v15 v54 v13 v52
v v34 =
p 0.541575 6.908 2.11455
f v13 v34 v3 v52
v v9 =
p 0.541575 6.908 2.86385
f v34 v13 v54 v9
f v36 v3 v34 v9
f v54 v15 v36 v9
# End conversion from: !genbox wall_paint bar .01 .03 .7493 |xform -t .150575 .02 .03175 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .8128 .3429 .8128 .3429 0 0 0 \
.03175 .03175 .03175 .78105 .31115 .78105 .31115 .03175 .03175 .03175 -l 0 0 .105 -c |xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 -.005 0 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 -.005 0
# genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .8128 .3429 .8128 .3429 0 0 0 .03175 .03175 .03175 .78105 .31115 .78105 .31115 .03175 .03175 .03175 -l 0 0 .105 -c
o
o frame
v v5 =
p 0.41275 6.853 2.11455
v v37 =
p 0.69215 6.853 2.11455
v v255 =
p 0.69215 6.853 2.86385
v v43 =
p 0.41275 6.853 2.86385
v v50 =
p 0.381 6.853 2.0828
v v12 =
p 0.7239 6.853 2.0828
v v27 =
p 0.7239 6.853 2.8956
v v17 =
p 0.381 6.853 2.8956
f v5 v37 v255 v43 v5 v50 v12 v27 v17 v50
v v58 =
p 0.381 6.958 2.0828
v v38 =
p 0.381 6.958 2.8956
v v29 =
p 0.7239 6.958 2.8956
v v19 =
p 0.7239 6.958 2.0828
v v23 =
p 0.41275 6.958 2.11455
v v53 =
p 0.41275 6.958 2.86385
v v63 =
p 0.69215 6.958 2.86385
v v89 =
p 0.69215 6.958 2.11455
f v58 v38 v29 v19 v58 v23 v53 v63 v89 v23
f v17 v38 v58 v50
f v27 v29 v38 v17
f v12 v19 v29 v27
f v50 v58 v19 v12
f v5 v23 v58 v50
f v43 v53 v23 v5
f v255 v63 v53 v43
f v37 v89 v63 v255
f v5 v23 v89 v37
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .8128 .3429 .8128 .3429 0 0 0 \
.03175 .03175 .03175 .78105 .31115 .78105 .31115 .03175 .03175 .03175 -l 0 0 .105 -c |xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 -.005 0 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# Begin conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 15 | xform -rz -90 -t .03175 0 .03175 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -rz -90 -t .03175 0 .03175
# genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 15
o
o loovers1.1
v v97 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.12440921053
v v93 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.12440921053
v v75 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.1276962124
v v106 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.1276962124
f v97 v93 v75 v106
o
o loovers1.2
v v60 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.14412763158
v v87 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.14412763158
v v86 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.14741463345
v v61 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.14741463345
f v60 v87 v86 v61
o
o loovers1.3
v v105 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.16384605263
v v56 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.16384605263
v v74 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.1671330545
v v96 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.1671330545
f v105 v56 v74 v96
o
o loovers1.4
v v90 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.18356447368
v v62 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.18356447368
v v64 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.18685147556
v v44 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.18685147556
f v90 v62 v64 v44
o
o loovers1.5
v v55 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.20328289474
v v28 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.20328289474
v v77 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.20656989661
v v11 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.20656989661
f v55 v28 v77 v11
o
o loovers1.6
v v45 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.22300131579
v v47 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.22300131579
v v85 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.22628831766
v v24 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.22628831766
f v45 v47 v85 v24
o
o loovers1.7
v v51 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.24271973684
v v8 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.24271973684
v v72 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.24600673872
v v22 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.24600673872
f v51 v8 v72 v22
o
o loovers1.8
v v91 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.2624381579
v v26 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.2624381579
v v65 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.26572515977
v v92 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.26572515977
f v91 v26 v65 v92
o
o loovers1.9
v v14 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.28215657895
v v49 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.28215657895
v v41 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.28544358082
v v33 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.28544358082
f v14 v49 v41 v33
o
o loovers1.10
v v101 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.301875
v v144 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.301875
v v83 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.30516200187
v v80 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.30516200187
f v101 v144 v83 v80
o
o loovers1.11
v v70 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.32159342105
v v76 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.32159342105
v v98 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.32488042293
v v68 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.32488042293
f v70 v76 v98 v68
o
o loovers1.12
v v114 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.34131184211
v v110 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.34131184211
v v148 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.34459884398
v v81 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.34459884398
f v114 v110 v148 v81
o
o loovers1.13
v v108 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.36103026316
v v103 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.36103026316
v v113 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.36431726503
v v48 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.36431726503
f v108 v103 v113 v48
o
o loovers1.14
v v139 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.38074868421
v v57 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.38074868421
v v158 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.38403568608
v v79 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.38403568608
f v139 v57 v158 v79
o
o loovers1.15
v v145 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.40046710526
v v73 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.40046710526
v v141 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.40375410714
v v88 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.40375410714
f v145 v73 v141 v88
o
o loovers1.16
v v115 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.42018552632
v v46 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.42018552632
v v149 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.42347252819
v v71 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.42347252819
f v115 v46 v149 v71
o
o loovers1.17
v v127 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.43990394737
v v31 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.43990394737
v v112 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.44319094924
v v84 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.44319094924
f v127 v31 v112 v84
o
o loovers1.18
v v66 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.45962236842
v v59 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.45962236842
v v157 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.46290937029
v v78 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.46290937029
f v66 v59 v157 v78
o
o loovers1.19
v v102 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.47934078947
v v100 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.47934078947
v v184 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.48262779135
v v123 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.48262779135
f v102 v100 v184 v123
o
o loovers1.20
v v111 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.49905921053
v v69 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.49905921053
v v151 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.5023462124
v v136 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.5023462124
f v111 v69 v151 v136
o
o loovers1.21
v v150 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.51877763158
v v94 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.51877763158
v v173 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.52206463345
v v130 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.52206463345
f v150 v94 v173 v130
o
o loovers1.22
v v132 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.53849605263
v v95 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.53849605263
v v155 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.5417830545
v v117 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.5417830545
f v132 v95 v155 v117
o
o loovers1.23
v v119 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.55821447368
v v143 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.55821447368
v v118 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.56150147556
v v124 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.56150147556
f v119 v143 v118 v124
o
o loovers1.24
v v121 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.57793289474
v v104 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.57793289474
v v156 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.58121989661
v v137 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.58121989661
f v121 v104 v156 v137
o
o loovers1.25
v v185 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.59765131579
v v99 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.59765131579
v v135 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.60093831766
v v129 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.60093831766
f v185 v99 v135 v129
o
o loovers1.26
v v122 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.61736973684
v v107 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.61736973684
v v134 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.62065673872
v v116 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.62065673872
f v122 v107 v134 v116
o
o loovers1.27
v v125 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.6370881579
v v131 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.6370881579
v v168 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.64037515977
v v126 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.64037515977
f v125 v131 v168 v126
o
o loovers1.28
v v82 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.65680657895
v v67 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.65680657895
v v40 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.66009358082
v v138 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.66009358082
f v82 v67 v40 v138
o
o loovers1.29
v v109 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.676525
v v140 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.676525
v v142 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.67981200187
v v195 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.67981200187
f v109 v140 v142 v195
o
o loovers1.30
v v191 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.69624342105
v v161 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.69624342105
v v194 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.69953042293
v v169 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.69953042293
f v191 v161 v194 v169
o
o loovers1.31
v v188 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.71596184211
v v147 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.71596184211
v v166 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.71924884398
v v193 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.71924884398
f v188 v147 v166 v193
o
o loovers1.32
v v192 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.73568026316
v v164 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.73568026316
v v152 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.73896726503
v v170 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.73896726503
f v192 v164 v152 v170
o
o loovers1.33
v v146 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.75539868421
v v197 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.75539868421
v v133 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.75868568608
v v178 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.75868568608
f v146 v197 v133 v178
o
o loovers1.34
v v187 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.77511710526
v v172 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.77511710526
v v120 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.77840410714
v v128 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.77840410714
f v187 v172 v120 v128
o
o loovers1.35
v v159 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.79483552632
v v210 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.79483552632
v v160 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.79812252819
v v171 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.79812252819
f v159 v210 v160 v171
o
o loovers1.36
v v177 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.81455394737
v v163 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.81455394737
v v196 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.81784094924
v v154 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.81784094924
f v177 v163 v196 v154
o
o loovers1.37
v v181 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.83427236842
v v218 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.83427236842
v v165 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.83755937029
v v201 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.83755937029
f v181 v218 v165 v201
o
o loovers1.38
v v202 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.85399078947
v v224 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.85399078947
v v198 =
p 0.69215 6.84573274201 2.85727779135
v v182 =
p 0.41275 6.84573274201 2.85727779135
f v202 v224 v198 v182
# End conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 15 | xform -rz -90 -t .03175 0 .03175 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# Begin conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 0 | xform -rz -90 -t .03175 .0127 .031 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# xform -rz -90 -t .03175 .0127 .031
# genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 0
o
o loovers2.1
v v176 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.12365921053
v v183 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.12365921053
v v175 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.12365921053
v v216 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.12365921053
f v176 v183 v175 v216
o
o loovers2.2
v v243 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.14337763158
v v189 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.14337763158
v v167 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.14337763158
v v209 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.14337763158
f v243 v189 v167 v209
o
o loovers2.3
v v205 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.16309605263
v v239 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.16309605263
v v225 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.16309605263
v v204 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.16309605263
f v205 v239 v225 v204
o
o loovers2.4
v v199 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.18281447368
v v207 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.18281447368
v v240 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.18281447368
v v179 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.18281447368
f v199 v207 v240 v179
o
o loovers2.5
v v174 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.20253289474
v v217 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.20253289474
v v248 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.20253289474
v v244 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.20253289474
f v174 v217 v248 v244
o
o loovers2.6
v v213 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.22225131579
v v206 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.22225131579
v v245 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.22225131579
v v190 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.22225131579
f v213 v206 v245 v190
o
o loovers2.7
v v162 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.24196973684
v v153 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.24196973684
v v200 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.24196973684
v v186 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.24196973684
f v162 v153 v200 v186
o
o loovers2.8
v v236 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.2616881579
v v214 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.2616881579
v v203 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.2616881579
v v223 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.2616881579
f v236 v214 v203 v223
o
o loovers2.9
v v237 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.28140657895
v v235 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.28140657895
v v208 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.28140657895
v v241 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.28140657895
f v237 v235 v208 v241
o
o loovers2.10
v v221 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.301125
v v222 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.301125
v v180 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.301125
v v247 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.301125
f v221 v222 v180 v247
o
o loovers2.11
v v252 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.32084342105
v v220 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.32084342105
v v231 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.32084342105
v v215 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.32084342105
f v252 v220 v231 v215
o
o loovers2.12
v v6 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.34056184211
v v242 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.34056184211
v v211 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.34056184211
v v253 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.34056184211
f v6 v242 v211 v253
o
o loovers2.13
v v219 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.36028026316
v v246 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.36028026316
v v249 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.36028026316
v v229 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.36028026316
f v219 v246 v249 v229
o
o loovers2.14
v v7 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.37999868421
v v212 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.37999868421
v v238 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.37999868421
v v42 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.37999868421
f v7 v212 v238 v42
o
o loovers2.15
v v230 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.39971710526
v v228 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.39971710526
v v233 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.39971710526
v v227 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.39971710526
f v230 v228 v233 v227
o
o loovers2.16
v v234 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.41943552632
v v16 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.41943552632
v v39 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.41943552632
v v226 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.41943552632
f v234 v16 v39 v226
o
o loovers2.17
v v250 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.43915394737
v v4 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.43915394737
v v20 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.43915394737
v v30 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.43915394737
f v250 v4 v20 v30
o
o loovers2.18
v v2 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.45887236842
v v25 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.45887236842
v v254 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.45887236842
v v251 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.45887236842
f v2 v25 v254 v251
o
o loovers2.19
v v0 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.47859078947
v v21 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.47859078947
v v1 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.47859078947
v v32 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.47859078947
f v0 v21 v1 v32
o
o loovers2.20
v v232 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.49830921053
v v10 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.49830921053
v v35 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.49830921053
v v18 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.49830921053
f v232 v10 v35 v18
o
o loovers2.21
v v52 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.51802763158
v v13 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.51802763158
v v3 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.51802763158
v v34 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.51802763158
f v52 v13 v3 v34
o
o loovers2.22
v v54 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.53774605263
v v15 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.53774605263
v v36 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.53774605263
v v9 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.53774605263
f v54 v15 v36 v9
o
o loovers2.23
v v38 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.55746447368
v v17 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.55746447368
v v29 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.55746447368
v v27 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.55746447368
f v38 v17 v29 v27
o
o loovers2.24
v v19 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.57718289474
v v12 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.57718289474
v v58 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.57718289474
v v50 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.57718289474
f v19 v12 v58 v50
o
o loovers2.25
v v53 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.59690131579
v v43 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.59690131579
v v63 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.59690131579
v v255 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.59690131579
f v53 v43 v63 v255
o
o loovers2.26
v v5 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.61661973684
v v23 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.61661973684
v v89 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.61661973684
v v37 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.61661973684
f v5 v23 v89 v37
o
o loovers2.27
v v97 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.6363381579
v v93 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.6363381579
v v75 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.6363381579
v v106 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.6363381579
f v97 v93 v75 v106
o
o loovers2.28
v v60 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.65605657895
v v87 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.65605657895
v v86 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.65605657895
v v61 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.65605657895
f v60 v87 v86 v61
o
o loovers2.29
v v105 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.675775
v v56 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.675775
v v74 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.675775
v v96 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.675775
f v105 v56 v74 v96
o
o loovers2.30
v v90 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.69549342105
v v62 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.69549342105
v v64 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.69549342105
v v44 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.69549342105
f v90 v62 v64 v44
o
o loovers2.31
v v55 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.7152118421
v v28 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.7152118421
v v77 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.7152118421
v v11 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.7152118421
f v55 v28 v77 v11
o
o loovers2.32
v v45 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.73493026316
v v47 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.73493026316
v v85 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.73493026316
v v24 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.73493026316
f v45 v47 v85 v24
o
o loovers2.33
v v51 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.75464868421
v v8 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.75464868421
v v72 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.75464868421
v v22 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.75464868421
f v51 v8 v72 v22
o
o loovers2.34
v v91 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.77436710526
v v26 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.77436710526
v v65 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.77436710526
v v92 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.77436710526
f v91 v26 v65 v92
o
o loovers2.35
v v14 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.79408552632
v v49 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.79408552632
v v41 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.79408552632
v v33 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.79408552632
f v14 v49 v41 v33
o
o loovers2.36
v v101 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.81380394737
v v144 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.81380394737
v v83 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.81380394737
v v80 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.81380394737
f v101 v144 v83 v80
o
o loovers2.37
v v70 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.83352236842
v v76 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.83352236842
v v98 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.83352236842
v v68 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.83352236842
f v70 v76 v98 v68
o
o loovers2.38
v v114 =
p 0.41275 6.8707 2.85324078947
v v110 =
p 0.69215 6.8707 2.85324078947
v v148 =
p 0.69215 6.858 2.85324078947
v v81 =
p 0.41275 6.858 2.85324078947
f v114 v110 v148 v81
# End conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 .2794 .7493 38 0 | xform -rz -90 -t .03175 .0127 .031 | xform -e -t .381 6.858 2.0828
# Should not be necessary, and may be incorrectly positioned.
# backing polygon backing
# 0
# 0
# 12
# 0 .1 0
# 0 .1 .8129
# .3429 .1 .8129
# .3429 .1 0
# End conversion from: !xform -t .381 6.858 2.0828 vent1.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -t .9906 0 2.8895 vent2.rad
# xform -t .9906 0 2.8895
# Begin conversion from: !genbox wall_paint bar .0254 .03 .1524 |xform -t .635 -.0427 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -t .635 -.0427 .0254
# genbox wall_paint bar .0254 .03 .1524
o
o bar
v v108 =
p 1.651 -0.0427 2.9149
v v103 =
p 1.651 -0.0427 3.0673
v v113 =
p 1.6256 -0.0427 3.0673
v v48 =
p 1.6256 -0.0427 2.9149
f v108 v103 v113 v48
v v139 =
p 1.6256 -0.0127 3.0673
v v57 =
p 1.6256 -0.0127 2.9149
f v113 v139 v57 v48
v v158 =
p 1.651 -0.0127 2.9149
f v57 v158 v108 v48
v v79 =
p 1.651 -0.0127 3.0673
f v158 v57 v139 v79
f v103 v108 v158 v79
f v139 v113 v103 v79
# End conversion from: !genbox wall_paint bar .0254 .03 .1524 |xform -t .635 -.0427 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# Begin conversion from: !genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .2032 1.2954 .2032 1.2954 0 0 0 \
.0254 .0254 .0254 .1778 1.27 .1778 1.27 .0254 .0254 .0254 -l 0 0 -.105 -c |xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 .005 0 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 .005 0
# genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .2032 1.2954 .2032 1.2954 0 0 0 .0254 .0254 .0254 .1778 1.27 .1778 1.27 .0254 .0254 .0254 -l 0 0 -.105 -c
o
o frame
v v145 =
p 1.016 0.005 2.9149
v v73 =
p 2.2606 0.005 2.9149
v v141 =
p 2.2606 0.005 3.0673
v v88 =
p 1.016 0.005 3.0673
v v115 =
p 0.9906 0.005 2.8895
v v46 =
p 2.286 0.005 2.8895
v v149 =
p 2.286 0.005 3.0927
v v71 =
p 0.9906 0.005 3.0927
f v145 v73 v141 v88 v145 v115 v46 v149 v71 v115
v v127 =
p 0.9906 -0.1 2.8895
v v31 =
p 0.9906 -0.1 3.0927
v v112 =
p 2.286 -0.1 3.0927
v v84 =
p 2.286 -0.1 2.8895
v v66 =
p 1.016 -0.1 2.9149
v v59 =
p 1.016 -0.1 3.0673
v v157 =
p 2.2606 -0.1 3.0673
v v78 =
p 2.2606 -0.1 2.9149
f v127 v31 v112 v84 v127 v66 v59 v157 v78 v66
f v71 v31 v127 v115
f v149 v112 v31 v71
f v46 v84 v112 v149
f v115 v127 v84 v46
f v145 v66 v127 v115
f v88 v59 v66 v145
f v141 v157 v59 v88
f v73 v78 v157 v141
f v145 v66 v78 v73
# End conversion from: !genprism wall_paint frame 10 0 0 0 .2032 1.2954 .2032 1.2954 0 0 0 \
.0254 .0254 .0254 .1778 1.27 .1778 1.27 .0254 .0254 .0254 -l 0 0 -.105 -c |xform -mz -rx 90 -t 0 .005 0 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# Begin conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .1524 1.2446 64 0 | xform -rz -90 -ry 90 -mz -t .0254 0 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -rz -90 -ry 90 -mz -t .0254 0 .0254
# genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .1524 1.2446 64 0
o
o loovers1.1
v v102 =
p 1.0257234375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v100 =
p 1.0257234375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v184 =
p 1.0257234375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v123 =
p 1.0257234375 0 2.9149
f v102 v100 v184 v123
o
o loovers1.2
v v111 =
p 1.0451703125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v69 =
p 1.0451703125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v151 =
p 1.0451703125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v136 =
p 1.0451703125 0 2.9149
f v111 v69 v151 v136
o
o loovers1.3
v v150 =
p 1.0646171875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v94 =
p 1.0646171875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v173 =
p 1.0646171875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v130 =
p 1.0646171875 0 2.9149
f v150 v94 v173 v130
o
o loovers1.4
v v132 =
p 1.0840640625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v95 =
p 1.0840640625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v155 =
p 1.0840640625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v117 =
p 1.0840640625 0 2.9149
f v132 v95 v155 v117
o
o loovers1.5
v v119 =
p 1.1035109375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v143 =
p 1.1035109375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v118 =
p 1.1035109375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v124 =
p 1.1035109375 0 2.9149
f v119 v143 v118 v124
o
o loovers1.6
v v121 =
p 1.1229578125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v104 =
p 1.1229578125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v156 =
p 1.1229578125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v137 =
p 1.1229578125 0 2.9149
f v121 v104 v156 v137
o
o loovers1.7
v v185 =
p 1.1424046875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v99 =
p 1.1424046875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v135 =
p 1.1424046875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v129 =
p 1.1424046875 0 2.9149
f v185 v99 v135 v129
o
o loovers1.8
v v122 =
p 1.1618515625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v107 =
p 1.1618515625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v134 =
p 1.1618515625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v116 =
p 1.1618515625 0 2.9149
f v122 v107 v134 v116
o
o loovers1.9
v v125 =
p 1.1812984375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v131 =
p 1.1812984375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v168 =
p 1.1812984375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v126 =
p 1.1812984375 0 2.9149
f v125 v131 v168 v126
o
o loovers1.10
v v82 =
p 1.2007453125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v67 =
p 1.2007453125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v40 =
p 1.2007453125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v138 =
p 1.2007453125 0 2.9149
f v82 v67 v40 v138
o
o loovers1.11
v v109 =
p 1.2201921875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v140 =
p 1.2201921875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v142 =
p 1.2201921875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v195 =
p 1.2201921875 0 2.9149
f v109 v140 v142 v195
o
o loovers1.12
v v191 =
p 1.2396390625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v161 =
p 1.2396390625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v194 =
p 1.2396390625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v169 =
p 1.2396390625 0 2.9149
f v191 v161 v194 v169
o
o loovers1.13
v v188 =
p 1.2590859375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v147 =
p 1.2590859375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v166 =
p 1.2590859375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v193 =
p 1.2590859375 0 2.9149
f v188 v147 v166 v193
o
o loovers1.14
v v192 =
p 1.2785328125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v164 =
p 1.2785328125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v152 =
p 1.2785328125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v170 =
p 1.2785328125 0 2.9149
f v192 v164 v152 v170
o
o loovers1.15
v v146 =
p 1.2979796875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v197 =
p 1.2979796875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v133 =
p 1.2979796875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v178 =
p 1.2979796875 0 2.9149
f v146 v197 v133 v178
o
o loovers1.16
v v187 =
p 1.3174265625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v172 =
p 1.3174265625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v120 =
p 1.3174265625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v128 =
p 1.3174265625 0 2.9149
f v187 v172 v120 v128
o
o loovers1.17
v v159 =
p 1.3368734375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v210 =
p 1.3368734375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v160 =
p 1.3368734375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v171 =
p 1.3368734375 0 2.9149
f v159 v210 v160 v171
o
o loovers1.18
v v177 =
p 1.3563203125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v163 =
p 1.3563203125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v196 =
p 1.3563203125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v154 =
p 1.3563203125 0 2.9149
f v177 v163 v196 v154
o
o loovers1.19
v v181 =
p 1.3757671875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v218 =
p 1.3757671875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v165 =
p 1.3757671875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v201 =
p 1.3757671875 0 2.9149
f v181 v218 v165 v201
o
o loovers1.20
v v202 =
p 1.3952140625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v224 =
p 1.3952140625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v198 =
p 1.3952140625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v182 =
p 1.3952140625 0 2.9149
f v202 v224 v198 v182
o
o loovers1.21
v v176 =
p 1.4146609375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v183 =
p 1.4146609375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v175 =
p 1.4146609375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v216 =
p 1.4146609375 0 2.9149
f v176 v183 v175 v216
o
o loovers1.22
v v243 =
p 1.4341078125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v189 =
p 1.4341078125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v167 =
p 1.4341078125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v209 =
p 1.4341078125 0 2.9149
f v243 v189 v167 v209
o
o loovers1.23
v v205 =
p 1.4535546875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v239 =
p 1.4535546875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v225 =
p 1.4535546875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v204 =
p 1.4535546875 0 2.9149
f v205 v239 v225 v204
o
o loovers1.24
v v199 =
p 1.4730015625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v207 =
p 1.4730015625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v240 =
p 1.4730015625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v179 =
p 1.4730015625 0 2.9149
f v199 v207 v240 v179
o
o loovers1.25
v v174 =
p 1.4924484375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v217 =
p 1.4924484375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v248 =
p 1.4924484375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v244 =
p 1.4924484375 0 2.9149
f v174 v217 v248 v244
o
o loovers1.26
v v213 =
p 1.5118953125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v206 =
p 1.5118953125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v245 =
p 1.5118953125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v190 =
p 1.5118953125 0 2.9149
f v213 v206 v245 v190
o
o loovers1.27
v v162 =
p 1.5313421875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v153 =
p 1.5313421875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v200 =
p 1.5313421875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v186 =
p 1.5313421875 0 2.9149
f v162 v153 v200 v186
o
o loovers1.28
v v236 =
p 1.5507890625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v214 =
p 1.5507890625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v203 =
p 1.5507890625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v223 =
p 1.5507890625 0 2.9149
f v236 v214 v203 v223
o
o loovers1.29
v v237 =
p 1.5702359375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v235 =
p 1.5702359375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v208 =
p 1.5702359375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v241 =
p 1.5702359375 0 2.9149
f v237 v235 v208 v241
o
o loovers1.30
v v221 =
p 1.5896828125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v222 =
p 1.5896828125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v180 =
p 1.5896828125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v247 =
p 1.5896828125 0 2.9149
f v221 v222 v180 v247
o
o loovers1.31
v v252 =
p 1.6091296875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v220 =
p 1.6091296875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v231 =
p 1.6091296875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v215 =
p 1.6091296875 0 2.9149
f v252 v220 v231 v215
o
o loovers1.32
v v6 =
p 1.6285765625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v242 =
p 1.6285765625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v211 =
p 1.6285765625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v253 =
p 1.6285765625 0 2.9149
f v6 v242 v211 v253
o
o loovers1.33
v v219 =
p 1.6480234375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v246 =
p 1.6480234375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v249 =
p 1.6480234375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v229 =
p 1.6480234375 0 2.9149
f v219 v246 v249 v229
o
o loovers1.34
v v7 =
p 1.6674703125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v212 =
p 1.6674703125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v238 =
p 1.6674703125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v42 =
p 1.6674703125 0 2.9149
f v7 v212 v238 v42
o
o loovers1.35
v v230 =
p 1.6869171875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v228 =
p 1.6869171875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v233 =
p 1.6869171875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v227 =
p 1.6869171875 0 2.9149
f v230 v228 v233 v227
o
o loovers1.36
v v234 =
p 1.7063640625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v16 =
p 1.7063640625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v39 =
p 1.7063640625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v226 =
p 1.7063640625 0 2.9149
f v234 v16 v39 v226
o
o loovers1.37
v v250 =
p 1.7258109375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v4 =
p 1.7258109375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v20 =
p 1.7258109375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v30 =
p 1.7258109375 0 2.9149
f v250 v4 v20 v30
o
o loovers1.38
v v2 =
p 1.7452578125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v25 =
p 1.7452578125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v254 =
p 1.7452578125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v251 =
p 1.7452578125 0 2.9149
f v2 v25 v254 v251
o
o loovers1.39
v v0 =
p 1.7647046875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v21 =
p 1.7647046875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v1 =
p 1.7647046875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v32 =
p 1.7647046875 0 2.9149
f v0 v21 v1 v32
o
o loovers1.40
v v232 =
p 1.7841515625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v10 =
p 1.7841515625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v35 =
p 1.7841515625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v18 =
p 1.7841515625 0 2.9149
f v232 v10 v35 v18
o
o loovers1.41
v v52 =
p 1.8035984375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v13 =
p 1.8035984375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v3 =
p 1.8035984375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v34 =
p 1.8035984375 0 2.9149
f v52 v13 v3 v34
o
o loovers1.42
v v54 =
p 1.8230453125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v15 =
p 1.8230453125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v36 =
p 1.8230453125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v9 =
p 1.8230453125 0 2.9149
f v54 v15 v36 v9
o
o loovers1.43
v v38 =
p 1.8424921875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v17 =
p 1.8424921875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v29 =
p 1.8424921875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v27 =
p 1.8424921875 0 2.9149
f v38 v17 v29 v27
o
o loovers1.44
v v19 =
p 1.8619390625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v12 =
p 1.8619390625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v58 =
p 1.8619390625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v50 =
p 1.8619390625 0 2.9149
f v19 v12 v58 v50
o
o loovers1.45
v v53 =
p 1.8813859375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v43 =
p 1.8813859375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v63 =
p 1.8813859375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v255 =
p 1.8813859375 0 2.9149
f v53 v43 v63 v255
o
o loovers1.46
v v5 =
p 1.9008328125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v23 =
p 1.9008328125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v89 =
p 1.9008328125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v37 =
p 1.9008328125 0 2.9149
f v5 v23 v89 v37
o
o loovers1.47
v v97 =
p 1.9202796875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v93 =
p 1.9202796875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v75 =
p 1.9202796875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v106 =
p 1.9202796875 0 2.9149
f v97 v93 v75 v106
o
o loovers1.48
v v60 =
p 1.9397265625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v87 =
p 1.9397265625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v86 =
p 1.9397265625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v61 =
p 1.9397265625 0 2.9149
f v60 v87 v86 v61
o
o loovers1.49
v v105 =
p 1.9591734375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v56 =
p 1.9591734375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v74 =
p 1.9591734375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v96 =
p 1.9591734375 0 2.9149
f v105 v56 v74 v96
o
o loovers1.50
v v90 =
p 1.9786203125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v62 =
p 1.9786203125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v64 =
p 1.9786203125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v44 =
p 1.9786203125 0 2.9149
f v90 v62 v64 v44
o
o loovers1.51
v v55 =
p 1.9980671875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v28 =
p 1.9980671875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v77 =
p 1.9980671875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v11 =
p 1.9980671875 0 2.9149
f v55 v28 v77 v11
o
o loovers1.52
v v45 =
p 2.0175140625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v47 =
p 2.0175140625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v85 =
p 2.0175140625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v24 =
p 2.0175140625 0 2.9149
f v45 v47 v85 v24
o
o loovers1.53
v v51 =
p 2.0369609375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v8 =
p 2.0369609375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v72 =
p 2.0369609375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v22 =
p 2.0369609375 0 2.9149
f v51 v8 v72 v22
o
o loovers1.54
v v91 =
p 2.0564078125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v26 =
p 2.0564078125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v65 =
p 2.0564078125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v92 =
p 2.0564078125 0 2.9149
f v91 v26 v65 v92
o
o loovers1.55
v v14 =
p 2.0758546875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v49 =
p 2.0758546875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v41 =
p 2.0758546875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v33 =
p 2.0758546875 0 2.9149
f v14 v49 v41 v33
o
o loovers1.56
v v101 =
p 2.0953015625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v144 =
p 2.0953015625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v83 =
p 2.0953015625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v80 =
p 2.0953015625 0 2.9149
f v101 v144 v83 v80
o
o loovers1.57
v v70 =
p 2.1147484375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v76 =
p 2.1147484375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v98 =
p 2.1147484375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v68 =
p 2.1147484375 0 2.9149
f v70 v76 v98 v68
o
o loovers1.58
v v114 =
p 2.1341953125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v110 =
p 2.1341953125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v148 =
p 2.1341953125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v81 =
p 2.1341953125 0 2.9149
f v114 v110 v148 v81
o
o loovers1.59
v v48 =
p 2.1536421875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v57 =
p 2.1536421875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v108 =
p 2.1536421875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v158 =
p 2.1536421875 0 2.9149
f v48 v57 v108 v158
o
o loovers1.60
v v139 =
p 2.1730890625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v113 =
p 2.1730890625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v103 =
p 2.1730890625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v79 =
p 2.1730890625 0 2.9149
f v139 v113 v103 v79
o
o loovers1.61
v v31 =
p 2.1925359375 -0.0127 2.9149
v v71 =
p 2.1925359375 -0.0127 3.0673
v v112 =
p 2.1925359375 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v149 =
p 2.1925359375 0 2.9149
f v31 v71 v112 v149
o
o loovers1.62
v v84 =
p 2.2119828125 -0.0127 2.9149
v v46 =
p 2.2119828125 -0.0127 3.0673
v v127 =
p 2.2119828125 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v115 =
p 2.2119828125 0 2.9149
f v84 v46 v127 v115
o
o loovers1.63
v v59 =
p 2.2314296875 -0.0127 2.9149
v v88 =
p 2.2314296875 -0.0127 3.0673
v v157 =
p 2.2314296875 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v141 =
p 2.2314296875 0 2.9149
f v59 v88 v157 v141
o
o loovers1.64
v v145 =
p 2.2508765625 -0.0127 2.9149
v v66 =
p 2.2508765625 -0.0127 3.0673
v v78 =
p 2.2508765625 9.3318069997e-18 3.0673
v v73 =
p 2.2508765625 0 2.9149
f v145 v66 v78 v73
# End conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers1 .0127 .1524 1.2446 64 0 | xform -rz -90 -ry 90 -mz -t .0254 0 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# Begin conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 1.2446 .1524 8 0 | xform -rz -90 -t .0254 -.0127 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# xform -rz -90 -t .0254 -.0127 .0254
# genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 1.2446 .1524 8 0
o
o loovers2.1
v v102 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 2.924425
v v100 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 2.924425
v v184 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 2.924425
v v123 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 2.924425
f v102 v100 v184 v123
o
o loovers2.2
v v111 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 2.943475
v v69 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 2.943475
v v151 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 2.943475
v v136 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 2.943475
f v111 v69 v151 v136
o
o loovers2.3
v v150 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 2.962525
v v94 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 2.962525
v v173 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 2.962525
v v130 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 2.962525
f v150 v94 v173 v130
o
o loovers2.4
v v132 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 2.981575
v v95 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 2.981575
v v155 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 2.981575
v v117 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 2.981575
f v132 v95 v155 v117
o
o loovers2.5
v v119 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 3.000625
v v143 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 3.000625
v v118 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 3.000625
v v124 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 3.000625
f v119 v143 v118 v124
o
o loovers2.6
v v121 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 3.019675
v v104 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 3.019675
v v156 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 3.019675
v v137 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 3.019675
f v121 v104 v156 v137
o
o loovers2.7
v v185 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 3.038725
v v99 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 3.038725
v v135 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 3.038725
v v129 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 3.038725
f v185 v99 v135 v129
o
o loovers2.8
v v122 =
p 1.016 -0.0127 3.057775
v v107 =
p 2.2606 -0.0127 3.057775
v v134 =
p 2.2606 -0.0254 3.057775
v v116 =
p 1.016 -0.0254 3.057775
f v122 v107 v134 v116
# End conversion from: !genblinds wall_paint loovers2 .0127 1.2446 .1524 8 0 | xform -rz -90 -t .0254 -.0127 .0254 | xform -e -t .9906 0 2.8895
# Should not be necessary and may be positioned incorrectly.
# backing polygon backing
# 0
# 0
# 12
# 0 .1 0
# 0 .1 .8129
# .3429 .1 .8129
# .3429 .1 0
# End conversion from: !xform -t .9906 0 2.8895 vent2.rad
# Begin conversion from: !xform -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0 table.rad
# xform -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# table top
m wood =
c
cxy 0.3718 0.3730
rd 0.0910
m brown_table_cloth =
c
cxy 0.4020 0.3558
rd 0.0774
# 5 .0956 0.0899 .0663 .0 .0
# 5 0.0997483 0.0910043 0.0580266 0.0 0.0
m table_legs =
c
cxy 0.3333 0.3333
rd 0.0950
rs 0.8550 0.0000
# Begin conversion from: !genbox brown_table_cloth table_top .9652 2.4384 .0381 | xform -t 0 0 .7112 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t 0 0 .7112
# genbox brown_table_cloth table_top .9652 2.4384 .0381
m brown_table_cloth
o
o table_top
v v125 =
p 2.37991253341 0.710490872746 0.7112
v v131 =
p 2.37991253341 0.710490872746 0.7493
v v168 =
p 1.42 0.6096 0.7493
v v126 =
p 1.42 0.6096 0.7112
f v125 v131 v168 v126
v v82 =
p 1.16511779517 3.03464218967 0.7493
v v67 =
p 1.16511779517 3.03464218967 0.7112
f v168 v82 v67 v126
v v40 =
p 2.12503032858 3.13553306241 0.7112
f v67 v40 v125 v126
v v138 =
p 2.12503032858 3.13553306241 0.7493
f v40 v67 v82 v138
f v131 v125 v40 v138
f v82 v168 v131 v138
# End conversion from: !genbox brown_table_cloth table_top .9652 2.4384 .0381 | xform -t 0 0 .7112 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg1 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .0508 .3048 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .0508 .3048 0
# genbox table_legs leg1 .03175 .03175 .7112
m table_legs
o
o leg1
v v109 =
p 1.47023750686 0.921359098351 0
v v140 =
p 1.47023750686 0.921359098351 0.7112
v v142 =
p 1.43866143668 0.918040319642 0.7112
v v195 =
p 1.43866143668 0.918040319642 0
f v109 v140 v142 v195
v v191 =
p 1.43534265797 0.94961638982 0.7112
v v161 =
p 1.43534265797 0.94961638982 0
f v142 v191 v161 v195
v v194 =
p 1.46691872815 0.952935168529 0
f v161 v194 v109 v195
v v169 =
p 1.46691872815 0.952935168529 0.7112
f v194 v161 v191 v169
f v140 v109 v194 v169
f v191 v142 v140 v169
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg1 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .0508 .3048 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg2 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .88265 .3048 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .88265 .3048 0
# genbox table_legs leg2 .03175 .03175 .7112
o
o leg2
v v188 =
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v v147 =
p 2.29753054552 1.00831110052 0.7112
v v166 =
p 2.26595447534 1.00499232181 0.7112
v v193 =
p 2.26595447534 1.00499232181 0
f v188 v147 v166 v193
v v192 =
p 2.26263569663 1.03656839199 0.7112
v v164 =
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f v166 v192 v164 v193
v v152 =
p 2.29421176681 1.0398871707 0
f v164 v152 v188 v193
v v170 =
p 2.29421176681 1.0398871707 0.7112
f v152 v164 v192 v170
f v147 v188 v152 v170
f v192 v166 v147 v170
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg2 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .88265 .3048 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg3 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .88265 2.10185 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .88265 2.10185 0
# genbox table_legs leg3 .03175 .03175 .7112
o
o leg3
v v146 =
p 2.10968767061 2.79551667259 0
v v197 =
p 2.10968767061 2.79551667259 0.7112
v v133 =
p 2.07811160043 2.79219789388 0.7112
v v178 =
p 2.07811160043 2.79219789388 0
f v146 v197 v133 v178
v v187 =
p 2.07479282172 2.82377396406 0.7112
v v172 =
p 2.07479282172 2.82377396406 0
f v133 v187 v172 v178
v v120 =
p 2.1063688919 2.82709274277 0
f v172 v120 v146 v178
v v128 =
p 2.1063688919 2.82709274277 0.7112
f v120 v172 v187 v128
f v197 v146 v120 v128
f v187 v133 v197 v128
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg3 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .88265 2.10185 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg4 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .0508 2.10185 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .0508 2.10185 0
# genbox table_legs leg4 .03175 .03175 .7112
o
o leg4
v v159 =
p 1.28239463194 2.70856467042 0
v v210 =
p 1.28239463194 2.70856467042 0.7112
v v160 =
p 1.25081856177 2.70524589171 0.7112
v v171 =
p 1.25081856177 2.70524589171 0
f v159 v210 v160 v171
v v177 =
p 1.24749978306 2.73682196189 0.7112
v v163 =
p 1.24749978306 2.73682196189 0
f v160 v177 v163 v171
v v196 =
p 1.27907585323 2.7401407406 0
f v163 v196 v159 v171
v v154 =
p 1.27907585323 2.7401407406 0.7112
f v196 v163 v177 v154
f v210 v159 v196 v154
f v177 v160 v210 v154
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs leg4 .03175 .03175 .7112 |xform -t .0508 2.10185 0 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace1 .8001 .0127 .0635 |xform -t .08255 .3048 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .08255 .3048 .6477
# genbox table_legs brace1 .8001 .0127 .0635
o
o brace1
v v181 =
p 2.26595447534 1.00499232181 0.6477
v v218 =
p 1.47023750686 0.921359098351 0.6477
f v181 v166 v140 v218
v v165 =
p 1.46890999538 0.933989526422 0.7112
v v201 =
p 1.46890999538 0.933989526422 0.6477
f v140 v165 v201 v218
v v202 =
p 2.26462696386 1.01762274988 0.6477
f v201 v202 v181 v218
v v224 =
p 2.26462696386 1.01762274988 0.7112
f v202 v201 v165 v224
f v166 v181 v202 v224
f v165 v140 v166 v224
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace1 .8001 .0127 .0635 |xform -t .08255 .3048 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace2 .8001 .0127 .0635 |xform -t .08255 2.1209 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .08255 2.1209 .6477
# genbox table_legs brace2 .8001 .0127 .0635
o
o brace2
v v198 =
p 2.0761203332 2.81114353599 0.6477
v v182 =
p 2.0761203332 2.81114353599 0.7112
v v176 =
p 1.28040336472 2.72751031253 0.7112
v v183 =
p 1.28040336472 2.72751031253 0.6477
f v198 v182 v176 v183
v v175 =
p 1.27907585323 2.7401407406 0.6477
f v176 v154 v175 v183
v v216 =
p 2.07479282172 2.82377396406 0.6477
f v175 v216 v198 v183
f v216 v175 v154 v187
f v182 v198 v216 v187
f v154 v176 v182 v187
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace2 .8001 .0127 .0635 |xform -t .08255 2.1209 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace3 .0127 1.7653 .0635 |xform -t .0508 .33655 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .0508 .33655 .6477
# genbox table_legs brace3 .0127 1.7653 .0635
o
o brace3
v v243 =
p 1.44797308604 0.950943901304 0.6477
v v189 =
p 1.44797308604 0.950943901304 0.7112
v v167 =
p 1.43534265797 0.94961638982 0.6477
f v243 v189 v191 v167
v v209 =
p 1.25081856177 2.70524589171 0.6477
f v191 v160 v209 v167
v v205 =
p 1.26344898984 2.7065734032 0.6477
f v209 v205 v243 v167
v v239 =
p 1.26344898984 2.7065734032 0.7112
f v205 v209 v160 v239
f v189 v243 v205 v239
f v160 v191 v189 v239
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace3 .0127 1.7653 .0635 |xform -t .0508 .33655 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace4 .0127 1.7653 .0635 |xform -t .9017 .33655 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .9017 .33655 .6477
# genbox table_legs brace4 .0127 1.7653 .0635
o
o brace4
v v225 =
p 2.29421176681 1.0398871707 0.6477
v v204 =
p 2.28158133874 1.03855965921 0.7112
v v199 =
p 2.28158133874 1.03855965921 0.6477
f v225 v170 v204 v199
v v207 =
p 2.09705724253 2.79418916111 0.7112
v v240 =
p 2.09705724253 2.79418916111 0.6477
f v204 v207 v240 v199
v v179 =
p 2.10968767061 2.79551667259 0.6477
f v240 v179 v225 v199
f v179 v240 v207 v197
f v170 v225 v179 v197
f v207 v204 v170 v197
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace4 .0127 1.7653 .0635 |xform -t .9017 .33655 .6477 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace5 .8001 .0127 .0508 |xform -t .08255 .3048 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .08255 .3048 .56515
# genbox table_legs brace5 .8001 .0127 .0508
o
o brace5
v v174 =
p 2.26595447534 1.00499232181 0.56515
v v217 =
p 2.26595447534 1.00499232181 0.61595
v v248 =
p 1.47023750686 0.921359098351 0.61595
v v244 =
p 1.47023750686 0.921359098351 0.56515
f v174 v217 v248 v244
v v213 =
p 1.46890999538 0.933989526422 0.61595
v v206 =
p 1.46890999538 0.933989526422 0.56515
f v248 v213 v206 v244
v v245 =
p 2.26462696386 1.01762274988 0.56515
f v206 v245 v174 v244
v v190 =
p 2.26462696386 1.01762274988 0.61595
f v245 v206 v213 v190
f v217 v174 v245 v190
f v213 v248 v217 v190
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace5 .8001 .0127 .0508 |xform -t .08255 .3048 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace6 .8001 .0127 .0508 |xform -t .08255 2.1209 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .08255 2.1209 .56515
# genbox table_legs brace6 .8001 .0127 .0508
o
o brace6
v v162 =
p 2.0761203332 2.81114353599 0.56515
v v153 =
p 2.0761203332 2.81114353599 0.61595
v v200 =
p 1.28040336472 2.72751031253 0.61595
v v186 =
p 1.28040336472 2.72751031253 0.56515
f v162 v153 v200 v186
v v236 =
p 1.27907585323 2.7401407406 0.61595
v v214 =
p 1.27907585323 2.7401407406 0.56515
f v200 v236 v214 v186
v v203 =
p 2.07479282172 2.82377396406 0.56515
f v214 v203 v162 v186
v v223 =
p 2.07479282172 2.82377396406 0.61595
f v203 v214 v236 v223
f v153 v162 v203 v223
f v236 v200 v153 v223
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace6 .8001 .0127 .0508 |xform -t .08255 2.1209 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# Begin conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace7 .0254 1.7653 .0508 |xform -t .4699 .33655 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# xform -t .4699 .33655 .56515
# genbox table_legs brace7 .0254 1.7653 .0508
o
o brace7
v v237 =
p 1.87740764046 0.996079291743 0.56515
v v235 =
p 1.87740764046 0.996079291743 0.61595
v v208 =
p 1.85214678432 0.993424268776 0.61595
v v241 =
p 1.85214678432 0.993424268776 0.56515
f v237 v235 v208 v241
v v221 =
p 1.66762268811 2.74905377067 0.61595
v v222 =
p 1.66762268811 2.74905377067 0.56515
f v208 v221 v222 v241
v v180 =
p 1.69288354426 2.75170879364 0.56515
f v222 v180 v237 v241
v v247 =
p 1.69288354426 2.75170879364 0.61595
f v180 v222 v221 v247
f v235 v237 v180 v247
f v221 v208 v235 v247
# End conversion from: !genbox table_legs brace7 .0254 1.7653 .0508 |xform -t .4699 .33655 .56515 | xform -e -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0
# End conversion from: !xform -rz 6 -t 1.42 .6096 0 table.rad
# !xform -rz -83 -t 2 5 0 chair.rad
# chair wasn't in CapCalc images
# End conversion from: conf.rad
o
# End of data converted from Radiance scene input
| en |
markdown | 937039 | # Presentation: 937039
## Medication Reconciliation
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System
- March 2008
## Objectives
- Explain the purpose of medication reconciliation
- Identify what medications and/or products need to be included in medication reconciliation process
- Describe when medication reconciliation occurs in the inpatient and outpatient setting
## Joint Commission Patient Safety Goal #8
- National Patient Safety Goal 2008
**Accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care**
- http://www.jointcommission.org/PatientSafety/NationalPatientSafetyGoals/08_npsg_facts.htm
## Definitions
- Medication Reconciliation
- A process of identifying a patient’s current list of medications that involves the patient and/or family as appropriate
- Medications
- Prescription medications (VA** **_**and**_** **non-VA)
- OTC medications
- Herbals, neutraceuticals, supplements, vitamins
## Definitions
- Patient’s Home Medication List
- _All __current__ medications_ including VA, Non-VA, over-the-counter (OTC) products and herbal supplements
- “Referred” Provider
- A provider within or outside the VA system in which a patient is referred to
## Intent of This Safety Goal
- Avoid medication errors
- Omissions, duplications, dosing errors, drug interactions
- Determine appropriate therapy
- Providers will decide and order medications that need to be continued, discontinued and/or require a dose change
## Ensure that a complete medications list is communicated to the next provider when the patient is transferred to:
Another setting, service, practitioner or level of care
Regardless if it is within the North Texas VA system or outside the organization
- Another setting, service, practitioner or level of care
- _Regardless_ if it is within the North Texas VA system or outside the organization
**Intent of This Safety Goal**** **
## Responsibility
- The ordering provider, physician assistance, nurse practitioner, nurse, case manager and pharmacist will work together to ensure the completion of this process
## Responsibility
- The ordering provider is responsible for ensuring the completion of this process
- Another caregiver (nurse, clinical pharmacist) may complete this process; however, their reconciliation must be communicated to the patient’s provider
## Inpatient
## Admission
- Patient’s “home medication list” must be documented in the admission (H&P) note
- MUST include: outpatient medications (VA and non-VA), vitamins, OTC and neutraceuticals
- Document _non-VA medications_, _OTC_ products and _herbal supplements_ in
- “Orders” tab “Medication, Non-VA” section
## Change in Level of Care
- Applies to change in _level of care_, _provider_ or _setting_
- Compare (or reconcile) current medications with new medication plan
- Address errors (omissions, duplications, drug-drug interactions)
- Complete and Sign new med orders
## Documentation: Changes
- Once _new_ medication orders have been signed, document a statement certifying reconciliation of all active meds in patient care note or generate a “Medication Reconciliation Note” in CPRS
## Documentation
**A CPRS Medication Reconciliation Note may be produced by going to: **
**“****Notes” tab******** click “New Note”**
- Type *Medication reconciliation* as note title
- This note will _auto populate_ with new
- medication list
- ****MUST enter new medication orders prior to creating note****
## Template
## Documentation
- Patient Transfer Notes must include a complete listing of the patient’s active medications
## Documentation
- If unfamiliar with a medication found in patient’s medication orders two options
- Take no action
- Consult with original prescriber or a pharmacist
- If another caregiver (i.e. nurse, pharmacist) generates the reconciliation note
- This action must be communicated to the patient’s provider
## Discharge
- Provider will compare (reconcile) the patient’s inpatient medications with “home medication list”
- Order and sign discharge medications
- Nurse may print the “Inpatient Discharge Instructions” for the patient
- Will reflect current outpatient and Non-VA medications only
## Discharge
- If patient is referred to a provider _outside_ VA system:
- It is **VA staff’s** responsibility to communicate the medication list to the “referred” provider
- It is _NOT_ the patient’s responsibility
## Outpatient
## Initial and Follow-up Visits
- “Patient’s Home Medication List”
- Current outpatient and non-VA medications
- Prescription, OTC, vitamins, neutraceuticals
- Documented as the “meds” tab
## Initial and Follow-up Visits
- Plan is known for outpatient medication
- “Orders” tab
**Add** new medications
**Document** non-VA meds
- Under “Medication, Non-VA” section
**Discontinue** medication therapies if warranted
**Renew** all medications that may expire prior to next visit (remove any duplicate orders)
**Sign medication orders**
## Documentation: Changes
- “Notes” tab click “New Note”
- Type *Medication reconciliation* as note title
- The note will auto populate with medications
****MUST enter new orders prior to creating note****
- New orders will show as pending
_**EXCEPTION**_: Schedule 2 Controlled medications must be documented under the templates “Comments section”
## Documentation: Changes
_**PRINT**_ to dedicated medication reconciliation printer
- Instruct patient to _pick-up_ medication list from **MAS clerk** (or designee) as _they leave the clinic_
- Instruct patient to bring list to ALL clinic visits regardless of provider
- If **multiple** clinic visits
- Generate note as described previously
- _Last clinic provider _will print the final medication list
## Documentation: No changes
- If **NO** new medications are ordered, changed or discontinued
- Add addendum to patient care note documenting the appropriateness of the current medication plan
## Documentation
- If unfamiliar with a medication found in patient’s medication orders two options
- Take no action
- Consult with original prescriber or a pharmacist
- If another caregiver (i.e. nurse, pharmacist) generates the reconciliation note
- Reconciliation must be communicated to the patient’s provider
**Notes:**
Last sentence...See slide 13.
## Referred Provider
- If patient is referred to a provider outside VA system:
- It is **VA staff’s** responsibility to communicate the medication list to the “referred” provider
- It is _NOT_ the patient’s responsibility
**Notes:**
Last sentence: See slide 15.
## Assessment Questions
- In the _inpatient_ setting, medication reconciliation occurs upon:
- Admission
- Change in level of care
- Change in setting
- Change in provider
- All of the above
*Very IMPORTANT that patient’s medications are reconciled to ensure patient safety throughout the continuum of care*
**Notes:**
Add question regarding completing orders before generating note.
## Assessment Questions
- In the outpatient setting, “medication reconciliation” notes are created when NO changes to medications are made
- True
- False
*The note is created ONLY if changes (starting, stopping or changing medications) occur*
## Assessment Questions
- “Discharge” instructions (inpatient) or “Medication Reconciliation” note (outpatient) MUST be printed and given to the patient
- True
- False
*Discharge instructions or medication reconciliation note ****MUST**** be printed and given to each patient in order for them to bring to follow-up visits with other providers*
## Assessment Questions
- Changes, discontinuation or new medication orders need to be placed prior to generating a medication reconciliation note
- True
- False
*The template for the “medication reconciliation note” will auto populate with all active or new orders. If the note is generated prior to new orders being entered, the medication list will be *_**WRONG**_
## Summary
- This is a **MANDATORY** requirement per Joint Commission Patient Safety Goal #8
- For more information or questions
- See VANTHCS Memo P&T 21
- Contact:
** **** ****Joann C. Fenicchia**
** **** **Adm Officer, Clinical Quality Mgmt
- Telephone Number: (214) 857-2129
- _[Joann.Fenicchia@va.gov](mailto:Joann.Fenicchia@va.gov)_
- Joint Commission Website** **
- http://www.jointcommission.org/PatientSafety/NationalPatientSafetyGoals/08_npsg_facts.htm | en |
converted_docs | 926432 | **DA 05-2032**
**July 22, 2005**
**AUCTION OF AUTOMATED MARITIME TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM LICENSES**
**Seven Bidders Qualified to Participate in Auction No. 61**
**Report No. AUC-05-61-E (Auction No. 61)**
In this public notice*,* the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau
("Bureau") identifies seven applicants found to be qualified to bid in
the upcoming auction for ten licenses in the Automated Maritime
Telecommunications System ("AMTS") Service (Auction No. 61).[^1] Bidding
in Auction No. 61 is scheduled to begin on Wednesday, August 3, 2005. In
addition, this public notice contains bidding instructions and other
important information regarding Auction No. 61.
**Attachment A** lists each of the seven qualified bidders, their
upfront payments, and their maximum eligibility in bidding units.
**Attachment B** lists the licenses selected on each qualified bidder's
short-form application (FCC Form 175).
In order to participate effectively in the auction, qualified bidders
should again familiarize themselves with the auction rules, procedures,
and other information contained in the *Auction No. 61 Procedures Public
Notice*[^2] and subsequent public notices. These public notices and
other documents related to Auction No. 61 are available on the
Commission's auctions website at <http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/>.
The following information provides additional guidance.
**Registration*.*** Qualified bidders have been automatically registered
for the auction. Registration materials will be sent to the bidder's
contact person at the contact address identified in the bidder's
short-form application. Upon receipt, each bidder should be in
possession of the following:
- At least two SecurID cards
- Integrated Spectrum Auction System (ISAS) Bidder's Guide
- FCC Auction Bidder Line phone number
Qualified bidders are solely responsible for ensuring the security of
their computer systems and their registration materials and for ensuring
that only authorized bidders place bids on their behalf. The Commission
assumes no responsibility or liability for these matters.
WARNING: Any unauthorized entity accessing or tampering with an FCC or
other government computer will be prosecuted to the full extent of the
law.
Any qualified bidder listed in Attachment A of this public notice that
has not received the registration mailing **by noon on Thursday, July
28, 2005**, must contact the Auctions Hotline directly at (717)
338-2888. Receipt of the registration mailing is critical to
participating in both the mock auction and the actual auction, and it is
the responsibility of each qualified bidder to ensure that all
registration information has been received.
**Registration Material Replacement.** In the event that a bidder's
SecurID cards are lost or damaged, only a person who has been designated
as an authorized bidder, the contact person, or the certifying official
on the applicant's short-form application may request replacement
registration material. Qualified bidders requiring the replacement of
these items must call Technical Support at (877) 480-3201, option nine;
(202) 414-1250; or (202) 414-1255 (TTY).
**Bidding.** The Commission will conduct this auction over the Internet,
and telephonic bidding will be available as well. The Integrated
Spectrum Auction System ("ISAS" or "FCC Auction System") can be accessed
at [http://auctions.fcc.gov](http://auctions.fcc.gov/).
Qualified bidders are permitted to bid telephonically or electronically.
In either case, **each authorized bidder** must have his or her own RSA
SecurID card, which the FCC will provide at no charge. Applicants with
only one authorized bidder will be issued two SecurID cards, while
applicants with two or three authorized bidders will be issued three
cards. For security purposes, the SecurID cards and the instructions for
using them are only mailed to the contact person at the contact address
listed on the applicant's short-form application. Please note that each
SecurID card is tailored to a specific auction. SecurID cards issued for
other auctions or obtained from a source other than the FCC will not
work for Auction No. 61. The Auction Bidder Line phone number will be
supplied with the registration material.
Please note that the SecurID cards can be recycled, and we strongly
encourage bidders to return the cards to the FCC. We will provide
pre-addressed envelopes that bidders may use to return the cards once
the auction is over.
**Bidding Contingency Plan.** Bidders should develop comprehensive
contingency plans that can be quickly implemented if bidders experience
difficulty participating in the auction. While the FCC will correct any
problems within Commission‑controlled facilities, bidders are solely
responsible for anticipating and overcoming problems such as bidder
technical failures, telephone service interruptions, adverse local
weather conditions, unavailability of authorized bidders, or the loss or
breach of confidential security codes.
In their registration materials, all qualified bidders will be supplied
with a telephone number for the Auction Bidder Line. Bidders choosing to
bid telephonically are required to use this telephone number to place
bids. Electronic bidders may use this telephone number as an alternate
method of bidding in the event they are unable to submit their bids
electronically. **Telephonic bidders are reminded to allow sufficient
time to bid by placing their calls well in advance of the close of a
round.**[^3]
**Minimum Opening Bid Amounts.** There will be a minimum opening bid
amount for each license in Auction No. 61, calculated in accordance with
the formulas previously announced.[^4] The minimum opening bid amount is
subject to reduction at the discretion of the Commission. The Commission
will not entertain requests to lower minimum opening bid amounts. The
agency will exercise its discretion, if at all, independent of any
communications from bidders.
**Announcements.** The Commission will post pertinent auction
information as announcements in the FCC Auction System. Bidders should
routinely check for announcements each time they enter the FCC Auction
System and should read this information carefully.
**Bidding Schedule.** On Wednesday, August 3, 2005, there will be four
rounds of bidding as follows:
Bidding Round 10:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. ET
Bidding Round 12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m. ET
Bidding Round 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. ET
Bidding Round 4:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. ET
The bidding schedule for Thursday, August 4, 2005, and continuing until
further notice, will be:
Bidding Round 10:00 a.m. - 10:20 a.m. ET
Bidding Round 11:00 a.m. - 11:20 a.m. ET
Bidding Round 12:00 p.m. - 12:20 p.m. ET
Bidding Round 2:00 p.m. - 2:20 p.m. ET
Bidding Round 3:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m. ET
Bidding Round 4:00 p.m. - 4:20 p.m. ET
Round results will be available approximately 10 minutes after the close
of each round. The Commission will set the pace of the auction based
upon its monitoring of the bidding and its assessment of the auction's
progress. All subsequent schedule changes will be made by announcement
via the FCC Auction System during the course of the auction.
**Bidder Questions during the Auction.** FCC auction staff and technical
support staff will be available during the auction to answer questions
from authorized bidders. Bidders should identify themselves as a bidder
with a time-sensitive auction question when calling. Help can be
obtained through the following options:
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FCC Auction Bidder Line | Use Auction Bidder Line phone |
| | number supplied in registration |
| (telephonic bidding, auction | mailing |
| conduct questions) | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FCC Technical Support | \(877\) 480-3201, option nine; |
| | (202) 414-1250; or (202) 414-1255 |
| (all technical questions, | (TTY) |
| software and hardware) | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FCC Auctions and Spectrum Access | \(202\) 418-0660 |
| Division (legal questions only) | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
The FCC Auction System includes a function for bidders to submit
suggestions to the FCC, but this is **not** an appropriate mechanism for
asking questions that may need a timely response, such as questions
about auction procedures or other issues. **Such questions should be
asked via one of the above telephone options.**
**Monitoring Round Results.** The Integrated Spectrum Auction System
(ISAS) Bidder's Guide (included in the registration material) provides
instructions for reviewing and downloading round results.
**Amendments to FCC Form 175.** Applicants are responsible for
maintaining the accuracy and completeness of information furnished in
their short-form applications, including their attachments.[^5]
Applicants should amend their short-form applications within ten
business days from the occurrence of a reportable change. Applicants
should make modifications to their FCC Form 175 electronically and
submit a letter, briefly summarizing the changes, by email to the
attention of Margaret Wiener, Chief, Auctions and Spectrum Access
Division, at the following address: <auction61@fcc.gov>. Questions about
changes should be directed to Howard Davenport at (202) 418-0660.
As described in the Commission's rules, applicants may make only minor
corrections to their FCC Form 175 applications (e.g., changing an
authorized bidder or a fax number).[^6] Major modifications (e.g*.*,
changing the licenses applied for or changing control of the applicant)
will not be accepted.[^7]
**Due Diligence.** Potential bidders are reminded that they are solely
responsible for investigating and evaluating all technical and
marketplace factors that may have a bearing on the value of the licenses
being offered in this auction. The Commission makes no representations
or warranties about the use of this spectrum for particular services.
Potential bidders are strongly encouraged to conduct their own research
prior to Auction No. 61 in order to determine the existence of pending
proceedings that might affect their decisions regarding participation in
the auction. Participants in Auction No. 61 are strongly encouraged to
continue such research during the auction. For further details regarding
due diligence, qualified bidders should refer to the *Auction No. 61
Procedures Public Notice* under Section I.B.5.[^8]
**Mock Auction.** On Monday, August 1, 2005, the Bureau will conduct a
mock auction which will allow qualified bidders to familiarize
themselves with the FCC Auction System. Only qualified bidders will be
permitted to participate in the mock auction. The Bureau will conduct
this auction over the Internet, but telephonic bidding will also be
available. Qualified bidders that wish to place bids telephonically
should use the telephone number supplied in the Auction No. 61
registration materials.
The mock auction can be accessed at:
[http://auctiondemo.fcc.gov](http://auctiondemo.fcc.gov/). The mock
auction will include all ten Auction No. 61 licenses, and will follow
the rules governing the actual auction. The mock auction will be
identified as Mock Auction No. 61. The FCC Auction System will assume
that each bidder applied for all licenses. The FCC Auction System will
reflect the actual upfront payment submitted by the bidder, which will
determine the initial (maximum) eligibility (as measured in bidding
units). The mock auction will simulate the start of the auction, and
each bidder will be required to be active on 80 percent of its current
bidding eligibility. If a bidder does not meet this requirement, it will
have a waiver automatically applied (if the bidder has any waivers
available), or its current eligibility will be permanently reduced (if
the bidder has no waivers remaining), possibly eliminating the bidder
from further bidding in the auction.
Electronic bidders participating in the mock auction are advised to
review the Integrated Spectrum Auction System (ISAS) Bidder's Guide
provided in the registration material.
The mock auction bidding schedule for Monday, August 1, 2005, will be:
Round 1 9:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. ET
Round 2 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. ET
Round 3 1:00 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. ET
Round 4 2:00 p.m. - 2:30 p.m. ET
Round 5 3:00 p.m. - 3:15 p.m. ET
Round 6 4:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. ET
**Prohibition of Collusion.** Applicants are reminded that Section
1.2105(c) of the Commission's rules prohibits applicants for licenses in
any of the same geographic areas from communicating with each other
during the auction about bids, bidding strategies, or settlements unless
they have identified each other as parties with which they have entered
into agreements under Section 1.2105(a)(2)(viii).[^9] For Auction No.
61, this prohibition became effective at the short-form application
filing deadline on Thursday, June 9, 2005, and will end on the
post-auction down payment deadline, which will be announced in a future
public notice.[^10] **This prohibition applies to all applicants
regardless of whether such applicants became qualified bidders or
actually bid.**[^11] For purposes of this prohibition, Section
1.2105(c)(7)(i) defines "applicant" to include all controlling interests
in the entity submitting a short-form application to participate in the
auction, as well as all holders of partnership and other ownership
interests and any stock interest amounting to 10 percent or more of the
entity, or outstanding stock, or outstanding voting stock of the entity
submitting a short-form application, and all officers and directors of
that entity.[^12] If parties had agreed in principle on all material
terms of a bidding agreement(s), those parties must have been identified
on the short-form application under Section 1.2105(c), even if the
agreement had not been reduced to writing. If parties had not agreed in
principle by the filing deadline, an applicant should not have included
the names of those parties on its application and must not have
continued negotiations.[^13]
Bidders competing for licenses for any of the same designated markets
must not communicate indirectly about bids or bidding strategy.[^14]
Accordingly, the Bureau encourages applicants competing for licenses in
any of the same geographic license areas not to use the same individual
as an authorized bidder.[^15] A violation of the anti-collusion rule
could occur if an individual acts as the authorized bidder for two or
more competing applicants, and conveys information concerning the
substance of bids or bidding strategies between the bidders he or she is
authorized to represent in the auction. A violation could similarly
occur if the authorized bidders are different individuals employed by
the same organization (e.g., law firm or consulting firm). In such a
case, at a minimum, applicants should take precautionary steps to
prevent communication between authorized bidders.[^16]
In addition, Section 1.65 of the Commission's rules requires an
applicant to maintain the accuracy and completeness of information
furnished in its pending application and to notify the Commission within
30 days of any substantial change that may be of decisional significance
to that application.[^17] Thus, Section 1.65 requires auction applicants
that engage in communications of bids or bidding strategies that result
in a bidding agreement, arrangement, or understanding not already
identified on their short-form applications to promptly disclose any
such agreement, arrangement or understanding to the Commission by
amending their pending applications. In addition, Section 1.2105(c)(6)
requires all auction applicants to report prohibited discussions or
disclosures regarding bids or bidding strategy to the Commission in
writing immediately but in no case later than five business days after
the communication occurs, even if the communication does not result in
an agreement or understanding regarding bids or bidding strategy that
must be reported under Section 1.65.[^18]
Applicants that are winning bidders will be required to disclose in
their long-form applications the specific terms, conditions, and parties
involved in all bidding consortia, joint ventures, partnerships, and
other arrangements entered into relating to the competitive bidding
process.[^19] Any applicant found to have violated the anti-collusion
rule may be subject to sanctions.[^20] In addition, applicants are
reminded that they are subject to the antitrust laws, which are designed
to prevent anti-competitive behavior in the marketplace. If an applicant
is found to have violated the antitrust laws in connection with its
participation in the competitive bidding process, it may be subject to
forfeiture of its upfront payment, down payment, or full bid amount and
may be prohibited from participating in future auctions.[^21]
**Submission of Auction No. 61-related Filings:** As noted above,
applicants seeking to amend their short-form applications during the
auction should make modifications to their FCC Form 175 electronically
and submit a letter, briefly summarizing the changes, by email to the
attention of Margaret Wiener, Chief, Auctions and Spectrum Access
Division, at the following address: <auction61@fcc.gov>.
Parties wishing to submit requests, complaints, or other information
concerning Auction No. 61 should also send a copy by email to the
attention of Margaret Wiener, Chief, Auctions and Spectrum Access
Division, at the following address: <auction61@fcc.gov>, in addition to
following other procedures prescribed by the Commission's rules. The
Commission occasionally receives complaints regarding certain bidders
and requests to suspend bidding during an auction. While the Commission
reserves the right to take appropriate action during an auction, to
preserve the integrity of the auction process, it is generally our
practice to address any such allegations only after the winning bidders
have submitted their long-form applications, when there is greater
opportunity for investigation of such allegations, if warranted.
Finally, parties wishing to make suggestions concerning Auction No. 61
or future auctions are encouraged to present such ideas using the
suggestion feature of the FCC Auction System. (As mentioned above, this
feature is not an appropriate mechanism for posing questions that need a
timely response.) Commission staff always takes suggestions into
consideration, but may not provide an individualized response.
**Long-Form Applications.** Applicants that claim eligibility to receive
a small or very small business bidding credit should be aware that,
following the auction, they will be subject to more extensive reporting
requirements contained in the Commission's Part 1 ownership disclosure
rule.[^22] In addition, applicants with foreign ownership interests will
be required to comply with 47 U.S.C. § 310(b) at the long-form
application stage.
For additional information regarding this Public Notice, please contact
the following staff in the Auctions and Spectrum Access Division:
> For general auction questions: Debbie Smith, Roy Knowles or Barbara
> Sibert at (717) 338-2888
>
> For legal questions: Howard Davenport at (202) 418-0660
For technical questions about software or hardware, please contact FCC
Technical Support at (877) 480-3201, option nine; (202) 414-1250; or
(202) 414-1255 (TTY).
**[- FCC -]{.smallcaps}**
{width="6.944444444444445e-4in"
height="6.944444444444445e-4in"}
[^1]: The Bureau has before it a Petition for Reconsideration filed by
Paging Systems, Inc. on May 23, 2005, in which it urges the Bureau
to reverse an earlier decision, which was affirmed upon
reconsideration, confirming that no prohibition on participation by
commonly controlled applicants in a Commission spectrum auction
exists. Also, the Bureau has before it a Petition for
Reconsideration filed by Warren C. Havens, AMTS Consortium, LLC,
Telesaurus VPC LLC, and Telesaurus Holdings GB LLC on May 23, 2005,
seeking additional time to prepare to participate in Auction No. 61.
The Bureau will respond to these filings separately.
[^2]: "Auction of Automated Maritime Telecommunications System Licenses
Scheduled for August 3, 2005, Notice and Filing Requirements,
Minimum Opening Bids, Upfront Payments and Other Auction Procedures
for Auction No. 61," *Public Notice,* DA 05-1047 (WTB 2005)
("*Auction No. 61 Procedures Public Notice*").
[^3]: The length of a call to place a telephonic bid may vary; please
allow a minimum of 10 minutes.
[^4]: *Auction No. 61 Procedures Public Notice* at 30-32. Attachment A
of the *Auction No. 61 Procedures Public Notice* sets forth the
minimum opening bid amounts for each license offered in Auction No.
61.
[^5]: *See* 47 C.F.R § 1.65.
[^6]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(b).
[^7]: *Id*.
[^8]: *Auction No. 61 Procedures Public Notice* at 7-10.
[^9]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(a)(2)(viii); 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(c)(1). *See
also* Amendment of Part 1 of the Commission's Rules -- Competitive
Bidding Procedures, *Seventh Report and Order*, 16 FCC Rcd 17546
(2001) ("*Part 1* *Seventh Report and Order*"); Amendment of Part of
the Commission's -- Competitive Bidding Procedures, *Order on
Reconsideration of the Third Report and Order, Fifth Report and
Order, and Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making*, 15 FCC
Rcd 15293, 15297-98 ¶¶ 7-8 (2000).
[^10]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(c)(1).
[^11]: *See, e.g.*, Letter to Robert Pettit, Esquire, from Margaret W.
Wiener, Chief, Auctions and Industry Analysis Division, Wireless
Telecommunications Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, 16 FCC
Rcd 10080 (WTB 2000) (declining to except an applicant's controlling
interest from coverage by the anti-collusion rule, even though the
applicant never made an upfront payment for the auction and was not
listed as a qualified bidder); Star Wireless, LLC, *Forfeiture
Order*, 19 FCC Rcd 18626 (EB 2004) (imposing forfeiture in the
amount of \$100,000 for violation of the anti-collusion rule);
Northeast Communications of Wisconsin, LLC, *Forfeiture Order*, 19
FCC Rcd 18635 (EB 2004) (imposing forfeiture in the amount of
\$100,000 for violation of the anti-collusion rule, even though the
applicant never made an upfront payment for the auction and was not
listed as a qualified bidder).
[^12]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(c)(7)(i).
[^13]: *See* "Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Clarifies Spectrum
Auction Anti-Collusion Rules," *Public Notice*, 11 FCC Rcd 9645 (WTB
1995).
[^14]: *Part 1 Seventh Report and Order*, 16 FCC Rcd at 17549-50 ¶ 6.
[^15]: *See Auction No. 61 Procedures Public Notice* at 4.
[^16]: *See* In re Application of Nevada Wireless for a License to
Provide 800 MHz Specialized Mobile Radio Service in the Farmington,
NM-CO Economic Area (EA-155) Frequency Band A, *Memorandum Opinion
and Order,* 13 FCC Rcd. 11973, 11977 ¶ 11 (1998).
[^17]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.65.
[^18]: 47 C.F.R. §§ 1.65, 1.2105(c)(6); *see also Part 1* *Seventh
Report and Order*, 16 FCC Rcd at 17555 ¶ 17.
[^19]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.2107(d).
[^20]: *See* 47 C.F.R. §§ 1.2105(c), 1.2107(d), and 1.2109(d).
[^21]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.2109(d).
[^22]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.2112(b)(2).
| en |
log-files | 635793 | <!-- Title: Eve shift. Fri Apr 26, 2002 -->
<!-- SciCo: Debbie Errede -->
<!-- DAQAce: Niccolo Moggi -->
<!-- MonAce: Phil Yoon -->
<!-- CO: Davit Chokkeli -->
<!-- OpManager: Dave Ambrose -->
<!-- Notes: -->
<pre>Should go into shot-setup soon.
CMU was tripping this morning with beam. Tested
without beam and seems stable. Shall run CMU with beam
and watch. No silicon today. Test new physics table...
physics1_01[6,39,288]. Tesarek wants to test abort gap
monitors with protons. </pre>
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 16:25:10 2002 -->
<pre>Inherit store 1251.
Waiting for shot setup. In the meanwhile we'll do the remaining
calibrations.</pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 16:26:33 2002 -->
Cal LED calibration done (Cal QIE was done at the end of previous shift).
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143930' target=_top>143930</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 16:30:32 2002 -->
<pre>
<b> Current HV Config: </b>
<li><i>off</i>: TOF, CLC, MNP, L00, SVX, ISL </LI>
<li><i>Standby</i>: COT, CMU, CMP, CMX, BMU, CES, CPR, CCR </li>
<li><i>On</i>: CEM, CHA, WHA, PEM, PHA, PSH, GAM, BSC, PRS </li>
</pre>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 16:54:29 2002 -->
Cal Xenon calibration done.
<p>
While restarting the PMT HV readout process the following alarm
appeared on the pisabox pc: " iFix alert: alarm queue SUMMARY
LIST has overflowed..."
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143931' target=_top>143931</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 17:21:45 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143932">143932</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 17:21:27
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 17:25:59 2002 -->
Just started a COSMICS[6,18,233] run.
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143932' target=_top>143932</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 18:17:25 2002 -->
<br><b>Abort Gap Halo:</b>
<br> Removed 100ns from the leading part of the abort gap
signal used to gate the halo counters. This should remove
the peak Rick Vidal saw earlier due to collision remanents.
The net effect will be to reduce the rate by about a factor
10 and an attending increase in the sensitivity to beam halo
in the abort gap.
<br>
<!-- Author: R.J. Tesarek -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 18:37:36 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143932">143932</A>
Terminated at 2002.04.26 18:37:18
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 18;46;52 comment by...niccolo' -->
During the End transition both boxes of cpu 147 went black in the
L3 display. They recovered before Idle state was reached.
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 18:38:16 2002 -->
<pre>
<li> ~17:15 Shot setup began. </li>
<li> 18:28 Loading final protons </li>
</pre>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 18:43:12 2002 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2288&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2288 width='300' align='top'></td><td>SVRAD totals</a></td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:21:28 2002 -->
<pre>
<li> TeV Ramping. </li>
<li> Halo Removal in progress. </li>
</pre>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:32:09 2002 -->
Store # 1253 started colliding!
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:36:01 2002 -->
Ramping up the HVs.
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:38:33 2002 -->
CPR and TOF yellow warning received.
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 19;43;29 comment by...py -->
CPR HV turned all the way up, and the warning went away.
But, the TOF warning persists, so TOF expert paged.
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 19;46;45 comment by...py -->
A TOF expert stopped by and his investigation is underway.
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 19;55;56 comment by...Stefano -->
One channel (Crate 1, Board 6, PM 51) was in undervoltage status.
After turning off and on again the channel everything went OK.
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:41:54 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143933">143933</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 19:41:40
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:45:37 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143933">143933</A>
Terminated at 2002.04.26 19:45:13
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:48:45 2002 -->
Stacking resumed.
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:52:50 2002 -->
<pre>Started a new run with PHYSICS_1_01[4,22,285].
Since the TOF seemed to have one channell off, I tried to
set the ignore-inhibit falg for TOF but we did not get any
event.
Then I tried to set the ignore-inhibit flag for all detectors,
but still did not get any trigger. So I ended the run.
In the meanwhile the TOF came up completely.
I'm starting another run with same trigger table.</pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 19:54:53 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143934">143934</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 19:54:04
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 20:04:27 2002 -->
<pre>Luminosity at beginning of run is 17.6E30 !
Trigger table PHYSICS_1_01[4,22,285]
Trigger rates:
L1 / L2 / L3 = 6566 / 285 / 35
Dead Time = 3.7
Subfarm 1 in L3 display is dark blue with no hints of light blue.
We are afraid it may be frosen ??? </pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143934' target=_top>143934</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 20:33:33 2002 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2290&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2290 width='300' align='top'></td><td>Beam Halos and TEL currents</a></td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 21;01;02 comment by...R.J. Tesarek -->
Rates in the abort gap counters are now approximately half of
their previous values at the same beam currents/luminosity.
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 21:16:46 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143934">143934</A>
Terminated at 2002.04.26 21:15:47
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 21:23:23 2002 -->
<pre>Going to do some tests. First try PHYSICS_1_01[4,38,285]
No FIB crates and L2_DECISION_01 as usual.</pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 21:25:25 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143935">143935</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 21:24:51
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 22:25:30 2002 -->
With PHYSICS_1_01[4,38,285] we get:
L1A/L2A/L3A=5527/243/30.5
Total dead time=2%
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143935' target=_top>143935</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 22:29:41 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143935">143935</A>
Terminated at 2002.04.26 22:28:58
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 22:45:09 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143936">143936</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 22:44:17
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 23;09;05 comment by... niccolo' -->
This run has the same Trigger Table as the previous one.
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:08:06 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143936">143936</A>
Terminated at 2002.04.26 23:07:32
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:16:35 2002 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143937">143937</A>
Activated at 2002.04.26 23:15:16
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:16:50 2002 -->
<pre>We tried to switch to test PHYSICS_1_01_v7 which is in
the L2 tag list but not in the selectable physics table list.
So we found that we don't know how to select this table.
We decide to hand this test to tomorrow's day shift...
Turned back to default table PHYSICS_1_01[4,22,285].</pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:23:23 2002 -->
<pre>Received Gas Alarm twice. Paged Gas syst. expert.
Meanwhile, called Cryo tech, and he said that he's looking into
it.</pre>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Comment: Fri Apr 26 23;26;23 comment by...py -->
Cryo tech just called and things are normal now.
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:44:30 2002 -->
<pre>L2 decision TO. Message from alpha minicom:
ClistMon: Error on pass 2, cluster 0: 1 != 2
CListMon: Dumping CLIST data:
Word upper 32 bits lower 32 bits
0: 0xffffffff83921801 0x00220004
1: 0x03921801 0x00220004
ClistMon: done.
FaultmManager: Fatal error, sending L2 timeout directly</pre>
<!-- Author: niccolo' :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143937' target=_top>143937</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Fri Apr 26 23:56:53 2002 -->
<TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=1 BGCOLOR=WHITE>
<TR BGCOLOR=YELLOW><TH>Run Number</TH>
<TH>Data Type</TH>
<TH>Physics Table</TH>
<TH>Begin Time</TH>
<TH>End Time</TH>
<TH>Live Time</TH>
<TH>L1 Accepts</TH>
<TH>L2 Accepts</TH>
<TH>L3 Accepts</TH>
<TH>Live Lumi, nb-1</TH>
<TH>GR</TH>
<TH>SC</TH>
<TH>RC</TH></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143934>
143934</A>
x2323E</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>PHYSICS_1_01 [4,22,285]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>19:54:04</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>21:15:47</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>01:18:23</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 30,616,798</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 1,334,977</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 163,876</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 76.887</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143935>
143935</A>
x2323F</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>PHYSICS_1_01 [4,38,285]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>21:24:51</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>22:28:58</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>01:00:10</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 21,117,250</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 927,824</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 116,184</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 53.954</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143936>
143936</A>
x23240</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>PHYSICS_1_01 [4,38,285]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>22:44:17</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>23:07:32</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>00:22:19</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 7,300,505</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 322,209</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 40,678</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 18.856</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=143937>
143937</A>
x23241</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>PHYSICS_1_01 [4,22,285]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>23:15:16</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>00:37:12</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 11,636,301</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 515,845</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 63,775</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 30.374</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Totals</TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD>23:55:02</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>03:18:05</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 70,670,854</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 3,100,855</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 384,513</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 180.072</TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<!-- Author: End of Shift Report -->
<!-- Date: Sat Apr 27 00:04:46 2002 -->
<center><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2291&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2291' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2292&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2292' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2293&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2002&action=view&page=-2293' width='300'></a></center>
<!-- Author: py -->
<!-- Comment: Sat Apr 27 16;05;13 comment by...py -->
Shift Summary Plots
<!-- Date: Sat Apr 27 00:10:55 2002 -->
<font color=red>Shift Summary: </font><pre>
Evening Shift Summary Friday April 26, 2002 Debbie Errede
------------------------------------------------------------
1600 No beam most of the day shift. CMU tripping with beam
this morning. Was stable without beam and we'll watch
the CMU NE cathodes during the next run. Rick Tesarek
wants to run abort gap monitor tests during shot setup
(with a few protons). No silicon today. Jonathan Lewis
wants to test new physics table..physics1_01[6,39,288].
1645 Estimate for shot setup at 1715.
1713 Paged Rick Tesarek and he's coming over for the abort
gap tests.
Lewis changed the trigger table test request.
1810 Still taking cosmics.
1829 7 proton bunches in the Tevatron.
1849 Loading antiprotons.
1919 Scraping.
1941 High voltage up...told MCR.
1942 Run 143933 started in store 1253. One TOF module isn't
powering up. We ended Run because we couldn't take data
through level 3. Immediately thereafter the TOF module came
to full volts. We are starting a new run.
BoLUM = 17.7 10**30
1954 Run 143934 started and taking data. The electron lens is in.
2009 Run control error temporarily halted data-taking but was
immediately restarted.
2112 Niccolo (DAQ Ace) is testing a physics trigger table for J.Lewis.
physics_1_01[4,38,285].
2228 We will now run physics_test_1_01_v7....couldn't grab it from
run control...so we are going back to physics_1_01[4,38,285].
2250 CMU seems to be running fine.
2305 Back to default trigger table. physics1_01[4,22,285]
2321 Gas alarms. Called gas expert. Talked with cryo tech...
doesn't think it's serious...Steve says it's related to
the COT cold trap.
2359 Smooth running.
</pre>
<br><b>End of Shift Numbers</b>
<table><tr><td width=60% align=left>
<b>CDF Run II <p></b>
<pre>
Runs 143943,35,36,37
Delivered Luminosity 239.7 nb-1
Acquired Luminosity 184.8 nb-1
Efficiency 77%
</td></tr></table></pre>
<!-- Author: Debbie Errede -->
| en |
log-files | 625662 | 104.08.12 11:16 B C:\Documents and Settings\chco\Freedom's Fortress\jpgs\001\001046\0001.jpg <-- rs6.loc.gov /.mnt.mw.mss.mff/001/001046 0001.jpg
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104.08.13 11:03 B C:\Documents and Settings\chco\Freedom's Fortress\jpgs\001\001046\0002.jpg --> rs6.loc.gov /.mnt.ma.mss.mff/001/001046 0002.jpg
104.08.16 13:25 B C:\Documents and Settings\chco\Freedom's Fortress\gifs\001\001046\WS_FTP.LOG <-- rs6.loc.gov /.mnt.ma.mss.mff/001/001046 WS_FTP.LOG
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| en |
all-txt-docs | 341509 | Title: Promising Practices Against Hate Crimes: Five State and Local
Demonstration Projects.
Series: Monograph
Author: Stephen Wessler
Published: May 2000
Subject: Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement, Police Training
26 pages
43,000 bytes
-------------------------------
Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text
file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat
graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from BJA at
1-800-688-4252.
-------------------------------
NCJ 181425
-------------------------------
U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
Janet Reno
Attorney General
Daniel Marcus
Acting Associate Attorney General
Mary Lou Leary
Acting Assistant Attorney General
Nancy E. Gist
Director, Bureau of Justice Assistance
Office of Justice Programs
World Wide Web Home Page
www.ojp.usdoj.gov
Bureau of Justice Assistance
World Wide Web Home Page
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA
For grant and funding information contact
U.S. Department of Justice Response Center
1-800-421-6770
This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement No.
95-DD-BX-K001, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of
Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice to Community Research
Associates, Inc. This document was prepared by the Center for the Study
and Prevention of Hate Violence, University of Southern Maine, under
contract with Community Research Associates, Inc. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document
are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official
position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
----------------------------
The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice
Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the
National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.
----------------------------
Promising Practices Against Hate Crimes: Five State and Local
Demonstration Projects
May 2000
NCJ 181425
Prepared by Stephen Wessler
Center for the Study and Prevention of Hate Violence
University of Southern Maine
-------------------------------
Contents
-------------------------------
Executive Summary
o Training and Support for Law Enforcement Professionals
o Meeting the Needs of Hate Crime Victims
o Addressing Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents Among Youth
I. Introduction
II. The Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Institutes Against Hate
Crimes
o The Institutes' 4-Day Program at the Museum of Tolerance
o Continuing Efforts of the Institutes--The Creative Use of the Internet
o Summary
III. The Victim Assistance Project in San Diego
o The First Step--Immediate Response
o The Second Step--Followup Contact
o The Third Step--Weeks 2 Through 4
o Summary
IV. The Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT Program
o Prevention
o Early Intervention
o Prosecution
o Summary
V. The Maine Department of the Attorney General's Civil Rights Team
Project
o Trainings and Workshops
o Mini-Grants
o Statewide Conferences
o Summary
VI. The Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes
o The Civil Rights Team Program
o Stop the Hate Week
VII. Conclusion
VIII. For More Information
-------------------------------
Executive Summary
-------------------------------
The five demonstration programs described in this monograph are among
our nation's most promising models for confronting and reducing hate
crime. These programs, funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office
of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, were developed by state
and local agencies. The first program provides training to law enforcement
professionals; the second program addresses the needs of hate crime
victims; and the last three programs focus on bias among youth, with an
emphasis on removing hate from public schools.
Training and Support for Law Enforcement Professionals
o The Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Institutes Against Hate
Crimes--Brings together multidisciplinary teams of law enforcement
professionals from cities, regions, and states for a 4-day intensive course at
the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, California. By the end of the
course, each team has developed a comprehensive, coordinated plan for
addressing hate crimes in its community.
Meeting the Needs of Hate Crime Victims
o The San Diego Police Department and the Anti-Defamation League's
Victim Assistance Project--Responds to hate crime victims' emotional and
practical needs. When a hate crime is reported in San Diego, a trained
victim assistance volunteer from the San Diego Police Department is
called to the scene to provide emotional support and to coordinate services
for pressing needs such as transportation, counseling, and medical
attention. The project's victim assistance coordinator then works with the
investigating detective to provide followup contact with the victim for
weeks after the incident.
Addressing Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents Among Youth
o The Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT Program--Combines
a comprehensive training program for faculty and staff at K-12 schools to
recognize and deal with hate problems, a diversion program for juveniles
who are involved in bias incidents and less serious hate crimes, and
aggressive prosecution of teenagers who commit serious hate crimes or
fail to complete the diversion program.
o The Maine Department of the Attorney General's Civil Rights Team
Project--Uses teams of students and faculty members to promote
awareness of bias and prejudice in Maine's public high schools, middle
schools, and elementary schools. More than 1,900 students in 133 schools
statewide have participated.
o The Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes--Uses civil
rights teams in high schools that are similar to the teams that have been
established in the Maine project. The task force also promotes Stop the
Hate Week throughout the Commonwealth and has sponsored a variety of
student-directed events focusing on hate and bias prevention in schools.
-------------------------------
I. Introduction
-------------------------------
The impact of hate crimes is devastating to individual victims, entire
communities, and, indeed, to the nation as a whole. Hate crimes, however,
are being challenged in countless ways across this country by state and
county prosecutorial agencies, police departments, civil rights advocacy
organizations, and others. It is only through the creativity, hard work, and
passion of the dedicated individuals who work for these many institutions
that we will conquer hate, bias, and prejudice.
Nancy Gist
Director
Bureau of Justice Assistance
----------------------------
Bias, prejudice, and the violence they engender are not a new phenomenon
in America. The trial and execution of women suspected of being witches
in colonial New England, the brutal and often deadly treatment of Native
Americans by westward-moving European Americans, the anti-Catholic
fervor of the Know Nothings in the 1850s, the bloody rampages of the
newly born Ku Klux Klan in the South during Reconstruction, and the
intimidation, beatings, and killings of southern blacks and civil rights
workers in the 1960s stand as only a partial testament to our nation's tragic
experience with hate and violence. During the 1980s and 1990s and
continuing into this decade, we have witnessed hate crimes directed at
African Americans, gays and lesbians, women, Jews, Asian Americans,
Latinos, Native Americans, and the physically and mentally disabled.
Some of these hate crimes--the murders of James Byrd, Jr., in Jasper,
Texas, and Matthew Shepard in Laramie, Wyoming--have captured the
nation's headlines, whereas too many others have occurred in virtual
anonymity.
The persistence of hate crimes throughout our history does not, however,
mean that bias, prejudice, and violence are intractable. Across this country,
people are developing new ways to confront hate. A monograph published
by the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) recently described six such
innovative initiatives.[1] This monograph describes five additional efforts
funded by BJA as demonstration sites.
o The Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Institutes Against Hate Crimes,
an intensive 4-day course that brings together teams of law enforcement
professionals from cities, regions, and states to develop new and
coordinated initiatives to combat hate crimes.
o The San Diego Police Department and the Anti-Defamation League's
Victim Assistance Project, an innovative collaboration to provide victims
of hate crimes with both immediate and emotional assistance.
o The Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT Program, a
comprehensive early intervention, prevention, and diversion initiative
addressing teenage perpetrators of hate crimes and bias incidents.
o The Maine Department of the Attorney General's Civil Rights Team
Project, a statewide program for preventing bias, prejudice, harassment,
and violence that is used in more than 120 high schools, middle schools,
and elementary schools.
o The Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes, a civil rights
team project that sponsors student-directed events and Stop the Hate Week
in schools throughout the Commonwealth.
Individually, each demonstration project presents a new and creative effort
for confronting the nation's problem with hate crimes. Collectively, the
programs demonstrate that multifaceted approaches are needed to
confront, respond to, and prevent hate violence. The most effective
approaches include coordination among all components of the criminal
justice system, focused efforts to address the needs of the victims of hate
crimes, diversion programs for youth, and activities encouraging hate
crime prevention in our schools. Ultimately, our success in decreasing the
number of hate crimes will depend upon many organizations, both
governmental and private, using similarly creative approaches to
combating bias, prejudice, and violence.
-------------------------------
Footnote:
1. Stephen Wessler, February 2000, Addressing Hate Crimes: Six
Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice
Professionals, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S.
Department of Justice
-------------------------------
II. The Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Institutes Against Hate
Crimes
-------------------------------
The concept of the Institutes is to bring together teams of criminal justice
professionals in leadership positions throughout the United States, and
challenge them, individually and as a group, to formulate fresh thinking,
create new strategic theory, and design blueprints for collaborative action.
Liebe Geft
Director
Museum of Tolerance
Simon Wiesenthal Center
----------------------------
The Simon Wiesenthal Center, through its acclaimed Museum of
Tolerance in Los Angeles, California, created the National Institutes
Against Hate Crimes with a grant from BJA. The Institutes utilize the
Museum, a faculty of nationally recognized experts on hate crimes, and
the Internet to conduct intensive training sessions with teams of criminal
justice officials from cities, regions, and states.
The Institutes' 4-Day Program at the Museum of Tolerance
Each Institute hosts three to five teams. Each team has six members: one
judge or other representative of the judiciary, one prosecuting attorney,
one public defender, one probation officer, and two law enforcement
officers. Although most teams are from densely populated metropolitan
areas such as greater New York City and Los Angeles County, some teams
are from smaller, more rural states. Participants for the course are chosen
for the leadership positions they hold within their communities and within
their organizations. Each team is expected to formulate new strategic
approaches to combating hate crimes based on a fresh understanding of the
unique elements that differentiate hate crimes from other criminal acts.
Day 1
The program begins with a facilitated tour of the Simon Wiesenthal
Center's Museum of Tolerance. The museum's interactive exhibits allow
participants to study the dynamics of bias, prejudice, oppression, and hate
violence. Museum exhibits present the Holocaust in both historical and
contemporary contexts. Participants have frequently stated that the tour is
a moving, thought-provoking beginning to their work.
For law enforcement professionals, the tour is a unique opportunity to
compare historic events to present-day situations they may encounter on
the job. According to museum Director Liebe Geft, the tour encourages
participants to hold a mirror to themselves and confront closely held
beliefs.
In the afternoon, participants hear and discuss the personal experience of a
victim of hate violence. Presenters have included Holocaust survivors and
an African American who as a child was involved in the desegregation of
the Little Rock, Arkansas, schools. One participant commented that
hearing from a Holocaust survivor demonstrated the "ability to translate
personal horror into activism."
The remainder of the day is devoted to sessions led by experts on different
facets of hate crimes. Topics include demographics, crime mapping, and
the impact of hate crimes on victims and their communities. These
sessions are followed by a panel and breakout group discussion of best
practices in law enforcement to combat hate crimes. The panel includes
representatives of the judiciary, prosecutor's office, public defender's
office, probation department, and police department.
Day 2
The day begins with a presentation on contemporary hate groups, followed
by a discussion of constitutional issues surrounding the enforcement of
hate crime laws. A former member of an organized hate group describes
his or her personal history. The afternoon session explores intergroup
tensions and how those tensions affect hate crimes, the different strategies
for combating hate crimes, and the process for reaching a consensus
among team members in selecting the best strategies.
Day 3
Each team spends the third day working together to develop innovative
and coordinated strategies for addressing hate crimes in their jurisdiction.
The goal is to create a detailed blueprint for collaboration that can be
implemented when team members are back in their communities. This
effort is at the heart of the Institutes, and the most important challenge for
team members is to work together to implement the plan.
Day 4
The final day examines the explosive growth in the use of the Internet by
hate groups. At the outbreak of the Gulf War in 1990, only one hate site
existed on the Internet. In January 2000, there were more than 2,000 such
sites.
Continuing Efforts of the Institutes--The Creative Use of the Internet
The Simon Wiesenthal Center has developed an innovative approach to
using the Internet for the Institutes' participants. Each participant is issued
a personal password to access the center's customized Web site. The
password enables participants to obtain up-to-date information and
resources on hate crimes, to stay connected with the center's staff, and to
communicate with one another. The Wiesenthal Center also plans to
conduct two video conferences at which the teams will share the results of
their efforts.
Summary
The Simon Wiesenthal Center plans to conduct at least 10 Institutes in
2000. What sets these programs apart is not only their intensity but also
their focus on developing concrete strategies for implementing coordinated
hate crime prevention and response efforts. Participants' access to
sophisticated computer technology allows teams from all over the country
to share best practices as they begin the difficult job of confronting hate
crimes in their local communities.
-------------------------------
III. The Victim Assistance Project in San Diego
-------------------------------
We want to send a strong message: We are not going to tolerate hate
crimes in San Diego.
David Bejarano
Chief of Police
San Diego Police Department
Hate crimes are message crimes. The message they carry is, "You don't
belong here; you don't matter." The message we mean to convey is just the
opposite: "Those who would make our people afraid and divide our
communities will not succeed."
Morris Casuto
Director
San Diego Regional Office,
Anti-Defamation League
-------------------------------
Individuals who are targeted because of their racial identity, religion,
nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or physical or mental
disability not only suffer physical injury and property damage but also
frequently feel intense fear and isolation. For many hate crime victims,
this emotional degradation leaves deeper scars than physical injury. The
San Diego Victim Assistance Project addresses both the immediate and
the emotional needs of victims of hate crimes in a comprehensive,
citywide program.
The First Step--Immediate Response
The first response of a San Diego police officer to a hate crime is to call in
an Anti-Defamation League-trained crisis interventionist who works
directly with victims at the scene of a crime. At the scene, the crisis
interventionist confers with the officer and then meets with the victims to
talk about their needs. Frequently, the initial need of victims is validation
of their feelings of anger, fear, and isolation. The crisis interventionist
addresses this need and determines what tangible support the victims
require, often staying with them long after the responding officer has taken
a report.
The Second Step--Followup Contact
On the following day, the crisis interventionist contacts the victim
assistance coordinator, who manages and coordinates the Victim
Assistance Project's response to hate crime victims. The victim assistance
coordinator immediately calls or visits the victims to assess their needs for
ongoing services. The detective investigating the incident also contacts the
victims at this time. This followup is crucial for two reasons: It provides
continuing emotional support and it allows the victim assistance
coordinator to assess the victims' changing needs and to make referrals to
community organizations and service providers.
As part of this project, the victim assistance coordinator has developed a
list of community-based organizations and other service providers who
arrange services at no or reduced cost to victims of hate crimes. These
services include repainting homes, religious buildings, or other institutions
defaced by hate graffiti; fixing or replacing windshields broken by
vandals; repairing or replacing locks; and moving victims to new housing.
The Third Step--Weeks 2 Through 4
The third step in the project occurs 2 to 4 weeks after a hate crime. During
this period, the victim assistance coordinator discusses the status of the
investigation with the detective and calls or visits victims to report on how
the case is progressing. The victim assistance coordinator reassesses
whether the victims have ongoing emotional or practical needs and makes
appropriate referrals. Regular updates on the investigation are also
provided at this stage by the investigating detective. The victim assistance
coordinator's regular contact with victims usually ends at this point.
-------------------------------
Most victims of hate crimes are injured not only externally but also to the
soul. We want to help repair their souls and bring the community together.
Too often, victims of hate crimes don't know where to go. That will not be
a problem in San Diego.
Morris Casuto
Director
San Diego Regional Office,
Anti-Defamation League
-------------------------------
Summary
The San Diego Victim Assistance Project is special because it combines
immediate response to the needs of hate crime victims with followup
contact and services for several weeks after a hate crime has occurred.
Moreover, the project is one of the few that focuses simultaneously on
victims' two different types of needs: the emotional and the tangible. Most
important, it sends a strong message to perpetrators of hate crimes that
their bias, prejudice, and violence are not tolerated in San Diego.
-------------------------------
IV. The Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT Program
-------------------------------
Every student should be able to attend school without being subject to
harassment or worse because of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender,
sexual orientation, or physical or mental disability. Simply put, the JOLT
Program seeks to ensure that every student is able to realize this important
and basic goal.
Gil Garcetti
District Attorney
Los Angeles County
----------------------------
The Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT (Juvenile Offenders
Learning Tolerance) Program is an innovative hate crime initiative for
youth that combines prevention, early intervention, and prosecution. JOLT
focuses on hate crime in Antelope Valley, a sprawling community 80
miles northeast of Los Angeles with a population of 200,000 residents and
64 schools. The region has one of the highest juvenile hate crime rates in
Los Angeles County and the state of California. Juvenile hate crimes have
targeted the region's African-American, Hispanic, and gay and lesbian
populations.
Prevention
JOLT's prevention component has two separate parts. The first involves
intensive 2-day educational workshops for school faculty, staff, and
administrators at the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Museum of Tolerance in
Los Angeles. The museum's interactive Holocaust exhibits allow visitors
to explore issues of bias, prejudice, and hate violence. Teachers are taken
on a facilitated tour of the museum and then participate in a workshop
focusing on valuing differences, engaging in cross-cultural
communications, and developing specific tools for addressing these issues
in their curriculum.
The second part of JOLT's prevention component is onsite training at
Antelope Valley schools. The entire faculty, staff, and administration of
elementary, junior high, and high schools attend full-day workshops
provided by the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office or the
Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation. Facing History and
Ourselves, an organization that develops curricula and workshops for
teachers on bias, prejudice, harassment, and hate, was recognized in the
President's Initiative on Race 1999 publication, Pathways to One America
in the 21st Century: Promising Practices for Racial Reconciliation.
A second workshop is conducted by the Los Angeles County District
Attorney's Office using the Flashpoint curriculum. Teachers are instructed
how to incorporate the curriculum into elementary and junior high school
classes. The curriculum uses film, music, and written material to educate
young people about civil rights, biases, stereotypes, and discrimination.
Early Intervention
JOLT's early intervention program is a preprosecution diversion program
for juveniles 12 to 18 years old who have engaged in bias-motivated
misconduct or have committed low-level hate crimes. Juveniles are given
the option of being suspended or expelled from school or participating in
the diversion program. Similarly, the Los Angeles County District
Attorney's Office refers juveniles who have been accused of committing
less serious hate crimes to the program.
Juveniles who elect to go through the diversion program start with an
informal hearing in the County District Attorney's Office, accompanied by
their parents or guardians. The hearing process is held within a week of the
referral to show juveniles that their conduct has immediate consequences.
Juveniles who are determined by the District Attorney's Office to have
engaged in bias-motivated conduct or a hate crime and who show a degree
of accountability, sign a JOLT contract. Under the contract, they must (1)
complete an intensive antihate curriculum, (2) attend a training program
focusing on anger management and conflict resolution, (3) write letters of
apology to the victims, (4) fulfill a restitution agreement, if appropriate,
and (5) attend school, receive satisfactory grades, and demonstrate good
citizenship.
The antihate curricula used in JOLT--one for juveniles and one for their
parents or guardians--were developed by the National Conference for
Community and Justice (NCCJ). The curriculum for juveniles is taught in
3-hour sessions for 7 weeks. The sessions for parents are held for 10
weeks. Both curricula focus on giving participants a better understanding
of their own biases and the impact of bias-motivated harassment, property
damage, and violence on victims.
The benefits are significant for juveniles who complete the diversion
program. They avoid the filing of a petition in juvenile delinquency court
and are allowed to return to or remain in school. More important, they
begin to understand the destructive consequences of their hate and the
need to view diversity in their community from a different perspective.
Prosecution
The final component of the JOLT Program is prosecution for three types
of juveniles. Juveniles who have committed serious, often violent, hate
crimes are categorized as hardcore offenders and are considered to be
unsuitable for the diversion program. This category also includes juveniles
who have engaged in two or more incidents of bias-motivated misconduct.
Juveniles who are referred to JOLT but refuse to sign the JOLT contract
are also dealt with in this component. The final category includes juveniles
who sign the JOLT contract but fail to meet its requirements.
Summary
What sets JOLT apart is its comprehensive approach to addressing
bias-motivated misconduct by juveniles at a variety of levels. The program
helps teachers incorporate issues of diversity and respect into the
classroom, gives juveniles an alternative to the court process, and protects
the community by prosecuting juveniles who have committed serious,
violent crimes or who refuse to participate in educational or diversion
activities.
-------------------------------
V. The Maine Department of the Attorney General's Civil Rights Team
Project
-------------------------------
No students in this state should have to experience anxiety, fear, or terror
in their elementary, middle, or high school because of the color of their
skin, their religion, their gender, their sexual orientation, their disability, or
any other aspect of themselves that makes them different from other
students. The secret to the success of the Civil Rights Team Project is law
enforcement working together with teachers and administrators to
empower students to stand up for civility and respect. The concept is
simple; the concept is powerful; and the concept works.
Andrew Ketterer
Attorney General
State of Maine
-------------------------------
In fall 1996, the Maine Attorney General used BJA funds to start the Civil
Rights Team Project in 18 middle and high schools. The project addressed
school-based bias, prejudice, harassment, and violence. In 1997, with a
larger grant from BJA, the project expanded to 58 schools and has
continued to grow since then. As of the 1999-2000 school year, more than
117 middle and high schools and 4 elementary schools had developed civil
rights teams. More than 1,700 students in Maine now participate in civil
rights teams.
Maine's civil rights teams are made up of three or four students per grade,
plus two or three faculty advisers. The teams have two formal
responsibilities. First, they promote awareness of bias and prejudice within
their schools. Second, they organize forums for students to talk about
harassment. If a team receives information about harassment, it is charged
with forwarding that information to a responsible teacher or administrator.
The Attorney General's office assigns a community adviser to each team to
serve as liaison between the team and the Department of the Attorney
General.
Trainings and Workshops
Maine's Department of the Attorney General provides full-day training
each fall for new and returning civil rights teams and for faculty and community
advisers. These trainings, which are conducted by staff of the Department of the
Attorney General using the office's own curriculum, include the following:
o A presentation on the type of hate crimes committed in Maine schools.
o Interactive exercises on the role of degrading language and slurs in
escalating a situation to serious harassment and violence.
o A presentation by a Holocaust survivor or a victim of bias and prejudice
in Maine.
o Role-playing exercises on how to run effective civil rights team
meetings.
o Small group work on real-life scenarios.
o Plans for the upcoming year.
Every school participating in the civil rights team project agrees to host
the Department of the Attorney General for a half-day workshop for
faculty, administrators, and staff. The workshop gives teachers and other
school staff a better understanding of the destructive impact of degrading
language and bias-motivated harassment and teaches them how to
intervene when students engage in such behavior.
Mini-Grants
The Department of the Attorney General has developed a mini-grant
program that provides civil rights teams up to $300 for projects addressing
bias, prejudice, and harassment. Civil rights teams have used these grants
to buy materials for bulletin boards focusing on civil rights issues; to pay
for speakers on civil rights issues; to produce documentary films showing
the importance of preventing bias, prejudice, and harassment; and to fund
numerous other projects.
Statewide Conferences
Each spring, the Department of the Attorney General holds a statewide
conference for all of the civil rights team students and their advisers. In
spring 1999, more than 1,000 students attended the conference, which was
held at the Civic Center in Augusta, the state capital. Students attended
plenary and breakout sessions on understanding different aspects of
diversity and developing skills to pursue civil rights causes within their
schools.
Summary
The success of the Maine Civil Rights Team Project lies in its ability to
tap the energies of the large number of students who are committed to
ensuring that schools are places where respect for difference is valued and
where no student should be scared because of harassment or violence.
Increasingly, student civil rights team members are becoming leaders in
their schools in confronting harassment and promoting diversity and
respect for difference.
-------------------------------
VI. The Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes
-------------------------------
The Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes has initiated a
two-part school project focusing on preventing hate violence. The first
component of the program was the establishment of civil rights teams in
seven Massachusetts high schools in fall 1999. The second component,
scheduled for May 1-7, 2000, is Stop the Hate Week, a public awareness
and education campaign targeting schools and communities throughout the
Commonwealth. BJA has provided funding for both components of the
project.
The Civil Rights Team Program
In early fall 1999, the Task Force selected seven pilot high schools as sites
for civil rights teams. The civil rights teams are located in high schools
throughout the Commonwealth. The teams, which have 12 to 18 students,
work in their schools to promote an understanding of diversity and to
decrease school-based bias, prejudice, and harassment.
The Task Force partnered with the National Conference for Community
and Justice to develop curricula and conduct training for the seven civil
rights teams. In mid-October 1999, NCCJ conducted a 2-day training
program for more than 100 students and faculty advisers. The workshop's
activities increased the students' understanding of their own biases and
prejudices and taught them skills to make their schools more accepting of
difference and ultimately safer. NCCJ and the Task Force also developed a
curriculum for training teachers on how to reduce bias, prejudice,
harassment, and hate violence in their schools. During 2000, the Task
Force will conduct half-day workshops for faculty, staff, and
administrators at each of the seven schools with civil rights teams.
The Governor's Task Force is creating a Web site (www.stopthehate.org)
for the project. The site has two components: The first provides public
information on the Task Force's programs, and the second is accessible by
civil rights teams with a private password. This site will permit student
members of civil rights teams in Maine, Massachusetts, and West Virginia
(which established a civil rights team project in 15 schools in 1999
through its Attorney General's Office) to communicate with one another.
Stop the Hate Week
In the first week of May 2000, the Task Force, in conjunction with the
seven participating civil rights teams, will sponsor Stop the Hate Week in
middle and high schools throughout the state. The event will distribute
hate crimes curricula to schools throughout Massachusetts and promote
"bystander responsibility" for acting against bias, prejudice, and hate
crimes. Stop the Hate Week will also include cultural and educational
activities such as art exhibits on civil rights history; speaking events
featuring survivors of the Holocaust; community forums in Boston,
Worcester, and Springfield; and a variety of programs directed and
sponsored by students themselves. The Task Force expects to disseminate
public service announcements to media outlets statewide focusing on civil
rights issues and respect for differences.
-------------------------------
VII. Conclusion
-------------------------------
No one approach exists to confronting and preventing hate crimes in this
nation. Rather, hate crimes will only be successfully addressed when
countless people throughout the 50 states work together to develop
approaches that are appropriate for their local communities and work
individually to develop the courage and skills to serve as role models of
civility and respect. We hope that others will take the programs described
in this monograph as guideposts for developing their own programs
tailored to the needs of their communities.
Rose Ochi
Director
Community Relations Service
U.S. Department of Justice
-------------------------------
BJA and every component of the U.S. Department of Justice have made it
a priority to stop hate-motivated violence. Disturbing acts of violence and
harassment based on racial and ethnic identity, religion, nationality, sexual
orientation, gender, and disability occur in every type of American
community, from the inner city to the smallest rural town. But in the face
of this violence, communities are fighting back.
Like the organizations and community leaders cited in this monograph,
schools, civil rights groups, police departments, prosecutors' offices,
county and local governments, and neighborhood organizations are taking
action against hate-motivated violence. Their innovative programs often
take different approaches, tapping each community's unique resources.
However, these communities are bound together by their creativity and by
the dedication of the growing number of men, women, and youth who
passionately devote their time and energy to confront hate crimes. BJA
will continue to highlight these promising and effective programs,
providing resources and ideas to other communities combating hate
violence.
-------------------------------
VIII. For More Information
-------------------------------
Please use the contact information below to learn more about the programs
discussed in this monograph.
Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Institutes Against Hate Crimes
Liebe Geft, Director
Museum of Tolerance
9760 West Pico Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90035-4572
310-553-8403
World Wide Web: www.wiesenthal.com/
Lucinda Freeman, Project Coordinator
310-772-7619
E-mail: Lfreeman@wiesenthal.net
San Diego Police Department and Anti-Defamation League's Victim
Assistance Project
Anna M. Knuth, Officer
San Diego Police Department
1401 Broadway
San Diego, CA 92101-5729
858-573-5040
or
Morris Casuto, Director
San Diego Regional Office,
Anti-Defamation League
7851 Mission Center Court
Suite 320
San Diego, CA 92108-1328
619-293-3770
Los Angeles County District Attorney's JOLT Program
Linda Baek, Deputy District Attorney/JOLT Program Manager
320 West Temple Street
Room 780-29
Los Angeles, CA 90013
213-893-2118
Maine Department of the Attorney General's Civil Rights Team Project
Thomas Harnett, Assistant Attorney General
6 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333
207-626-8848
E-mail: Thomas.a.Harnett@state.me.us
World Wide Web: www.state.me.us/ag/crt/crt.htm
Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes
Christina Bouras, Executive Director
Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes
c/o Executive Office of Public Safety, Programs Division
1 Ashburn Place, Suite 2110
Boston, MA 02108
617-727-6300, Ext. 25339
World Wide Web:
www.stopthehate.org
For information from other organizations that are addressing hate crimes,
please contact any of the organizations listed below.
Anti-Defamation League
823 United Nations Plaza
New York, NY 10017
212-490-2525
Arab American Institute
918 16th Street NW., Suite 601
Washington, DC 20006
202-429-9210
Fax: 202-429-9214
Bureau of Justice Assistance
810 Seventh Street NW., Fourth Floor
Washington, DC 20531
202-616-6500
Fax: 202-305-1367
Bureau of Justice Statistics
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
202-307-0765
Fax: 202-307-5846
Community Relations Service
U.S. Department of Justice
600 E Street NW., Suite 2000
Washington, DC 20530
202-305-2935
Fax: 202-305-3009
Disability Law Center
11 Beacon Street, Suite 925
Boston, MA 02108
617-723-8455
Fax: 617-723-9125
Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation
16 Hurd Road
Brookline, MA 02146
617-232-1595
Fax: 617-232-0281
Federal Bureau of Investigation
J. Edgar Hoover Building
10th Street and Pennsylvania
Avenue NW.
Washington, DC 20535
202-324-1143
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Criminal Justice Information Services Division
Attn: Uniform Crime Reports
1000 Custer Hollow Road Clarksburg, WV 26306
304-625-4995
Fax: 304-625-5394
Human Rights Campaign
919 18th Street NW.
Washington, DC 20006
202-628-4160
Fax: 202-347-5323
International Association of Chiefs of Police
515 North Washington Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-2357
703-836-6767
Fax: 703-836-4543
National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium
1140 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 1200
Washington, DC 20036
202-296-2300
Fax: 202-296-2318
National Conference of Christians and Jews
71 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10003
212-206-0006
Fax: 212-255-6177
National Congress of American Indians
2010 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Second Floor
Washington, DC 20036
202-466-7767
Fax: 202-466-7797
National Council of La Raza
1111 19th Street NW., Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20036
202-785-1670
Fax: 202-776-1792
National Criminal Justice Association
444 North Capitol Street NW., Suite 618
Washington, DC 20001
202-624-1440
Fax: 202-508-3859
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
1700 Kalorama Road NW.
Washington, DC 20009-2702
202-332-6483
Fax: 202-332-0207
National Network of Violence Prevention
55 Chapel Street
Newton, MA 02158
617-969-7100
Fax: 617-244-3436
National Women's Law Center
11 Dupont Circle NW., Suite 800
Washington, DC 20036
202-588-5180
Fax: 202-588-5185
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
202-307-5911
Fax: 202-307-2093
Office for Victims of Crime
810 Seventh Street NW.
Washington, DC 20531
202-307-5983
Fax: 202-514-6383
President's Initiative on One America
The Old Executive Office Building
Washington, DC 20502
202-395-1010
Simon Wiesenthal Center
9760 West Pico Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90035
310-553-9036
Fax: 310-553-8007
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
624 Ninth Street NW., Suite 700
Washington, DC 20425
202-337-0382
Fax: 202-376-7558
U.S. Department of Education
600 Independence Avenue SW.
Washington, DC 20202
202-205-5557
Fax: 202-205-5381
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh Street SW., Room 10000
Washington, DC 20410
202-708-0417
Fax: 202-708-2476
U.S. Department of Justice
Civil Rights Division, Criminal Section
601 D Street NW
Washington, DC 20530
202-514-3204
Fax: 202-514-8336
Violence Against Women Office
800 K Street NW., Suite 900
Washington, DC 20531
202-616-8894
Fax: 202-307-3911
Women's Legal Defense Fund
1875 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 710
Washington, DC 20009
202-986-2600
Fax: 202-986-2539
For additional information about BJA programs, contact:
Bureau of Justice Assistance Clearinghouse
P.O. Box 6000
Rockville, MD 20849-6000
1-800-688-4252
Fax: 301-519-5212
Clearinghouse staff are available Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7
p.m. eastern time. Ask to be placed on the BJA mailing list.
U.S. Department of Justice Response Center
1-800-421-6770 or 202-307-1480
Response Center staff are available Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 5
p.m. eastern time.
----------------------------
Bureau of Justice Assistance Information
General Information
Callers may contact the U.S. Department of Justice Response Center for
general information or specific needs, such as assistance in submitting
grant applications and information on training. To contact the Response
Center, call 1-800-421-6770 or write to 1100 Vermont Avenue NW.,
Washington, DC 20005.
Indepth Information
For more indepth information about BJA, its programs, and its funding
opportunities, requesters can call the BJA Clearinghouse. The BJA
Clearinghouse, a component of the National Criminal Justice Reference
Service (NCJRS), shares BJA program information with state and local
agencies and community groups across the country. Information
specialists are available to provide reference and referral services,
publication distribution, participation and support for conferences, and
other networking and outreach activities. The Clearinghouse can be
reached by
o Mail
P.O. Box 6000
Rockville, MD 20849-6000
o Visit
2277 Research Boulevard
Rockville, MD 20850
o Telephone
1-800-688-4252
Monday through Friday
8:30 a.m. to 7 p.m. eastern time
o Fax
301-519-5212
o Fax on Demand
1-800-688-4252
o BJA Home Page
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA
o NCJRS World Wide Web
http://www.ncjrs.org
o E-mail
askncjrs@ncjrs.org
o JUSTINFO Newsletter
E-mail to listproc@ncjrs.org
Leave the subject line blank
In the body of the message, type:
subscribe justinfo
[your name] | en |
all-txt-docs | 317762 | Minutes of Interface Card Working Group 4/1/99
----------------------------------------------
Attendees: Utes, DeMarteau, Juste, Matulik, Johnson, Zverev,
Leflat, Fogleson, Sidwell, Rapidis, Sobering (via telephone).
Layout: Foglesong showed new drawings of the crates and power
supplies with the IF card crates such that backplane is down,
and cards face up. This has advantages for cable routing since
output cables exit up towards calorimeter, and input sequencer
cables come in from below. Space needs to be allowed for bends.
If fans are used for cooling, they would need to blow
horizontally.
Marvin suggested that after drawings have been edited a bit,
that we mockup the system. This could be done with plywood, and
aluminum panels. We'd want to mount enough cable connectors do
a meaningful layout.
Power: power supplies would be water cooled, and magnetically
shielded.
SVX power requirements: at the SVX, the operating range for
AVDD is 4.95 to 5.20v. We need low impedance power paths.
Bias voltage control: longish discussion. Petros urged us to
contact CAEN, to price a new system which would allow individual
control and monitoring. Sidwell suggested we try to reach an
SMT consensus in ~two weeks, since this item is holding up the
board definition.
Sereral possible relays exist which have off impedance of
> 10^10 ohms, 200-400 max voltage, and which can switch either
+ or - voltage.
Current limiting: Sasha Leflat showed a circuit which he has
tested. This resettable "fuse", has a comparator looking at
the voltage out from the e.g. AVDD current monitor. See figures.
If this voltage exceeds a threshhold then AV_FALSE is set.
This adds one comparator per
voltage to the board layout, and 3 lines to each PLD. He was
unable to melt wire bonds (size?) with currents up to 2A.
Since the current board layout has two comparators per channel
which can probably be eliminated, the impact on space is
probably acceptable.
Wire bonds for power: Petros volunteered to contact Ray Hall
and Promex about the feasibility of adding another 1 mil
bond for power, or doubling the wire size to 2 mil. 2 mil is
already used for many SVX bonds along the top according to
Matulik. Bill Cooper raised the question of retrofitting
existing HDIs, and expressed a preferency for two 1-mil
bonds, rather than one 2 mil, from a reliability viewpoint.
Impedance matching on Rev 2 card: Evgeny showed results from
studying crosstalk and signals. He is able to reduce crosstalk
to < 0.3v, and improve signal shape substantially. Proposal is:
a) remove input series terminator to IF card (now 43 ohms)
These are e.g. R67-74.
b) add 82 ohm (Z of seq cable) on sequencer to ground
c) remove 150 ohm resistor to ground on far side of transceiver
(R47-54)
d) replace c) with Ge diode (where to find more?)
e) replace series resistor on "out" side of transceiver,
now 43 ohms, with Zc=75 ohms (R59-66)
Mike Utes was intrigued and wishes to pursue this.
Jobs:
Foglesong, MJ 1) Update drawings, and investigate cable runs and space issues.
RAS 2) Cooling and power ratings (SVX and IF)
RAS,EDL 3) Study existing sequencer back plane schematics to
check if this can be recycled for the IF cards.
MM 4) Test photovoltaic relays (several choices)
RAS 5) HV control and monitoring: writeup existing plans,
and advertize, and seek SMT consensus. Two week time
scale.
?? 6) Specify and price HV system from CAEN. They have built
systems for BaBar and CDF recently.
Berestov? 7) Find source of Ge diodes, esp. surface mount.
EDL 8) Start stuffing Rev 2 IF cards by the week of 4/12/99
Check with Zverev & leflat re proposed changes to see which
can be implemented.
MM 9) Start stuffing connector adapter modules- after impedance
tests are through?
| en |
converted_docs | 706184 | +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Nov | |
| ember/December | |
| 2002 | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Inside this | |
| Issue | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | New U.S. Export Assistance Center Staff |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Carnets Now On-Line |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | New Market Research Available |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | Upcoming International Trade Shows |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SBA News |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | Upcoming Illinois Trade Events |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | USEAC Success Stories |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | Personnel Notes |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| U.S. Export | |
| Assistance | |
| Center | |
| | |
| 55 West | |
| Monroe, Suite | |
| 2440 | |
| | |
| Chicago, IL | |
| 60603 | |
| | |
| Tel: | |
| 312-353-8045 | |
| | |
| Fax: | |
| 312-353-8120 | |
| | |
| *Edited by | |
| Debra Rogers* | |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
# New USEAC Staff Ready to Serve You {#new-useac-staff-ready-to-serve-you .unnumbered}
**Holly Kirking** is the newest Business Development Officer in the
Export-Import Bank's Midwest Regional Office, which forms an integral
part of the multi-agency Chicago Export Assistance Center. She is
responsible for marketing all Ex-Im Bank financing products in the
states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas and Missouri. Holly
previously served as an intern with Ex-Im , as well as with the U.S.
State Department in Venezuela. Holly has a degree in International
Relations and Economics from the University of Minnesota. She can be
reached at 312-353-8072.
**Julie Carducci** joined the Chicago Export Assistance Center in
September after serving six years as a U.S. Commercial Service Officer
at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing and in the American Institute in Taiwan.
Her focus will be on assisting Chicago-area IT and telecom companies,
and expanding the Commercial Service\'s outreach to exporters in DuPage
and Kane counties. Julie earned her M.A. International Relations from
the University of Chicago and her B.A. in Political Science from the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She can be reached at
312-353-8490.
International Trade Specialist **Laura Baker**, has transferred to the
U.S. Export Assistance Center in San Jose. We miss her, but understand
that she is enjoying her new job very much .
**Stuart Schaag** also joined us in September, following a four-year
tour in
Russia, where he served as a Commercial Officer at the U.S. Consulates
in St. Petersburg and Vladivostok. Prior to that he worked on
international trade regulation and policy issues for Department of
Commerce headquarters in Washington, D.C. Stuart will assist firms in
the energy, consumer goods, sporting goods and aerospace industries,
which were formerly covered by Lora Baker. Stuart earned a MBA from the
Thunderbird Graduate School and a BBA from the University of Miami. He
can be reached at 312-353-7711.
**Shari Stout** is the new Manager of our Peoria U.S. Export Assistance
Center. Ms. Stout's area of responsibility is downstate Illinois, and
she will concentrate her efforts on outreach to rural companies. She is
a 2001 graduate of Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, where she
earned a degree in International Business and Spanish. She can be
reached at 309-671-7815.
In addition to the above new staff, we are pleased to announce that
**Connie R. Tinner** has officially been promoted from Export Assistance
Specialist to International Trade Specialist as of July 2002. She has
been with the Export Assistance Center since 1994. Prior to that she
worked for the Department of Defense. She has traveled extensively
throughout Asia, Europe, and the Caribbean, and has a degree in
Accounting and Liberal Arts from Loyola University. Connie assists
companies in the Machine Tools, Metalworking, Materials Handling,
Plastics and Chemicals industries.
# Free Eurasia Marketing Tool {#free-eurasia-marketing-tool .unnumbered}
**ExpoLink Eurasia** is a free service that offers
U.S. firms a new tool for attracting buyers and long-term partners in
Eurasian markets. U.S. company profiles are displayed on the Business
Information Service for the Newly Independent States (BISNIS)
Russian-language website and distributed to local companies through
BISNIS' 18 representatives in Eurasia, as well as through a network of
cooperative relationships in the region. To participate in the program,
you must 1) prepare a brief company profile according to program
guidelines; 2) translate info into Russian; and 3) submit it to a BISNIS
industry specialist. For details, log on to
[*www.bisnis.doc.gov/nis/ele.cfm*](http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/nis/ele.cfm).
# Kuwait: Caution Advised {#kuwait-caution-advised .unnumbered}
Scams Use Central Bank Name
There have been several recent instances of U.S. companies being scammed
by individuals purporting to represent Kuwaiti government agencies or
the Central Bank of Kuwait. Some of these deals include arrangement for
payment via offices in Madrid, Spain. We advise clients doing business
with Kuwait to examine closely the veracity of any deals with the
Kuwaiti Government and/or the Central Bank of Kuwait. Suspicions should
be heightened if any of the transactions include a Madrid-based
organization called the \"Overseas Credit Commission\" or an individual
named Hassan Ah Almoweid (also seen as Hassan Almoweld or Hassan
Al-Wallid).\
\
The Central Bank of Kuwait\'s website ([www.cbk.gov.kw]{.underline})
includes a \"Scams and Frauds\" page with information on how to verify
the bona fides of individuals purporting to act for the Bank. We
encourage businesses to review this material. If questions persist,
businesses are invited to contact the Export Assistance Center for
assistance.
# Progress on Anti-Bribery Convention {#progress-on-anti-bribery-convention .unnumbered}
## Commerce Secretary Don Evans recently released the fourth annual report to Congress on implementation of the OECD Anti-bribery Convention. In just over three years since its entry into force, all but 2 countries, Chile and Turkey, have laws on their books that make it a crime to bribe foreign public officials in international business transactions. Thirty-three of the thirty-five signatory countries now have implemented legislation. The U.S. government has brought fourteen enforcement actions over the past year. The report also noted that between May 1, 2001 and April 30, 2002, the competition for 60 contracts worth a total of \$35 billion may have been affected by bribery of foreign officials and that of these 60 contracts, U.S. firms are believed to have lost nine contracts worth \$6 billion. The Report and more information is available on: [www.export.gov/tcc.]{.underline}
# Carnets Now Available On-Line {#carnets-now-available-on-line .unnumbered}
Duty Free Customs Clearance
The Carnet allows for temporary duty free customs clearance of
commercial samples, professional equipment, and items for exhibitions
and fairs into more than 75 countries around the world. Carnets
eliminate the payment of VAT and duties, can be used for unlimited trips
for a period of up to one year, and act as an U.S. Customs registration.
Carnets are now available online. Online Carnet applications make it
possible for a 24-hour turnaround without an expedited service fee.
Simply log onto [*http://www.uscib.org/*](http://www.uscib.org/), click
in the Apply Online section of ATA Carnet Export Service and begin. For
additional information, contact Maria Rea of Carnet HQ at the U.S.
Council for International Business at 212/703-5087 or send an e-mail to
[*mrea@uscib.org*](mailto:mrea@uscib.org) if a rejection is received.
# Chicago Trade Specialist Wins National Award {#chicago-trade-specialist-wins-national-award .unnumbered}
Our own International Trade Specialist **Thelma Young** received the
William E. Morton Memorial Award this June during a ceremony in
Washington, D.C. William E. Morton perished along with former Secretary
of Commerce Ronald Brown in April of 1996 on the trade mission to Bosnia
and Croatia. This award in his memory is presented to the International
Trade Administration employee who made the strongest contribution during
the past year to increasing opportunities within ITA or in the U.S.
international trading community for members of historically
disadvantaged groups.
Thelma has actively been involved in assisting minority-owned businesses
since the mid-1990's under the National Minority Export and most
recently under the Global Diversity Initiative. She has actively
recruited minority-owned businesses to participate in U.S. Department of
Commerce export training, trade missions and matchmaker events. In her
capacity as a Trade Specialist she works closely with firms in the
medical, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries to
support their exporting endeavors.
# EU Public Procurement Opportunities {#eu-public-procurement-opportunities .unnumbered}
The Commercial Service at the U.S. Mission to the European Union in
Brussels has created a database of all current public procurement
tenders issued by public authorities in the EU plus 4 other European
countries. It is updated weekly and covers 19 industries. This database
is at: www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion.
**Upcoming**
**International Trade Shows and Missions**
SHOWS
December 17-19, 2002: *Catalog Show at Environment 2000, Israel*
Product Categories: Environmental Services and Equipment
Commmercial Service Activities: The Tel Aviv office is organizing a
Product Literature Center (catalog show) for U.S. exporters at this
show. Display your product literature and receive leads of interested
parties for only \$400. For more information, contact Robin Mugford at
847/681-8010 or *robin.mugford@mail.doc.gov.*
January 12-15, 2003: *International Housewares Show, Chicago, Illinois*
Product Categories: Kitchen, dining, decorating, electrics, home
healthcare, home organization, cleaning, furniture, etc.
Commercial Service Activities: International Buyer Show with recruitment
of foreign buyer delegations from all over the world; free export
counseling offered in the International Business Center. For more
information, contact Stuart Schaag at 312/353-7711 or
stuart.schaag*\@mail.doc.gov.*
January 21-23, 2003: *Catalog Show at* *ISRACHEM & ANALIZA, Israel*
Product Categories: Analytical Instruments and Chemical Processing
Equipment
Commercial Service Activities: Our Tel Aviv office is organizing a
product literature center for U.S. exporters at this show. . Display
your product literature and receive leads of interested parties for only
\$400. For more information, contact Robin Mugford at 847/681-8010 or
*robin.mugford@mail.doc.gov.*
February 3-6, 2003: *Visit USA Destination & Product Seminars,
Australia*
These seminars are an annual event aimed at educating retail travel
agents about U.S. destinations & products. The Commercial Service (CS)
in Australia will distribute literature for and promote any U.S.
destination or tourism supplier participating in the CS catalog booth.
Participation fee is \$600. For more information, contact Debra Rogers
at 312/353-6988 or *debra.rogers@mail.doc.gov.*
February 18 -- April 5, 2003: *Study USA Asia Tour, India, Singapore,
Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Korea, Japan*
Product Categories: Education and Training Services
U.S. Educational Institutions are invited to join the tour in all
countries, just one, or a combination. The fairs in each country focus
on recruiting new students to attend U.S. campuses. For more
information, contact Debra Rogers at 312/353-6988 or
*debra.rogers@mail.doc.gov.*
March 9-12, 2003: *Practical World, Cologne, Germany*
Product Categories: Hardware, Tools, DIY, home improvement
The U.S. Commercial Service in Duesseldorf is launching a new "European
Buyer Program" at this show. Using Commercial Service offices throughout
Europe, the presence of participating U.S. exhibitors at the show will
be promoted in Austria, Bulgaria, France, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Spain, Sweden, the UK, and Germany. Commercial Specialists from those
countries will be available to meet with U.S. companies regarding their
respective markets. For more information, contact Debra Rogers at
312/353-6988 or *debra.rogers@mail.doc.gov.*
MISSIONS
March 17-21, 2003: *Automotive Parts and Services Trade Mission to
Hungary, Poland, Slovakia*
Best prospect for this region include repair and diagnostic equipment,
hand tools, lifting and body straightening equipment, and electronic
equipment. Mission participation fee of \$2900 includes market
briefings, individual pre-screened appointments, receptions, follow-up.
Application deadline: January 24, 2003. Contact: Robin Mugford at
847/681-8010 or *robin.mugford@mail.doc.gov.*
# SBA Export News {#sba-export-news .unnumbered}
**Is Cash Flow Limiting Your Export Sales?**
Foreign buyers often expect longer payments terms creating cash flow
problems for small business exporters. One solution is the U.S. Small
Business Administration's Export Working Capital Program which offers a
90% U.S. Government guarantee to your bank to help finance export sales.
This program allows your company to get through the payment cycle and be
more competitive, finance purchase orders, increase access to financing,
and support stand-by letters of credit. The program allows you to cover
100% of your costs up-front for export orders for a low guarantee fee of
.25%.
**Export Express Program Expanded**
The number of small business exporters tripled in the past decade, and
the value of small business exports has increased 300 percent. But many
small businesses continue to have difficulty obtaining export financing.
To help meet this need, SBA has expanded its popular SBA Export*Express*
program which covers a broad range of trade related activities. SBA
Export*Express* is a streamlined and expedited process in which the
lender uses its own loan analyses, loan procedures and loan
documentation. The program had been a pilot program available at only
250 banks. The SBA is now opening the program to any of the 2,000
lenders in the country with a reasonable performance history for other
SBA products.
Under SBA Export*Express*, the lender can provide up to \$150,000 with a
guarantee of 85% or up to \$250,000 with a guarantee of 75%. The loan
proceeds may be used for such traditional business purposes as
expansion, equipment purchases, working capital, inventory or real
estate acquisitions. The proceeds may also help finance such items as
participation in overseas trade shows or trade missions, translation of
marketing materials or modifications of a company's website to
accommodate export transactions.
SBA Export*Express* loans are available to persons who meet the normal
requirements for an SBA business loan guarantee.
Loan applicants must also 1) demonstrate that the loan proceeds will
enable them to enter a new export market or expand an existing export
market, and 2) have been in business operation, though not necessarily
in exporting, for at least 12 months.
For more information about SBA Export*Express* or other SBA export
assistance programs, please contact Jack Nevell, the SBA representative
in the Chicago U.S. Export Assistance Center at (312) 353-8065.
# Metric Labeling on U.S. Exports {#metric-labeling-on-u.s.-exports .unnumbered}
The International Systems of Units, universally known as the SI, is the
modern metric system of measurement. Every industrialized nation in the
world, except the United States, prefers and/or requires the metric
system for weights and measures. As a result, many non-metric U.S.
products are not readily exportable to certain markets. When the
European Union (EU) goes to a metric-only market on January 1, 2010,
product labels with inches, pounds, or any other non-metric measurement
may no longer be exported to the EU.
Last year, Korea began requiring that measurements be expressed only in
metrics. Japan already requires that all imported products and shipping
documents show metric units. In the Philippines, only metric units may
be used to measure any product commodity, material, or utility. Metric
is the only system that can be used in the Philippines in any commercial
transaction, contract and other legal instrument, or other official
document.
The metric system is increasingly becoming the standard in Latin
America, the Caribbean, and Jamaica. Chile requires that all labels
contain, in Spanish, the size and weight converted to the metric system.
Goods not complying with these measurements may be imported, but not
sold to consumers until the conversion is made. Costa Rican law mandates
exclusive use of metrics. In Brazil, product labels should have a
Portuguese translation and use metric units or show a metric equivalent.
African countries have similar metric rules. Mauritius and Eritrea
require metric weights and measures, and Cameroon recommends French and
English labeling, with all measurements listed in metric. Metric is
required on all bills of lading on exports to South Africa.
For more info, contact the Trade Information Center at 1-800-USA-TRADE
or visit *www.tradeinfo.doc.gov*. The National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) publishes a comprehensive guide to the European
which is available on the Internet at *www.nist.gov/metric.*
# New EU Rules for Taxing On-line Sales {#new-eu-rules-for-taxing-on-line-sales .unnumbered}
The European Union's (EU) fifteen member states have a new rule that is
set to change the way that Value Added Tax (VAT) is applied to sales of
digital products and services over the internet. The current system
allows U.S. based suppliers to sell things like downloadable software to
EU final consumers without charging VAT; the proposed changes would
require they do. VAT is ultimately paid by consumers but once it is
included in the final price the cost of a U.S. supplied electronic
service to that consumer could rise by as much as 25%. The new system
will be valid across the EU from July 1, 2003.
Upcoming Illinois Trade Events
November 5, 2002: *Global Matchmaking at PackExpo - Chicago*
This event will allow IEFP/PackExpo exhibitors and attendees the
opportunity to meet and do business with 27 international firms, which
include buyers and investment partners from Central & Eastern Europe,
Africa, Asia, and the Near East. USAID's Global Trade and Technology
Network (GTN) is sponsoring this event from 10:00 a.m.-12:30 p.m. at
McCormac Place, Room 504D. Free for GTN-registered companies, \$10
otherwise. For more information, contact Gregg Baker at
[*gbaker@usgtn.net*](mailto:gbaker@usgtn.net) or 312/353-8059.
**November 7, 2002: *Central America/Caribbean Business Roundtable --
Glen Ellyn***
Sponsored by the Illinois Trade Office and the Chicago Export Assistance
Center, this half-day seminar will feature a video conference with the
U.S. Department of Commerce Senior Commercial Officer in Panama, and key
members of the Panamanian business community. 8:30 a.m.- 12:00 p.m.
College of DuPage Student Resource Center. No fee. To register, contact
Monica Hernandez at 630/942-3041 or
[*hernande@cdnet.cod.edu*](mailto:hernande@cdnet.cod.edu).
**November 12, 2002: *Opportunities in the Turkish Construction Sector -
Chicago***
Come meet major Turkish companies in the construction and construction
materials sectors to discuss joint opportunities in Turkey and third
countries. Morning program starting at 9:00 am, followed by
opportunities for one-on-one meetings in the afternoon. Organized by the
Turkish-U.S. Business Council in cooperation with the Chicago Export
Assistance Center and the Chicago Turkish American Chamber of Commerce.
Supported by Congressmen Phil Crane, Danny Davis, and Tim Johnson. For
more info, please see attached document. To register and to request
one-on-one meetings, please contact Ms. Melissa Sturgeon at 773/947-9955
or *msmsturgeon@netscape.net.*
November 12, 2002: *Russia: In Transition from Communism to Capitalism
-- Northbrook*
This month's North Shore Exporter's Get-Together features Stuart Schaag,
who recently returned from a four-year tour as U.S. Commercial Officer
in Russia. He'll talk about potential opportunities for U.S. companies
and share his perspectives on the market, with particular emphasis on
Russia's commercial hubs and the Russian Far East. 7:30 -- 9:00 a.m.
(sharp!) at the Northbrook Chamber of Commerce and Industry. No Fee. To
register, contact Robin Mugford at 847/681-8010 or
robin.mugford@mail.doc.gov.
November 12, 2002: *Basics of Global Exporting and Importing - Chicago*
All day international trade seminar conducted by SCORE (Service Corps of
Retired Executives) and co-sponsored by the U.S. Small Business
Administration. Topics to be covered include legal aspects of exporting
& importing, government sources of assistance, documentation &
financing, locating agents & distributors, pricing & quoting, etc. 8:30
a.m.--4:00 p.m. Fee: \$50. To register, call SCORE at 312/353-7724.
November 13, 2002: *Financing Investment & Exports in Eurasia --
Chicago*
Breakfast briefing sponsored by the CCFR, ITAGC, and the U.S. Department
of Commerce. Includes presenters from the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the U.S. Department of
Commerce, and the U.S. Export-Import Bank. 8:30 -- 10:30 at the Chicago
Club, 81 E. Van Buren Street. Fee: \$15 for CCFR members, \$25 for
non-members. For registration and questions, call the Chicago Council on
Foreign Relations at 312/726-3860.
November 13, 2002*: Incoterms 2000 Seminar - Wood Dale*
Full day seminar on Incoterms 2000, the recently revised international
terms of sale that determine which party arranges for/pays for
transportation, how/when title passes, and which party insures.
Knowledge of Incoterms is a must for anyone involved in export sales or
export sales fulfillment. Sponsored by the U.S. Council for
International Business. Fee: \$350. To register, call 1-800-865-6201.
November 19, 2002: *Export Documentation for Spanish Speakers -- Glen
Ellyn*
Seminar, presented in Spanish, sponsored by the International Trade
Center, College of DuPage. Presentation by **Monica Hernandez**. 8:30 --
11:00 a.m., College of DuPage, 425 Fawell Boulevard, Glen Ellyn, IL.
Fee: \$50. For information and registration, please call 630/942-3041 or
E-mail*: <hernande@cdnet.cod.edu>*.
December 3, 2002: *NAFTA Rules/Certificates of Origin -- Aurora*
Morning seminar sponsored by the Illinois Trade Office and presented by
NORBIC's NAFTA Opportunity Center. Seminar will include overview of
NAFTA, tariff rates, rules of origin, and required record keeping, as
well as step-by-step outline of how to complete a NAFTA certificate of
origin. To register, contact the Valley Industrial Association of Aurora
at 630/892-4280 or
[*events@valleyindustrialassociation.org*](mailto:events@valleyindustrialassociation.org).
Fee of \$55.00 includes breakfast and materials.
## Success Begins at the USEAC {#success-begins-at-the-useac .unnumbered}
## *Below are some examples of how we at the Chicago U.S. Export Assistance Center (the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Export Import Bank, U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Small Business Administration) work together with our colleagues and partners to assist Illinois companies in maximizing their export potential. Call us today and let us help you, too!* {#below-are-some-examples-of-how-we-at-the-chicago-u.s.-export-assistance-center-the-u.s.-department-of-commerce-the-export-import-bank-u.s.-agency-for-international-development-and-the-small-business-administration-work-together-with-our-colleagues-and-partners-to-assist-illinois-companies-in-maximizing-their-export-potential.-call-us-today-and-let-us-help-you-too .unnumbered}
# Incredible Technologies Gets Export Award {#incredible-technologies-gets-export-award .unnumbered}
**Incredible Technologies** (IT) of Arlington Heights, Illinois is a
designer and manufacturer of coin operated video games. IT is a small ,
family-owned company that designs and develops entertainment hardware
and software for coin-operated, consumer and cartridge-based systems.
Current products include Golden Tee Fore golf & Big Buck Hunter
coin-operated video games.
On August 27th, the firm received an Export Achievement Certificate in a
special Ceremony at its offices in Arlington Heights. The award was
presented by U.S. Representative Mark S. Kirk of the 10th Congres-sional
District to President and CEO, Elaine Hogdson; ExecutiveVice President,
Richard Ditton; and International Manager, Robert Fay. Also
participating in the ceremony were Richard Paullin, Chairman of the
Illinois District Export Council and Bernadine Smith, International
Trade Specialist with the Chicago Export Assistance Center.
Smith provided assistance that helped the company generate new-to-market
sales to Sweden. She had worked with International Manager Bob Fay in
his former position as Executive Director of the American Amusement
Machine Association. She had helped the association prepare for a trade
mission to Sweden by providing market research, key contacts, and
coordination with the Commercial Service Stockholm office.
When Mr. Fay moved to Incredible Technologies two years ago, he
continued to work with the Swedish contacts he had developed through the
U.S. Commercial Service and the Chicago Export Assistance Center. In
September 2000, he traveled to Sweden to meet with one of those
contacts, Mr. Malcom Lilliehook, who made a return visit to Incredible
Technologies, and subsequently purchased \$55,000 worth of equipment
from Incredible Technologies. Mr. Fay expects further sales to Sweden in
the coming year. He stated, "I appreciate the relationship I have
developed with the U.S. Department of Commerce. I have had positive
results utilizing their services like the Gold Key. I have always found
them to be extremely helpful to companies expanding their export
business.\"
CEO Elaine Hogdson stated that receiving the Export Certificate was
extremely rewarding, and that it was an honor for her company to have
its achievements recognized by both local and federal government.
# GTN/Commerce Joint Efforts Yield Success for Chicago Firms {#gtncommerce-joint-efforts-yield-success-for-chicago-firms .unnumbered}
The Global Trade & Technology Network\'s (GTN) Midwest Office has
concluded several deals in the past month, including two deals from IT
companies that participated with GTN\'s SUPERCOMM delegation. These
deals are shared successes with the Department of Commerce and the
Chicago USEAC.
The SUPERCOMM deals were made with Chicago-based companies **Daystar
Computer Systems** and **Global Technology Solutions**. Daystar is a
developer of government and legislative workflow software. Tecnologias
Evolutivas de Mexico will now promote and market this software in
Mexico. These firms came together as a result of matchmaking done in
advance of SUPERCOMM. The two firms made initial contact via a
conference call while Tecnologias was at their hotel during the
SUPERCOMM show.
Global Technology Solutions had submitted a letter of interest to
Tecnologias in response to Tecnologias\' RFQ for SUPERCOMM. The firms
have been in contact since then and engaged in negotiations and
discussions. They have now signed a non-disclosure agreement in order to
jointly bid on a specific development bank project.
The GTN Midwest Office helped match these local companies with the
Mexican firm and recruited Global Technology Solutions to attend the
SUPERCOMM show. The Chicago USEAC worked with the participating
Chicago-based companies on the floor of the show.
**EXPORT ASSISTANCE PERSONNEL**
**[TRADE SPECIALIST/AGENCY SPECIALIZATION TEL.
NO.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**
**Julie Carducci** Telecommunication Equipment and Services , Computer
312-353-8490
*julie.carducci@mail.doc.gov* Hardware & Software
**Stuart Schaag** Consumer Goods, Sporting Goods, Aerospace, Energy
312-353-7711
stuart.schaag@mail.doc.gov
**Connie Tinner** Machine Tools & Metalworking Equipment, Materials
312-353-3748
*connie.tinner@mail.doc.gov* Handling Equip., Plastics & Rubber
Machinery, Chemicals
**Shari Stout** All industries in downstate Illinois (south of I-80)
309-671-7815
shari.stout@mail.doc.gov
**Patrick Hope** All industries in the Rockford area 815-987-8123
patrick.hope@mail.doc.gov
**Robin Mugford** Environmental Products/Technology/Services
847-681-8010
*robin.mugford@mail.doc.gov* Automotive Parts & Accessories, Scientific
Instruments
**Debra Rogers** Construction Industry (incl. tools & materials),
Metals, 312-353-6988
[*debra.rogers@mail.doc.gov*](mailto:debra.rogers@mail.doc.gov)
Education & Training Services, Printing & Graphic Arts
> Architectural & Engineering Services, Franchising, Tourism
**Bernadine Smith** Electrical Components, Safety & Security Equipment,
312-353-5096
[*bernadine.smith@mail.doc.gov*](mailto:bernadine.smith@mail.doc.gov)
Food Processing and Packaging Equipment, Hotel,
> Restaurant, and Amusement Equipment
**Thelma Young** Medical and Dental Equipment & Supplies 312-353-5097
*Thelma.young@mail.doc.gov* Pharmaceuticals and Drugs, Cosmetics
\- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
**U.S. Export-Import Bank** Export Credit Insurance, Trade Finance
Solutions 312-353-8081
**Small Business Administration** Export Working Capital, Export Express
Loans 312-353-8065
**USAID/Global Technology Network** Trade Lead Matching Program
312-353-8059
**[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+
| **U.S. Export | | First Class |
| Assistance Center** | | Mail |
| | | |
| 55 West Monroe | | Postage and |
| Street, Suite 2440 | | Fees Paid |
| | | |
| Chicago, IL 60603 | | ITA/DOC |
| | | |
| | | Permit No. |
| | | G54 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+
| Official Business | | |
| | | |
| Penalty for Private | | |
| Use, \$300 | | |
| | | |
| ADDRESS CORRECTION | | |
| REQUESTED | | |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+
| | | FIRST CLASS |
| | | MAIL |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+
| en |
markdown | 909381 | # Presentation: 909381
## NEXT GENERATION GPS AND ARCTIC RESEARCH SOLVING THE MYSTERIES OF THE ARCTIC
**25 January 2006**
**Mead Treadwell**
**Member, U.S. Arctic Research Commission**
## Slide 2
## Slide 3
## INSROP (1999)
**Notes:**
2. The Commissioners visited Aker Finnyards, a Finnish shipbuilding company with expertise in cruise ships, ferries and icebreakers. The company has built 60% of the world’s icebreakers, and pioneered the most advanced ship designs such as the multipurpose icebreaker (for research, oil spill combating and icebreaking) and the double-acting icebreaker-supply vessel. According to the “double-acting” concept, the icebreaker moves backwards through the most difficult ice conditions with a stern built for icebreaking, but forward through open water with a bow optimized for heavy seas. This design, accompanied by electric propulsion technology, allows for greater fuel efficiency and is likely to become the industry standard.
3. Much of the company’s R&D work is performed by a subsidiary, Aker Arctic Technology Inc, which maintains an ice model test facility within Helsinki. At the test facility, Aker Finnyard’s representatives presented designs of an icebreaker with a wide, asymmetrical hull. The vessel, already ten years in planning, will be able to cut a wider passage through the ice and therefore provide service to larger ships. (Currently, particularly large vessels require two icebreaker escorts.)
4. The Commissioners observed that Aker Finnyards' knowledge of icebreaker technology may be the most sophisticated in the industry and speculated that the US Coast Guard could benefit by technology cooperation with Aker Finnyards.
## INSROP (1999)
**INSROP (1999)**
**Notes:**
2. The Commissioners visited Aker Finnyards, a Finnish shipbuilding company with expertise in cruise ships, ferries and icebreakers. The company has built 60% of the world’s icebreakers, and pioneered the most advanced ship designs such as the multipurpose icebreaker (for research, oil spill combating and icebreaking) and the double-acting icebreaker-supply vessel. According to the “double-acting” concept, the icebreaker moves backwards through the most difficult ice conditions with a stern built for icebreaking, but forward through open water with a bow optimized for heavy seas. This design, accompanied by electric propulsion technology, allows for greater fuel efficiency and is likely to become the industry standard.
3. Much of the company’s R&D work is performed by a subsidiary, Aker Arctic Technology Inc, which maintains an ice model test facility within Helsinki. At the test facility, Aker Finnyard’s representatives presented designs of an icebreaker with a wide, asymmetrical hull. The vessel, already ten years in planning, will be able to cut a wider passage through the ice and therefore provide service to larger ships. (Currently, particularly large vessels require two icebreaker escorts.)
4. The Commissioners observed that Aker Finnyards' knowledge of icebreaker technology may be the most sophisticated in the industry and speculated that the US Coast Guard could benefit by technology cooperation with Aker Finnyards.
## ACIA Key Finding #6: Reduced sea ice is very likely to increase marine transport and access to resources.
**Notes:**
5B=blue background
## Slide 7
**Notes:**
2. The Commissioners visited Aker Finnyards, a Finnish shipbuilding company with expertise in cruise ships, ferries and icebreakers. The company has built 60% of the world’s icebreakers, and pioneered the most advanced ship designs such as the multipurpose icebreaker (for research, oil spill combating and icebreaking) and the double-acting icebreaker-supply vessel. According to the “double-acting” concept, the icebreaker moves backwards through the most difficult ice conditions with a stern built for icebreaking, but forward through open water with a bow optimized for heavy seas. This design, accompanied by electric propulsion technology, allows for greater fuel efficiency and is likely to become the industry standard.
3. Much of the company’s R&D work is performed by a subsidiary, Aker Arctic Technology Inc, which maintains an ice model test facility within Helsinki. At the test facility, Aker Finnyard’s representatives presented designs of an icebreaker with a wide, asymmetrical hull. The vessel, already ten years in planning, will be able to cut a wider passage through the ice and therefore provide service to larger ships. (Currently, particularly large vessels require two icebreaker escorts.)
4. The Commissioners observed that Aker Finnyards' knowledge of icebreaker technology may be the most sophisticated in the industry and speculated that the US Coast Guard could benefit by technology cooperation with Aker Finnyards.
## Slide 8
## Energy supply from Alaska
**Notes:**
November 29, 2004
$ 60 billion needed to keep oil production level over next decade ANCHORAGE - Chuck Pierce, the president of the Alaska Oil and Gas Association, said that amount includes $30 billion in new exploration and up to $30 billion in current operations on the North Slope. That investment would keep North Slope production between 850,000 and 1 million barrels until a new natural gas pipeline can come online, he said.
And the Washington Post Editorial ..... War and the Polar Bear By Charles Krauthammer Friday, November 9, 2001; Page A37 Here we are, for the second time in a decade, risking American lives in a war against an enemy fueled and fed by oil money. Here we are again decrying our dependence on oil from a particularly unstable, unfriendly part of the world. Here we are in desperate need of both energy conservation and new energy production. And here we see (in the Oct. 30 Post) that we may be prevented from drilling in the single most promising area on this continent because of a . . . polar bear treaty: "New Species Enters Debate on Arctic Oil; Polar Bear Agreement Cited by Drilling Foes." Now, I like polar bears as much as the next guy. I like pandas and caribou and all the furry cuddlies on God's good earth. But I also like people, particularly Americans, and particularly American soldiers. And I do not like seeing them shot and killed in wars that would be both more avoidable and more winnable were we not so disastrously dependent on energy supplies from a nasty part of the world with nasty people who use our oil money for nasty purposes. At a time when Washington should be working on a crash program of conservation and new drilling, a six-year-old report from the Fish and Wildlife Service is leaked in the hope that a 28-year-old polar bear treaty might derail drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Interior Department stoutly maintains that the polar bear agreement does not prohibit oil exploration. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski points out that the 25,000 or so Arctic polar bears that he represents seem to be quite happily lolling around the existing oil drilling in Alaska. I too have little doubt that the polar bears will do fine, just as the caribou have thrived around the Prudhoe Bay field. But the whole debate is surreal. We are at war, are we not? Americans are fighting. In Washington and New York, nearly 5,000 have already been killed. Fifteen of the 19 murderers were Saudi. Their leader is Saudi. Most of their money is Saudi. And that same Saudi money funds the madrassas, the fundamentalist religious schools where poor Pakistani, Afghan and Arab children are inducted into the world of radical Islam and war against the American infidel.
**“****Demand for ice-class tankers has been steadily rising as oil exports from Russia’s Arctic regions become ever more attractive. The ordering pace...in the tanker industry... (reached) some $4.5 billion in (2004) alone.”**
** **** **** ****--American Bureau of Shipping, *****Surveyor*****, Summer 2005**
## Slide 11
## Retreat of Alaska glaciers totals almost half of the estimated total loss of mass by glaciers worldwide; the largest contribution by glacial melt to rising sea level for any region.
**Retreat of Alaska glaciers totals almost half of the estimated total loss of mass by glaciers worldwide; the largest contribution by glacial melt to rising sea level for any region.**
## 23 August 1994 near the North Pole
**23 August 1994 near the North Pole**
**Historic Rendezvous: *****Polar Sea,***** *****Louis S. St-Laurent, & Yamal****** ***
## Slide 14
## An extended Continental Shelf for Russia beyond 200 nautical miles distance
**Notes:**
In August, Canada spent C$ 4.9m (pounds 2.2m) in a show of force, sending hundreds of troops, helicopters, a frigate and an ice-breaker on a training exercise in search of mock satellite debris. Bad weather grounded planes, two soldiers were lost for a night and a fire on an ageing Sea King helicopter exposed the limits of the present force. This year, the government has approved the launching of the Radarsat II to provide high-resolution surveillance across the Arctic and monitor ships on the surface. Canada's Defence Minister, Bill Graham, was well aware global warming has added a new urgency to claims in the Arctic. " It has created new possibilities and new threats," he told The New York Times. "We need more resources up there and we are going to look for ways to deploy them. The sense is that now is the time." The government has allocated C$ 70m for its own underwater mapping. One Canadian diplomat says: "To stake a territorial claim, you must be able to demonstrate you can actively patrol and enforce it, if necessary militarily." Beneath the pack ice are the nuclear submarines of Russia, patrolling the dark water. Moscow has already made a failed attempt to stake its own claim to the Lomonosov Ridge, and thereby to the North Pole. Faced with a common enemy, Canada and Denmark have begun to negotiate to fund a joint programme, which will divide the hefty expenses. Kai Sorensen, the deputy director of GEUS, says Denmark and Canada share a common interest in arguing that the natural divide of the North Pole is formed by the Lomonosov Ridge, which creates a natural median line between Canada, Greenland and across the North Pole to Russian territory
## Slide 16
## Slide 17
## Slide 18
**Notes:**
Environmental research already points to rapid climate change in the Arctic and sub-Arctic in years to come, endangering many animals native to the taiga. If some forecasts are to be believed, the polar bear could be extinct by the end of the century.
## Slide 19
**Notes:**
November 26, 2004
Marine mammal hunting increased
In Chukotka, marine mammal hunting increased by 19 percent in comparison with last year. To date, marine mammal hunters of the region caught more than 5,700 seals and walruses, whereas in 2003 this figure was 4,000. However, according to the Regional Agricultural Administration’s plan, this year hunters are allowed to catch 9,188 marine mammals, which means that so far the plan has been executed by 63 percent. In addition, within 10 months of this year, about 650 tons of meat has been prepared, which exceeds the planned volume by 20 percent. Marine mammal hunting is vital for the indigenous people of Chukotka: it is their traditional way of life. It provides them food, materials for building kayaks, hunting instruments, housing, and clothes.
## Five Key Goals for U.S. Arctic Research
- SEARCH: Climate Change
- Bering Sea
- Arctic Health
- Resource Assessment
- Infrastructure Research
## USARC
**USARC **
**ECUMENICAL BELIEF**
- **The United States must maintain its global maritime capability—as a **** ****government AND as a Nation**
** ****If the U.S. does not exercise its visible maritime presence in the Arctic **** ****Ocean—we cede it to whomever wants it!**
- Mead Treadwell, meadwell@alaska.net | en |
markdown | 040420 | # Presentation: 040420
## Tribal TANF and CCDF Guide to Financial Management, Grants Administration, and Program Accountability and Tribal TANF Audit Supplement Guide
## Overview of Programs
**Child Care and Development Fund for Tribal Grantees (CCDF) **
- The Child Care and Development Block Grant was enacted in 1990 to provide child care assistance to low income working families.
- The CCDF assists low-income families, families receiving temporary public assistance, and those transitioning from public assistance in obtaining child care so they can work or attend training/education.
## Overview of Programs
**Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Family (TANF)**
- The 1996 welfare reform law, giving federally recognized Indian Tribes, or consortia of such Tribes, authority to operate their own Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. The Tribal TANF Program moves families to self-sufficiency while encouraging and supporting flexibility, innovation, and creativity in tribal programs.
## Applicable Regulations, OMB Circulars, and Certifications
**Code of Federal Regulations**
- The *Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) *is a systematic collection of the rules by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal government.
## Applicable Regulations, OMB Circulars, and Certifications (cont.)
**Title 45**
- Part 74, *Uniform Administrative Requirements for Awards and Subawards to Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, Other Non-Profit Organizations, and Commercial Organizations.*
- Part 92, *Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Cooperation Agreements to State and Local Governments including Indian Tribal Governments.*
- Part 98, Child Care and Development Fund Regulations
- Part 99, Procedures for Hearings for the Child Care and Development Fund
- Part 286, Tribal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Regulations
## Applicable Regulations, OMB Circulars, and Certifications (cont.)
**Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circulars**
- Tribal governments follow these circulars:
- A-87 Cost Principles;
- A-102 Administrative Requirements (also referred to as the “Common Rule”); and
- A-133 Audit Requirements.
## Policies
- Legislation and regulations represent the first two levels of rulemaking. The third level of rulemaking is referred to as *policy*. Policies are developed to guide the implementation of a regulation.
- Policies are generally issued in the form of a Policy Announcement (PA), Information Memorandum (IM), or Program Instruction (PI).
## Policies
**Certifications**
- When a grantee accepts Federal funding, they are asked to certify that they will adhere to certain cross-cutting requirements. These include, but are not limited to:
- Certification regarding debarment (includes definitions for use with the certification of debarment);
- DHHS certification regarding drug-free workplace requirements;
- Certification of compliance with the Pro-Child Act of 1994;
- Assurance of compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CCDF only); and
- Assurance – Non-Construction Programs (TANF only).
## Basic Grants Management Principles
**Allowable Cost Determination**
- Costs must be reasonable, necessary, and conform to limitations set forth in legislation, regulation, or circulars.
- Costs must be consistent with the grantee’s policies and procedures such as agency procurement policies.
- Grantees are required to determine and adequately document costs in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
- Costs must also be “allocable” to a program to be allowable. Costs can be allocated in one of three ways:
- Directly charged.
- Proportionately charged
- Indirect cost.
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
**Recipient/Subrecipient/Vendor Status**
- There is a distinction between the status of recipient, subrecipient, and vendor. Federal awards expended as recipient or subrecipient are subject to audit under OMB Circular A-133. In contrast, a vendor supplies either goods or services.
- Payment for goods and services received by a vendor are when the organization:
- Provides the goods and services within normal business operations;
- Provides similar goods/services to many different purchasers;
- Operates in a competitive environment; and
- Provides goods or services that are ancillary to the operation of the Federal program.
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
**Obligation and Liquid Periods**
***CCDF:***
- The Tribal Child Care (CCDF) program grantees have a two-year obligation period with an additional one-year liquidation period, with the exception of construction awards which have a three-year obligation/liquidation period.
***TANF:***
- Tribal TANF funds do not need to be obligated by the end of the funding period. A Tribe may reserve amounts awarded to it, without fiscal year limitation, to provide assistance under the Tribal TANF program. It may expend funds beyond the fiscal year in which awarded only on benefits that meet the definition of assistance at Sec. 286.10 and administrative costs directly associated with providing that assistance. Under current rules, Tribal TANF grantees need to obligate current year funds on non-assistance activities before the end of that current fiscal year. Current year funds that are obligated by the end of the current fiscal year may be carried into the immediately succeeding fiscal year to pay for those non-assistance activities. These obligations must be liquidated by September 30 of the immediately succeeding Federal fiscal year. Any unliquidated amounts that remain will become unobligated funds, which would be carried into the following year fiscal year to use for assistance and associated administrative costs.
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
**Administrative Costs**
- The Tribal TANF and Tribal Child Care programs both limit the amount of administrative cost that can be charged.
- Administrative costs include the organization-wide management functions of accounting;
- Budgeting
- Coordination
- Direction
- Planning
- Payroll
- Personnel
- Property management
- Purchasing
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
***CCDF:***
- Tribal Child Care funding is broken down into three parts:
*Mandatory*
*Discretionary*
- Discretionary Funds *base amount *of $20,000
- Of total mandatory and discretionary expenditures, no more than 15% can be administrative
***TANF:***
- Administrative costs cannot exceed
- 35% in year 1
- 30% in year 2
- 25% in year 3
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
**Penalties and Disallowances**
- Tribal TANF grantees face financial penalties if Federal funds are used in violation of the Act.
## Basic Grants Management Principles (cont.)
**Required Financial Reporting**
- Tribal Child Care programs must submit the ACF-696T financial reporting form annually.
- Cost categories on the report include:
- Child care services;
- Child care administration;
- Non direct services;
- Quality activities; and
- Construction/renovation expenditures.
- Tribal TANF grantees are required to file quarterly expenditure data on a form prescribed by ACF. Tribes receiving direct funds (non-102-477) must use the SF-269 form until the Tribal TANF 196 form is approved. 102-477 Tribes must report on the 102-477 Tribal TANF report as a part of their 102-477 annual report.
## Basic Financial Management Principles: Federal Financial Management Requirements
**Financial Systems**
- Federal grantees are required to have financial management systems that provide for timely, accurate, current, and complete disclosure of financial information while providing for oversight and protection of Federal funds.
## Basic Financial Management Principles: Federal Financial Management Requirements (cont.)
**Internal controls**
- Internal controls are the systems established by a grantee agency’s governing body and/or administrative staff that are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives
## Basic Financial Management Principles: Federal Financial Management Requirements (cont.)
**Accounting Systems**
- The accounting department is responsible for the accounting records.
- The end products of the accounting process are the financial statements that summarize all financial transactions of the Tribe and the program for the period.
## Basic Financial Management Principles: Federal Financial Management Requirements (cont.)
**Cash Management**
- Procedures for minimizing the time elapsing between the transfer of funds from the U.S. Treasury and disbursement by grantees and subgrantees must be followed whenever advance payment procedures are used.
## Basic Financial Management Principles: Federal Financial Management Requirements (cont.)
**Audits**
- Agencies that expend more than $500,000 in Federal cash are required under OMB A-133 to have an audit completed each year.
- A financial audit is the process for testing the accuracy and completeness of information presented in the financial statements as well as evaluating the financial systems.
## Procurement/Property Requirements
**Federal Procurement Requirements**
- Federal grantee agencies are required to establish their own written procedures based on Federal standards for purchasing services, supplies, and other expendable property, equipment, and real property.
## Procurement/Property Requirements (cont.)
**Code of Conduct**
- Grantee agencies must maintain written standards of conduct governing the performance of employees who are involved in the award or administration of procurement contracts.
## Procurement/Property Requirements (cont.)
**Competition**
- All procurement transactions, regardless of amount, must be conducted in a manner that provides, to the maximum extent practical, open and free competition.
- Grantee agencies must, whenever possible, make positive efforts to use small businesses, minority-owned firms, and women’s business enterprises.
## Procurement/Property Requirements (cont.)
**Contract Requirements**
- A contract is defined as a legally binding agreement entered into by two parties for the purpose of purchasing goods or services. Federal regulations found at 45 CFR 92.36(i) detail provisions which must be included in all contracts which require payment by Federal funds. Grantees must have a contract administration system in place to monitor contractor adherence to contract terms, specifications, and conditions.
## Procurement/Property Requirements (cont.)
**Property Management**
- Grantees must have written procedures which document their system for:
- Maintaining control over assets including assurance against loss, theft, damage, etc.;
- Separation of duties, e.g., control of assets vs. control of records; and
- Inventory process which provides for inventory of Federal equipment every 2 years.
- Inventory records must include the following information for all equipment:
- cost;
- serial number;
- source;
- title holder;
- acquisition date;
- description;
- percent of Federal dollars used for purchase;
- current location;
- condition; and
- disposition data.
## Other Administrative Requirements/Options
**Record-Keeping and Record Retention**
- Grantee financial records, supporting documents, statistical records, and all other records pertaining to the grant award must be retained for a period of at least three years from the date of submission of the annual financial report (45 CFR 92.42, or 45 CFR 98.90). Exceptions to this are:
- If any litigation, claim, financial management review, or audit is started before the expiration of the three-year period
- Records for real property and equipment acquired with Federal grant funds must be retained for three years beyond the date of final disposition.
- Tribal TANF programs, the three-year record-keeping requirement in 45 CFR 92.42 has been interpreted in TANF-ACF-PI- 2003-1, dated January 28, 2003.
## Other Administrative Requirements/Options (cont.)
**Program Administration Option: Indian Employment, Training and Related Services Demonstration Act (102-477)**
- Public Law 102-477 permits tribal governments to consolidate a number of Federal programs to integrate their federally funded employment, training, and related services programs into a single, coordinated comprehensive program. The TANF and CCDF programs may be consolidated under P.L. 102-477.
## Tribal TANF Audit Supplement Guide
## Introduction
- The Tribal TANF Guide to Financial Management, Grants Administration, and Program Accountability Audit Supplement is designed to provide Tribal TANF grantees with information on the most common audit findings.
## For each common audit finding, the Guide is organized as follows:
**Common Finding**: The auditor’s funding is stated.
**Federal Regulation**: The federal regulation with which the grantee has not complied is stated.
**Recommendation**: A stated recommendation which will bring the grantee into compliance.
**Basis for the Recommendation**: The basis for the recommendation is given.
**Action Steps**: The action steps to implement the recommendation.
**Additional Information**: The additional information provides supplemental information to assist grantees in implementing the action steps.
## Administrative Expenditures
**Common Finding**: Grantee did not have adequate financial policies and procedures to allow the program to determine the amount of administrative expenditures.
**Recommendation**: The program establish a procedure for the monitoring of the administrative expenditures of the program.
## Administrative Expenditures
**Action Steps**:
- Identify program staff responsible for monitoring program expenditures.
- Establish a monthly log that details total program expenditures and total administrative expenditures.
- Calculate cumulative administrative expenses as a percentage of cumulative total expenses on a monthly basis.
- Develop a corrective action plan if administrative expenses exceed the allowable limit.
- Develop a program procedure for monitoring administrative expenses.
## Compliance with Reporting Requirements
**Common Finding**: Grantee is not adhering to the federal requirements for data collection and/or financial reporting applicable to Tribal TANF programs.
**Recommendation**: The program establish procedures for the timely preparation and submission of quarterly and annual reports.
## Compliance with Reporting Requirements
**Action Steps:**
- Identify the program staff responsible for coordinating reporting activities with the Tribal government’s fiscal office.
- Establish a master calendar of the dates reports are due.
- The program staff person responsible notify the TANF Director of the date each report is submitted.
## Contract Management
**Common Finding**: Grantee is not monitoring and evaluating contractor’s performance to ensure adherence to all provisions of the contract or agreement.
**Recommendation:** The program establish contract management procedures.
## Contract Management
**Action Steps:**
- 1. Develop an internal program procedure that supports the Tribal government’s procedure for contract management.
- 2. Identify program staff responsible for monitoring and evaluating program contracts.
- 3. Develop a program form for documenting reviews of contractor activities and expenditures prior to authorization of payments to contractor.
- 4. Develop a program form for use in evaluating contractor performance on a scheduled basis.
- 5. Establish contractor files for maintaining records of periodic reviews of contractor activities and performance.
## Participant Expenditures
**Common Finding**: Grantee did not have a case management system in place to monitor eligibility of participants at the time of payments to participants.
**Recommendation: **The program establish procedures for the following two purposes:
- To ensure that eligibility of all participants is reviewed at the periodic interval established in the approved Tribal Family Assistance Plan.
- To ensure the eligibility of participants prior to authorization of payments to participants.
## Participant Expenditures
**Action Steps:**
- Identify program staff responsible for performing internal audits of participant files on a periodic basis to ensure that determinations of both initial eligibility and continuing eligibility are performed as planned.
- Maintain a master control list of eligible participants for use by the program staff designated to approve participant payments prior to submission to the Tribal fiscal office.
- Develop a procedure that specifies the program staff and timeframes for performing internal audits of participant eligibility.
## Participant Records
**Common Finding: **Grantee is not maintaining complete, accurate, and current information on participant eligibility and participant activities in all participant files.
**Recommendation: **Program maintain participant files that include source documentation which verifies compliance with federal regulations and adherence to approved Tribal Family Assistance Plan.
## Participant Records
**Action Steps:**
- Develop an internal program procedure for management of participant records which incorporates the following:
- Master Control Log listing all required forms and information required for the record
- Eligibility and payment documentation
- Re-determination of eligibility on scheduled periodic basis (recommended no less frequently than annually)
- Participant activities
- Identify the program staff responsible for establishing the participant file, ensuring all required information is included in the file, and signing off on the Master Control Log, certifying that all required information is in the participant file.
- Identify the program staff responsible for performing an internal review of all** **participant files on a periodic basis and signing off on the Master Control Log, certifying that all required information is in the participant file.
## Procurement
**Common Finding: **Grantee is not adhering to the federal requirements for procurement of goods and services.
**Recommendation:** Program develop and implement policies and procedures which requires the program to document its procurement process.
## Procurement
**Action Steps:**
- Review the Tribal government’s procurement policies and procedures.
- Develop a program procurement policy that supports the Tribal government’s procurement policy.
- Develop a program procurement procedure that includes but is not limited to the following:
- Program staff authorized to initiate purchases.
- Coordination activities with Tribal purchasing and program staff responsible for performing procurement activities.
- Records that must be maintained in each procurement file, including but not limited to method of procurement, type of contract to be awarded, justification of contractor selection, and basis for the contract price.
- The program staff person responsible for maintaining the program procurement records.
- Schedule for review of each procurement file.
- Review Tribal Family Assistance Plan and budget, identify goods and services to be purchased for the program year, and schedule procurement activities as per program procurement procedure.
- Review procurement files for completeness as per the schedule established in the program procurement procedures.
## Property and Equipment Management
**Common Finding: **Grantee is not adhering to the federal requirements for the management of property and equipment.
**Recommendation: **Program maintain property and equipment records and conduct a physical reconciliation of property and equipment acquired under each individual program.
## Property and Equipment Management
**Action Steps:**
- Develop an internal program procedure that supports the Tribal Government’s procedure for management of property and equipment.
- Identify all property and equipment with an acquisition cost of $5,000 or more (or Tribal threshold if less than $5,000).
- Develop an individual record for all property and each piece of equipment that includes the following information:
- Description of the Property/Equipment
- Serial Number or Other Identification Number
- Holder of Title to the Property/Equipment
- Acquisition Date
- Acquisition Cost
- Percent of Federal Participation in the Cost of the Property/Equipment
- Source of Property/Equipment
- Location of Property/Equipment
- Use of Property/Equipment
- Condition of Property/Equipment
- Tag all property and equipment.
- Conduct a physical inventory of all property and equipment at a specific time each year.
- Document the physical inventory and have an authorized individual sign the physical inventory.
- Make appropriate adjustments to the inventory as needed.
## Source Documentation
**Common Finding: **Grantee does not have documentation that supports and authorizes the expenditure of grant funds.
**Recommendation: **Program develop and implement an internal process for review of supporting documentation and authorization of expenditures prior to submission to accounting for payment.
## Source Documentation
**Action Steps:**
- Develop an internal program procedure that supports the Tribal Government’s procedure for authorization of expenditures.
- Identify one program staff member to perform a secondary review of time and attendance records to ensure:
- Attendance records are received from all program staff.
- Attendance records are signed and dated by employee.
- Attendance records are signed and dated by supervisor.
- Identify one program staff member to receive all goods, maintain a log of all goods received, and issue reports of all goods received.
- Program Director review all invoices for services and maintain a log of all invoices for services submitted to the Tribal fiscal office for payment.
- Program Director monitor all program expenditures through a monthly review of the program general ledger. | en |
markdown | 263343 | # Presentation: 263343
- Comments by Larry D. Wall*
- On
- “**Does Patience Pay? Empirical Testing of the Option to Delay Accepting a Tender Offer in the U.S. Banking Sector **”
- by
- Rachel A. Campbell and
- Roman Kräussl
- Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. Opinions are those of the discussant and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System
## Overview of Paper
- Goal is to estimate the potential gain to target shareholders of delaying acceptance of a takeover offer for their bank
- Method is to treat the potential for delay as a real option.
- The paper assumes initial takeover proposal takes the form a tender offer
- Shareholders then have the option of accepting this tender offer or waiting to see if a better one if it arrives
- Thus, paper revolves around determining the value of this real option
**Notes:**
Goal is to estimate the potential gain to target shareholders of delaying acceptance of a takeover offer for their bank
Method is to treat the potential for delay as a real option.
The paper assumes initial takeover proposal takes the form a tender offer
Shareholders then have the option of accepting the initial offer or taking a better one if it arrives
Thus, paper revolves around determining the value of this real option
I have two bigger picture comments on the paper and two comments on the implementation of the estimation
## Comments Tender offer assumption
- The assumption that the initial takeover proposal comes in the form of a tender offer is crucial to use of option framework
- Ordinarily the buyer of an option pays an up front purchase price
- Thereafter the buyer has no further risk of loss
- Tender offer is essentially a free option to accept that offer or accept a better offer if one arises
- But in negotiated deals the target does not have a firm offer until both sides agree to the takeover
- As a result the price in negotiated deals could go up or down
- Options pricing questionable for looking at negotiated deals
**Notes:**
The assumption that the initial takeover proposal comes in the form of a tender offer is crucial to use of option framework
Ordinarily the buyer of an option pays an up front purchase price
Thereafter the buyer has no further risk of loss
Tender offer is essentially a free option to accept that offer or accept a better offer if one arises
But in negotiated deals the target does not have a firm offer until both sides agree to the takeover
As a result the price in negotiated deals could go up or down
I do not have SDC but I have access to the SNL Securities bank mergers database. I found over 600 bank takeovers in the US but only 16 that were revised transactions during this period. Partial search found 1 price increase and two (or three) price cuts. Also, the paper says it focuses on “cash transactions” but I found less than 300 deals involving cash and even then stock was more than 1⁄2 of the compensation in a large fraction of the deals.
PNC Financial cut its offer for Riggs National from $24.25 to $20.00 in 2005
Capital One reduced its price for Hibernia from $33 to $30.49 in 2005
Options pricing questionable for looking at negotiated deals
## Comments Tender offer assumption
- How common are tender offers in bank mergers?
- In my experience in US banking they are rare
- Tender offers frequently used in hostile takeover situations
- Hostile offers are very rare in commercial banking
- Vast majority are negotiated in my experience
- Implication is that delay is likely not a free option in almost all bank takeovers
**Notes:**
How common are tender offers in bank mergers?
The paper provides not information on this question
In my experience in US banking they are rare
Tender offers frequently used in hostile takeover situations
Hostile offers are very rare in commercial banking
I looked at the S-4 SEC filings for around 100 deals from this period’s and all of them were negotiated. I searched Google for “tender offer” and “bank” and found one or two deals.
Negotiated deals can see price cuts after the initial deal but before consummation.
Implication is that ability to renegotiate is not a free option to target shareholders
## Comment Focus of the exercise
- Delay could result in an higher offer
- The intrinsic value of the target may increase between the initial offer and the final offer
- Later takeover proposals may propose a higher premium over the target’s intrinsic value
- First potential acquirer could offer a higher premium
- Another potential acquirer could offer a higher premium
- The paper appears to examine only changes in intrinsic value
- Key parameter is volatility and this is estimated “directly” which implies from historic data that would be dominated by changes in intrinsic value
**Notes:**
Delay could result in an higher offer
The intrinsic value of the target may increase between the initial offer and the final offer
Later takeover proposals may propose a higher premium over the target’s intrinsic value
First potential acquirer could offer a higher premium
Another potential acquirer could offer a higher premium The paper appears to examine only changes in intrinsic value
Key parameter is volatility and this is estimated “directly” which implies from historic data that would be dominated by changes in intrinsic value
## Comments Period of time for option calculation
- The time to expiration (or maturity) of an option is an important determinant of its value.
- The value of the option monotonically increase with its time to maturity
- The paper calculates this time as:
- “the announcement and closing dates of the deals were obtained in order to calculate the time to maturity.”
- Procedure has errors on both sides
- Negotiations begin before the announcement
- This assumption appears to have the effect of including all regulatory based delays in the valuation
**Notes:**
The time to expiration (or maturity) of an option is an important determinant of its value.
The value of the option monotonically increases with its time to maturity
The paper calculates this time as:
“the announcement and closing dates of the deals were obtained in order to calculate the time to maturity.”
Procedure has errors on both sides which won’t necessarily cancel out
Negotiations begin before the announcement
This assumption appears to have the effect of including all regulatory based delays in the valuation
Such as the mandatory 30 day period for DOJ review
## Comment Treatment of Dividends
- Dividends are treated as a cost of delay in the real options model. The paper states
- Dividends represent a cash-outflow of the underlying asset that cannot be captured anymore by the holder of the option and the value of the option decreases.
- This is certainly true if the shareholder and the option holder are different people
- But in this case the shareholder receiving the dividend is also the person that has the option to sell at a higher price
- Hence its not obviously a cost of delay
**Notes:**
Dividends are treated as a cost of delay in the real options model. The paper states
Dividends represent a cash-outflow of the underlying asset that cannot be captured anymore by the holder of the option and the value of the option decreases.
This is certainly true if the shareholder and the option holder are different people
But in this case the shareholder receiving the dividend is also the person that has the option to sell at a higher price
Hence its not obviously a cost of delay
## Suggestion Paper Values Risk due to Lags
- The lag between time negotiations start and consummation of takeover add risk to both parties
- Target may increase in value benefiting target shareholders and hurting acquirer
- Or target may decrease in value which benefits the acquirer at the expense of the target
- Net cost if both parties are risk averse
- Relevance
- Target and acquire have incentive to minimize the cost of the lags
- Including negotiating when values are more stable
- Help measure part of the costs due to lags in supervisory approval process (including DOJ)
**Notes:**
The lag between time negotiations start and consummation of takeover add risk to both parties
Target may increase in value benefiting target shareholders and hurting acquirer
Or target may decrease in value which benefits the acquirer at the expense of the target
Net cost if both parties are risk averse
Relevance
Target and acquire have incentive to minimize the cost of the lags
Including negotiating when values are more stable
Help measure part of the costs due to lags in supervisory approval process (including DOJ)
## Comment Minor comments
- Target SIC codes includes 6082
- The OSHA web site defines 6082 as “Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks” which do not seem relevant to this study
- What exactly is *ST*? Is *ST* known at time *t* or is it a random variable? Given that the *St *is share price before the acquirer made the tender offer, the natural interpretation of *ST* is that it is the share price in the market at time *T*, in which case it would be a random variable. | en |
converted_docs | 485481 | **U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development**
**Washington, D.C. 20410-8000**
**January 5, 2000**
**OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY**
**FOR HOUSING-FEDERAL HOUSING COMMISSIONER**
> **MORTGAGEE LETTER 00-1**
**TO: ALL APPROVED MORTGAGEES**
**SUBJECT: Single Family Loan Production - Impact of New EPA Lead**
**Hazard Regulations on 203(k) Rehabilitation Mortgage**
**Insurance**
This Mortgagee Letter is to advise all HUD-approved lenders that the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued new Lead Hazard
regulations effective June 1, 1999. The new EPA regulations require
added disclosure and recordkeeping for construction contractors who
repair or upgrade pre-1978 properties including those financed with
203(k) Rehabilitation Mortgage Insurance.
**Impact on Construction Contractors**
The new EPA regulation, known as the *Pre-Renovation Lead -Information
Rule (Section 406(b) of the Toxic Substances Control Act*), requires
that renovation contractors provide homeowners or occupants of pre-1978
properties with EPA pamphlet, **[Protect Your Family from Lead in Your
Home]{.underline}** (see attachment), obtain a signed acknowledgment of
receipt or certificate of mailing, and maintain a record of the
acknowledgment or certificate for **three years.** Contractors who fail
to provide the pamphlet may be subject to criminal and civil sanctions
under Section 16 of the Toxic Substances Control Act. The regulation
defines 'renovation' as the modification of any existing structure, or
portion thereof, that results in the disturbance of painted surfaces.
The regulation does not require that contractors change their work
practices, if the presence of lead-based paint is suspected. However,
the pamphlet warns homeowners about the health hazards posed by lead
contaminated dust or lead-based paint debris generated during home
renovations. The Department strongly recommends that contractors follow
\"safe work practices\" (avoiding open flame burning or torching,
machine sanding or grinding, abrasive blasting, among others) when
removing lead-based paint.
**Impact on 203(k) Lenders**
The EPA regulation has no direct impact on the lender\'s 203(k) loan
administration responsibilities. However, by assuring that the borrower
receives all required disclosures to
2
include the lead-based paint pamphlet, the lender can help make certain
that the contractor has complied with the regulation. The Department has
emphasized how important an active lender role can be in making certain
contractors follow safe work practices, complete work in a timely
manner, and provide quality workmanship (Mortgagee Letter 98-11).
The EPA regulation and pamphlet, **[Protect Your Family from Lead in
Your Home]{.underline}**, are available at the EPA and HUD websites:
www.epa.gov/lead and www.hud.gov/lea. Additionally, at the same website,
the EPA provides an interim edition of a handbook for contractors
outlining their responsibilities. For further information and regulatory
clarification, please contact the National Lead Information Center at
1-800-424-LEAD.
Sincerely,
William C. Apgar
Assistant Secretary for Housing-
Federal Housing Commissioner
Attachment
| en |
all-txt-docs | 316818 | Stefan Westerhoff\uffff\uffff
Columbia University
The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays
Cosmic ray particles were discovered almost one hundred years ago, but
still very little is known about the origin of the most energetic
particles, above and around 1018 eV. The existence of particles at
these energies, the highest energies observed in the Universe,
continues to challenge our imagination: where do they come from, how
are they accelerated, and how can they travel astronomical distances
without substantial loss of energy.
We are currently in an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with
instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity
to tackle the many open questions. Over the last 5 years, the High
Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) air fluorescence stereo detector has
accumulated data characterized by excellent angular resolution. The
world's largest detector for cosmic radiation, the Pierre Auger
Observatory in Argentina, is nearing completion, and first results
have already been published.
In this talk, I will review the current status of cosmic ray physics
and summarize recent results from the HiRes and Auger experiments on
the energy spectrum, composition, and arrival direction distribution
of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 001563 | ;+
; Project : SOHO - LASCO/EIT
;
; Name : EIT_DAILY
;
; Purpose : Get a list of EIT images on a selected date and then create
; a postscript file of a wavelength sequence of 4.
;
; Explanation : creates a database query to get a list of files for a single day and
; then brings up a list widget to select the desired files and they
; will then be scaled and output to a postscript file
;
; Use : EIT_DAILY
;
;
;
; Inputs : none: program will ask a date to be typed in
;
; Keywords : bw is set to create a black and white output
;
; Outputs : None: program creates a postscript file
;
; Calls : EIT_DAILY
;
; Restrictions: Uses data in NRL archive
;
; Side effects: Creates postscript file in current working directory
;
; Category : Image Display.
;
; Written : Ken Dere September 1996.
;
; Modified : Ken Dere, Dec. 1996 to include black and white output
;
; Version :
;-
;______________________________________________________________________________________
;
pro EIT_DAILY,out,bw=bw
;
common colors,r_orig,g_orig,b_orig,r_curr,g_curr,b_curr
;
;
eit_lister,list
;
print,' selected files: '
nlist=n_elements(list)
for i=0,nlist-1 do print,list(i)
;
hdr=headfits(list(0))
dateobs=strtrim(fxpar(hdr,'date-obs'),2)
utc=anytim2utc(dateobs)
outdate=anytim2cal(utc,form=10,/date)
remchar,dateobs,'/'
timeobs=strtrim(fxpar(hdr,'time-obs'),2)
iper=strpos(timeobs,'.')
timeobs=strmid(timeobs,0,iper)
remchar,timeobs,':'
fname='eit_daily_'+dateobs+'_'+timeobs
if keyword_set(bw) then fname=fname+'_bw'
openw,luo,fname+'.txt',/get_lun
;
print,' ps file name = ',fname
set_plot,'ps'
device,filename=fname+'.ps'
device,bits_per_pixel=8,yoffset=3.,ysize=20.
device,xoffset=2.54,xsize=6.5*2.54
device,/times,/bold,font_size=24,/isolatin1
if not keyword_set(bw) then device,/color
ximsize=0.5*!d.x_size
xmargin=10
ymargin=100
yimsize=ximsize*(512.+ymargin)/(512.+2*xmargin)
;
nlist=n_elements(list)<4
wlist=['304A','171A','195A','284A']
ang=string(197b)
ion=['He II 304'+ang,'Fe IX/X 171'+ang,'Fe XII 195'+ang,'Fe XV 284'+ang]
colorwave=['171A','195A','284A','304A']
;
xyouts,0.5,0.003,'EIT '+outdate,/normal,align=0.5,font=0
;
;
timeout=strarr(4)
lpos=0
for ilist=0,nlist-1 do begin
;
a=l_rdfts(list(ilist),ahdr)
a=eit_degridn(a,ahdr)
eit_scale,a,sa,ahdr,/logscl
asize=size(a)
asiz1=asize(1)
asiz2=asize(2)
if asiz1 gt asiz2 and asiz1 lt 512 then begin
outsiz=asiz1
endif else if asiz2 gt asiz1 and asiz2 lt 512 then begin
outsiz=asiz2
endif else begin
outsiz=512
sa=rebin(sa,512,512)
endelse
;
dateobs=strtrim(fxpar(ahdr,'date-obs'),2)
timeobs=strtrim(fxpar(ahdr,'time-obs'),2)
filter=strtrim(fxpar(ahdr,'filter'),2)
wave=strtrim(fxpar(ahdr,'sector'),2)
exptime=strtrim(fxpar(ahdr,'exptime'),2)
printf,luo,list(ilist)+' '+dateobs+' '+timeobs+' '+wave+' '+filter
ipos=where(wave eq wlist)
lpos=[lpos,ipos(0)]
; print,' wave = ',wave, ' ipos = ',ipos
;
colon=str_index(timeobs,':')
timeout(ipos(0))=strmid(timeobs,0,colon(1))
;
;
; next step is because of difference between full disk scaling
;
if outsiz ge 512 then eit_transfer,tr,wave else eit_transfer,tr,''
if keyword_set(bw) then wave = 'bw'
eit_ct,r,g,b,wave
tvlct,r,g,b
out=replicate(255,outsiz+2*xmargin,outsiz+ymargin)
out(xmargin,ymargin)=tr(sa)
;
; for j_wave = 0, 3 do if wave eq colorwave(j_wave) then i_wave = j_wave
; loadct,42 + i_wave,file=getenv('coloreit')
;
tv,out,ipos(0),xsize=ximsize,ysize=yimsize
endfor
;
lpos=lpos(1:*)
;
; put on subtitles
;
for ilist=0,nlist-1 do begin
dx=2
ddx=ximsize/!d.x_size
;
iy=lpos(ilist)/dx
ix=(lpos(ilist)-iy*dx)
xyouts,(ix+0.5)*ddx,1.02-(iy)*(yimsize/!d.y_size),ion(lpos(ilist)) $
,/normal,align=0.5,font=0
;
endfor
;
; put on times
;
device,/times,font_size=12,/isolatin1
;
for ilist=0,nlist-1 do begin
dx=2
ddx=ximsize/!d.x_size
;
iy=lpos(ilist)/dx
ix=(lpos(ilist)-iy*dx)
xyouts,(ix+1.0)*ddx,1.05-(iy+1)*(yimsize/!d.y_size),timeout(lpos(ilist)) $
,/normal,align=1.0,font=0
;
endfor
;
; lz data or quicklook data
;
ck=grep('lz',list(0))
if ck ne '' then src='lz' else src='qkl'
;
device,/times,font_size=12,/isolatin1
xyouts,1.,0.003,src,font=0,align=1.,/normal
;
;
device,/close
set_plot,'x'
;
free_lun,luo
end
| en |
converted_docs | 289231 | Edwards Air Force Base Standards for Geographic Information System (GIS)
Deliveries
10 March 2000
# {#section .unnumbered}
# {#section-1 .unnumbered}
###### Table of Contents
**[Section]{.underline} [Title]{.underline} [Page No.]{.underline}**
**1.0 PURPOSE [1](#purpose)**
2.0 project descriptions [1](#project-descriptions)
3.0 government-furnished property [2](#government-furnished-property)
4.0 DELIVERY REQUIREMENTS [2](#delivery-requirements)
4.1 System Parameters [2](#system-parameters)
4.2 Database Design [3](#database-design)
4.3 Graphics Design [3](#graphics-design)
4.4 Data Dictionary [4](#data-dictionary)
4.5 Feature Definitions [4](#feature-definitions)
4.6 Metadata [5](#metadata)
4.7 GIS Media Specifications [5](#gis-media-specifications)
4.8 GPS Data Collection Specifications
[5](#gps-data-collection-specifications)
5.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
[6](#quality-assurancequality-control)
6.0 milestones [6](#milestones)
ATTACHMENT A 7
#
# 1.0 purpose
This document describes the standards that must be met for the
successful completion of a contracted delivery of data to be
incorporated into, or used in tandem with, the Geographic Information
System (GIS) at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB), California. This document
forms the basis for technical Statements of Work (SOWs) for projects and
contracts solicited by the Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC) at
Edwards AFB, which will include a GIS delivery as part of the workflow.
The purpose of this document is to provide reliable guidelines with
which to create, enhance, or modify the Air Force Flight Test Center
(AFFTC) GIS currently in use at Edwards AFB.
Project-specific contract parameters must be added to this baseline
document during the creation of a specific SOW. The nature and scope of
a given project make it unique, with requirements that will need to be
met in regard to graphic and database design, and data acquisition
methodologies. This document provides baseline standards that should be
built upon for any given contract.
# 2.0 project descriptions
Contractors shall furnish all necessary personnel, material, equipment,
services, and facilities to perform the work described in the SOW unless
otherwise indicated. Services or products, which can be expected to be
within an SOW, but are not limited to, the following:
1. Digitize or scan graphic or textual information sources into a
digital format.
2. Create tabular database files.
3. Collect primary data using approved global positioning system (GPS)
equipment and/or explicitly stated field data collection
methodologies.
4. Compile graphic data using aerial photogrammetric techniques.
5. Create featurized and/or attributed data files with appropriate
graphic-to-table linkages.
6. Produce hard copy graphic or tabular data outputs from GIS data.
7. Make approved modifications to existing GIS data provided by the
AFFTC GIS laboratory as required to meet specific project
requirements.
This document does not apply to contracts that will involve property
boundary or other legally binding surveys. Contractors or clients
completing such work should contact the AFFTC GIS laboratory during the
creation of the SOW for coordination and inputs on a project-specific
basis.
# 3.0 government-furnished property
The AFFTC GIS laboratory or AFFTC may make source documents available to
the contractor as deemed necessary to meet project requirements. Source
documents may include, but not be limited to, the following:
1. Digital or paper maps
2. Aerial photographs
3. Tabular GIS data files
4. Data Dictionary
5. Metadata
Other equipment such as, but not limited to, GPS receivers may be made
available to the contractor by the AFFTC GIS laboratory under approval
of AFFTC personnel. Arrangements for the use of such equipment must be
made directly with the AFFTC GIS laboratory at Edwards AFB.
The contractor will be responsible for all materials supplied by the
AFFTC GIS laboratory or AFFTC. Any GIS data, or products resulting from
the use of that data, which are provided to the contractor by AFFTC may
not be further distributed (or otherwise made available) to external
parties without prior written permission from AFFTC. The contractor may
adapt, convert, reformat, translate, or otherwise modify all, or any
part, of the provided data only for purposes of completing contract
requirements. A written record of all changes made will be kept and
submitted as part of the required metadata portion of the GIS delivery.
# 4.0 DELIVERY REQUIREMENTS
## 4.1 System Parameters
The AFFTC GIS laboratory at Edwards AFB uses Intergraph Modular GIS
Environment (MGE) as its standard GIS platform, Oracle as its primary
database software, and Windows NT as its operating system.
GIS files being created for delivery to AFFTC shall be prepared in
conformance with the *Edwards AFB Geographic Information System
Parameters* as shown in Attachment A.
All GIS graphic files will be projected and georeferenced according to
the specifications described in the *Edwards AFB Geographic Information
System Parameters* as shown in Attachment A.
GIS files which add to, replace, or otherwise modify standard base map
graphics files or attribute tables (such as roads or utilities) must
coordinate with the GIS section of the 95^th^ Civil Engineering Group
Maintenance Planning and Programs Office.
All figures included in a report that accompany the project will be
delivered in a digital format. Any map-related image data sources
(\*.tif, \*.jpg, etc.) presented in the document, or as part of any
presentation made to AFFTC related to this specific undertaking, will be
delivered in digital, georeferenced format.
## 4.2 Database Design
Contractors should request a copy of the relevant database schema from
the AFFTC GIS laboratory prior to database design, data collection, or
other data creation phases of the project. Standard contracts will
require contractors to utilize existing schema definitions of features
and predefined attribute table structures. Deviations from, or additions
to, existing schema objects must be approved by AFFTC in writing prior
to the delivery of any GIS product. Schema files will by provided to the
contractor by the AFFTC GIS laboratory.
The preferred delivery format for all GIS attribute tables is a comma
delimited, ASCII text file format with all column headings specified. A
different database program may be used to create data that will
accompany the GIS delivery if approved by, and coordinated with, the
AFFTC GIS laboratory prior to file delivery.
Five standard metadata fields must be included in each database table
created for inclusion into the Edwards AFB GIS. These are as follows:
##### Column Data type/precision Description
data_source_d varchar2(6) The original source of the data (see domain
list)
data_creator varchar2(20) The creator of the data added to the GIS
data_create_date number(10) Date that the data was input into the GIS
(Format '20000329')
data_modify_date number(10) Date the data is modified in the GIS
(Format '20000329')
data_attri_conf_d varchar2(6) Confidence of attribution data (see domain
list)
data_posit_conf_d varchar2(6) Positional confidence of the object
location
(see domain list)
data_history varchar2(14) Reference to the metadata document
data_maintainer varchar2(20) Organization responsible for data
maintenance
## 4.3 Graphics Design
Contractors shall deliver graphics files that match the existing element
symbology and typology for each type of feature in use on the Edwards
AFB GIS. If a new feature must be created, the AFFTC GIS laboratory must
approve its definition and use prior to file delivery.
The contractor may request copies of existing graphics appropriate to
the SOW as agreed upon by AFFTC and the AFFTC GIS laboratory. The AFFTC
GIS laboratory will provide such files in MGE (design files), ArcView
(shape files), or GeoMedia format (Microsoft Access).
All cells used by the contractor must be fully compatible with the
Edwards AFB GIS. A copy of relevant cell libraries will be provided to
the contractor by the AFFTC GIS laboratory on request. New cells may be
created for addition to the Edwards AFB GIS upon approval by the AFFTC
GIS laboratory.
All mapping data will be delivered to Edwards AFB with clean line work
using the following parameters:
1. All intersecting lines will be processed to remove overshoots and
undershoots.
2. Zero length segments will be removed.
3. Different feature types will not share a common line segment.
4. Area features will include featurized centroids (MGE Only).
5. All files will be delivered uncomplexed (MGE Only).
6. All delivered files will be checked to see that they are
corruption-free.
7. No linear pattern components (class 5 elements) are to be stored in
graphic design files; they should be delivered in plotting files
with an extension representing the scale at which the file should be
plotted (i.e. "050, 200").
## 4.4 Data Dictionary
Accompanying the final GIS delivery will be a digital data dictionary
file that has been previously approved by AFFTC and the AFFTC GIS
laboratory in terms of expected content and format. Included in the data
dictionary will be a definition of each table and each column within the
table. The table definition shall include the purpose, structure, and a
list of any associated features. The column definition shall include the
data type, data precision, and a brief description of each of the values
that may be included in the column (including an explanation of any
abbreviations or codes that are utilized). If an extensive number of
abbreviations or codes will be utilized to populate a column, a separate
domain list shall be provided. A domain list should be used anywhere a
set defined group of options is the only choice for attribute population
if it's extensive or not (i.e., if the only possible option for a field
is Yes and No then a domain list is required to avoid invalid data
population). All domain list values should be accompanied by a
description especially in the case of abbreviations.
## 4.5 Feature Definitions
New features that are created by the contractor for inclusion into the
Edwards AFB GIS will be defined in a stand-alone document or data table.
Elements of the feature that must be declared in this documentation
include:
1. Feature name.
2. Category.
3. Level.
4. Color.
5. Weight.
6. Symbology.
7. Font.
8. Cell.
9. Element type.
10. Digitizing commands.
11. List of design files into which it has been placed.
12. Associated attribute table (if any).
Any new features which are created for an MGE GIS delivery to be
included in the Edwards AFB GIS must be coordinated with the AFFTC GIS
laboratory prior to delivery.
## 4.6 Metadata
Accompanying the final GIS delivery will be a sufficient level of
metadata regarding the project files to allow a reasonable understanding
of the source, accuracy, modifications to, and applicability of the data
provided. All submitted metadata must follow Federal Geographic Data
Committee (FGDC) Standards specified in *Content Standard for Digital
GeoSpatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)* (FGDC 1998). The FGDC Standards
can be found at
[[http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/standards.html]{.underline}](http://www.fgdc.com/metadata/metadata.html).
All metadata should be submitted in text (\*.txt) or Microsoft Word
(\*.doc) file format.
## 4.7 GIS Media Specifications
The AFFTC GIS Laboratory is currently able to accept deliveries of
electronic data on the following media:
1. 3.5" diskette.
2. 8mm tape:
3. 2.3-- 14 GB (NT Backup, CPIO, TAR, BackupExec).
4. 20 or 40 GB Mammoth Tapes (NT Backup, BackupExec, Windows 98 Backup,
MaynStream \[2.5-3.1\], and Sgtos Premium).
5. CDs in ISO format.
6. 100 MB ZIP disks.
## 4.8 GPS Data Collection Specifications
The AFFTC GIS laboratory will accept GPS data only if the positional
data are differentially corrected to assure locational accuracy. When
mapping area boundaries GPS positions should be corrected so that any
location mapped is less than five meters from its true position. For
linear or point features, positional GPS data should be corrected using
differential correction techniques that will place the object within
less than a meter of its true location. Use of GPS receivers to record
construction-grade drawings is not recommended; the AFFTC GIS laboratory
must specifically approve such practice if the drawings are intended to
be included in the Edwards AFB GIS.
Field data recorders may be used in conjunction with GPS receivers if
the collected attribute data format and definition is compatible with
existing schema information. The use of such recorders is encouraged,
but must be approved and coordinated with the AFFTC GIS laboratory.
# 5.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Unless otherwise specified in the SOW the contractor is responsible for
performing quality assurance and quality control checks of all GIS data
files prior to delivery to the AFFTC GIS laboratory. All data (graphic
and nongraphic) must work with the existing AFFTC GIS system upon
submittal. Erroneous files will not be accepted and will be returned to
the contractor for review and correction prior to formal acceptance of
the GIS product delivery.
# 6.0 milestones
Preliminary technical consultation shall be accomplished within 30 days
of the contract start date, and shall include the submittal of a list of
the expected GIS files, the proposed database structure, and an
electronic test layer or theme which includes both graphic information
and linked attribute data for technical evaluation. At this time (or
earlier) a member of the AFFTC GIS laboratory technical staff will be
formally assigned as a point of contact for the project.
A technical data description (including the database structure and a
description of the attributes to be collected) shall be finalized no
later than 60 days from the start of the project.
Approval of the proposed data dictionary content and format shall be
accomplished no later than midway through the project lifecycle.
At the completion of the project the contractor will deliver a fully
functional set of digital GIS files to include both graphic files (if
applicable) and the accompanying database tables with all feature and
attribute linkages in working order. These files will be evaluated and
approved by the AFFTC GIS laboratory and AFFTC prior to formal
acceptance of the delivery.
# ATTACHMENT A
##### Edwards AFB Geographic Information System Parameters
**Coordinate System**:
State Plane Coordinate System 1983
Zone Number: 405
Zone Name: California 5
Units of Measure: Survey Feet (Conversion factor: 1 US Survey Foot =
1200/3937 Meter \[Exact\], or 1 US Survey Foot = 0.30480060960 Meter)
**Projection Name**:
Lambert Conformal Conic
**System Parameters**:
Longitude of Origin: -118:00:00.0000 d:m:s
Latitude of Origin: 33:30:00.0000 d:m:s
Standard Parallel 1: 34:02:00.0000 d:m:s
Standard Parallel 2: 35:28:00.0000 d:m:s
False Easting: 6561666.6667 survey feet
False Northing: 1640416.6667 survey feet
**Geodetic Datum**:
North American 1983
**Ellipsoid**:
GRS80
**Ellipsoid Parameters**:
Equatorial Radius: 20925604.4742 survey feet
Polar Radius: 20855444.8840 survey feet
Eccentricity: 0.0818191910428158
Flattening: 0.00335281068118232
Flattening Inverse: 298.257222101
**Vertical Datum**:
North American Vertical Datum 1988
**Height Type**:
Orthometric
**Undulation Model**:
Average Undulation
**Average Undulation**:
1. survey feet
**Mapping Working Units**:\
1000 Units of Resolution per survey feet
**Global Origin**:
X = 4294967.2940\
Y = -0.000\
Z = -2147483.6470
| en |
all-txt-docs | 405514 | USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a
Clark and others 2007, USGS, Data Series 231.
For further information on spectrsocopy, see: http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov
ASCII Spectral Data file contents:
line 15 title
line 16 history
line 17 to end: 3-columns of data:
wavelength reflectance standard deviation
(standard deviation of 0.000000 means not measured)
( -1.23e34 indicates a deleted number)
----------------------------------------------------
Pectolite NMNH94865.a W5R4Nbb_ RREF
copy of spd0300 r 3404
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
| vi |
markdown | 677290 | # Presentation: 677290
## U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program
**Fusion Program Summary**
** ****for **
**Program Leaders **
**February 7, 2005**
**E****xcellent ****S****cience in ****S****upport of ****A****ttractive ****E****nergy**
_**www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov**_
## FY 2006 Fusion Energy Sciences
**FY 2006 Fusion Energy Sciences**
**Congressional Budget Request **
- 155.1
- 89.9
- _ __28.9_
**273.9**
- FY 2005
- _Appropriation_
- Science
- Facility Operations
- Enabling R&D
- **OFES Total**
- DIII-D
- C-Mod
- NSTX
- NCSX
- ITER
- Non-ITER
- 142.8
- 127.5
- _20.3_
**290.6**
- FY 2006
- _Congressional_
- 51.4
- 21.5
- 30.7
- 16.6
- 55.5
- 234.9
- 55.7
- 22.0
- 34.5
- 18.3
- 4.9
- 269.0
- 142.7
- 85.7
- _27.5_
**255.9**
- FY 2004
- _Actual_
- 54.4
- 22.3
- 35.6
- 16.7
- 3.2
- 252.7
- 01/31/05
- ($ Millions)
## FY 2006 Fusion Program Highlights
- Begin U.S. ITER Fabrication Effort ($55.5M, +$50.6M)
- $46.0M for MIE Project (Total Estimated Cost funding)
- $3.5M for R&D support
- $6.0M for transitional activities that need to be completed before starting MIE
- Increase plasma science/NSF partnership (+$1.6M)
- Close out fusion materials science research (-$7.3M)
- Rely on materials research in BES and foreign program
- ITER will have to address its own materials needs
- Cut back HEDP Research (-$7.2M)
- Reduce Major Facility operations and research (-$8.7M)
- No operation on NSTX, 5 weeks on DIII-D, 12 weeks on C-Mod
- Eliminate one major concept in ICC program (-$3.4M)
- Reduce NCSX to FY 04 level (-$1.6M)
- Estimated 1 year delay and $4.5M increase in cost
- Reduce Plasma Technologies to focus on ITER specifics (-$4.2M)
- Other reductions in Theory, Advanced Design and SBIR (-$2.1M)
## Major Fusion Facilities Operating Times
**Years**
- DIII-D
- C-MOD
- NSTX
- 01/31/05
- 0
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 50
- 60
- 70
- FY 1998
- Actual
- FY 1999
- Actual
- FY 2000
- Actual
- FY 2001
- Actual
- FY 2002
- Actual
- FY 2003
- Actual
- FY 2004
- Actual
- FY 2005
- Appropriation
- FY 2006
- Congressional
- Weeks of Operation
## FY2006 Final ITER Preparations and Start of the U.S. Contributions to ITER MIE Project – Total of $55.5M
- _ITER Preparations__ __ __ __$3.2M__ __$4.9M__ __$6.0M_
- ITER Major Item of Equipment Project
- Annual Total Estimated Cost (TEC) Funding 0 0 $46.0M
- ITER Major Item of Equipment Project
- _ __Annual Other Project Cost (OPC) Funding__ __ __0__ __0__ __$3.5M_
_**FY 2004**_
_**FY 2005**_
_**FY 2006**_
- *
- * Discussions are proceeding on whether ITER Preparation costs accounted for within the ITER Other Project Costs (OPC) and therefore within the ITER Total Project Cost (TPC).
- _Preparations funding_ - completion of the ITER Transitional Arrangements (ITA), a framework used in anticipation of an International ITER Agreement. These ITA activities involve all six ITER Parties and provide analyses of various transitional issues including safety, licensing, project management, preparation of specifications and system integration and for the continuation of various technical activities of the U.S. scientists and engineers in laboratories, universities, and industry.
- _TEC funding_ - procurement, fabrication and delivery of medium- and high- technology components, assignment of U.S. personnel to the ITER Organization abroad, and a provision of cash for the U.S. share of common costs at the ITER site for installation and testing.
- _OPC funding_ - R&D and design in support of magnets, plasma facing components, tritium processing, fueling and pumping, heating and current drive, materials, and diagnostics.
- MIE Start
## ITER Outyear Funding Profile
| 2006 | 46.0 | 3.5 | 49.5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | 130.0 | 16.0 | 146.0 |
| 2008 | 182.0 | 18.8 | 200.8 |
| 2009 | 191.0 | 16.5 | 207.5 |
| 2010 | 189.0 | 10.3 | 199.3 |
| 2011 | 151.0 | 9.3 | 160.3 |
| 2012 | 120.0 | 6.2 | 126.2 |
| 2013 | 29.0 | 3.4 | 32.4 |
| Total | 1,038.0 | 84.0 | 1,122.0 |
- U.S. Contributions to ITER - Annual Profile
- ($ in Millions – in as spent dollars)
- *Discussions are under way about whether ITER Preparations funding in FY 2006 of $6M should be accounted for within the ITER Total Project Cost (TPC).
- *
|
Fiscal Year | Total Estimated Costs (TEC) |
Other Project Costs (OPC) |
Total Project Costs (TPC) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
## Fusion Energy Sciences Budget by Institution
**Fusion Energy Sciences Budget by Institution**
- General Atomics
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab
- Los Alamos National Lab
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab—Non ITER
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab—ITER
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Other Universities
- All Other
- **Total**
- 48.3
- 6.1
- 13.5
- 3.5
- 20.7
- 71.8
- 2.4
- 27.8
- 50.6
- _ __29.2_
- **273.9**
- FY 2005
- _Appropriation_
- _Institution_
- ($ in Millions)
- 47.6
- 5.8
- 14.4
- 3.9
- 22.5
- 70.5
- 1.0
- 27.3
- 47.7
- _ __15.2_
- **255.9**
- FY 2004
- _Actual_
- 01/31/05
- 45.2
- 2.6
- 9.2
- 3.2
- 15.8
- 64.8
- 48.5
- 28.2
- 47.8
- _ __25.3_
- **290.6**
- FY 2006
- _Congressional_
## Fusion Energy Sciences Funding by Institution
- ($ in Millions)
- 01/313/05
- GA
- LBNL
- LLNL
- LANL
- ORNL
- PPPL
- Non-ITER
- MIT
- Other
- Universities
- All Other
- 0
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 50
- 60
- 70
- 80
- PPPL
- ITER
## Summary of Fusion Energy Sciences FY 2006 Program
- Reduce research at major facilities (-$0.7M)
- Terminate one major concept in ICC program (-$3.0M)
- Reduce Heavy Ion Beam research (-$7.3M)
- Reduce funding at MST (-$0.4M)
- Reduce funding for NCSX Research (-$0.1M)
- Reduce funding for Theory (-$0.8M)
- Reduce funding for Reserves, IPA, etc (-$0.9M)
- Fund SBIR/STTR at mandated level (-$0.7M)
- Fund remaining elements at the FY 2005 level
**Summary of Fusion Energy Sciences FY 2006 Program**
**Start ITER MIE Project (+$46.0M )**
**Increase funding for ITER Transitional Arrangements (+$1.1M)**
- Reduce operations at DIII-D (to 5 weeks), C-Mod (to 12 weeks), NSTX (zero weeks) (-$8.0M)
- Reduce funding for NCSX MIE to FY 04 level causing 1 year delay, $4.5M TEC increase (-$1.6M)
- Increase funding for GPE/GPP (+$0.1M)
_**Facilities Operations**_ ($127.5M, +$37.6M)
**Start R&D Support for ITER (+$3.5M)**
- Terminate Materials Science Research (-$7.3M)
- Reduce Plasma Technologies program (-$4.2M)
- Terminate Next Step Design activity (-$0.6M)
_**Enabling R&D**_ ($20.3M, $-8.6M)
_**Science**_ ($142.8M, -$12.3M) | en |
converted_docs | 120655 | Physics Department
{width="2.1333333333333333in"
height="0.7909722222222222in"}
Building 510B
P.O. Box 5000
Upton, NY 11973-5000
Phone 631 344-3822
Fax 631 344-2918
shapiro@bnl.gov
Managed by Brookhaven Science Associates\
for the U.S. Department of Energy
www.bnl.gov
November 13, 2023
Dr. Helen Kerch
Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
Dear Dr Kerch:
Thank you for the reviewers' comments on the IDT proposal to build the
HYSPEC instrument at the Spallation Neutron Source.
We are obviously pleased that two referees judged the proposal to be an
excellent one and have expressed their strong support for the
construction of this instrument. Reviewer #3 particularly emphasized our
goal of providing a tried and tested method of performing inelastic,
fully-polarized neutron beam experiments. We were also honored that
referee #4 stated that HYSPEC *"...could well set the standard for
future designs"*
It was sobering that referee #5's comments were negative. This referee,
however, seemed to be unaware that the design objectives of the HYSPEC
IDT differ in a number of important respects from those of the other
IDTs developing inelastic scattering instruments for the SNS and from
those designing instruments for earlier generations of spallation
sources. Here we shall address the issues he/she raised in an
abbreviated form: we discuss them in detail in the attached reply to the
referee, which you might wish to transmit to the referee.
UNIQUENESS OF HYSPEC
We disagree with the referee's claim that the "*instrument has not been
optimized to take into account the other instruments in the SNS
instrument suite."* In fact we believe the opposite is true and our
constant goal was to design an inelastic instrument that was unique and
complementary to the other inelastic instruments. Our success in this
respect was confirmed by the independent comparison of Ganroth and
Abernathy who stated in their report that *"HYSPEC bridges the cold and
thermal to epithermal energy ranges. It ... maximize\[s\] the flux on
sample. However, this extra flux is at the expense of the Q~y~
\[vertical\] resolution and ω resolution."*
SHORTENED FLIGHT PATH
The referee mistakenly reasoned that the long analyzer flight path is
used to obtain a resolution that matched the other direct geometry
instruments. There are two reasons for the longer flight path: (i) to
match the sample burst width to the source burst width at an acceptable
(5-10%) energy resolution, (ii) to better match the incident and
scattered flight paths. Both are important for optimal performance.
HYSPEC requires substantial space perpendicular to the incident beam
path and in order not to interfere with the neighboring beam lines there
was no alternative but to extend further out onto the experimental floor
than would otherwise be necessary. We have worked closely with the SNS
Instrument Team and have recently found a satisfactory solution to the
floor space problem by placing HYSPEC on beam line 14B inside the
experimental hall. It is also important to note that in the polarized
beam mode of operation the 4.5m flight path is needed to measure
simultaneously the spin-up and spin-down intensities\-\-- a factor of
two saving in measuring time. If the secondary flight path were made
shorter, as the referee suggests, the two beams could not be separated.
The reviewer also referred to the FOCUS instrument at PSI, which is
similar in concept to HYSPEC. It should be noted that FOCUS is designed
for the cold neutron regime (E~i~≤ 5.0meV). If one wanted the same
resolution at E~i~=50meV, FOCUS's secondary flight path would have to be
25 m long!
POLARIZED BEAM OPTIONS
The reviewer seems convinced that ^3^He neutron polarizers will be
available very soon. Most experts don't share this optimism. We
consulted Tom Gentile of NIST, an expert working on ^3^He polarization
development, who recommended that we proceed with the conventional
methods we propose. Moreover, ^3^He polarizers are very sensitive to
field gradients and this would limit the use of magnetic fields in the
sample area.
INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT TEAM:
The IDT is inclusive and includes most of the world's experts in single
crystal neutron inelastic scattering, regardless of affiliation. Since
many of these people are located at National Laboratories it is
reasonable that their expertise should be called upon to design and use
this instrument. It should be noted, however, that the HYSPEC IDT also
includes participants from nearly all American universities that have
neutron scattering programs in Condensed Matter Physics and they account
for half of the non-BNL membership of the IDT. We continue to welcome
new members from universities, or other institutions, who wish to
participate, and have added 6 new members since we formed
BUDGET:
Because of the lack of resources, the HYSPEC budget was prepared without
the normal engineering input that is necessary for a project of this
magnitude and complexity. For items that are common to other instruments
(choppers, guides, shielding, etc.), reliable cost estimates were
obtained from the SNS Instrument Team. For other unique pieces of HYSPEC
the costs were determined as best we could without detailed engineering
support. More realistic estimates will be one of the first tasks of this
project when funding becomes available and will involve drafting
detailed specifications for each of the components based on the HYSPEC
top level design specifications. It is expected and indeed welcomed that
these cost estimates would be thoroughly reviewed by an independent
review team.
Each of the issues raised by the referee is addressed in the detailed
comments attached. It is important to stress that the referee's
suggestion to save \$3-4M by shortening the analyzer flight paths would
have a disastrous and unacceptable impact on performance. The resulting
instrument would be completely different from the one approved by EFAC.
Attached is a detailed response to the technical issues raised by
referee #5. We would be very willing to answer any other questions that
you may have.
Sincerely,
Steve Shapiro and Igor Zaliznyak
# Reply to Referee #5
In his introductory remarks referee \# 5 mentions that the proposal
*"presents a less detailed description of the instrument..."*. The
description of the instrument's conceptual design and main operational
characteristics in the main document was deliberately limited to a
relatively brief, 10-page overview simply to avoid burdening the reader
with an over-abundance of detail. A very detailed,
component-by-component, 15-page description of the instrument was,
however, provided in Appendix C, "HYSPEC Top Level Specifications"
(TLS). Reference is made to this appendix in the Introduction as well as
in Section 3 of the main document.
1. On the technical side, the main concern of the referee is that
HYSPEC *"has not been optimized to take into account the other
instruments in the SNS..."*, and, specifically, that he sees *"the
reason for* (HYSPEC) *long* (secondary) *flight path is to obtain
the resolution that matches ARCS, CNCS and SEQUOIA"*. He further
suggests that *"optimizing the instrument for its strength --
intensity -- would also result in ... savings"*, and proposes to
reduce HYSPEC's secondary flight-path to 2 -- 2.5 m while
simultaneously increasing the detector coverage; *i.e.* the momentum
space surveyed by the instrument. This, he believes, would result in
a significant reduction in cost without seriously impacting on
instrument performance.
> His suggestions raise a number of basic issues concerning the
> conceptual design of HYSPEC, and, for that matter, any
> **thermal-neutron** spectrometer **for single crystal studies.** There
> are several very important reasons why the secondary neutron
> flight-path in such spectrometers has to be relatively long, and, in
> the case of HYSPEC, cannot be shorter than 4 m without substantially
> degrading its performance. Briefly stated, these are:
i. A spectrometer performs optimally when the energy resolutions of the
analyzer and the monochromator are matched; the shorter the analyzer
flight-path, the more out of balance and less optimized the
spectrometer becomes for the energy transfers of interest.
ii. Reducing the length of the secondary flight-path at any given
(either coarse or fine) analyzer resolution requires a proportional
decrease in the sample illumination time and thus results in a
proportionally less efficient use of the (relatively) long neutron
pulse supplied by the coupled H~2~ moderator.
iii. It follows from the translational invariance of crystalline
materials that an increase in the reciprocal space surveyed by the
instrument beyond one Brillouin zone (BZ) does not lead to a
proportional increase in the instrument throughput.
iv. Complete spatial separation of spin-up and spin-down neutrons in the
detector bank increases polarization analysis efficiency. When
supermirror-bender type polarization analyzers of the type currently
envisioned for HYSPEC are employed, such separation requires a
secondary flight-path at least 4 m long.
> It is essentially optimization of the throughput (flux-on-sample) that
> is achieved by matching the instrument and moderator characteristics.
> It is this optimization that requires the long secondary flight-path
> in the HYSPEC design: a 4.5 m long analyzer is roughly matched with
> the FWHM of the coupled H~2~ moderator pulse for a relatively coarse
> (but nonetheless acceptable) ∆E/E resolution of about 10% for E~i~=
> \[10,60\] meV. Relaxing the resolution beyond 10% is an unacceptable
> compromise for most experiments; reducing the secondary flight-path
> while maintaining the 10% resolution constraint would require an
> equivalent shortening of the sample illumination time so that a
> smaller fraction of the neutrons available in the moderator pulse are
> used. It should also be noted that floor space for the analyzer within
> the experimental hall is no longer at issue. Recently the SNS
> Instrument Team - in close collaboration with the HYSPEC IDT - has
> developed a new floor plan in which HYSPEC is located on beamline 14B
> and - even with a 4.5 m secondary flight path -- the instrument is
> still entirely within the SNS experimental building.
>
> A spectrometer that is designed to operate in the sub-thermal rather
> than thermal neutron range could, of course, have a shorter secondary
> flight path because the time of flight of the scattered (slow)
> neutrons in the analyzer is longer and permits correspondingly longer
> sample illumination times. This is the case in the FOCUS spectrometer
> at PSI cited by the referee which is optimized at E~i~=5 meV and has
> 2.5 m long analyzer. We note, however, that to match the FOCUS elastic
> resolution at E~i~=50 meV with a similar sample illumination time, a
> thermal neutron spectrometer would have to have a 25 m long secondary
> flight-path! We also note that while a long secondary flight-path in
> HYSPEC could, in principle, be used to achieve higher energy
> resolution at a cost of intensity, this is not the regime for which
> the instrument was designed. Clear evidence of this can be seen in the
> comparison of the performance of the HYSPEC, CNCS, ARCS and SEQUOIA
> instruments made by Granroth and Abernathy, which is cited by the
> referee. But contrary to his impression, HYSPEC as it is currently
> designed could not operate efficiently at the high resolutions for
> which the other instruments are optimized. To achieve such resolution
> in their simulations, Granroth and Abernathy had to reduce the disk
> chopper slot widths to unrealistically small values, which (not
> surprisingly) had a substantial impact on intensity. Nonetheless, even
> in this very unrealistic configuration HYSPEC noticeably outperforms
> the other instruments in the 10 - 30 meV thermal neutron range for
> which it is optimized.
>
> We now comment on the referee remarks that neither HYSPEC'S
> polarization analysis capability nor the *"path that detectors cut
> through Q-E space"*, which *"are the same for all instruments"* make
> it unique among the SNS instruments.
i. We share the referee's enthusiasm for the potential of ^3^He
filter-polarizers and are completely open-minded about eventually
upgrading to ^3^He-based polarization analysis when filters of
appropriate design and acceptable performance become available. But
we would be less than responsible if we based the HYSPEC design on
their future availability. Current projections suggest that ^3^He
polarizers with the large angular acceptance needed for instruments
like HYSPEC are not likely to appear on a time scale of less than a
decade which means that for at least the first 5-10 years of SNS
operation HYSPEC will be the only inelastic spectrometer with a
polarization-analysis capability. Furthermore, ^3^He
filter-polarizers are extremely sensitive to magnetic field
gradients and their maintenance and operating costs are likely to be
high. Their eventual application will therefore require the
development and installation of appropriate magnetic shielding (far
from trivial) as well as a substantial increase in operating funds.
The currently envisioned HYSPEC polarized beam arrangement, on the
other hand, is insensitive to stray magnetic fields and essentially
maintenance free.
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i. As the referee notes, the phase space probed by HYSPEC for any given
E~i~ is the same as that measured by the corresponding detectors in
any other SNS inelastic instrument; i.e. in an E~i~ = *const* scan.
But it is well-known that such measurements suffer from the fact
that the momentum space probed shrinks rapidly with increasing
energy transfer. To cover the same amount of reciprocal space at
higher energy transfers, it is necessary to increase the incident
energy. HYSPEC's preferred mode of operation is to cover roughly one
Brillouin zone (but always the same one), for an extended range of
energy transfers by making a series of measurements with varying
E~i~'s. This requires nothing more than rotating the sample and
positioning the detector bank so that the measurement is focused on
the same region of the reciprocal space for all E~i~'s. A similar
mode of operation is possible, at least in principle, for
conventional TOF spectrometers (although, severely restricted in
practice for the Fermi-chopper instruments where a limited number of
discrete E~i~'s are available). In such instruments, assuming the
sample is properly aligned as the incident energy changes, the
Brillouin zone of interest would be measured by different parts of a
large detector bank for each E~i~. In HYSPEC on the other hand, a
much smaller detector bank is used but with very high efficiency: it
follows the movement of the sample in reciprocal space as E~i~
changes and always probes the same part of it, which is actually
what is of most interest to the experimenter.
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```
1. While we are pleased that referee acknowledges the strong scientific
case presented in the HYSPEC proposal, we find his concern that
*"the focus of the IDT is quite narrow"* and *"there is very little
participation of the general university research community"*
surprising. It is of course true that the HYSPEC IDT was initiated
by scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory and therefore has a
very significant BNL representation. The implication that *"the
great bulk of the members are at the existing neutron sources at the
national labs"* is somehow inappropriate for an IDT that is building
a neutron spectrometer at a DOE laboratory seems to us out of place.
Moreover we note that the HYSPEC IDT also includes participants from
almost all American universities that have neutron scattering
programs in condensed matter. In fact, they account for roughly half
of the non-BNL membership of the HYSPEC IDT. In addition to the
University of Missouri and Iowa State University mentioned by the
referee, MIT, Stanford, Rutgers, and Canada's McMaster University
are represented. The real issue here is the shrinking support for
neutron scattering programs at US universities. To cite a few
examples: the Princeton group previously lead by Bernhard Keimer no
longer exists, the MIT neutron scattering program is now reduced to
one tenure-track professor and a postdoc, Martin Greven's group at
Stanford has shifted its focus to X-ray scattering, the Rutgers
group headed by Valery Kiryukhin, who studied neutron scattering
with Keimer and Birgeneau, currently has hardly any neutron
component. The scientific effort outlined in the HYSPEC budget is,
in fact, aimed at addressing this problem and it is gratifying that
the referee has made it a point to emphasize its importance. The
funding requested is intended to be used to revive the neutron
scattering efforts at the participating universities by supporting
the hiring of both postdocs and graduate students to work on
HYSPEC-generated scientific projects. We also envision that a
neutron scattering program in condensed matter could be developed in
the Physics Department at SUNY at Stony Brook, our partner
university.
> Addressing the referee suggestion to open the IDT to "*a much broader
> range of participation"* we note that HYSPEC IDT membership policy is
> completely open. It does not require any particular set of
> qualifications or institutional affiliation, only approval by the
> Executive Committee. In fact, since the IDT was established it has
> grown by a number of members. No interested person has been refused
> admission.
2. We conclude by addressing the referee comments on the preliminary
budget estimate in the HYSPEC proposal. This is a difficult issue
for us because the estimate was prepared with a very limited funding
and without any of the engineering support needed for a project of
this complexity and scale. Parts of it were, of necessity, based on
the best estimates we were able to make at the time. For those
components that are common to other instruments at the SNS we
obtained cost estimates from the SNS Instrument Systems. These costs
are reasonably well defined, and it is our intention to work closely
with the SNS to update them as information from new procurements
becomes available. More than half of the construction costs are,
however, HYSPEC-specific and cannot be reliably estimated by
referring to other SNS spectrometer construction programs. Realistic
budget estimates for these components require the development of
detailed specifications and using them to obtain reliable cost
estimates from manufacturers. This involves a significant
engineering effort. It is one we believe could be completed within
12 months once funding becomes available. Once we arrive at a final
budget we certainly expect that an independent team of experts would
review it.
> In response to the referee's comments that *"the budget for the
> instrument seems excessive"*, we note that the main savings (\$3-4 M)
> that the referee proposed come from reducing the spectrometer
> secondary flight-path from 4.5 to 2 m. As we emphasized above, this
> would have an extremely detrimental impact on instrument performance.
> A more than two-fold loss of flux-on-sample at any given resolution
> would be inevitable and many other disadvantages would follow. Also
> the referee's suggestion to replace the counter-rotating disk chopper
> pair with a single disk chopper is simply not realistic as a cost
> saving measure; a single disk chopper in a 4 cm wide guide simply
> cannot provide the burst width that is needed for optimum operation.
>
> Along the same line, we note that employing a curved rather than
> straight guide as the referee suggests is one of the options we plan
> to pursue. But it is not obvious that curving the guide will turn out
> to be a either a viable option or lead to a significant cost
> reduction. Curving the guide reduces transmission at higher neutron
> energies in proportion to the radius of curvature. What needs to be
> kept in mind is that because HYSPEC is specifically designed for small
> samples it is of crucial importance to minimize beam-related
> background. Only a careful Monte Carlo based analysis will show if the
> small amount of curvature that could be introduced without appreciably
> degrading instrument performance at higher neutron energies would be
> sufficient in a relatively short (20 m) guide to eliminate the T~0~
> chopper.
>
> To make a balanced comparison with funded instruments such as, for
> example, ARCS and CNCS, one should look at the HYSPEC FY 2003
> estimated construction cost, which is \$14,750k. Taking into account
> the higher level of mechanical complexity of HYSPEC and also the fact
> that it has a polarized beam option (which would add more than \$1M to
> the cost of the other instruments), the preliminary budget does not
> look excessive.
**Appendix**. More on HYSPEC design considerations.
There is currently very little experience in designing and building
neutron spectrometers optimized for single-crystal studies on pulsed
spallation sources. MAPS at ISIS is essentially the first attempt of
this kind. HYSPEC is a more innovative design which, we believe, offers
significant advantages for this particular class of studies. But it is
important to point out that it incorporates all of the time-tested
principles for the design of a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometers on
pulsed neutron sources that are relevant. Below, we discuss in more
detail some of the considerations that shaped the HYSPEC design in
connection with the concerns raised by the referee.
1. HYSPEC is optimized for studies of the dynamic properties of
crystalline materials in the thermal neutron range \[10,60\] meV.
Translational invariance (lattice periodicity) is a fundamental
physical property that sets crystalline materials apart from
non-crystalline materials such as glasses and liquids. This
invariance has important consequences for the design of a single
crystal inelastic spectrometer. The most immediate is that momentum
is replaced by quasi-momentum, which is defined only within the
Brillouin zone (BZ). The physical properties of such materials are
periodic in the momentum space and, although covering large part of
the reciprocal space is useful (*e.g.* for structure refinement or
background characterization), the response in a single Brillouin
zone contains essentially all of the bulk of the information on the
dynamics of the crystal. In other words, while a spectrometer that
is capable of measuring the phonon dispersion throughout, say, eight
Brilluoin zones does yield more information than one that covers one
BZ, the gain in information is far from commensurate with the
eight-fold increase in throughput. As a result, the common wisdom
that the efficiency of the TOF spectrometer grows in proportion to
its analyzer angular acceptance and that a loss in the flux on
sample can be compensated by the increase in surveyed momentum space
simply doesn't hold. A reliable measurement requires that data with
a satisfactory signal-to-background ratio be collected in at least
one Brillouin zone. In fact, because neutron scattering
cross-sections varies strongly with Q from one Brillouin zone to
another, combining the data from different zones is far from
straightforward and, in many cases, the increase in surveyed
momentum space doesn't increase the data collection rate at all.
This is in stark contrast with disordered systems, such as liquids
or glasses, where the scattering is not periodic in momentum space
and the information content grows roughly in proportion to the
increase in reciprocal space surveyed. Because non-crystalline
systems were the primary object of study with the TOF spectrometers
for many decades, it was customary to configure them so that the
solid angle covered by the detectors was maximized at the expense of
the secondary flight-path, which was made as short as possible
consistent with the desired instrument resolution.
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1. Here is how these considerations apply to HYSPEC. Even for a typical
metal, say one with a lattice constant as short as 3.1415 Å and a
Brillouin zone as large as 2 Å^-1^, an analyzer acceptance of 60
degrees covers, in elastic scattering, about 1.3 Brillouin zones for
E~i~ = 15 meV neutrons. Because the data collection rate cannot be
efficiently increased by increasing the detector angular coverage
(i.e. by surveying more than one Brillouin zone), the only way to
optimize the instrument is to use as large fraction of neutrons
produced in the moderator pulse, as possible. This implies that the
sample illumination time, τ, is increased to at least match the full
width at half maximum (FWHM) of the neutron pulse produced by the
moderator. For a given analyzer energy resolution, the increase in τ
requires that the secondary flight-path be increased proportionally.
Because the pulse FWHM of the coupled hydrogen moderator is rather
long, up to 100 μs (it decreases with increasing incident neutron
energy but so does the time of flight in the analyzer), matching it
with the pulse on sample requires a secondary flight-path of 4-5 m
for energy resolutions in the 5 to 10 percent range. In fact, the
counter-rotating disc choppers in the design of HYSPEC cannot be
rotated fast enough to obtain values of τ \< 40 μs, which would be
required to achieve energy resolutions comparable to CNCS or
SEQUOIA.
2. It is a well-known fact that for optimum performance of an
instrument, the energy resolutions of the primary and the secondary
spectrometers (monochromator and analyzer) have to be matched for
some useful value of energy transfer E. This condition requires that
the time of flight in the monochromator for neutrons with energy
E~i~ and in the analyzer for neutrons with energy E~i~--E are
roughly equal. If the monochromator flight path is twice that of the
analyzer, the instrument is balanced for energy transfers of roughly
half the incident energy. This is close to an optimum setup and is
implemented in the case of MAPS at ISIS. Of the spectrometers
currently proposed for the SNS, the shortest (17.5 m) primary
flight-path is planned for SEQUOIA. This, in combination with
SEQUOIA's 6 m long analyzer means that it is balanced when the
energy transfer range is roughly 2/3E~i~. As a practical matter, for
an instrument 20 or more meters from the moderator, such as HYSPEC,
the analyzer flight path has to be appreciably shorter than the
monochromator flight path and the spectrometer is not balanced for
most energy transfers. However, the longer the secondary flight-path
(analyzer), the less out of balance - and therefore better
optimized - the instrument will be. Because under such conditions
the analyzer controls the energy resolution for small energy
transfers, a longer secondary flight-path also leads to better
elastic energy resolution. Our goal in developing the HYSPEC design
was to optimize the instrument by balancing the set-up as much as
possible rather than to achieve high elastic energy resolution, as
referee appears to believe.
3. Apart from balancing considerations, an additional restriction on
the length of the secondary flight-path is imposed by the
polarization analysis scheme based on transmission polarizers
envisaged for HYSPEC. Because spatial separation of neutrons with up
and down polarizations in the detector is required to measure them
simultaneously (thus doubling the polarization analysis efficiency),
the secondary flight-path cannot be much shorter than 4.5 m. In this
regard it is important to mention that the issue of having enough
floor space to accommodate the relatively long HYSPEC secondary
flight path was successfully resolved when the instrument was
relocated on beamline 14B. None of the additional expenses
associated with locating part of the instrument outside the SNS
experimental building are therefore envisioned.
> Further with respect to polarization analysis, while we share the
> referee's enthusiasm for the potential of ^3^He filter-polarizers and
> have made provision in the HYSPEC design to install a ^3^He
> filter-polarizer in the analyzer at such time as they become
> available, it would be less than responsible to design the instrument
> assuming their availability within the instrument construction time
> frame. In fact it was made clear at a recent conference on neutron
> polarization methods that ^3^He polarizers with the nuclear
> polarization and large angular acceptance required for use in
> instruments such as HYSPEC are not likely to be available within a
> decade or more. This means that for at least the first 5 to 10 years
> of SNS operation HYSPEC will be the only inelastic spectrometer with a
> polarization analysis capability at the facility.
4. Finally, the referee notes that "*the path that the detectors cut
through Q-E space are the same for all the instruments*", and that
because of its smaller detector coverage HYSPEC "*appears to be less
flexible*...". The issue of detector coverage was addressed above:
what is important is that HYSPEC allows more than a whole Brillouin
zone of a crystalline material to be surveyed at one time. Even more
to the point, the referee's comment assumes that HYSPEC will be
operated in the same way as the other inelastic TOF spectrometers;
i.e. that the data will be collected in constant-E~i~ scans. This is
not the intended mode of operation. In fact the constant-E~i~ mode
of operation is notoriously inefficient (which is why all - or
almost all - inelastic studies with triple-axis spectrometers are
made with fixed final energy). Nevertheless, a conventional direct
geometry TOF spectrometer is more or less constrained to perform its
scans with fixed E~i~ and analyze E~f~. The main disadvantage of
this mode is that the momentum space surveyed by the analyzer
shrinks at higher energy transfers, and the instrument throughput
decreases very fast in the region where it is most needed! HYSPEC
offers a unique opportunity to perform measurements where E~i~ is
varied in steps - much like in a triple-axis spectrometer - so that
the volume in the phase space surveyed is matched with the
scattering intensity. For example, to characterize a spin-wave
dispersion with bandwidth 40 meV in a typical HYSPEC experiment, one
would perform a sequence of measurements; scans with E~i~ =
5,10,15,20,30,40,60 meV, spending the different amounts of time at
each incident energy needed to obtain the same statistical
uncertainty in the data for each E~i~. By rotating the sample, and
properly positioning the detector bank, the measurement will always
concentrate on the same region of reciprocal space. The combined
data set will thus result in a high-quality measurement with
resolution and statistical uncertainties that will be much less
dependent on the energy transfer than for scans with fixed E~i~.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 103782 | O ~B E R , 1920. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 60 1
Alexander G. Supan, 1847-1920.
eographer, whose death was recently announced, was E 01-11 in Innichen, Tyrol, March 3, 1847. He com leted his education at the universities of Graz, Vienna, %talle a. S., and Leipsic. In lSS4 hc became editor of Dr. A. Petermmms Mitteihmgcn ams
Just.us Perthes Geogmphischer A m t d and served in t.hatt capacity for 25 years. From lSS4 to 1909 he held the professorship of. geography at the University of Czerno-
witz, and the same position at the lhiversity of Breslau from 1909 on. Probably his best-known work is his Gmndzuge der physischen Erdkuncle, which reached its sixth edition in 1916. Of his works that particularly interest nieteorologists niay he mentioned : The. Chudimw
OJ the Earth, an estensive discussion st,arterl by Belini and Wagner, whkh he completed; DisMrufion. qf Rain- fa,U over t h Land-SurfacP of t7w Emfh., publishecl in 1898; and Statistics of th,c Lower Wi.nds.-H. L.
Prof. Supan, famous
Dr. Max Margules.
repared an chituaq- ahich appears in Nature for Octo f er 28, 1920, which discloses the sad circunistances of Dr. Margules tleat,h, on Octo-
Lieut. Col. E. Gold has
~~~ ~~~
1 A n extensla, ohltuary by H. Wagner appears in Pctffmanra MiItrilungcn, July- August, 1920. IW-l4B.
ber 4. I t is saki that his death was due to starvation. He hnd heen living on a pension of 400 crowns a month (which is oquiva.leiit to Ss.1 [%1.40], and he was too proud to beg for assistance. Dr. Mar ules became secretary of the Met.corologica1 Institute at, $ienna in 1890, having entercd t.he Austrian Meteorological Service in 1880 after st,udying ats Vienna and Berlin. He was 64 years of age. His wtork concerned itself chiefly with mathematical discussions of the niechanics of the atmosphere. Ampng the especially notmeworthy works is mentioned the com- put,nt.ioii of the pressure oscillittions of the atmosphere
on :I rot.atiiig lobe, in which he found that the period wc)ultl hr cstwt, P y 12 hours if the temperature were - 5 C. In tho Tear Bock of the Meteorological Institute of Vienna for 1(10:3 he gave a comprehensive discussion of thc encrgy of storms, arriving at the conclusion that the snurce of storms is to be soughkonly in the potential energy of position.
To quote from Lieut. Col. Gold:
Margules retired from act,ive participation in the work of the Aus- t.rian Meteornlogical Service during the directorship of the late Prof. Pernt,er and applied himself to the stud of chemistry. He fitted up a small laboratory in his own house, wiere he lived in comparative retirement. The present writer waa saddened to see him there in
190roJ entirelv divorced from the subject of which he had made himself a master. ifet.eorology lost him some 1.5 years ago and is forever the poorer for a loss which one feels might and ought to have been pre- Yented.
-e. L . M.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE WEATHER BUREAU LIBRARY
C. FITZHUGH TALYAN, Professor in Charge of Library.
The following have been selected from among the
titles of books recently received as representing those
most likely to be useful to Weather Bureau officials in the
meteorological work and studies.
Bates, D. C.
Berget, Alphonze.
Bexgstrgsser, Gotthelf.
Climate of New Zealand. Wellington. 1330. 16 p. 214 cm.
Oh en eat la mCt6orologie. Paris. 1920. 302 p. 194cm.
Neue meteorologische Fragmente des Theophrmt. Arabisch und deutsch. Herausgegeben von G. BergAtrWer, mit Zusatzen vorgelegt von Frana Boll. Heidelberg. 1915. 30 . 244. cm. fitzungsb. der Heidelberger Akacl. der Wissenscg. Phi1os.- istorische Klasse. 1916. Abh. 9.)
Bllsche, Wilhelm.
Brockmann-Jerosch, H.
Eiaseit und Klimawechsel. Stuttgart. 1919. 77 p. 21 cm.
Baumgrenae und Klimacharakter. Zurich. 1919. 355 p. 34 cm. (Pflanzengey%hische Kommission der Schweiq. natur- fmchenden Gese lsc aft. Beitme zur geobotanischen Lan- deaaufnahme 6. Den Berichten der Schweiz. bot. Gesellschaft, Heft, 36, fiir die Mitglieder und den Tauschverkehr beigelegt.)
Relation of weather and business in regard to ten1 erature. Wash- ington. 1919. 12 p. 27) cm. [See Mo. $EATHER REV., Dec. 1919, 472367.1
Chamber of Commerce of the United States.
Bredia, Filippo.
Clima di Zauia (Tripolitania). Roma. 1920. 13 p. 234 cm. (Estratto dal. Bol. lnformazioni, anno E, no. 1-6.) Cllms di Bum. Roma. 1919. J!9 p. 334 cm. (Estratto dal Bol. dinformazioni, Ott. 1919.)
Precipitazioni ac uee in Palestina. Roma. 1930. 14 p. 334
cm. (Estratto j a l Bol. della R. SOC. geografica italiana. Fasc. 7-9, 1920.)
Fraps, G. S.
Moisture relations of some Texas soils. Austin, Tex. 1915.
36 p. 23 cm. (Texas agric. exper. station. Bull. 183.)
Gautier, Raoul.
RPsuniG mGt6orologique de lann6e 1918 pour Genhvget le Grand Saint-Bernard. Gentwe. 1919. 104 p. 23 cm. (Tir6 des Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles. Vol. 1. Nov. 1919.)
Gautier, Raoul, & Rod, Ernest.
Ubservations mCthrologiquea faites aux fortifications de Saint- Maurice pendant IannCe 1918. GenBve. 1919. 30 p. 22) cm. (Extrait des Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1919.)
Great Britain. Meteorological office.
Meteorologicrl charts of the Southern ocean between the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. 3d edition. London. 1917. 13 p. 36 charta. 24 x 32 cm.
Haeuser, Josef.
Der \Volkenbruch in Augsburg und Umgebung am 13. Juni.
1912. Municli. 1914. 16 p. 3i cm. (Abh. des K. Bayer. Hvdrotechn. Bureaus.) DerWolkenbruch in Niirnberg und Umgebung am 3. Juli 1914,
und die gleicbeiten Gewittererscheinungen in andern G enden Bayerns. Munich. 1917. 33 p. 34 cm. (Abh. Zges K. Bnyer. Hydrotechn. Btiros.)
Hennig, Richard.
Unser Wetter. Eine Einfuhrung in die Klimatologie Deutsch- lands an der Hand von Wetterkunde. 2nd edition. Lei ai . 1919. 11s p. lS+ cm. [Title of 1st ed.: Gut and schLcEt Wetter.]
Hubert, Henry.
Sur leniploi des avions en Afrique occidentale pour le8 recherche8 dordre Rcientifique. Dakar. 1919. 15 p. 24 cm. (Extrait du Bull. du Comit6 d6tudes historiques et scientifiques de ldfrique occidentale francaise. 1919.)
Huber, Anton.
Teniperaturunterschiede zwischen Partenkirchen und dem Flhn- orte Mittenwald. Munich. 1920. 12 33 cm. (Sonder- abdruck QUE dem Deutschen meteorol. h r b u c h ftir Bayern. 1920.)
Karrer, Enoch, & Tyndall, E. P. T. Relative spectral transmiwion of the atmosphere. Washington.
19%. p. 377408. 35 cm. ([U. S.] Bureau of Standards. Scientific papers, no. 389.)
Knorz, Emst.
Studien iiber die Regenverhaltniwe IUliens. Wetaler. 1919.
65 p. 224 cm. (1naug.-Dis. Gieeaen.)
602 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. OCTOBER, 19u)
Knowlton, F. E.
Evolution of geolo c climates. (Reprinted from Bull. of the Geo- logical society o?America, vol. 30, pp. 499-566. Published Dec.
31, 1919.)
Studien Iiber die Nebelfrostablagerun en auf dem Phrtetjhkko. Stockholm. 1919. 35 p. 26 cm. (fiaturwissenschaftliche Un- tersuchungen des Sarek ebirges in Schwedisch-Lappland. Bd. 2, Aht. 1, Lief. 1. Sonlerabdruck.)
KWer, Hading.
Kohlschlitter, V.
Leiva, Ellas.
Nebel, Rauch und Sbub. Berlin. 1918. 36 p. 24 cm.
Climatologh de CosbRica. Guatemala. 1919. p. 161-185. 35
cm. (Escer jted from Centro-Am&ica, Guatemala, vol. 13, no. 2. Abridunio, 1920.)
Lempfert, R. I(. G.
Marcillac, Paul. #
Negro, Carlo. .
Meteorology. London. 1920. 186 p. 19) cm.
La lutte contre 13 gr6le et la fouclre. Pane. 1919. 79 p. IS) cm.
Sul clima della Libia attmverso i tempi storici. Memoria 4. Roma. 1919. 51 p. 25 cm. (Estratto dalle Memorie della Pontificia academia dei Nuovi lincei. Ser. 2, vol. 5.) Sulla frequenza degli aloni. Nota %.-Ciroenlandia. Ronia. 1919. 7 p. 29) cm. (Estratto dagli Atti della Pontificia acca- demia roinana dei Nuovi lincei. Semione 7a, del 15 Giugno
1919.) Sullu frequenza degli aloni. Nota 7.-Penimla Scandinavia. Ronia. 1919. 16 p. 39) cm. (Estratt dagli Atti della Pon- tificia accaclemia roniana dei Nuon lincei. Sessione la, del 31
Uiciembre 1919.)
Richan, F.
Uber des Farbe des hlondes. Farl~eiiersehein~igeli an \Vasser- fdlen umd ani Wolken. Marburg. 1917. . 11-14. 33 em. pderabdrucli aus den Yitzungsl). der C;esc?lschaft zur Befiir- erung der gesammten Naturwissenwhaften zu Mmburg, Nr. 1.)
Roget, FranFois Roget.
Rosenkranz, Johanna.
Altitude and health. London. 1919. 166 p. 22) cui.
Beziehungen zwischen den Schwankungen des Hlinias uncl der Produktion in Australien. Hamburg. 1917. 50 1. 24 mi.
(1naug.-Dis.-Eel.)
Schultz, Bruno.
Die periodischen und unperiudischen Schwankungen des Mittel- wasserstandes an der flanderischen Kuste (Okt. 1915-Sept.
1915). Hamburg. 1920. 27 p. 39 cm. (Deutsche Seewarte. Aero1 ache und hydrvgra hische Beobachtungen der deut- schenxarine-Stationen whErend Griegazeit 1914-1915. Heft 1. Hydrographische Untersuchungen.)
Schwartz, E. H. L.
The Halahari, or thirstland redemption. Cqle Tnwn. [II. d.] 163p. 23cm.
Schweidler, E. v., & Kohlrausch, I(. W. L.
Atmosph-he Elektrizitiit. Leipzig. 1915. p. 19g276. 36 (In Handburh der Elektmitat und des Magnetismus. cm. Band 3. Lieferung 2.)
Sifontes, Ernesto.
Notas breves sobre cliniatologla tro ical. Bolfvar. 1930. Ex- cerpts from El Luchador, June 5, l,, R 19, and 36, 1920.1
Skard, 0. M.
Om frostskaden paa frugttrerne i Lier aarne 1915-1918. hris- tiania. 1918. 32 p. 33) mi. (Srertryk av Norsk haveti- dende. Nr. 17-1S, 1915.)
Tenani, Mario.
Calcolo della denma dell aria alle vane altezze fino n 10,OOO metri, in base alle osservazioni italiane. Vigna d i Valle. 1918. 1S.p. 31 cni. $attaglione dirigibilisti. R. Stazione aerologica pnn- cipale di igna di Valle.) Nuove tabelle er la determinazione delle altezze er mezzo del
barometro. figna di Valle. 1919. 13 p. [manit%ded]. (R. Stazione aerologica principale.)
Lo stat0 presente della nostra conckenza della temperatura dell alta atmosfera in Italia. Roma. 1918. 22 p. 31 cm. (Estratto dalle Memorie del R. Osservatorio astronomic0 a1 collegio romano. Sene 3, vol. 7, parte 1.)
enani, Mario.
Toepler, Max.
Gewitter und Blitze. Dresden. 1917.. 16 p. 18) cm. (Son- deralxlruck aus den Verbunde-Mitteilungen der Vereinigung: Dresdner Rezirksverein deut. Ingenieure und Dresdner Elecktrotechn. Verein.
Van Buskirk, J. D.
Cliniate nf Korea and its probable effect on human efficiency. 59 p. 32) em. (Reprinted from Tranwtions of the Korea branch of the Royal Asiatic Bocjety, vol. 10, 1919.)
Rewnkarten von Elsass-Lothringen mit erlauternden Text und qabellen. Strassburg. ,1916. p. 23-133. 33 cm. Excerpted
wesen zu Strassburg i. E. fur das Jahr 1914. Heft 5.)
Wagner, Edgar.
from Mitteilungen der Gesellechaft fur Erdkunde un 6 Kolonial-
Wall&, Axel.
Nederbord avrinning och avdunstniug i Lagans vattenomrhde. 2. Vattenhuskiillningen under Breta lop Stockholm. 1920.
3 i p. 30) cm. (Ssrtryk ur Teknisk TidsEift, Vag- und Vatten- byggnadskonst, Eiift 3, 1920.)
Westman, J.
Stiirke der Sonnenstrahlung im Mittelschwediachen Ostseegebiet MSrz NlS-Mai 1919. Nykaping. 1920. 31 p. 31 cm. (Med- delanden frin Statens meteorolog.lsk-hydrografiska anstalt. Band 1, iir. 1.)
RECENT PAPERS BEARING ON METEOROLOGY AND
SEISMOLOGY.
C. F. TALYAN, Professor in Charge of Library.
Ihc follnw-ing titlcs have heen selected from the con- tents of the periotlicnls and serials recently received in the Library of tlic Reiither Bureau. The titles selected are of mpers and other coniniuniccttions hearing on
not B complete index of all the journals from which it has been conipiletl. It shows only the articles that
q y n r to the compiler likely to be of articular inter-
dstrnnotnie. Paris. 3.1. ami.?. 1.920.
nieteoro 1 igy and cognate branches of science. This is
est in connection with tlic work of the 8 eather Bureau.
Raymond, G. Contiibution i 1Qtude du mistral. p. 335-336.
St-er, Carl. Laurore bereale du 22-23 mars 1920 observk (jui1.j [Effect8 on growth of trees.]
dams 1% NorvPge. p. -422424. (sept.)
Cal~ornia eitrouraph. Lo8 Anveles. I ,. 5. Feh., 1920.
Woglum, R. S. Value of weather records in fumigation. p.
Carpenter, Ford A. Is your thermometer correct? p. 7.
Young, Floyd D. Smoke cover and direct radiation in roost pro- tection. p. 6.
110-1 11.
Calqornia citrograph. Los dngeles. 11. 6. Nov., 1920.
Cid et &we. Brzmelles. $8. anide. 1920.
J., D. La foudre globulaire et lea travaux du Prof. I. Galli. p. 140-145. (mai-juin.)
Rossignol, Jules. Lea feux follets mCritent-ils une place e t m e
thkorie parmi lea m6ti.ores lumineux de latmosphtxe? p. 177-180. (juil.-mfit.)
Rouch, J. Lea ?pylications de la m6t&rologie pendant la guerre.
France. Scudhnic des sciences. Coinptcs rndiis. Park. Tonie 171. 1920.
Besson, Louis. Relations entre lea Bl6menta m6tkorologiquea e t le nonibre de d&cPs par maladies inflammatoires des o w e s de la res iration, A Pans. p. 6SMSS. (11 oct.) [Abstract in
Danjon, A., & Rougier, G. Le spectre et la t h k n e du rayon vert.
Rouch, J. Sur la variation diurne de la temphture dans 1Ant- arcticlue. p. 566468. (3 nov.) [Abstractin thisREvmw, p. 600.1
Brooks, Charles F. Notes on the climate of Panama. p. 268-289.
(Opt. [Based on articles in Mo. WEATHER REV.] Ward, hobert DeC. New series of sunshine maps o the United
States. p. 339341. (Nov.) [Refers to maps III Mo. WEATHER REV., 1919,17:631-633.1
p. 151-15;. (IuU.-aOflt.)
Mo. dE.4THER REV., Sept., 1920,48:507.]
p. 814-817. (36 Wt.)
Geogruphirril rwitw. NQU~ York. 1 1 . 10. 1920.
Henle1 en Danipkring. Den Hang. 18. Jaurg. Oct., 1920.
Visser, S. W. Een halo in de tropen. p. 86-89.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 431009 | Enthalt die Literatur such mehrere besondere Rrbeiten
und noch mehr gelegentliche Wusserungen iiber don histologi-
schen Bau des 1ntegument.s der Analiiffnung und der an-
grenzenden Rektalpartie, so ist diesem Geg~~~staI~de bisher
immer noch nicht jene ausfiihrliche und grundliche Bearbeitung
zuteil geworden, die er v'erm&ge seines Interesses sowohl van
rein histohogischem wie such von pathologischem Standpunkte
verdient. In histologischer Beziehung kniipft sich das bcsondere
Interesse an diesen Gegenstand, dass wir bier den Obergang
zweier verschiedeeer ~pithelgattungen ineinander vor uns haben
und gleichzeitig au& den unmittelbaren Ubergang van Epithel-
gebieten, die ihrer Entstehung nach zwei verschledenen Keim-
blMern, dem Ektoderm und dem Entoderm, angehijren. In
pathologischer Beziehung geniige `es, auf die HBmorrhoidal
erkrankung und auf den hier so haufigen Mastdarmkrebs hin-
zuweisen.
Die letzte diesem G8egenstande gewidmet'e Arbeit ist die
im Jahre 1901 miter S t i e d as Leitung angefertigte Tnaugural-
dissertation v,on W. 0. B r au n 1). Sie ist. zugleich, nebst der
schon 1880 publizierten Abhandlung v,on G. He r r m a 11 n
(Paris) "), die ausfiihrlichste Untersuchung iiber unscren Gegen-
--.-----_
1) B rau n, W. O., Untersuchungen fiber das Tsgument der Anal~ffnung,
Jnaug. Diss. Kanigsberg 1901.
2) Herrmann, G., Sur la structure de la muqueuse anale. Journ. de
I'antttomie et de Ia phys. Tome 16. p. 434. 1880.
Anatomische Wefts I. Abteilung. 147j148. Heft (4% Bd., 11. It23 20
306 ALBERT v. SZENT-Gl'BRG1'1,
stand. Jedoch such in diesen, sonst so trcfflichcn Arbcilen wird
iiber mehrere wichtige Fragen kein Aufschluss gegeben. Vcr-
gleichen wir die verschiedenen Angahen iiber unsercn Gegen-
stand in der Literatur, so finden wir, ,dass tiber mehrere Punkte
Meinungsverschiedenheiten herrschen, so z. B. iiber die Frage,
welche Epithelgattung die Zona columnaris auskleidct,. 11~s
diesem Grunde schien eine erneute Untersuchung der histologi-
schen Verh%ltnisse der Analiiffnung und der Pars analis recti
angezeigt. Bei dem Priparieren meines Mat!erinls wurde meine
Aufmerksamkcit such durch `einige makroskopischc VerhAtnisse
der Mastdarmschleirllhaut gefessell, die mir bisher nicht ge-
niigend beriicksichtigt zu sein scheinen utld die such ein kurzes
Eingehen auf die makroskopische Anatomic dler Mucosa des
Rectum rec,ht,fertigen.
Untersucht wnrde jeine gri&ser,e Anzahl van Mastd&men,
die teils der Prosektur des hauI)tstIidtisch'c~n St. Yiephnn-Spitnlcs,
teils dem Sektionsrnum des Universitiits-Ttlstit~l~cs fiir gericht-
lithe Medizin entstammen. Davon musste allcrdings ein grosser
Teil wegen pathol~ogischcr oder postrnortalcr Vergnderungon
ausgeschieden werdcn. Mikroskopisch hnbe ich 20 Jlastdtirme
untersucht, van welchen abcr 5 ebctnfalls ausgesch~dtet wcrden
mussten. Zur Fixierung der stcts in ihrer natiirlichcn :lusdeh-
nung auf Wachsplatten rnit Igelstacheln befestigten Stiicke be-
niitzte ich B o u i n sche L&ung (concentr. Pikrinliisung 75,
Formalin 25, Eisessig 5) oder 10 ~J,~~ iges Formalin bei droiliigiger
Einwirkung. Die U o u i n `sche Lijsung gibl histologisch weit,aus
besscre Bildcr, doch war dss F~ormalin bci vorli,egender Kntcr-
suchung deshalb unent,behrlich, weil es bier vielfach auf mikro-
skopische Nessungen ankam und Formalin dasjenige unter
unseren Fixiermitteln sein dtirfte, tlas das natiirliche Volumen
der Objekte am wenigsten vergndert. Die Objekte wurtleu stets
in Celloidin eingebettet. Zur Erhtirtung des' Celloitlin hlockes
diente nach kurzer Behandlung mit Chlorof(Jrmd~~rrlpfetl Ter-
pineol, das den L'orteil hat., den Celloidinblock nic,ht nur zu
htirten, sondern gleichzeitig such vollkommen darchsichlig zu
mxhen, wodurch die Orientierung erleichtert wird.
%UP makroskopischen Anatomic der Schleimhaut der
Pars analis recti.
Im folgenden sol1 keine orsch6pfendc Beschreibung des
Gegens tnndes gcgcben, sondern nur tluf einigc Punkte in ge-
drCingter Kiirze hingewiesen werden.
Wir unterscheiden bekanntlich am After&i1 des Mast,darmes
eine Zone c.utane;t, eine Zona int~ermetlia und einr Zona colurn-
naris. Die Z o na c IX t a IIC a bildet zunbchst den sich trichter-
fiirrnig verengendcn Zugang zum After; ein Teil dieser Zone
gehiirl, aber schon dem geschl'ossenen Teil des Canalis nnalis
(S y m i ii g t 0 n) `) an. Ihre GesamllKnge bc+riigl 1,; cm. Sie
trligt mnkroskopisch alle Eigenschaften dcr Haut zur Ychau.
Ihr gusserer Teil ist gcw6hnlich mehr oder weniger dicht be-
haart, jcdoch kann die Behnarung kaum sichtbar win. huch
in dem schon den1 geschllossenen Analtcil angehBrigen Abschnitt
der Zonn cutanen finden sich regelm%ssig noch Hsare, die
alter bier nur mehr mit. dem Mikroskop festzuslellen sind. Am
Lebendeu is( die Haut dieser Zone infolge des Tonus des
%I. sphincter nni externus in grijbere racliBre Vnlten gelegt, inner-
halb deren noch eine fcinere F%ltelung sichtbar ist.
Nach innen, viillig ,s'chon irn Bereich dcr Pars analis recti,
folgt die Z o n a i II t e r m e d i a, oder was sic11 damit deckt,
der Anulus haei??orrhoitlalis van W a 1 d e y e r `j. Die Breite
dieser Zone bet.r%gt nach meinen Messungen, mit unbewaffnetem
Auge bet.rachtet, durchschnittlich 12 mm. Auf Grund der mikro-
1) Syminpton, J., The rectum and the anus. The Journ. of Anat.
Vol. 23. P. 106. 1888.
2) Waldeyer, Das Becken. Bonn 1899. p. 273.
20'
30s ALBERT v. SZENT-GYORGYI.
skopischen Untersuchung m6cht.e ich aber davon die zwei
caudalen Millimeter noch in dbzug nchmen und der Pars
cutanea zuteilen, da Isich in dicsem Gebiete noch feine Hanre
nachweisen lassen. So bleibt, also ftir die eigentlichc Pars inter-
media eine durchschnittlichc &cite van 1 cm. Die Breite dieses
Gebietes scheint aber an den verschiedenen Particu des Urn-
fanges der Analpartie `etwns verschieden zu sein, namentlich
scheint sich die P. int.er#media vorn etwas hiiher hinauf zu er-
strecken als hinten. Das' Tegument des Anulus haemorrhoidalis
ist nur wenig pigmentiert, weich, rosafarbig und an dem auf-
ge'schnittenen und flach susgebreiteten Mastda.rm ganz glatt
oder nur mit einigen feinen Querrunzeln vwschen lj. Beim
Lebenden weist die Zonn intermedia ab'er mehrere L%ngsfaltcn
auf, die auf die Wirkung des' M. sphincter ani internus zuriick-
zufiihren sind. Auch an den sagittalen Gefrierschnitten des
Rectum sind diese Falten schiin zu when.
Die Zona intermedia wird durch die festonierte L i ne a
sinuosa analis (Rauber) van der Zonn columnaris
getrennt. Letztere verdankt ihren Narnen den bekannten &I o r
g a g n i schen Ssulen, die mit verbreitserten Basalteilen an den
Vorsprtingen der Linea sinuosa cntspringen, seichte Buchten
der Schleimhaut,, die Sinus rectalcs zwischen sich fassend.
Falten und Sinus' sind vo8n Fall zu Fall sehr verschieden cnt-
wickelt; in seltenen Fgllen vermisst man sie vollkommen, doch
ist es in solchen Fnllen Gcht leicht festzustellen, 801) es sich
nicht etwa urn die Folge vorhcrgehender pntho180gischer Vor-
ggnge handelt. Auf das Verhnlten der Bueht,cn sol1 im mikro-
skopischen Teil n~ochmal zuriickgekommcn werden. Die Z,ona
columnaris besitzt in `einem gross&n Teil der FAle eine schon
1) Darum hahen ihr R o h in und C a di a t den Namen ,,Zone cutan& lisse"
gegeben. RO b in et C adi a t : Sur la structure et les rapports des t6gument.s
au niveau de leur jonction dans les r6gions anale, vulvaire et du co1 utbrin.
Journ. de l'anat. et de la phys. 1874. p, 587.
In~kroshopisch sichtbare ob,ere Abgrenzung. ES ist dies die
schon von Rmobin und Cadiat und van Herrmann b,e-
schriebene L i n e a a n 0 r e c t a 1 i S. Sic stellt sich niemals
als schsrf ausgesprochene Linie dar, sondern immcr nur als
undeutlicher Ubergang zweier verschieden geErbtcr Gebicte
der Schleimhaut ineinandcr, indem die Zona c~olumnuris im
normalen Zustande v'on leic,ht riitlicher FBrbung ist, Mhrend
der weiter oben folgendle Teil der Schlleimhaut eine grits-weiss-
lithe F&rbung xufweist. Mikroskopisch bed&et die Stelle
hBufig den Beginn des Cylinderepithcls, aber nich( immer. Die
Grenzlinie wird durch &was andcres hervorgerufen, &mlich
durch die hier auftretenden L i e b e r k ti h II schen Krypten der
Schleimhaut.`). IIieraus wird uns such der in der ~~ehrzal~l
der F~lle versc~l\lronlr`rlene Charakter dieser Linic verst%ndlich,
indem diese Krypten gewiihn1ic.h nicht, sofort, in ihrer vollen
~~l~s~~r~~g~lrlg auftrelen, sondern, wie wir dies noch im mikro-
skopischen Teil dieser Arbci t. ausf iihrlic,her sehen werden, xu-
nffchst in r~~di~I~el~~~~rer Form und in Gestalt verstreuter Driisen,
die sich nur ganz allm2hlich zu einer zusnml?lenh6ngenden
~)r~senschicht ~erdichter~. Die ~~ltfer~l~~rl~ der Lines anorectalis
vou der Linea sinuosa ist nicht konstant,, da es vorkommen
kann, dass sich die Driiseti gleich nach dem Aufhiiren des
mehrschichtigen Epithels dichter zusammcnordnen, w&hrend
an anderen PrBparnten `dies nur in ,etwas griisserer Entfernung
van dem mehrschichtigen Ir;pithel erfolgt.
Das Vork'ornmen einer n~akroskopisch sichtbaren Linca
anorectalis ist aber durchaus nicht als k,onstant zu bezeichnen ;
oft vermisst man aede Spur derselbeu.
Die dnrcki;chnittliche Lgnge der Columnen, somit a,uch
der Zona columnaris, hetrggt zumeist nur 11 mm. Sic ki%men
sich gelegentlich such tiber die Lin#ea anorectalis hinnus er-
1) Darum gaben Robin nnd Cadia t dieser Linie den so gut charakte-
risierendm Namen : ,,ligne de la terminaison des glandes". (LOG. cit.)
strecken, so dass sich die Distanz zwischen den beidcn Linien
nicht immer mit der HGhe der Columnen deckt.
Die mit, 11 mm nngegebenc L%nge der Columnen trifft
nur fiir ihre Mehrzahl zu. J on n e s co 1) bemerkt, class die
ventromedian gelegcne Columna, die Colunmn medinna, wie er
sie nennt (Colonne rectnle mirdiane), sich vor den antleren s.lels
durch krjlftigere Entwickelung und grijssere LZngc auszeichnet.
Ihre L$nge betrggt nach cliesem Autor etma 4 cm. Durch be-
sondere St5rke ausgezcichnet ist diese Falte an ihrer Basal-
partie. Nnch meinen Befundcln kommt dns van .I o n n e s c o
beschriebene \~erhalt,en nur etwa in einem Dritt,el tler I`iillc
var. Ein zweit,es Drittel umfasst die Flille, wo iiberhaupt keinc
der Falter1 besonders hcwortritt, wZhrend wir im letzlen D~itt.el
2-4 Falten finden, die iiber die anderen verliingert sind, teils
vorn und hinten in der Mittellinie gelcgen, teils auf die seitlichcw
Teile des Xastdarmes verteilt. Indessen kann iLll(;ll der grbss=rc
Teil der Columnen eine ungewiihnliche Liinge crreichen. Man
kann also in einern Teil der Fille C o 1 u m n a c 1 on g a e und
C o 1 u 111 11 a e b r e v e s untersch&en. Die C. longae kijnnen
schwach oder krtiftig, oft such verzmeigt, win. Liegen sie vorn
und hinten in der Mittellinie, so ist die iwrn gelegene sliirker
als die hintere. Dic>selbe iibertrifft an Stiirke qcmiihnlich all::
iibrigen Falten.
iiberschreiten wir die Anorectallinie, so gelnngen wir in ein
Gebiet, worin sich die Schlcimhaut dnrch ihre \-`crhiil~llisnl~issig
faltenlose, glatte Ueschaffcnheit auszeichnet. Die einzigen Er-
hebungen sintl die wenigcn wrliing&en Column~~e Iongw, falls
sic iiberhnupt vorhanden sind. Ich miichte diesos ,Gebiet unter
dem Namen I' a r s g 1 ab r a als eine besondere Xbt,eilung ticbr
ZOIXI inteslinalis einfiihren. Die Breite dieser glatten I'nrtie
schwankl gewtihnlich zwischen l-3 cm. Xn der Obcrfltiche
1) Poirier, P., Trait6 d'Anatomie humaine. Publie sous la direction de
P. P oiri e r. Tome quatrieme: T. J o n n e s c o. Appareil digestif. 1893.
Zur AI~~tornie und Xstologie des Tegulnents etc.
-~_--__-. ___..
311
der Schleimhaut erkennt man bei nffherem Zusehcn schon mit
unbewaffnetem huge zahlreiche k1eio.e porenfijrmige 6ffnungen.
Im caudalen Gebiet dieser Zone sind sie nur spHrlich vor-
handen. Ihre Zahl und G&se nimmt allm~hlich nach oben
zu, anfungs nur sehr sukzessiv, weiter obcn ziemlich rasch.
Es sei schon hier bemerkt, dass es sich bier, wie es im mikro-
skopischen Teil meiner Arbeit ausf~hrlicher mitgeteilt werden
~011, urn kleine Vertiefungen der Schleimhaut hand,elt, die je
einem kleinen Lymphfollikel d'er Schleimhaut entsprechen. Sie
nzijgen daher als P o r i f ,o 11 i c u 1 a r e s bezei&net werden.
Zahl nnd Weite dieser mnkroskopisch sichtbaren Poren
schwankt in weiten `Grenzen; nicht selten fehlcn sie such
vollbommen. Sind sie gut entwickelt, so &fallen davon etwa
25 auf 1 ccm.
Jon n e s coo gibt fiir die Columnae hongac an, dass sie
sich nach einem Verlauf von 4 cm verlicr'en. Dies ist nach
meinen Befl~~~den nicht immer der Fall. HBufiger kommt es
vor, dass sie, besonders die in der ~Iit~ellinie gel,egenen, sich
nicht verlieren, sondern jenseits der Pars glabra in eine anderc
Fattenformation tibcrgeh'en.
Die meisten Eand- und LehrbGcher der Anatomie be-
gniigcn sich damit, im Mastdarm die M org agnischcn SWlen
und die Plicae t.ransversales recti zu beschreiben und tun
keiner anderen Faltcn Erwffhnung. IJnbersucht man aber eine
grlissere Anzahl van ~~~st.d~rrnel~, so find& man, dass die
Schleimhaut des Rectum in der Mehrzahl der FUe, such ab-
gesehen von den beiden genannten Faltensystemen, in dem
Gebiet* oberhalb der Pars' glabra` ein recht gefaltetes Aussehen
aufweist, vergleichbnr etwa der Plicse gastric,ae dues kontra-
hierten Magens. Diesc Falten zeigen ,einen .?,usserst, gewundenen,
netzMrmigen Verlauf, ohne Hervortreten eincr bestimmten
Richtung. Ab tmd ZU, z. R. bei &I e r k e Xl), findet ma.11 dieser
--~ - -.-
1) Fr. Me r k e 1, Die Pars ampullaxis r&i. In: Ergebnisse d. Bnat. IL
Entwiekelungsgesch. Rd. 10. p. 524. 1900. cfr. p. 541.
312 ALBERT Y. SZENT-GYBK(XI,
Falten allerdings Erwghnung getan, doch werden sie stets als
solche Falten charakterisiert, die durc.h die Kontraktion des
Mastdarmes bedingt sind und daher bei dessen Erschlaffung
wieder verschwinden. Dieses trifft aber bei, weitem nicht fiir
alle Fslle zu. In einem Teile der F&lie fehlen die Falten aller-
dings ganz, in anderen FBllen sind sie leicht verstrcichbar,
schwach entwickelt; dann begegnet man aber MastdSrmen, in
denen die Falten such noch lgngere Zeit nach dem Todc imrner
noch als starke Vorsprtinge vorhanden und nur bei Anwendung
einer griisseren Kraft zum Verstreichen zu bringen sind, wo-
bei sie sich aber wieder in ihrer frtiheren Zahl und Anordnung
einstellen, sobald man den Mastdarm wieder sich selbst
iiberl%sst.
Der Eindruck, den ich nach der Betrachtung der zahl-
reichen mir vorliegenden Prgparate gewann, ist der, dass wir
diese P 1 i c a e r e t i c ul a r e s (T,extfigur), wie ich sie nennen
mBchte, als eine konst.ante Erscheinung des Mastdarmes be-
trachten kiinnen, in demselben Sinne, wie die iibrigen Falten-
bildungen. Absolut konstante Falten gibt es ja im Mastdarm
iiberhaupt nicht, denn such die unverstreichbaren 31 o r g a g n i
schen Falten sind nicht selten kaum angedeutet, such vermisste
ich an einigen Prgparaten jede Spur sielbst der Plicae trans-
versales. Es ist aber iiberhaupt nicht leicht zu sagen, wie
weit pathologische Vorggnge, etwa Flolgen einer lange bestehen-
den Atonie, Bod,er postmlortale, die vijllige Erschlaffung der
ganzen Rectalwandung verursachende Momente hierbei im
Spiele sind, denn ich will mit besondcrem Nachdruck darauf
hinweisen, dass sowohl `die pathologischen, wie die postmortalen
Vorggnge das Aussehen des Rectum ungemein ver%ndcrn
kiinnen. Da ich das Fehlen der Plicae reticulares am 6ft.esten
mit unverkennbaren Zeichen sonstiger Ver%nderungen ver-
bunden fand, `SO ist es mir sehr wahrscheinlich geworden, dass
das Vorhandensein dieser Falten das normale, ihr Fehlen das
abnorme, krankhaft `oder postm~ortal bedingte I'crhalten dar-
stellt. Einige dieser Fnlten stehen manchmal betrgchtlich
leistenf6rmig hervor und man knnn sich recht gut vorstcllcn,
dass sie eingefiihrt.en lnstrumenten ein Hindernis in den Weg
stellen unit mit. ihrei verh~tttlisrnassig fcsten ~esc~laffetlh~?it
Textfigur.
Plieae reticulares und Pori folliculares des ~~astda,rlns, un~littelbar oberhalb
der Plica transversalis recti.
zur Verletzung der Schleimbaut Veranlassung gcben kiinnen.
Die Plicac tri~t~sversales r&i werden dnrcb die Plicne reti-
culares zum Teil iiberschrit,ten. Jenseits der Plicae transvcr-
sales erstrecken sich die beschriebenen Faltcn bis zur Grenze
des Sigmoideum, wo sie sich entwcdcr verlicren, :oder abcr
die Grenze tiberschreitend, sic11 weiter hina,uf wrfolgen lassen.
314 XLHERT v. SZENT-GYORGYI,
Allerdings sind sie hier stcts schon schwichcr nls im B'ereiche
des Rectum 1).
Die in der Pars glabra beschriebenen Pori folliculares
setzen sich such auf die weiter kranisl gelegenen Teile des
Mastdarmes fort,, ja sie erreichcn merst hier ihrc voile Entwicke-
lung (s. Textfigurj. Die Lymphfollikel nBmlich, denen die Wer-
tiefung entspricht, vergrijssern sich van der kranialen `Grenze
der Pars glabra an urn das Doppelte, und jeizt. bilden sie sch011,
was bisher nicht der Fall war, mit freien Auger1 schr gut er-
kennbare Hiigelchen, auf deren Scheitel sich die Einsliilpung
befindet. Oft liegt `statt der kraterftirrnigen Vertiefung seine
sich in ihrem Mittelteil vertiefende Furche vor, die mit den
Further! anderer Follikel zusammenhSngen kann. Kicht nur
die Griisse, sondern au& die Zahl dieser S~olit%rfollikel nimmt
nach oben zu; ihren Hijhepunkt erreichen sie in dem Gebietc,
das sich zwischen 7-l-2 cm oberhalb der Linea sinuosa be-
findet. Weiter kranial nehmen sie dann an Zahl und (;r8sse
allm%hlich wieder ab. In einer Entfernung van 16 cm van der
Linen sinuosa hat sic11 ihre Zahl schon auf weniger As auf
die Hiilfte verringert. Schon in E 11 e II b e r g e r s 2) Darslellung
findc ich diese HUgelchen erwtihnt. Der gennn1lt.e Xutor gibt
fiir den Menschen als Breite der Vorspriingc I+3 mm, als
Ticfe der Pori 0,17~0,26 mm an. Ausser den makroskopisch
sichtbaren sind such solche vorhanden, die sich mder Bctrach-
tung mit freiem ;Iuge entziehen; es sind tins besonders solche
1) Zur Erg%nzung unserer makraskopischen Erfabrungen miissten wir
eigentlich au& die Darstellungen beriicksichtigen, die beziiglich des Verhaltens
der Rectalschleimhaut beim Lebenden sich mit Hilfe der Rectoromanoskopie
ergeben. Die engen Grenzen dieses Teiles meiner Arbeit gestatten aber das
Eingehen auf diesen Gegenstand nicht. Es geniige ein Hinweis auf die Werke
van Julius Schreiber: Die Rectoromanoskopie, auf anat. u. phys. Grund-
lage. Berlin 1903 und A. Fog es, Atlas der rectalen Endoskopie. I. Teil, Wien
1909. II. Teil 1910.
2) E 11 e n berg e r , W., Vergleichende mikroskopische Anatomie der Haus-
tiere. Bd. 3. Berlin 1911.
Pollikel, die in der Tiefe einer Schleimhautfalt(! ihren Sitz
haben. Die Einst,iilpung :nn Scheitcl des Hiigclvhens fehlt. nie,
selbst bei dem kleinsten makroskopisch sichtbarcn Kniitchen
nicht.
In der Entwickelung diescs lymphntischen Apparatcs
herrschen grosse individuellc Unterschiede. Wie s&on S a p -
p e v 1) bemerkt, kommen Fulle vor, in denen die Follikcl kaurn
zu bemerken sind, in anderen Fallen wieder bilden sie eine
sehr auffallende Ersc,heinung. Diester makroskopisch und zum
Teile allerdings nur mikrosbopisch wahrnehmbsre lymphatische
Appnrat stellt eine so auffallende Bildrmg dnr, dass #es eigent-
lich zu verwundern ist, dnss er die Aufmerksnmkeit der Antoren
bisher verh%ltnismtissig menig auf sich gelenkt hat. Da der
Charakterzug dieses Teiles des ltecturns neblen den lteticular-
faltelk eben duwh diesc stark `ent.wic,kelten, auffallenden T,ymph-
kniitc,hen gegehen wird, miichte ich diese 0berst.e l'nrtie des
Rectums P a r s f o 11 i c, u 1 a r i s nennen. Die pathologischcn
und postmortalen Veriinderungen kiirmen dns Bild &Is lgmphnti-
schen Apparntes des Rectum in hohem Grnd,e beeinflussen.
Zum Schlusse m&hte ich hervorheben, class das Rectum
derjenige Darmteil sein diirfte, der in bezug auf dss makro-
skopische Verhalten seiner inneren OberflBche vielleicht, di,e
grasste Variabilitat zeigt. Man wird gewiss viele i%std&rme
finden, auf die die vorst,ehcnde Beschreibung nicht passt; sie
will nichts weiter sein, als die Charaktcristik des am h5ufigsten
anzutreffenden Verhaltens.
1) S ap p e y, Ph. C., Trait6 d'anatomie descriptive. Tome 4. p. 235. 1889.
His~ol~gi~~ller Teil.
--
Entsprechend den makroskopischen Vcrh%ltrrissen finden
wir au& bei der mikrosklopisehen Untersuchung einen nllm~h-
lichen Cbergang d,er lus'seren Haut in die zarte Schleimhaut
des Nastdarms. Die bei der makroskopischen Betrachtung
unterschiedenen Zonen diffterieren aueh durch ihren mikr,o-
skopischen Bau einiger~~ass~n, wozu nber zu bemerken ist,
class die Abgrenzung der einzelnen Zonen gegcaeinandcr ge-
wiihnlich nicht `gchnrf ist. ~~bersi~htsbild der vers~l~iede~lcn
Zonen Fig. 1.)
Die 2 o n a c u t a n e a (Fig. 2) w&l den Bau der gewiihn-
lichen Haul auf, mit dem Gnterschied nur, dass die Verhor-
nung eine geringere ist. Die Ereite der Hornschicht nimmt gegen
die Pars intermedia. allm~hlich nb; ihr Durchmesser betr>
im Mittel 25 p. Die Cutis weist in der Regel Papillen von ver-
sehiedener Hiihe und Breite auf, so dnss die durch sie go-
bildcte Wellenlinie ziemlich unregelm8ssig erscheint. Charak-
teristisch fiir die Cutis sind hier die zahlrei~hel~ L~rnphz~lIe~~,
die mir in ihr finden. Immerhin Itisst sich aber in diescr Ge-
&hung der Mnstdarm des Xenschen bei weit.ern nicht mit
dem mancher anderer S%ugeticre vergl'eichen, bci denen oft
schon die Hsutpartie des Ma.stdarmes ein f6rmliches lymphati-
sc.hes Organ darstellt. Die Lymphzellen finden sich am zahl-
reichsten in den Papillen, etwas sp5rlichcr im Stratum reti-
culare; ziemlich znhlreich grul~pier~~ll sic sich um die gleich
zu erw3hnenden Talgdrtisen, besonders zwischen den AlveNolen.
Es ist nicbt leicht zu sa,gen, was der 1)h~siologische Zrveck
dieser periglnndulWx~ Llymphzellcnt~ns;l~s~rnrnlnng ist.
Die Zona cutanea ist bis an ihre orale Grenae mii spgr-
lichen znrten Harchen besctzt, die schief, mit. dem frei hervor-
stehenden Teil oralw%rts gcrichtot, in die Haul- eingopflanzt
Xur Anatomic uurl Histologic des Tegumerrts etc. 317
sind. Zu den Haaren gehiiren mlichtig entwickclte, unverh2ltnis-
massig grosse Talgdriisen; sie gehiiren zu den st%rksierr Glnn-
dulae sebaceae dcs Kiirpers, wie dies schon CT a y 1,) hcrvor-
gehoben hat. C;ewiihnlich erschcint das feine Biirchen mit
seiner \z;`urzelscheidc gleichsam als ein Appendix der Dri&.
Der Dr~se~lk~r~er best.eh t ~tns nwhreren Alveolen, teils van
rnndlicher, teils van mehr lgnglicher- schlau~hf~rnliger Gestalt.
2' 1 3 des DriisenkBrpers liegen art. der oralen Seitc der Haar-
wurzel, i/T3 cauclal. Ein Musculus arrector pili ist nur in Spuren
nachzuweiscn. Dieso Glnndu1a.e circumannlcs sebnceae liefern
allem Anscheine nach ein spezifischcs, van dem gewiihnlichen
HtLuttalg verschiedenes Sekret, ebenso wie die glcich zn be-
schreibende zweite DrGxngattung.
Diese zweite Gattrxng besteht in den beknnnt,en c i r c u m -
a n a 1 e n S c h w c i s s d r ii s e 11 (Fig. `21, znerst nusfiArlicht:r
beschrieben van A. G tt y (1. c.), mit dcssen Nitmen sie oft
such bezeichnet werden. Ihre charakteristischc Eigenschaft
gegeniiber den Schweissdriisen anderer I,olcalit~tcn best&t
erstcns in ihrer Griisse, zwvcit,ens in dem w&ten Lumen des
ganzen Drtisenschlnuches, van dcr ~~usrn~r~dung an bis zum
Ende des Knliuels. Das Lumen k;mn a~lsn~hrns~~reise bis zu
0,s mm betragcn. &lit. dem weiten Lumen h%.ngt, wohl nuch
zusammen, dnss der Kngiuel gewiihnlich nur wenig Windurtgen
bildet. Der Drtisenkbrpcr liegt in der Subcutis oder noch im
Bereich der Cutis, sehr oft gerade unter `eiaer Talgtlriise. Der
Ausfiihrungsgang wind& sich mit leichten spiralf~ii~migcn Kriim-
mungen nacb der Oberflfiche hin. Auffttllcnd ist die ver-
schiedene Entwickelung dicser Driisen kei den einzclnen In-
dividuen. Man&ma1 scheinen sie ganz zu fch$en, in nnderen
Fgllen sind zwx Schweissdriisen vorhanden, zber nnr solcho
kleinercr Gattung und nicht~ typische grosse Circllm;~rl;llifriisen.
1) Gay , A., Die Circumanaldriisen des ,Menschen. Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad.
d. Wissenseh. in Wien. 2. Abt. Bd. 50. Jahrg. 1871. Eazheft.
Hiernus erkliirt sich, dass einzelne :\ut.orcn, wie z. B. Hey -
n 0 1 d 1 j die I<sist,enz der Circumannltlriisen in Zwcifel ge-
zogen hahen.
In der Regel beschr%nken sich dicse Drtisen auf die Zonn
cutmca. In einem einzigen der van mir nntersuc~h(en FIille
erstrecktcn sich die in tliesem Falle 1)esonders stnrk ent-
wickelten circumanalen Schweissdriisen ein wenig in den 13e-
reich der n%ichstfolgendcn Zone.
Die Zona i n t e r m xe d i a cntspricht dem Gsebie1.e d'es
181. sphincter internus ; ma.11 kiinnte diesen Tcil der Pars analis
recti such als P a r s 1 e i o s p hi n c t, e r i c a hczeichnen, zur
Unterscheidung van der caudnl folgcnden P a r s r h ;I IJ d o -
s p hi II c t e r i c a (M. sphincter ani extcrnus), d. h. der Pars
cutanea. Die beiden Sphincteres, der innerc und dcr iusscrc,
grenzcn iu den allerseltensteri FUen unmittclbar afreinx~dcr.
Liegei1 such ihre Enden nic?it weit vnneinander, so wcrden sic
doch fast immer durch mehr oder wenigcr Rindegewebc von-
einnnder geschieden (Ilbersichtsfigur 1). Beztiglic*h des Yphinclcr
esleriius sei hier noch nachtruglich bomerkt, dass seine auf
den1 &uerschnit,t gewiihnlich oval erschcinchnden. Biitltlel sich
dachziegelartig zu deckcn pflegen, in der Weise, dnss die
2usserstcn Biindel am weitcxsterr entfernt van d'em Integument
der Pars cutanen zu liegen kornrnen und der ganxe Muskel eine
telesltopartige :\nordnung zeigt, wobei aber die oberstcn 13iindel
immer noch 0,s bis I,5 nun entfernt van der Schleimhnut ihre
Lnge haben. Hingegen licgcn beim Sph. internus die c;tndalst.en
Biindei am rriichsten zur Oberfltiche dcs Darmes (durchschnitt-
lich 1,2 mm meit.), weiter nac,h oben tretmen sic unter Aus-
bildung einer Sul~rnncosa mehr und mehr zuriick : im Cicbicte
dcr 181 o r g a g n i schen %ulen und der Sinus rectales geht
1) Heynold, H., Die Knkeldrfisen des Menschen. Virchows Arch.
Bd. 61. 1874.
der Muskel dann ohne scharfe (irenzc in die CirkulWchicht
der Darmmu'skularis iiber.
Die Grenze rcsp. der schmal~e Zwischcnrnum zwischen dem
Busseren und inneren Sphincter cntspricht zicmlich genau SO-
wohl der makroskopischen wit der mikroskopischen Grenze
der Zone cutanea und Zona intermcdia. Makroskopisch spricht
sich diese Crenze durch das Vers treichen der RntJi5rtal t cn
der Hautpartie, durch den Beginn dcs schlcimhautartigen
glatten Charaktcrs der inncren Ob'erfl#che aus, mikroskopisch
besonders durch das verRnderte Verh:~lten tier Cutispapillcn.
JT&hrend dies'e ntimlich in der Hautpnrtie unrt:gelm3ssig und
ungleichfijrmig erscheinen, pr%gt sich hier tnehr und mehr eine
gleichm5ssige Beschaffenhcit der Papillen aus. Wir haben hier
nirnlich wohl etwas niedrigere, aber dichtxlre urld vor allem
in Form, Grbsse mid Anordnung regelmtissiger gestalt&e
Papillen. ;\lle zeigcn eine gleichm%sig nbgerunt1ct.e Form und
stehen ungefghr in gleichen Abst$nden ; nuch die T:iler zwischen
ihnen zeigen cinck abgerundete Gestalt. Ihre Hijhe b&&g1 0,06
bis 0,l mm. So wird das Wellenbild der Papillnrgrenze zu
einem sehr regelmiissigcn. Irn oralsten Fiinft.el der P:ws int,er-
media 3ndert sich tias Biltl : allrn~hlich leitct sich schon bier
das fiir die n5chste Zone charakteristische Vcrhnlten ein : die
Papillen stehen in weitcn AbstRnden, streckenwcise crscheint,
die Crenze zwischcn Epithel und Cutis gnnz glatt, ohne I'n-
pillen, die vorhandenen Papillen mcrtlen schlanker, sic strecken
sich in die LBnge, endigen oft zugespitzt, sirtd unregclm$ssig
angeordnet und van verschiedener Lgnge. lihnliche Verhiilt-
nisse beschreibt H c b r a n t. 1) fiir den Mastdnrrn des Hundcs.
Natiirlich nimml. aber such diese Partie dts Tnteguments an
den vielseitigcn Variationen teil.
Die Zona intermedia ist van ciuem geschichteten Platten-
1) Hebr an t: l&de des glandes anales du cl&n. Annales de mBd.
vCt&inaire. D&c. 1899.
epiihel be&&t. (Fig. 3). Am aboralen T'eil der Zone lasst, sich
sogar noch eine geringfiigige Verhornung der oberflachlichsten
Schichten nachweisen. Sehr bald schwindet aber diese Horn-
schicht und nur eine Ieicht gek6rnt.e Reschaffenheit der ober-
flachlichsten Schicht bleibt. als letzle Spur des Verhornungs-
vorganges zuriick ; such diese Erscheinung schwindet weiter
oben. Das Epithel ist, verhaltnismassig schmnl; aboral betragt
sein Durchmesser 110 p, weiter oben nur mehr 80 ,u. In den
tiefsten Schichten lasst sich noch etwas Pigment nachweisen.
Haare und Schweissdriisen fehlen.
Unter dem Epithmel find& man eine aus kollagcnen Riindeln
locker zusammengefiigte Bindegewebsschicht,, die man halb und
halb schon Tunicn propria mucosae nennen kiinnte. Sic rcicht,
zunachst gleichmassig bis zu den Biindeln ties' Sph. internus,
ohne dass man eine besondere Subcutis oder Subrnucosa unter-
scheiden kiinnte. In etwa r/5 der FBlle vertritt eine Anzahl van
Fettlappchen eine Submucosa. Im oralen Teil der Zona inter-
media gelangt eine sol&e allm8hlich zur Enlwickelung.
Der Gehalt der Tunica propria an Lymphzcllen `erschcint
gegeniiber der Zone cutanes gesteigert, doch kann van seinein
eigentlichen lymphatischen Gewebe immer noch nicht die Rede
sein. Auch fehlen besondere follikclnrtige Ansammlungen. Auch
in dieser Zone findet, man die Lymphzellen am zahlreichsten
dicht unter dem Epithel, in der oberflSchlichsten Schicht der
Cutis und in der Umgebung der gleic,h zu erwahnenden frei,en
Talgdrtisen. Oral nimmt ihre Znhl urn ein Geringcs ZLL
Als Raritat findet man F&he, in dencn die mikroskopischcn
Kennzeichen einer Zona inmrmedia gnnz zu fehlen `oder nur
schwach susgepragt zu sein scheincn, indem d% Papillen bis
zu den Morgagnischen Saulen ihr fur die Zons cutanen
charakteristisches Verhalten beibehalten, jn manchmnl nuch
feine Harchen his zur Linea sinuosn nachgewiesen merden
kijnnen.
Ein besonderes Interessse beanspruchen die in der Zona
intermedia r~acl~~~reisb~rer~, nach S t i e d a 1) zuerst von R o -
mitisj erwghnten freien Talgdriisen (Fig. 4). Sie finden
sich nicht in jedem Mastdarm, wie das schon B r au n auf
Grund seines IJntersnchungsmaterials hervorgehobcn hat. Wahr-
scheinlich entstehen sic such nur in der PuberW. Die bis
dahin daraufhin untersuchte Zahl von Mastd.%rmen, au& wenn
ich zu meinem Material das von B r au n bearbeitetc hinzu-
nehme, geniigt. noch nic,ht, urn als Grundlage einer zuver-
lgssigen Statistik des Vork,omn~ens dieser Driiscn zu dienen,
und so kann ich nur mit einem gewissen Vorbchalt sls Prozent-
zahl ihres Erscheinens die Zahl 50 hinstellen. Dicse %a111
wiirde der HBufigkeit der freicn Tnlgdriisen der ~IL~~~(ls~hlei~l-
hant entsprechen. iibcrhaupt schcinen zwischen den beidcn
freien Tslgdrtiseua.rten, den labialcn und den analen, Anslogicn
vorzaliegen, wie das &xhon S tied a hervorgehoben hat. Nach
St ie das ~l~sf~~~~lIlge~1 sind fiir nlle Stellen, wo die Haut
in die Schleimhaut iibergeht, solche Driisen chnrakteristisch
und er fiihrt als weitere Beispielc die Priipuiialdriisen, die
Driisen der kleinen Schamlippen und gewisse Driisen der Regio
vestil~ula~ris nasi an.
Die Driisen sind, anch' wo sie noch verhliltnism%ssig am
besten entwickelt sind, in schr spiirlic.hcr Zshl ~~orhan(~en,
weit verstreut, nicht weit unfer dcr OberfLche. In betreff ihrer
Griisse bieiben sic weit hinter den m~chligen Talgdriiscn der
Pars cutanea zuriick. Sie bestehen nus einigcn runtllichen
oder l~ngli~he~~ Alveolen, die sich iu einem ge~neir~sa~le~~ Aus-
fiihrrmgsgnng vereinigen, in anderen FQIlen aber nus einigen
leicht gekrtimmten, schlauch- oder fingcrfiirmigrn Driisen-
*) Sti oda, L., Das Vorkommen freier Talgdriisen am menscblicben
Klirper. Zeitscbrift f. Morph. u. Anthropologic. Bd. 4. p. 443. 1902.
2) Ro m i ti, Trattato di Anstomia dell'uomo. Vol. 2. p. Vs. Splancno-
logia. Milano. 11. 195. 1302.
Anatomieche Hefts I. Ahteilunp. 147/146. lfefk (46. Rd., ff. l/2). 21
322 AT BFRT v SZENT-GTORCYI
1, . J , -
-~
sgckchen, so dass eine Verwechslung mit einer Schweissdriise
mijglicll w&ire, wenn die Beschaffenheit der Driisenzellen und
der Mange1 eincs Lumens d'en Charakter der Driise nicht klar-
stellte. Der Durchmcsser der hlveolen schwankt zwischen 0,05
und 0,6 mm. Einen Must. arrector habe ich nicht nachweisen
kiinnen. Der Ausftihrungsgang iiffnet sich mit, einer sehr feinen
Offnung und da such der Drtisenk6rper selbst sehr klein ist,
ist es - abweichend von den Verh2ltnissen der freien Talg-
driisen der Lippen - nicht miiglich, mit freiem Suge these
Bildungen zu erkennen. Ihre Gegenwart ist nur mittels mikro-
skopischer Untersuchung festzustellen und so ist. es such nicht
zu erwarten, dass jemals so ausgedehntc stntistische Zahlen
iiber die Hgufigkmeit ihres Vorkommens vorli,egen werden, wie
tiller die Talgdriisen Mer Lippen- und Wangenschleimhaut.
Manchmal erscheint eine oder die andere Driise schon
in den Bereich der Zona c,olumnaris verlagert, indem ihr Ans-
ftihrungsgang schon in einen der Sinus rectales, unter eincr
Valvula miindet; dies ist aber ein Ausnahmefall, gewBhnlich
ist ihr Sitz weiter unten und mit dem Einsetzen der Mucosa
analis h6ren diese Driisen auf.
Die Linea sinuosa analis, wie die obere Grenze
der Zona intermedia bezeichnet wird, stellt such mit Riick-
sicht auf den mikroshopischen Bau Neine wichtige Grenzmarke
dar. Man kann mit Herr m arm den *4nfang der Mucosa auf
diese Linie setzen. Es ist aber noch nicht die eigcntliche Darm-
mucosa, die hier beginnt, s,ondern die ,,Analmucosa", wie man
sie mit dem lebcn genannten Autor bezeichnen kann.
Makroskopisch sind ftir die hier beginnende Zona
columnaris, wie bekannt, die No r g a g n i schen Sliulen
und die zwischen ihnen befindlic,hen Sinus rectales charak-
teristisch. Beztiglich der S%ulcn begegnen wir vielfach d'er Be-
hauptung, dass sie durch besondere Liingsbiindel glatter &luskel-
zellen, lokale VerstArkungen d'er longitudinden Schic:ht der
Znr Anxlomie und Histologic des Tegmnents etc.
-__ -~
323
&lllscuIaris mucosae, hervorgerufen werd,en. An der iiussefen
Grenze der Ssulen sollen diese Biindel, dcren Gesamtheit
K o h 1 r a u s c h &I. s~~st~ntat~or tunicae proprise, R G d i n g e r
M. dilatator ani nennt, aufk'iiren. Die Sinus sollen nach dicsen
Autoren keine leongitudinalen Muskelfasern in sich schliessen.
Auf Grund des Studiums meiner EMpar& kann ich die
Existenz solcher besonderer Xusk~elbfindel in. den Cofumnen
nicht anerkennen. Die Must. mucosae `erscheint irn Vergleich
zu den weiter oben gelegenen Tleilen des Mastdarmes im Be-
reich der Zona ~lurnnaris ~berhaupt schwac.h entwickelt, sehr
oft Esst sie sich gar nictit mehr bis zur unteren Grenze dieser
Zone verfolgen. Ist sie au& vorhanden, so zeigt sie im ganzen
Umkreis des Darmquerschnittes ein g~eichm~ss~ges ~~erlial~en,
d. h. sie ist eben so stark in den Colnmnen wie zwischen
ihnen. Das Hervortreten `der CMumnen wird nicht durch Muskel-
biindel, sondern lediglich durch Verdic.kung der Tunica propria
mucosae bedingt.
Beziiglich der zwischen den Basalteilen der 34 o r g a g n i
schen S2ulen befindlichen Sinus rectales seien hier noch
einige Angaben eingeschaltjet, die halb und halb noch in das
~~akr~skopisc~e Gebiet ,geh6ren ; ich bringe sie hier zur Sprachc,
weil eirl guter Teil diescr Verh%ltnisse nur an mikroskopischen
LSngs'schnitten - allerdings schon mit Lupenvergriisserung -
festgestellt werden kann.
In der ~Iehrzahl der F.Ue stell,en sich die Sinus rectales
als schwache Vertiefungcn dar. Dem ist abmcr nicht immer so.
Die bogenffirmigen Verbindungslinien zwisch'en den I% o r -
g a g n i schen SIulen k6nnen man~hmal wulstig oder klappen-
artig hervorstchen (s. ijbersichtsfigur I), so dass sie den ihnen
schon ~011 dem alten Anatomen Gl i s s on beigelegten Namen
Valvulae semilunarcs wirklich verdienen und rmter ihnen f&m-
lithe Ruchten enlstehen, von franzijsischcn Autoren such ,,Nids
de pigeon" bezeichnel, An den mikroskopischen Schnitten sieht
21*
324 ALBERT v. SZENT-GYORGYI,
man, dass diese Buchten ihrerseits den Ausgnngspunkt noch
kleinerer sekundsrer Einstiilpungcn, ja fiirmlicher Gnge biltlen
kijnnen, die in caudnler Richtung in die Schleimhn.ut hinein-
dringcn. Es hanclelt sich nic,ht etwu urn Driiseng%nge, sondern
um blind endigende Vertiefungen der Mucosa (Fig. 5). Il'ir
haben es hier mit schon lnnge bekannlen Tatsnchen zu tun,
denn schon M org agni hat diese GRnge, die er nls C an i
c LI 1 i bezeichnet, und mit der Sondc untcrsucht hat, beschrieben.
TIerrmann fasst sie unter dem Namen von ,,I) C, pres-
sions", Braun unter dem van Sinuo sitgten zusnmmen.
Es liegt auf der Hand, dass diesen Vcrhiiltnissen ein
praktisches Interesse zukommt. Die Buchten stcllcn sich den
F%kalmnssen entgegen, und wcrden ihre Miindungen durch cin-
gedrungene Kotteilc verstopft, so kiimlen sie ctwa den Silz
von Retentionscysten bilden. Auch knnn man im Sinnn dw
Ausfiihrungen v. 1, e n h o s s 6 k s 1) dsrnn denkcn, dnss sic durch
die sich in ihnen st,auendcn Kottcila den Ausgnngspunkt von
ReizzustBnden, entziindlichcn Vorggngen der ~~~~~sttlnrrnschlcim-
haut, eventuell such Hgmorrhoiden bilden kiinnen. Dnss tlics
nicht h6ufiger der Fall is't, ist wohl darn.us zu erkl8ren, dass
sie im Leben wohl sclten `oin offenes Lumen hnben, sondern
ihr Hohlraum gewiihnlich durch Schleim untl nbgeliiste Zellen
bis zur Mtindnng ausgefiillt ist.
Die Form, unter der diesc M o r g a g n i sch,en Canaliculi
auftreten, ist verschieden. H5ufig licgt ein einfacher Epithel-
schlauch k-or, der sich am iiftestcn in cnntlaler Richtung in
die Tiefe senkt (Fig. 6), manchmnl sogar in das Gebiet der
cirkul#ren Muskelschicht, hinein, und der leicht verdickt und
unver%stelt, oder nur in cinigr Ah geteilt endigt. Eine andere
Form hesteht in eincm writeren, spnltfijrmigen, in der Quer-
I) Y. I, e n b o s s6 k, M., Zrw Iitiologie und Prophylaxis der H%morrhoidru.
Deutsche med. Wochenschr. 1912. 1,. 1044.
richtung des Darmcs gelcgcncn Div~r~i~uill~n, von dcm mehrere
kleine G%nge ausgchen.
Wenn wir das Epithel der Zonn columnaris ins
huge fassen, so ist hervorzuhebcn, dass di,ese Zone fast in
ihrer ganzen Ausdohnung, mit Abrechnung etwa des obersten
Millimeters der &I o r g a g n i schen SWen, das schon chsrak-
terist.ischcs Darmepithel zeigt, von einem nrehrschichtigcn
Epithel bekleidet ist, do& ist der Charakter dieses Epithcls
von Ytelle zu Stclle versehicden. Drei Epithelsorten wechscln :
mehrschichtiges Platten-, Cylinder- und kubisches Epithel.
Letztercs client stets als ~I~or~~~Klgsfor~~~ zwischen den b&den
ersten Epithelgattungcn. ijbcr die r5umliche Anordnimg des
mehrschichtigen Vlattcn- und Cylitlderepit.hols hat H e I' r -
m a u n 1) die liege1 aufgestollt, dass die ober%xhlich, cxponicrt,
liegenden Gebiete der Xchleitnhaut stets Platlenepithel, die ver-
borgen, geschiitzt liegenden Teile Cylinderepithei a&w&on.
Auf Grund meiner lJnlersuchungen kann ich diese Rngabcn
im grossen und ganzetr als richtig bczeichnen, mit dem Vor-
behnlt allerdings, dass es sich nicht urn eine Rcgel ohne Aus-
nahme handelL. Ents'prechcnd dieser Regel 1Ksst sich im all-
gemeinen sagen, dass die Firsten der &I o r g a g n i schcn Siiulen
van Plattenepithcl, die Tiefc der dazwischen gelegenen Sinus
rectales von mehrschichtigem Cylinderopithel bekleidet sind.
III den Z~~is~her~gebicteKl, ttLmIieh auf den seitlichen Abh5ngcn
der M o r g a g n i schen SBulen, findet sich mehrschichtigcs
kubisches Epithel.
Ich will hier gleich bcmerken, dass man van diesem Ver-
halten such Ausnahmen findet. Es begegnen uns FBlle, in
denen such die Sinus eine Plattenepithelauskleidung zeigen.
Es scheinen mir dies haupts%chlich Falle zu sein, in dcnen
die SLulen schwach enttvickelt sind, in dencn also die Sinus
--~ - .~~ - --
1) Totrrnerrx et Herrmann, R&her&es sur qnelques Epitheliums
plats dans la s0rie animale. Jcnm. de t'hnatomie et de la Phys. p. 199. 1876.
326 ALBERT v. SZFNT-GYORGYI
3
eine exponiertere Lage haben als gewiihnlich. Man muss hier-
bei such an die Wirkung mechanischer Verbal tnisse denken,
indem ,,geschtitzte" Lage gleichzcitig eine Zusammendrangung
der Epithelzellen, ,,exponierte" Lage eine dusdehnung der-
selben mit sich bringt.
Das mehrschichtige Plattcnepithcl der Columnen (Fig. 7)
ist die direktc Fortsetzung dcs Epilhels der Zona intermedia.
Am Anfangsteil der Saulen ist dieses Epithel h,ijher als weitser
oben. An seiner htichsten Stell,e besteht es gewiihnlich aus
IO-12 Zellenschichten, doch kann diese Zuhl such 15 be-
tragen. Die Zellen sind scharf gegeneinand,er abgegrenzt, mit
deutlichem, leicht farbbarem Kern. Die oberflachlichen Z,ellen
sind stark abgeplat,tet, jedoch ohne Spur einer Verhornung.
In der Mitte liegen polyedrische, grosse Zell,en, in der untersten
Schichte kleinere, cylindrische, senkrecht gestcllt,e Epithel-
zellen. In oraler Richtung nimmt die Zahl dcr Schichten rasch
ab; sie reduziert sich auf 5-6 und diese Zahl bleibt dann
langs der M o r g a g n i schen SSulen erhalten. Die Abplattung
der oberflachlichen Schichte wird allmahlich wenigcr aus-
gesprochen. Die mittleren Z~ellen sind klein'er als auf d'en Basal-
teilen d'er Saulen. Die Z,cllgrenzen sind weniger scharf.
Pigment fehlt in der ganzen Ausdehnung der Zone. Als
durchschnittliche Dicke des Epithels kann ich 165 lo angebcn.
Das geschichtete Cylinderepithel der Sinus rectal'es (Fig. 8)
ist etwas diinner als das Plattenepithel dcr Firsten: seine Dicke
betragt hiichstens 150 TV. Zumeist bestcht es aus 4-5 Zellen-
schichten. Unter den oberflachlich stehcnden Cylindcrzellen
folgen mehr polyedrische Elcmcnte, `zu unterst kleine runde od'er
ovale, zumeist senkrecht gest'ellte Zelllen. Die Cylinderzcllen
der oberflachlichen Schichte sind von verschi,edener Lange,
manchmal nahern sic isich der kubisc,hen Gestalt. Es' schien mir,
a19 bestiinde ein Zusammenhang zwischcn der mehr oder
weniger geschtitzten Lage der Epithelstrecke und der Form
Zur Anntomic IIINI Hislologie ties Tegumcats etc.
327
der Zellen in dem Sinnc, dass die geschiitzterc Lage such eine
ausgesprochenere cylindrische F,orm der Zellen bedingt. Auf
der OberflLche weisen di,e Zellen eine zarte, aber bestimmt
erkennbare Cuticula auf. Becherzellen habe ich in diesem Teil
des Epithels nicht gefunden.
Als iibergangsformation zwischen den beiden Epithel-
gattungen tritt ein geschichtetcs kubisches Epilhel auf, das
man hauptslchlich auf den seitlichen Abhgngen dcr Xo r-
g a g n i schen S&den, t,eilweise such schon in den Sinus find&.
Es unterscheidet sich Ton dem Cylinderepithel nur durcb die
abweichende kubis'che Gestalt der oberfl&hlichen Zellenschicht.
Die Grenze zwischen Epithel und Tunica propria ist in
cinem Teil der IWe viillig glatt, d. h. Papillen fehlen voll-
kommen. In anderen F%llen sind solche vorhanden, doch be-
schrSnken sie sich stets, wie schon Herr m arm richtig an-
gibt, auf das Gebiet d'es Pflaster- und kubischen Epithels,
fehlen dagegen im CyliI~de~epithelgebi,et, Am h2ufigsten be-
gegnen wir den Papillen in der N&ibe der Linea siouoss. Sie
sind von schrnaler, spitziger Form, `etwa 0,l mm hoch. D;xS
Epithel wuchert, manchmal in Form plumper, schr mannig-
faltig ges'taltet,er Zapfen in das Bindege~~rebe hinein. Untcr
den sehr verschied,enen Formen, die diese Epithelzapfen zeigen,
finden sich such solche, die an Talgdriisen erinnern, so class
es manchmal einer genauen Untersuchung bedarf, urn fest-
zustellen, dass es sich nicht um solche, sondern `urn einfachc
~ins~nkungen des Epithels handelt.
Wie hoch reicht das geschichtete Epithel der Zona colum-
naris hinnuf? Ich habe diesem Punkte b,esondere ~eachtung
ges`chenkt, nnd u. a. an den Mastd2,rmen, noch vor ihrer rnikro-
skopischen Verarb,eitung, besondere Grenzmarkeil an der
Schleimhaut in bestimmten AbstInden sngebracht, nur urn
ganz sicher zu gehen, und besonders urn dsen durch die
Sch~mpfung der den Reagenzi,en unterworfenen Objekte ver-
des M. sphincter internus, abgerundet, h$ufig alveolenart,ig er-
weiterl. Der Durchmcsser dieser Art der SinuosiMen betr2gt
zumeist X50-300 p.. Die obcrfllichlichc Lage des Epithels be-
steht aus ziemlich schlanken, hohen Cylinderzellen, die sehr
regelm~ssig in Reih und Glied stchen; such die tiefere kubischc
oder polygonale Zcllensc.hicht zeichnet sich durch regelmLssigc
Anordnung aus. Die n&htsfolgende Gattung dcr Sinuositiiten
unterscheidet sich van der vorllerge~lendell nur dndurch, dass
der scl~laucl~f~r;nige Blin~ls~~ck einige Xal ver&telt ist ; au&
hier besteht die ~~L~skleidL~~lg stcts aus cylii~drischem Epithel.
Die letzte Gattung umfasst die FWle, wo sich ein &was
weiterer I~cccss find& (Fig. 51, van dessen Boden mehrerc
sekundBre Ausbl;lcllt.ungen ihrcn Ursprung rlehirle~l. Der Haupt-
recess, der ge~~~~~~illich bis zur unt.crcn Grenze des $1. sphincter
reicht, is1 mit sehr verschiedcnem Epithel bed,eckt; am
h2,ufigsten wcist seine der Valvula Glissoni zugekchrlc .Irlii.lfte
Plattencpithel, ihrc orale H2lfte Cylinderepithel auf. Die sekun-
d%ren Ausstiilpungen stellen sic11 nls schmalc ver;isbelte G&nge
dar, zum griisseren Toil oral, zum kleincrcn caudnl gerichtet;
sie sind stets mit, zwci- bis dreischichtigem cylindrisch:?n
Epithel ausgekleidel (Pig. 9). Hier begcgnen wir such h$.ufig
Becherzellen zwischcn den cylindrischen Elementen. Gegert
ihren Fundus bin rcduziert sich ihre Epithelausklcid ung h2ufig
zu einer meinzigcn Cylinderz~ellenschicht. Ein hzufiger B,efuntl
ist, class das untere Ende dicser GBnge von eincm kleinen
lymphatischen Rnijtchen nmfnsst erschcint. lis kann dies such
in solchen 1Wlon vorkommen, wo dcr Gang sich mit seincm
Endteil in den Bercich dcr Zona int~ermedia hincinorstreckt.
In dicsem Falle enthdlt also such die letztgenannte Zone aus-
nahmsweise ,ein kleines Lyrnphkndtchen. Indessen kiinnen
solche GQc such direkl van dcr Obcrfl%he ausgehen.
H e r r m a 11 n bes'chrcibt, dass sich in diese Depressionen
L i e b t' r k ii h nsehe Driiscn ijffnen k&men. B r a u n bezweifelt
330 ALBERT v. SXNT-GYoRGYI,
die Bichtigkeit dieser dngabe und meint, dass bier eine Ver-
wechslung mit den oft schlauchf~iirmigen sekundaren Epithel-
einstiilpungen vorliegt. Auf Grund meiner Beobachtungen muss
ich mich in dieser Frage entschieden H e r r m a n n anschliesse,n,
indem ich die von diesem Forscher beschriebencn 1, i e b e r -
k ii h n schen Driisen auffand, aber nur im Anschlusse an die
an dritter Stelle bcschricbmenen weiten recessartigen Dcpres-
sionen.
Ausserdem beschreibt H e r r m a n n noch kleine acinose,
teilweise den L i e b e r k ii h n schen Krypten gleichende Driisen,
die in die Depressionen miirmen und ih:nen traubenfiirrnig van
der Tiefe her aufsitzen sollen. B r a LI n vermisste dilese Drtisen
vollkommen. Was meine eigenen Erfahrungen betrifft, so crhiclt
ich in zwei Fallen in der Tat Bilder, auf die ich H e r r m an n s
dngaben beziehen miichte : acinos erscheinende Driisen-
sackchen, zu mehreren nach einem Punkt hin orientiert, teils
in eine Depression, teils direkt auf der Oberflache an einer
anderen Stelle mtindend. Nach meinem Dafiirhalten handelt,
es sicb hier aber keineswegs urn eine b'esondere Driiscngattung,
sondern urn rudimentare L i e b e r k ii h II schc Driisen.
Einen wenn such nicht ganz konsta.nten, aber doch schr
haufigen Befund bilden in der Zona columnaris I, i e be r -
k ii h n sche Krypten von etwas rudiment%rer Form, Vor-
laufer der typischen Glandulae intestinales der weiter oben
folgenden Mastdarmpartien. Sie zeigen in ihrer Zahl und An-
ordnung betrachtliche individuelle Schwankungen. Sie k,onnen
-- wie in dem oben erwahnten Fall'e - sch,on im Bereich der
Sinus rectales resp. der von ihnen ausgehenden Epithelaus-
stulpungen vorkommen, gewohnlich treten sic ab,er erst in d,en
oralen Teilen der Csolumnarzone in dime Erscheinung. Man findet
sie verstreut in grbsseren Abstandon voneinandser, als kurze
enge Schl%uchJe oder mehr alvcolenartige, mit weitem offenen
Lumen versehene Bildungen, oft such in zwei, selten in drei,
-
Zur Bnatomie nnd fhtologie dcs Teguments etc. 3.11
noch seltener in vier ;iste goteilt, gewiihnlich nicht scnkrecht
in die Tiefe dringend, sondern schimef gestellt, rnanchmal such
parallel mit der OberfEche gcljegen und erst an der Miindung
in die scnkrlechte Richtung umbiegcnd.
Herr m a n II hat diesje Driisen als ,,Glandes intestinales
erratiques" bezeichnet, eine B~ezeichnung, die ich mit B r a u n
fiir unzutreffend halte, da es sich nicht urn Driiscn handelt,
die sich an einlen falschcn Ort verirrt hab'en, sondern .urn die
ersten, randst$ndigen Excmplare d'er weiter oben sich dann
allm;i.hlich in ihrer typischen hnordnung einstellenden L i e b e r -
k ii h n schen Krypten.
Die Tunica propris mucosae der Zona columnaris ist in
der caudalen und oral'en Abteilung dieser Zone etwas ver-
schieden. Caudal schliesst sic sich in ihrem Bau an die Zona
intermedia an, d. h. si'e besteht aus un~egelrn%ssig angeord-
neten, locker gcfiigtcn Bindegewebsbtindeln. Weiter ,oben wird
die Anordnung der die Tunica prsopria bildenden Bindegewebs-
fasern allmRhlich eine regelm%sigere. Gleichzeitig tritt dicht
unter dem Epithel einc fiir di'e weiter oben folgendcn Teile
des Mastdarmes charakteristische schmale hyalinc Lagc in die
Erscheinung. In den Columnen erscheint das Bindegewebe ver-
mehrt urld zeigt krLftige, der Lgnge nach verla.ufende Ziige.
Diese kollagenen LBngsbiindel, und nicht ctwa Verst%rkungen
der Muscularis mucosae sind es, die das Hervortrcten der
M o r g a g n i schen S5ulen veranlassen. Die Muscularis mucosae
reicht gewijhnlich bis zur Linea sinuosa hinunter, d,och kann
sic sich eincrseits noch etwas weiter, in das Gebimet der
Zona int,ermedia erstreckcn, andererseifs ~~~ dimes ist dcr
hgufigere Fall - schon etwas friiher, noch vor der Linea
sinuosa verlieren.
Im ganzen Bereich der Columnarzonc erscheint die Tunica
propria und such die Submuc'osa reichlich von Lymphzellen
durcbsetzt, am reichlichsten dicbt unter dem l?pithel, resp. der
darunter befindlichen hyalinen Lnge. Auch in der lJmgebung
der SinuosiMen crkennt man einc Vermehrung dler Lymph-
elemente. Hier zuerst sehen wir stellenweise eine dersrtige
Zusammendr%ngung der Lymphzellen, dnss schon von kleinen
Lymphkn6tchen der Schleimhnut gesprochcn warden knnn, aller-
dings no& `ohne das charaktcristische Centrum gcrminativum.
Die Hgufchen `sind mnnchmnl schon m,&roskopisch zu lerkennen,
indem sic als weissliche Punkte durch das Epithcl hindurch-
schimmern.
Auf die Zona c'olumnaris folgt dann oral die eigentliche
Darmschleimhaut oder die Z,o n a i n t e s t i n a 1 i s. Ihr erstcr
Teil wurde im makrosk,opischen Abschnitt dieser Arbeit mit
Rticksicht auf die relativ glat.te Beschaffenheit ihrer innercn
OberflLchc als Pars glabrn bezeichnct. Epithclgrenze und Be-
ginn der Pars glabra decken sich, wit schon hervorgehnben,
in den meisten F5llen nicht; das Cylindorepithel beginnl ge-
wiihnlich schon im Bereich der oralsten Partie dcr M o r g a g n i -
schen Falten.
Bezeichnend fiir die intestinal~e Zone ist vor allern das
eins'chichtige cylindrische Epithel, wit es fiir den gnnzen Dick-
darm charaeteristisch ist. Der Ubergnng der beidcn Epit,hel-
sorten ineinander erfolgt plijtzlich, die tibcreinnnder gelagerten
Ychichten des Anal,epithels rcduzieren sich sehr rasch in eine
einzige Zellenlage, ohne dass man angeben kiinnte, welche
Schichten des mehrschichtigen Epithels aufgehiirt haben und
welche Schichte sich in das Cylindercpithel fortgesetzt hat.
Das zweite Charakterislikum der Intestinalzonc besteht in
der Gegenwart dcr L i e b e r k ii h n s&en Kryptcn, die aller-
dings, wie wir hiirten, in sp2rlichen atypischen Exemplaren
und such nicht konstant sch80n in der vorhergehenden Zone
in die Erscheinung treten.
Sie erscheinen in der Intestinalzonc nicht sofort in ihrer
normalen Dichtigkeit. Erst in einer Entfcrnung von &-lo mm
Zur Anatomic und Histologir tics Tcgumcnts etc. 333
vom Beginn des einschichtigen Cylinderepithels nehmen sie
ihre typische gedrRngte Anordnung an, entweder pl6tzlich oder
sukzessive. Manchmal weiscn sic such noch weiter oben eine
lockerere Anordnung auf. Im aboralcn Teil der Zona glabra
erscheint gewiihnlich - im Zusammenhange mit ihrer spHr-
lichen Zahl - such ihre Form n'och etwas rudiment5r. Sir
sind kiirzer, cnger, schiefer gest,ellt als die normalen Krypten,
oft such in zwei oder drei Bste geteilt; manchmnl begegnet
man Driisen, die nicht enger, sondern im Gegenteil weiter sind
als die vijllig entwickelten Krypten, ja sie kiinnen sich zu
farmlichen kleinen SSckchen erweitern.
Die oberhalb der Pars glabra f*olgcnde Partie der Znna
intestinalis l&St sich - wie wir im mnkroskopischen Teil
hijrten ~ unter Hervorhcbung tines charakteristischen Kent]-
zeichens nls I' a r s f o 11 i c u 1 a r i s bezcichnen. Verfolgen wir
das Verhalten des lymphatischcn Apparntes von der oberen
Grenze der intcrmedi%ren Zone aufw%.rts.
Im ljereich der Morgagnischen SBulcn findct sich erst
einc diffuse Infiltration der Schleimhaut mit Lymphzellen.
Stellenweise tretsen allerdings besondere Lymphzellenverdich-
t,ungen in die Erscheinung, die aber noch nicht das charak-
terislischc Gepr&ge ausgespro&ener Lymphfollikel an den Tag
legen, indem sie nicht scharf begrcnzt ersc.heinen und eines
Centrum germinnlivum ermangeln. Echte Follikel mit einem
solchen Centrum k8nmmcn in dieser Zone nur an einer Stelle,
aber such hier bei weitem nicht konstant vor: in der IJmgebung
der vorhin beschriebenen, van den Depressionen der Sinus
rectales ausgehenden s'ekundgren Ggnge.
In der Pars glabra der Int.estinalzone treten uns solche
dichtere Lymphzellengruppen schon hgufiger, such s&on in
den oberflXchlich,en Schichten der Schleimhaut entgegen,
zwischen den untercn Tcilcn der L i e b e r k ii 11 n schen Krypten.
Verfolgen wir das Verhalten dieser Bildungen in ihrer fort-
schreitenden Entwickelung in oraler Richtung, so sehen wir,
dass sie zun&hst an Umfang und Sch%rfe der Abgrenzung ZU-
neh~nen. Die L i c be r k ii h n schen Schltiuche werden nun, wo
ihre Mtindungen dichter stehen, sehief auseinandergedr~ngt,
das IQufchen erreicht nun such cinerseits, zwischen den Driisen
emporsteigend, die Oberfl%che der Schleimhaut, d. h. die untere
Grenze des Epithels, andererseits dr%ngt es sich nnn such in
das Gebiet der Submucosa, wobei die Muscularis mucosae ent-
weder erhalten bleibt und auf bciden Seitmen von Lymphzellen
umfasst ist oder aber eine Unterbrechung erleidet,. Gleich-
zeitig weist das Kll~tch~n eine dichtere ~~nordnui~g der Lymph-
zellen und Busserlicb eine schgrfcre Abgrenxung auf. In der
Pars follicularis erreichten die Kniit.chen unter Zunahme der
gesamtcn lymphatischen Infiltration der Tunics propria mucosae
ihre volle Entwickelung ; nun stellt. sich such, ihnen ient-
sprechend, di,e charakteristische Eir~scnkur~g der OberflQhe:
der eigentliche Folliculus ein.
Wenn wir ein derartiges typisch entwickeltes Lymph-
follil~elche~~ betrachten (Fig. lo), so f%llt zun3chst seine Sichel-
form auf, die die Bezeichnung N'oduli lymphatici semilunares
rechtfertigen. Van der F%che betracht.et ist das Gebildc aller-
dirigs nicht halbmondfiirrnig gestaltet, sondern kreisfijrmig oder
ellipt.isch begrenzt.. Im ganzen besitzt es also die Form tines
flachen, tellerf~r~lig oder ~lapff~rmig a~lsgeh~hlten, in der Mitte
dickeren Gebildes. Die hservortretenden RBnder des Gebildes
verursachen eincn wallartigen Vorsprung der Oberfl&he. Drr
Wall umfasst die kraterfiirmige mittlere Verticfung, die weitcr
oder schmgler sein kann und immer tiefer in die Schleimhaut
dringt als der Bussere Abhang des Walles. Die im Bereic.h der
seitlichen Teile des Porus follicularis miindcnden L, i e b e r I
k ii h n schen Krypten weiscn eine auseinandergcclr$ngte, diver-
gierende Anor(~~~~ltig auf, sic Innfen schief .oder der Ol~erfl~~ch~
der Schleimhnrrt, parallsel, jn die am irmeren Abhang des Walles
Zur Anntomie rlntl Ilistnlogif~ rlcs Trgnmrnts etc. 33
miindenden Driisen k'iinnen eine derartige Anordnung zeigen,
dass ihr Fundus hoher steht als ihre Mtindungsstelle. Sehr oft
begegnen wir hier erweiterten, unregelm5ssig gestalteten oder
verastelten Kryptcn. Entsprechend dem mittleren Gebiet d,er
Vertiefung fehlen die L i `e b e r k ii h n schen Driisen. Hier be-
riihrt der mittlere Teil dcs L$mphknotchens unmittelbar die
untere Grenze des Epit.hels. Das Knotchen weist hier seinen
breitestmen Durchmesser auf und nimmt such das Gebiet der
Submucosa in Anspruch. Seitlich verschmalert es sich all-
mahlich, findet nunmehr schon ganz im Bereich der Tunica
propria mucosae Platz und endigt nach allmahlicher Verschma-
lesung zugeschzrft. Die `Muscularis mucosae hart in der Regel
unter den peripheren Tteilen des KnBtch,ens auf; manchmal
lasst sich eine Spur derselben in Form einer kaum wahrnehm-
baren Linie durch die Dicke des mittleren Knotchengebietes
verfolgen.
Von der unteren `Grenze d'er Pars glabra an erscheint,
wenigstens in der Mehrzahl der Falle, Fett in der Submucosa.
Der Beginn dies Fettes fallt mit d'er Grenze der Intestinalzo'ne
zusammen; wie weit diese submuciise Fetteinlagerung reicht,
vermag ich nicht anzugeblen.
Zum Schlusse dr,angt es mich, Herrn Hofrat Professor
Dr. M. v. Len ho s's i! k fiir die Untmerstiit,zung mit Rat und
Tat wahrend der Aus'arbeitung meines Th'emas meinen ver-
bindlichsten Dank auszusprechen.
Erkllrung der Abbildungen.
Siimtliche Zeichnungen wurden von Frhlein Ida E i t e 1, Zeicbnerin des Ana-
tomischen Instituts, mit Hilfe des A b b e s&en Zeichenapparates angefertigt.
Fig. 1. Obersichtsbild. Lgngsschnitt der Zona cutanea, intermedia, colum-
naris und glabra, bei etwa 10facher Vergr8sserung.
Fig. 2. Schnitt dnrch die Zona cutanea. Rechts Biindel des Musculus
sphincter ext., daneben Gay ache Schweissdriisen. Haar und dazugehGrige
stark entwickelte Talgdriise. Etwa 60fache Vcrgr8sserung.
Fig. 3. Epithel der Zona intermedia. Mehrschichtiges Plattenepithel.
Die oberflfichlichst,e Schicht etwas verhornt. Leitz Oc. I, Obj. 6.
Fig. 4. Freie Talgdriise, dicht oralwPrts von der Linea sinnosa unter
einer Valvula Glissonii miindend. Leitz Oc. I, Obj. 3.
Fig. 5. Eine weite, flache recessartige Vertiefung (von He rrmann
Depression genannt), im Bereich eines Sinus rectalis, unter einer Valvula Glis-
sonii gelegen. Unten Zona intermedia, oben Zona columnaris. Lumen der
Sinuositlt, sowie der von ihr ausgehenden sekundaren G%nge durch das Fixier-
mittel erweitert. Etwa 9 fache Vergr8sserur.q.
Fig. 6. Querschnitt eines ,,Caualicnlus", d. h. einer schlauchfiirmigen
sekundaren Einstiilpung des Epithels im Bereich eines Sinus rectalis. Der
Canaliculus senkte sich schief in die Tiefe und blieb unverzweigt. Er ist un-
weit von der Miindung getroffen. Leitz Oc. I, Obj. 6.
Fig 7. Epithel der Mucosa analis, entsprechend dem Basalteil einer
Columne. Mehrschichtiges Plattenepithel. Vergr. 90fach.
Fig. 8. Epithel der Mudosa analis, entsprechend der Tiefe eines Sinus
rectalis. Mehrschichtiges Cylinderepitbel. Vergr. 65 fach.
Fig. 9. Epithel eines sekundlren, in den in Fig. 5 wiedergegebenen
Recess miindenden Ganges, dicbt an der Miindungsstelle. Leitz Oc. 5. Obj. 6.
Fig. 10. Folliculus lymphaticus semilunaris aus der Zona follicularis.
Leitz Oc. I, Obj. 2.
-Inatom. Hefte. I. Abteilunq. 147i348. Heft 149. Bd., H. I/:!).
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markdown | 532329 | # Presentation: 532329
## Optomechanical Design and Analysis of Adaptive Optical Systems using FEA and Optical Design Software
**Victor Genberg, Keith Doyle, Gregory Michels**
**Sigmadyne, Inc. **
**803 West Avenue, Rochester, NY**
**Phone: 585-235-7460**
**email: genberg@sigmadyne.com**
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated Optomechanical Analysis
**Optical**
**Analysis**
**Surface**
**Deformations**
**Interpolated**
**Temperatures**
** ****static & dynamic**
** ****linear / nonlinear **
** ****stress**
** ****displacement**
** ****shock & vibration**
** ****thermo-elastic**
** ****inertial **
** ****buckling**
**Steady-State & Transient**
**conduction **
**convection**
**radiation**
**Stress**
**Birefringence**
**Thermo-Optic**
**Effects**
**Optical**
** ****Performance **
** ****Metrics **
**Structual**
**Optimization**
**Thermal**
**Analysis**
**Structural**
**Analysis**
**Interface Programs**
** ****Zernike Fitting **
** ****Interpolation**** **
**Wavefront Analysis**
**Point Spread Function**
**Modulation Transfer Function**
**Encircled Energy**
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated OptoMechanical Analysis
- Example Telescope: Must pass structural distortions to optical model for analysis
- Finite Element Model
- Optical Model
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Zernike Polynomials
- Standard Zernike polynomials (See Born & Wolf, *Principles of Optics)*
- use as many terms as required to represent the data
- Fringe Zernike polynomials are a subset of the Standard Zernikes
- include higher-order symmetrical terms (r10 & r12) that are more important to wavefront propagation; eliminates the higher-order azimuthal terms
**Polynomial series with two real variables, r and ******
- r - dimensionless normalized radius
- polar angle
- Anm & Bnm - polynomial coefficients
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Zernike Surfaces
**Bias/Piston: **1** **
**Tilt: **rcos() / rsin()
**Power/Defocus: **2r2-1
**Pri-Astigmatism**
- 2r2cos(2) / 2r2sin(2)** **
- -1.0
- +1.0
**Zernike Surfaces**
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Zernike Surfaces
**Pri-Coma: **
- (3r3-2r)cos() / (3r3-2r)sin()
**Pri-Trefoil:**
** **r3cos(3) / r3sin(3)** **
**Pri-Spherical: **
- 6r4-6r2+1
**Sec-Astigmatism:**
- (4r4-3r2)cos(2) / (4r4-3r2)sin(2)
** **
- +1.0
- -1.0
**Zernike Surfaces**
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated OptoMechanical Analysis - Current Technology
- FEA code (Nastran) => surface deformations
- SigFit => Fit Zernikes to FEA data, output in Optics format
- Optics code (CodeV) => read Zernikes, calculate system optical response
- Disadvantages
- requires optical engineer in the loop
- analysis process turnaround is slow
- can not use in FEA optimization loop
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Why Adaptive Optical System
- Optical surfaces are deformed and moved based on measured or anticipated information to compensate for unwanted disturbances
- Uses
- Fabrication & assembly errors in deployable systems
- Thermoelastic & humidity distortion
- Atmospheric disturbance in ground based telescopes
- Vibrations & dynamic disturbances
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Adaptive Performance Can Be Simulated With Finite Element Analysis
Generate two sets of deformation predictions
Uncorrected disturbances
Actuator influences
Solve for actuator inputs, x1,x2,x3...xn, to minimize surface error, E
If focus compensation exists elsewhere, terms like 22-1 or R can be added as augment actuators
- Generate two sets of deformation predictions
- Uncorrected disturbances
- Actuator influences
- Solve for actuator inputs, x1,x2,x3...xn, to minimize surface error, E
- If focus compensation exists elsewhere, terms like 22-1 or R can be added as *augment* actuators
**Adaptive Simulation Method - Conceptual **
- x1
- x2
- xn
- Input Disturbance
- Actuator 1
- Actuator n
- Actuator 2
- Surface Error
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Adaptive Analysis - Current Technology
- FEA code => surface distortions
- FEA code => actuator influence functions
- SigFit => read FEA data, calculate actuator force to correct that surface
- Optics code => read SigFit data, calculate system response
- Disadvantages
- Error correction for that single surface, _not_ system response
- Not correcting other optical surfaces effects
- Can not combine multiple adaptive surfaces
- To correct system level effects, the system wavefront error must be related back to the adaptive optic as an equivalent surface distortion.
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - New Technology
- Optics code => system response sensitivity due to unit Zernikes at each surface
- FEA code => surface distortions of all surfaces
- FEA code => influence functions for all actuators (if adaptive)
- SigFit => calculate system response
- fit Zernikes to FEA distortions of each surface
- multiply by system sensitivities to get system response
- SigFit => calculate corrected system response (if adaptive)
- fit Zernikes to FEA influence functions
- calculate actuator forces to minimize system error
- Advantage
- speeds up analysis turn around
- using system level performance generates superior designs
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - New Technology
- Optical surfaces: n = 1 to S Number adaptive surfaces: t = 1 to T
- Zernike in/surface: j = 1 to Z Zernike out/system: k = 1 to Z
- Load case number: i = 1 to L Actuator number: m = 1 to M
- Sensitivity matrix = Zernike out (k) for Zernike in (j) at surface (n) = Skjn
- Disturbance fit = fit each load case (i) with Zernike (j) at surface (n) = Cjin
- Actuator influence = fit with Zernike (j) at surface (t) = Bjmt
- System response = Zernike (k) at output location (0) for load case (i) = Zki0
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - New Technology
- System level response = Zernikes at output (ie Exit Pupil)
- Where S is the Zernike sensitivities from Code V
- Skjn = matrix of size (Z x Z x N)
- and C is the Zernike fit to FEA deformations for each load case
- Cjin = matrix of size (Z x L x N)
- Resulting Zo is reported along with Surface RMS and Peak-Valley
- Output a visualization file showing net response at output location
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Adaptive - New Technology
- System level response at Output location due to Actuators
- Where B is the Zernike fit to Actuator influence functions
- Bjmt = matrix of size (Z x M x T)
- Define system level error E as
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Adaptive - New Technology
- Minimize System Error with respect to Actuator forces
- Solve resulting linear system for A
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Example
- Example: Telescope
- Finite Element Model
- Optical Model
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Example
- Adaptive PM (9 force actuators in red, 3 displacement actuators in blue)
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Example
- Load Case: 1g along optical axis
- Added 5 of astigmatism on SM (represents a thermal distortion)
- PM sits on 3 points (displacement actuators)
- 1g distortion = 4.62 RMS
- mostly trefoil = 12.5
- SM sits on 3 edge points (with 5 astigmatism added)
- 1g distortion = 2.18 RMS
- trefoil = 2.0
- added astigmatism = 5.0
- Note: Surface distortions have a doubling effect on reflected wavefront error
- =
- +
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Example
- No Correction PM Correction Sys Correction
- PM
- SM
- Sys
- RMS=
- 4.62
- RMS=
- 0.11
- RMS=
- 2.18
- RMS=
- 2.18
- RMS=
- 2.18
- RMS=
- 2.18
- RMS=
- 11.25
- RMS=
- 4.31
- RMS=
- 0.23
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis - Example
- Correcting PM disturbance only
- Adaptive PM reduced PM error
- Did _not_ correct SM error, so SM effects still in System error
- Correcting System response
- Adaptive PM corrected PM error _and_ the SM error
- Resulting System error greatly reduced
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Integrated System Analysis -Example: Compare Sys Response with CodeV
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## Summary
- SigFit’s new System Level Analysis allows more rapid turn around of analyses
- Optics engineer needed up front to get sensitivities
- Design and analysis under control of structural engineer
- Can optimize on system level response
- Reduces the need to budget each optic separately
- Improves and simplifies system level analyses
- Can correct multiple surfaces’ effects with single adaptive optic
- Can combine multiple adaptive optics to correct system response
- More accurate & useful than correcting a single surface’s effect
- User features
- Visualization plots of System Level Response
- Future development
- Add System Level Response to SigFit dynamics
- Add System Level Response to SigFit optimization equations for Nastran
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03
## References
**Genberg, V., **_**Sigfit Version 2003-r1 Reference Manual**_**, Sigmadyne, Inc., January, 2003**
**Doyle, K., Genberg, V., Michels, G., **_**Integrated Optomechanical Analysis**_**,**
**SPIE Press, TT58, October, 2002.**
**Genberg, V., Michels, G., "OptoMechanical Analysis of Segmented/Adaptive Optics", **
**SPIE Paper 4444-10, August 2001.**
**Michels, G., Genberg, V., "Design Optimization of Actively Controlled Optics", **
**SPIE Paper 4198-17, November 2000.**
- Copyright Sigmadyne, Inc.
- 5/8/03 | en |
converted_docs | 197208 | Large Clone Maxi-Prep
> Version Number: 3.4
>
> Production Start Date: 01/02/02
>
> Version 3.4 Date: 06/09/04
>
> Authors: Miranda Harmon-Smith, Anna Ustaszewska
>
> Reviewed/Revised by: Tijana Glavina
# Summary
The QIAGEN Maxi-Prep kit is used to isolate BAC, fosmid or cosmid DNA
from glycerol stocks of clones submitted to the JGI. *NOTE: This
protocol does not contain an exonuclease to remove the E. Coli
contamination.*
# Materials & Reagents
+----------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
| **[Materials/Reagent | **[ | **[Stock |
| s/Equipment]{.underline}** | Vendor]{.underline}** | Number |
| | | ]{.underline}** |
| * | Falcon | |
| [Disposables]{.underline}* | | 357550 |
| | Falcon | |
| 50-ml Serological Pipet | | 357525 |
| | Falcon | |
| 25-ml Serological Pipet | | 357551 |
| | Falcon | |
| 10-ml Serological Pipet | | 357543 |
| | \- | |
| 5-ml Serological Pipet | | \- |
| | \- | |
| Inoculation Loop | | \- |
| | QIAGEN | |
| 1-ml Cryovial-Nunc | | 12163 |
| | Teknova | |
| *[Reagents]{.underline}* | | L8000 |
| | Ambion | |
| QIAGEN Plasmid Maxi Kit | | 9849 |
| (25): | Acros | |
| | | 67-63-0 |
| (QIAGEN-tip 500, RNase A | AAPER Alcohol (LBNL) | |
| (100mg/ml), P1 Buffer, P2 | | 6810-13289 |
| Buffer, P3 Buffer, | Aldrich | |
| | | 857440-25G |
| QBT Buffer, QC Buffer, QF | USB | |
| Buffer) | | 25389-94-0 |
| | Sigma-Aldrich | |
| LB Broth | | L4522 |
| | J.T. Baker | |
| TE Buffer, pH 8.0 | | 1310-73-2 |
| | Monahan Paper Company | |
| 99.9% Isopropanol, HPLC | | 775011 |
| Grade | Sigma | |
| | | G5516-1L |
| 100% Ethanol (200 Proof) | Millipore Milli-Q | |
| | System | \- |
| Chloramphenicol (98%) | | |
| | **[ | **[Stock |
| Kanamycin Sulfate | Vendor]{.underline}** | Number |
| | | ]{.underline}** |
| Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate | \- | |
| (SDS) | | \- |
| | \- | |
| 1N Sodium Hydroxide | | \- |
| | Sorvall/Beckman | |
| Pure Bright Germicidal | | \- |
| Bleach | Sorvall/Beckman | |
| | | \- |
| Glycerol, for molecular | Innova | |
| biology, 99% | | \- |
| | Eppendorf | |
| Milli-Q Water | | \- |
| | \- | |
| **[Materials/Reagent | | \- |
| s/Equipment]{.underline}** | | |
| | | |
| *[Equipment]{.underline}* | | |
| | | |
| 250-ml Centrifuge Bottles | | |
| | | |
| 50-ml Centrifuge Bottles | | |
| | | |
| Sorvall/Beckman | | |
| Centrifuges | | |
| | | |
| Rotors (SLA 1500, JA 14, | | |
| SA 600, JA 17) | | |
| | | |
| 4900 Upright Shaker | | |
| | | |
| Easypet | | |
| | | |
| Precision 180 Series water | | |
| bath | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
# Procedure
NOTE: All reagents/stock solutions should be prepared prior to the start
of the procedure.
**1. [Entering Clones into the Isolation Queue]{.underline}** (Do when
time permits -- day prior to or day of prep).
1. Go the **Isolations** Excel file in the following directory:
[**\\\\Octopus\\ProdSeq\\Lib\\Libraries
Shared**](../../../../../../../../ProdSeq/Lib/Libraries%20Shared).
2. Copy all of the JGI Clone IDs from the appropriate date. Paste into
notepad.
3. In the Venonat database
([**http://venonat.jgi-psf.org/psf/PSF.home**](http://venonat.jgi-psf.org/psf/PSF.home)),
click on **Libraries DB** select **Library Reports** select
**Query/Enter Project Form**.
a. Paste the Clone ID from step **1.2** into *Project ID* box.
b. Click on **SUBMIT**.
4. Click on the highlighted Library name.
5. Under the Queue to Process dropdown menu, select **Ready to
Isolate**.
6. Double check to make sure that the right vector, insert size, etc.
information is listed.
7. Click on **SUBMIT** (sent to Isolations Queue).
8. Select and copy the next Clone ID from the Isolations notepad file,
and repeat steps **1.3 --1.7**. Continue until all of the clones
have been entered and sent to the Isolations Queue.
9. Check the Isolation Queue in Venonat database to make sure all
libraries have been entered
**2. [Inoculation]{.underline}**
***NOTE:** The day prior to inoculation, incoming glycerol stocks or
stabs should be streaked onto a small agar plate containing the
appropriate antibiotic to ensure inoculation from a single colony of
growth. Incubate the plate at 37°C for 16-18 hours or until the colonies
are large enough from which to pick. Place streaked clones in the 4°C
deli until ready for inoculation. Glycerol stocks coming from LLNL do
not need to be streaked since they were picked from a single colony
prior to shipping. Used streaked plates and stab cultures are kept in
the deli for up to 1 month before being discarded in autoclave waste.*
1. Pull the streaked clones from the 4°C deli. If you are inoculating
from a glycerol stock, pull a designated clone for inoculation out
of the freezer to thaw on ice. If any of the clones are cosmids,
remove the Kanamycin antibiotic from the freezer so that it can thaw
at room temperature.
2. Label twenty-five 500-ml flasks *1-25* with tape. Record in your lab
notebook which clones (use JGI ID's) are designated 1-25.
3. Measure **250ml** of LB Broth in a graduated cylinder and then pour
into each flask. Record the LB lot \# in your notebook or on the
Isolations Excel spreadsheet. Use the same LB lot for all clones
being isolated, if possible.
4. Remove the appropriate antibiotic from the small freezer in room 139
and add the correct amount to each flask. Tip the flask so the tip
of the pipette touches the LB broth and dispense the antibiotic.
a. For BAC or fosmid clones: add **110µl** of 34mg/ml of
Chloramphenicol per sample flask. Final concentration = 15μg/ml.
b. For cosmid clones: add **313µl** of 20mg/ml of Kanamycin per
sample flask. Final concentration = 25μg/ml.
5. Inoculate each flask with a single colony from a streaked plate (use
a sterile pipette tip or an inoculating loop) or **12µl** of
glycerol stock. Tilt the flask to avoid touching the pipette to the
inside of the flask. Only the tip should touch the growth medium.
6. Grow culture flasks at 37 °C for **18 -- 20 hours at 200rpm** in the
Innova 4900 upright shaker (Rm146). Press the Start button and wait
to make sure the shaker is running properly.
**3. [Prep for next day:]{.underline}**
1. Make sure that all the plastic ware you will be using is autoclaved.
You will need for each sample: *one 250-ml centrifuge bottle and
four 50-ml centrifuge tubes*. If you plan to inoculate again
tomorrow, make sure you will have enough 500-ml flasks.
2. Make sure you have enough Qiagen reagents and columns. For the
isolation of 25 samples, use an entire QIAGEN kit. If there are
remaining reagents due to a small sample batch, label the bottles
and kit with the date, your initials, and approximately how much
buffer is left: i.e. enough for 10 clones. Do not use left over
reagents if more than a week has passed.
3. Add RNase A (entire tube, approximately 280ul) to P1 buffer and mix
by inversion. Place the P1 buffer and the P3 buffer in the deli at
4°C for use the next day.
4. Label the 250-ml centrifuge bottles (1-25) with tape and 4 sets of
twenty-five 50-ml centrifuge tubes 1-25 with a sharpie. *Check the
condition of the tubes for debris. If debris is present do not use.*
Put the 50-ml tubes in racks and cover the tops of the tubes with a
paper towel so that nothing falls into them overnight.
5. Label 25 cryovial tubes with a "fat label" and 1-25 on the top if
making glycerol stock tubes the next day.
6. Creating labels for glycerol stock tubes and 2 sets of Eppendorf
tubes for isolated DNA:
> ***NOTE:** Glycerol stocks should be relabeled around the tube with a
> "fat label" containing the JGI ID number and Source I.D. name and a
> round label on top with the library name. Glycerol stocks are stored
> in the Glycerol Stock Freezer for future use.*
a. Go the **Isolations** file in the following directory:
> [**\\\\Octopus\\ProdSeq\\Lib\\Libraries
> Shared**](../../../../../../../../ProdSeq/Lib/Libraries%20Shared)
b. Copy the JGI Clone ID and source clone name columns that contain the
samples that are to be quantified.
c. Paste the JGI Clone ID and clone name columns into notepad.
d. Go to the **Fat Labels** document in
[**\\\\Octopus\\ProdSeq\\Lib\\Libraries
Shared**](../../../../../../../../ProdSeq/Lib/Libraries%20Shared).
e. From notepad, copy and paste the ID and clone name into each fat
label. Do this in triplicate as you will need one label for the
glycerol stock vial, DNA for shearing tube, and DNA isolation tube.
f. Print on the label paper.
g. Place the labels on 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes (2 sets) and glycerol
stock tubes (cryovials).
h. Prepare round labels for on top of each tube with the library name.
### **4. [Isolation-modified Qiagen Large Construct protocol]{.underline}**
> ***NOTE**: Be careful during transfer steps not to mix up the clones.
> Also, if making glycerol stocks for each clone, aliquot 300μl of 30%
> glycerol into each labeled cryovial prior to adding cell culture
> aliquot.*
1. Remove culture flasks from shaker incubator. Pour each culture into
its corresponding 250-ml centrifuge bottle. Check for washer in the
cap, w/o --leaking occurs. If making a glycerol stock, remove 600μl
aliquot and place in labeled cryovial tube containing 300ul 30%
glycerol. Tighten caps well. Place the glycerol stock tubes in the
--80^o^C freezer after labeling the tops with the round library name
labels.
2. Pellet the cells by spinning the 250-ml centrifuge bottle down at
4°C for **15 minutes at 4,500 rpm**. Clean out water in centrifuge
if present (may cause off-balance). You can load all 4 centrifuges
at once being sure appropriate rotors are in.
> ***NOTE 1:** Make sure the appropriate rotors are in the centrifuges
> depending on which centrifuge you will be using and whether you will
> be spinning the 250-ml bottles or 50-ml tubes.*
>
> ***NOTE 2:** While spinning clean used flasks-, remove tape, rinse the
> flasks with water in the sink and put in the autoclave bin. Get ice in
> ice bucket for subsequent step and place 1 set of 25 tubes into the
> ice.*
3. Turn on water bath to heat to 65^o^C. Place elution buffer (QF) in
water with lid slightly opened.
> ***NOTE:** This buffer needs to be heated to 65^o^C to better elute
> the DNA from the column.*
4. After the centrifuge spin, decant the supernatant into a waste
beaker. Pour the supernatant away from the pellet -- invert the
bottle on a paper towel to drain.
a. Add 5% hypochlorite solution (bleach) to the supernatant to kill
leftover bacterial cells. The final concentration of the
hypochlorite should be 0.5%.
> ***NOTE:** Usually we collect 4L of supernatant at once, so you need
> to add **400ml** of 5% hypochlorite solution to end up with 0.5%
> solution. If you have any other volume of the supernatant, you need to
> add appropriate amount of the 5% hypochlorite to achieve the final
> concentration needed.*
b. Dump the waste down the sink after 10-15 minutes and wash it down
the sink with cold water.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
5. Resuspend the cell pellet in **10ml** of P1 (Resuspension) buffer.
Make sure RNase has been added (Refer to **Reagent/Stock
Preparation**). To resuspend:
a. Use the Easypet and a sterile 10-ml pipet to squirt the P1
buffer into the bottle.
b. Suck approximately 5mls back into the pipet and squirt it at the
pellet again. Repeat several times until there are no visible
cell clumps or cells attached to the wall of the bottle.
c. Discard the pipet in the autoclave waste container and use a new
pipet for each sample.
6. Set one timer for 5 minutes and another for 15 minutes but do not
start the timers. Obtain the P2 buffer from the kit and check for
precipitation. If precipitate, warm to 37^o^C to resuspend.
7. Gently add **10ml** of P2 (lysis) buffer to the resuspended cells by
gently letting it drip down the side of the bottle. As soon as you
add the P2 buffer to the first bottle, start the 5-minute timer. Do
not mix. Obtain the P3 buffer from the deli for the next step.
> {width="0.375in"
> height="0.3020833333333333in"}***Important!** Do **not** shake the
> centrifuge bottle. Vigorous shaking at this step could lead to
> shearing of the bacterial genomic DNA and make it impossible to
> separate BAC from genomic DNA. P2 Buffer should be closed immediately
> after use to avoid acidification from CO~2~ in the air.*
8. At the end of 5 minutes, gently add **10ml** of chilled P3
(Neutralization) buffer to the lysed material. As soon as you add
the P3 buffer to the first bottle, start the 15-minute timer. Do not
mix.
> ***Important!** The cells should lyse for no longer than 5 minutes.
> Sufficient mixing occurs when buffer is introduced to the solution. No
> separate mixing is needed.*
9. Immediately after all 25 bottles have the P3 added, pour the
contents of the 250-ml centrifuge bottles into 50-ml centrifuge
bottles being careful to minimize shaking. Put on ice until the
15-minute neutralization step is completed.
> ***NOTE:** Steps **4.8** and **4.9** should all occur within the
> 15-minute neutralization period.*
10. Place caps on the 50-ml tubes immediately after pouring contents
into the tubes. Again, be careful not to disturb the contents.
11. Spin 1: At the end of the 15-minute neutralization period,
centrifuge the samples at 4°C for **30 minutes at 15,000rpm**. The
BAC DNA will remain in solution; the genomic DNA, proteins, cell
debris, and SDS will form a pellet. Be sure to load the tubes in the
centrifuge with the numbers facing out. Also make sure correct rotor
is in place for the 50-ml tubes.
12. While spinning:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a. Clean the used 250-ml centrifuge bottles by removing tape, filling
with warm water, and scrubbing with bottlebrush. Rinse with water
and place in the gray wash bins.
b. Discard the ice.
1. Spin 2: After the 30-minute spin is complete, gently transfer
the supernatant to a clean 50-ml centrifuge tube and spin at 4°C
for **15 minutes at 15,000rpm**. It is important to do this step
gently in order to minimize the transfer of waste materials into
the clean tube. Pour away from the pellet to avoid dislodging.
You can re-use the same lids being sure to keep the same lid
with the same sample throughout. i.e. the lid from tube 1 always
gets put on tube 1.
2. While spinning:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a. Set up the batch of Qiagen columns using the blue racks. Each rack
holds four columns so you will need 7 racks for a batch of 25. Place
50-ml waste tubes in the bottom and new columns in the top of the
rack. Label each column 1-25 with a sharpie. Equilibrate the columns
with **10ml** of QBT (Equilibration) buffer. Allow the buffer to
empty by gravity flow.
b. Wash the dirty centrifuge tubes from the first spin. Remove the
number on the outside with 100% ethanol. In the sink, fill the tubes
with water and use the bottlebrushes to scrub them out. Rinse with
hot water and place in the gray wash bins.
1. Spin 3: After the 15-minute spin is complete, transfer the
supernatant to a clean 50-ml centrifuge tube and spin one last
time at 4°C for **15 minutes at 15,000rpm**. Again, pour away
from the pellet. Re-use the same lids. Put the tubes in the
centrifuge with numbers facing out.
2. While spinning: Wash the dirty centrifuge bottles from spin 2 as
previously done.
3. After the final spin is complete, immediately pour the entire
supernatant gently into the equilibrated column and allow it to
empty by gravity flow. Try to minimize disturbance of the
precipitate as it could clog the columns and pour away from the
pellet.
4. Wash the columns 2 times with **30ml** (fill to the top of
column) aliquots of QC (Wash) buffer. Allow emptying by gravity
flow. You will need to discard the flow-through after each wash
into a waste beaker because it contains ethanol. The waste will
later be dumped into the red SAA Hazardous waste carboy under
the lab bench.
> ***NOTE:** The BAC DNA will bind to the membrane in the QIAGEN-tip and
> all contaminants will be washed through.*
5. Elute the DNA from the columns into a clean 50-ml centrifuge tube
with heated (65°C) QF (Elution) buffer: Make sure the tubes are
straight up/down to prevent spilling. Good alignment.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a. Add **8ml** of the heated QF buffer then reheat the buffer bottle in
water bath while buffer is eluting out the DNA.
b. Add another **7ml** of reheated QF buffer to finish off the elution.
> ***NOTE:** Because of its large size, BAC DNA elutes most efficiently
> at 65°C. That is why it is important to not let the buffer cool during
> elution*.
c. Empty remaining QF buffer into the hazardous waste and discard used
columns into the biohazard waste container.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
6. Precipitate the DNA by adding **10.5ml** of 100% isopropanol at room
temperature to each tube. Gently dispense isopropanol down the side
of the tube. Cap the tubes with new lids (make sure there is a seal
inside the lid). Mix well by inverting the tube 4-5 times.
Centrifuge at 4°C for **30 minutes at 14,000rpm**.
7. Carefully decant the supernatant as not to disturb the precipitated
DNA pellet. The isopropanol pellet will have a glassy appearance
(invisible) and will be relatively loosely attached to the side of
the bottle. Pour away from the pellet, which should be on the
numbered side of the bottle. After decanting place tube back up
right in rack save caps in order to re-use them for the next step.
8. Wash the DNA pellet:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a. Add **5ml** of 70% ethanol to the pellet (make fresh daily \~125ml).
Dispense ethanol away from the pellet, down opposite side of tube
from which the pellet is on.
b. Spin down at 4°C for **15 minutes at 14,000rpm**.
> ***NOTE:** The ethanol pellet may be visible as a flocculent white
> material.*
1. Carefully decant the ethanol away from the pellet without disturbing
the DNA pellet. Gently place the tube upside-down on a paper towel
to get rid of excess ethanol and minimize drying time. Leave upside
down until all are decanted.
2. Air dry the pellet in a vent hood for 1-3 hour until the majority of
the ethanol has evaporated. Angle the tubes so that the ethanol does
not contact the DNA pellet (keep numbered side facing up).
Over-drying the pellet will make the DNA more difficult to
redissolve.
> ***NOTE:** Drying usually takes 3 or more hours until all traces of
> ethanol droplets are gone.*
3. Resuspend the pellet in **400µl** of TE buffer (pH 8.0). Put new,
sterile caps on the tubes (tightly) and swirl the buffer around in
the bottle so that all of the DNA will get resuspended.
> ***NOTE:** If you are processing a sample that had visibly less growth
> following the incubation step, i.e. smaller cell pellet, resuspend DNA
> in only **200μl** of TE buffer. This makes the sample more likely to
> pass the Quantification step later on.*
4. Leave the tubes to resuspend overnight in a deli refrigerator at
4°C. Angle the tubes so that the TE completely submerges the DNA
pellet to ensure that the whole pellet goes back into solution.
Anchor the tube rack so that the rack does not tip over. Numbers on
tubes should be facing down when rack is tilted.
5. In the morning, swirl the buffer up and down the sides of the tube,
centrifuge the tubes for **1 min at 14,000 rpm**, and transfer the
contents of the tubes to 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes labeled on top 1-25
and on the side with a fat label. Place DNA tubes in DNA stock
freezer for later use in quantification step, unless using same day
to quantify then place in deli.
6. Clean used 50-ml tubes using same procedure as before. Clean off
numbers from outside and rinse with water. Place in gray wash bins.
**5. [Pass samples in the database to the next step
(Quantification)]{.underline}**
1. In the Venonat database, click on **Libraries DB** click on
**Isolations Queue** click on **Click here to assign projects to a
batch**.
2. Select the operator initials, type in *Large Clone Maxi-Prep* as the
protocol, and select all of the project IDs that you isolated.
3. Click on **SUBMIT**.
4. Click on **Click Here**.
5. Under the QC dropdown menu, select whether the isolation passed or
failed (with a given reason).
6. Select whether a new glycerol stock was made or not.
7. Enter the source Library name.
8. Click on **SUBMIT**.
# Reagent/Stock Preparation
**[70% Ethanol (v/v)]{.underline}**
Add **350ml** of 100% ethanol and **150ml** of Milli-Q water to a 1-L
bottle.
Total volume: 500ml.
**[P1 (Resuspension) Buffer]{.underline}**
50mM Tris·Cl, pH 8.0
10mM EDTA
100mg/ml RNase A
**[P2 (Lysis) Buffer]{.underline}**
200mM NaOH
1% SDS (w/v)
If necessary:
Add **262.5ml** of Milli-Q water, **75ml** of 1N NaOH, and **37.5ml** of
SDS to a 500-ml bottle.
Total volume: 370ml
Make fresh the day of the large clone isolation procedure.
**[P3 (Neutralization) Buffer]{.underline}**
3.0M Potassium Acetate, pH 5.5
Make sure P3 buffer is ice cold before starting the large clone
isolation procedure.
**[QBT (Equilibration) Buffer]{.underline}**
750mM NaCl
50mM MOPS, pH 7.0
15% isopropanol (v/v)
0.15% Triton X-100 (v/v)
**[QC (Wash) Buffer]{.underline}**
1.0M NaCl
50mM MOPS, pH 7.0
15% isopropanol (v/v)
**[QF (Elution) Buffer]{.underline}**
1.25M NaCl
50mM Tris·Cl, pH 8.5
15% isopropanol (v/v)
**[LB Broth]{.underline}**
1% Tryptone
0.5 % Yeast Extract
1% Sodium Chloride
**[Chloramphenicol (34 mg/ml) Preparation:]{.underline}**
> Add **0.51g** of chloramphenicol to **15ml** of 100% ethanol to make a
> 34mg/ml chloramphenicol solution.
**[Kanamycin (20 mg/ml) Preparation:]{.underline}**
Add **0.6g** of kanamycin to **30ml** of Milli-Q water to make a 20mg/ml
kanamycin solution.
**[TE Buffer]{.underline}**
10mM Tris, pH 8.0
1mM EDTA, pH 8.0
# SOP Approval
----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
**DEPARTMENT** **APPROVED BY** **DATE**
**Lab Supervisor**
**Research &
Development**
**Instrumentation**
**QC**
**Purchasing**
**EH & S**
**Informatics**
**Seq Assessment &
Analysis**
**Dept Head of Prod
Seq**
----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
# Appendix
**[AUDIT TRACKING]{.underline}**
**6/01/04 -- 6/03/04** -- Danielle Mihalkanin and Erika Lindquist
performed an audit between 7:30PM (6/01) -- 1:30PM (6/03). The user was
Jenny Grant. Changes incorporated into the protocol on **8/26/04**.
| en |
markdown | 235468 | # Presentation: 235468
## <date/time>
## Session 109
***Distance Education***
*** ****** ****** ****** ******Kay Gilcher, OPE***
*** ****** ****** ****** ******Cheryl Leibovitz, FSA***
## Session Outline
- General background on distance education
- Statutory and regulatory constraints on providing Title IV aid
- Evidence from the Distance Education Demonstration Program
## General Background
- Distance education has been around a long time to serve non-traditional students
- Delivery modes have proliferated with changes in technology
- Extraordinary growth in online learning for both distance education and residential students
## Types of Institutions
- Public institutions more likely to have DE courses/programs than private non-profit institutions
- Increased activity in private, for profit, degree-granting institutions
- Vocational and technical schools slower to move into new forms of distance education
## Who are the Students?
- Non-traditional students who may
- Be older students who have delayed enrollment*
- Attend part-time*
- Work full-time*
- Be considered financially independent*
- Have dependents*
- Be a single parent*
- Return to complete a degree that was interrupted
- Have completed a first degree and are seeking additional skills, certification or graduate training
## What is Non-traditional Today?
- Almost three-quarters of undergraduates had at least one of the marked characteristics in 1999-2000
- There are about as many highly nontraditional students (4 or more characteristics) as there are traditional students
- Majority attend public 2-year and private for-profit institutions
- *Source: Condition of Education 2002*
## DE Enrollment 1999-2000
- About 1.4 million undergraduates (around 8%)
- Of these 59% took course(s) over the Internet
- Almost 2 million Master’s students (around 12%)
- Of these 68% took course(s) over the Internet
- Nearly 75% are as satisfied, or more satisfied, with DE courses as with regular classes.
- Source: National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey 1999-2000
## NCES Reports Best Source of Data
- NCES report *Distance Education at Postsecondary Education Institutions: 2000-01* expected January 2003
- Previous reports in 1994-95 and 1997-98
- Website http://nces.ed.gov
## Trends
- Rapid growth in enrollments for distance education programs
- Online courses and hybrid courses are proliferating
- Substantial increases in onsite students taking distance education courses
- Explosion of statewide “virtual universities”
## Definitions
- To start off with we should note that the laws and
- regulations governing the Title IV programs do
- not use the term “distance education” but rather
- use the terms “telecommunications” and
- “correspondence.”
## Definitions
- _Telecommunications Course_
- Generally, a course that is delivered primarily through the use of of technology- television, audio or computer transmission (such as open broadcast, closed circuit, cable, microwave, or satellite transmission) and courses offered over the Internet
## Definitions
- _Correspondence Course_
- A “home study” course in which instructional materials are primarily paper-based and provided to students via the mail.
- A course in which instruction is provided via video cassettes/video discs is a correspondence course unless the school also provides the same course to students residentially during the same award year.
## Definitions
** **A telecommunications course is considered a
- correspondence course if the total
- telecommunications and correspondence
- courses are 50% or more of the total
- courses provided by that school during that
- award year.
- If a course is part correspondence and part
- residential it is considered to be a
- correspondence course.
## Definitions
- If a course consists of correspondence and telecommunications elements, it is either correspondence or telecommunications depending upon the **predominant** method of instruction.
## Example 1 - Video Cassette and Discs
- A school has videotaped English 101 so that students who are studying at home can complete this required course by watching the tapes, submitting assignments and taking a proctored examination. English 101 is also provided residentially to students during the same award year. This course would be considered a telecommunications course.
## Example 2 - Video Cassette and Discs
- The school also offers History 302 via video cassette, with a proctored examination and several assignments. This is a specialized course that has low enrollments, so it is not provided residentially to students during this award year. This course would be considered a correspondence course.
## Example - 3 Correspondence and Residential
- A school offers a truck driving program. The first part of the program is offered via correspondence. For the remainder of the program the student has to attend a residential site where he or she actually learns how to drive trucks. This program is considered to be a correspondence program.
## Example - 4 Correspondence and Telcommunications
- A school offers a correspondence course with an associated website, email contact with the instructor and optional computer conferencing for communication with other students. The course content on which the student will be tested is contained in the print materials. The website contains additional references and resources. In this case, the course would be a correspondence course.
## Example –5 Correspondence and Telecommunications
- A school offers a course that consists of 12 online modules and an online discussion forum that students must access 3 times a week. Students must complete two papers, which can be submitted electronically or through the mail, and five examinations with Scantron answer sheets that must be submitted to the school through the mail for grading. This course would be considered a telecommunications course.
## Contracting Out
- A school is not considered to provide an educational program if the school does not provide instruction itself, but merely gives credit for instruction provided by others schools; examinations provided by agencies or organizations; or other accomplishments such as “life experience.”
## Contracting Out -Bottom Line
- A school cannot contract out an entire program or establish a program that is made up entirely of courses that a students takes at another school(s);
- Programs at virtual universities are not eligible unless the school offers some courses towards the program itself; and
## Contracting Out- Remember
- A school can never contract out more than 25% or 50% of a program to an ineligible entity (such as a computer training company, a medical facility, a publishing company, a truck driving company, etc.) – see General Provisions regulations 34 CFR 668.5
## Example 6 - Contracting Out
- School A contracts with eligible School B who will provide all of the coursework and faculty for an IT program. This program, which will be delivered via the Internet, is not provided residentially by School A during that award year and School A does not provide any of the courses required for this degree.
- This program is not an “educational program” offered by School A since it does not provide any of the instruction needed for this program.
## Example 7 - Contracting Out
- A school contracts with a company such that the company will provide all of the coursework for a particular program. This program will be delivered via the Internet and the company will provide not only the program but also the faculty.
- This is not an eligible program. A school cannot under any circumstances contract out more than 50% of a program to an ineligible school or organization.
## Constraints on Title IV Aid for Correspondence
- Course must be part of a program leading to an associate, bachelor’s or graduate degree – no certificate programs
- A correspondence student can never be considered more than half time
- Indirect costs may not be included in cost of attendance for Title IV aid for correspondence portion-- indirect costs only for residential portion of programs
## Constraints on Title IV Aid for Correspondence
- Special disbursement rules for Pell
- Dependent on other factors
- 50% rules related to institutional eligibility
- Academic program structure may provide significant challenges. These programs are always considered to be non-term and subsequent payments are always dependent on the successful completion of the work already paid for
## Constraints on Aid for Telecommunications
- A program must be at least one year in length.
- Dependent on other factors
- 50% rules related to institutional eligibility
- Academic program structure may provide significant challenges
## 50% Institutional Eligibility Rules
- If an institution offers **more than** **50%** of its courses by correspondence, the institution loses its eligibility.
- If **50% or more** of an institution’s students are enrolled in its correspondence courses, the institution loses its eligibility.
- **Note the difference in wording.*
## 50% Institutional Eligibility Rules
- Telecommunications courses are considered to be correspondence courses if the sum of the telecommunications courses and other correspondence courses the institutions provided during the award year equaled or exceeded 50% of the total number of courses it provided during that year.
## 50% Institutional Eligibility Rules
**Keep in Mind**
- 50% limitation applies to institutions, not programs. A program may be offered entirely through correspondence and still be an eligible program.
- An institution is the sum only of its **eligible** programs.
## Student Eligibility
- Students are not eligible for Title IV aid if—
- They are enrolled in a certificate program offered via correspondence
- They are enrolled in a program of less than one year that is offered via telecommunications
- They are enrolled in a certificate program offered via telecommunications and their school offers more certificate programs then degree programs
## 12 Hour Rule
- Applies to nonstandard term and non term and is an attempt to ensure an appropriate amount of instruction for full-time students
- Associated with the setting of an academic year – 12 hours per week over 30 calendar weeks. To have an equivalent amount of instruction when a full time student attends 10 hours per week, the academic year would need to be 36 calendar weeks
- Additional difficulties for distance education courses
## Primary Purposes of Constraints
- To limit the amount of Title IV aid that is provided to institutions that are fundamentally correspondence and/or telecommunications schools.
- To limit the amount of Title IV aid that is provided to institutions that offer primarily certificate programs and that are using correspondence or telecommunications delivery modes.
- To allow telecommunications students and courses to be treated like residential students and courses under certain conditions.
## Primary Purposes of Constraints – Bottom Line
- Limits Title IV eligibility to institutions whose primary mode of instruction is classroom-based.
- Virtual universities are not eligible.
- Schools with large number of distance education courses and/or programs may not be eligible.
- Schools with large number of students enrolled in a correspondence program may not be eligible.
## Primary Purposes of Constraints - Remember the Context
- 50% rules were among a number of rules that were put in place in the 1992 reauthorization of the HEA
- Many fraudulent correspondence schools
- High default rates
- Precipitous school closures
- Trend toward reduction in instructional time
## Types of Institutions
- Type 1: Offer only certificate programs
- Type 2: Institutions that offer more certificate than degree programs.
- Type 3: Offer more degree programs than certificate programs.
## Website Address
- Refer to website to determine how the 50% rules
- apply to your institution--
- http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/PPI/DistEd/
- reports.html
- Under “Guidance”, click on “Determining
- Compliance with the 50% Institutional Eligibility
- Rules, NASFAA July 2002”
## Distance Education Demonstration Program
- Test quality and viability of expanded distance education programs
- Increase access
- Help determine:
- Most effective means of delivery distance education
- Statutory and regulatory changes needed
- Appropriate level of student assistance
## Program Structure
- Two cohorts of participants – currently 24
- Statutory Waivers
- 50% rules
- 12 hour rule
- Regulatory waivers – general provisions
- http:www.ed.gov/OPE/PPI/offices/DistEd
## Barriers: Multiple Start Dates
- Standard 15-week terms that begin 3x a year combined with embedded mini terms of 8 weeks in length
- up to 6 starts per year
- remains standard term
- Add semester length courses that begin in the middle of each term
- up to 9 starts per year
- overlapping terms
- nonterm
## Multiple Start Dates
- Sequential enrollments (one course at a time)
- Weekly starts
- Nonterm
- Rolling enrollments
- Student may begin any day of the year
- Generally self-paced courses (correspondence or online)
- Student may have up to a year to complete, or be required to complete in the number of weeks in a standard term
- May be standard term or nonterm
## Some Consequences of Nonterm
- Commercial software designed for standard terms
- 12 hour rule applies
- Assumption that student is full-time for Pell purposes.
- Successful completion of coursework before another disbursement can be made
## Illustration Related to “Successful Completion”
- First quarter – 3 online courses; one correspondence course.
- Student successfully completes the online courses by the end of the quarter
- Student is halfway through the correspondence course
- Second quarter – Student wants to enroll in 1 online and 2 correspondence courses.
- Cannot get aid for second quarter; falls behind one term
## Assumption Underlying “Program” Concept
- Faulty assumption that programs consist of courses of a single type
- Students may earn the same degree by very different means.
- Increasingly meaningless to define program by delivery mode.
## Year-Round Enrollment
**Academic Models**
- Independent study/Individualized learning plans
- Terms run continuously through the year
- Sequential courses – one at a time
**Barrier**
- “Continuous enrollment” for academic degree programs not addressed in Title IV law & regs.
- Presume applicability only to short-term vocational training programs
- Challenge to devise ways to provide some flexibility
## Concurrent Courses on Different Calendars
- Two plus two programs
- Degree programs comprised of courses from two or more institutions
**Barriers**
- Systems typically not integrated
- Institutional policies on payment of tuition
- Labor-intensive communications and manual processing
## Competency-based
- Program competencies
- No credits; successful completion of multiple assessments
- May take courses in order to prepare for competency assessments
- Course competencies
- Opportunity to “test out” of some modules
- Differing amounts of time to complete course
## Approach Confronts Core Concepts
- Financial aid laws and regulations are rooted in time.
- Competency approach raises questions
- Defining enrollment status, program length, academic year
- Measuring academic progress
- Accounting for living expenses
- Annual limits on Pell and loan preclude acceleration
## Student-based Delivery System
- Principles
- Students should be able to begin and complete courses on a schedule that best meets their needs
- Students should be able to take courses in formats that best meet their needs
- Awarding of aid should be tied to standards of academic progress, not arbitrary measures of time
## Common Concepts
- “Term” and “enrollment status” replaced with other indicators of progress toward degree completion (“assessments” or “credits earned”)
- Multiple disbursements on a just-in-time basis
- Disburse direct costs as credit hours are attempted
- Indirect costs paid on the basis of time elapsed
## Fraud and Abuse
- Online admission and registration systems may provide opportunity for student fraud
- Need for investment capital may lead school to make its financial position appear stronger than it is
- Rapid growth in enrollments may overwhelm system checks
## Diploma Mills
- Proliferation of diploma mills with rise in online DE
- Common descriptors
- Require no substantive work
- Grant bogus degrees
- Claim unrecognized accreditation
- Make false claims concerning acceptance of degrees
- Sell qualifications (degree based on experience)
- Do not insure students are properly qualified
- Require no appropriate academic achievement
- Undermine quality claims of legitimate institutions
## Contact Information US Dept of Education
- Kay Gilcher
- Office of Postsecondary Education
- 202-502-7693
- kay.gilcher@ed.gov
- Cheryl Leibovitz
- Office of Financial Student Aid
- 202-377-4028
- cheryl.leibovitz@ed.gov | en |
markdown | 460023 | # Presentation: 460023
## X-Ray Emission from Supernovae
**X-Ray Emission from Supernovae **
** ****Stefan Immler**
- CRESST NASA/GSFC
## Overview
**Overview**
**X-Ray SN research** is a relatively young field of science that was enabled by advanced in space flight and technologies.
- Since X-rays (~ 0.2–100 keV) are absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, telescopes and detectors have to be brought above the Earth’s atmosphere by either sounding rockets, air-borne balloons, or satellites.
- Until 1980, all attempts to detect a SN in X-rays failed, placing limiting luminosities around 1040 – 1045 ergs/s.
- Since the launch of HEAO 2 (renamed *Einstein Observatory* after launch) in 1978, space-based instruments had a high enough sensitivity & spatial resolution to search for X-rays from SNe.
## X-Ray Supernovae
**X-Ray Supernovae**
- 32 SNe have been detected in X-rays over the past 26 years
- In the near aftermath (days to months) after their explosions.
- X-ray luminosities range from 1034 ergs/s (SN 1987A)
- to some 1041 ergs/s (e.g., SNe 1988Z, 1995N, 2002hi).
- Approx. half of all detections are from *Chandra*
- *XMM-Newton* only resulted in one new detection (SN 2002ap)
- but is very successful in follow-up observations to monitor
- the long-term X-ray evolution of SNe (see this talk).
- Due to its rapid response and multi-wavelength coverage,
* **Swift* is playing an increasingly important role in probing CSM
- interaction with UV and X-ray observations of young SNe.
**Golden Age of X-Ray SN Research**
## X-Ray Supernovae
**X-Ray Supernovae**
**SN**** **** **** ****Type**** ****Instrument**
- 1970G II Chandra
- 1978K II Rosat
- 1979C IIL Rosat
- 1980K IIL Einstein
- 1981K II Chandra
- 1986J IIn Rosat
- 1987A Iipec Ginga
- 1988Z IIn Rosat
- 1993J IIb Rosat
- 1994I Ic Chandra
- 1994W IIP Rosat
- 1995N IIn Rosat
- 1998bw Ib/c BeppoSax
- 1998S IIn Chandra
- 1999em IIP Chandra
- 1999gi IIP Chandra
**SN**** **** **** ****Type**** ****Instrument**
- 2001em Ib/c Chandra
- 2001gd Iib Chandra
- 2001ig II Chandra
- 2002ap Ib/c XMM-Newton
- 2002hh II Chandra
- 2002hi Iin Chandra
- 2003gb Ic Chandra
- 2003L Ic Chandra
- 2004dj Ic Chandra
- 2004et II Chandra
- 2005ip IIn Swift
- 2005kd IIn Swift
- 2005ke Ia Swift
- 2006aj Ib/c Swift
- 2006bp IIP Swift
- 2006jc Ib/c Swift
**32 total — 22 type II — 9 type Ib/c — 1 type Ia**
## SN 1980K: The First X-Ray SN
**SN 1980K: The First X-Ray SN**
** ****SN 1980K** (type IIL) was discovered with *Einstein*, 35 days after maximum,
- at a luminosity of 2 x 1039 ergs/s (0.2–4 keV band).
- Observation on day 82 showed that the SN has faded by a factor of ~5.
- Spectrum was soft and thermal, ~0.5 keV (Einstein), ~0.4 keV (Rosat).
- Despite the large error box, ~1 arcmin, the X-rays could be attributed to the SN.
- Canizares et al. 1982
- Chevalier et al. 1982
## X-Ray Production Mechanism
**X-Ray Production Mechanism**
- Several X-ray production mechanism have been proposed to explain the observed X-ray emission (among others):
- Initial burst of X-rays as the SN shock breaks out of the surface of the star.
- Short duration (< 1,000 s), hard X-rays (> 100 keV) plus soft BB continuum
- (e.g., SN 2006aj/GRB060218)
- Radioactivity of the ejecta (e.g., SN 1987A)
- Compton scattering of -rays
- Inverse Compton scattering of relativistic e– on UV photons produced
- during the explosion (e.g., SN 2002ap)
- Pulsar driven X-rays from plerionic SNR
- Circumstellar interaction: Interaction of the SN shock with SN environment.
- CSM interaction is the most important X-ray production mechanism
## Circumstellar Interaction
- Stefan Immler / NASA GSFC
**Circumstellar Interaction**
**Ultraviolet and X-rays emission**
## The Swift Observatory
** ****The *****Swift***** Observatory**
- Broad** wavelength band coverage**:
- Gamma-rays
- X-rays (0.2–10 keV)
- Ultraviolet (photometry + grism)
- Optical (photometry + grism)
- Paired with its **fast response**,
*Swift* is ideally suited to study SNe
## SN 2006X and SN 1979C in M100
**SN 2006X and SN 1979C in M100**
- SN 2006X (young type Ia) not detected in the UV and in X-rays
- SN 1979C (type II) is one of the oldest SN still visible in UV and X-rays
- UVOT *UVW1, UVW2, UVM2*
- XRT 0.2–10 keV
- UVOT *V, B, U*
## SN 1979C in M100
**SN 1979C in M100**
- High X-ray luminosity, *L*x = 8 1038 ergs/s (0.3–2 keV) at *t* = 26 years
- High and constant mass-loss rate of 1.5 10–4 M yr–1 over
- >20,000 yrs in the history of the progenitor
- Swift XRT
- Chandra ACIS
- XMM-Newton
## SNe 1978K and 1979C
**SNe 1978K and 1979C**
- SNe 1979C and 1978K are the oldest known X-ray emitting SNe
- Surprisingly similar evolution
- Evolution is best described by a *t*2 rise followed by a *t*–3 decline
## SN 1993J
- Rosat PSPC detected
- SN 1993J on day 6 after the explosion, at
*L*x = 3 1039 ergs/s
- (0.1–2.4 keV)
- A softening of the emission
- from originally
*kT* > 7 keV at *t* = 6 days to
*kT* = 0.5 keV at *t* = 41 days
**SN 1993J**
- Zimmermann et al. 1994
## SN 1993J
- XMM-Newton observation showed a two-temperature thermal plasma spectrum:
*kT*high = (6.5±2) keV and
*kT*low = (0.34±0.04) keV
- at *t* = 10 years.
**SN 1993J**
- Zimmermann & Aschenbach 2003
## SN 1993J
**SN 1993J**
- Zimmermann & Aschenbach 2003
- Poster by Nymark, Chandra & Fransson 2007
- Radiative reverse shock with a number of temp?
- XMM-Newton observation showed a two-temperature thermal plasma spectrum:
*kT*high = (6.5±2) keV and
*kT*low = (0.34±0.04) keV
- at *t* = 10 years.
## SN 1993J
- Stefan Immler / NASA GSFC
- Swift optical
- Swift X-rays
- Swift UV
**SN 1993J**
- M81
- Late-time X-ray observations with *Rosat*,* XMM-Newton*, *Chandra*, and *Swift* allowed to construct the long-term X-ray lightcurve over a >12 year period.
## SN 1993J
**SN 1993J**
- Multi-mission X-ray lightcurve shows an overall (slow) *t*–0.3 rate of decline
- with some ‘bumps’ from CSM density jumps.
- Zimmermann & Aschenbach 2003
- Immler, Aschenbach & Wang 2001
## SN 1998S in NGC 3877
*Chandra* ACIS: *XMM-Newton* MOS:
*L*x = 2.2 x 1039 ergs/s (0.4–2 keV) *L*x = 1.5 x 1039 ergs/s (0.4–2 keV)
- 2.4 yrs after the outburst 3.1 yrs after the outburst
**SN 1998S in NGC 3877**
## SN 1998S in NGC3877
*Chandra*: *XMM-Newton*:
- Possible softening of the emission: day 1140: 5.6 keV (2=0.92)
- day 678: 10 keV or two-component model with
- day 1048: 8 keV kThigh = 8 keV
- kTlow = 0.8 keV (2=1.02)
- (Pooley et al. 2002) (Immler et al. 2005b)
**SN 1998S in NGC3877**
## SN 2005ke in NGC 1371
**SN 2005ke in NGC 1371**
- UVOT ultraviolet
- XRT X-rays (258 ks)
- First detection of a type Ia SN in X-rays from CSM interaction?
- Mass-loss rate of the progenitor’s companion 3 106 *M* yr1
- CSM density 4 107 cm3 at a distance of 3 1015 cm
- Immler et al. 2006
## SN 2005ke in NGC 1371
- Swift UV lightcurves of type Ia supernovae
- UV lightcurve shapes of Type Ia supernovae are surprisingly similar
- ... *except:*
**SN 2005ke in NGC 1371**
- see talk by Peter Milne
## SN 2005ke in NGC 1371
- Excess ultraviolet emission detected for SN 2005ke
- Caused by the interaction of the supernova shock with dense CSM?
- Evidence for a companion star?
**SN 2005ke in NGC 1371**
## SN 2005ke in NGC 1371
- First tentative detection of CSM interaction for a SN Ia in X-rays
- UV excess independently confirms CSM interaction
- Direct obs. evidence for a massive companion star in a SN Ia system
- Companion’s mass-loss rate and CSM matter density can
- be measured for the first time for a SN Ia:
- *M* = 3 106 *M* yr1
- **CSM = 4 107 cm3 at a distance of *r* = 3 1015 cm
- .
**SN 2005ke in NGC 1371**
## SN Ia Systems
**SN Ia Systems**
- A **thermonuclear (Type Ia) supernova** is a white dwarf that accretes matter from a
- companion star and explodes as it reaches the Chandrasekhar mass (1.4x Sun).
- Unsolved question: ***what is the companion star?***
- Two scenarios how thermonuclear SN (Type Ia) systems could look like
- White Dwarf
- White Dwarf
- White Dwarf
- Massive Star
- I)
- II)
## SN 2005kd
**SN 2005kd**
- Type IIn SN
- High X-ray luminosity, *L*x = 1.5 1041 ergs/s (0.2–10 keV)
- High mass-loss rate of some 10–4 M yr–1
- Swift opt/uv
- Swift X-ray
- Immler, Pooley & Brown 2007
## SN 2005ip
**SN 2005ip**
- Type IIn SN at 30 Mpc
- High X-ray luminosity, *L*x = 1.6 1040 ergs/s (0.2–10 keV)
- High mass-loss rate of some 10–4 M yr–1
- Swift optical
- Swift X-ray
- Swift UV
- Immler & Pooley 2007
## SN 2006jc
**SN 2006jc**
- The brightest SN observed by Swift (13 mag)
- Swift optical
- Swift ultraviolet
## SN 2006jc
**SN 2006jc**
- See posters by S. Holland and M. Bufano
## SN 2006jc
**SN 2006jc**
- Swift optical/UV
- Chandra X-rays
- SN 2006jc is detected in X-rays with Chandra on day 40 after explosion and
- brightening in X-rays in the ongoing Swift obs, mass-loss rate 9 x 10–6 M yr–1
## SN 2006bp in NGC 3953
**SN 2006bp in NGC 3953**
- .
- Type IIP (‘plateau’) SN at *d* = 14.9 Mpc
- Observed with Swift <1 day after the explosion
- Detection of X-ray emission < 1 day after the explosion
- Earliest detection of a SN in X-rays (minus GRB/SN), *L*x = 2 1039 ergs/s
- Swift UV
- Swift X-ray
- Swift optical
- Immler et al. 2007
## SN 2006bp in NGC 3953
**SN 2006bp in NGC 3953**
- Daily *Swift* observations allow timing analysis of X-ray flux
- SN would have been missed with any other observatory (XMM, Chandra)
- With *Swift* we are probing a previously unexplored time domain for SNe
- The SN is fading below the detection threshold within 10 days
- Detection of previously unknown, variable ULX in the host galaxy
- Immler et al. 2007
## SN 2006bp in NGC 3953
**SN 2006bp in NGC 3953**
- Recovered in an XMM-Newton DDT observation 21 days after outburst
- X-rays is inconsistent with inverse Compton scattered photospheric photons
- on relativistic electrons due to high required Lorentz factors (~10–100)
- Immler et al. 2007
## SN 2006bp in NGC 3953
**SN 2006bp in NGC 3953**
## SN 1970G in M101
*Chandra* 1 Ms X-ray survey of M101
- Detection of a point-like X-ray source at the position of SN 1970G 35 years after its explosion
**SN 1970G in M101**
- Immler & Kuntz 2005
## SN 1970G in M101
*Chandra* 1 Ms survey of M101 (Kuntz et al. 2005)
- Detection of a point-like X-ray source at the position of SN 1970G
*L*x = 1 x 1037 ergs/s
- At an age of 35 years, SN 1970G is the oldest known X-ray SN
- Recovered in previous ROSAT HRI and PSPC obs
- X-ray rate of decline of
*L*x *t*-*s* with index *s* = 2.7
**SN 1970G in M101**
- Immler & Kuntz 2005
## SN 1970G in M101
**SN 1970G in M101**
- Mass-loss rate history: no evolution over >30,000 yrs
## SN 1981K in NGC 4258
**SN 1981K in NGC 4258**
*L*x = 1.2 x 1037 ergs/s
- 20 years after the explosion.
- Immler, Li, Yang
- & Wilson 2007
## X-Ray Lightcurves of SNe
**X-Ray Lightcurves of SNe**
## The Environments of SNe
**The Environments of SNe**
## The Environments of SNe
**The Environments of SNe**
## The Mass-Loss Rates of SNe
**The Mass-Loss Rates of SNe**
**IIn**
**IIP**
**Ib/c**
## Summary
- X-ray observations of young SNe are uniquely suited to:
- Measure key physical parameters of CSM interaction, such as
- mass-loss rates of the progenitors over significant time-scales in the
- evolution of the progenitor as a function of SN type and progenitor,
- CSM densities in the environments of SNe out to large radii,
- Study the temporal evolution of the forward and reverse shock,
- New observations with Swift are used to probe the previously unexplored
- time domain of the early UV and X-ray emission (< days) and probe
- links between GRBs/SNe by observing SN related long-duration GRBs.
**Summary**
## Thank you
*Thank you* | en |
converted_docs | 266931 | # Selected relevant publications: Rafal Dunin-Borkowski
**Book chapter:**
Electron holography of nanostructured materials
*R E Dunin-Borkowski, M
R McCartney and David J Smith*. Chapter in Volume 3 of the
\"Encyclopaedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology\", pp. 41-100, edited
by H S Nalwa (American Scientific Publishers, 2004). ISBN 1588830012.
**Review paper:**
Off-axis electron holography of magnetic nanowires and chains, rings and
planar arrays of magnetic nanoparticles.
*R E Dunin-Borkowski, T Kasama, A Wei, S L Tripp, M J Hytch, E Snoeck, R
J Harrison and A Putnis*.
Microsc. Res. Techn. **64** (2004), 390-402.
**Journal papers on rock magnetism:**
Direct imaging of nanoscale magnetic interactions in minerals.
*R J Harrison, R E Dunin-Borkowski and A Putnis*.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. **99** (2002), 16556-16561.
The origin of self-reversed thermoremanent magnetization.
*R J Harrison, T Kasama, T A White, E T Simpson and R E
Dunin-Borkowski*.
Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005), in press.
**Journal papers on magnetic nanoparticle, nanowire, etc:**
Magnetic microstructure of magnetotactic bacteria by electron
holography.
*R E Dunin-Borkowski, M R McCartney, R B Frankel, D A Bazylinski, M
Posfai and P R Buseck*.
Science **282** (1998), 1868-1870.
Vortex flux channeling in magnetic nanoparticle chains.
*M J Hytch, R E Dunin-Borkowski, M R Scheinfein, J Moulin, C Duhamel, F
Mazaleyrat and Y Champion*.
Phys. Rev. Lett. **91** (2003), 257207.
Flux closure in self-assembled cobalt nanoparticle rings.
*S L Tripp, R E Dunin-Borkowski and A Wei*.
Angew. Chemie **42** (2003), 5591-5593.
Quantitative magnetization measurements on nanometer ferromagnetic
cobalt wires using electron holography.
*E Snoeck, R E Dunin-Borkowski, F Dumestre, P Renaud, C Amiens, B
Chaudret and P Zurcher*.
Appl. Phys. Lett. **82** (2003), 88-90.
**Journal papers on patterned magnetic elements:**
Switching asymmetries in closely coupled magnetic nanostructure arrays.
*R E Dunin-Borkowski, M R McCartney, B Kardynal, David J Smith and M R
Scheinfein*.
Appl. Phys. Lett. **75** (1999), 2641-2643.
Off-axis electron holography of pseudo-spin-valve thin film magnetic
elements.
*T Kasama, P Barpanda, R E Dunin-Borkowski, S B Newcomb, M R McCartney,
F J Castano and C A Ross*.
J. Appl. Phys. **98** (2005), 013903.
Direct observation of domain wall pinning at nanoscale constrictions.
*M Klaui, H Ehrke, U Rudiger, T Kasama, R E Dunin-Borkowski, D Backes, L
J Heyderman, C A F Vaz, J A C Bland, G Faini, E Cambril and W
Wernsdorfer*.
Appl. Phys. Lett. **87** (2005), 102509.
**Journal papers on other types of magnetic characterization:**
Origin of magnetization decay in spin-dependent tunnel junctions.
*M R McCartney, R E Dunin-Borkowski, M R Scheinfein, David J Smith, S
Gider and S S P Parkin*.
Science **286** (1999), 1337-1340.
**Conference papers on technique and instrumentation development:**
Novel approaches for the characterization of electromagnetic fields
using electron holography.
*T Kasama, Y Antypas, R K K Chong and R E Dunin-Borkowski*
Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. **839**, Pittsburgh, PA, 2005, P5.1.
In \"Electron microscopy of molecular and atom-scale mechanical
behavior, chemistry and structure\", edited by D Martin, D A Muller, E
Stach and P A Midgley.
Paper presented at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting, Boston,
29 November - 3 December 2004
The prospect of three-dimensional induction mapping inside magnetic
nanostructures by combining electron holography with electron
tomography.
*R E Dunin-Borkowski and T Kasama*
Microscopy and Microananalysis **10** Suppl. 2 (2004), 1010-1011CD.
Paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis, Savannah, Georgia, 1-5
August 2004.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 444312 | FLS
- yu
1999
Ho.
492
Dear Dr. sawywt
Iwanttothankyou srpeaially
a time when you maat havu been terribly
8nmn8r holiday.
July 7, 1989
for yew lottor of duna 14 writtun at
rurhed trying to get away for yaur
The new8 regarding hr. Paadiek~s reiteration of the statement that
budget8 for 1940 aust be 1688 than those of 1939 is rrd. However, I: am taking
what oomfort I ary from the latter part of the rentenae reading8
"he alro apake of the antiaipated raluatanao of the
!Erawteer to dig fufo capital f!unds exaept for very
important proJeot8 outride of the regular prognaarl".
Were the pabiro projeat ona whiah might bs aansidered part of a "regub
program& I would never have reaaxmendad taking it aver thir year when 80 lnreh
reopoinad to bo dtme on gellaw fever uad when so fan IBOLL were a-ilable for doing
it. #either would I have arkud for a budget for thir par af #100,000.oa without
having mads 8~ preliminary survey8 aavering a reasonable period of time. The
ion projeat is one whiah mrt be organired an a large raale or abandaned a8
The eiaa programs&e is nat to be oonsidered a8 aampeting for fund8 with
0thur malaria progrmmur, The realga&iae problem, whether we aammit ourselrer
to it publioly or nat, ir @sue of prewnting the rpread of gambiaa frm cme plaoe to
anather with the hope of being able to ererrtually elimimte the rpeoior from
BFIISil. f ray this in 8pito of your letter of lart year in which yau refuse to
inralve the Faundation in any auqmign of extermination fallowing it8 experienoor
with hookworBndirease and yellaw fever. lathing has been unoorerti so far,exaept
tha mbre size of the projeat itrelf, to indiaate that the eliairution of
from the region in which it 18 naw lcnawn to axirt, ir impossible. =P
The star
tragedy I hare 8een in the infe8ted dirtriatr leaver ma no option but to
inairt that a real attempt with adequate fund8 and men to eliminate it
before this tragedy spreads wer the rest of the aontinent. k!y ouggertion that
you meet me in Partaleta far a disauraicm 8ome weeks ago wa8 based on a desire to
sha yau oertain unforgettable sight8 whiah no words ore adequate to deearibe.
I need not go back snd reaits for you the hirtory af the disawery of
g8mbioo in Brasil. We b&h felt justified in the early yuarr of this mosquito's
exirtenae in Brad1 in aonaidsring the problem, sxoept for a rhort period in 1931,
492
Bo. -2 - July 7, 1939
a8 ena far the govmmmnt autharitier to 801v8. But juatifiotB or net, the
fast renmim that I ml the Wsprrroatatiro of the Bktematiorul Health Piriaiaas
in Braail at the tinw Shaunt#a~o fiudirng of la* was announ0ti aad you, who
had alraady seen whmt JLUPlIiao could ds in WeAfriti, mr8 in Brasil rhertly
thermfter and had an oppertunity to 8oe at first h8A the rmult8 of the
inlraion afHata1 ial92Oby J3~thelight ofw-hath8a ha@mmd ainao
then we mn at least be ahw a lmk of tirion. (And it iaaatrubtoday
a8 in the time of fuiah that
With the publieaticm ef the saabion of Anophslsa gambiae in Mr. Fordi&*
prcrridential review thir year, we oan no longer b8 ohargrd with a larrk of rioion.
It only renains to gst that virirm aero8a to the Buard of Trurtesr and th8
nmmmry fuuda will b8 side available.
Onm itma whicsh helpui gir8 us th8 neaaraary nourags to take on the
nbiaa problem *rl8 th# statement in your 18ttsrr in which you diasuraed the
af the yellor fever rsrvio8 baok to geveraeilmt to the sffeot that the
deairs fw thla trmafer ma in PO uay rrlakd to Q drake to reduoo total
PowdatScm oontributima to health work in Brarll.
f hava bon lmking mar the amounts appropriatdl and spent by the
Boundatioin 011 yellew fever utudy mall wntrol in Braail alone rintm 1923, I
find that in five different year8 1924, 1926, lti26, 1932 and 1938 mer &WO,WO.oo
wan spent raoh ye and that in 1924 ~6lS,WO.oo was spent. Bortunatrly today'8
eqwaditurea are amah lcmr md those for 1940 will be even 188s.
The whole w0rl.d was ahorrk8d rt thr pioturo of what hapguacrd in Ceylon
a far years ago, The Crylon tragmiy ir being rrineotd in Brarif Caday with the
dfNsranos that it $8 repeating year after year ami will oontinus to do so until
a thoroughly ~mlarialirm$ population 18 built up, Portuxmtaly, the populrti@n
of the ~oae 80 far inmd8d is relatively small but the population oi threatened
region8 runs into mmy tillion 351 czanridering a budget for a&ire work in
%ilinia
Bras11 we ocmnot take into cansiderrtion only the populaticm of asted sale
but surf also inolud8 the populntlm whioh will ruff8r in oomfng year8 md
throughout f&two genwatfonr if pbiar, ie nut blmhd itare and nal
It irr only aftsr 8reing Fire at work in Braril that I have ooms to
underrtond why W8t Africa ha8 been rolled the white man*8 grer8l llalaria ha8
lang been a reriou8 problmn in Brazil but only in aer in region8 are the looal
mosquitosr able to transmit in a way to maggert oompe % on with ~8sbiar.
A8 I hare written you bePer@ I believe WI rhould h8vo a minimum of 016
million dollars in the war ohsat for next year. Xt ir poreiblo @r, I belie-m
I my say, probable, that the Braailfan Oovernnmnt can bo inducmd to furnirh all,
01` dIBO& a& of thir anmunt rinor it r~oogniabr the 8srioansss of the rituatim
and baa a high opinior~ of the work done by the Pmmdatiem cm yellow fever. I mm
HO. 492
July 7, 1989
wondering, however, if the Poundaticm would feel justified in ad.nUirtering a
prognmme of this rise inwhioh it ha8 cmly I tmn percent interest? I balieve
the l&&dation rhould take from 30 to MI g8raent of the rtook in the
prctje&L prciling to get the amaunt neded from the govermont md
Foundation, would it be feasible to ruggort an internatioz?al war oheat with
fund8 from &her aountkiea? (I hope thir mm be avoidad but mention it as
' juot one m@re indimtion cf my errtinato of tha gravity of the situation).
;En aonalurrion 1: think we ahoplld decride firat, how amoh should be @pent
QO the a&ire aervloo in &940 without oanrldering at all the minor question of
where by ID coming frm Eavioe; dtans thia, the Foundatiarn should be
given the prlvilsge of acmtributing a rehronrble proportion of thir alaount
without taking into odnsldcrration 1939 i~cpcme or, if boosts must be omsidered
~'aaf phoing the neadr of all ether work, inoludirag the atudy of Jung16 Ielloa
Fever and its cmntrol by vucoinatlan, on a list for aoneideratlon after the
ga~&iaen~edaha~beenfulfilledl
The problem ir net ona whlah oan bs attaaked equally ~011
next year 0T after cw just whenever ftmdr my beecme aA.lable. The
failuru to spend poaoib~y #1OO,OW.oo or evdln lers in 1QaO ha8 let the problem
grow until nQrr one agnat talk in terma of milllone of deU.arr, Zallure to spend
freely Nell will, at the very Zeaat inareaao laaay fold the total whioh mart bo
8pnt, ?? ??????????? ?oo future o pWl4iD45 futilb. There exlat at the preser&t
tima vary favorable oonditiana far working under a government whioh realiraa the
gravity of the prsblma and is aoouotmed ta letting u8 work wtrth a free hand.
Suuh favorable aonditiomr omanot be amjurod into exirrtenoo with any ugount of
WA~Jt.
Very eincerely yours,
Fr P . &oper
Dr. W. A. Sawyer,
The Roakafsfler Pmndation,
4$ Weti 49th Otrmvt,
Hew York, IbY.
| en |
converted_docs | 120607 | **Exhibit I-5. Sample Order Appointing Claims Agent**
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT\
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
x
In re: :
: Chapter 11
: Case No.
:
: (No Hearing requested)
Debtor(s). :
:
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
x
ORDER AUTHORIZING EMPLOYMENT OF \[name of claims agent\] AS CLAIMS,
VOTING AND NOTICING AGENT OF THE BANKRUPTCY COURT UNDER 28 U.S.C. §
156(c)
The Court having reviewed the Application for Order Appointing \[name of
claims agent\] as Claims, Voting and Noticing Agent of the Bankruptcy
Court Under 28 U.S.C. § 156(c) (the "Application"),[^1] filed by \[name
of debtor\], the debtor and debtor in possession herein (the "Debtor")
for entry of an order under 28 U.S.C. § 156(c) approving an agreement
with \[name of claims agent\] appointing \[name of claims agent\] as
claims administrator and noticing and balloting agent of the Bankruptcy
Court (the "Claims and Noticing Agent"); and the court having reviewed
the Application and the Declaration of \[name of claims agent\], and the
Court being satisfied with the representations made in the Application
and the \[name of claims agent\] that \[name of claims agent\]
represents no interest adverse to the Debtor's estate with respect to
the matters upon which \[name of claims agent\] is to be engaged, that
\[name of claims agent\] is a "disinterested person" as that term is
defined in section 101(14) of the Bankruptcy Code, as modified by
section I 107(b) of the Bankruptcy Code, and that \[name of claims
agent\] appointment is necessary and would be in the best interests of
the Debtor's estate; and it appearing that proper and adequate notice
has been given that no other or further notice is necessary; and upon
the record herein; and after due deliberation thereon; and good and
sufficient cause appearing therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED THAT:
1\. The Application is GRANTED, as of the commencement of this chapter
11 case.
2\. \[Name of claims agent\] is appointed as the Claims and Noticing
Agent in this chapter 11 case, as of the commencement of this case,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 15b(c), and is authorized to perform the
following services as requested by the office of the Clerk of the
Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California (the "Clerk's
Office") or the Debtor:
\(1\) Serve required notices in this chapter 11 case, including:
\(a\) A notice of the bankruptcy filing, the Section 341 meeting of
creditors, the claims bar date, etc. in a form or forms approved by the
Clerk, the Office of the United States Trustee and this Court;
\(b\) Notices of objections to claims;
\(c\) Notices of any hearings on a disclosure statement and confirmation
of a plan of reorganization or liquidation; and
\(d\) Such other miscellaneous notices as the Debtor or the Court may
deem necessary or appropriate for an orderly administration of this
chapter 11 case;
\(2\) Within five business days after the service of a particular
notice, file with the Clerk's Office an affidavit of service that
includes (i) a copy of the notice served, (ii) an alphabetical list of
persons on whom the notice was served, along with their addresses, and
(iii) the date and manner of service;
\(3\) Maintain the originals of all proofs of claim and proofs of
interest filed in these cases, until such time as the Clerk's Office
directs \[name of claims agent\] to return such original proofs of
claims and interest and file-stamp all documents received with a stamp
approved by the Clerk, and file-stamp and return any copies of documents
received in the filer's self-addressed, stamped envelope(s);
\(4\) Maintain official claims registers in these cases by docketing all
proofs of claim and proofs of interest in a claims database that
includes the following information for each such claim or interest
asserted:
\(a\) The name and address of the claimant or interest holder and any
agent thereof, if the proof of claim or proof of interest was filed by
an agent;
\(b\) The date the proof of claim or proof of interest was received by
\[name of claims agent\] and/or the Court;
\(c\) The claim number assigned to the proof of claim or proof of
interest;
\(d\) The asserted amount and classification of the claim; and
\(e\) The debtor against which a proof of claim or interest is filed.
\(5\) Implement necessary security measures to ensure the completeness
and integrity of the claims registers;
\(6\) Transmit to the Clerk's Office a copy of the claims registers as
requested by the Clerk's Office;
\(7\) Maintain a current mailing list for all entities that have filed
proofs of claim or proofs of interest and make such list available upon
request to the Clerk's Office or any party in interest;
\(8\) Provide access to the public for examination of copies of the
proofs of claim or proofs of interest filed in these cases without
charge during regular business hours, and provide copies of any such
proofs of claim and proofs of interest to members of the public, upon
request, at a cost that is no greater than the per-copy price that is
charged by the Court's third-party copy service;
\(9\) Record all transfers of claims pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 3001(e)
and provide notice of such transfers as required by Bankruptcy Rule
3001(e), and record all claims filed by a debtor or trustee pursuant to
Bankruptcy Rule 3004 and provide notice of such claims as required by
Bankruptcy Rule 3004;
\(10\) Comply with applicable federal, state, municipal and local
statutes, ordinances, rules, regulations, orders and other requirements;
\(11\) Provide temporary employees to process claims, as necessary;
\(12\) Promptly comply with such further conditions and requirements as
the Clerk's Office or the Court may at any time prescribe; and
\(13\) Provide such other claims processing, noticing and related
administrative services as may be requested from time to time by the
Debtor.
3\. \[Name of claims agent\] also is authorized to continue assisting
the Debtor with, among other things: (a) the preparation of their
schedules, statement of financial affairs and master creditor lists and
any amendments thereto; (b) the reconciliation and resolution of claims;
and (c) the preparation, mailing and tabulation of ballots for the
purpose of voting to accept or reject a plan of reorganization.
4\. The fees and expenses of \[name of claims agent\] incurred in the
performance of the above services in accordance with the Agreement
appended to the \[name of claims agent\] Declaration as Exhibit "A"
shall be treated as an administrative expense of the Debtor's chapter 11
estate and shall be paid by the Debtor on a monthly basis.
5\. \[Name of claims agent\] shall submit monthly invoices to the
Debtor. Simultaneously with the delivery to the Debtor of each monthly
invoice for services rendered, \[name of claims agent\] shall deliver a
copy of the invoice to the Office of the United States Trustee ("UST")
and to counsel for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors
("Creditors' Committee"). The Debtor is hereby authorized to pay each
\[name of claims agent\] invoice after the tenth day after the invoice
has been submitted to the UST and Creditors' Committee counsel unless
the Debtor is advised, within that 10-day period, that a party objects
to the invoice, in which case the objecting party must schedule a
hearing before the Court to consider the disputed invoice. At the
conclusion of \[name of claims agent\] engagement, \[name of claims
agent\], shall return to the Debtor any unused portion of its retainer.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated:
United States Bankruptcy Judge
[^1]: ?. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used herein
shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Application.
| en |
converted_docs | 205546 | # {width="0.5868055555555556in" height="0.9736111111111111in"}
June 22, 2005
Mr. Mark Friedrichs, PI-40
Office of Policy and International Affairs
U. S. Department of Energy, Room 1E190
1000 Independence Avenue, S. W.
Washington, D. C. 20585
Submitted by email: <1605bguidelines.comments@hq.doe.gov>
**Comments on the Interim Final and Technical Guidelines for Voluntary
Reporting of Greenhouse Gases under 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of
1992**
The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) appreciates the
opportunity to submit comments on the Department of Energy's (DOE's)
proposed Interim Final Rules and Technical Guidelines for Voluntary
Greenhouse Gas Reporting.[^1] AF&PA, the trade association and leading
voice for the forest products industry, represents over 200 companies
and related associations. AF&PA members produce over 80 percent of the
wood, paper, and other forest products manufactured in the United
States; our members include both industrial and non-industrial private
land owners, large multi-product producers, and family-owned facilities.
AF&PA has considerable interest in greenhouse gas related issues. We
participate in the Administration's Climate VISION program. We have
previously submitted comments in response to DOE's Federal Register
notices of May 6, 2002 and December 5, 2003, have met with the
Administration's representatives on 1605(b) issues, and have
participated in several DOE and Department of Agriculture's (USDA's)
workshops related to 1605(b). Changes to the voluntary registry are
important to AF&PA and its members, and we hope that our comments are
helpful as the agency evaluates responses to its proposal.
We commend DOE and USDA for many of the changes incorporated into the
Interim Final General and Technical Guidelines. In particular, we are
pleased to see clear recognition that biogenic fuels are carbon neutral
and that sustainable management of forests results in no net carbon
flux. These are core issues for our industry. We are also pleased that
the definition of carbon stocks was expanded to include wood -- or more
appropriately forest products. We also commend DOE for separately
accounting for direct and indirect emissions.
AF&PA's detailed comments on the proposed changes to the guidelines are
attached to this letter. In general, our major comments address the
following areas:
**Completion of the Reporting Forms and Guidelines:**
- The reporting forms should be made available for review and comment
once they are complete, and additional comments on the guidelines
should be accepted along with comments on the reporting forms.
Testing the forms and relating them to the guidelines will clarify
our understanding of the process and allow us to provide DOE and
USDA with more meaningful comments.
**Forestry Issues:**
- Manufacturers should be provided the option to register the carbon
sequestered in products as long as the wood used to manufacture the
product originates from certified sustainably managed forests or
procurement systems.
- Carbon indicators should not be required for sustainable forestry
certification systems. As the Technical Guidelines state, "if a land
area is certified sustainable, it is highly unlikely the inventory
of carbon on that land is declining."
- The Interim Final Guidelines need to clearly state that changes in
sequestration for forests managed under certified sustainable
management systems are *de minimis* and need not be reported
annually.
- Registration of carbon in preserved forests and managed forests
should be treated equally.
**Interim General Guidelines:**
- The definition of avoided emissions is too narrow and should be
expanded to include other activities such as those associated with
recovery of paper for recycling.
- A start year of 2002 for registering reductions does not recognize
actions already taken and using this date may discourage many from
participating in the registry.
- The General Guidelines should allow reductions in emissions from
plant closings to be reported and registered.
**Technical Guidelines:**
- An "A" rating should be given to methods employing fuel usage and
emissions factors to calculate emissions.
- Emissions should be allocated more evenly between electrical and
thermal generation of combined heat and power. The efficiency
benefits of steam generation need to be recognized.
Finally, we want to express our view that the 1605(b) registry is not
the appropriate place to report progress on Climate VISION commitments.
We understand from conversations with DOE that there is no expectation
for trade associations to use the registry to report collective data.
However, in response to statements in the preamble to the guidelines,
our comments re-state our concern in this area.
If you have questions about our comments or we can assist you in any
way, please contact me at 202-463-2709 or via email at
Dee_Gavora@afandpa.org.
Sincerely,
Dee Gavora
Director, Environmental Policy
American Forest & Paper Association
**American Forest & Paper Association**
**Comments on Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting**
**Interim Final General Guidelines and Draft Technical Guideline**
**June 22, 2005**
**Table of Contents**
# Topic Page
**Completion of Reporting Forms and Guidelines** 2
# Forestry and Sequestration
- Reductions from Increases in Carbon Stored in Wood Products 2
- Carbon Indicators for Sustainably Managed Forests 4
- Reporting Emissions and Sequestration 5
- Frequency of Monitoring 6
- Forest Preservation 6
# General Guidelines
- Avoided Emissions 7
- *De minimis* Emissions 8
- Carbon Stocks 9
- Net Emissions Reductions 9
- Total Emissions 9
- Emissions Inventories 9
- Limiting Registration to Post-2002 Reductions 10
- Aggregated Reporting 10
- Emission Reductions Associated with Plant Closings
> and Reductions in Output 11
- Determining Entity Responsible for Emissions Reductions 11
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Confidentiality 12
- Independent Verification 12
**Technical Guidelines**
- Emissions Rating System 12
- Landfill Methane 13
- Indirect Emissions from Electricity and Heat Purchases
> of Offsite CHP Plants 13
- Approaches for Wood Products 15
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Avoided Emission Factors 15
- Use of NERC Regions for Electricity Factors 15
- Use of Economics as a Measure of Output 16
**Appendix A: Comparison of Sequestration in Preserved and**
> **Managed Forests** 17
**Completion of Reporting Forms and Guidelines**
AF&PA appreciates the opportunity to comment on the interim final
General and Technical Guidelines. With over 300 pages of technical
material, the guidelines are extensive and highly involved; thus, it is
difficult to conclusively form opinions and file comments when the
actual reporting forms are not available. Testing the forms and relating
them to the guidelines will clarify our understanding of the calculation
process and allow us to provide DOE with more meaningful comments.
AF&PA recommends that the reporting forms and tools be made available
for review and comment once they are complete, and we strongly recommend
that additional comments on the guidelines be accepted with comments on
the reporting forms.
Additionally, the Interim General and the Technical Guidelines will be
more easily understood if DOE provides examples for reporters to use. At
the April 26-27, 2005 workshop there was a brief discussion of "primers"
that are to be made available. AF&PA encourages the use of examples to
make the reporting process more understandable.
**Forestry Comments**
#### Reductions from Increases in Carbon Stored in Wood Products \[Technical Guidelines -- Section 2.4.4.2\] The Technical Guidelines specify that "the entity reporting changes in forest carbon stocks also report the changes in carbon stocks that are expected in the wood-products pool. Because harvested wood is typically transferred between owners as the wood is harvested, processed and used, several entities could potentially affect the quantity and timing of the carbon emitted from wood products. The decision to allow the forest-carbon reporter to also report expected changes in wood-products carbon simplifies overall reporting burdens and allows the increases in wood-products carbon storage to be captured in the 1605(b) reporting systems."
[AF&PA Comment:]{.underline}
AF&PA members disagree with the assertion that positioning only the
landowner to report expected changes in forest products simplifies the
overall reporting burden.
Requiring forest owners to track the product pool unnecessarily
complicates the calculation and reporting of such reductions and may
lead to a miscalculation of the carbon sequestered in forest products.
Both the forest entity and manufacturing entity make important
contributions to carbon sequestration, and the guidelines should be
modified to allow those contributions to be recognized separately in the
1605(b) registry. In most instances, the landowner is unlikely to have
sufficient data to register accurately the carbon sequestered in
products. Providing the manufacturer with the option to register such
carbon allows recognition of the product contribution, ensures greater
accuracy in registering such carbon, and reduces associated transaction
costs.
Further, neither the General nor Technical Guidelines recognize the
vital role that streamlined project accounting and reporting for forest
sequestration can play in enhancing carbon sequestration.
To capture the contributions of both landowners and forest products
manufacturers in a manner that portrays the full recognition of carbon
sequestration, AF&PA members recommend the following:
- Landowners using sustainable forest management (SFM) practices --
and thus operating carbon neutral forests on a long term basis --
should be provided the option of undertaking and being recognized
for projects that increase forest carbon over and above what
sustainable management provides.
- Landowners undertaking such projects also should be provided the
option of registering their project reductions in the 1605(b)
registry and transferring the reductions to other entities through
appropriate agreements.
- Manufacturers should be provided the option to register the biomass
carbon sequestered in forest products in-use as long as the wood
used to manufacture the product originates from certified
sustainably managed forests or procurement systems.
- Landfill owners should be provided the option to register the
biomass carbon sequestered in forest products discarded in
landfills.
Sustainable forestry management and carbon-balanced forests lie at the
core of this recommendation. We think this recommendation represents an
equitable arrangement for all forest industry parties. Additionally, it
encourages landowners to embrace and implement sustainable forestry
systems.
The system we have outlined also reduces the risk of double counting
carbon, as the landowner, manufacturer, and landfill owner are each
responsible for separate aspects of the carbon pool. If a landowner
undertakes a project to increase carbon in forests, the resulting
increase could not be claimed by any other entity until time of
transfer. Once carbon is transferred, the landowner would register the
carbon decrease associated with the harvest and sale in its 1605(b)
report.
The diagram shown below outlines the process and shows its relationship
to sustainable forest management.
**[Carbon Indicators for Sustainably Managed Forests]{.underline}**
\[Technical Guidelines -- Section 1.I.3.5\] The Technical Guidelines
recognize that "if a land area is certified sustainable, it is highly
unlikely the inventory of carbon on that land is declining." Thus a
reporter may assume there is neither an increase nor a decrease in
carbon flow on those lands. Reporters using certification systems --
such as SFI -- as a basis for reporting no net carbon flux "should
verify that the certification process includes indicators that would
detect long-term declines in carbon stocks."
[AF&PA Comment:]{.underline}
The draft Technical Guidelines appropriately recognize that sustainably
managed forests are carbon balanced over the long term and thus have a
default carbon flux of zero. AF&PA commends USDA and DOE for confirming
the value of sustainable forestry management.
However, one element in this section is unwarranted and unnecessary. The
guidelines state that reporters using sustainably managed forest
certification systems as a basis for reporting no net carbon flux should
verify that the certification process includes ***indicators*** that
would detect long-term declines in carbon stocks.
Sustainable forestry certification systems have been developed to
provide assurance that forests will be maintained in a manner that
preserves or improves their condition over the long term. They may
naturally experience fluctuations in carbon stocks, but the very
definition of "sustainable" is "to keep in existence, maintain,
prolong." If a land area is third-party certified to a recognized SFM
system, there should be no further need under 1605(b) for reporters to
further verify the certification program's provisions with respect to
carbon.
Any obligation to develop and include specific carbon accounting
indicators additional to SFM certification requirements would impose
overly burdensome and costly requirements on the certification process
and would discourage use of the 1605(b) registry.
AF&PA recommends that the section addressing certification be modified
as shown below.
**[Reporting Emissions and Sequestration]{.underline}** \[General
Guidelines Section 300.6\]
Section 300.6 states that an entity should provide an annual accounting
of its emissions including direct emissions, indirect emissions, and all
sequestration or other changes in carbon stocks.
[AF&PA Comment:]{.underline}
We find the intent of this section confusing and unclear. Accounting for
changes in forest carbon stocks is a time intensive and expensive
process and requiring entity-wide sequestration to be reported with
emissions places an extreme burden on the forest products industry -- a
burden that is not shared by other industries.
As recognized in the Technical Guidelines (Section 1.I.3.5), sustainably
managed forests are carbon neutral, and "it is highly unlikely that the
inventory of carbon on such land is declining." The General Guidelines
should explicitly include this concept as a *de minimis* exclusion.
AF&PA recommends that section 300.6(g)(1) be modified to clearly state
that any changes in sequestration for forests managed under certified
sustainable management systems are *de minimis* and need not be a part
of entity's annual report. At a minimum, reporting that forests remain
SFM certified should be simply accomplished through the reporting form,
which we have not yet seen.
**[Frequency of Monitoring]{.underline}** \[Part I: Appendix - Section
3.2.4\]
The guidelines are inconsistent with respect to periodic versus annual
reporting of sequestration. While the Technical Guidelines for Forestry
recognize the validity of periodic measurements for forest carbon, the
General Guidelines appear to require annual reporting.
[AF&PA Comment:]{.underline}
Annual reporting of forest carbon stock changes is overly burdensome and
unwarranted. As a generally accepted premise, for entities that elect to
include forest operations or projects in their reporting, annual
reporting should not be necessary nor would it be consistent with the
intent of the 1605(b) program. For the most part, the forestry
guidelines recognize that periodic measurements are sufficient. For
example, the Part I: Appendix, Section 3.2.4, states that: "given the
dynamics of forest processes, they are generally measured over periods
of 5-Year intervals." It notes as well that intervals for monitoring
carbon pools in soil could be even longer. However, as noted above, the
General Guidelines seem to suggest that annual reporting for all aspects
of an entity's operations is necessary.
Changes in forest carbon stocks can vary considerably from year to year
even though over a long period of time, they remain relatively stable.
Given the complicated nature and expense of measuring forest inventories
with a degree of precision and accuracy suitable for 1605(b) purposes,
periodic calculations are more than sufficient.
**[Forest Preservation]{.underline}** \[Technical Guidelines - Section
1.I.4.5\]
The guidelines treat carbon measurement for preserved forests
differently than for managed forest stands. The technical guidelines
would allow entities to report and register conservation of existing
terrestrial carbon stocks through permanent easements and deed
restrictions. Entities can register 1/100^th^ of the baseline carbon
stocks plus any incremental increase over the base period in preserved
forests.
[AF&PA Comment:]{.underline}
AF&PA members believe that carbon stocks in preserved forest should be
measured and treated the same as other forest lands. Only incremental
gains over the baseline should be registered. It makes no sense to give
credit for existing carbon stocks in preserved forests and not in
managed forests. The latter provide greater opportunity for emissions
reductions through increased forest productivity, the benefits of
biomass energy substitution, and carbon sequestration in products. Yet,
only the increase over existing carbon stocks can be registered on
managed stands.
Under the guidelines, any emissions reduction registered for a preserved
forest remains in place even if a natural disturbance causes the
registered carbon to be lost. In fact, there is a higher probability
that carbon stocks in preserved forests will decline as a result of
natural events. Absent a natural event, carbon stocks in preserved
forest will at best reach a maximum level or saturation point. In
contrast, the products generated from managed forests will continue to
accumulate carbon long after the unmanaged forest has exhausted its
ability to sequester additional carbon.[^2]
AF&PA recommends that registration of carbon in preserved forests and
managed forests be treated equally. The proposed 100-year formula for
registering existing carbon stocks in preserved forests should be
eliminated and only increases (or decreases) in existing carbon stocks
should be eligible for registration, or alternatively, the same
treatment and opportunity for registering existing carbon stocks should
be given to managed forest stands.
# General Guidelines
##### [Avoided Emissions]{.underline} \[Section 300.2\]
The General Guidelines describe avoided emissions as "the emissions
displaced by increases in the generation and sale of electricity, steam,
hot water or chilled water produced from energy sources that emit fewer
greenhouse gases per unit than other competing sources of these forms of
distributed energy." We support recognition of avoided emissions from
the export of electricity or steam under the proposal. As suppliers of
electricity generated from renewable sources and cogeneration, AF&PA
members have great interest in this type of avoided emissions.
However, the proposed definition is too narrow and should be expanded to
include other activities such as those associated with recovery of paper
for recycling. AF&PA members' Climate VISION commitment is based in part
on recovery of paper which avoids methane emissions at landfills.
In fact, to help meet our Climate VISION commitment, AF&PA announced a
new paper recovery goal of 55 percent of all paper consumed in the
United States by 2012. AF&PA expects that achieving the recovery rate of
55 percent will lead to corresponding reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions at landfills.
The method that AF&PA is using to calculate the amount of methane
avoided was adopted from EPA's Waste Reduction Model (WARM). EPA's
website specifically states that the model was created "to help solid
waste planners and organizations track and voluntarily report greenhouse
gas emissions reductions and energy savings from several different waste
management practices."[^3]
Entities operating recycling facilities are able to accurately measure
the volume of paper recovered for recycling and quantify the avoided
greenhouse gas emissions; thus, AF&PA recommends that these entities
should have the option to register such avoided emissions.
To facilitate this process, AF&PA suggests the following more expansive
definition of avoided emissions be used:
> Avoided emissions are greenhouse gas emission reductions associated
> with a specific activity or project undertaken by an entity and
> calculated relative to a reference case (or baseline) that describes
> what the emissions would have been in the absence of the entity's
> activity or project.
Such a definition acknowledges that the recycling of paper, aluminum,
and other products reduces disposal in landfills and also may reduce
energy usage.
**[*De minimis* Emission*s*]{.underline}** \[Section 300.2\]
In the General Guidelines, *de minimis* emissions are defined to be
emissions of greenhouse gases that are less than or equal to three
percent of a reporting entity's annual CO~2~ emissions.
AF&PA recommends that *de minimis* emissions be defined to be five
percent or less of an entity's annual emissions. Increasing the *de
minimis* percentage would encourage reporters to spend more time
determining material emissions and less time estimating immaterial
emissions. Widely accepted greenhouse gas protocols -- such as the World
Economic Forum's Greenhouse Gas Register[^4] and the California Climate
Action Registry[^5] -- use five percent as the *de minimis* amount.
Other protocols have used five percent as a rule of thumb for
determining materiality.[^6]
If an entity determines that a source of emissions is immaterial or five
percent or less of total emissions, such emissions should be classified
as de minimis and not included in the entity's annual inventory.
**[Carbon Stocks]{.underline}** \[Section 300.2\]
AF&PA commends DOE for expanding the definition of carbon stocks to
include wood products. However, the more appropriate term is "forest
products," which recognizes the contribution of both wood and paper
products. AF&PA recommends that carbon stocks be defined as:
> the quantity of carbon stored in biological and physical systems
> including: trees, plants, ***forest products*** and other terrestrial
> biosphere sinks, soils, oceans, sedimentary and geological sinks, and
> the atmosphere.
**[Net Emissions Reductions]{.underline}** \[Section 300.2\]
Based on the stated definition, the word "net" appears misapplied. A
more appropriate term would be "total emission reductions," which is the
sum of all annual changes in emissions, avoided emissions and
sequestration. Additionally, AF&PA recommends that the term emissions be
divided into direct and indirect emissions. Thus the term "total
emissions reductions" means all annual changes in direct and indirect
emissions, avoided emissions, and sequestration.
**[Total Emissions]{.underline}** \[Section 300.2\]
The guidelines define total emissions as "including both direct and
indirect entity-wide emissions." This definition is confusing and is not
in keeping with other international protocols such as the WRI/WBCSD
*Greenhouse Gas Protocol* or ISO/DIS 14064 (Parts 1 to 3).
AF&PA recommends that the term "total emissions" be deleted and that the
emissions be defined separately as *direct emissions* and *indirect
emissions*. These two types of emissions are not additive, and separate
definitions avoid any implication that the two should be combined.
**[Emissions Inventories]{.underline}** \[Section 300.6(d)\]
AF&PA commends DOE for the clear recognition that biogenic emissions are
carbon neutral. The Technical Guidelines (Part1.C.5.5) state that
biogenic emissions do not count as anthropogenic emissions, as they are
"part of the natural carbon cycle." The process for reporting such
emissions should also be clearly acknowledged in Section 300.6(d) of the
General Guidelines by noting that biogenic emissions of CO~2~ are
reported separately and are not reported as part of an entity's direct
emissions.
To make this clear, we propose the following addition:
> Only the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from combustion of
> biogenic fuels are reported as direct emissions. The CO~2~ emissions
> from combustion of biogenic fuels should not be reported as direct
> emissions.
**[Limiting Registration to Post-2002 Reductions]{.underline}**
\[Section 300.7\]
DOE has indicated its intent to permit the registration of only those
emission reductions achieved after 2002.
AF&PA members think that the registry should provide for the reporting
and registration of data prior to 2002. Specifically, the General
Guidelines should provide for a baseline period of 1987 to 1990 as
established under section 1605 (b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and
the criteria for reporting and registration should be the same for
reporting periods in the past and the future.
As the President noted in his February 2002 policy statement, reforms to
the registry system should address baseline protection. Additionally,
the four Agencies that reviewed the President's objectives concluded
that credit should be given for early action. AF&PA members think that
it is important to protect established baselines and give credit for
early action to establish the integrity and reliability of the registry
and encourage participation. Without recognition and credit, those
entities that acted early to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are
penalized.
The forest products industry over the past thirty years has made
significant strides in replacing fossil fuels with biomass fuels, both
waste wood and spent pulping liquor and in developing cogeneration of
electricity in the industry mills. Even within the realm of fossil fuel
use there has been significant replacement of fuel oil with natural gas,
which has reduced greenhouse gas emission intensity.
A start year of 2002 is not in keeping with actions already taken, and
using this date may discourage many from participating.
**[Aggregated Reporting]{.underline}** \[Section 300.7(d)\]
In the preamble, DOE notes that 1605(b) will be the primary vehicle for
reporting on commitments made under the Climate VISION and Climate
Leaders programs, and DOE defines an aggregator as a trade association
or organization that collects or compiles information and reports to EIA
on behalf of third parties that have chosen not to do so.
AF&PA does not agree that the 1605(b) registry is the appropriate place
to report progress on these commitments.
The aggregated reporting provisions laid out in the General Guidelines
are incompatible with the *collective* commitment made by AF&PA members
under their Climate VISION commitment and with commitments made by
individual companies under the Climate Leader's Program.
Additionally, it is inappropriate for AF&PA as a trade association or
EPA as the head of the Climate Leaders program to register the
individual emissions reductions of third parties. Not only is it unclear
how this would work, it appears to give the aggregator inappropriate
control of the reductions.
**[Emission Reductions Associated with Plant Closings and Reductions in
Output]{.underline}** \[Section 300.8(j)(2)\] The interim guidelines
exclude reductions of emissions that were the result of plant closings
from registration. AF&PA members strongly recommend that DOE change the
General Guidelines to allow reductions in emissions from plant closings
to be reported and registered.
It is highly unlikely that any benefit derived from the registration of
greenhouse gas emission reductions will influence the opening or closing
of a plant. Further, excluding reductions in emissions that result from
plant closings conflicts with the statutory language of the Energy
Policy Act of 1992. The statute calls for the establishment of
procedures for the reporting of "reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
achieved as a result of...plant or facility closings."
Closure of facilities is a routine business decision that occurs in a
viable market-based economy. If facility closures result in emission
reductions, the reductions should be fully recognized. Failure to
recognize such reductions unnecessarily penalizes businesses that make
changes that both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve their
ability to compete in an increasingly global economy.
Additionally, WRI/WBCSD's *Greenhouse Gas Protocol* specifically states
that "the base year emissions should not be adjusted for...plant
closures."[^7] In other words, according to the *Greenhouse Gas
Protocol*, emission reductions associated with plant closures should be
counted as reductions.
Similarly, the ISO/DIS 14064 reflects this position both for facility
closures and reductions in output. To be consistent with these
international protocols and standards, the General Guidelines should
allow for the reporting of emissions reductions from plant closings as
well as from decreases in output.
**[Determining the Entity Responsible for Emission
Reductions]{.underline}** \[300.8(k)\]
In keeping with AF&PA's position on the rights of landowners and
manufacturers to register reductions from sequestration, we recommend
that the wording in section 300.8(k) be modified. As it now stands, the
paragraph limits sequestration to "the place where the sequestration
action occurred." In the case of manufacturers, this is too limiting.
AF&PA suggests the following changes to the paragraph (noted in bold
italics):
> The entity that DOE will presume to be responsible for emission
> reduction, avoided emission or sequestered carbon is the entity with
> financial control of the facility, land or vehicle which generated the
> reported emissions, generated the energy that was sold so as to avoid
> the other emissions, or ***took action to increase sequestered carbon
> in forests, products in-use, or landfills.***.
**[Confidentiality]{.underline}** \[Section 300.9(e)\]
AF&PA members support provisions to maintain data confidentiality, which
is important to competitive enterprise. For example, energy-use data
from individual manufacturing facilities is particularly sensitive, and
it is inappropriate to disclose this information. If DOE requests
information about specific manufacturing facilities, a potential
reporter may be inclined not to report so that the facility information
will not become public.
AF&PA recommends that DOE evaluate the data collection format and allow
entities to report aggregated sub-entity data. Combining several
facilities together would reduce the likelihood of exposing competitive
information, and company and 1605(b) verification procedures would
guarantee the validity of such data.
##### [Independent Verification]{.underline} \[Section 300.11\]
AF&PA members concur with DOE's decision to encourage, but not require,
verification of annual reports by independent auditors. Internal company
verification is thorough. AF&PA member companies employ foresters,
professional engineers, scientists, accountants, purchasing managers,
and senior managers to gather and verify data and question the logic of
such data. Situations requiring independent verification, such as
verification of transferable credits, should be left to the more
stringent requirements set by the appropriate market regulator or
contractual requirements between parties to the transfer.
The Guidelines lay out extensive requirements for verifiers; however,
the higher the degree of assurance demanded, the higher the cost of the
verification. If the cost of verification is too high, fewer entities
are likely to have their reports verified.
**Technical Guidelines**
**[The Emissions Rating System]{.underline}** \[1.A.4\]
The Technical Guidelines lay out a system for rating the methods used to
estimate greenhouse gas emissions, and the highest rating is given to
methods based on direct measurement. Methods that use multiple direct
measurements and emissions factors to determine emissions are rated
lower. AF&PA strongly recommends that an "A" rating be given to methods
employing fuel usage and emissions factors to calculate emissions.
The forest products industry -- like many other energy intensive
industrial sectors -- has developed calculation tools that meet the
standards of WRI/WBCSD's *Greenhouse Gas Protocol*. These tools were
developed with input from international forest product associations and
also received international peer review. AF&PA strongly recommends that
calculation tools based on recognized protocols -- such as the WRI/WBCSD
protocol -- be incorporated by reference and recognized at the highest
rating level.
With regard to stationary combustion sources, methods based on fuel
emission factors are as good as, if not better than direct measurement
with continuous emission monitors (CEMs) for determining CO~2~
emissions. CEMs are expensive to purchase, install, and maintain, and
failures -- which can go unnoticed -- are not uncommon. More
importantly, CEMs are not usually used by the manufacturing or
commercial sectors; they are more commonly used by the electric utility
industry. Manufacturers and others without CEMs are unlikely to spend
large amounts of money to buy, install, and maintain equipment to gather
emissions data.
**[Landfill Methane]{.underline}** \[1.E.4.3.3\]
The Technical Guidelines allow reporters to choose between two basic
approaches for estimating methane emissions from landfills. The *Pulp
and Paper Mill Calculation Tool*, developed for the international forest
products industry recognizes a third method for landfills with gas
collection systems.
In some cases, company landfills are capped with low permeability cover
material to collect landfill gases. In these cases, it may be possible
for companies that measure the amounts of methane captured in efficient
collection systems, to estimate the collection efficiency of the system
and then back calculate the amounts of methane generated. For instance,
if a mill with a capped landfill has determined that its collection
system collects 90 tons of methane per year and the mill estimates that
the collection efficiency is 75%, then 120 tons of methane were
generated. Assuming that 10% of the uncollected 30 tons (120 minus 90)
was oxidized in the cover, a methane release of 27 tons is calculated.
Therefore, 1605(b) should also include an "adjusted direct measurement"
method for landfills that are covered with low permeability caps and
equipped with landfill gas collection systems constructed and operated
to normal standards. In these cases, companies should be allowed to
calculate methane emissions by (a) measuring the amounts of methane
collected, (b) back calculating the amounts generated using measured or
assumed collection efficiencies, and (c) calculating emissions by
adjusting the estimated methane generation rates via application of the
appropriate factors for methane oxidation in the landfill cover and in
combustion devices.
**[Indirect Emissions from Electricity and Heat Purchases of Offsite CHP
Plants]{.underline}** \[1.F.3.4.1\] The proposed method for allocating
emissions to electrical and thermal generation is based on the
assumption that thermal generation is 80 percent efficient and does not
consider efficiencies associated with electricity production. This
approach allocates most of the emissions to steam as if the steam was
generated in a non-CHP stand-alone boiler. Therefore, the energy
efficiency benefits of the CHP system are attributed solely to
electricity generation in the proposed method, whereas none of the
efficiency benefits are reflected in the emissions allocated to steam
generation.
This is of concern to the forest products industry because our
facilities are often "steam hosts" for CHP systems. The allocation
method used in the industry's calculation tools, in the EPA Climate
Leaders program, and elsewhere, allocates the emissions more evenly
between the electricity and steam outputs of CHP systems, and this
should be the default method in 1605(b).
The "efficiency" method allocates emissions between the thermal and
electrical outputs of CHP systems by relating these energy outputs to
the amounts of fuel used to generate them and, by extension, to the GHGs
produced in generating them. The efficiency method is one of the methods
recommended by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business
Council for Sustainable Development's (WBCSD) *Greenhouse Gas
Protocol*[^8], and is the recommended method for allocating CHP
emissions within the *Protocol's* sector specific *Calculation Tool for
Pulp and Paper Mills.*[^9] The efficiency method requires use of actual
or assumed efficiency factors for *[both]{.underline}* the production of
power and steam and uses this information to estimate the portion of the
total CHP system fuel demand corresponding to production of each energy
output (i.e., the efficiency method considers efficiency of producing
each type of energy output, not solely the efficiency of steam
production). The simplest approach to applying the efficiency method is
to assign a single efficiency factor to all power output and a single
efficiency factor to all heat (steam and hot water) output.
The WRI/WBCSD guidance includes recommended default efficiency values
for the US: 35% for electricity production and 80% for heat
productionError: Reference source not found. Note that use of default
efficiency values may, in some cases, violate the energy balance
constraints of some CHP systems. This can be checked by comparing the
calculated assumed energy input with the actual energy input of the CHP
plant. Assumed energy input is calculated based on the heat and power
output and the assumed efficiencies as shown in the following equation.
{width="2.6527777777777777in" height="0.375in"}
> where:
>
> H = steam output (energy)
>
> e~H~ = efficiency of steam production
>
> P = electricity generation (energy)
>
> e~P~ = efficiency of electricity generation
It is not a significant issue if energy balance is violated, since total
emissions would still be allocated between the energy outputs. However,
the user should be aware of the energy balance and if the constraints
are not satisfied e~H~ and e~P~ can be modified until constrains are
met.
Emissions from the CHP system are allocated between the heat and power
outputs based on the formulas presented below.
{width="1.8465277777777778in" height="0.625in"} and
*E~P~ = E~T~ -- E~H~*
> where:
>
> E~H~ = emissions allocated to steam production
>
> H = steam output (energy)
>
> e~H~ = efficiency of steam production
>
> P = electricity generation (energy)
>
> e~P~ = efficiency of electricity generation
>
> E~T~ = total direct emissions of the CHP system
>
> E~P~ = emissions allocated to electricity production
**[Approaches for Wood Products]{.underline}** \[1.I.2.5.4 and Appendix
1 -- Section 4\]
Consistent with our position on the rights of forest land owners and
forest product manufacturers to register reductions associated with wood
products, the word "harvest" needs to be replaced with the word
"production" in section 1.I.2.5.4 and in Appendix 1 -- Section 4. The
decay-rate equations should be applied to the production volume and not
to the harvested volume.
The international forest products industry recognizes and recommends the
use of Row and Phelps decay equations coupled with a 100-year model to
calculate the quantity of carbon in forest products. Use of these decay
curves appropriately recognizes the contributions of both wood and paper
products, and the method is documented in the paper entitled "The
100-year method for forecasting carbon sequestration in forest products
in use."[^10]
**[Avoided Emission Factors]{.underline}** \[2.4.3.2.3\]
The generation and sale of electricity to the electrical grid from an
industrial facility, particularly from a pulp and paper mill, is not
unusual in the forest products industry. When such a sale occurs,
usually a high cost electricity generation source -- often one using
natural gas -- is displaced or avoided. Emissions from a natural gas
fired electric generation facility should be a good source for
determining the appropriate CO~2~ emission factor for the displaced
electricity. In terms of costs, electric utilities often dispatch or
shut down turbines and engines first, followed by facilities with a
gas-fired boilers and condensing turbines, and finally gas-fired
combined cycle facilities. Thus a factor based on the CO~2~ emissions of
an electric utility gas fired boiler and condensing turbine appears to
be a sound method.
**[Use of NERC Regions for Electricity Factors]{.underline}**
\[1.F.2.2\]
DOE is correct in realizing that the CO~2~ emission factors for grid
electricity vary considerably by region in the country and assigning
CO~2~ factors for each NERC (North American Electric Reliability
Council) region is a good start toward trying to correct the recognized
variation. Unfortunately, in at least one NERC region, the Western
Electricity Coordinating Council, CO~2~ emission factors vary widely by
sub-region. Emissions in the Pacific Northwest are low because of large
hydroelectric power resources. In California, the primary generating
fuel is natural gas, tempered with some hydroelectric and nuclear
resources, which produces a somewhat higher factor than in the Pacific
Northwest. In the Intermountain West the predominant fuel for
electricity generation is coal, which produces a rather high emission
factor. Likely, other NERC regions have similar variations to some
degree.
Use of NERC sub-regions as the basis for CO~2~ emission factors for grid
electricity should improve the quality of estimates where there is
considerable variation within a region. DOE should examine the relevant
NERC data and provide an improved group of CO~2~ factors for estimating
CO~2~ emissions associated with grid electricity.
**[Use of Economics as a Measure of Output]{.underline}** \[2.4.1.1\]
DOE has expressed a preference for physical measures when calculating
measures of emissions intensity. This approach can be used when there
are commodity-like products that can be the basis for sub-entities. When
such a method is not feasible, an economic measure of output, such as
sales revenue, can be used. Such a method will be subject to price
variation from year to year in a variety of products and services. DOE
should clarify in the technical guidelines with text and examples the
preferred methods for deflating revenue streams when a number of
dissimilar products and services constitute an entity's output. If one
uses a general deflator, such as a national index, the variation from
product to product is not captured, and the quality of the intensity
estimate is diminished.
Appendix A:
Comparison of Sequestration in Preserved and Managed Forests
June 7, 2005
TO: Dee Gavora, AF&PA
FROM: Reid Miner
SUBJECT: Example comparison of sequestration impacts of forest
"preservation" and forests managed for wood products
We have used the information on building construction in the Southeast
US from the CORRIM report and carbon accumulation curves from Forest
Service data in C.O.L.E. to compare two scenarios. In the first, a land
base is managed with stable forest carbon stocks and wood product output
adequate to sustain the construction of one million houses per year. In
the second scenario, this same land base goes unharvested and
accumulates carbon.
The following key assumptions, from the CORRIM analysis, are involved in
both scenarios:
- The forest in question is managed loblolly pine forest in the
Carolina Piedmont.
- The home construction techniques are representative of the Atlanta
area.
- The conversion from harvested wood to finished house takes place
with the losses and co-products identified in the CORRIM study, with
an additional assumption that losses at the construction site are
8%.
Additional key assumptions are as follows:
- The house half-life is 100 years.
- There is zero leakage of the benefits of forest preservation (an
assumption that greatly overstates the benefits of forest
preservation since a number of studies have shown carbon leakage
from forest preservation to be significant because most of the
harvesting activity is merely shifted elsewhere. (See for instance,
"Estimating Leakage from Forest Carbon Sequestration Programs," by
B.C. Murray et. al. in [Land Economics]{.underline}, February 2004.)
- We also ignore the potential impacts of accumulation of fuel load in
the unmanaged forest -- a phenomenon that would greatly increase the
threat of loss of carbon due to fire compared to a managed forest.
- Demolition debris is landfilled. The carbon is 57% nondegradable and
the remainder decays at a first order decay rate of 0.03 yr^-1^.
- We have ignored the greenhouse gas and carbon impacts on
substituting other products for the wood products that are no longer
being produced. These substitution effects are potentially enormous,
especially where wood is displaced by steel or concrete. See, for
instance;
- Lippke, B., J. Wilson, J. Perez-Garcia, J. Bowyer, and J. Meil,
2004, "CORRIM: Life-Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable
Building Materials," [Forest Products Journal]{.underline}, Vol.
54, No. 6
- Peirquet, P., J. Bowyer and P. Huelman, 1998, "Thermal
performance and embodied energy of cold climate wall systems,"
[Forest Products Journal]{.underline}, Vol. 48, No. 6
- Borjesson, P. and L. Gustavsson, 2000, "Greenhouse gas balanced
in building construction: wood versus concrete from life-cycle
and forest land-use perspectives," [Energy Policy]{.underline},
28 (2000)
In using these results, please also keep in mind that the impacts shown
here will be different for different types of product and different
forest types. For products that are shorter-lived and degrade quickly in
landfills, the accumulation of carbon in products will be slower. For
forests that can accumulate large amounts of carbon over long periods of
time (areas of the Pacific Northwest, for instance) it will take much
longer for the carbon in products to equal the carbon in the preserved
forest. On the other hand, for forests that are faster growing than
those in the analysis but ultimately accumulate about the same amount of
carbon, the benefits of harvesting and producing wood products will be
even greater than shown here.
With that as introduction, please see the following graph. It shows that
the carbon in Southeast US pine forests saturates in about 50 years. The
carbon in products in use surpasses the carbon in the preserved forest
in about 40 years and continues to accumulate so that in 100-years, the
products in use contain about twice the carbon that would have been
present had the forest not been harvested. If the carbon in landfilled
products was included, the benefits of forest management would be even
greater.
{width="6.498611111111111in"
height="3.921527777777778in"}
[^1]: 70 Fed. Reg. 15164 (March 24, 2005
[^2]: See Appendix A: Comparison of Sequestration in Preserved and
Managed Forests
[^3]: <http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/actions/waste/w-online.htm>
[^4]: *Global greenhouse Gas Register: Value Proposition and Frequently
Asked Questions*. The World Economic Forum. January 23, 2004. Page
5.
[^5]: *De Minimis Emissions and Materiality*. California Climate Action
Registry: General Reporting Protocol. October 2002. Page 11.2.
[^6]: World Business Council for Sustainable Development/World Resources
Institute, "The Greenhouse Gas Protocol -- a corporate accounting
and reporting standard", page 69 - 70.
[^7]: World Business Council for Sustainable Development/World Resources
Institute, "The Greenhouse Gas Protocol -- a corporate accounting
and reporting standard", page 39.
[^8]: World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for
Sustainable Development (WBCSD). 2004. Calculating CO~2~ Emissions
from the Combustion of Standard Fuels and from Electricity/Steam
Purchase - Guide to Calculation Worksheets (October 2004) v2.1.
Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standard/tools.htm (2 June 2005).
[^9]: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI).
2002. Calculation Tools for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Pulp and Paper Mills, Version 1.0. Research Triangle Park, NC:
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standard/tools.htm (2 June 2005).
[^10]: Miner, R., Accepted for publication, "The 100-year method for
forecasting carbon sequestration in forest products in use,"
[Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global
Change]{.underline}, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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ARC091-LAC017-TXC067-100415-
/O.CON.KSHV.SV.W.0359.000000T0000Z-080610T0415Z/
MILLER AR-CADDO LA-CASS TX-
1042 PM CDT MON JUN 9 2008
...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1115 PM CDT
FOR EAST CENTRAL CASS AND SOUTHWESTERN MILLER COUNTIES...AND
NORTHWESTERN CADDO PARISH...
AT 1040 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE
HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THIS STORM WAS
LOCATED NEAR BIVINS...OR ABOUT 8 MILES SOUTH OF ATLANTA...MOVING EAST
AT 26 MPH.
THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
RAVANNA BY 1050 PM CDT...
RODESSA BY 1055 PM CDT...
CAPPS CITY AND MYRTIS BY 1100 PM CDT...
DODDRIDGE BY 1105 PM CDT...
IDA...KIBLAH AND MIRA BY 1110 PM CDT...
MISSIONARY BY 1115 PM CDT...
LAT...LON 3313 9421 3320 9388 3290 9383 3293 9419
TIME...MOT...LOC 0342Z 271DEG 23KT 3301 9410
$$
18
| en |
markdown | 455409 | # Presentation: 455409
## Protecting IP
- May 23, 2006Frank Morris, Esq.
## Outline
- Patent: Invention, Utility Model and Design
- Integrated Circuit (IC) Layout Design
- Trademark
- Trade Secret
- Copyright: including software and Internet Copyright
## Patent
- Inventions:
- - Granted by the Chinese Patent Office (CPO), term is 20 years from application filing date (AFD)
- Utility Models:
- - Granted by CPO, 10 years from AFD
- Designs:
- - Granted by CPO, 10 years from AFD
## Patent
- Invention or utility model must possess novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability
- Novelty: no disclosure or publication before the filing date
- no application filed by others before the filing date
- Inventiveness: an invention must have prominent substantive features and represents a notable progress utility model must have substantive features and represents progress
- Practical applicability: the invention or utility model can be made or used and can produce effective results
## Patent
- Does not lose its novelty if, within six months before the date of filing, one of the following events occurred:
- Where it was first exhibited at an international exhibition sponsored or recognized by the Chinese Government
- Where it was first made public at a prescribed academic or technological meeting
- Where it was disclosed by any person without the consent of the applicant
## Not Patentable Matters
- For any of the following, no patent right shall be granted:
- Scientific discoveries
- Rules and methods for mental activities
- Methods for the diagnosis or for the treatment of diseases
- Animal and plant varieties
- Substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation
## Opposition and Re-exam
- Opposition can be filed within 6 month after publication of allowed application, if no opposition, the application will be issued
- Reexamination requests can be filed after a patent has been issued
- May appeal to Patent Re-examination Board. Appeal from the Board may be made to the Beijing First Intermediate Court
## Trademark
- Product/Service TM: Granted by the Chinese Trademark Office, term is 10 years from issue date, renewable every 10 years
- Association TM: obtained by an association for its members
- Certification TM: issued by an association that supervises certain product/service to demonstrate the material/process/quality of the product
- Reciprocal trademark registration for member country of the Madrid Protocol.
## Copyright
- Do not require registration for protection
- Term is 50 years
- Protection granted for countries belonging to the copyright international conventions or bilateral agreements
- May voluntarily register with China’s National Copyright Administration (“NCA”) to establish evidence of ownership, should enforcement actions become necessary
## Unfair Competition Law
- Provides protection for unregistered trademarks, packaging, trade dress and trade secrets
- Required by the TRIPs to protect undisclosed information submitted to Chinese agencies in obtaining regulatory approval for pharmaceutical and chemical entities from disclosure or unfair commercial use
- China’s State FDA and Ministry of Agriculture oversee the marketing approval of pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals, respectively
## Cost / Benefit
| | PCT | Germany* | U.K.* | Canada | Japan | China | EP | S. Korea | US |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chapter I | $3,716 | | | | | | | | |
| Filing | | $4,895 | $1,996 | $1,691 | $7,059 | $3,422 | $5,967 | $4,422 | $800 |
| Examination | | $995 | $671 | $1,106 | $3,650 | $702 | $2,713 | $1,650 | $200 |
| Grant Fees | | $352 | $201 | $592 | $681 | $111 | $3,468 | $1,231 | $1,700 |
| Total for Filing | | $6,242 | $2,868 | $3,389 | $11,390 | $4,235 | $12,148 | $7,303 | $2,700 |
| Maintenance/ Annuity (20 years) | | $23,524 | $10,419 | $8,568 | $35,468 | $14,281 | $1,537 | $35,668 | $7,000 |
| TOTAL COST PER COUNTRY | $3,716 | $29,766 | $13,287 | $11,957 | $46,858 | $18,516 | $13,685 | $42,971 | $9,700 |
| Population | | 82m | 60m | 31m | 127m | 1,140m | | 48m | 293m |
| GNP | | 2,271b | 1,666b | 959b | 3,582b | 6,449b | | 858b | 10,990b |
- ________________________1 Based on an average application with 20 claims, 3 independent claims, 30 total sheets and large entity status
- * Part of the European Patent Convention (EP).
**Cost**** ****/**** ****Benefit**
## Applications Filed
| | Domestic | Foreign | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | 12,713 | 20,953 | 33,666 |
| 1998 | 13,726 | 22,234 | 35,960 |
| 1999 | 15,596 | 21,098 | 36,694 |
| 2000 | 25,346 | 26,401 | 51,747 |
| 2001 | 30,038 | 33,166 | 63,204 |
| 2002 | 39,806 | 40,426 | 80,232 |
| 2003 | 56,769 | 48,549 | 105,318 |
**Applications Filed**
- 1-NY:1940669.1
## Applications by Country
| | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 2,787 | 3,454 | 4,015 | 4,522 |
| France | 1,387 | 1,521 | 1,932 | 1,941 |
| Great Britain | 802 | 913 | 1,025 | 1,314 |
| Japan | 9,888 | 13,736 | 18,275 | 24,241 |
| Korea | 1,861 | 2,498 | 3,626 | 5,015 |
| US | 8,418 | 8,994 | 10,012 | 12,221 |
- 1-NY:1940669.1
**Applications by Country**
## Enforcing IP Rights in China
- Administrative Regulations
- Customs Protection
- Criminal Penalties
- Civil Suits
## Administrative Action
- IP owner may file complaint to local IP administrative office
- Local IP administrative office can impose injunctions, order destruction of infringing products or equipment for manufacture, and determine amount of damage
- Parties can appeal to local court
## Customs
- IP Customs Protection Regulations
- Administrator may seize the products upon IP owner’s request (with proof), or its own initiative
- Upon seizure, all parties will be notified
- IP owner may request a transfer of the case to civil court, or start an administrative proceeding, or leave the dispute for a more formal investigation by customs
- Intended recipient may post a bond to obtain release of the products
## Criminal Penalties
- Violating IP may be a crime under Chinese Criminal Law
- Crimes of IP Infringement: Infringement must cause severe damage to IP owner
- May result in 3 years or more imprisonment, and a fine
## Civil Litigation Remedies
- Preliminary Injunction
- Monetary Damage
- Lost Profits
- Profit gained by infringer
- Reasonable royalty
- Emotional distress
- Other Remedies
- Public apology
## Civil Litigation
- Methods of enforcement:
- Investigate, freeze or transfer bank account deposits
- Withhold or deduct income
- Forfeit, put into custody, freeze or auction off assets
- Search for hidden assets
- Force the losing party to submit legal documents designating assets or securities for transfer
- Force the losing party to transfer asset ownership or title
## Doing Business in China: Summary of Legal Issues, Negotiating Contracts, Useful Clauses & Considerations
- May 23, 2006Irene Chiu, Esq.
## Facts on China
- 2nd highest level of foreign investment in the world
- Fastest growing consumer economy in Asia
- > 1.3 billion population
- GDP growth has averaged 8% throughout the last 20 years
- Major cities are such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen
- China entered into the WTO in 2002
- Will host the 2008 Olympics Games
## 5 Methods to Establish Operations in China
- Representative Office
- Branch Office
- Outsourcing
- Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises (WFOE) or Wholly Owned Foreign Entity (WOFE)
- Joint Ventures (JVs)
- Equity Joint Venture (EJV)
- Cooperative/Contractual Joint Venture (CJV)
## Selecting the Chinese Partner
- Typical reasons to opt for a joint venture include:
- Chinese policy discourages or prohibits wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the sector in question
- The Chinese partner holds a dominant market position, which the proposed joint venture will inherit
- The Chinese partner has a distribution network, assets, relationships, or other advantages that will permit the joint venture access to markets, raw materials or quotas
## Due Diligence
- Major due diligence areas should include:
- Nature and Powers of the Partner
- Financial Records
- Employees
- Contractual Obligations
- Tax
- Ownership of Assets
## Offshore Holding Structures
- Foreign investors prefer to conduct their Chinese investments through a series of offshore, single purpose, limited liability companies
## Feasibility Studies
- The jointly drafted feasibility study should set forth:
- The form and objectives of the venture
- Sources and uses of investment
- Products to be produced
- Anticipated scale of production
- Arrangements for obtaining the site, facilities, technology and equipment to be used
- Sources of raw materials
- Foreign exchange sources
- Financial projections and economic benefit analysis
- Labor requirements and training plans
- Market analysis
## Partnership Issues
- Transition issues for transfers of existing facilities into joint ventures
- Land use issues
- Valuation issues
- Registered Capital
- Non-competition clauses
## Partnership Issues (cont’d)
- Export percentages and foreign exchange
- Capitalization requirements and approvals
- Chinese law opinion letters
- Conditions to effectiveness of joint venture contracts
- Defaults on registered capital contributions by the Chinese party
- Exit routes
- Post WTO and Other issues
## Thank you!
- Doing Business in China Whitepaper Available Upon Request
- Morgan Lewis’ Greater China Practice
- Beijing Office
- Q&A
- Frank Morris, Esq., New York Office
- Email: fmorris@morganlewis.com
- Phone: 212.309.6632
- Irene Chiu, Esq., Princeton Office
- Email: ichiu@morganlewis.com
- Phone: 609-919-6628
## Morgan Lewis Offices Worldwide
- Princeton
- Beijing
- Philadelphia
- New York
- Washington
- Los Angeles
- San Francisco
- Palo Alto
- Miami
- Pittsburgh
- Chicago
- Harrisburg
- Dallas
- Irvine
- Boston
- London
- Paris
- Brussels
- Frankfurt
- Tokyo
## Slide 31
| en |
markdown | 693467 | # Presentation: 693467
## Module 8B
**A Brief Overview of Specific Mental Disorders and Cross-Cutting Issues:***** ***
*** ***
***Mood & Anxiety Disorders, Schizophrenia & ***
***Other Psychotic Disorders***
## Chapter’s Format
- Disorder category (i.e. Personality, Mood, Anxiety, Psychotic)
- What counselors should know about this category and substance abuse
- Specific disorders within each category
- What counselors should know about substance abuse and the specific disorder
- Diagnostic features and criteria from the DSM-IV-TR
- Case study
- Advice to the counselor
## In This Module . . .
- Module 8A
- Cross-Cutting Issues: Suicidality, Nicotine Dependence
- Personality Disorders
**Module 8B**
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders
- Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
- Module 8C
- Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Eating Disorders
- Pathological Gambling
- Appendix D
## TIP Exercise—Assignments
- Group 1—Mood Disorder
- Diagnosis pp. 227–228
- Discussion pp. 226–230; and 369–383
- Group 2—Anxiety Disorder
- Diagnosis p. 230
- Discussion pages *same as Mood Disorder*.
- Group 3—Schizophrenia
- Discussion pp. 231–235; and 385–400
## TIP Exercise—Role Play
*With your group:*
- Review the text’s sections on your assigned diagnosis and related information.
- Create a 3–5 minute role-play script that illustrates key information.
- A scene likely to play out in your practice
- All group members must have a role
- Teach us by performing your role play.* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **(20 minutes**)* | en |
converted_docs | 072678 | Design, fabrication, installation and testing of in-vessel control
coils\
for DIII--D
P.M. Anderson,\* C.B. Baxi, A.G. Kellmam, E.E. Reis, and J.I. Robinson
General Atomics,P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608\
\*Phone: (858) 455-4748; Fax (858) 455-4190; email:
anderson@fusion.gat.com
Abstract
Since 1995, DIII--D has performed correction of magnetic field
imperfections using a set of six external picture frame coils located on
the vessel mid-plane. Recently, these coils have also demonstrated
significant benefits when used for feedback of the resistive wall mode,
an instability that limits the plasma performance at high beta. Modeling
has shown that substantial performance improvements can be achieved by
installing new coils inside the vessel and expanding the poloidal
coverage above and below the mid-plane. Two prototype internal coils
were installed in 2001 and have been tested successfully. Installation
of a set of twelve internal coils and magnetic sensors in the DIII--D
tokamak is to be completed in December 2002.
The design requirement for the new coil system was to maximize the
magnetic field at the plasma edge, operate with a frequency range of dc
to 1000 Hz, and fit behind the existing graphite wall tiles. The coil
design adopted and installed is a water-cooled hollow copper conductor
insulated with polyamide and housed inside a stainless steel tube that
forms a vacuum boundary. The coil is rigidly mounted to the inside of
the vacuum vessel.
The primary challenge in the design of these coils was in joining of
both the copper conductor and the stainless tube without overheating the
polyamide insulator.
**1. Background**
DIII--D has performed correction of magnetic field imperfections since
1995 using a set of six external picture frame coils located on the
vessel mid-plane. Recently, these coils have also demonstrated
significant benefits when used for feedback of the resistive wall mode
(RWM), an instability that limits the plasma performance at high
beta \[1\]. A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of an
expanded array of 18 coils(6 on the midplane, 6 each above and below the
midplane). The study considered concepts replicating existing external
coil technology or installing new technology coils inside the vacuum
vessel in addition to the six existing external coils. Table 1 compares
coil design features.
Modeling using the VALEN 3D code has shown that substantial performance
improvements can be achieved by installing new coils inside the vessel
and expanding the poloidal coverage both above and below the mid-plane.
The advantage of the in-vessel design over the ex-vessel design is due
to the closer proximity to the plasma, better field penetration, lower
inductance and more uniform geometry. The expanded coverage provides a
better match to the mode structure of the RWM, improving our ability to
stabilize it. Comparison of a full set of 18 internal coils with a
reduced set of 12 (6 midplane coils removed) showed no significant
benefit to the 18 coil set. Twelve new internal coils with Bp sensors
should allow for operation near the ideal wall β limit, a key element in
the advanced tokamak mission of DIII--D.
# 2. Design goals
The key design requirements for the new coil system are to maximize the
magnetic field at the plasma edge, operate with a frequency range of dc
to 1000 Hz, and fit in the space behind the existing graphite wall tiles
to avoid any plasma contact. The specified voltage standoff is 1000 Vdc
from conductor to vessel ground. This provides a factor of 3 margin
above the expected peak voltage of \~400 V; the coil power supply is
capable of a peak voltage of 300 V while disruptions can add up to 60 V
across the coil terminals. Disruption induced currents can add 4 kA
(17 kA for a faulted coil) to the normal 5 kA coil current, so the
mechanical attachment of the coil to the vessel must be adequate to
prevent damage to in-vessel components in the event of a faulted coil
condition. The in-vessel coil environment requires a robust design due
to high cyclic electromagnetic forces in vacuum and temperatures to
350°C during vessel baking.
Figure 1 shows the two prototype coils that were installed in DIII--D in
2001. The full in-vessel coil set will consist of two sets of six coils
each located on the inside of the outer wall on conical surfaces above
and below the midplane. The coils are single turn with a conductor
length of 5 m and an area of 1 m sq. In order to minimize error fields
and electromagnetic forces, the radially oriented power and cooling
water feeds are coaxial. The coils are shielded from the plasma by the
plasma facing graphite tiles that are shown partially installed.
# 3. Design solution
Because the size of the ports on DIII--D would not permit a fully
assembled coil to be passed into the vessel, the coil either had to be
formed in the vessel from a straight section introduced through a port
or assembled together inside the vessel from smaller subassemblies. The
space available for the coil beneath the graphite wall tiles is
approximately a 29 mm by 29 mm sq cross section. Due to the space
limitation imposed by the PF tiles, there is no room to allow for coil
turns to cross each other and the coil is limited to single turn
construction.
The in-vessel coil design adopted and installed is shown in Fig. 2. It
is water-cooled hollow copper conductor (14.4 mm o.d.) insulated with
polyamide and housed inside a stainless steel tube (19 mm o.d.) that
forms a vacuum boundary. The polyamide insulating layer is comprised of
0.5 mm Kapton tape (50% overlap), a 1.7 mm thick Duport vespel SP-1
spacer, and an additional layer of Kapton tape. The coil conductor
system is engineered to operate up to 7 kA dc steady-state with cooling
water flow of 5.5 m/s. Shop fabrication uses in-air induction brazing of
the oxygen free copper conductor joints at the corners of each coil. The
copper and polyamide insulation is encased in a welded 304 stainless
steel vacuum barrier that is the only material exposed to vessel vacuum.
Each coil is fully formed on a mockup in the shop. This process allows
the coil to be passed into the vessel in three pieces; a lower conductor
assembly, an upper conductor assembly and a 35 mm diameter concentric
lead assembly. This design required in-vessel joining of copper with
three induction brazes and six orbital welds of the stainless vacuum
jacket.
The design provides a double barrier of copper and stainless against
water leakage into the tokamak. The polyamide selected, DuPont Vespel
SP-1, is hydroscopic and contains about 1% by mass of water at room
conditions. This moisture is evolved as the material is heated to 350°C
during vessel baking. The insulator is located between the copper and
the stainless and could be exposed to atmosphere at both ends of the
conductor outside of the vessel. In order to detect water leaks in the
copper or leaks through the stainless into the vessel, the insulation
space is sealed in two places outside the vessel using machined
polyamide and "O" rings. During the initial bake of the vessel, this
space is vacuum pumped to remove moisture and gases that evolve. After
cool down, dry nitrogen gas is back filled to about 0.7 bar, and sealed
off. The pressure in this trapped volume is monitored to detect either
water leaks through the copper (higher pressure) or stainless sheath
leaks to the vacuum (lower pressure). During vessel baking, the cooling
water in the coils is replaced with dry nitrogen in order to limit
oxidization of the copper.
# 4. Development issues
The primary challenge in the design of these coils was in joining of
both the copper conductor and the stainless tube without overheating the
polyamide insulator. Early testing indicated that the hollow copper
conductor could be brazed in air without overheating the polyamide
insulation located 50 mm from the braze joint. This process depends on
rapid localized heating of the copper. An axial thermal gradient of over
815°C at the braze to less than 400°C at the polyamide is required. This
was achieved with localized induction heating with about 10 kW for about
13 s. Similar polyamide overheating problems were evident when TIG
welding the stainless steel tubing which contacted the polyamide. A
solution was developed using automated orbital welding of the stainless
steel tube to specially designed joints that distribute the welding heat
throughout a large mass which is thermally remote from the polyamide. A
second issue with the welding process is trapping of gas pressure within
the stainless sheath due to outgassing of the polyamide during the
welding process. This caused weld blowout near the closure of the
orbital weld. This problem was corrected on the prototype coils with
manual weld repair. Gas vents were developed for the production coils to
prevent blowout. These 2.5 mm holes are then plugged with a set-screw
and seal welded manually. The brazing and welding processes are
performed both outside and inside of the vacuum vessel.
#
# 5. Thermal and stress analysis
Thermal analysis of the resistive heating and water cooling of the
copper as well as transient temperatures during vessel baking is
reasonably straightforward. The copper and water cross sections for the
14.4 mm o.d. conductor were optimized to maximize dc steady-state
current without exceeding a water outlet temperature of 90°C for water
flow of 5.5 m/s. The 5 m long conductor coil can handle 7 kA
steady-state, limited by 53°C water temperature increase. Steady-state
is reached after 8 s of constant power input.
Stress analysis was done for I×B forces and thermal stresses during
vessel bake-out. With alternating current at frequencies as high as
1 kHz, there are concerns for high cycle fatigue of the copper and
stainless. The coil conductor is clamped rigidly to the Inconel vessel
wall at intervals less than 180 mm. Although finite element analysis
predicted a first resonance at 980 Hz, none were detected during
frequency sweeping to 1000 Hz in a strong magnetic field. The cyclic
bending stress in the copper due to a 5 kA coil current reacting with
the 2.2 T toroidal field is 35 Mpa and compares with a room temperature
yield strength of 69 Mpa for annealed copper. This provides an expected
fatigue life of greater that 1010 cycles, sufficient for 106 full
current, 10 s pulses at 1 kHz. Of greater concern is the low cycle
fatigue experienced during baking cycles that occur about 10 times a
year. The temperature rise from 20 to 350°C takes 5 hrs and the
temperatures of the Inconel vessel, and the coil components of
stainless, polyamide and copper are reasonably uniform due to conduction
between materials. Thermal stresses develop during baking due to
differences in the rate of thermal expansion between the Inconel 625
wall, stainless 304 sheath and the oxygen free copper conductor. These
thermal expansion rates are 0.0000176/°C for stainless and copper and
0.0000155/°C for Inconel. The main concern is for compressive stresses
that develop in the copper as the thermal expansion of the copper is
restrained by the stainless and Inconel. The copper is fully annealed
during each bake cycle to 350°C. With this type of thermal cycling, the
thermal stresses shake down to acceptable levels with the highest
stresses occurring during the first bake since most of the copper starts
in the hard, high strength condition. Based on a finite element elastic
analysis of the coil/vessel structure, the total strain at the worst
case OFHC elbow joint during cooldown from bakeout is 0.14%. This total
strain applied to the stress curves for annealed OFHC translates to an
alternating plastic strain of 0.04%. The allowable number of cycles at
this plastic strain range is 10,000 cycles based on the lower bound
fatigue curve of Ref. \[2\]. The two prototype coils have experienced
about twelve bake cycles to 350°C without problems.
# 6. Prototype testing
The plan for initial operation of the twelve internal coils in 2003 is
to power them with supplies capable of 5000 A. The two prototype coils
installed in Summer 2001 have been tested to the full capability of
those supplies. This included the following:
> • Coil cooling tests: 4.5 kA dc for 7 s which generated 22.7 kW of
> heat in the coil as compared to the steady-state design rating of 59
> kW. No anomolous heating was observed. A slight increase in coil
> resistance was measured (\~200% @ 1 kHz) by water flow calorimetry.
> This increase is expected due to the decreasing skin depth in the
> copper conductor at 1 kHz.
>
> • Power testing: 4.5 kA delivered from dc -- 300 Hz as limited by the
> power supply with delivered current decreasing to 1.5 kA at 1000 Hz as
> limited by the inductance of the supply system cabling.
>
> • Mechanical Testing: frequency sweeping from 0 to 1000 Hz with
> maximum tokamak poloidal and toroidal fields to monitor for coil
> mechanical resonances. None were detected by strain gages on the
> stainless coil sheath. Operation at 4.5 kA, 250 Hz for 12,500 cycles
> at maximum poloidal and toroidal fields to perform fatigue tests. No
> failures were observed.
>
> • Hi pot testing: the installed coils were tested to 4.8 kV for early
> mechanical assemblies before brazing or welding. The installed coils
> were tested to 1.2 kV after installation. Prototype developmental
> component parts were tested to failure that occurred between 6 and
> 9 kV. AC hi pot testing was performed with a ± 400 V, 10 kHz square
> wave for \~36 hrs. with no insulation failure.
Based on successful manufacturing, installation, and operation of the
prototype coils, we are confident that the full 12 coil set should be
ready for operation in 2003.
**Acknowledgment**
> Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy under Contract
> DE-AC03-99ER54463.
>
> **References**
\[1\] A.G. Kellman, "Recent Progress from the DIII--D Program," to be
published in Fusion Engineering and Design.
\[2\] "Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Gryogenic
Temperatures," NIST Monograph 177, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, (1992) 4-22.
Fig. 1. Installation of 2 prototype 1 coils, October 2001.
Fig. 2. Construction of internal control coils for a set of 12 single
turn, actively water-cooled, copper loops. The coils will be located
above and below the midplane and behind the protective armor tiles.
| en |
markdown | 238850 | # Presentation: 238850
## Hydrodynamic Models of Heavy-Ion Collisions
- Tetsufumi Hirano
*RIKEN BNL Research Center*
## Parallel Talks Based on Hydro
***Jan. 13***
_**H. Niemi**_**, **Photon production from non-equilibrium
- QGP in heavy-ion collisions
_**M. Csanad**_, Indication for quark deconfinement and
- evidence for a Hubble flow in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
***Jan. 15***
_**Y. Nara**_**, **CGC, hydrodynamics and the parton
- energy loss
_**E. Shuryak**_**, **Why does the QGP behaves like
- a perfect fluid?
_**U. Heinz**_**, **Rapidity dependence of momentum
- anisotropies in nuclear collisions
_**D. Teaney**_**, **Viscosity and thermalization
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Outline
- Why hydrodynamics?
- How hydrodynamics works at RHIC
- Hybrid models based on hydrodynamics
- Information of the inside
- (jet quenching , EM probe)
- Improvement of initial stage
- Improvement of ideal hydro (viscosity)
- Summary
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 1. Why Hydrodynamics?
**1. Why Hydrodynamics?**
**Static**
**EoS from Lattice QCD**
**Finite *****T*****, ********** field theory**
**Critical phenomena**
**Chiral property of hadron**
**Dynamic Phenomena in HIC**
**Expansion, Flow**
**Space-time evolution of**
** ****thermodynamic variables**
**Once we accept local**
**thermalization ansatz,**
**life becomes very easy.**
- Caveat: Thermalization in HIC is
- a tough problem like building
- the Golden Gate Bridge!
**Energy-momentum:**
**Conserved number:**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 1. Why Hydrodynamics (contd.)
**Transverse**
**Longitudinal**
***e *****(GeV/fm****3****)**
***e *****(GeV/fm****3****)**
**A full 3D hydrodynamic simulation with a CGC initial condition**
**Talk by Y.Nara**
**Space-time evolution of energy density in **
**sqrt(s****NN****)=200 GeV Au+Au collision at b=7.2fm**
**space-time rapidity**
- Hydrodynamics provides
- us a very intuitive
- and simple description of
- relativistic heavy ion collisions.
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Outline
- Why hydrodynamics?
- How hydrodynamics works at RHIC
- Hybrid models based on hydrodynamics
- Information of the inside
- (jet quenching , EM probe)
- Improvement of initial stage
- Improvement of ideal hydro (viscosity)
- Summary
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 2. How Hydrodynamics Works at RHIC
**2. How Hydrodynamics Works at RHIC**
**Elliptic flow (J.-Y.Ollitrault (’92))**
- How does the system respond to initial spatial anisotropy?
- A.Poskanzer & S.Voloshin (’98)
**Dense or dilute?**
**If dense, thermalization?**
**If thermalized, EoS?**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Elliptic Flow of Charged Particles
**Elliptic Flow of Charged Particles**
- T.H.(’01)
- P.Huovinen(’03)
***Roughly speaking,***
***ideal****** hydro gives a good description***
** ****For improvement of models, talk by U.Heinz**
- P.Kolb et al.(’01)
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## More on Elliptic Flow
**See recent excellent reviews,**
** ****P.Huovinen (QM2002) , nucl-th/0305064;**
** ****P.Kolb and U.Heinz, nucl-th/0305084;**
** ****E.Shuryak, hep-ph/0312227, today’s talk.**
- Hydro: P.Kolb et al.(’99)
- (Note: Hydro+RQMD
- gives a better description.
- D.Teaney et al.(’01))
- STAR, PRC66(’02)034904
- Hydro: P.Huovinen et al.(’01)
- PHENIX, PRL91(’03)182301.
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Ideal hydro seems to give a good description at RHIC
**Ideal hydro seems to give a****good description at RHIC**
_** **__***Making the most use of hydro***_
_***models to study the RHIC physics***_
_*** ***__***Checking how robust the***_
_***current results are when***_
_***hydro models are improved***_
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Outline
- Why hydrodynamics?
- How hydrodynamics works at RHIC
- Hybrid models based on hydrodynamics
- Information inside fluids
- (jet quenching , EM probe)
- Improvement of initial stage
- Improvement of ideal hydro (viscosity)
- Summary
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.1 Information inside fluids
**Jet quenching is**
** ****a manifestation**
**of interaction between**
**matter**** and partons**
** ****(Talks by G.Moore and I.Vitev)**
**For quantitative analysis,**
**the information about**
** ****the space-time evolution**
**of matter**
** ****is indispensable!**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.1.1 Hydro as a Tool to Analyze Jet Quenching
**3.1.1 Hydro as a Tool to Analyze ****Jet Quenching**
**Color: parton density**
**Plot: mini-jets**
- Au+Au 200*A*GeV, *b*=8 fm
- transverse plane@midrapidity
- Fragmentation switched off
**hydro+jet model**
**Jet quenching analysis taking**
**account of (2+1)D hydro results**
** **** ****(M.Gyulassy et al.(’02))**
**Hydro+Jet model**** ****(T.H. & Y.Nara (’02))**
**Parton density **********(*****x*****) taken**
** ****from full 3D hydro simulations**
***x***
***y***
**GLV 1****st**** order formula (M.Gyulassy et al.(’00))**
- Movie and data of **(*x*) are available at
- http://quark.phy.bnl.gov/~hirano/
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Interplay between Soft and Hard
**Interplay between Soft and Hard**
***N*****SOFT****~*****N*****HARD**
*p**T*
- (1/*p**T*)(*dN*/*dp**T*)
**Hydrodynamic**
**afterburner**
**Jet**
**quenching**
**Interesting region**
******Intermediate *****p******T***
**(2<*****p******T*****<3.5 GeV/*****c*****)**
**Pion ********hard****,**** ****Proton**** ********soft**
**It’s the very**
**heavy ion physics!**
- T.H & Y.Nara(’03)
**Crossing p****T**** moves**
**toward high p****T**
**soft**
**hard**
**Au+Au at b=2 fm**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Consequense from hadron species dependent pT,cross
**Hydro+Jet**
**Talk by R.Fries**
**Recombination**
**+Fragmentation**
- !?
***R******AA***
**Particle ratio**
**“****Scaling v****2****”**
**Interplay between soft and hard?**
**Recombination mechanism?**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.1.2 Hydro as a Tool to Analyze Electromagnetic Radiation
** ****probe of QGP ** (E.Shuryak(’78))
**3.1.2 Hydro as a Tool to Analyze ****Electromagnetic Radiation**
***T*****, ********
***u*********
** ****Production rate**
** ****(Number per unit space-time volume)**
** ****Invariant spectrum of photons**
- H.A.Weldon (’83), L.McLerran & T.Toimela (’84)
- C.Gale & J.Kapusta (’91)
- Talk by G.Moore
- D.K.Srivastava & B.Sinha(’94), J.Sollfrank et al.(’97),
- J.Alam et al.(’01) and a lot of work
- Importance of temperature profile
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Chemical Non-Equilibrium
| QGP phase | “Gluon Plasma (GP)” QGP |
| --- | --- |
| Hadron phase | Chemical freezeout |
**Talk by H.Niemi**
**Hydro + rate eq.**
**Smaller d.o.f. ******** Larger initial *****T***
**T.H. & K.Tsuda(’02)**
**Hydro( )**
**Overpopulation of resonance ******** Rapid cooling **
- T.S.Biro et al.(’93), D.K.Srivastava et al.(’97),
- A.K.Chaudhuri(’00), D.M.Elliott & D.Rischke(’00)
- N.Arbex et al.(’01), T.H. & K.Tsuda(’02),
- D.Teaney(’02), P.Kolb & R.Rapp(’03)
**Talk by H.Niemi**
**QGP phase**
**Hadron phase**
- 100
- 200
- 300
- 400
- 500
- 600
- 700
- 800
- Temperature (MeV)
- 0
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Novel Temperature Evolution
_***Caveat***_**:**
** ****one has to take account of**
**fugacity ********in calculating EM**
**spectra.**
**QGP phase: ********<1**
**Hadron phase: ********>1**
**Compensation between**
***T***** and ********? **
** ****Talk by H.Niemi**
**proper time **
*T*c
**temperature**
**chemical non-eq.**
**chemical eq.**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.2 Improvement of Initial Condition -Toward an unified model in HIC-
| Group | Hydro | Initial condition |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M.Gyulassy et al. | SHASTA (2+1D, Bjorken) | HIJING, event-by-event |
| C.Nonaka et al. | Lagrangian hydro (full 3D) | URASiMA, event average |
| B.Schlei et al. | HYLANDER (2+1D) | VNI, event average |
| C.E.Aguiar et al. | SPheRIO (full 3D) | NeXus, event-by-event |
| L.P.Csernai et al. | Particle-in-cell (full 3D) | String ropes, flux tubes, classical YM |
| K.Eskola et al. | SHASTA (2+1D, Bjorken) | pQCD + final state saturation |
| T.H. & Y.Nara | coordinate (full 3D) | CGC, (kT2,x) a la Kharzeev & Levin |
| ... | ... | ... |
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.2.1 SPheRIO*
**Main features:**
**“****Particle” method (a kind of Lagrangian hydro)**
**Numerical cost cheaper than conventional finite grids method (Even in 3+1 D, any geometry)**
**Event-by-event physics**** (****NeXus**** + SPheRIO=NeXSPheRIO) **
** ****(NeXus: parton based Gribov-Regge theory)**
- ***S**moothed **P**article **h**ydrodynamical **e**volution of **R**elativistic
- heavy **IO**n collisions (**S**ao **P**aulo & **Rio** de Janeiro)
- C.E.Aguiar, R.Andrade, F.Grassi, Y.Hama,
- T.Kodama, T.Osada, O.Socolowski Jr....
- Poster by F.Grassi
**Energy density**
**of single event**
**Spectra**
**from**
**Energy density**
**of single event**
**Spectra**
**from**
- ?
**Conventional approach**
**SPheRIO**
- Similar approach based on HIJING:
- M.Gyulassy et al.(’97)
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Initial Conditions in NeXSPheRIO
**Initial Conditions in NeXSPheRIO**
- Single event (b=0fm)
- Average over 30 events (b=0fm)
**Energy density in the transverse plane (z=0)**
**Bumpy!**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Results from NeXSPheRIO
**Pb+Pb 17.3A GeV**
**Multiplicity is reduced by ~10%!**
- :(event average)
**Effect of **_***initial energy density***_
**fluctuation (simple EoS case):**
- Negative!
**p****T**** slope is not affected largely.**
****** ****v****2****(p****T****) and its fluctuation?**
**Now the hydro simulation becomes**
** ****close to experimental situations**
** ****like event-generators!**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 3.2.2 CGC+Hydro+Jet Model
**T.H. & Y.Nara**
**Talk by Y.Nara**
- Jet quenching
**Dense Medium**
- Color Glass Condensate
- These three physics closely related with each other!
**Elliptic flow**
** ****Talk by**
** ****J.Jalilian-Marian**
**Talk by**
** ****I.Vitev**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## CGC+Hydro+Jet Model (contd.)
**Full 3D**
**hydro evolution**
**pQCD**
**parton**
**dilute**
**time**
**momentum scale**
- ggg
- 22
**CGC**
**small x**
**dense**
**collinear**
**factorization**
***k******T***** factorization**
**Parton**
**energy loss**
**Initial condition of **
**energy density from CGC**
**Au+Au 200AGeV**
**b=7.2fm, ********************=0.6fm**
**transverse**
**longitudinal**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Results from CGC+hydro+jet
**Au+Au sqrt(s****NN****) = 200 GeV**
**For details, talk by Y.Nara**
**CGC initial condition**
**works very well!**
**(Energy, rapidity, centrality**
**dependences)**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Outline
- Why hydrodynamics?
- How hydrodynamics works at RHIC
- Hybrid models based on hydrodynamics
- Information of the inside
- (jet quenching , EM probe)
- Improvement of initial stage
- Improvement of ideal hydro (viscosity)
- Summary
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 4. Viscosity
**4. Viscosity**
**Change not only the equations of motion**
**but the local thermal distribution function**
** ****A.Dumitru(’02),**** ****D.Teaney(’03)**** **
** ****Blast wave model + dist. fn. with viscous correction**
**Talks by E.Shuryak and D.Teaney**
**1****st**** order correction to dist. fn.:**
**:Sound attenuation length**
**:Tensor part of thermodynamic force**
**Reynolds number in Bjorken flow**
- Nearly ideal hydro !?
**D.Teaney(’03)**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Break Down of Naive Navier-Stokes Eq. and a Relaxation Method
**Non-relativistic case (Based on discussion by Cattaneo (1948))**
**0: **Fourier’s law**
**: **“relaxation time”**
**Parabolic equation (heat equation)**
**ACAUSAL!! **
** ****Finite ****
**Hyperbolic equation (telegraph equation)**
**Balance eq.:**
**Constitutive eq.:**
** ****Talk by D.Teaney**
**See also, A.Muronga (’02)**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 5. Summary
- Open our mind *!* Hydrodynamics can be used even for “high pT physics in HIC”.
- Jet tomography
- EM probe
- (J/ suppression)
- ...
- Keep in mind *!*
- How robust is the current agreement of hydro?:
- Chemical non-eq.?
- Initial fluctuation?
- Viscosity?
- Thermalization?
- EoS?
- (Freeze-out?)
**Hydrodynamics is one of the**
** ****valuable tools at RHIC energies**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Thank you!
- Special thanks goes to:
- H.Niemi,
- D.Teaney,
- Y.Hama, T.Kodama
- (SPheRIO collaboration),
- Y.Nara,
- and
- L.McLerran
**Space-time evolution of energy density in **
**sqrt(s****NN****)=200 GeV Au+Au collision at b=7.2fm**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Spare Slides
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## No Boost Invariant Region at RHIC?
***Basic assumption***
**Finite **_**Bjorken**_** rod (-**********0****<**********s****<**********0****)**
**Massless pions**
**Thermalization and Boltzmann approximation**
- 2**0
- Space-time rapidity
- Not free streaming,
- but thermal fluctuation!
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Thermalization?
- Hydro people often used
**0 =0.2-1.0 fm/c
- at RHIC energies to get large v2.
- pQCD +Boltzmann eq. analyses :
- Elastic (gggg) collisions:**eq>6-10 fm/c
- Inelastic (ggggg) collisions:**eq=2-3fm/c
- A.H.Mueller, R.Baier et al., J.Serreau et al., A.Dumitru et al.,
- J.Bjoraker et al. ...
- Thermalization controlled by
- non-perturbative physics?
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Protons with pT=4 GeV/c in hydro?
**Proton: **
***p******T*****=4 GeV/*****c***** in lab. frame**
***p******T*****~2.4GeV/*****c***** in local rest frame with *****v******T*****=0.5*****c***** **
**No!**
**Lorentz tr.**
**Suppose momentum parallel to flow**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Recombination + Fragmentation?
- Work in intermediate and high pT
- Parameterized flow
- How do we obtain such a large flow
- (vT~0.55c) at T=Tc?
- What happens for high pT v2 if a
- realistic density profile is used instead
- of hard sphere?
- Work in low and high pT
- Flow is dynamically obtained.
- Radial flow in hadron phase
- is also important.
- At T=Tc, <vT>~0.25c
- T=100 MeV, <vT>~0.55c
**Talk by R.Fries**
**T.H. & Y.Nara**
**Hydro + Jet ?**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Hydro + Rate Eq. in QGP phase
**Including gg********qqbar and gg********ggg**
**Collision term:**
- T.S.Biro et al.,Phys.Rev.C48(’93)1275.
**Assuming “multiplicative” fugacity, EoS is unchanged. **
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Hydro+Jet Model
**Hydro+Jet Model**
*N*
*N*
- 3
- 4
**Fragmentation:**
**Independent**
**Fragmentation**
**Model**
- PYTHIA
- 3D Hydro
- PYTHIA
**hadrons**
**hadrons**
**PDF:**
**Collinear: CTEQ5LO**
**k****T****: Gaussian**
**Parton energy loss**
**pQCD LO:**
- *Initial and final state radiation are included.
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Initial energy density fluctuation
**Suppose massless free EoS,**
**Multiplicity is proportional to the entropy.**
- The 1st order term vanishes.
- In the conventional approach,
- one uses average
- initial energy density
- Multiplicity **WITH** fluctuation **<** Multiplicity **WITHOUT** fluctuation
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## dN/d from a Saturation Model
**dN/d******** from a Saturation Model**
*Q*s2
**
*k**T**2*
- 0
- ggg
- D. Kharzeev and E. Levin, Phys.Lett.B523,79(2001)
- Parton-hadron duality
- s
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## Initial Condition from CGC
**“****CGC +**** Hydro + Jet model”**
**Saturation scale at a transverse position: **
**Momentum rapidity *****y***** ******** space time rapidity **********s**** **
**Input for hydrodynamics**
**where**
**Unintegrated gluon distribution can be written**
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## v2() from CGC+Hydro
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC)
## 2nd order formula...
- 14 equations...
- 1st order
- 2nd order
- How obtain additional equations?
- In order to ensure the second law of thermodynamics , one can choose
- Balance eqs.
- Constitutive eqs.
- Tetsufumi Hirano (RBRC) | en |
converted_docs | 479480 | **BTS Lattice Definition for Matlab/AT**
September 1, 2006
Hiroshi Nishimura
Advanced Light Source
This note is for Greg Portmann to incorporate the ALS BTS lattice in
Matlab. I found that the way of defining the lattice in my Goemon#, a
new version of Goemon in C#, is very similar to that of Greg's in Matlab
for AT. Therefore, let me release it so that you can take the BTS
lattice easier. My notation is basically that of Tracy, which must be
very similar to that in AT/Matlab.
MARKER START = new MARKER(\"START\");
QUAD BR\_\_\_\_\_\_QD = new QUAD(\"BR\_\_\_\_\_\_QD\",
1.0E-001,-2.3256700E+0);
DRIFT L1 = new DRIFT(\"L1\", 2.0048900E-001);
BEND BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEN = new BEND(\"BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEN\", 6.0E-1, 2.0E+0,
0.0, 2.0, 0.0);
DRIFT L2 = new DRIFT(\"L2\", 2.0E-001);
BEND BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEK = new BEND(\"BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEK\", 9.0E-1, 1.0E+1,
5.0, 5.0, 0.0);
DRIFT L3 = new DRIFT(\"L3\", 7.9898900E-001);
HSTEER HCM1 = new HSTEER(\"HCM1\");
DRIFT L4 = new DRIFT(\"L4\", 6.4853500E-001);
BPMON BPM1 = new BPMON(\"BPM1\");
DRIFT L5 = new DRIFT(\"L5\", 3.8291700E-001);
VSTEER VCM1 = new VSTEER(\"VCM1\");
DRIFT L6 = new DRIFT(\"L6\", 3.0E-001);
MARKER TV1 = new MARKER(\"TV1\");
DRIFT L7 = new DRIFT(\"L7\", 2.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q1 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q1\", 3.0E-001,
1.3921000E+0);
DRIFT L8 = new DRIFT(\"L8\", 2.0E-001);
HSTEER HCM2 = new HSTEER(\"HCM2\");
DRIFT L9 = new DRIFT(\"L9\", 2.5000000E-001);
VSTEER VCM2 = new VSTEER(\"VCM2\");
DRIFT L10 = new DRIFT(\"L10\", 3.4095580E+0);
MARKER TV2 = new MARKER(\"TV2\");
DRIFT L11 = new DRIFT(\"L11\", 2.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q21 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q2.1\",
3.0E-001,-6.1290000E-001);
DRIFT L12 = new DRIFT(\"L12\", 3.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q22 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q2.2\",
3.0E-001,-2.9980000E-001);
DRIFT L13 = new DRIFT(\"L13\", 1.6000000E-001);
HSTEER HCM3 = new HSTEER(\"HCM3\");
DRIFT L14 = new DRIFT(\"L14\", 1.7500000E-001);
VSTEER VCM3 = new VSTEER(\"VCM3\");
DRIFT L15 = new DRIFT(\"L15\", 4.5200000E-001);
BEND BTS\_\_\_\_\_B1 = new BEND(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_B1\", 1.4E+0, 2.0E1,
1.0E1, 1.0E1, 0.0);
DRIFT L16 = new DRIFT(\"L16\", 1.6685430E+0);
BPMON BPM2 = new BPMON(\"BPM2\");
DRIFT L17 = new DRIFT(\"L17\", 3.5642900E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q31 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q3.1\",
3.0E-001,-3.9970000E-001);
DRIFT L18 = new DRIFT(\"L18\", 3.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q32 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q3.2\", 3.0E-001,
1.6189000E+0);
DRIFT L19 = new DRIFT(\"L19\", 1.5000000E-001);
HSTEER HCM4 = new HSTEER(\"HCM4\");
DRIFT L20 = new DRIFT(\"L20\", 1.7500000E-001);
VSTEER VCM4 = new VSTEER(\"VCM4\");
DRIFT L21 = new DRIFT(\"L21\", 2.0E-001);
MARKER TV3 = new MARKER(\"TV3\");
DRIFT L22 = new DRIFT(\"L22\", 1.1710280E+0);
BEND BTS\_\_\_\_\_B2 = new BEND(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_B2\", 1.4, 2.0E1, 1.0E1,
1.0E1, 0.0);
DRIFT L23 = new DRIFT(\"L23\", 6.0719400E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q4 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q4\", 3.0E-001,
2.2984000E+0);
DRIFT L24 = new DRIFT(\"L24\", 3.0359400E-001);
MARKER TV4 = new MARKER(\"TV4\");
DRIFT L25 = new DRIFT(\"L25\", 1.1918470E+0);
HSTEER HCM5 = new HSTEER(\"HCM5\");
DRIFT L26 = new DRIFT(\"L26\", 1.7500000E-001);
VSTEER VCM5 = new VSTEER(\"VCM5\");
DRIFT L27 = new DRIFT(\"L27\", 1.5000000E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q51 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q5.1\",
3.0E-001,-2.9246000E+0);
DRIFT L28 = new DRIFT(\"L28\", 3.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q52 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q5.2\", 3.0E-001,
2.7048000E+0);
DRIFT L29 = new DRIFT(\"L29\", 2.0426500E-001);
BPMON BPM3 = new BPMON(\"BPM3\");
DRIFT L30 = new DRIFT(\"L30\", 9.1510000E-001);
BEND BTS\_\_\_\_\_B3 = new BEND(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_B3\", 1.4, 2.0E1, 1.0E1,
1.0E1, 0.0);
DRIFT L31 = new DRIFT(\"L31\", 5.7968200E-001);
HSTEER HCM6 = new HSTEER(\"HCM6\");
DRIFT L32 = new DRIFT(\"L32\", 1.7500000E-001);
VSTEER VCM6 = new VSTEER(\"VCM6\");
DRIFT L33 = new DRIFT(\"L33\", 2.3067730E+0);
BPMON BPM4 = new BPMON(\"BPM4\");
DRIFT L34 = new DRIFT(\"L34\", 3.5634900E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q61 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q6.1\", 3.0E-001,
2.1585000E+0);
DRIFT L35 = new DRIFT(\"L35\", 3.0E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q62 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q6.2\",
3.0E-001,-2.0719000E+0);
DRIFT L36 = new DRIFT(\"L36\", 1.4944600E-001);
HSTEER HCM7 = new HSTEER(\"HCM7\");
DRIFT L37 = new DRIFT(\"L37\", 1.7500000E-001);
VSTEER VCM7 = new VSTEER(\"VCM7\");
DRIFT L38 = new DRIFT(\"L38\", 8.7103000E-001);
BEND BTS\_\_\_\_\_B4 = new BEND(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_B4\", 1.3989E+0, 1.84E1,
9.2, 9.2, 0.0);
DRIFT L39 = new DRIFT(\"L39\", 6.8926600E-001);
MARKER TV5 = new MARKER(\"TV5\");
DRIFT L40 = new DRIFT(\"L40\", 1.3422340E+0);
BPMON BPM5 = new BPMON(\"BPM5\");
DRIFT L41 = new DRIFT(\"L41\", 3.5634900E-001);
QUAD BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q7 = new QUAD(\"BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q7\", 3.0E-001,
1.7455000E+0);
DRIFT L42 = new DRIFT(\"L42\", 2.0E-001);
HSTEER HCM8 = new HSTEER(\"HCM8\");
DRIFT L43 = new DRIFT(\"L43\", 2.5000000E-001);
VSTEER VCM8 = new VSTEER(\"VCM8\");
DRIFT L44 = new DRIFT(\"L44\", 1.3856790E+0);
BPMON BPM6 = new BPMON(\"BPM6\");
DRIFT L45 = new DRIFT(\"L45\", 9.5542700E-001);
HSTEER HCM9 = new HSTEER(\"HCM9\");
DRIFT L46 = new DRIFT(\"L46\", 2.4727900E-001);
VSTEER VCM9 = new VSTEER(\"VCM9\");
DRIFT L47 = new DRIFT(\"L47\", 3.9287300E-001);
MARKER TV6 = new MARKER(\"TV6\");
DRIFT L48 = new DRIFT(\"L48\", 8.0712800E-001);
BEND SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIK = new BEND(\"SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIK\", 9.0E-1,
1.007E1, 1.007E1, 0.0, 0.0);
DRIFT L49 = new DRIFT(\"L49\", 2.7700000E-001);
BEND SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIN = new BEND(\"SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIN\", 6.0E-1, 2.0E+0,
2.0E+0, 0.0, 0.0);
DRIFT L50 = new DRIFT(\"L50\", 2.2743000E-001);
BEND SRBMP3 = new BEND(\"SRBMP3\", 7.0E-001, 0.0E+0, 0.0E+0, 0.0E+0,
0.0E0);
BEND SRBMP4 = new BEND(\"SRBMP4\", 7.0E-001, 0.0E+0, 0.0E+0, 0.0E+0,
0.0E0);
DRIFT L51 = new DRIFT(\"L51\", 3.0E-001);
MARKER CTR_SRQF = new MARKER(\"CTR_SRQF\");
Eline BTS
=START+BR\_\_\_\_\_\_QD+L1+BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEN+L2+BR\_\_\_\_\_\_SEK+L3+
HCM1+L4+BPM1+L5+VCM1+L6+TV1+L7+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q1+L8+HCM2+L9+VCM2+
L10+TV2+L11+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q2.1+L12+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q2.2+L13+HCM3+L14+
VCM3+L15+BTS\_\_\_\_\_B1+L16+BPM2+L17+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q3.1+L18+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q3.2+
L19+HCM4+L20+VCM4+L21+TV3+L22+BTS\_\_\_\_\_B2+L23+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q4+
L24+TV4+L25+HCM5+L26+VCM5+L27+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q5.1+L28+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q5.2+
L29+BPM3+L30+BTS\_\_\_\_\_B3+L31+HCM6+L32+VCM6+L33+BPM4+L34+
BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q6.1+L35+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q6.2+L36+HCM7+L37+VCM7+L38+BTS\_\_\_\_\_B4+
L39+TV5+L40+BPM5+L41+BTS\_\_\_\_\_Q7+L42+HCM8+L43+VCM8+L44+
BPM6+L45+HCM9+L46+VCM9+L47+TV6+L48+SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIK+L49+SR\_\_\_\_\_\_SIN+
L50+SRBMP3+L50+SRBMP4+L51+CTR_SRQF;
This lattice will be made available as a file. Contact me if you need it
now.
BTS Length = 0.000000 meters
BTS Length = 0.000000 meters
BTS Length = 0.000000 meters
BTS Length = 0.200489 meters
BTS Length = 0.800489 meters
BTS Length = 1.000489 meters
BTS Length = 1.900489 meters
BTS Length = 2.699478 meters
BTS Length = 2.999478 meters
BTS Length = 3.648013 meters
BTS Length = 3.648013 meters
BTS Length = 4.030930 meters
BTS Length = 4.330930 meters
BTS Length = 4.630930 meters
BTS Length = 4.630930 meters
BTS Length = 4.830930 meters
BTS Length = 5.130930 meters
BTS Length = 5.330930 meters
BTS Length = 5.630930 meters
BTS Length = 5.880930 meters
BTS Length = 6.180930 meters
BTS Length = 9.590488 meters
BTS Length = 9.590488 meters
BTS Length = 9.790488 meters
BTS Length = 10.090488 meters
BTS Length = 10.390488 meters
BTS Length = 10.690488 meters
BTS Length = 10.850488 meters
BTS Length = 11.150488 meters
BTS Length = 11.325488 meters
BTS Length = 11.625488 meters
BTS Length = 12.077488 meters
BTS Length = 13.477488 meters
BTS Length = 15.146031 meters
BTS Length = 15.146031 meters
BTS Length = 15.502460 meters
BTS Length = 15.802460 meters
BTS Length = 16.102460 meters
BTS Length = 16.402460 meters
BTS Length = 16.552460 meters
BTS Length = 16.852460 meters
BTS Length = 17.027460 meters
BTS Length = 17.327460 meters
BTS Length = 17.527460 meters
BTS Length = 17.527460 meters
BTS Length = 18.698488 meters
BTS Length = 20.098488 meters
BTS Length = 20.705682 meters
BTS Length = 21.005682 meters
BTS Length = 21.309276 meters
BTS Length = 21.309276 meters
BTS Length = 22.501123 meters
BTS Length = 22.801123 meters
BTS Length = 22.976123 meters
BTS Length = 23.276123 meters
BTS Length = 23.426123 meters
BTS Length = 23.726123 meters
BTS Length = 24.026123 meters
BTS Length = 24.326123 meters
BTS Length = 24.530388 meters
BTS Length = 24.530388 meters
BTS Length = 25.445488 meters
BTS Length = 26.845488 meters
BTS Length = 27.425170 meters
BTS Length = 27.725170 meters
BTS Length = 27.900170 meters
BTS Length = 28.200170 meters
BTS Length = 30.506943 meters
BTS Length = 30.506943 meters
BTS Length = 30.863292 meters
BTS Length = 31.163292 meters
BTS Length = 31.463292 meters
BTS Length = 31.763292 meters
BTS Length = 31.912738 meters
BTS Length = 32.212738 meters
BTS Length = 32.387738 meters
BTS Length = 32.687738 meters
BTS Length = 33.558768 meters
BTS Length = 34.957668 meters
BTS Length = 35.646934 meters
BTS Length = 35.646934 meters
BTS Length = 36.989168 meters
BTS Length = 36.989168 meters
BTS Length = 37.345517 meters
BTS Length = 37.645517 meters
BTS Length = 37.845517 meters
BTS Length = 38.145517 meters
BTS Length = 38.395517 meters
BTS Length = 38.695517 meters
BTS Length = 40.081196 meters
BTS Length = 40.081196 meters
BTS Length = 41.036623 meters
BTS Length = 41.336623 meters
BTS Length = 41.583902 meters
BTS Length = 41.883902 meters
BTS Length = 42.276775 meters
BTS Length = 42.276775 meters
BTS Length = 43.083903 meters
BTS Length = 43.983903 meters
BTS Length = 44.260903 meters
BTS Length = 44.860903 meters
BTS Length = 45.088333 meters
BTS Length = 45.788333 meters
BTS Length = 46.015763 meters
BTS Length = 46.715763 meters
BTS Length = 47.015763 meters
BTS Length = 47.015763 meters
| en |
all-txt-docs | 390079 | SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS - SEPT / OCT 2004
Taylor Given Medal for Geological Analysis of Satellite Geophysical Data
Excellence Medal for Earth Sciences is from World Mineralogy Organization
Pat Taylor was invited to attend the first-ever topical meeting The First International Mineralogy Days of Monaco on September 15-17, 2004. He gave a paper on Contribution to the study of regional magnetization by satellite magnetic measurements: Magsat, Orsted and Champ (with gravity field) (see abstract and figure below). He was also the recipient of a medal given for the first time ever by the Organisation Mondiale de Mineralogie (the World Mineralogy Organization): the First Prize The Excellence Medal for Earth Sciences. The award was for his geological analysis of satellite geophysical data and demonstrates the high esteem with which Taylors work is regarded overseas.
Taylor (right) and the first Excellence Medal for Earth Sciences
Contribution to the study of regional magnetization by satellite magnetic measurements: Magsat, rsted, and Champ (with gravity field).
A discussion of and introduction to satellite-altitude geopotential field studies and their interpretation with emphasis on results from metalliferous regions will be given. The magnetic and gravimetric measurements from satellite altitudes show heterogeneity in deeper parts of the lithosphere. These patterns of magnetic anomalies do not only reveal the largest iron ore deposits such as Kiruna, Sweden, Kursk, Russia, and Banugi, Central African Republic but also linear features indicating structural discontinuities. We record changes of magnetic amplitude of these patterns that are caused by intersecting transverse fractures localizing magmatism and concentration of metals in the upper crust. In addition satellite altitude data are related to variations in crustal thickness and heat flow. Deep-rooted structural discontinuities, defined by combination of geological and geophysical criteria, with spacing of several hundred kilometers, reveal a quite uniform pattern in the deeper parts of the lithosphere. As these structures provide favorable pathways for the ascent of heat, magmas and ore-forming fluids, their recognition is of crucial importance and can be used in the compilation of a new type of mineral prognosis map. An example from Europe includes a pattern of east west trending structural discontinuities or belts and their junction with the NW-trending Tornqvist-Teisseyre Zone.
Contact: Patrick Taylor, GSFC, Code 921, Patrick.Taylor@nasa.gov
| en |
all-txt-docs | 293107 | SEC NEWS DIGEST
Issue 2006-157 August 15, 2006
SELF-REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS
PROPOSED RULE CHANGES
The Chicago Stock Exchange filed a proposed rule change (SR-CHX-2006-
05) and Amendment No. 1 thereto to implement a new trading model.
Publication is expected in the Federal Register during the week of
August 14. (Rel. 34-54301)
The Chicago Board Options Exchange filed a proposed rule change (SR-
CBOE-2005-103) and Amendment No. 1 thereto to amend CBOE rules
relating to the electronic designated primary market maker program.
Publication is expected in the Federal Register during the week of
August 14. (Rel. 34-54311)
IMMEDIATE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROPOSED RULE CHANGES
A proposed rule change (Phlx-2006-28) and Amendments No. 1, 2, and 3
thereto filed by the Philadelphia Stock Exchange relating to the
deletion of obsolete provisions from Exchange rules has become
effective under Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934. Publication is expected in the Federal Register during the week
of August 14. (Rel. 34-54312)
A proposed rule change filed by the National Association of Securities
Dealers relating to amendments to procedures for the exercise of
options (SR-NASD-2006-099) has become effective under Section
19(b)(3)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Publication is
expected in the Federal Register during the week of August 14. (Rel.
34-54313)
ACCELERATED APPROVAL OF PROPOSED RULE CHANGE
The Commission granted accelerated approval to a proposed rule change
(SR-Amex-2006-71) and Amendment No. 1 thereto submitted by the
American Stock Exchange relating to floor broker handheld terminals.
Publication is expected in the Federal Register during the week of
August 14. (Rel. 34-54310)
APPROVAL OF PROPOSED RULE CHANGE
The Commission granted approval to a proposed rule change and
Amendments No. 1 and 2 thereto (SR-Amex-2006-27) submitted by the
American Stock Exchange relating to interim members. Publication is
expected in the Federal Register during the week of August 14. (Rel.
34-54314)
SECURITIES ACT REGISTRATIONS
The following registration statements have been filed with the SEC
under the Securities Act of 1933. The reported information appears as
follows: Form, Name, Address and Phone Number (if available) of the
issuer of the security; Title and the number and/or face amount of the
securities being offered; Name of the managing underwriter or
depositor (if applicable); File number and date filed; Assigned
Branch; and a designation if the statement is a New Issue.
Registration statements may be obtained in person or by writing to the
Commission's Public Reference Branch at 100 F Street, N.E.,
Washington, D.C. 20549-1090 or at the following e-mail box address:
<publicinfo@sec.gov>. In most cases, this information is also
available on the Commission's website: <www.sec.gov>.
SB-1 Millington Mining Inc., SUITE 510, 999 WEST HASTINGS ST., VANCOUVER,
A1, V6C 2W2, 604-685-7552 - 2,500,000 ($25,000.00) Equity,
(File 333-136582 - Aug. 14) (BR. 09)
S-1 EMTA HOLDING, 7430 E BUTHERUS DRIVE, SUITE C, SCOTSDALE, AZ, 85260,
480 222 6222 - 6,046,286 ($17,715,617.98) Equity, (File 333-136583 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 04)
S-3ASR BROADWING CORP, 7015 ALBERT EINSTEIN DR, COLUMBIA, MD, 21046-9400,
4432594000 - 0 ($180,000,000.00) Debt Convertible into Equity,
(File 333-136584 - Aug. 14) (BR. 11B)
S-3 TARRANT APPAREL GROUP, 3151 EAST WASHINGTON BLVD, LOS ANGELES, CA,
90023, 2137808250 - 4,917,859 ($8,507,896.00) Equity,
(File 333-136585 - Aug. 14) (BR. 02A)
S-1 RUBINCON VENTURES INC, 1313 EAST MAPLE STREET, SUITE 223, BELLINGHAM,
WA, 98225, 360-685-4240 - 0 ($72,292,113.90) Equity, (File 333-136586 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 04C)
SB-2 U S GOLD CORP, 2201 KIPLING ST, STE 100, LAKEWOOD, CO, 80215-1545,
3032381438 - 0 ($293,874,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136587 - Aug. 14)
(BR. 04B)
S-8 STATS CHIPPAC LTD., 5 YISHUN ST 23, SINGAPORE, U0, 768442, 657555885 -
65,000,000 ($36,478,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136588 - Aug. 14)
(BR. 10C)
S-3ASR CAMERON INTERNATIONAL CORP, 1333 WEST LOOP SOUTH, STE 1700, HOUSTON,
TX, 77027, 7135133322 -
0 ($500,000,000.00) Debt Convertible into Equity, (File 333-136589 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 04B)
S-1 Pantheon China Acquisition Corp.,
3106B, OFFICE TOWER A, BEIJING FORTUNE,
PLAZA 7, DONGSANHUAN ZHONGLU, CHAOYANG, BEIJING, F4, 100020,
13910685200 - 0 ($107,466,770.40) Equity, (File 333-136590 - Aug. 14)
(BR. 09)
S-8 INSIGNIA SYSTEMS INC/MN, 6470 SYCAMORE COURT NORTH, MAPLE GROVE, MN,
55369, 7633926200 - 250,000 ($661,250.00) Equity, (File 333-136591 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 06B)
SB-2 Fitness Xpress Software Inc., 2755 MAPLE STREET, SUITE 109, VANCOUVER,
A1, V6K 5J1, 6047316096 - 3,584,500 ($896,125.00) Equity,
(File 333-136592 - Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-1 ACTIVBIOTICS INC, 110 HARTWELL AVENUE, LEXINGTON, MA, 02421,
7813724800 - 0 ($46,000,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136593 - Aug. 14)
(BR. )
SB-2 POP N GO INC, 12429 E PUTNAM ST, WHITTIER, CA, 90602, 5629459351 -
252,233,152 ($8,828,160.32) Equity, (File 333-136594 - Aug. 14)
(BR. 06C)
S-8 MOBILE MINI INC, 7420 SOUTH KYRENE ROAD, SUITE #101, TEMPE, AZ, 85283,
480-894-6311 - 1,200,000 ($33,672,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136595 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 06B)
SB-2 AOB HOLDINGS, INC., ROOM 3505-06, 35TH FL., EDINBURGH TOWER,
THE LANDMARK, 15 QUEEN, K3, 00000, 852 2736 2111 -
4,666,666 ($2,333,333.00) Equity, (File 333-136596 - Aug. 14) (BR. 09)
S-8 BRIDGE BANCORP INC, 2200 MONTAUK HGWAY, BRIDGEHAMPTON, NY, 11932,
6315371000 - 620,000 ($15,887,500.00) Equity, (File 333-136600 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 07A)
S-3 HOME SOLUTIONS OF AMERICA INC, 1500 DRAGON STREET - SUITE B, -, DALLAS,
TX, 75207, 214-623-8446 - 5,053,632 ($28,300,339.20) Equity,
(File 333-136601 - Aug. 14) (BR. 08B)
SB-2 BioElectronics Corp, 3612 SPRIGG ST, FREDERICKS, MD, 21704,
301-874-0326 - 25,155,112 ($4,527,920.16) Equity, (File 333-136602 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 10)
S-8 ECHOSTAR COMMUNICATIONS CORP, 9601 S. MERIDIAN BLVD., ENGLEWOOD, CO,
80112, 3037231000 - 0 ($65,570,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136603 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 11B)
S-8 BORGWARNER INC, 3850 HAMLIN RD., AUBURN HILLS, MI, 48326, 2487549200 -
40,000 ($2,350,600.00) Equity, (File 333-136604 - Aug. 14) (BR. 05A)
S-8 BORGWARNER INC, 3850 HAMLIN RD., AUBURN HILLS, MI, 48326, 2487549200 -
17,629,500 ($300,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136605 - Aug. 14) (BR. 05A)
S-8 BORGWARNER INC, 3850 HAMLIN RD., AUBURN HILLS, MI, 48326, 2487549200 -
50,000 ($2,938,250.00) Equity, (File 333-136606 - Aug. 14) (BR. 05A)
S-8 LIBERTY BANCORP INC, 16 WEST FRANKLIN STREET, LIBERTY, MO, 64068,
(816) 781-4822 - 234,957 ($2,377,765.00) Equity, (File 333-136607 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 07)
SB-2 MANARIS CORP, 1155 RENE-LEVESQUE BLVD. WEST, SUITE 2720, MONTREAL, A8,
H3B 2K8, (514) 337-2447 - 0 ($1,647,146.68) Equity, (File 333-136608 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 11C)
S-1 MV Oil Trust, 700 LAVACA, 5TH FLOOR, AUSTIN, TX, 78701-3102,
(512) 479-2136 - 0 ($172,500,000.00) Other, (File 333-136609 - Aug. 14)
(BR. )
S-1 IDERA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., 345 VASSAR STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MA, 02139,
6176795500 - 1,220,703 ($3,002,929.38) Equity, (File 333-136610 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 01A)
S-8 DOLLAR THRIFTY AUTOMOTIVE GROUP INC, 5330 EAST 31ST STREET, TULSA, OK,
74135, 9186607700 - 500,000 ($19,720,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136611 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 05B)
S-3 ISCO INTERNATIONAL INC, 451 KINGSTON CT, MOUNT PROSPECT, IL, 60056,
8473919400 - 19,000,000 ($5,890,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136612 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 10B)
S-8 ISCO INTERNATIONAL INC, 451 KINGSTON CT, MOUNT PROSPECT, IL, 60056,
8473919400 - 23,000,000 ($7,130,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136613 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 10B)
SB-2 CASSIDY MEDIA, INC., P.0. BOX 14, 134 SUNCOOK VALLEY RD,
CTR. BARNSTEAD, NH, 03225, 702-966-0436 -
3,500,000 ($100,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136614 - Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-8 RENT A CENTER INC DE, 5700 TENNYSON PARKWAY, THIRD FLOOR, PLANO, TX,
75024, 2144192613 - 0 ($187,355,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136615 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 06B)
S-8 EXPRESS SCRIPTS INC, 13900 REIVERPORT DRIVE, MARYLAND HEIGHTS, MO,
63043, 3147701666 - 5,800,000 ($424,216,239.84) Equity,
(File 333-136616 - Aug. 14) (BR. 01A)
S-3 KOSAN BIOSCIENCES INC, 3832 BAY CENTER PLACE, HAYWARD, CA, 94545,
5107328400 - 7,164,868 ($21,996,144.76) Equity, (File 333-136617 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 01B)
S-3 WPCS INTERNATIONAL INC, 140 SOUTH VILLAGE AVENUE, SUITE 20, EXTON, PA,
19341, 6109030400 - 521,868 ($3,616,802.44) Equity, (File 333-136618 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 11A)
S-1 First Look Studios Inc, 8000 sunset blvd, east penthouse, la, 90046,
93,518,189 ($88,866,647.19) Equity, (File 333-136619 - Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-8 PRUDENTIAL FINANCIAL INC, 751 BROAD ST, NEWARK, NJ, 07102, 9738026000 -
0 ($1,919,798,380.00) Equity, (File 333-136620 - Aug. 14) (BR. 01B)
SB-1 Yaletown Capital Inc., 3080 GRANDVIEW HIGHWAY, VANCOUVER, A1, V5M 2E3,
604-817-5662 - 3,000,000 ($3,000,000.00) Equity, (File 333-136621 -
Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-1 Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 PROFESSIONAL DRIVE, SUITE 250,
GAITHERSBURG, MD, 20879, (301) 944-0290 - 0 ($86,250,000.00) Equity,
(File 333-136622 - Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-8 INVISA INC, 6935 15TH STREET EAST, SUITE 120, SARASOTA, FL, 34243,
941-355-9361 - 681,800 ($102,270.00) Equity, (File 333-136623 -
Aug. 14) (BR. 10B)
S-1 GenuTec Business Solutions, Inc., 28202 CABOT ROAD, SUITE 650,
LAGUNA NIGUEL, CA, 92677, 949-309-4400 - 0 ($25,000,000.00) Equity,
(File 333-136624 - Aug. 14) (BR. )
S-4 ECHOSTAR DBS CORP, 9601 S. MERIDIAN BLVD., ENGLEWOOD, CO, 80112,
3037231277 - 0 ($1,500,000,000.00) Non-Convertible Debt,
(File 333-136625 - Aug. 14) (BR. 11B)
RECENT 8K FILINGS
Form 8-K is used by companies to file current reports on the following events:
1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
1.02 Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement
1.03 Bankruptcy or Receivership
2.01 Completion of Acquisition or Disposition of Assets
2.02 Results of Operations and Financial Condition
2.03 Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant
2.04 Triggering Events That Accelerate or Increase a Direct Financial Obligation
under an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement
2.05 Cost Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities
2.06 Material Impairments
3.01 Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy a Continued Listing Rule or
Standard; Transfer of Listing
3.02 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
3.03 Material Modifications to Rights of Security Holders
4.01 Changes in Registrant's Certifying Accountant
4.02 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements or a Related Audit
Report or Completed Interim Review
5.01 Changes in Control of Registrant
5.02 Departure of Directors or Principal Officers; Election of Directors;
Appointment of Principal Officers
5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
5.04 Temporary Suspension of Trading Under Registrant's Employee Benefit Plans
5.05 Amendments to the Registrant's Code of Ethics, or Waiver of a
Provision of the Code of Ethics
6.01. ABS Informational and Computational Material.
6.02. Change of Servicer or Trustee.
6.03. Change in Credit Enhancement or Other External Support.
6.04. Failure to Make a Required Distribution.
6.05. Securities Act Updating Disclosure.
7.01 Regulation FD Disclosure
8.01 Other Events
9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits
8-K reports may be obtained in person or by writing to the Commission's Public Reference
Branch at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549-1090 or at the following e-mail box
address: <publicinfo@sec.gov>. In most cases, this information is also available on the
Commission's website: <www.sec.gov>.
STATE 8K ITEM NO.
NAME OF ISSUER CODE DATE COMMENT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3D SYSTEMS CORP DE 7.01,9.01 08/13/06
3D SYSTEMS CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
3D SYSTEMS CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AAA Minerals Inc. NV 4.01 08/01/02
ABC Funding, Inc 9.01 05/26/06 AMEND
ABLE ENERGY INC DE 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
ACCESS WORLDWIDE COMMUNICATIONS INC DE 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
ACG HOLDINGS INC DE 2.02 08/14/06
ADELPHIA COMMUNICATIONS CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
Advanced BioEnergy, LLC DE 5.02 08/10/06
ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC DE 5.02 08/09/06
ADVANCED PHOTONIX INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AEROCENTURY CORP DE 2.02 08/10/06
AETHER HOLDINGS INC DE 5.02 08/09/06
Affinia Group Intermediate Holdings I DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AKSYS LTD DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ALASKA PACIFIC BANCSHARES INC AK 2.02,9.01 06/30/06
ALKERMES INC PA 4.02 08/10/06
ALL AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ALLETE INC MN 1.01,8.01 08/09/06
Alliance Holdings GP, L.P. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Allis Chalmers Energy Inc. DE 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
Allis Chalmers Energy Inc. DE 1.01,2.03,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
Allis Chalmers Energy Inc. DE 1.01,2.01,5.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
AMCORE FINANCIAL INC NV 1.01,9.01 08/10/06
AMEN PROPERTIES INC DE 8.01 08/14/06
AMERICA FIRST APARTMENT INVESTORS INC MD 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN CLAIMS EVALUATION INC NY 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN ECOLOGY CORP DE 5.02 08/11/06
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP INC OH 8.01,9.01 04/19/06
AMERICAN GENERAL FINANCE CORP IN 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN ITALIAN PASTA CO DE 2.02,5.02,8.01,9.01 08/08/06
AMERICAN MEDIA OPERATIONS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN MEDICAL ALERT CORP NY 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN OIL & GAS INC NV 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
AMERICAN TOWER CORP /MA/ DE 5.04,9.01 08/14/06
AMERISAFE INC TX 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
AMERISOURCEBERGEN CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
AP PHARMA INC /DE/ DE 5.02,9.01 08/08/06
ARADIGM CORP CA 1.01,5.02,9.01 08/10/06
ARENA PHARMACEUTICALS INC DE 5.02 08/11/06
ATLAS AIR WORLDWIDE HOLDINGS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
AUBURN NATIONAL BANCORPORATION INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/08/06
AUSTRALIAN OIL & GAS CORP DE 8.01 08/14/06
AXESSTEL INC NV 1.01,2.03,9.01 08/08/06
Axion Power International, Inc. DE 4.02 08/09/06
BALLY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NV 4.02,9.01 08/08/06
BANK OF AMERICA CORP /DE/ DE 8.01,9.01 08/09/06
BankFinancial CORP 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
BARNWELL INDUSTRIES INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
BASIC ENERGY SERVICES INC 7.01,9.01 08/10/06
BCSB BANKCORP INC 2.02,9.01 06/30/06
BE AEROSPACE INC DE 7.01 08/14/06
BELL INDUSTRIES INC /NEW/ CA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
BESTWAY COACH EXPRESS INC NY 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
BILL BARRETT CORP 7.01,9.01 08/10/06
BIOLASE TECHNOLOGY INC DE 1.01 08/08/06
BIOSANTE PHARMACEUTICALS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
BISYS GROUP INC DE 2.02,5.02,8.01,9.01 08/10/06
BLACK HILLS CORP /SD/ SD 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
BLONDER TONGUE LABORATORIES INC DE 2.02 08/14/06
BLUEFLY INC DE 1.01,9.01 08/14/06
Boulder Specialty Brands, Inc. DE 8.01,9.01 12/21/05 AMEND
BOYKIN LODGING CO OH 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
BOYSTOYS COM INC DE 4.01 08/04/06
BRAVO FOODS INTERNATIONAL CORP DE 4.02 08/14/06
BRESLER & REINER INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Britton International Inc. NV 4.01,9.01 08/07/06 AMEND
BROADVIEW MEDIA INC MN 1.01,2.02,9.01 08/14/06
BROADWING CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
Brookdale Senior Living Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Brookdale Senior Living Inc. DE 5.02,9.01 08/14/06
Buckeye GP Holdings L.P. DE 1.01,2.01,2.03,3.02,5.03,9.01 08/09/06
BUCKEYE PARTNERS L P DE 1.01,5.02,5.03,9.01 08/09/06
Burger King Holdings Inc DE 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
CA, INC. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Cal Alta Auto Glass Inc NV 4.01 06/30/06
CALGON CARBON CORPORATION DE 7.01,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
CALIPER LIFE SCIENCES INC DE 1.01,2.01,2.03,5.02,9.01 08/09/06
CAPCO ENERGY INC CO 5.02 08/09/06
CAPITAL TRUST INC MD 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
CAPITAL TRUST INC MD 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
CARDINAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC NV 5.02,8.01,9.01 08/08/06
CAS MEDICAL SYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
CASCADE CORP OR 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
CBS CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
CDRV Investors, Inc. DE 2.02,7.01 08/14/06
Cell Power Technologies Inc 2.01,9.01 08/11/06
CENTRUE FINANCIAL CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
CENTURY ALUMINUM CO DE 1.01,2.03 08/08/06
CF Industries Holdings, Inc. DE 1.01,9.01 08/10/06
CH2M HILL COMPANIES LTD OR 8.01 08/11/06
CHEC FUNDING LLC DE 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
CHEMED CORP DE 1.01,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
CHINA EXPERT TECHNOLOGY, INC. NV 5.02 08/10/06
China Health Holding, Inc. NV 1.01,9.01 08/07/06
CHURCH & DWIGHT CO INC /DE/ DE 5.02 08/14/06
CHYRON CORP NY 1.01 08/09/06
CIBER INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
CIPHERGEN BIOSYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CITADEL SECURITY SOFTWARE INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CITIZENS FINANCIAL CORP/DE/ DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CNS INC /DE/ DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
COAST DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INC DE 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/09/06
COLONIAL COMMERCIAL CORP NY 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
Columbia Equity Trust, Inc. MD 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
COMPUPRINT INC 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
CONCURRENT COMPUTER CORP/DE DE 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
CONNETICS CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CONSOLIDATED GRAPHICS INC /TX/ TX 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
CONSOLIDATED WATER CO LTD E6 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
CONSTAR INTERNATIONAL INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CORCEPT THERAPEUTICS INC 2.02,9.01 08/10/06
Core-Mark Holding Company, Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CORPORATE BOND BACKED CERTIFICATES TR DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 15 INC MD 5.02 08/11/06
CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOB MD 5.02 08/11/06
Crawford Lake Mining Inc. NV 4.01 07/17/06
CRIMSON EXPLORATION INC. TX 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
CRITICAL PATH INC CA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
CROWN PARTNERS INC NV 4.01,9.01 08/11/06
CRSI Group, Inc. FL 2.01,3.02,5.01,5.02,5.06,9.01 08/10/06
DDI CORP CA 1.01,2.04,3.02 08/08/06
DECODE GENETICS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
DiamondRock Hospitality Co 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
DIGITAL LIFESTYLES GROUP INC DE 1.01,2.03,9.01 08/07/06
DIGITAL RECORDERS INC NC 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
DigitalFX International Inc FL 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
DILLARDS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Directed Electronics, Inc. FL 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
DOCUMENT SECURITY SYSTEMS INC NY 5.02 08/10/06
DOMINION HOMES INC OH 1.01,9.01 08/10/06
DOR BIOPHARMA INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
DSL NET INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
EASTERN AMERICAN NATURAL GAS TRUST DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Eastern Insurance Holdings, Inc. PA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
EBS LITIGATION LLC DE 7.01 08/14/06
EBS PENSION LLC DE 7.01 08/14/06
ECC Capital CORP 2.02,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
EDULINK INC NV 1.01,2.01,3.02,4.01,5.01, 08/11/06
5.02,5.03,5.06,9.01
ELECTRIC CITY CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ELECTRO ENERGY INC FL 5.02,9.01 08/08/06
Electronic Sensor Technology, Inc 4.02 08/08/06
ELGRANDE INTERNATIONAL, INC. NV 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
ELIZABETH ARDEN INC FL 1.01,2.01,9.01 08/11/06
EMAGIN CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ENERGY EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES / A0 7.01,9.01 08/11/06
ENERGY EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES / A0 4.01,7.01 08/14/06
ENERGY WEST INC MT 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
ENESCO GROUP INC IL 5.02,9.01 08/09/06
ENSTAR GROUP INC GA 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
Enterprise GP Holdings L.P. DE 8.01,9.01 06/30/06
ENTERPRISE PRODUCTS PARTNERS L P DE 8.01,9.01 06/30/06
EQUINIX INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
EQUUS II INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
EQUUS II INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
ES Bancshares, Inc. MD 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
ESCALADE INC IN 1.01,5.02,8.01,9.01 08/11/06
EVANS BOB FARMS INC DE 5.02,7.01,9.01 08/11/06
EVOLVING SYSTEMS INC DE 2.02 08/14/06
EXPLORATION CO OF DELAWARE INC DE 7.01,9.01 08/11/06
Fairview Energy Corporation, Inc. NV 1.01,2.01,3.02,4.01,5.01, 08/11/06
5.02,5.03,5.06,9.01
FIELDPOINT PETROLEUM CORP CO 2.02,7.01 08/11/06
FIRST AMERICAN CORP CA 1.01,9.01 08/09/06
FIRST BANCTRUST CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/10/06
FIRST FEDERAL BANCSHARES INC /DE DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM INC MT 8.01 08/09/06
FIRSTCITY FINANCIAL CORP DE 1.01 08/08/06
FLATBUSH FEDERAL BANCORP INC 2.02,9.01 08/12/06
FLOWSERVE CORP NY 5.03,8.01,9.01 08/13/06
FNB FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP NC 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
FOREST CITY ENTERPRISES INC OH 1.01,3.02 08/10/06
GALAXY NUTRITIONAL FOODS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
GATEWAY FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC NC 2.02,4.02,9.01 08/11/06
GATX CORP NY 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
GATX FINANCIAL CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
GENERAL DEVICES INC DE 9.01 01/23/06 AMEND
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, INC NV 1.01,2.01,3.02 08/11/06
GENIUS PRODUCTS INC NV 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
GEORESOURCES INC CO 2.02 08/11/06
GLATFELTER P H CO PA 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
GMAC LLC DE 2.03 08/14/06
GMH Communities Trust MD 2.02,9.01 08/10/06
GOLDLEAF FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS INC. TN 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
Golf Galaxy, Inc. MN 1.01,9.01 08/09/06
GRAHAM PACKAGING HOLDINGS CO DE 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
GRAINGER W W INC IL 1.01,1.02,7.01,9.01 06/11/06
GRANITE CITY FOOD & BREWERY LTD MN 5.02,9.01 08/10/06
GREAT AMERICAN FAMILY PARKS INC NV 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA CO INC MD 3.01,8.01 08/09/06
Gregg Appliances Inc 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
GRYPHON GOLD CORP NV 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
GSE SYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 06/30/06
Guideline, Inc. NY 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Hana Biosciences Inc DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
HANDY HARDWARE WHOLESALE INC TX 5.02 08/09/06
HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE CO CT 9.01 08/14/06
HAYNES INTERNATIONAL INC DE 1.01,2.02,3.03,5.03,9.01 08/13/06
HEALTHSOUTH CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
HEALTHSOUTH CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
HELEN OF TROY LTD 5.02 08/08/06
HENRY JOHN W & CO/MILLBURN L P DE 5.02 06/05/06
HERBST GAMING INC NV 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
HERCULES OFFSHORE, INC. DE 1.01,5.02 08/10/06
HEWITT ASSOCIATES INC DE 1.01,5.02,9.01 08/10/06
HICKOK INC OH 2.02,9.01 06/30/06
HOME SOLUTIONS OF AMERICA INC DE 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
HORNBY INTERNATIONAL INC/CA 4.01,9.01 08/08/06
Houston Wire & Cable CO 2.02 08/14/06
Hughes Communications, Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/05
IA GLOBAL INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
IC ISAACS & CO INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
IDAHO GENERAL MINES INC ID 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
IDM PHARMA, INC. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
IDT CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
IMAGE ENTERTAINMENT INC DE 7.01,9.01 08/11/06
IMMUNE RESPONSE CORP DE 4.02 08/14/06
IMMUNICON CORP 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
IMPERIAL INDUSTRIES INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
IndyMac INDX Mortgage Loan Trust 2006 8.01,9.01 07/28/06
INNOTRAC CORP GA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
INSITE VISION INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
INTAC INTERNATIONAL INC NV 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
INTEGRATED ALARM SERVICES GROUP INC DE 2.02,9.01 06/30/06
INTELSAT LTD 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
INTER TEL INC AZ 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
INTERMOST CORP UT 5.02 08/10/06
International American Technologies, NV 3.02,9.01 08/14/06
INTERNATIONAL BARRIER TECHNOLOGY INC/ 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO /NEW/ NY 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
INTERSTATE HOTELS & RESORTS INC DE 1.01 08/10/06
INTRAOP MEDICAL CORP 5.02 08/08/06
INVESTORS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LTD MA 4.01,9.01 08/08/06 AMEND
iPhone2, Inc. WA 4.01 06/27/06 AMEND
ISA INTERNATIONALE INC DE 3.02 06/30/06 AMEND
ITC DELTACOM INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
J.P. Morgan Mortgage Trust 2006-S3 DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
J2 GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06 AMEND
JACKSON HEWITT TAX SERVICE INC DE 1.01 08/08/06
JAGGED PEAK, INC. NV 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
KAISER ALUMINUM CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
KANA SOFTWARE INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Keewatin Windpower Corp. NV 5.02 05/23/06
KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS INC OH 8.01 08/11/06
KNOLL INC DE 2.03 08/08/06
Kodiak Oil & Gas Corp 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
LAMAR ADVERTISING CO/NEW DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. MD 5.03,9.01 08/08/06
LAUREL CAPITAL GROUP INC PA 1.02 08/09/06
LBI MEDIA HOLDINGS INC 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Lehman XS Trust Series 2006-GP4 DE 8.01,9.01 07/31/06
LINCOLN NATIONAL CORP IN 1.01 08/11/06
LMT 2006-4 DE 8.01 07/31/06
LPA HOLDING CORP DE 1.01 08/11/06
LSI LOGIC CORP DE 1.01,5.02,9.01 08/09/06
LSI LOGIC CORP DE 5.02 08/09/06 AMEND
MACC PRIVATE EQUITIES INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
MANHATTAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC DE 4.02 08/10/06
MANNATECH INC TX 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
MARGO CARIBE INC PR 1.01,8.01,9.01 08/09/06
MARSH SUPERMARKETS INC IN 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
MEDIFAST INC DE 3.01,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
MERITAGE HOSPITALITY GROUP INC MI 9.01 05/31/06 AMEND
MERRILL LYNCH MORTGAGE INVESTORS TRUS DE 8.01,9.01 07/28/06
MGM MIRAGE DE 5.03,9.01 08/08/06
MICHAEL FOODS INC/NEW DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
MICRO BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. NV 4.01,9.01 08/11/06
MICROMET, INC. DE 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
MICRONETICS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
MIDDLEBY CORP DE 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
Midland International CORP NV 5.01 07/14/06
MIDWEST AIR GROUP INC WI 8.01,9.01 08/10/06
Millstream II Acquisition CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
Millstream II Acquisition CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/14/06 AMEND
MINDEN BANCORP INC 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
MINERALS TECHNOLOGIES INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
MISCOR GROUP, LTD. 9.01 08/11/06 AMEND
ML Appleton FuturesAccess LLC DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML Aspect FuturesAccess LLC DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML Cornerstone FuturesAccess LLC DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML FUTURES INVESTMENTS LP DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML GLOBAL HORIZONS LP DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML JWH STRATEGIC ALLOCATION FUND LP DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML PRINCIPAL PROTECTION LP DE 5.02 06/05/06
ML SELECT FUTURES I LP 5.02 06/05/06
ML Winton FuturesAccess LLC DE 5.02 06/05/06
MODTECH HOLDINGS INC CA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
MONRO MUFFLER BRAKE INC NY 2.06 08/11/06
MONSTER WORLDWIDE INC DE 3.01,9.01 08/14/06
MORGAN GROUP HOLDING CO 7.01 08/14/06
MOSSIMO INC DE 2.02,8.01,9.01 08/14/06
MOTIENT CORP DE 7.01,9.01 06/30/06
MTM Technologies, Inc. NY 1.01,9.01 08/10/06
MULTIMEDIA GAMES INC TX 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
MUZAK HOLDINGS LLC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
NACCO INDUSTRIES INC DE 1.01,9.01 08/08/06
NATIONAL DENTEX CORP /MA/ MA 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
NaturalNano , Inc. NV 1.01,9.01 08/09/06
NATUREWELL INC CA 4.01,9.01 08/08/06
NAVISTAR FINANCIAL CORP DE 8.01,9.01 04/30/06
NEOWARE INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
NEUROLOGIX INC/DE DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
NEWTEK BUSINESS SERVICES INC NY 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
NGP Capital Resources CO MD 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
NOBEL LEARNING COMMUNITIES INC DE 5.02,7.01,9.01 08/09/06
NORD RESOURCES CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/09/06
NOTIFY TECHNOLOGY CORP CA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
NOVAVAX INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
NOVT CORP FL 8.01,9.01 08/08/06
Nuance Communications, Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/08/06
NUCO2 INC /FL FL 7.01,9.01 08/10/06
OCEAN BIO CHEM INC FL 4.02 08/14/06
OM GROUP INC DE 5.03,9.01 08/08/06
ON SEMICONDUCTOR CORP DE 1.01,5.02,9.01 08/10/06
OPENTV CORP 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. TX 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
Orange 21 Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ORTHOFIX INTERNATIONAL N V 8.01 08/11/06
PACIFICORP /OR/ OR 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
PARK NATIONAL CORP /OH/ OH 1.01,9.01 08/14/06
PATTERSON COMPANIES, INC. MN 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
PAULSON CAPITAL CORP OR 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PEDIATRIC SERVICES OF AMERICA INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
PEDIATRIX MEDICAL GROUP INC FL 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
PENINSULA GAMING CORP. DE 2.02 08/11/06
PENINSULA GAMING CORP. DE 1.01 08/08/06
PENTON MEDIA INC DE 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
PEOPLES LIBERATION INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PEPSICO INC NC 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
PETRO STOPPING CENTERS L P DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PFSWEB INC DE 2.02 08/14/06
Pharma-Bio Serv, Inc. 4.01,9.01 07/28/06 AMEND
PHELPS DODGE CORP NY 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
PHOENIX FOOTWEAR GROUP INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PIPER JAFFRAY COMPANIES 2.01,7.01,9.01 08/11/06
PITNEY BOWES INC /DE/ DE 1.01,9.01 08/14/06 AMEND
PLIANT CORPORORATION DE 2.03,3.02,5.02 07/18/06
PLY GEM HOLDINGS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PMC SIERRA INC DE 2.02,4.02,9.01 08/11/06
POKER COM INC FL 4.01,9.01 07/20/06
PQ CORP PA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PREMIER COMMUNITY BANKSHARES INC VA 5.03,9.01 08/08/06
PRICE COMMUNICATIONS CORP NY 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PRINTRONIX INC DE 7.01 08/11/06
PRO DEX INC CO 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
Probe Manufacturing Inc NV 8.01 08/07/06
PROCERA NETWORKS INC NV 5.02 08/11/06
PROLIANCE INTERNATIONAL, INC. DE 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
Propex Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
PROQUEST CO DE 1.01 08/08/06
PROSPERO MINERALS CORP. NV 4.01,5.02,9.01 08/14/06
PSB Holdings, Inc. 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
Puda Coal, Inc. 8.01 08/14/06
QUANTA CAPITAL HOLDINGS LTD 1.01,2.02,9.01 08/11/06
QUEST RESOURCE CORP NV 7.01,9.01 08/11/06
RALI Series 2006-QS9 Trust DE 8.01,9.01 07/01/06
RANCON REALTY FUND V CA 1.01,1.02,2.03 04/13/06
REALMARK PROPERTY INVESTORS LTD PARTN DE 2.01 07/18/06
REFAC OPTICAL GROUP DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
Refco Inc. 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
Refco Public Commodity Pool, L.P. DE 8.01,9.01 07/31/06
Regatta Capital Partners, Inc. 8.01,9.01 08/03/06
RENASANT CORP MS 7.01,9.01 08/14/06
Resource Capital Corp. MD 8.01 08/10/06
RETAIL VENTURES INC OH 1.01,9.01 08/10/06
Rockwood Holdings, Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ROTECH HEALTHCARE INC DE 7.01,8.01,9.01 08/10/06
Rotoblock CORP NV 1.01,9.01 07/31/06
RUSS BERRIE & CO INC NJ 1.01,5.02,8.01,9.01 08/10/06
S1 CORP /DE/ DE 1.01,2.01,9.01 08/09/06
SAFECO CORP WA 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
SCHAWK INC DE 1.01 08/08/06
SCM MICROSYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SCOTTS LIQUID GOLD INC CO 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
SIGMA ALDRICH CORP DE 7.01,9.01 08/08/06
SIGMA ALDRICH CORP DE 2.01,7.01,9.01 08/09/06
SINCLAIR BROADCAST GROUP INC MD 4.02 08/14/06
SINGING MACHINE CO INC DE 1.01,9.01 08/09/06
SIRENZA MICRODEVICES INC DE 1.01 08/10/06
SKYTERRA COMMUNICATIONS INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
SMI PRODUCTS INC 1.01,3.02,5.01,5.02,9.01 08/11/06
SMITH & WOLLENSKY RESTAURANT GROUP IN DE 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
Solexa, Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SONOMA COLLEGE INC CA 2.03,3.02,9.01 08/09/06
SONUS PHARMACEUTICALS INC DE 3.03,9.01 08/10/06
SOUTH DAKOTA SOYBEAN PROCESSORS LLC 7.01,9.01 08/11/06
SOUTHCREST FINANCIAL GROUP INC GA 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO TX 8.01 12/31/05
SPARTON CORP OH 9.01 08/14/06 AMEND
SPATIALIGHT INC NY 1.01,3.02,9.01 08/09/06
SPATIALIZER AUDIO LABORATORIES INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SPEAR & JACKSON INC 5.02 08/09/06
Spheris Inc. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SPHERIX INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
SS&C TECHNOLOGIES INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Stanley-Martin Communities, LLC DE 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/10/06
STRATEGIC DISTRIBUTION INC DE 2.02 08/11/06
STRATEGIC HOTELS & RESORTS, INC 9.01 06/01/06 AMEND
Structured Adjustable Rate Mortgage L DE 8.01,9.01 07/31/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CASTSM STEP DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS R TR F DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR FOR DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR FOR DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR FOR DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR II DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR II DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TR III DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP CORTS TRUST DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP TIERS R INFL DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORP TIERSSM CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORPTIERS PRINC P DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS CORTS TR FOR SOUT DE 8.01,9.01 08/01/06
STURM RUGER & CO INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
SUNAIR SERVICES CORP FL 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SUNTRUST BANKS INC GA 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
SUPERIOR BANCORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
SUPREME INDUSTRIES INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/08/06
SWMX, INC. DE 5.02,9.01 08/08/06
SYSCO CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
SYSVIEW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1.01,3.02,3.03,9.01 08/08/06
TAG IT PACIFIC INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
TARRANT APPAREL GROUP CA 2.02,7.01,9.01 08/14/06
TASCO HOLDINGS INTERNATIONAL, INC. DE 1.01 08/09/06
TECHNEST HOLDINGS INC NV 1.01,2.03,3.02,9.01 08/10/06
TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS COMPANY DE 2.02 08/14/06
TERAYON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DE 1.01 08/09/06
TEREX CORP DE 1.02,9.01 08/14/06
TETRA TECH INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
TEXXON INC OK 1.01,9.01 07/27/06
THERMODYNETICS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
TIDEWATER INC DE 8.01,9.01 08/11/06
TODD SHIPYARDS CORP WA 8.01 08/14/06
TOTAL LUXURY GROUP INC IN 4.01,9.01 06/08/06
TOUCHSTONE APPLIED SCIENCE ASSOCIATES DE 2.01,9.01 05/31/06 AMEND
TRANS LUX CORP DE 8.01,9.01 08/14/06
TRANSCEND SERVICES INC DE 1.01,5.02 08/08/06
TRANSCOMMUNITY FINANCIAL CORP VA 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
TRANSTECH INDUSTRIES INC DE 8.01 08/14/06
Triad Automobile Receivables Trust 20 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
TRIPATH TECHNOLOGY INC 5.02 08/08/06
Tube Media Corp. CO 3.02 08/08/06
TUT SYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
TUT SYSTEMS INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/10/06
UFP TECHNOLOGIES INC DE 2.02,9.01 08/09/06
UGS Corp. DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
ULTRA CLEAN HOLDINGS INC 5.02 08/11/06
UNIVERSAL FOOD & BEVERAGE COMPNY NV 1.02,5.02 08/02/06
UPSTREAM BIOSCIENCES INC. NV 4.02 08/10/06
US BIODEFENSE INC UT 2.01,3.02,9.01 08/07/06
US FARMS, INC. NV 1.01 07/31/06
US LEC CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
US LEC CORP DE 1.01,9.01 08/11/06
USB HOLDING CO INC DE 8.01 08/11/06
UTG INC 1.01 08/11/06
VALERO GP HOLDINGS LLC DE 1.01,5.02,9.01 08/14/06
VALSPAR CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
VECTREN CORP IN 8.01 08/14/06
VENTANA MEDICAL SYSTEMS INC DE 1.01,9.01 08/14/06
VENTURE CATALYST INC UT 1.01,9.01 08/14/06
Verigy Ltd. U0 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
VERTICALNET INC PA 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
VIASPACE Inc. NV 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
VIKING SYSTEMS INC DE 5.02 08/10/06
VIRBAC CORP DE 2.01,7.01,9.01 08/11/06
VIROPHARMA INC DE 3.02,7.01,9.01 08/11/06
VITA FOOD PRODUCTS INC NV 2.02,9.01 08/11/06
VWR International, Inc. 2.02,7.01 08/14/06
WARNACO GROUP INC /DE/ DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
Washington Mutual Mortgage Pass-Throu DE 9.01 07/28/06
WATCHIT MEDIA, INC. DE 1.01,9.01 08/04/06
Wellstar International, Inc. NV 8.01,9.01 08/08/06
WESTERN SIZZLIN CORP DE 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
WHITTIER ENERGY CORP NV 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
WINLAND ELECTRONICS INC MN 8.01 08/09/06
WIRELESS FACILITIES INC DE 1.01,2.03,9.01 08/10/06
WMS INDUSTRIES INC /DE/ DE 1.01,1.02,9.01 08/09/06
WMS INDUSTRIES INC /DE/ DE 2.02,8.01,9.01 08/09/06
Yukon Resources Corp. NV 8.01,9.01 08/09/06
ZEROS & ONES INC NV 5.01,9.01 04/05/06
ZIM CORP A6 2.02,9.01 08/14/06
| en |
converted_docs | 931860 | **SCOPE OF WORK**
NICHD is co-sponsoring the meeting "East meets West: Can We Prevent
Blindness from ROP?\" meeting that will be held in Vilnius, Lithuania by
providing travel support to participants. Dr. John Flynn is one of the
organizers of this meeting.
**[Services to be Performed]{.underline}**
The contractor will prepare 7 individual checks made out to the
following individuals and for the amounts listed:
Shah Parag Kirit \$1000.00 Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Marco Antonio de la Fuente Torres 1550.00 Mexico City, Mexico
Dr. Kazi Shabbir Anwar 1040.00 Dhaka, Bangladesh
Praveen Kumar 260.00 Ashford, United Kingdom
Le Thuy Quynh 1800.00 Hanoi, Viet Nam
Joao Borges Fortes Filho 2082.00 Porto Alegre RS,
Brazil
Gitalisa Andayani Adriono [1546.00]{.underline} Jakarta, Indonesia
Total \$ 9278.00
The following statement should be noted on each checks: Funds have been
drawn from US Government contract. The contractor will send all of the
checks to Dr. John Flynn. Dr. Flynn will be responsible for distributing
the checks to the travelers and preparing a report to NICHD on the
activities of the supported travelers.
Dr. John Flynn
Harkness Eye Institute,
635W 165th Street, NY, NY, 10032
Tel: 212-305-3908;
e-mail: <jtf38@columbia.edu>
**[Project Period]{.underline}**:
Project period will begin Sept 11 through Sept 15.
**[Deliverables:]{.underline}**
- Seven checks prepared to individuals listed above
- Checks express mailed to Dr. John Flynn
**[Payment Schedule]{.underline}**:
Payment schedule:
> 100% at time of contract award
**[Request for funding]{.underline}**
The Cost the SOW for the meeting is \$10,000.
| en |
converted_docs | 526991 | # NY I82650
June 4, 2002
CLA-2-52:RR:NC:TA:352 I82650
CATEGORY: Classification
TARIFF NO.: 5208.22.6020; 5209.32.0020
Mr. Denni Awana
Inter-Orient Services
1455 Monterey Pass Road, Suite #205
Monterey Park, CA 91754
RE: The tariff classification of two cotton/spandex blend woven fabrics
from Hong Kong or China.
Dear Mr. Awana:
In your letter dated May 28. 2002, on behalf of your client L.M.J. &
Associates, Inc., you requested a classification ruling.
Two samples of woven fabric accompanied your request for a ruling. The
first, designated as style SP06 "Stretch Poplin", is a bleached plain
woven fabric composed of 96% cotton and 4% filament spandex. It contains
39.37 warp ends per centimeter and 20.47 filling picks per centimeter.
This product is constructed using 20/1 c.c. yarns in the filling and
gimped 3 ply yarns in the filling consisting of a 40/2 cc. yarn combined
with a 40 denier filament spandex yarn. Weighing 192 g/m^2^, this item
will be imported in 115 centimeter widths. Based on the data provided
the average yarn number for this fabric has been calculated to be 52 in
the metric system.
Style ST08(ST82) "Stretch Twill" is a dyed 2 X 1 twill woven fabric
composed of 96% cotton and 4% filament spandex. It contains 44 warp ends
per centimeter and 17 filling picks per centimeter. Weighing 250 g/m^2^,
this item will be imported in 131 centimeter widths.
The applicable subheading for the plain woven fabric designated as style
SP06 "Stretch Poplin" will be 5208.22.6020, Harmonized Tariff Schedule
of the United States (HTS), which provides for woven fabrics of cotton,
containing 85 percent or more by weight of cotton, weighing not more
than 200 g/m^2^, bleached, plain weave, weighing more than 100 g/m^2^,
of numbers 43 to 68, poplin or broadcloth. The duty rate will be 9
percent ad valorem.
The applicable subheading for the twill woven fabric designated as style
ST08(ST82) "Stretch Twill" will be 5209.32.0020, Harmonized Tariff
Schedule of the United States (HTS), which provides for woven fabrics of
cotton, containing 85 percent or more by weight of cotton, weighing more
than 200 g/m^2^, dyed, 3-thread or 4-thread twill, including cross
twill, not napped. The duty rate will be 8.5 percent ad valorem.
Style SP06 "Stretch Poplin" falls within textile category designation
314. Based upon international textile trade agreements products of both
Hong Kong and China are subject to quota and the requirement of a visa.
Style ST08(ST82) "Stretch Twill" falls within textile category
designation 317. Based upon international textile trade agreements
products of both Hong Kong and China are subject to quota and the
requirement of a visa.
The designated textile and apparel categories and their quota and visa
status are the result of international agreements that are subject to
frequent renegotiations and changes. To obtain the most current
information, we suggest that you check, close to the time of shipment,
the [U.S. Customs Service Textile Status Report]{.underline}, an
internal issuance of the U.S. Customs Service, which is available at the
Customs Web site at www.customs.gov. In addition, the designated textile
and apparel categories may be subdivided into parts. If so, visa and
quota requirements applicable to the subject merchandise may be affected
and should also be verified at the time of shipment.
This ruling is being issued under the provisions of Part 177 of the
Customs Regulations (19 C.F.R. 177).
A copy of the ruling or the control number indicated above should be
provided with the entry documents filed at the time this merchandise is
imported. If you have any questions regarding the ruling, contact
National Import Specialist Alan Tytelman at 646-733-3045.
Sincerely,
Robert B. Swierupski
Director,
National Commodity
Specialist Division
| en |
markdown | 725379 | # Presentation: 725379
## Marketing and Dissemination Activities
**U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES**
**Centers for Disease Control and Prevention**
**National Center for Health Statistics**
**Marketing and Dissemination Activities**
## Products and Services
- Published reports
## Dissemination Products
**Electronic data products**
**Dissemination Products**
## Slide 4
## Dissemination Products
## Channels to Reach Data Users
**Public Inquiries Line**
**Website**
**Mailing lists**
**Exhibits**
**Conferences**
**Workshops**
**Questionnaires, survey methodology, data system source information, metadata**
## Dissemination
**Dissemination**
**Full-service data inquiry program**
**(301) 458-INFO**
**1-866-441-NCHS**
## The NCHS Internet Site
**The NCHS Internet Site**
**Users report high satisfaction with site overall**
**Site is useful, well organized, and it’s easy to find what**
** ****you are looking for**
**Satisfied with listservs**
** ****and pdfs**
**Dissatisfied with the**
** ****search engine**
## NCHS Web Trends Data 2003
- Total number of visits **14,000,000**
- Average visits per day **38,000**
## Total number of visits
Frequently visited sites
Downloadable files
Visits by country
**Frequently visited sites**
**Downloadable files**
**Visits by country**
**NCHS Web Trends Data**** 2003**
## How Do You Plan to Use the Material on This Site?
**June 2000 – February 2003**
**Reference**
**Complete/complement**
**other information**
**Provide data**
**to others**
**Other***
**Personal**
**interest**
**Prepare articles,**
**studies, or papers**
**Make decisions**
**and/or set policy**
*** Others include teaching, marketing,**
** ****and obtaining vital records**
## Premiere marketing and dissemination tool
10-15 major public health and statistical conferences per year
Conferences chosen based on consultations with NCHS statistical programs
**10-15 major public health and statistical conferences per year**
**Conferences chosen based on consultations with NCHS statistical programs**
**NCHS Exhibit Program**
## Slide 13
| en |
converted_docs | 185667 | Updated as of May 23, 2001
#### Outside Groups Now Opposing H.R. 1 -- Education Bill
As of 5/2/01 at 6:08 PM, when all private school choice was voted out of
the Chairman\'s Mark, Straight A\'s having already been dropped from the
Mark, the following groups and individuals publicly stated their
opposition to the Chairman\'s Mark since it no longer contains the key
elements of the President\'s education plan:
1. Focus on the Family
2. Dr. James Dobson
3. Family Research Council (FRC)
4. Concerned Women For America (CWA)
5. Eagle Forum
6. America Family Association (AFA)
7. Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE)
8. American Conservative Union (ACU)
9. National Taxpayers Union (NTU)
10. National Tax Limitation Committee
11. Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education (CURE)
12. Traditional Values Coalition (TVC)
13. Free Congress Foundation
14. Education Policy Institute
15. American Association of Christian Schools (AACS)
16. People Advancing Christian Education (PACE)
17. Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI)
18. Tradition, Family, Property, Inc
19. Coalitions for America
20. 60 Plus
21. Janet Parshall with Janet Parshall's America
22. American Conservative Network
23. National Association of Christian Teachers
In addition, [The Heritage Foundation]{.underline} has expressed
profound reservations about the loss of Straight A's and other
meaningful reforms as outlined in a memo dated 5/3/01 and the
[Independent Women\'s Forum]{.underline} has expressed concern that the
general principles of school choice have been abandoned, and, as
outlined in a memo dated 5/4/01, is \"disappointed\" that gender equity
programs have been reinstated.
(over for more organizations)
24. CatholicVote.org
25. Citizens for Excellence in Education
26. Maple River Education Coalition
27. Lexington Institute
28. Veritas Media Group
29. Cornerstone Policy Research
30. Diocese Report
31. Religious Freedom Coalition
32. Pro-Family Network
33. The Fountain Gateway
34. American Vote
35. The American Council for Health Care Reform
36. American Foundation for Health Care Reform
37. The Innocence Project
38. Regain American Heritage Foundation
39. Citizens For Educational Freedom
**State Based Groups**
40. Rocky Mountain Family Council (CO)
41. Yankee Institute (CT)
42. Family Foundation of Kentucky
43. Eagle Forum of Georgia
44. Illinois Family Institute
45. Louisiana Family Forum
46. Christian Civic League of Maine
47. Association of Maryland Families
48. Citizens for Parent\'s Rights of Maryland
49. American Family Association of Michigan
50. Family First of Nebraska
51. New Jersey Family Policy Council
52. Christian Coalition Of Ohio
53. Ohio Chapter National Reform Association
54. Pennsylvania Family Institute
55. Citizens Against Higher Taxes (PA)
56. American Family Association of Northwestern Pennsylvania
57. South Dakota Family Policy Council
58. Free Market Foundation (TX)
59. Texas Public Policy Foundation
60. Washington Marketing Group, Inc.
| en |
converted_docs | 876482 | +-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| {w | DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES |
| idth="0.7 | |
| 083333333 | DIVISION OF FORESTRY, FIRE AND STATE LANDS |
| 333334in" | |
| h | 1594 West North Temple, Suite 3520 |
| eight="0. | |
| 65625in"} | PO Box 145703 |
| | |
| # | Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-5703 |
| ## Olene | |
| S. Walker | 801-538-5555 |
| | |
| Governor | 801-533-4111 (Fax) |
| | |
| ## | |
| # Robert | |
| L. Morgan | |
| | |
| Executive | |
| Director | |
| | |
| ## | |
| # A. Joel | |
| Frandsen | |
| | |
| State | |
| Forester | |
| /Director | |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
November 13, 2023
In Utah, the largest concern for private forest landowners is bark
beetle induced mortality. Utah forests are currently under attack from
several species of western bark beetles.
I often suggest silvicultural treatments for long-term management of
bark beetles. This type of treatment is frequently not acceptable for
most private landowners. When silvicultural treatments do meet landowner
objectives, it is exceptionally difficult for private landowners to
contract with a logger or complete treatments in a timely manner. In
addition, silvicultural management is generally not effective on a small
scale or during outbreak situations. Chemical preventative treatment, in
the short-term to protect high value trees, is repeatedly the only
option for the private forest landowner.
Chemical treatments for high value trees are expensive, and most private
landowners consider all of the trees on their land as high value. Since
it is cost prohibitive to treat all trees, it is with a heavy heart that
they choose which trees to treat. The emotional attachment landowners
have for their trees and the hope that they can be saved inevitably
compel landowners to place a lot of confidence in chemical treatments,
therefore, they must be highly effective.
The application of a chemical is the largest cost for treatment. Some
chemicals such as pyrethroids\--get adequate results and may be less
expensive initially, but are effective for only one year. Carbaryl,
applied at a 2% active ingredient solution provides very good protection
for about two years. When you include application costs, carbaryl is the
only chemical that currently meets the high efficacy needs at the lowest
overall cost.
It is my understanding that the broad "bee" statement for the
re-registration of carbaryl would eliminate the use of this product in a
forest setting. At this time, the loss of carbaryl as a protective
treatment would be a considerable disadvantage to the non-industrial
private forest landowner.
Colleen Keyes
Forest Health Coordinator
Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands
1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3520
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-5703
\(801\) 538-5211
colleenkeyes@utah.gov
| en |
markdown | 132817 | # Presentation: 132817
## Rain, Snow and Snowmelt
** **** **** ****changes in recent decades in western North America **
** ****Dan Cayan***** (1,2) *****Mike Dettinger***** (2,1) *****Iris Stewart***** (1) Noah Knowles (2)***
*** ******1 SIO 2 USGS ***
**Climate of wet days is crucial to Western water.**
**An advance to earlier spring runoff timing from western snowmelt-dominated watersheds is observed since 1950’s.**
**What caused it? (****precip timing, earlier melt, more rain, PDO shift)?**
*** ***
## Western US Annual Precipitation mountain precipitation is crucial resource
***Topography***
## In the West, many of the wettest days occur during
**In the West, many of the wettest days occur during **
**WARM storms when temperatures are near rain/snow threshhold at middle (1000-2500m) elevations**
**PPT ****(mm)**
## In the Sierra Nevada, ~20 precip days provide 2/3 of annual precip
**In the Sierra Nevada, ~20 precip days provide 2/3 of annual precip**
***These days play out during a short season when N Pac storms are active.***
## Hydrological effect of
- mm/day
**Sacramento Headwaters**
**San Joaquin Headwaters**
**Snowmelt**
**Hydrological effect of **
**warmer mid-elevation and **
**cooler high-elevation zones**
**is seen in comparing **
**snowmelt runoff timing**
**btw Sacramento (lower elev)**
**and San Joaquin (higher elev)**
***Noah Knowles***
## If the Sierra
**If the Sierra**
**warms by +2C**
**Yosemite loses**
**about 20% of**
**snow covered**
**area**
*Mike Dettinger*
## With climate warming, California would lose much of its late spring Snowpack
- By the end of the century California could lose half of its late spring snow pack due to climate warming. This simulation by Noah Knowles is guided by temperature changes from PCM’s Business-as-usual coupled climate simulation.
***Noah Knowles ***
## Earlier spring flows last 2-3 decades
**“****Center Timing” of snowmelt watersheds**
** ****have advanced by 1-5 weeks earlier across West**
***Iris Stewart***
**center time**
## Earlier streamflow
**Precipitation Timing Trends**
***Earlier streamflow ***
***in recent decades***
***Has occurred despite***
***Precip coming later***
***But in the West,***
***Precip has come later!***
**Streamflow Timing Trends**
## Atmospheric Circulation has driven warmer spring temperature and ealier runoff
**Earlier streamflow**
**Later streamflow**
**Atmospheric Circulation has driven warmer spring temperature and ealier runoff **
**Warming Trend Spring Iemp**
**1950-1997**
## Warm phase of PDO yields earlier snowmelt
## But, streamflow timing correlations are even
**But, streamflow timing correlations are even **
**stronger with spring temperature anomalies**
**TI is 4mo mean **
** ****temp anom**
**preceding &**
**during month**
** ****of CT**
## Partial correlations:
**Partial correlations:**
**streamflow timing fluctuations are quite strongly affected by spring temperature (TI)**
**Warm TI anomalies **
**Produce earlier CT’s.**
**PDO has evidently had **
**an influence, but not**
**as much as TI **
## Examining temperature anomalies more carefully:
**Winter and especially**
**Spring temperatures **
**were warmer in the western United States during 1977-1998**
**relative to 1950-1976**
* **But this map reflects*
*dry days (ppt=0) only—this*
*Suggests that there was*
*Earlier snowmelt*
**Dec-Feb**
**Mar-May **
*Examining temperature anomalies more carefully:*
** ****1977-1998 minus 1950-1976 Tmin ****dry days only**
## But, in addition to dry days
**Dry days**
**Wet days**
**Dec-Feb**
** ****But, in addition to dry days**
** ****wet days were warmer during 1977-1998 **
## Changes in synoptic patterns were involved
***Mike Dettinger***
**Changes in synoptic patterns were involved **
** ****in the shift toward earlier spring flows:**
** **** ****a different mix of wet days**
## Peak temp changes occurred in
** ****Peak temp changes **** ****occurred in**
** ****March and April**
**Dec-Feb**
**Jan **
**1977-1998 minus 1950-1976 Tmin **
** ****wet days (>6mm precip)**
**Feb **
**Jan **
**Apr **
**Mar **
**May **
## Summary
**Rain *****vs.***** snow is crucial to water issues in the West. In California’s**
** ****Sierra Nevada, only 20-30 days deliver most of the year’s water.**
**Timing of spring runoff advanced 1-3 wks **
**in decades after 1977 r.e. decades before**
** *****Causes:***
** ****Winter and *****esp***** Spring temp **
** ****Certainly dry days but also wet days were involved—this **** **** **** ****suggests not only early snowmelt but more **** **** **** **** ****immediate rainfall runoff occurred.**
** ****PDO contributed, but other climate anomalies resulting in **** ****warmer winters & spring were evidently stronger influences.**
** ****Since 1998, PDO reversed but spring temp and spring flows **** ****did not reverted **
**Need more & better monitoring at mid-high elevations** | en |
converted_docs | 543752 | {width="0.9992125984251968in"
height="0.8338582677165355in"}**Local Data for the Total Eclipse of the
Moon February 20 -- 21, 2008**
CLEVELAND, OHIO
W 81^o^ 40\', N 41^o^ 29\'
------------- -------------------------------- ---------------- ---------
Date Event Time (EST) Stage
Feb 20 Moonrise 5:50 pm
Moon enters penumbra 7:34 pm P1
Moon enters umbra 8:43 pm U1
Moon enters totality 10:00 pm U2
Middle of eclipse 10:26 pm
Moon leaves totality 10:51 pm U3
Feb 21 Moon leaves umbra 12:09 am U4
Moon leaves penumbra 01:17 am P4
Moonset 07:25 am
------------- -------------------------------- ---------------- ---------
Data from derived from U.S. Naval Observatory
Lunar Eclipse Calculator -- see reference below
**Where to Go for formal Eclipse Observing Programs**
Cleveland Museum of Natural History - http://www.cmnh.org/
The Museum's regular public observing night on Wednesdays, when the sky
is dark enough to make observation around 10 pm. On February 20, 2008,
the program will be feature the total eclipse. Program starts at 8:00
pm. (University Circle)
http://www.cmnh.org/site/AtTheMuseum_PlanetariumandObservatory_SkyRoundup.aspx
Lake Erie Nature and Science Center - http://www.lensc.org
The Science Center is offering a special program for the total lunar
eclipse on February 20, 2008. Program begins at 7:00 pm with a
planetarium show, cost is \$3.00 (Bay Village)
http://www.lensc.org/events/index.htm
**Lunar Eclipse Websites of Interest**
# NASA's Eclipse Home Page by Fred Espenak
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html
## This week's eclipse -- February 20-21
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEmono/TLE2008Feb21/TLE2008Feb21.html
## MrEclipse.Com Lunar Eclipses for beginners
http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html
**Shadow and Substance**
http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/
**Sky and Telescope Magazine**
This week's eclipse -- February 20-21
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/home/15357796.html?1=1
Lunar Eclipse in General
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/3304036.html
# Hermit Eclipse \> Science: Mechanics of Lunar Eclipses
http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/why_lunar.html#Penumbral
## Lunar Eclipse Calculator from the US Naval Observatory
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/LunarEclipse.php
## Astronomy Magazine Forum, Discussion of February 20-21, 2008 Eclipse
http://cs.astronomy.com/asycs/forums/t/30734.aspx
| en |
converted_docs | 060103 | **NRC INSPECTION MANUAL** IRIB
MANUAL CHAPTER 0612
POWER REACTOR INSPECTION REPORTS
**CONTENTS**
*Page*
0612-01 PURPOSE 1
0612-02 OBJECTIVES 1
0612-03 DEFINITIONS 1
0612-04 RESPONSIBILITIES 4
04.01 [General Responsibilities]{.underline}. 5
04.02 [Inspectors]{.underline} 5
04.03 [Branch Chiefs and Division Directors]{.underline} 5
04.04 [Division of Inspection and Regional Support]{.underline}. 5
0612-05 SCREENING INSPECTION RESULTS 5
05.01 [Screen for Performance Deficiencies]{.underline}. 6
05.02 [Screen for Traditional Enforcement Action]{.underline}. 6
05.03 [Screen for Greater than Minor]{.underline}. 6
05.04 [Screen for Significance]{.underline} 7
0612-06 WRITING INSPECTION DETAILS 7
06.01 [Inspectable Area]{.underline}. 8
06.02 [Inspection Scope]{.underline}. 8
06.03 [Findings]{.underline}. 9
> a\. [Introduction]{.underline}. 10
>
> b\. [Description]{.underline}. 10
>
> c\. [Analysis]{.underline}. 10
>
> 1\. [Risk-Informed SDP Results - Results from IMC 0609 Appendices A,
> F, G, H and K]{.underline}. 10
>
> 2\. [Non-Risk-Informed SDP Results - Results from IMC 0609 Appendices
> B, C, D, E, I, and J]{.underline}. 11
>
> 3\. [Non-SDP Findings]{.underline}. 11
>
> 4\. [Traditional Enforcement]{.underline} 11
>
> 5\. [Findings Related to Cross-Cutting Areas]{.underline}. 12
>
> 6\. [Tracking Non-Regulatory Findings]{.underline} 13
>
> d\. [Enforcement]{.underline}. 13
06.04 [Tracking]{.underline}. 16
0612-07 DOCUMENTING PERFORMANCE INDICATOR VERIFICATION RESULTS 17
07.01 [Scope]{.underline} 17
07.02 [Findings]{.underline} 17
0612-08 DOCUMENTING UNRESOLVED ITEMS 17
08.01 [Opening]{.underline} 17
08.02 [Follow-up and Closure]{.underline} 17
0612-09 DOCUMENTING LERs AND LICENSEE-IDENTIFIED VIOLATIONS 18
09.01 [Licensee Event Reports (LERs)]{.underline} 18
> a\. [LERs without Violations]{.underline} 18
>
> b\. [LERs with Violations]{.underline} 18
09.02 [Licensee-Identified Finding]{.underline} 19
0612-10 OTHER GUIDANCE 20
10.01 [Treatment of Third Party Reviews]{.underline}. 20
10.02 [Non-Routine Inspections]{.underline} 20
0612-11 COMPILING AN INSPECTION REPORT 20
11.01 [Report Organization]{.underline}. 20
11.02 [Plant Status]{.underline}. 20
11.03 [Summary of Findings]{.underline}. 21
11.04 [Cover Page]{.underline} 22
11.05 [Table of Contents]{.underline}. 22
11.06 [Exit Meeting Summary]{.underline}. 22
11.07 [Report Attachments]{.underline}. 23
11.08 [Cover Letter]{.underline} 24
0612-12 ISSUING INSPECTION REPORTS 30
12.01 [Report Timeliness]{.underline} 30
12.02 [Release and Disclosure of Inspection Reports]{.underline} 30
**POWER REACTOR INSPECTION REPORTS**
0612‑01 PURPOSE
To define the content and format for reports of power reactor
inspections.
0612‑02 OBJECTIVES
To ensure that inspection reports:
02.01 Clearly communicate significant inspection results in a consistent
manner to licensees, NRC staff, and, where applicable, the public.
02.02 Document the basis for significance determination and enforcement
action.
02.03 Provide inspection results as one input into the Operating Reactor
Assessment Program (IMC 0305) of the Reactor Oversight Process (ROP) and
the Operating Security Assessment Program.
0612‑03 DEFINITIONS
The following terms are applicable for the purposes of documentation:
[AV]{.underline}: An inspection finding which may or may not have
regulatory requirements associated with it and, therefore, may or may
not be a violation, but has been determined to be potentially
greater-than-green in risk significance.
[Closed Item]{.underline}: A matter previously reported as a
noncompliance, an inspection finding, a licensee event report, or an
unresolved item, that the inspector concludes has been satisfactorily
addressed based on information obtained during the current inspection.
[Cross-Cutting Aspect]{.underline}: Performance characteristics that
comprise a cross-cutting area component. They are associated with
inspection findings and play a significant role in contributing to the
performance deficiency. The different cross-cutting aspects which can be
ascribed to an inspection finding are fully described in IMC 0305,
AOperating Reactor Assessment Program.@
[Deviation]{.underline}: A licensee\'s failure to satisfy a written
commitment, such as a commitment to conform to the provisions of
applicable codes, standards, guides, or accepted industry practices when
the commitment, code, standard, guide, or practice involved has not been
made a requirement by the Commission.
[Escalated Enforcement Action]{.underline}: A notice of violation or
civil penalty for any Severity Level I, II, or III violation; a notice
of violation associated with an inspection finding that the significance
determination process characterizes as having low to moderate, or
greater safety significance (White, Yellow or Red finding); or any order
based upon a violation.
[Finding (FIN)]{.underline}: A NRC-identified or self-revealing issue of
concern that is associated with a licensee performance deficiency.
Findings may or may not be associated with regulatory requirements and,
therefore, may or may not result in a violation. Licensee-identified
findings of very low safety significance (Green) that are not violations
of regulatory requirements are not documented in inspection reports.
[Green Finding]{.underline}: A finding of very low safety significance.
[Independent Item]{.underline}: An item used to track information that
does not originate in or is typically not documented as a finding in an
inspection report but may be referenced in an inspection report to
assess plant performance such as an Office of Investigation harassment
and intimidation case.
[Integrated Inspection Reports]{.underline}: A reactor inspection report
that combines inputs from several inspections (resident, regional, etc.)
conducted within a specified period.
[Issue]{.underline}: A well-defined observation or collection of
observations that is of concern and may or may not result in a finding.
[Licensee-Identified]{.underline}: For the purpose of this inspection
manual chapter (IMC), Alicensee-identified@ findings are those findings
that are not NRC-identified or self-revealing. Most, but not all,
licensee-identified findings are discovered through a licensee program
or process. Some examples of licensee programs that likely result in
such findings are post maintenance testing, surveillance testing, ASME
Section XI testing, drills, critiques, event assessments, evaluations,
or audits conducted by or for the licensee. Other examples of
licensee-identified findings are those findings that are identified by
the licensee as a result of their deliberate and focused observation
during the course of performing their normal duties (e.g., plant
operator or other licensee personnel identifying a packing leak on a
valve or identifying a valve out-of-position during a routine tour of
the facility would be considered licensee-identified, although the
individual=s duties at the time may not have been to identify these
types of deficiencies).
[Minor Violation/Finding]{.underline}: A violation or finding that is
less significant than a Severity Level IV violation or less significant
than what the SDP characterizes as Green and is of such low significance
that documentation in an NRC inspection report is not normally
warranted. Although minor violations must be corrected, they are not
usually described in inspection reports (see exception in section
05.03.d).
[Non-Cited Violation (NCV)]{.underline}: A method for dispositioning a
Severity Level IV violation or a violation associated with a finding
that is characterized as Green (very low safety significance). Provided
applicable criteria in the enforcement policy are met, such findings are
documented as violations, but are not cited in notices of violation,
which normally require written responses from licensees.
[Noncompliance]{.underline}: A violation (regardless of whether it is
cited or not), nonconformance, or deviation.
[Nonconformance]{.underline}: A vendor=s or certificate holder\'s
failure to meet contract requirements related to NRC activities (e.g.,
10 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, Part 71, or Part 72) where the NRC has not
imposed requirements directly on the vendor or certificate holder.
[Notice of Violation (NOV)]{.underline}: A formal, written citation in
accordance with 10 CFR 2.201 that sets forth one or more violations of a
legally binding regulatory requirement.
[NRC-Identified]{.underline}: For the purpose of this IMC,
NRC-identified findings are those findings, found by NRC inspectors, of
which the licensee was not previously aware or had not been previously
documented in the licensee=s corrective action program. NRC-identified
findings also include previously documented licensee findings to which
the inspector has significantly added value. Added value means that the
inspector has identified previously unknown weakness in the licensees
classification, evaluation, or corrective actions associated with the
licensee=s correction of a finding.
[Observation]{.underline}: A factual detail noted during an inspection.
Observations are not generally documented in inspection reports but may
be documented in conjunction with and to support a finding.
Additionally, observations may be documented to support the requirements
of temporary instructions and Inspection Procedure (IP) 71152,
AIdentification and Resolution of Problems.@
[Performance Deficiency]{.underline}: An issue that is the result of a
licensee not meeting a requirement or standard where the cause was
reasonably within the licensee=s ability to foresee and correct, and
that should have been prevented. A performance deficiency can exist if a
licensee fails to meet a self-imposed standard or a standard required by
regulation.
If the performance deficiency has related cross-cutting aspects, the
cross-cutting aspects
are generally considered an underlying cause of the performance
deficiency rather than
an independent issue. Issues of problem identification and resolution,
human performance, or establishment of a safety-conscious work
environment, in and of themselves, do not provide the basis for a
performance deficiency.
[Potentially Generic Issue]{.underline}: An inspection finding that may
have implications for other licensees, certificate holders, or vendors
whose facilities or activities are of the same or similar manufacture or
style.
[Red Finding]{.underline}: A finding of high safety significance.
[Self-Revealing]{.underline}: For the purpose of documentation in the
ROP (versus enforcement), self-revealing findings are those findings
that become self-evident and require no active and deliberate
observation by the licensee or NRC inspectors to determine whether a
change in process or equipment capability or function has occurred.
Additionally, self-revealing findings will normally be documented in the
inspection report for the time period in which the self-revealing event
occurred. Self-revealing findings become readily apparent to either NRC
or licensee personnel through a readily detectable degradation in the
material condition, capability, or functionality of equipment or plant
operations. Self-revealing findings are treated the same as
NRC-identified findings for the purposes of documenting them in
inspection reports. Some examples of self-revealing findings include
those resulting from: reactor trips and secondary plant transients;
failure of emergency equipment to operate; unanticipated or unplanned
relief valve actuations; obvious failures of fluid piping or plant
equipment; and identification of large quantities of water in areas
where you would not normally expect such a condition; non-compliance
with high radiation area requirements that was identified through an
electronic dosimeter alarm.
[Significance]{.underline}: A measure of importance. As used in this
IMC, significance involves the consideration of: (1) actual safety
consequences; (2) potential safety consequences, including the
consideration of risk information; (3) potential for impacting the NRC=s
ability to perform its regulatory function; and (4) any willful aspects
of the violation.
[Significance Determination Process (SDP)]{.underline}: The process used
to characterize the importance of an inspection finding using the
process described in IMC 0609.
[Substantive]{.underline}: Involving matters of major or practical
importance; considerable in amount or numbers. In this IMC, substantive
information must be placed in context relative to the inspection scope
and the potential or actual safety significance.
[Unresolved Item (URI)]{.underline}: An issue about which more
information is required to determine if it is acceptable, if it is a
finding, or if it constitutes a deviation or violation. Such a matter
may require additional information from the licensee or cannot be
resolved without additional guidance or clarification/interpretation of
the existing guidance (e.g., performance indicator reporting guidance).
[Violation (VIO)]{.underline}: The failure to comply with a legally
binding regulatory requirement, such as a statute, regulation, order,
license condition, or technical specification.
[Weakness]{.underline}: (Applies to emergency preparedness) A
demonstrated level of performance (e.g., in a drill) that could have
precluded effective implementation of the emergency plan in the event of
an actual emergency.
[Willfulness]{.underline}: An attitude toward noncompliance with
requirements that ranges from careless disregard to a deliberate intent
to violate or falsify.
[White Finding]{.underline}: A finding of low to moderate safety
significance.
[Yellow Finding]{.underline}: A finding of substantial safety
significance.
0612‑04 RESPONSIBILITIES
04.01 [General Responsibilities]{.underline}. Each inspection of a
reactor facility shall be documented in a report consisting of a cover
letter, a cover page, a summary of findings or summary of issues, and
inspection details.
04.02 [Inspectors]{.underline}.
> a\. All NRC power reactor inspectors are required to prepare
> inspection reports in accordance with the guidance provided in this
> manual chapter.
>
> b\. Inspectors have the primary responsibility for ensuring that
> inspection findings are accurately reported, and that referenced
> material is correctly characterized.
>
> c\. Inspectors are responsible for ensuring that the content of the
> inspection report does not conflict with the information presented at
> the exit meeting.
04.03 [Branch Chiefs and Division Directors]{.underline}.
> a\. A manager familiar with NRC requirements in the inspected area
> shall review each inspection report to ensure that the report follows
> the format given in this chapter.
>
> b\. The management reviewer shall ensure that inspection findings are
> consistent with NRC policies and technical requirements and that
> enforcement-related findings are addressed in accordance with the NRC
> Enforcement Policy and the NRC Enforcement Manual.
>
> c\. The management reviewer shall ensure that significance
> determinations made in the inspection report are in accordance with
> IMC 0609.
d. Regional managers shall establish internal procedures to provide a
record of inspectors\' and reviewers\' concurrences. The procedures
should address how to ensure continued inspector concurrence when
substantive changes are made to the report as originally submitted,
and how to treat disagreements that occur during the review process.
> e\. The applicable division director or designated branch chief is
> responsible for the report content, tone, overall regulatory focus,
> and timeliness of regional inspection reports.
04.04 [Division of Inspection and Regional Support]{.underline}. The
Reactor Inspection Branch is responsible for providing interpretations
of the information contained in this manual chapter, for answering
questions related to the guidance, and for providing guidance for
situations not covered in this manual chapter.
0612-05 SCREENING INSPECTION RESULTS
The documentation process begins with the screening of inspection
results to determine if an inspection issue must be documented in an
inspection report. Use the process described in the following steps to
screen inspection results.
05.01 [Screen for Performance Deficiencies]{.underline}. Determine if a
performance deficiency exists.
> a\. Answer the performance deficiency question in Appendix B, Section
> 1.
>
> b\. If the answer to the performance deficiency question is ANo,@ then
> the issue is not a performance deficiency. However, if the issue is a
> violation, then review the information with your immediate supervisor
> and the regional enforcement coordinator to determine the appropriate
> action. Go to Section 0612-06.
>
> Note: Inspectors shall use the ROP Feedback Program, IMC-0801, to
> document situations where issues cannot be described in inspection
> reports (issues must result in a greater-than-minor finding) because
> there is no regulation or \"self-imposed\" standard associated with
> the deficient condition.
>
> c\. If the answer to the question is AYes,@ then the issue is a
> finding. Go to Section 05.02 of this chapter.
05.02 [Screen for Traditional Enforcement Action]{.underline}. This
screen is used to determine if a finding warrants consideration of
enforcement action using severity levels and possible civil penalties by
virtue of being in one of the prescribed categories for traditional
enforcement. It is expected that only a small fraction of all identified
findings will be traditional enforcement findings.
> a\. Answer the enforcement questions listed in Appendix B, Section 2.
>
> b\. If the answer to any of the enforcement questions is a AYes,@ then
> the finding should be addressed by traditional enforcement. Discuss
> the finding with management to determine severity level and
> enforcement action. If the finding can also be evaluated with an SDP,
> discuss options with management. Go to Section 0612-06.
05.03 [Screen for Greater than Minor]{.underline}.
> a\. Review the list of sample minor findings listed in Appendix E.
>
> b\. If the finding is similar to the samples listed as being minor,
> then the finding should not be documented.
>
> If the finding is similar to the samples as being greater than minor,
> then describe the set of conditions that make the finding greater than
> minor (e.g., the associated cornerstone attribute and how the
> objective was affected).
>
> c\. If the examples in Appendix E are not applicable, then answer the
> minor questions in Appendix B, Section 3.
>
> If the answer to any of the minor questions is AYes,@ then go to
> section 05.04 of this chapter to determine its safety significance.
> Also, describe the set of conditions that make the finding greater
> than minor (e.g., the associated cornerstone attribute and how the
> objective was affected).
>
> d\. If the answer to all of the minor questions is ANo,@ then do not
> document the finding. See exception in text box noted below.
05.04 [Screen for Significance]{.underline}. Determine the significance
of the greater than minor finding.
> a\. Review the questions contained in Appendix B, Section 4 to
> determine if the finding can be evaluated with an SDP.
>
> b\. If the questions indicate that use of an SDP is appropriate, then
> go to the appropriate section of IMC-0609, process the finding through
> the SDP, determine the color of the finding, and document the finding
> in the appropriate section of the report.
>
> c\. If a finding is greater than minor, but cannot be evaluated by an
> SDP and does not fit traditional enforcement, then submit the finding
> for review by the regional branch chief to ensure that it is of very
> low safety significance (Green). If management review determines that
> the finding has the potential to be greater than Green in
> significance, then the disposition of the finding must be coordinated
> with the Regional Enforcement Coordinator.
Note: For issues involving the maintenance rule, the Quality and Vendor
Branch of Division of Engineering in NRR must be consulted before
finalizing the inspection findings.
0612-06 WRITING INSPECTION DETAILS
After each inspection issue has been screened and the determination has
been made about what must be included in an inspection report, the
details supporting each finding must be documented. The term finding as
used in this section implies that it was determined to be greater than
minor and requires documentation. The Details section of routine and
integrated NRC inspection reports must conform to the standard format
described in this section.
In those cases where a standard format is not readily applied, the most
important subject should be identified first, followed by a discussion
of major topics identified in descending order of significance.
Exceptions to the standard format include:
- Supplemental inspection reports;
- Augmented inspection team (AIT) reports;
- Special inspection reports; and,
- Other cases where the specifically directed focus of the inspection
does not easily fit into the standardized report outline (i.e.,
license renewal inspections).
Additional guidance:
- Supplemental inspection results must also reflect the additional
guidance provided in Appendix C.
- IP 71152, AIdentification and Resolution of Problems,@ results have
varying thresholds for documentation and must reflect the guidance
provided in Appendix D.
- Escalated enforcement actions must reflect the guidance found in the
Enforcement Manual, Appendix B, AStandard Formats for Enforcement
Packages.@
06.01 [Inspectable Area]{.underline}. Identify the inspectable area as
defined in Exhibit 1.
> Additional guidance:
>
> a\. Violations of requirements that involve willfulness, actual safety
> consequences, or are potentially the result of impeding the regulatory
> process (i.e., traditional enforcement), are documented in accordance
> with the Enforcement Manual and are reported under the inspectable
> area in which the violation was discovered.
>
> b\. If a violation is not a performance deficiency, and [does
> not]{.underline} involve willfulness, actual safety consequences, or
> impeding the regulatory process, then it is documented in accordance
> with the Enforcement Manual in Section 4OA5 of the inspection report.
> Do not use the four-part format as described in Section 06.03 of this
> manual chapter.
>
> c\. If a violation is unrelated to a specific inspectable area, then
> document the finding in Section 4OA5 of the inspection report.
>
> d\. Individual licensee-identified findings found during drill
> critiques or other evaluations that may be of some value as a
> potential future Problem Identification and Resolution (PI&R)
> inspection sample may be listed as a cross-reference in Section 4OA2
> of the inspection report to findings already documented elsewhere.
> These findings must be greater than minor.
>
> e\. Old design issues that meet documentation screening criteria
> should be documented under the applicable inspectable area. See
> Section 06.06 of IMC-0305, AOperating Reactor Assessment Program,@ for
> additional documentation requirements for old design issues.
06.02 [Inspection Scope]{.underline}. Describe the inspection scope. Do
not repeat any portion of the Scope in the Findings section. The scope
should include the following:
> a\. Identify [how]{.underline} the inspection was conducted (i.e.,
> [the methods]{.underline} of inspection.) Methods can include a
> walk-down, an in-office review, observation of test from the control
> room, discussion with specific personnel, or participation in an
> exercise.
>
> b\. Identify [what]{.underline} was inspected. Include sufficient
> detail on [which]{.underline} and [how many samples]{.underline} were
> inspected. If more than six documents were reviewed, then list the
> items in an attachment and reference the attachment in the Scope
> section.
>
> c\. Identify the inspection [objectives and the criteria]{.underline}
> that were used to determine whether the licensee is in compliance.
>
> d\. Include inspection dates to clarify inspection scope context if it
> helps with understanding the scope. For example, inspection dates may
> be helpful when discussing event follow-up.
>
> e\. If a substantive portion of the inspection activity was conducted
> at a location other than the plant, (e.g., an in-office review), then
> identify [where]{.underline} the inspection took place.
06.03 [Findings]{.underline}. The Findings section of the report is used
to document the following:
- NRC-identified or self-revealing findings and violations known to be
Green and minor violations that require documentation,
- Findings and violations potentially greater than Green (AV),
- Findings and violations greater than Green, and
- All unresolved items (see section 08.01 for additional guidance).
If no findings or only minor findings that do not require documentation
were identified within an inspectable area, then state ANo findings of
significance were identified@ in the Findings section of the report.
Present the findings within each report section in order of importance.
USE A FOUR PART FORMAT: an introduction, a description, an analysis, and
a discussion of the enforcement related to each of the findings. For
unresolved items and AVs, clearly state what is needed to close the
issue.
> a\. [Introduction]{.underline}. Begin with one or two sentences that
> provide the overall Abottom line@ results of the inspection in the
> area. This section does not need to stand alone because the
> description that follows will provide the supporting details.
>
> The introduction must include a brief summary of the risk
> characterization, if applicable (i.e., either color or significance)
> and applicable enforcement or severity level.
>
> b\. [Description]{.underline}. Describe the performance deficiency
> that constitutes the basis for the finding. The level of detail in the
> description should reflect the actual or potential safety consequence
> associated with a finding. Potentially significant findings may merit
> more discussion. Uncomplicated Green findings should be succinctly
> described in less than one page. Complex Green findings should be
> described in not more than two pages. More significant findings may
> need more documentation because of their complexity and significance.
>
> If a finding is likely to have generic concerns, then include details
> such as the manufacturer=s name and model number for components,
> specifications, and other names and technical data that identify the
> item of concern.
>
> c\. [Analysis]{.underline}. Describe the logic used to determine the
> significance (color) of the finding. However, do not provide every
> detail of the basis for each assumption. The level of detail must
> allow a knowledgeable reader to reconstruct the decision logic used to
> arrive at the final conclusion. Describe why the finding is important.
> Include a description of any positive licensee performance that
> mitigated a potential problem and influenced the significance of the
> finding.
The following is specific guidance on what to include in the Analysis
section.
> 1\. [Risk-Informed SDP Results - Results from IMC 0609 Appendices A,
> F, G, H and K]{.underline}.
a. If SDP phase one screening assesses the finding as very low safety
significance (Green), the analysis should identify:
- The affected cornerstone;
- The set of conditions that make the finding greater than minor
(e.g., the associated cornerstone attribute and how the objective
was affected);
- The assumptions used in the determination; and,
- The phase 1 question that was satisfied that caused the finding to
be assessed as Green (e.g., AThe loss of function did not exceed the
allowed out of service time@).
> \(b\) If the SDP phase one screening results in a phase 2 or 3
> evaluation, the analysis should identify:
- The affected cornerstone(s);
- The set of conditions that make the finding greater than minor,
- The assumptions used in the determination;
- The phase 1 criteria that was satisfied that caused the finding to
be assessed as Green or above;
- The most dominant core damage sequences, including the remaining
mitigation capability that limited the significance; and,
- The resulting color (i.e., Green, TBD, etc.).
> \(c\) For findings that are greater than Green, the analysis should
> use the risk characterization as determined by the Significance
> Determination Enforcement Review Panel (SERP) as its basis and should
> identify:
- The exposure time;
- Recovery credit; and,
- All sequences greater than Green.
> 2\. [Non-Risk-Informed SDP Results - Results from IMC 0609 Appendices
> B, C, D, E, I, and J]{.underline}.
The analysis should identify:
- The affected cornerstone;
- The set of conditions that makes the finding greater than minor
(e.g., the associated cornerstone attribute and how the objective
was affected);
- The SDP used in the determination;
- Any assumptions used in the determination;
- The table or flowchart used; and,
- A description of the path on the flow chart used to arrive at the
conclusion.
> 3\. [Non-SDP Findings]{.underline}. If a finding is greater than minor
> and not suited for SDP analysis and a regional management review has
> determined that it is Green, then the analysis section must describe
> the basis for the Green significance.
>
> The analysis section should identify:
- The conditions that make the finding greater than minor, and
- The set of conditions that would have been needed to make the
finding greater than very low safety significance, or an explanation
of why the finding is not greater than very low safety significance.
> The analysis section should include the following statement: AThe
> finding is not suitable for SDP evaluation, but has been reviewed by
> NRC management and is determined to be a finding of very low safety
> significance.@
>
> If management review has determined that the finding is potentially
> greater than Green, then the finding must be reviewed further and the
> regional enforcement coordinator should be informed. The analysis
> section should be used to document the circumstances that require
> further evaluation and should state AThe finding is not suitable for
> SDP evaluation, but is being reviewed by NRC management and
> coordinated with the Office of Enforcement to identify the
> significance and appropriate disposition.@
>
> Once the finding is finalized and determined to be greater than Green,
> the inspection report should describe the basis used for determining
> the significance of the finding.
>
> 4\. [Traditional Enforcement]{.underline}. If a finding is
> dispositioned using traditional enforcement, the analysis section
> should identify:
- The traditional enforcement criteria that were met,
- The logic on how the severity level was determined, and
- The results of any SDP evaluation that was performed, if applicable.
> 5\. [Findings Related to Cross-Cutting Areas]{.underline}. The
> cross-cutting aspect of a finding is not considered a separate
> cross-cutting finding but rather is documented in the inspection
> report as a significant contributing cause of the finding, if
> applicable, by the inspector identifying the finding. The intent of
> identifying the cross-cutting aspect of a finding is to ensure it is
> coded as such in the Plant Issue Matrix (PIM) in order to support the
> assessment process.
>
> All findings with a cross-cutting aspect must meet the following
> requirements:
- The finding is evaluated as more than minor (note: cross-cutting
aspect of the finding shall not be used to determine whether the
finding is greater than minor),
- Cross-cutting aspect was a significant contributor to the inspection
finding,
- The cross-cutting aspect of the inspection finding is reflective of
current licensee performance, and
- Cause of the finding is related to one of the three cross-cutting
areas (Problem Identification and Resolution, Human Performance, or
Safety-Conscious Work Environment).
> When all of these requirements associated with cross-cutting aspects
> of the inspection finding are met, then describe it in the analysis
> paragraph. Specifically state the relationship between the
> cross-cutting aspect and the cause of the finding.
>
> Inspectors should provide enough information in the inspection
> findings to enable regional management to determine whether a
> cross-cutting theme exists amongst the inspection findings during the
> mid-cycle and end-of-cycle assessment reviews. Specifically, for every
> finding that has a cross-cutting aspect, inspectors should document
> the reasons why that cross-cutting aspect is a significant contributor
> to the finding, using language that parallels the descriptions of
> cross-cutting aspects as discussed in section 06.07.c of IMC 0305 (see
> IMC 0612, Appendix F for examples).
>
> 6\. [Tracking Non-Regulatory Findings]{.underline}. If the finding
> does not involve a violation of regulatory requirements and is Green,
> add the following sentence to the end of the analysis section:
>
> ABecause this finding does not involve a violation of regulatory
> requirements and has very low safety significance, it is identified as
> FIN \[Tracking Number\], Title.@
>
> If the finding is potentially greater than Green, add the following
> sentence to the end of the analysis section:
>
> ABecause this finding does not involve a violation of regulatory
> requirements and has potentially greater-than-Green safety
> significance, it is identified as AV \[Tracking Number\], Title.@
>
> d\. [Enforcement]{.underline}. Findings found or reviewed during
> inspections that also include violations of regulatory requirements
> are documented in accordance with the NRC Enforcement Policy and
> Section 2.13 of the NRC Enforcement Manual. The enforcement discussion
> and subsequent enforcement action must be consistent with the
> significance determination.
>
> Do not speculate or reach conclusions about the intent behind a
> violation. Conclusions about the willfulness of a violation are agency
> decisions, and are normally not made until after the Office of
> Investigations (OI) has completed an investigation. A premature or
> inaccurate discussion of the willfulness of a violation in the
> inspection report could result in later conflicts based on additional
> input and review. Inspection reports that include potentially willful
> violations must be coordinated with OI and the Office of Enforcement
> (OE).
>
> 1\. If there is no violation associated with a finding, the
> enforcement section of the report should include the following
> statement: ANo violation of regulatory requirements occurred@ or
> AEnforcement action does not apply because the performance deficiency
> did not involve a violation of a regulatory requirement.@
>
> 2\. NRC-identified non-cited violations (NCVs) should be considered
> for cited violations of the original requirement if the licensee
> failed to restore compliance within a reasonable time after a
> violation was identified or the licensee did not place the violation
> into a corrective action program to address recurrence (see Section
> VI.A.1 of the NRC Enforcement Policy).
>
> 3\. If a finding is potentially greater than Green, [the Enforcement
> section must clearly state]{.underline} why the finding does not
> present an immediate safety concern, and (if appropriate) that
> licensee compensatory measures are in place while licensee long-term
> corrective measures are being implemented.
>
> 4\. If a violation is of very low safety significance (Green) or
> categorized at Severity Level IV and the criteria specified in Section
> VI.A.1 of the Enforcement Policy does not apply, then the violation
> may be dispositioned as a NCV. Document it in accordance with the
> guidance in Section 3.1 of the Enforcement Manual.
>
> To address recurrence, as the term is used in Section VI.A.1 of the
> NRC Enforcement Policy, means that the licensee enters the issue into
> the established corrective action program for appropriate evaluation
> and corrective action. For the purposes of meeting the NCV criteria,
> the inspectors will ensure that the licensee has placed the violation
> into the corrective action program. Inspectors are not expected to
> evaluate the appropriateness of the licensee\'s plan to address
> recurrence. The actual corrective actions the licensee subsequently
> takes are subject to review during future problem identification and
> resolution inspections and can be evaluated at a later date.
>
> For SDP and management decision findings of very low safety
> significance, state:
>
> ABecause this violation was of very low safety significance and it was
> entered into the licensee=s corrective action program, this violation
> is being treated as an NCV, consistent with Section VI.A.1 of the NRC
> Enforcement Policy.@
For Severity Level IV violations, state:
> ABecause this violation was of very low safety significance, was not
> repetitive or willful, and it was entered into the licensee=s
> corrective action program, this violation is being treated as an NCV,
> consistent with section VI.A.1 of the NRC Enforcemnet Policy.@
>
> 5\. Issue a notice of violation (NOV) if a Severity Level IV violation
> or violation associated with a Green finding meets any one of the
> criteria in Section VI.A.1 of the Enforcement Policy.
>
> 6\. The enforcement section for any described violation must include
> sufficient information, in combination with other sections, to support
> the conclusion that the finding is more than minor and is a violation
> of regulatory requirements. At a minimum the enforcement section
> should state:
- What requirement was violated;
- How the violation occurred;
- When the violation occurred and how long it existed;
- When the violation was identified;
- Any actual or potential safety consequence (if not described
earlier);
- The root cause or apparent root cause at the time of report writing
(if identified and not described earlier);
- What immediate corrective actions were taken to restore compliance
(if not described earlier) and a reference to the licensee=s
corrective action document number; and,
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- Specific enforcement actions (i.e., cited or non-cited) and tracking
number resulting from the violation.
> 7\. 10 CFR 50, Appendix B, Criterion XVI violations for failure to
> Apreclude repetition@ can only be written for Asignificant@ conditions
> adverse to quality (SCAQ). The inspection report details must clearly
> explain the basis for determining that the previous condition was a
> SCAQ (\"i.e., the condition meets the definition of a SCAQ per the
> licensee\'s corrective action program\"), the relationship between the
> previous SCAQ and the current one, and the corrective actions from the
> previous SCAQ that failed to prevent recurrence.
>
> 8\. AVs that are associated with findings that are either (1)
> preliminarily determined to have more than very low safety
> significance (i.e., White, Yellow, or Red), or (2) greater than
> Severity Level IV in traditional enforcement, should also include the
> following in the enforcement section if available at the time of
> documentation:
- The significance attributed to the finding by the licensee. If the
significance is different than that determined by the NRC, then
describe the assumptions used by the licensee, and identify what the
licensee considered applicable to its determination that the NRC did
not consider.
- The licensee=s position on the NRC=s determination that a
requirement has been violated.
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- If appropriate, the section should also identify the licensee=s
compensatory measures that are in place while the licensee
implements its long-term corrective measures.
> The significance of the finding is reported as ATo Be Determined
> (TBD).@ Emphasize that the safety characterization is not yet
> finalized.
>
> CAUTION: Do not make direct statements regarding safety significance
> in the inspection report when the agency has not yet reached a
> conclusion. Conclusions about the significance of findings that are
> greater than Green and associated violations are agency decisions and
> are normally not made when the report is issued. A premature or
> inaccurate discussion of the finding in the inspection report could
> become inaccurate as a result of subsequent input and review.
06.04 [Tracking]{.underline}. All NRC-identified and self-revealing
findings, violations, NRC-identified and self-revealing non-cited
violations, AVs, and unresolved items must be assigned a sequential
tracking number. See Exhibit 2 for guidance on the type code to be used
in the Reactor Protection System (RPS). There must be a one-to-one
correlation between the number of item entries in the Reactor Program
System (RPS) and the number of NRC-identified and self-revealing
findings, violations, NRC-identified and self-revealing non-cited
violations, AVs, and unresolved items.
Type code AAV@ should be used for an inspection finding which may or may
not have regulatory requirements associated with it and is being
reviewed by the senior reactor analyst because it may be potentially
greater-than-green in risk significance. Once a final significance
determination is made for an AV, the AV shall be updated in accordance
with IMC 0306, AInformation Technology Support for the Reactor Oversight
Process.@
0612-07 DOCUMENTING PERFORMANCE INDICATOR VERIFICATION RESULTS
All performance indicator (PI) verification baseline inspections shall
be documented under Section 4OA1.
07.01 [Scope]{.underline}. When writing the scope section, include the
time period for which the PI data was verified. Include the criteria
used to verify the PIs. List the PIs verified and the associated
cornerstones. When there are findings to report, list the individual PI
scope and findings separately.
07.02 [Findings]{.underline}. When assessing PIs, if the inspector
identifies an error that, upon correction by the licensee, resulted in
the licensee crossing a PI threshold, the issue needs to be documented
in the Findings section. Briefly describe the circumstances surrounding
the finding in the write‑up. Inaccurate and incomplete PI data
violations should be dispositioned in accordance with the guidance in
Supplement VII of the Enforcement Policy and Section 7.8 of the
Enforcement Manual.
If the inspector disagrees with the licensee=s data or the licensee=s
interpretation of the reporting guidance, the issue will be resolved
using the inspection feedback process or PI frequently asked questions
(FAQs) process and should be identified as an unresolved item. The
region should contact the Performance Assessment Branch of NRR and
submit a feedback form capturing their concerns and perspectives. Upon
resolution of all interpretation issues and the FAQ, the issue should be
closed in accordance with the closure guidance described in IMC 0608,
?Performance Indicator Program.@
0612-08 DOCUMENTING UNRESOLVED ITEMS
08.01 [Opening]{.underline}. Unresolved items are identified for
tracking purposes and are documented only in the body of the inspection
report. Unresolved items are not documented in the summary findings
section or on the inspection report cover letter. Refer to section 06.04
for guidance on how to assign a tracking number. The action of
documenting an unresolved item is a commitment of future resources, and
should only be used when some specific licensee action is pending or
when needed information is not available at the time of the inspection.
Initiate an unresolved item when additional information is required to
determine if it is acceptable, if it is a finding, or if it constitutes
a deviation or violation. An unresolved item should not be opened if the
resolution is likely to result in a minor issue. For an unresolved item,
the report must identify the specific licensee or NRC actions needed to
resolve the issue.
08.02 [Follow-up and Closure]{.underline}. The level of detail devoted
to closing unresolved items
depends on the nature and significance of the additional information
identified. The closure of an unresolved item must summarize the topic,
summarize the inspector\'s follow-up actions, evaluate the adequacy of
any licensee actions, determine if a violation has occurred, and provide
enough detail to justify closing the item. If resolution to an
unresolved item was based on discussions between inspector(s) and NRR
technical staff(s), concisely document the details of these discussions
as the basis for the regulatory decision. Additionally, branch chiefs of
inspector(s) and technical staff(s) who were involved in these
discussions should concur on the inspection report. If a finding is
identified, use the four part format. If multiple unresolved items
exist, a summary of the items may be included at the end of the report.
Document closure in Section 4OA5 or in the inspectable area section.
0612-09 DOCUMENTING LERs AND LICENSEE-IDENTIFIED VIOLATIONS
NRC policy requires that all documented non-compliances be dispositioned
in accordance with the Enforcement Policy, regardless of who identified
them. However, licensee-identified violations that are of very low
safety significance and incorporated into the licensee=s corrective
action program should have minimal documentation. See Section 0612-03
for definitions of Alicensee-identified@ and Aself-revealing.@
09.01 [Licensee Event Reports (LERs)]{.underline}. Document reviews and
closures of LERs, including revisions to LERs, in the inspection report
under Section 4OA3, AEvent Follow‑up.@ If inspection in another
cornerstone area provides a description of the event in the LER (i.e.,
personnel performance during non-routine evolutions), then that section
of the report should be referenced under Section 4OA3 with a very brief
description.
In general, LER reviews should have a brief description of the event and
reference the docketed LER. If an LER review is already documented in a
separate NRC correspondence, then close the LER with a brief statement
in an inspection report referencing the separate correspondence.
> a\. [LERs without Violations]{.underline}.
>
> 1\. [LERs without Findings and with Minor Findings]{.underline}. State
> that the LER was reviewed and that no findings of significance were
> identified and no violation of NRC requirements occurred.
>
> 2\. [LERs with Greater than Minor Findings]{.underline}. For
> NRC-identified or self-revealing findings, the four part format in
> section 06.03 must be followed if not previously documented. For
> licensee-identified Green findings, include the safety significance of
> the event and reference the licensee=s corrective action program
> tracking number. In both cases, include a statement that no violation
> of NRC requirements occurred.
>
> b\. [LERs with Violations]{.underline}. An LER may describe an issue
> that appears to be a violation, but does not clearly state that a
> violation of requirements existed. If the LER states that a violation
> occurred, or if it is obvious that a violation is involved (e.g.,
> Afailure to follow procedures,@ in the title or body of the LER), then
> the violation must be identified clearly in the report as a cited
> violation, non-cited violation or as a minor violation, as
> appropriate, or warranting enforcement discretion if no performance
> deficiency occurred.
>
> 1\. [LERs with Minor Violations]{.underline}. Documenting a minor
> violation may be warranted as part of closing out a Licensee Event
> Report. If it is necessary to document a minor violation then only
> minimal discussion is required. The writeup should state that the
> issue has been addressed by the licensee and should include the
> following: AThis failure to comply with {requirement} constitutes a
> violation of minor significance that is not subject to enforcement
> action in accordance with Section IV of the NRC=s enforcement policy.@
>
> 2\. [LERs with Greater than Minor Violations]{.underline}. For
> NRC-identified or self-revealing violations, the four part format in
> section 06.03 must be followed if not previously documented. For
> licensee identified non-cited violations, safety significance and
> enforcement should be discussed per Section 09.02 of this manual
> chapter and not in the LER closeout section. A statement, such as AThe
> enforcement aspects of this finding are discussed in Section 4OA7,\"
> should be included in the LER closeout section.
09.02 [Licensee-Identified Finding]{.underline}.
> a\. If a licensee-identified finding is a violation, of very low
> safety significance, and the licensee has correctly evaluated the
> finding and has developed appropriate corrective actions, then briefly
> describe the violation in Section 4OA7. Include the requirement(s)
> violated, describe how it was violated, identify the licensee=s
> corrective action tracking number(s), and provide a very brief
> justification why the violation is not greater than Green. A complete
> reconstruction of the SDP logic is not required. However, Section 4OA7
> must include the following introductory paragraph:
>
> AThe following violations of very low safety significance (Green) were
> identified by the licensee and are violations of NRC requirements
> which meet the criteria of Section VI of the NRC Enforcement Policy,
> NUREG-1600, for being dispositioned as a Non-Cited Violation.@
>
> b\. If a licensee-identified finding is not a violation, finding is of
> very low safety significance, and the licensee has correctly evaluated
> the finding and has developed appropriate corrective actions, then the
> finding should not be documented in the inspection report.
>
> c\. If a licensee-identified finding is potentially greater-than-green
> significance then the finding must be analyzed using the SDP, treated
> as a NRC-identified finding, and documented and dispositioned in
> accordance with the guidance in the Enforcement Policy and Enforcement
> Manual.
>
> d\. If a problem exists with the licensee=s evaluation or corrective
> actions associated with the licensee-identified finding and if further
> inspection added significant value, then document the finding as a
> NRC-identified finding under the applicable cornerstone section of the
> report. Documentation should clearly emphasize that the licensee
> identified the finding but failed to recognize the problem identified
> by the inspector.
0612-10 OTHER GUIDANCE
10.01 [Treatment of Third Party Reviews]{.underline}. Detailed NRC
reviews of Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) evaluations,
accreditation reports, findings, recommendations, and corrective
actions, or other third party reviews with similar information are not
referenced in NRC inspection reports, tracking tools, or other agency
documents unless the issue is of such safety significance that no other
reasonable alternative is acceptable. INPO findings, recommendations and
associated licensee corrective actions are not normally tracked by the
NRC. If a finding warrants tracking, it should be independently
evaluated, documented, and tracked as an NRC finding in Section 4OA5.
However, INPO findings, recommendations, corrective actions, and
operating experience which are placed in the licensee=s corrective
action program, can be considered appropriate for inspection.
Additionally, when documenting review of these issues which originated
from INPO, inspection reports should not refer to any proprietary INPO
reports or documents, INPO reference numbers, or identify specific sites
when referencing operating experience. If it is necessary to document
review of an INPO document (i.e., the condition report referring to the
INPO document was an inspection sample or justification for a
cross-cutting aspect), then state the condition report number and
provide general words for the title. For example, ACondition Report No.
235235 concerning industry information on pumps.@
Include a short statement in the inspection report to document that a
review of a specified INPO evaluation or accreditation report was
completed. Do not include a recounting or listing of INPO findings or
reference a final INPO rating when documenting an INPO evaluation or
accreditation report review. Discuss the specifics of any significant
differences between NRC and INPO perceptions with regional management.
10.02 [Non-Routine Inspections]{.underline}. Document in Section 4OA5
inspection results from IMC 2515 Appendix C, temporary instructions
(TIs) and other non-routine inspection activities not addressed in this
manual chapter.
0612-11 COMPILING AN INSPECTION REPORT
11.01 [Report Organization]{.underline}. Arrange the Report Details in
accordance with the standard report outline shown in Exhibit 1. Each
outline topic does not have to be covered in each report. When an
inspection is performed in a particular area, the resulting details are
placed in the corresponding section of the report.
11.02 [Plant Status]{.underline}. If appropriate, write a Summary of
Plant Status section. If used, briefly describe pertinent operational
events, such as any plant shutdowns or significant changes in power.
This summary is not needed for specialist inspections since plant
operating status may not be relevant to a safeguards or emergency
preparedness inspection.
11.03 [Summary of Findings]{.underline}. The summary should be an
informative but concise overview of the significant inspection findings
contained in the details of the report. It will also be used for entries
to the Agency-wide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) and
the RPS Plant Issues Matrix (PIM).
> a\. The first paragraph of the summary of findings section is used to
> describe the inspection report in ADAMS (title value field in ADAMS).
>
> The paragraph must include the following, in order:
- the inspection report number (See Exhibit 3 for format),
- the dates of the inspection,
- the name of the site, and
- the titles of only the inspection procedures or attachments in which
findings were identified (e.g, equipment alignment, fire protection,
operability evaluations).
> If no findings were identified, the general inspection area should be
> listed (e.g, radiation specialist report, or resident inspector
> report, or environmental report).
>
> For non-routine inspections, the same format should be followed to
> identify the report number, unit names, and dates of inspection. These
> are followed by the title of the inspection and a list of findings.
> (See Appendix D for examples.)
>
> b\. [Summary Paragraph]{.underline}. The summary paragraph follows the
> ADAMS template paragraph and describes who conducted the inspection
> (i.e., resident and/or specialist inspectors), the number of findings,
> and violations.
>
> The summary also includes an explanation that the significance of most
> findings is indicated by their color (greater than Green, or Green,
> White, Yellow, Red); that the significance was determined using IMC
> 0609, ASignificance Determination Process@ (SDP); and that findings
> for which the SDP does not apply may be Green or be assigned a
> severity level after NRC management review. This explanation is not
> included if no findings were identified.
>
> c\. [List of findings]{.underline}. Compile a list of findings by
> reviewing the details developed for each report section. Write a two
> paragraph summary for each issue that is designated a finding (FIN),
> violation (VIO), AVs, or non-cited violation (NCV). The text of the
> summaries must be consistent with the corresponding details in the
> inspection report.
>
> [Do]{.underline} [not]{.underline} document the following in the
> summary of findings: licensee-identified NCVs; unresolved items; and
> Green findings associated with LERs.
>
> 1\. First Paragraph: Begin the summary for each finding with the
> significance color. Use TBD for those findings where the significance
> or severity level has not yet been determined and for findings with a
> preliminary color greater than Green. Then, describe the finding
> including any enforcement action, the specific requirement violated,
> and identification credit for the finding. Include a brief description
> of the corrective actions completed or planned by the licensee, if
> applicable. If the planned corrective action is still being evaluated,
> a sentence stating such is sufficient.
>
> Second Paragraph: The second paragraph should briefly summarize the
> finding=s significance from the analysis section. Highlight the
> cross-cutting aspects of a finding, if appropriate. Each summary must
> end with a reference to the section of the report in which the finding
> is discussed.
>
> 2\. Group the findings summaries by cornerstones in the order
> specified in Exhibit 1.
>
> 3\. If a licensee-identified finding resulted in a violation, include
> the following boilerplate paragraph as the last paragraph of the
> summary of findings:
>
> AViolations of very low safety significance, that were identified by
> the licensee have been reviewed by the inspectors. Corrective actions
> taken or planned by the licensee have been entered into the licensee=s
> corrective action program. These violations and corrective action
> tracking numbers are listed in Section 4OA7 of this report.@
11.04 [Cover Page]{.underline}. The report cover page gives a succinct
summary of information about the inspection. It contains: the docket
number(s), license number(s), report number, licensee name, facility
name, facility location (city and state), dates of the inspection, names
and titles of participating inspectors (and may include names of those
inspectors who have achieved basic inspector certification but are not
yet fully qualified), and name and title of the approving NRC manager.
See Exhibit 3 for format.
The inspection report number is to be identified in the following form
as required by IMC 0306:
> Docket No./Year \[sequential number of the report in that year\]
(e.g., 05000410/2003001)
11.05 [Table of Contents]{.underline}. If a report is considered
complicated or of significant length, then develop a table of contents.
If the inspection report, from the Report Details section to the exit
interview section, is more than 20 pages long, a table of contents
should be considered.
11.06 [Exit Meeting Summary]{.underline}. Write a brief summary of the
exit meeting in Section 4OA6. This information will also be described in
the first paragraph of the cover letter. The summary must identify the
most senior licensee manager who attended the meeting and must include
the following information:
> a\. [Absence of Proprietary Information]{.underline}. At the exit
> meeting, the inspectors will verify whether the licensee considers any
> materials provided to or reviewed by the inspectors to be proprietary.
> If the licensee did not identify any material as proprietary, include
> a sentence to that effect in the exit meeting summary. See IMC 0620,
> AInspection Documents and Records,@ for actions to take if the report
> includes proprietary material.
>
> NOTE: When an inspection is likely to involve proprietary information
> (i.e., given the technical area or other considerations of inspection
> scope), handling of proprietary information should be discussed at the
> entrance meeting.
>
> b\. [Subsequent Contacts or Changes in NRC Position]{.underline}. If
> the NRC\'s position on an inspection finding changes after the exit
> meeting, conduct an additional exit meeting to discuss that change
> with the licensee. Also, document the additional exit meeting in the
> inspection report.
>
> c\. [Characterization of Licensee Response]{.underline}. Do not
> characterize a licensee=s exit meeting response. If the licensee
> disagrees with an inspection finding, this position may be
> characterized by the licensee in its formal response to the inspection
> report, if applicable.
>
> d\. [Oral Statements and Regulatory Commitments]{.underline}. Do not
> attempt to characterize or interpret any oral statements the licensee
> makes, at the exit meeting or at any other time during the inspection,
> as a commitment. Licensee commitments are documented by licensee
> correspondence, after which they may be referenced in the inspection
> report. Oral statements made or endorsed by a member of licensee
> management authorized to make commitments are not regulatory
> commitments unless they are documented as such by the licensee. For
> further guidance on licensee commitments, see ADAMS Accession Nos.
> ML003680088 (NEI 99-04), ML003680078 (NEI Cover Letter), and
> ML003679799 (SECY 00-045 endorsing NEI 99-04 guidance).
>
> Because regulatory commitments are a sensitive area, ensure that any
> reporting of licensee statements are paraphrased accurately and
> contain appropriate reference to the licensee=s document.
11.07 [Report Attachments]{.underline}. The attachments discussed below
are included at the end of the inspection report if applicable to the
inspection. The attachments may be combined into a single attachment
entitled \"Supplementary Information.\"
> a\. [Key Points of Contact]{.underline}. List, by name and title,
> those individuals who furnished relevant information or were key
> points of contact during the inspection (except in cases where there
> is a need to protect the identity of an individual). The list should
> not be exhaustive but should identify those individuals who provided
> information related to developing and understanding findings. The list
> includes the most senior licensee manager present at the exit meeting
> and NRC technical personnel who were involved in the inspection if
> they are not listed as inspectors on the cover page.
>
> b\. [List of Items Opened, Closed, Discussed, and
> Updated]{.underline}. The report shall include a quick reference list
> of items opened, closed, and updated, including the item type, the
> tracking number for the item, and a brief phrase matching the title
> used in PIM headers describing the item. Open items that were
> discussed (but not closed) should also be included in this list, along
> with a reference to the sections in the report in which the items are
> discussed. NCVs will normally be opened and closed in the initiating
> inspection report.
>
> c\. [List of Documents Reviewed]{.underline}. A list of the documents
> and records reviewed during an inspection must be publicly available.
> Therefore, include a listing of all the documents and records reviewed
> during the inspection that are not identified in the body of the
> report. \"Reviewed\" in this context means to examine critically or
> deliberately (see IMC 0620). The list does not include records that
> were only superficially reviewed. Lists consisting of more than six
> documents reviewed should be removed from the body of the report and
> included as an attachment.
>
> Documents and records reviewed for Security inspection reports will
> not be made publically available.
>
> If it is necessary to document review of an INPO document (i.e., the
> condition report referring to the INPO document was an inspection
> sample or justification for a cross-cutting aspect), then state the
> condition report number and provide general words for the title. For
> example, ACondition Report No. 235235 concerning industry information
> on pumps.@
>
> d\. [List of Acronyms]{.underline}. Recommend including a list of
> acronyms for any report whose Details section exceeds 20 pages. For
> reports in which a relatively small number of acronyms have been used,
> the list is optional. The list is also optional if more than 20 pages
> and the number of acronyms is relatively small. In all cases, however,
> acronyms should be spelled out when first used in inspection report
> text.
11.08 [Cover Letter]{.underline}. Write a cover letter to transmit the
overall inspection results and convey the inspection findings to the
licensee. Inspection reports are sent from the applicable NRC official
(branch chief, division director, or regional administrator) to the
designated licensee executive. See the inspection report documentation
matrix in Exhibit 2 for what should and should not be documented in the
inspection report cover letter. Examples of inspection report cover
letters can be found in Exhibit 4.
Guidance and cover letter formats for transmitting enforcement actions
vary. Guidance and sample cover letters for enforcement-related
correspondence are found in the Enforcement Manual, Appendix B,
AStandard Formats for Enforcement Packages.@
Cover letter content varies somewhat depending on whether or not the
inspection identified findings. In general, however, every cover letter
has the same basic structure as follows:
> a\. [Date]{.underline}. The NRC seal and address are at the top of the
> first page and are followed by the date on which the report cover
> letter is signed and the report issued.
>
> b\. [Enforcement Action]{.underline}. If the report contains findings
> assigned an enforcement action (EA) number, then the EA number should
> be placed in the upper left-hand corner above the principal
> addressee=s name.
>
> c\. [Addressee]{.underline}. The name and title of the principal
> addressee are placed at least four lines below the letterhead,
> followed by the licensee=s name and address.
>
> d\. [Subject Line]{.underline}. The subject line of the letter should
> state the plant name and inspection subject (e.g.,@XXXXX Generating
> Station - NRC Integrated Inspection Report@) followed by the report
> number. The information presented in the subject line must be in the
> following sequence: plant name, type of inspection, report number. Use
> the official plant name and docket number as described in Section
> 11.04.
>
> The words \"NOTICE OF VIOLATION\" (AEXERCISE OF ENFORCEMENT
> DISCRETION@ or \"NOTICE OF DEVIATION,\" etc.) must be included if an
> enforcement action accompanies the inspection report.
>
> e\. [Salutation]{.underline}. Ensure that the salutation follows the
> subject line.
>
> f\. [Introductory Paragraphs]{.underline}. The first two paragraphs of
> the cover letter should give a brief introduction, including the type
> of report (e.g., license renewal report, integrated inspection report)
> and pertinent dates (i.e., date of final exit meeting with licensee,
> date NRC was informed of licensee readiness for supplemental
> inspections, date decision was made that a reactive inspection would
> be conducted in response to events).
>
> g\. [Body]{.underline}. The body of the letter should discuss the most
> important topics first. The following identifies how different types
> of findings should be reflected in the cover letter to an inspection
> report.
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| IF: | THEN: |
+====================+=================================================+
| If there are no | Insert a separate paragraph stating: |
| findings | |
| identified | \"Based on the results of this inspection, no |
| | findings of significance were identified.\" |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If Green findings | State the number but do not elaborate. Include |
| are identified | the following statement: |
| | |
| | AThere were \[the number\] findings of very low |
| | safety significance (Green) identified in the |
| | report.\" |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If Severity Level | Document in accordance with the guidance in |
| IV violations or | Appendix B, Form 2 of the Enforcement Manual |
| violations | |
| associated with | |
| Green findings are | |
| being | |
| dispositioned as | |
| NCVs or in NOVs | |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If a finding has | The cover letter should clearly state why the |
| the | finding does not present an immediate safety |
| [pote | concern, and (if appropriate) that licensee |
| ntial]{.underline} | compensatory measures are in place while |
| to be greater than | licensee long-term corrective measures are |
| Green in | being implemented. |
| significance | |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If a finding | Briefly discuss in the order of significance if |
| appears to be | more than one finding. The appropriate wording |
| greater than Green | for the findings that are also violations of |
| and if an AV is | requirements can be found in the Enforcement |
| involved for which | Manual. |
| a Notice of | |
| Violation is being | |
| considered | |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If a violation | Discuss in accordance with the guidance in the |
| appears to be | Enforcement Manual. |
| greater than | |
| Severity Level IV | |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| If a violation was | Insert the following paragraph: |
| identified but was | |
| not associated | AAlthough this issue constitutes a violation of |
| with a performance | NRC requirements, we have concluded that |
| deficiency | (insert name of licensee)=s actions did not |
| | contribute to the degraded condition and, thus, |
| | no performance deficiency was identified. Based |
| | on these facts, I have been authorized, after |
| | consultation with the, Director, Office of |
| | Enforcement, to exercise enforcement discretion |
| | in accordance with Section VII.B.6 of the |
| | Enforcement Policy and refrain from issuing |
| | enforcement action for the violation. An |
| | evaluation was performed and we have determined |
| | that this was an issue of very low safety |
| | significance (or, alternatively, definition for |
| | the corresponding color). (State here if any |
| | other known agency action has been or will be |
| | taken, e.g., forward to a technical branch, |
| | evaluation by the Generic Safety Issue program, |
| | consideration of generic communication, Task |
| | Interface Agreement, etc.)\" |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
> h\. [Closing]{.underline}. The final paragraph consists of standard
> legal language that varies depending on whether enforcement action is
> involved. See the example cover letter in Exhibit 4.
>
> The signature of the appropriate NRC official is followed by the
> docket number(s), license number(s), enclosures, and distribution
> list.
0612-12 ISSUING INSPECTION REPORTS
12.01 [Report Timeliness]{.underline}.
> a\. Most inspection reports, including Special Inspections, should be
> issued no later than 45 calendar days after inspection completion.
b. Timeliness goals should be accelerated as necessary for inspection
reports covering potential escalated enforcement actions and as
specified in Management Directive 8.3 for reactive inspections;
(e.g., AITs, and IITs.)
> NOTE: For inspections not conducted by a resident inspector,
> inspection completion is normally defined as the day of the exit
> meeting. For resident inspector and integrated inspection reports,
> inspection completion is normally defined as the last day covered by
> the inspection report.
>
> c\. Whenever an inspection reveals findings of significance (i.e.,
> White or higher) or other significant or immediate public health and
> safety concern, an expedited inspection report that is limited in
> scope to the specific findings should be considered.
12.02 [Release and Disclosure of Inspection Reports]{.underline}.
> a\. [General Public Disclosure and Exemptions]{.underline}. Except for
> report enclosures containing exempt information, all final inspection
> reports will be disclosed routinely to the public. IMC 0620,
> \"Inspection Documents and Records,\" gives guidance on acquiring and
> controlling NRC records, including inspection-related documents. In
> general, safeguards information or related sensitive information
> should not be released except as specified by current agency policy.
> Any questions regarding this policy should be referred to the program
> office.
>
> b\. [Security Cornerstone Inspection Reports]{.underline}. Inspection
> reports for the security cornerstone will [not]{.underline} be made
> publicly available. Security-related inspection reports will be sent
> to the respective State Liaison Officers and State Homeland Security
> Advisors, when they have been appointed, authorized, communicated a
> desire to receive the report, and have the resources to control the
> safeguards information. These reports will be controlled as safeguards
> information or exempt under 10 CFR 2.390 based on the level of
> information contained in them. However, the cover letters to the
> reports [will]{.underline} be made publicly available.
>
> The cover letters for security inspection reports will be similar in
> format to other inspection report cover letters (see IMC 0612,
> sections 11.08 a through h), but will not include details or
> descriptions of any inspection findings. The cover letters shall state
> the number of Green findings identified and a brief description of
> cross-cutting aspects, if applicable. However, the letters will
> [not]{.underline} state the number of greater than Green findings (if
> any were identified), only that findings with greater-than-green
> significance have been identified and a brief description of
> cross-cutting aspects, if applicable. See sample cover letter number 3
> of Exhibit 4 for standard paragraphs to include in security report
> cover letters.
>
> The cover letters will be marked for the highest level of controlled
> information contained in the inspection report: official use only
> (SUNSI) or safeguards information. The marking requirements for
> safeguards information is in Management Directive 12.6, ANRC Sensitive
> Unclassified Information Security Program,@ and the requirements for
> marking security-related official use only documents is on the Web at:
> [http://www.internal.nrc.gov/sunsi/]{.underline}, ASensitive
> Unclassified Non-Safeguards Information (SUNSI).@
>
> c\. [Release of Investigation-Related Information]{.underline}. When
> an inspector accompanies an investigator on an investigation, the
> inspector must not release either the investigation report or his or
> her individual input to the investigation report. This information is
> exempt from disclosure by 10 CFR 9.5, and must not be circulated
> outside the NRC without specific approval of the Chairman (refer to OI
> Policy Statement 23).
END
EXHIBITS:
Exhibit 1: Standard Reactor Inspection Report Outline
Exhibit 2: Inspection Report Documentation Matrix
Exhibit 3: Sample Reactor Inspection Report
Exhibit 4: Sample Cover Letters
APPENDICES:
Appendix A: Acronyms Used in Inspection Manual Chapter 0612
Appendix B: Issue Screening
Appendix C: Documentation Guidance for Supplemental Inspections
Appendix D: Sample Biennial Inspection Report for AIdentification and
Resolution of Problems@ Inspection Procedure (IP 71152)
Appendix E: Examples of Minor Issues
Appendix F: Examples of Cross-Cutting Aspects
ATTACHMENT 1
Revision History - IMC 0612
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| Commi | Issue | Description of Change | Tr | Tra | Comment |
| tment | Date | | ain | ining | Resolution |
| Tra | | | ing | Compl | Accession |
| cking | | | Nee | etion | Number |
| N | | | ded | Date | |
| umber | | | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 02/10 | Revision history | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /2006 | reviewed for the last | | | |
| | | four years. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 04/29 | Initial issue of | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /2002 | IMC-0612. Revised from | | | |
| | | IMC‑0610\* to address | | | |
| | CN | revised documentation | | | |
| | 0 | requirements of the | | | |
| | 2-021 | revised Reactor | | | |
| | | Oversight Process | | | |
| | | (ROP). This revision | | | |
| | | changed the manner in | | | |
| | | which findings are | | | |
| | | documented, deleted | | | |
| | | \"\"no color\"\" | | | |
| | | findings and the | | | |
| | | requirements to add | | | |
| | | licensee identified | | | |
| | | violations to the | | | |
| | | Plant Issue Matrix. | | | |
| | | Other Major changes | | | |
| | | involved re‑formatting | | | |
| | | several sections for | | | |
| | | clarity; provided a | | | |
| | | sample inspection | | | |
| | | report (to be issued | | | |
| | | separately); | | | |
| | | re‑structured and | | | |
| | | revised the thresholds | | | |
| | | for documentation | | | |
| | | (Appendix B); provided | | | |
| | | numerous new examples | | | |
| | | of minor violations in | | | |
| | | Appendix E; and | | | |
| | | provided a revised | | | |
| | | format for documenting | | | |
| | | findings. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 02/21 | Made editorial changes | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /2003 | to Appendix B (Issue | | | |
| | | Dispositioning | | | |
| | CN | Screening) to reflect | | | |
| | 0 | title changes to | | | |
| | 3-006 | standard ROP | | | |
| | | terminology. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 05/23 | Exhibit 3 (Sample | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /2003 | Reactor Inspection | | | |
| | | Report) revised to not | | | |
| | CN | require licensee | | | |
| | 0 | identified NCV\'s be | | | |
| | 3-016 | put in the PIM. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 06 | IMC 0612 Power Reactor | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /24/2 | Inspection Reports | | | |
| | 003CN | main body, app | | | |
| | 0 | appendices and | | | |
| | 3-021 | exhibits were revised | | | |
| | | to achieve the | | | |
| | | following: | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | 1\. Consistency with | | | |
| | | IMC‑0306 (Information | | | |
| | | Technology Support for | | | |
| | | the Reactor Oversight | | | |
| | | Process) | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | 2\. Presented | | | |
| | | information in the | | | |
| | | order in which the | | | |
| | | activities will | | | |
| | | normally be performed | | | |
| | | in the process of | | | |
| | | developing and | | | |
| | | transmitting a reactor | | | |
| | | inspection report. | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | 3\. Removed specific | | | |
| | | enforcement guidance | | | |
| | | to ensure consistency | | | |
| | | between the guidance | | | |
| | | in IMCB0612 and the | | | |
| | | Enforcement Policy and | | | |
| | | Enforcement Manual. | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | 4\. Corrected | | | |
| | | incorrect or | | | |
| | | conflicting | | | |
| | | information. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 01/14 | Changed the inspection | NO | N/A | N/A |
| | /2004 | report timeliness to | | | |
| | | 45 calendar days for | | | |
| | CN | most inspection | | | |
| | 0 | reports, including | | | |
| | 4-001 | Special Inspections. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 09/30 | Revised to clarify | YES | N/A | N/A |
| | /2005 | definitions for | | | |
| | | NRC‑identified, | | | |
| | CN | self‑revealing and | | | |
| | 0 | licensee identified; | | | |
| | 5-028 | to provide additional | | | |
| | | guidance on how to | | | |
| | | document cross‑cutting | | | |
| | | issues; to improve | | | |
| | | guidance on LER | | | |
| | | closure; to update the | | | |
| | | new report timeliness | | | |
| | | requirement; and to | | | |
| | | reflect changes made | | | |
| | | to the document based | | | |
| | | on inspector feedback. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 06/22 | Revised to provide | YES | 07/01 | ML |
| | /2006 | additional guidance | | /2006 | 061510135 |
| | | and requirements for | | | |
| | CN | documenting | | | |
| | 0 | cross-cutting aspects | | | |
| | 6-015 | of inspection findings | | | |
| | | and to provide | | | |
| | | guidance on inspection | | | |
| | | report approval | | | |
| | | requirements when | | | |
| | | resolution to | | | |
| | | unresolved items are | | | |
| | | based on discussions | | | |
| | | between inspector(s) | | | |
| | | and NRR technical | | | |
| | | staff(s). | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 11/ | Revised definition of | YES | 09/06 | ML |
| | 02/06 | performance deficiency | | /2006 | 063000483 |
| | | to bring the | | | |
| | CN | definition in | | | |
| | 0 | alignment with the | | | |
| | 6-033 | basis for performance | | | |
| | | deficiency as | | | |
| | | described in ROP basis | | | |
| | | document, IMC-0308 | | | |
| | | Attachment 3, | | | |
| | | ASignificance | | | |
| | | Determination Process | | | |
| | | Basis Document.@ | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| N/A | 09/ | IMC 0612 has been | No | N/A | ML |
| | 20/07 | revised to add | | | 071560246 |
| | | guidance on NRC use of | | | |
| | CN | INPO documents and on | | | |
| | 0 | cover letters for | | | |
| | 7-029 | security inspections. | | | |
| | | Also enhanced guidance | | | |
| | | on NCV=s and SCAQ=s. | | | |
+-------+-------+------------------------+-----+-------+------------+
| en |
log-files | 889416 | ! Started logfile: J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_uvs.log on Mon Jan 8 10:39:25 2007
obs J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_uva.fits
! Reading UV FITS file: J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_uva.fits
! AN table 1: 144 integrations on 45 of 45 possible baselines.
! Apparent sampling: 1.28519 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin.
! Found source: J2236-1706
!
! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels:
!
! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF
! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth
! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz)
! 01 1 8.15447e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 02 2 8.23447e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 03 3 8.41447e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 04 4 8.55447e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
!
! Polarization(s): RR
!
! Read 753 lines of history.
!
! Reading 33312 visibilities.
select I
! Polarization I is unavailable.
! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4
! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1
! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2
! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3
! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4
![@muppet J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk]
integer clean_niter
clean_niter = 100
float clean_gain
clean_gain = 0.04
float dynam
dynam = 6.0
float amp_soltime1
amp_soltime1 = 10
float amp_soltime2
amp_soltime2 = 1
float phase_soltime1
phase_soltime1=10
float phase_soltime2
phase_soltime2=0.5
float phase_soltime
phase_soltime=phase_soltime1
float ampcor_selflim
ampcor_selflim=1.20
float thresh
thresh = 0.10
float win_mult
win_mult = 1.8
float time_av
time_av = 30
float old_peak
float new_peak
float flux_cutoff
mapsize field_size, field_cell
! Map grid = 512x512 pixels with 0.200x0.200 milli-arcsec cellsize.
phase_soltime=phase_soltime1
print "uvstat(rms)=",uvstat(rms),"Jy"
! uvstat(rms)= 0.397334 Jy
uvw 2,-1
! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels).
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7189 mas, bmaj=1.969 mas, bpa=-6.57 degrees
! Estimated noise=859.072 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (0, 0).
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.286779 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.336267 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.336267 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.008587 max=0.014014 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000125 rms=0.002448 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.336267 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 7 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 7 components and 0.336267 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! A total of 163 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! A total of 163 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! A total of 163 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! A total of 163 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.199927Jy sigma=0.001624
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.199878Jy sigma=0.001624
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7189 mas, bmaj=1.969 mas, bpa=-6.57 degrees
! Estimated noise=859.59 mJy/beam.
print "************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED UNIFORM WEIGHTING CLEAN **************
!
uvw 0,-2
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -2.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
win_mult = win_mult * 1.6
clean_niter = clean_niter * 2
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.8956 mas, bmaj=2.381 mas, bpa=-7.273 degrees
! Estimated noise=577.061 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0259091 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0359369 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0404278 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0420614 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0420614 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.005911 max=0.006866 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000089 rms=0.001584 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.378329 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 21 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 22 components and 0.378329 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.198256Jy sigma=0.001605
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.198243Jy sigma=0.001604
! Inverting map
print "************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN **************
!
restore
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.8956 x 2.381 at -7.273 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0055421 max=0.33758 Jy/beam
if(peak(flux) < thresh*2)
selflims ampcor_selflim
end if
gscale
! Performing overall amplitude self-cal
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.999891
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 0.99 FD 1.01 HN 1.00 KP 1.01
! LA 1.02 MK 1.01 NL 1.03 OV 1.02
! PT 0.95 SC 0.96
!
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.999961
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.00 FD 1.00 HN 0.99 KP 1.00
! LA 0.98 MK 1.01 NL 1.04 OV 1.08
! PT 0.89 SC 1.01
!
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.997088
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 0.99 FD 1.01 HN 1.01 KP 1.02
! LA 0.98 MK 1.02 NL 1.02 OV 0.98
! PT 0.95 SC 1.05
!
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! Amplitude normalization factor in sub-array 1: 0.988543
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.06 FD 1.01 HN 1.02 KP 0.99
! LA 1.00 MK 0.97 NL 1.03 OV 1.02
! PT 0.98 SC 1.04
!
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.198243Jy sigma=0.001604
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.198206Jy sigma=0.001599
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.198206Jy sigma=0.001599
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.198205Jy sigma=0.001599
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9015 mas, bmaj=2.403 mas, bpa=-7.42 degrees
! Estimated noise=574.028 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (5.4, 3.2).
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00651685 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00638738 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00595482 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00560483 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00560483 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.003236 max=0.003947 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000029 rms=0.000949 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.383934 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
! Adding 25 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 47 components and 0.383934 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.197989Jy sigma=0.001597
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.197982Jy sigma=0.001597
! Inverting map
print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE GSCALE SELF-CAL **************"
! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE GSCALE SELF-CAL **************
!
phase_soltime=phase_soltime2
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.197982Jy sigma=0.001597
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.192283Jy sigma=0.001554
dynam = dynam - 0.5
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00229744 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00257536 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00257113 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00257133 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00257133 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.003129 max=0.003189 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000029 rms=0.000901 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.386505 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 24 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 58 components and 0.386505 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.192264Jy sigma=0.001553
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191371Jy sigma=0.001548
! Inverting map
print "*** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN with shorter phase_soltime ***"
! *** FINISHED NATURAL WEIGHTING CLEAN with shorter phase_soltime ***
!
dynam = dynam - 0.25
restore
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9015 x 2.403 at -7.42 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0030167 max=0.33978 Jy/beam
if(peak(flux) > thresh)
selfcal true, true, amp_soltime1
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
selfcal true, true, amp_soltime2
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
print "************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************"
end if
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 10 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191371Jy sigma=0.001548
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191476Jy sigma=0.001546
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191476Jy sigma=0.001546
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191278Jy sigma=0.001545
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9034 mas, bmaj=2.402 mas, bpa=-7.245 degrees
! Estimated noise=572.68 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00051607 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00042256 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000338724 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000299831 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000299831 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.003041 max=0.003075 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000011 rms=0.000786 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.386805 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 21 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 72 components and 0.386805 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191265Jy sigma=0.001545
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191212Jy sigma=0.001545
! Inverting map
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 1 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191212Jy sigma=0.001545
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191079Jy sigma=0.001543
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191079Jy sigma=0.001543
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191065Jy sigma=0.001543
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9044 mas, bmaj=2.404 mas, bpa=-7.203 degrees
! Estimated noise=572.455 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -1.87192e-05 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.000128539 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = -0.000163056 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = -0.000196244 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = -0.000196244 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.002914 max=0.003088 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000011 rms=0.000769 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.386609 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 29 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 80 components and 0.386609 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191056Jy sigma=0.001543
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191055Jy sigma=0.001543
! Inverting map
! ************** FINISHED AMPLITUDE SELF-CAL **************
uvtaper 0.3,taper_size
! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths.
win_mult = win_mult * 1.4
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=2.256 mas, bmaj=4.692 mas, bpa=-6.28 degrees
! Estimated noise=731.889 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal false,false,phase_soltime
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00041698 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000426824 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000426393 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000358253 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.000358253 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.002667 max=0.003212 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000027 rms=0.000917 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.386967 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 17 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 91 components and 0.386967 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191066Jy sigma=0.001543
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191060Jy sigma=0.001543
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0
! No UV-taper is currently set.
win_mult = win_mult / 1.4
print "************** FINISHED TAPERING SELF-CAL CLEAN **************"
! ************** FINISHED TAPERING SELF-CAL CLEAN **************
!
print "************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********"
! ************** CLEARING MODEL AND STARTING OVER **********
clrmod true,true,true
! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models.
uvw 2,-1
! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels).
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
clean clean_niter, clean_gain
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7208 mas, bmaj=1.976 mas, bpa=-6.59 degrees
! Estimated noise=860.338 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.289761 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.339345 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.35779 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.367633 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.367633 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.006178 max=0.006279 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000038 rms=0.001592 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.367633 Jy
uvw 0,-2
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -2.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Adding 22 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 22 components and 0.367633 Jy
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9044 mas, bmaj=2.404 mas, bpa=-7.203 degrees
! Estimated noise=572.455 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
keep
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (0.8, 0.4).
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00954596 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0147445 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0171942 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.0185973 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.0185973 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.003338 max=0.002992 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000008 rms=0.000816 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.38623 Jy
! Adding 27 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 48 components and 0.38623 Jy
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0.3,taper_size
! Gaussian taper: value 0.3 at UV radius = 70 mega-wavelengths.
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=2.256 mas, bmaj=4.692 mas, bpa=-6.28 degrees
! Estimated noise=731.889 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
keep
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00111277 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00110671 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.0011008 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00115321 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 0.00115321 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.002959 max=0.003054 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000028 rms=0.000911 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.387384 Jy
! Adding 21 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 62 components and 0.387384 Jy
! Inverting map
uvtaper 0
! No UV-taper is currently set.
clean
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.9044 mas, bmaj=2.404 mas, bpa=-7.203 degrees
! Estimated noise=572.455 mJy/beam.
! clean: niter=200 gain=0.04 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 4.14283e-05 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000101567 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000153272 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 5.32052e-05 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 200 components = 5.32052e-05 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.002942 max=0.003013 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000014 rms=0.000749 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.387437 Jy
selfcal false, false, phase_soltime
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.5 minute time intervals
! Adding 26 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 85 components and 0.387437 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.191048Jy sigma=0.001543
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.191045Jy sigma=0.001543
wmodel J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_map.mod
! Writing 85 model components to file: J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_map.mod
wobs J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_uvs.fits
! Writing UV FITS file: J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_uvs.fits
wwins J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_map.win
! wwins: Wrote 3 windows to J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_map.win
x = (field_size-8) * field_cell / 4
addwin -x,x,-x,x
clean (field_size*4),0.01
! Inverting map
! clean: niter=2048 gain=0.01 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.000603299 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.000987076 Jy
! Component: 150 - total flux cleaned = 0.00111584 Jy
! Component: 200 - total flux cleaned = 0.00124081 Jy
! Component: 250 - total flux cleaned = 0.0012798 Jy
! Component: 300 - total flux cleaned = 0.00128103 Jy
! Component: 350 - total flux cleaned = 0.00135375 Jy
! Component: 400 - total flux cleaned = 0.00131806 Jy
! Component: 450 - total flux cleaned = 0.00121458 Jy
! Component: 500 - total flux cleaned = 0.00111487 Jy
! Component: 550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0010826 Jy
! Component: 600 - total flux cleaned = 0.0011142 Jy
! Component: 650 - total flux cleaned = 0.00108336 Jy
! Component: 700 - total flux cleaned = 0.00111409 Jy
! Component: 750 - total flux cleaned = 0.00108385 Jy
! Component: 800 - total flux cleaned = 0.00108378 Jy
! Component: 850 - total flux cleaned = 0.00111202 Jy
! Component: 900 - total flux cleaned = 0.00108384 Jy
! Component: 950 - total flux cleaned = 0.00105608 Jy
! Component: 1000 - total flux cleaned = 0.00102858 Jy
! Component: 1050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00094846 Jy
! Component: 1100 - total flux cleaned = 0.00102789 Jy
! Component: 1150 - total flux cleaned = 0.000950533 Jy
! Component: 1200 - total flux cleaned = 0.000976849 Jy
! Component: 1250 - total flux cleaned = 0.00100248 Jy
! Component: 1300 - total flux cleaned = 0.00110147 Jy
! Component: 1350 - total flux cleaned = 0.0011747 Jy
! Component: 1400 - total flux cleaned = 0.00112608 Jy
! Component: 1450 - total flux cleaned = 0.00122128 Jy
! Component: 1500 - total flux cleaned = 0.00136223 Jy
! Component: 1550 - total flux cleaned = 0.0014548 Jy
! Component: 1600 - total flux cleaned = 0.00145462 Jy
! Component: 1650 - total flux cleaned = 0.00156813 Jy
! Component: 1700 - total flux cleaned = 0.00165704 Jy
! Component: 1750 - total flux cleaned = 0.00174548 Jy
! Component: 1800 - total flux cleaned = 0.00172371 Jy
! Component: 1850 - total flux cleaned = 0.0018316 Jy
! Component: 1900 - total flux cleaned = 0.00193782 Jy
! Component: 1950 - total flux cleaned = 0.00191657 Jy
! Component: 2000 - total flux cleaned = 0.00199977 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 2048 components = 0.00206144 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.001023 max=0.001084 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000005 rms=0.000384 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 0.389498 Jy
keep
! Adding 134 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 219 components and 0.389498 Jy
![Exited script file: muppet]
wmap "J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_map.fits"
! Inverting map
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9044 x 2.404 at -7.203 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0019102 max=0.34054 Jy/beam
! Writing clean map to FITS file: J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_map.fits
float peak_flux
peak_flux = peak(flux,max)
print "The peak flux is",peak_flux
! The peak flux is 0.340538
invert
! Inverting map
float image_rms
image_rms = imstat(rms)
print "The final image rms is",image_rms
! The final image rms is 0.000382163
device "J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_map.eps/VPS"
! Attempting to open device: 'J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_map.eps/VPS'
loglevs 100*3*image_rms/peak_flux
! The new contour levels are:
! -0.33667 0.33667 0.67334 1.34668 2.69336 5.38672 10.7734 21.5469 43.0938 86.1876
print "clev=",int(3*image_rms*10000)/10000
! clev= 0.0011
print "peak=",int(peak_flux*1000)/1000
! peak= 0.34
mapcolor none
! Mapplot colormap: none, contrast: 1 brightness: 0.5.
mapplot cln
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 0.9044 x 2.404 at -7.203 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.0019102 max=0.34054 Jy/beam
mapcolor color, 0.9
! Mapplot colormap: rainbow, contrast: 0.9 brightness: 0.5.
device "J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk\_map.gif/gif"
! Attempting to open device: 'J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_map.gif/gif'
mapplot cln
quit
! Quitting program
! Log file J2236-1706_X_1997_07_02_yyk_uvs.log closed on Mon Jan 8 10:39:32 2007
| en |
converted_docs | 780634 | {width="8.5in" height="3.5027777777777778in"}U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
**Office of Electricity Delivery and\
Energy Reliability**
**ENERGY ASSURANCE DAILY**
**November 3, 2005**
## Highlights/Major Developments
**Update: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma**
For the latest damage assessment and restoration efforts concerning
hurricanes, see the latest Gulf Coast Hurricanes situation report from
the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) of the
U.S. Department of Energy @
[[http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov]{.underline}](http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/).
For the statistics on shut-in oil and gas production in the Gulf of
Mexico, please click on the following link:
[[http://www.mms.gov/]{.underline}](http://www.mms.gov/). For statistics
on shut-in oil and gas production and pipeline status in Louisiana,
please click on the following link:
<http://dnr.louisiana.gov/sec/execdiv/pubinfo/daily-onshore-prod.ssi>
######## Electricity
**Duke's 846 MW Oconee 3 Nuke Unit in SC Back at Full Power Nov 3**
Duke Energy Corp.\'s 846-megawatt unit 3 at the Oconee nuclear power
station in South Carolina returned to full power by early Thursday after
working on a problem with a cooling system for one of the transformers.
On Wednesday, the unit was operating at 50 percent of capacity due to a
problem with a heater drain pump.
Reuters, 07:24 November 3, 2005
**Duke's 1,100 MW McGuire 2 Nuke Unit in NC Dips to 56 Percent Power**
Duke Energy Corp.\'s 1,100 megawatt McGuire 2 nuclear unit in North
Carolina dipped to 56 percent of capacity by early Thursday, the U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission said in a report. On Wednesday, the unit
was operating at full power. The unit reduced by early Thursday to work
on a problem with a cooling system for one of the transformers.
Reuters, 07:18 and 14:05 November 3, 2005\
\
**Entergy's 684 MW Pilgrim Nuke Unit in MA Dips to 56 Percent Power**
Entergy Corp.\'s 684-megawatt Pilgrim nuclear power station in
Massachusetts dipped to 56 percent of capacity by early Thursday to
clean the condenser. On Wednesday, the unit was operating at full power.
Reuters, 07:11 November 3, 2005
For information on damage and restoration efforts to the electricity
infrastructure and the number of power outages due to Hurricanes
Katrina, Rita, and Wilma, please see the Gulf Coast Hurricanes situation
report from the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
(OE) of the U.S. Department of Energy at the following link:
[http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov](http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/)
######## Petroleum
**Explorer Shuts Midwest Fuel Pipeline Due to Leak**
Explorer Pipeline Co. said on Thursday it shut a 24-inch fuel pipeline
between Wood River, Illinois, and Hammond, Indiana, due to a \"pinhole\"
leak. An Explorer official said it was unclear how long the segment of
pipeline would be shut. Some market traders expected the pipeline to
restart within a day. Low sulfur diesel prices in the Group Three cash
market surged on concern over the outage, with differentials against the
NYMEX futures market rising 6.00 cents on the day to 12.00 cents over,
dealers said.
Reuters, 15:36 November 3, 2005
**Shell, Unions in Deal to End Refinery Strike, Avert Strike at NatGas
Facility**
Shell and trade unions have reached a deal to end a strike over pensions
that has hit production at Pernis, Europe\'s biggest refinery, a union
spokesman said on Thursday. Strikes at the NAM gas production facility
were avoided through the agreements.
Reuters, 14:49 November 3, 2005
Bloomberg News, 11:28 November 3, 2005
**Total Says Norway Offshore Field Production Begins**
French energy giant Total said on Thursday production had started at the
high-pressure and high-temperature Kristin offshore field in Norway. The
French group said the Kristin field, in which it holds a 6 percent stake
and is exploited with other oil companies, would produce around 220,000
barrels of oil equivalent per day.
Reuters, 12:37 November 3, 2005
For information on damage and restoration efforts to the electricity
infrastructure and the number of power outages due to Hurricanes
Katrina, Rita, and Wilma, please see the Gulf Coast Hurricanes situation
report from the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
(OE) of the U.S. Department of Energy at the following link:
[http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov](http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/)
########
######## Natural Gas
**FERC Issues Certificate for New 12 Bcf Storage Facility in West
Virginia**\
FERC on Tuesday issued a certificate to allow Hardy Storage Co. LLC to
develop and operate a new 12.4 Bcf underground natural gas storage
facility in two partially depleted gas production fields in West
Virginia. The Commission also approved a companion request by Columbia
Gas Transmission Corp. to construct and operate transmission facilities
to deliver the gas to parts of West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia
(Docket No. CP05-144-000).
<http://intelligencepress.com/subscribers/daily/news/d20051103e.html>
[http://www.platts.com/Natural%20Gas/News/133117.xml?S=n](http://www.platts.com/Natural Gas/News/133117.xml?S=n)
**Peabody Energy and ArcLight Partner for Coal-to-Natural Gas Project in
Illinois\
**On November 2, Peabody Energy and ArcLight Capital Partners, LLC
announced their memorandum of understanding (MOU) to proceed with
development of a project in Illinois that would transform coal into
pipeline-quality synthetic natural gas. Using ConocoPhillips
\"E-Gas(TM)\" Technology, the project will feature an oxygen-blown
gasification system. The plant, which will be located in Illinois, will
be one of the largest coal-to-natural-gas plants in the United States.\
<http://www.energycentral.com/centers/news/daily/article.cfm?aid=6066392>
**Hurricanes\' Lesson for Gulf LNG? Onsite Electricity**\
The experience of existing U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities
during the recent Gulf of Mexico hurricanes has supported the designs
for new terminals and demonstrated that onsite power generation is
probably the single most important added consideration for the new
projects, according to Sempra Energy COO Donald Felsinger.
<http://intelligencepress.com/subscribers/daily/news/d20051103f.html>
**Statoil\'s Kristin Gas Field on Stream after Delay**
Norwegian energy group Statoil\'s Kristin gas and condensate field off
Norway began producing on Thursday after a one-month delay and should
reach plateau production in mid-2006, Statoil said. \"The Kristin
platform can produce 18 million cubic meters of gas and 126,000 barrels
of condensate per day,\" Statoil said in a statement.
Reuters, 11:04 November 3, 2005
######## For information on damage and restoration efforts to the electricity infrastructure and the number of power outages due to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma, please see the Gulf Coast Hurricanes situation report from the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) of the U.S. Department of Energy at the following link: [**http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov**](http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/)
######## Other News
**Wind Power Seen Reducing Need for U.S. Natgas**
Growth in U.S. wind power could reduce the amount of natural gas used to
produce electricity by up to 5 percent at the end of the year, which
could provide some relief to consumers from near record prices for the
fossil fuel, an industry group said. The Washington, D.C. based-American
Wind Energy Association said about 2,500 megawatts (MW) of new wind
power capacity will be installed this year, bringing total U.S. wind
capacity to more than 9,200 MW. The cumulative total is enough power to
supply 2.4 million average U.S. homes, AWEA said. When additional wind
power capacity comes on line it generally replaces the highest priced
fuel, natural gas, rather than other sources of power like coal, oil and
nuclear, said AWEA spokeswoman Christine Real de Azua.
Reuters, 14:35 November 3, 2005
########
######## Energy Prices
+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| | **Latest | **Week | **Year |
| | (11 | Ago** | Ago** |
| | /03/05)** | | |
+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| **CRUDE OIL** | 61.70 | 61.09 | 50.90 |
| | | | |
| **West Texas Intermediate | | | |
| US** | | | |
| | | | |
| \$/Barrel | | | |
+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| **NATURAL GAS** | 10.79 | 13.90 | 7.25 |
| | | | |
| **Henry Hub** | | | |
| | | | |
| \$/Million Btu | | | |
+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+
> Source: Reuters
**This Week in Petroleum** from the Energy Information Administration
(EIA)
[*http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/twip.asp*](http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/twip.asp)
Updated on Wednesdays
**Weekly Petroleum Status Report** from EIA**\
**[*http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/weekly_petroleum_status_report/wpsr.html*](http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/weekly_petroleum_status_report/wpsr.html)
Updated after 1:00pm (Eastern time) on Wednesdays
**Natural Gas Weekly Update** from EIA
[*http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngw/ngupdate.asp*](http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngw/ngupdate.asp)
*Updated after 2:00 pm (Eastern time) on Thursdays*
| en |
all-txt-docs | 860169 | version version 2.2
Sun Apr 17 00:00:00 EDT 2005
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732 enu&en&0409 English 834 unknown unknown
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data/mbrs/salrp/02705.rm 1 1 null 275 0 62015997 1081 7790688 null 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
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data/music/cwband/012.ra 1 1 null 277 0 2964703 280 1473738 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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data/ammem/afcftv/7045a1.ra 2 2 null 280 147390 147 47 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/music/cwband/001.ra 2 2 null 281 530884 2118784 283 839628 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/varsrs/e50443.ra 2 2 null 282 214601 214 6 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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null
data/ammem/afcts/5143a1.ra 2 2 null 287 71275 1014958 259 862800 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
null
data/ammem/afccc/a3858b3.ra 1 1 null 289 0 846471 261 596160 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcts/5143a1.ra 2 2 null 290 71275 71 5 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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null
data/ammem/sawrs/429.ra 1 1 null 293 0 1065518 414 249600 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
null
null
data/ammem/natfor/9000007.ra 1 1 null 296 0 763499 262 183120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/mbrs/salrp/07301.rm 1 1 null 297 0 27562582 608 883360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/edrs/65502r.ra 1 1 null 298 201174 201 4 4080 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
null
data/ammem/afcomaha/0606.ra 2 2 null 300 82609 181087 101 180480 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
null
data/ammem/afcomaha/0608.ra 2 2 null 302 239735 1116706 283 1115280 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/80452r.ra 2 2 null 303 250514 1559515 297 908880 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afccmns/135011.ra 1 1 null 304 100048 99 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/50428r.ra 1 1 null 305 196894 196 4 4080 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
null
data/ammem/afcomaha/0623.ra 1 1 null 307 69602 69 3 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/varsrs/e51010.ra 3 3 null 308 255461 255 259 240 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcomaha/0631.ra 2 2 null 309 222418 222 225 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcomaha/0641.ra 1 1 null 310 120832 120 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/50192r.ra 1 1 null 311 0 1585545 263 762960 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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data/ammem/afcts/4121b2.ra 17 2 unknown 313 56623 56 230 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
data/ammem/afcts/4121b2.ra 11 11 null 314 56623 56 108 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcts/4096b1.ra 1 1 null 315 78838 78 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/50962r.ra 2 2 null 316 232454 232 83 33840 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/music/cwband/005.ra 3 3 null 317 465220 4937242 568 295812 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcomaha/0661.ra 1 1 null 318 80763 80 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcomaha/0662.ra 1 1 null 319 154853 154 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcomaha/0670.ra 1 1 null 320 45024 44 3 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcts/4121b2.ra 2 2 null 321 56623 56 40 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/natfor/9000010.ra 2 2 null 322 322182 322 115 3360 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/50667r.ra 2 2 null 323 222774 222 225 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/exhibits/freud/freudaud.rm 1 1 null 324 130183 117 3 4256 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcreed/13035b04.ra 1 1 null 325 69839 69 69 69600 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/music/smaudio/7606110m.ra 2 2 null 326 210584 105 108 6394 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/mbrs/salrp/06202.rm 1 1 null 327 0 11232210 227 1163520 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afccc/a3349b1.ra 2 2 null 328 272130 272 89 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcomaha/0758.ra 1 1 null 329 34332 34 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/music/cwband/008.ra 1 1 null 330 235396 123 10 19380 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcts/5143a1.ra 2 2 null 331 71275 1322929 244 1162560 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
data/ammem/afcomaha/0770.ra 1 1 null 332 68839 68 3 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/afcomaha/0790.ra 2 2 null 333 89457 89 92 3120 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
data/ammem/edrs/50999r.ra 1 1 null 334 197298 197 60 60000 null 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
null
| en |
converted_docs | 520821 | **The problems make the news**
Every election year, voting problems plague the news:
- Too many voters cast votes improperly, and/or not as they intended.
- Poll workers operate the polls improperly, give the wrong
information, or make mistakes that have election-changing
consequences.
- Election officials wrestle with recounts and lawsuits and the
unforgiving scrutiny of the media.
Entire contests hang in the balance, yet many of these problems have a
single root cause: poor communication in the polls. Poor language on
ballots, in the instructions for voters, and in materials used by poll
workers confuses voters and poll workers alike.
**We ask much of voters and poll workers**
We ask much of our voters and our poll workers. Elections increase
stress for everyone. Literate voters have busy lives into which they
must interject this occasional and intimidating civic exercise. They
come into an unfamiliar place, ready to wrestle with an arcane system in
order to exercise a constitutional right that may carry great emotional
weight.
Polling places may be less than ideal environments for reading and
concentrating, with poor lighting, noise, temperature, and comfort
challenges. Poll workers work long hours for low pay and with training
we hope is enough to operate difficult machinery or handle ballots
properly.
Until recently, our understanding of access for varying ability meant
that poll workers met someone in their vehicle outside, or helped them
vote a ballot -- even going so far as marking the ballot on the voter's
behalf. And for persons with ability difference, the stress that a
normal voter may feel might also be compounded further by poor balloting
materials and assistance.
Isn't it imperative that we make elections easier by communicating in
understandable language on election day? Voting is hard. Plain language
makes it easier.
The Usability Professionals' Association's Voting and Usability Project,
with the support of the Society of Technical Communication, strongly
advocates the use of plain language for the instructions for using
voting systems, on ballots, and for voter education, polling materials,
and poll worker training documents. Using plain language helps bring
clarity to an inherently complex activity.
**What is plain language?**
Linguistics expert Dr. Janice Redish defines a plain language document:
\"Plain language is all about knowing your audiences and creating the
document that works for those audiences -- creating the document in
which they can
- find what they need,
- understand what they find, and
- act appropriately on that understanding.\" (Redish, Webinar: Why
Plain Language is Critical for Standards, 2007)
Health Canada's Web site definition of plain language speaks directly to
the challenge: "(Plain language is) ...language that is simple, clear,
direct and uses common words. The intent of plain language is to make
information accessible, especially to those who have low literacy
skills, or low proficiency in a second language." (Health Canada, 2001)
Yet the language most understood by those with low literacy, with
cognitive differences or low proficiency also happens to be understood
best by the stressed-out, distracted voter who waits two hours in line
after work to cast a vote.
Pioneer Prof. Robert Eagleson explains the importance of plain language:
\"Plain English is clear, straightforward expression, using only as many
words as are necessary. It is language that avoids obscurity, inflated
vocabulary and convoluted sentence construction. It is not baby talk,
nor is it a simplified version of the English language. Writers of plain
English let their audience concentrate on the message instead of being
distracted by complicated language. They make sure that their audience
understands the message easily.\" (Eagleson)
**Plain language helps everyone**
The language that is most simple and clear also provides the optimum
experience for those who have cognitive differences, low literacy, or
whose native language is not the language of the polls. As Dr. Redish
noted to the United States Access Board,
> "People with cognitive disabilities need simple, straightforward text.
> ...
>
> "...People who listen to information scan with their ears just as
> sighted people scan with their eyes. Good headings, logical order,
> information broken into manageable pieces, short sentences, and
> bulleted lists all help people who are scanning -- with their ears or
> their eyes.\" (Redish, Webinar: Why Plain Language is Critical for
> Standards, 2007)
Just as important, plain language supports all voters who need to
perform a complex action with clarity in less than ideal conditions.
**More than ballots**
The Voluntary Voting Systems Guidelines address the processes of marking
and casting ballots, but elections involve far more communication than
the ballot alone. We strongly urge the EAC to address voter education,
instructions, poll worker and election procedural information, and any
material used by voters or poll workers. It's not just "voting" but
everything to do with elections.
We understand the scope of the problem in casting a ballot from Dr
Redish when she reviewed the gap between best practice and current
practice for NIST in 2006. She noted fundamental problems with
instructions for voters and poll workers:
- Instructions do not consider voters\' likely mistakes.
- They do not cover all important situations.
- They may use words that many voters may not know.
- They may name buttons with nouns or verbs that may not be explicit
enough.
- They may give voters the signal to vote before they have completed
the ballot.
- They may warn users when it may be too late to heed the warning.
- They often put the action before the context, causing voters to act
before instructions are fully communicated.
Messages and warnings, especially on Direct Recording Electronic (DRE)
machines, may use jargon, may not provide adequate information, and may
intimidate or blame voters. Even the venerable paper ballot makes
information design errors that may lead to voting errors, including
concentrating complicated instructions far from where the instruction is
needed and using obscure language in an illogical order. (Redish, Review
of the gap between instructions for voting and best practice in
providing instructions, 2006)
We encourage the EAC to continue to monitor this gap and expand efforts
to document the gap for other polling material as well. It is our great
hope that we witness the closure of the gap through the employment of
plain language standards and guidelines.
**We know how to fix the problem**
For her report for the Technical Guidelines Development Committee and
NIST, Dr. Redish recommended 20 guidelines for plain ballot language,
including placement, order, sentence, word, and topic guidelines that
allow voters to get the right information in an accessible manner.
(Redish, Guidelines for Writing Clear Instructions and Messages for
Voters and Poll Workers, 2006)
**We've seen success in action**
The success of the Design for Democracy projects to improve ballot
design and other election materials in Cook County, Illinois, as well as
in the states of Oregon and Nebraska and other locations demonstrates
how clear design and simple language marry to communicate messages
succinctly to improve voter success. For the EAC, the AIGA conducted
exhaustive research, field observations, and iterative usability
evaluations in order to develop ballot and polling place design
guidelines for federal elections. (AIGA and US Election Assistance
Commission, 2007).
Their research provides an easy to use blueprint that can be applied to
state and local elections as well.
**We understand many of the obstacles**
Election requirements are complicated. Couple those complex requirements
with the problems noted by Dr. Redish, and errors abound.
For example, an open primary means that voters must understand that they
need to confine their vote to one portion of a multiple party ballot.
This requirement is not easily understood. As a former state election
official, this author's own experience tells the tale: For years in
Michigan, voters cast paper or punch card ballots in their open
primaries without incident. When precinct count optical scan systems
were introduced, the state Election Bureau phones lit up: our electorate
had received a message that they had to confine their vote to one party.
When had the law changed? (It had not.) Voters had never had immediate
ballot feedback before. For years, these voters had been crossing party
lines in our open primaries, unaware that their ballots would not be
counted. "Well, I guess I've been voting wrong for 50 years," one voter
glumly noted.
Election law may dictate arcane, difficult language often written a
century ago or more. We need to be working to change laws when they
dictate practices that make it harder for voters -- particularly voters
with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities -- to participate.
**Polling materials need plain language, too**
News stories tell horror stories about poll workers who operate
machinery or handle ballots improperly or give the voters wrong
information. The League of Women Voters calls poll workers the largest
one-day workforce in the world, and mobilizing that workforce is a
challenge made more complex by changing systems, rules, and laws. Often
workers receive little training before the election. For that reason,
training materials and precinct information must be simple and precise,
well organized, and easy to use to help these workers avoid election-day
disaster.
**What we need to do next**
We support continued research into voters\' needs. We encourage the EAC
to continue their support of voter research, language research, design
research, and voter assistance. We advocate that every state and local
jurisdiction have the opportunity to review and adopt the guidelines and
put best practices into their practice. We strongly encourage the EAC to
expand their focus beyond the ballot to include the entire polling
experience, including polling materials aimed at both voters and poll
workers and to poll worker training materials.
We reiterate that the best language practice for those with a broad
range of disabilities is the language that works best for all voters:
plain language. We look forward to making polling truly accessible for
all abilities by making the language of polling clear, easy to use, and
understandable.
# Works Cited
AIGA and US Election Assistance Commission. (2007, June). *EAC Effective
Election Design.* Retrieved March 2008, from AIGA Design for Democracy:
http://www.aiga.org/resources/content/4/2/8/3/documents/EAC_Effective_Election_Design.pdf
Eagleson, R. (n.d.). *Short Definition of Plain Language*. Retrieved
March 20, 2008, from Plain Language.gov:
http://www.plainlanguage.gov/whatisPL/definitions/eagleson.cfm
Health Canada. (2001). *Language Barriers to Accessing Health Care
Glossary*. Retrieved March 2008, from Health Canada Health Care
Accessibility:
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/acces/2001-lang-acces/gloss_e.html#skipnav
Redish, J. (2006). *Guidelines for Writing Clear Instructions and
Messages for Voters and Poll Workers.* Retrieved March 2008, from
Vote.NIST.gov: http://vote.nist.gov/032906PlainLanguageRpt.pdf
Redish, J. (2006). *Review of the gap between instructions for voting
and best practice in providing instructions.* Retrieved March 2008, from
Vote.NIST.gov: http://vote.nist.gov/instructiongap.pdf
Redish, J. (2007, May 18). *Webinar: Why Plain Language is Critical for
Standards*. Retrieved March 2008, from TEITAC: United States Access
Board: Usability of the Standard:
http://teitac.org/wiki/Theme:Usability_of_the_Standard:Redish
| en |
markdown | 688890 | # Presentation: 688890
## Absence of RCA Isolated from Patients Treated with INGN 201 (Ad5CMV-p53)
**Richard Sublett, Ph.D.**
**Director Quality Systems, **
**Introgen Therapeutics**
## Presentation Outline
**Discussion of replication competent adenovirus (RCA) levels in INGN 201**** **
**semi-****quantitative data**
**comparison of qualitative and semi-quantitative data**
**Patients treated with INGN 201 **** **
**number of patients**
**number of doses**
**number of viral particles**
**estimated number of RCA**
**Attempts to detect RCA ****by ****PCR**** and ****CPE assays in patient body fluids**
**Immune status of patients**
**response to treatment (anti-Ad titers)**
## Origin of Replication Competent Adenovirus in INGN 201
**INGN 201 (Ad5CMV-p53) is an E1/partially E3 substituted adenovirus containing a p53 expression cassette**
**INGN 201 is produced in a HEK 293 cell which carries the adenovirus E1 region**
**Double homologous recombination between the E1 region of the 293 host cell and homologous regions flanking the p53 expression cassette results in a low level of RCA**
## How does RCA arise ?
**Homologous overlap between 293-E1 and vector backbone**
**~ ****450 bp**
**E1 in 293 genome**
**Transgene cassette**
**E1 from 293 genome**
**~ ****1100 bp**
## Detection of RCA in Production Lots
**Qualitative roller bottle CPE-type assay**
**Semi-quantitative plaque-like assay**
**Both assays used in a fashion that is near the limit of detection (LOD) for RCA (1 RCA in 3 X 10****10**** vp)**
## Finding RCA
## Consequence of Testing Near the Limit of Detection
**Lots with the same RCA level may or may not test as positive**
**Multiple tests of same lot may lead to inconsistent results**
## RCA Results from Two Methods
## RCA Profile for 35 Lots Tested at 3 X 1010 vp
**RCA (Plaques per 3 X10****10**** vp)**
**# Lots**
**Mean = 1.3 RCA plaques per 3 X 10****10**** vp**
## Introgen’s Working Conclusion
**All INGN 201 lots contain some RCA**
**RCA level is consistently less than 0.1 parts per billion**
## Data Through June 2000
**Data from Phase I and II trials in multiple indications**
## Estimated Patient Exposure to RCA
**Maximum daily dose 3 X 10****12**** vp**
**Estimated RCA exposure 150 vp**
**Maximum total dose 4.6 X 10****13**** vp**
**Estimated RCA exposure 2400 vp**
## Assay for RCA in Patients Treated with INGN 201 in Phase I Clinical Trials
**Approximately 200 patients treated in Phase I clinical trials**
**Daily dosage ranged from 2.5 X 10****8**** to 1 X 10****12**** vp**
**Primarily intratumoral injection**
**RCA evaluated by virus replication on A549 cells (not permissive for E1 deleted adenovirus)**
**Acute and chronic testing **
**Assay sensitivity **_**<**_** 10 pfu/0.5 mL sample**
**No evidence of RCA in 3200 patient urine, plasma, and oral rinse samples**
## Analysis of Samples from 190 Phase II Subjects
**Samples included plasma, urine, feces, and oral rinses from patients treated by intratumoral injections**
**Included 400 samples from 39 household members**
**Testing included PCR for Hexon and p53 sequences and CPE**
**Plasma samples prescreened by PCR before CPE testing**
**Other samples tested by both PCR and CPE**
**CPE testing performed on 293 cells (permissive for E1 deleted adenovirus) followed by testing on A549 cells (not permissive for E1 deleted adenovirus)**
## Study T201
**Multicenter Phase II clinical trial in subjects with recurrent or refractory SCCHN**
**Daily dosing ranged from 4 X 10****11**** to 2 X 10****12**** vp**
**Treatment cycles included treatment on days 1, 2, and 3 or on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12**
**Biodistribution samples collected pretreatment and on day 28**
**107 patients treated**
## Study T202
**Multicenter Phase II clinical trial in subjects with recurrent or refractory SCCHN**
**Daily dosing ranged from 1 X 10****10**** to 4 X 10****10**** vp**
**Treatment cycles included treatment on days 1, 2, and 3**
**Biodistribution samples collected pretreatment and on day 28**
**47 patients treated**
## Study T207
**Multicenter Phase II clinical trial in subjects with recurrent or refractory SCCHN**
**Daily dosing 1 X 10****12**** vp**
**Treatment cycles included daily dosing on day 1 or on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12**
**Biodistribution samples collected for analysis pretreatment and every other day following last treatment through 15 days post- treatment**
**36 patients treated**
**Household members also evaluated **
## Incidence of CPE Positive Samples for T201, T202, and T207
| Study | # Samples Tested for CPE | CPE Positive on 293 Cells | CPE Positive on A549 Cells |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T201 | 459 | 8 | 0 |
| T202 | 175 | 3 | 0 |
| T207 | 880 | 18 | 2* |
***Both positives were serotype 11 adenovirus**
## Results of Biodistribution Analysis
**INGN 201 or its DNA could be detected in body fluids up to four weeks post-treatment**
**Southern blot analysis of amplified virus isolates indicated no recombination events**
**Two CPE positives on A549 following treatment**
**Both were adenovirus serotype 11**
**No evidence of horizontal transmission**
## Immune Response of Patients Treated with INGN 201
| Pretreatment
(n=29) | Cycle 1
(n=22) | Cycle 2
(n=9) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | ELISA | Neut. | ELISA | Neut. | ELISA | Neut. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| - | 15 | 19 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| + | 12 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| ++ | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| +++ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 3 |
| ++++ | 2 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
**Study T207**
## Conclusions
**INGN 201 contains RCA at levels of 1-2 RCA in 3 ****X 10****10**** vp**
**Near the limit of detection**
**Levels of RCA in INGN 201 are consistent from lot to lot**
**Patients treated with INGN 201 have been exposed to low levels of RCA**
**No INGN 201 derived RCA isolated from patients or household members**
**No evidence of adverse events related to RCA in patients treated with INGN 201**
**Most patients treated with INGN 201 develop anti-adenovirus antibody**
**Anti-hexon and neutralizing titers**
## Recommendations
**Current RCA recommendation should be reconsidered**
**The following criteria should be taken into account when setting an RCA specification**
**Patient population**
**Product indication**
**Available safety data** | en |
all-txt-docs | 030897 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Folklife Center News
American Folklife Center
The Library of Congress
20th Anniversary Issue
Winter 1998
Volume XX, Number 1
ISSN 0149-6840 Catalog Card No. 77-649628
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The American Folklife Center was created in 1976 by the U.S.
Congress to "preserve and present American folklife" through
programs of research, documentation, archival preservation,
reference service, live performance, exhibition, publication, and
training. The Center incorporates the Archive of Folk Culture,
which was established in the Music Division of the Library of
Congress in 1928 and is now one of the largest collections of
ethnographic material from the United States and around the
world.
Administration
Alan Jabbour, Director
Doris Craig, Administrative Assistant
Camila Bryce-Laporte, Program Coordinator
Acquisitions
Joseph C. Hickerson, Head
Processing
Stephanie A. Hall, Archivist Coordinator
Catherine Hiebert Kerst, Archivist
Nora Yeh, Archivist
Programs
Peter T. Bartis, Folklife Specialist
Mary Hufford, Folklife Specialist
David A. Taylor, Folklife Specialist
Publications
James Hardin, Editor
Public Events
Theadocia Austen, Coordinator
Reference
Judith A. Gray, Folklife Specialist
Jennifer A. Cutting, Folklife Specialist
Administrative Office
Fax: 202 707-2076
Reference Service
Tel: 202 707-5510
E-mail: folklife@loc.gov
Board of Trustees
Congressional Appointees
Judith McCulloh, Chair, Illinois
Carolyn Hecker, Vice-chair, Maine
Nina Archabal, Minnesota
James F. Hoy, Kansas
William L. Kinney Jr., South Carolina
Charles E. Trimble, Nebraska
Juris Ubans, Maine
Presidential Appointees
Ada E. Deer, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, Department
of Interior
Joseph D. Duffey, Director of the United States Information
Agency
Ex Officio Members
James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress
I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
Chairman, National Endowment for the Arts
William Ferris, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities
Alan Jabbour, Director, American Folklife Center
FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS
James Hardin, Editor
David A. Taylor, Editorial Advisor
John Biggs, Library of Congress Graphics Unit, Designer
Folklife Center News publishes articles on the programs and
activities of the American Folklife Center, as well as other
articles on traditional expressive culture. It is available free
of charge from the Library of Congress, American Folklife Center,
Washington, D.C. 20540-4610. Folklife Center News does not
publish announcements from other institutions or reviews of books
from publishers other than the Library of Congress. Readers who
would like to comment on Center activities or newsletter articles
may address their remarks to the editor.
TELEPHONE AND ONLINE INFORMATION RESOURCES
American Folklife Center publications (including FOLKLIFE CENTER
NEWS), a calendar of events, collection guides, general
information, and connections to a selection of other Internet
services related to folklife are available on the Internet via
the LC MARVEL Gopher Server and the LC Web World Wide Web Server.
LC MARVEL is available through your local Gopher server. Or use
your Gopher Client Software to connect to marvel.loc.gov. From
the main menu, choose "Research and Reference," then "Reading
Rooms," then "American Folklife Center."
LC Web is available through your local World Wide Web service.
The Center's home page can be accessed from the Library's main
menu. The direct URL for the Center's home page is:
http://lcweb.loc.gov/folklife
Folkline, an information service providing timely information on
the field of folklore and folklife, including training and
professional opportunities and news items of national interest,
is available through the above Internet servers. For telephone
service, call the Folklife Reading Room: 202 707-5510.
EDITOR'S NOTES
20th Anniversary Issue
The first issue of Folklife Center News, volume 1, number 1,
appeared January 1978, twenty years ago. No editor is listed on
the masthead, but Alan Jabbour and Paula Johnson worked together
to assemble it and several other subsequent ones. Brett Topping
became managing editor with volume III, number 2, April 1980; and
I became editor with volume 10, number 1 (winter 1988), when
Brett left to become director of publications for the new
National Museum of Women in the Arts. The mailing list has grown
from about four thousand in 1980 to more than twelve thousand
today, both in this country and abroad.
A Treasury of Field Recordings
Appropriate for the anniversary, whether that of the newsletter
or of the Center (in 1996), is a new compact disc produced by
Rounder Records, selected by Stephen Wade from the legendary
series of published Library of Congress field recordings. For
those unfamiliar with the work of John A. and Alan Lomax and
other pioneering folklorists, this CD provides a splendid
introduction; for those who know their work, it offers convenient
access to the company of old friends; for teachers of folk music
and folklore, the TREASURY should become an essential tool.
caption:
Cover: Members of the Musgrove family, Westmoreland County,
Pennsylvania, October 1935. Library of Congress field recordings
from the 1930s are featured in a new compact disc from Rounder
Records. Photograph by Ben Shahn, Farm Security Administration
Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
.................................................................
"The Beautiful Music All Around":
A Treasury of Library of Congress Field Recordings
By James Hardin
.................................................................
In the 1930s, an African American musicologist from Fisk
University named John W. Work III began documenting the street
musicians of Nashville, Tennessee. Work came naturally to the
study of music, since both his father and grandfather had
directed choirs, but the Fisk professor sought to document what
he called "the beautiful music all around you."
Musician Stephen Wade kept this quotation in mind as he
selected and annotated thirty of the best performances from the
Library of Congress LP series FOLK MUSIC OF THE UNITED STATES for
a new compact disc from Rounder Records, A TREASURY OF LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS FIELD RECORDINGS (Rounder 1500). Wade's selection is
based on a lifetime's devotion to the thousands of performances
documented on the series, and a collaborative friendship.
Stephen Wade moved to Washington, D.C., in 1981 to appear in
his one-man show "Banjo Dancing." Scheduled for a three-week
engagement, that show and the subsequent "On the Way Home" ran
more than ten years at Arena Stage and became one of the longest-
running stage performances in the United States.
Washington residency gave Wade ready access to the Library
of Congress. Already familiar with the Library's series of
published recordings from his days growing up in Chicago (and
having visited the institution a number of times), Wade was now
able to use the American Folklife Center's Archive of Folk
Culture on a regular basis. The Archive was established at the
Library in 1928 to document and preserve the rich heritage of
American folksong, and since that time has itself documented or
received from others thousands of ethnographic field recordings
of music and the spoken word.
Sometime in 1994, during one of his nearly daily
conversations with Folk Archive Reference Librarian Gerald E.
Parsons, Wade discussed with Parsons the idea of producing a
single album of folk music that represented a few of the
wonderful songs and tunes from the legendary series of published
recordings.
The operative word was artful, for the two agreed that there
were great folk performances, notable in their own right and
worthy of critical attention and acclaim. Stephen Wade says that
the final choices were based on a personal judgement that these
were simply wonderful performances that people would like to
hear. Gerry Parsons thought the album might be the one recording
of folk music anyone might want to own if he owned only one.
Parsons offered intellectual context and insight and edited
the liner notes; Wade became a tireless investigator into the
background of the recordings, searching archival file folders,
making phone calls, tracking down informants. Parsons died in
July 1995, and I took on his editorial role to help Wade complete
the work on the liner notes.
On a series of journeys, Wade retraced the routes taken by
John and Alan Lomax, Herbert Halpert, and other folklorists who
made the original disc field recordings from 1933 to 1946,
identifying locations, talking to the descendants of performers,
and in several cases interviewing the performers themselves. A
TREASURY OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FIELD RECORDINGS appeared in
October, the collaborative effort of a musician and a librarian
with a common vision.
Here on a single compact disk are W. H. Stepp's rendition of
the fiddle tune "Bonaparte's Retreat," the tune Aaron Copeland
used for the hoedown section of Agnes DeMille's 1942 ballet RODEO
(which was used in turn on national television for a commercial
advertising "Beef, it's what's for dinner"); a stirring
arrangement of "Rock Island Line" by prisoners at Cummins State
Farm in Arkansas; the plaintive lament "Another Man Done Gone";
and a virtuoso performance of the triumphant gospel tune "Ain't
No Grave Can Hold My Body Down."
Here are children's game songs and the songs of miners and
cowboys; a Sacred Harp singing convention; a tune from the Civil
War performed by the distinguished jurist Learned Hand; a Kiowa
flute player; and the Nashville Washboard Band, recorded by the
Fisk professor John Work III.
The name "folk music" is attached to many different forms
and productions these days. Even folklorists may not agree as to
what is and is not folk music. But in making a definition, most
would invoke the idea of context and a connection with the daily
life and particular traditions of the performer. With Wade's
beautifully lucid and informative liner notes, we can imagine the
context for each of these personal renditions of ongoing
tradition.
Stephen Wade's treasury project has outgrown the original
idea for a compact disc. National Public Radio launched a series
of Wade's commentaries about the Library of Congress field
recordings. A number of programs have already been broadcast on
"All Things Considered," including ones on "Bonaparte's Retreat,"
"Rock Island Line," "Pretty Polly," and the "Nashville Washboard
Band." Several have been rebroadcast on "Weekly Edition," an
editors' selection of the best programs from the week before.
Ever restless, still roving in devotion to his life's work, Wade
is writing a book for the University of Illinois Press series
Music in American Life--thirty case studies of the performances
included on his TREASURY CD, with many illustrations.
Nat Hentoff, writing in the WALL STREET JOURNAL, November
20, 1997, calls the TREASURY OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FIELD
RECORDINGS "the most diversely dramatic and illuminating
collection of the American folk music heritage." Amidst the
jarring cacophony of a noisy world, it is good to be reminded
that beautiful music with an intimate connection to everyday life
is all around us.
The TREASURY is available at record stores nationwide, or
call Rounder Records: 800 443-4727.
captions:
The Shipp Family, Byhalia, Mississippi, 1939. Christine and
Katherine Shipp (right) perform "Sea Lion Woman" on the Stephen
Wade's TREASURY OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FIELD RECORDINGS. The song
was recorded by Herbert Halpert in 1939. Photo by Abbott Ferriss
Stephen Wade in the American Folklife Center's Folklife Reading
Room, 1994. Photo by James Hardin
Ella Hoffpauir Boudreaux, New Iberia, Louisiana, February 1997.
Stephen Wade interviewed Mrs. Boudreaux about her recording
session with John and Alan Lomax in June 1934, during which she
sang "Sept ans sur mer." Photo by Stephen Wade
Thaddeus C. Willingham Jr. sang and played the banjo for Herbert
Halpert in Gulfport, Mississippi, June 11, 1939. Photo by Abbott
Ferriss
.................................................................
Outsinging the Gas Tank: Sidney Robertson and the California Folk
Music Project
By Catherine Hiebert Kerst
.................................................................
From 1938 to 1940, while in her thirties, Sidney Robertson,1
ethnographer and collector of traditional American music, single-
handedly organized and directed a Northern California Work
Projects Administration project designed to survey musical
traditions in the northern part of the state. Sponsored by the
University of California, Berkeley, and cosponsored by the
Archive of American Folk-Song (now the Archive of Folk Culture),
American Folklife Center) at the Library of Congress, this
undertaking was one of the earliest ethnographic field projects
to document English- and foreign-language traditional music in
one region of the United States.
Sidney William Hawkins was born in San Francisco in 1903. Her
family was quite well off and lived comfortably. As a child,
Sidney was precocious, articulate, and inquisitive. She was given
piano, violin, dancing, and elocution lessons from an early age
and spent her summers in Europe. Sidney graduated from Stanford
University in 1924 with a degree in Romance languages and
philology. Later that year, she married Kenneth Robertson and
traveled with him to Paris where he took classes with Jung while
she studied the piano with Alfred Cortot.
When they returned to California in 1926, Robertson found a
job teaching music at the Peninsula School for Creative Education
in Menlo Park. The progressive, experimental nature of the school
allowed her to introduce Spanish and cowboy tunes and the modal
Irish and English songs she loved to the children she taught.
Sidney and her husband gradually grew apart and were divorced in
1934.
In 1935 Sidney Robertson decided that she was leading too
"self-indulgent" a life in California and wrote to the Henry
Street Settlement in New York City to ask if there were anything
she could do for them. They responded that there was an immediate
opening for someone to organize social music in the community.
Robertson moved to New York and began working with elderly Jewish
immigrants from Central Europe.
In reminiscing about the development of her interest in folk
music at this time in her life, she recalled:
I had for some time been worrying the question of folk song, like
a dog with a bone, and particularly I was curious about American
folk song: What was American about it? I knew only the Lomax
COWBOY SONGS and a few tunes from my parents, but I had been so
struck by the wild enthusiasm and persistence engendered among
the youngsters at the Peninsula School by "Home on the Range"
that I was convinced there was some special affinity between the
character of this song and the youngsters who went after it so
hard.2
While in Washington visiting friends in 1936, Robertson went to
the Archive of American Folk-Song (now the Archive of Folk
Culture) at the Library of Congress to ask this very question.
She also visited the office of Charles Seeger, who was then in
charge of the Music Unit of the Special Skills Division of the
Resettlement Administration. One thing led to another, and
shortly thereafter Robertson became Seeger's assistant. At first
she accompanied John A. Lomax and Frank C. Brown to Alabama and
North Carolina to get a taste of how they conducted folk music
fieldwork. It wasn't long before she began to travel on her own
on extensive recording trips throughout the South, into the
Ozarks, and later the Midwest (mostly Wisconsin and Minnesota)--
all for the Resettlement Administration.3 Women generally didn't
travel alone during the thirties, and especially not in the
South.
Once the Special Skills Division of the Resettlement
Administration was liquidated late in 1937, Robertson began to
search for WPA connections that would allow her to continue
collecting on her own. In 1938, she traveled to her native
California to organize a state-based project that she hoped would
become a prototype for the collection of folk music across the
country.
In a paper describing her plans for the collection of folk
music in America, distributed to possible sponsors at the time,
Robertson wrote:
Until recently Americans have been humble before
Russian and British folk music and quite sincerely
unconscious of their own. To a people brought up on
songs like the Volga Boat Song, it has been a great
surprise to discover that America has her own boat
songs and bandit songs, her Civil War songs and her
love songs, stemming like the American race from many
nationalities but after generations here stamped, in
varying degrees, with the American mark.4
Robertson was especially eager to record the kinds of folk music
being performed in California that had not previously received
much attention. For example, she wanted to explore ethnic as well
as English-language musical traditions. In this, as well as in
her determination to produce a thorough ethnographic
documentation of the folk music she wished to record, she was far
ahead of her time.
The WPA Northern California Folk Music Project (1938-40) was
the result of her efforts. It was sponsored by the Music
Department of the University of California, Berkeley, and
cosponsored by the Library of Congress, the New Music Society,
and the Society of California Pioneers. The project became one of
the earliest attempts at conducting a large-scale ethnographic
survey of American folk music in a defined region. Its scope was
broad and went well beyond the thirty-five hours of instantaneous
sound recordings she made on 12-inch acetate discs. One third of
the recordings represented English-language material, and the
other two thirds the music of numerous ethnic groups, primarily
European, including Armenians, Basques, Croatians, English,
Finns, Hungarians, Icelanders, Italians, Norwegians, Russian
Molokans, and Scots (from both Cape Breton Island, Canada, and
the Hebrides Islands, Scotland). There was also Portuguese music
from the Azores, Spanish music from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the
Asturias region of Spain, not to mention recordings of Spanish-
speaking settlers whose forefathers had come to California
beginning in the 1600s. In addition, 168 photographs of the
musicians and their instruments were made, and field
documentation of numerous kinds and textures was gathered.
The Library of Congress Folk Archive supplied Robertson with
blank acetate discs, with the provision that the original copies
of the sound recordings, once made, be returned to the Library.
Through the sponsorship of the University of California-Berkeley
Music Department, Robertson's project received support for space
and equipment on campus. And, because she conceived her
collecting project as belonging to the fields of anthropology,
sociology, literature, and music, Robertson made contacts with
interested faculty members in a variety of university departments
who agreed to serve on its advisory panel.
Once the official sponsors were lined up, Robertson was able
to apply for WPA funds to hire personnel. The trick within the
WPA was to devise a project that could keep twenty staff persons
busy--both to provide socially useful work to those on the relief
rolls and to justify the hiring of a supervisor. With Robertson's
ingenuity, a whole range of activities associated with the
collection of folk music was proposed that convinced the Northern
California WPA office that her project might succeed.
Robertson had an uncanny knack for unearthing WPA staff who
could actually assist her in her project. One of her most
valuable fieldworkers was a Mr. Devere, who had had a dairy route
in Contra Costa County and who led her to numerous fine contacts
in that area. On the WPA staff were also Alice Lemos Avila, a
performer from the Azores who had hosted radio music shows for
the Portuguese community in Oakland; several Spanish speakers
familiar with music being recorded on the project; and an
Armenian ethnomusicologist.
The California Folk Music Project opened officially on
October 28, 1938, at 2108 Shattuck Avenue in Berkeley. Robertson
sought out all the performers and researched and recorded all of
the music herself. She also supervised the WPA personnel hired to
catalog and index the collection and to make photographs and
scale drawings of some of the instruments. WPA workers produced
catalogs of the sound recordings and a printed checklist of
English-language California songs. They compiled bibliographies
of many kinds and made photostats of California mission music and
old California songsters from several library collections. The
WPA staff also transcribed the texts of many English-, Spanish-,
and Portuguese-language songs and noted variants in the
literature.
After seventeen months, plans for extending and expanding
the California Folk Music Project had to be given up when the
expected WPA funding was not renewed in time for the project to
go forward. Robertson had hoped that the continuation of the
project would allow for recording and documenting the performance
of non-Western music in Northern California, including
performances by Asians, South and Central Americans, and Middle
Easterners.
An ethnographic collection is never solely a grouping of sound
recordings or cultural items--it also reflects the personality,
expectations, sense of humor, and point of departure of its
collector. In this, the California collection is no different--
and because of Robertson's fine documentary methods and lively
prose, we have an excellent record not only of what she was
looking for but also what she gathered as a result. Robertson was
a perceptive ethnographer, eager to reflect upon what she
recorded and to muse about what meaning the music she collected
had for her performers.
Robertson has written about the field situation and how she
conceived her role as collector on this project. As she put it:
I never asked the singers to sing for me or for the government
except as a preservation project. And I was never demanding of
them if they didn't want to sing, we skipped it for the present,
and almost without exception, they revived the subject later
themselves. I was careful, just as a matter of good manners, not
to say "I want."5
Robertson honored any restrictions her performers placed on
duplicating their recordings. In fact, she became protective of
all the recordings, even long after they had been made.
Robertson's ethical standards served her well. The respect she
gave her performers earned their trust and appreciation and
resulted in their cooperation with her efforts.
Robertson was also interested in documenting folk musical
performance in its normal context--not merely in recording
individual songs as separate items, as had been done by many
early collectors. Some of her folk music collecting ideas and
methods for documenting the cultural background of the music
being performed were no doubt forged through discussions with
Charles Seeger--though it seems that Robertson actually applied
many of the ideas that Seeger merely wrote or spoke about.
Robertson's fieldwork and correspondence consistently reflect her
keen interest in capturing a wide range of details about the
environment in which the music was performed and the functions it
served in community life.
Robertson had excellent rapport with many of the persons she
recorded in California. In less than two years, she gained entry
into the lives and performance styles of many musicians. There
were thirty-one English-language and seventy-five foreign-
language performers recorded by Robertson during the project. In
an unpublished paper entitled "Folk Music in California,"
prepared prior to the WPA project, Robertson wrote:
How does one find songs? They are everywhere at hand. A man
changing a tire on Shattuck Avenue in Berkeley last month sang an
old ballad as he worked, and was startled by an urgent request to
repeat it so it could be written down. A receipt for a bill paid
to a Railway Express delivery man was signed with a Basque name;
this led to a whole nest of songs . . . And one man in Shasta
County offered to "outsing the gas tank" if he might ride along
to Fresno.6
The recordings Robertson made are wide-ranging in character and
offer a truly ethnographic perspective of northern California
folk music. Robertson was eager to record ethnic music and her
California collection is remarkable in this respect. In fact,
before the field recordings she made in the Midwest and then in
California, there are few examples of ethnographically documented
ethnic music made in the United States that include much beyond
African American and Native American music.
Robertson's California recordings are also varied in style
and origin, not adhering to strict folk music-collecting
conventions of the time regarding whether a song was considered
authentically "traditional" or not. As she put it in an article
she wrote in 1940 about the WPA project,
"California" folk music was defined in the widest possible sense
as any music--song or dance tune--which is orally transmitted and
current in California in 1938.7
She did not restrict what her performers wanted to record, and
because of that policy we are able to hear both popular and
traditional melodies performed at the time, a cross-section of
home-grown music-making traditions.
Among the English-language songs, one finds, for example,
tunes from the California Gold Rush era, Barbary Coast songs,
ragtime melodies, Cornish sailors' shanties, and popular songs
from the turn of the century. There is also music of recent
migrants from the Midwest, such as the Ford brothers from
northern Wisconsin, who came to work in the CCC camps at the
Shasta Dam.
Included in the collection of foreign-language recordings
are examples of Hungarian salon music "composed" in the early
part of the century. There are also recent Icelandic songs about
emigrating to Vancouver, collected side by side with Old Norse
rimur said to stem from the twelfth century in Iceland. The
collection includes traditional Gaelic love songs, Hungarian
Christmas carols, Armenian dance melodies on a variety of
instruments, Spanish-Californian mission music, Dalmatian oral
epic, and melismatic Russian Molokan hymns from a San Francisco
congregation. Robertson sought to record what people were singing
at the time--not just the songs they remembered from the past.
In the California project, she also took advantage of a
variety of contexts that allow us to hear where and how the music
she recorded was being performed. For example, Robertson recorded
popular tunes played by a band at a Mexican wedding, songs sung
at a Hungarian New Year's Eve Party, and Gold Rush songs
performed in noisy Tuolumne County bars. She frequently asked
performers to introduce themselves and to say a few words about
the songs. Fieldnotes written on the dust jackets while
instantaneous recordings were being made are evocative and
illuminating. When George Vinton Graham forgot his words while
singing, Robertson jotted down that "Mr. Graham's gravity was
disturbed by the antics of the photographer."
Robertson also made detailed notes regarding the quality of
the recordings, such as "All the McCready recordings have a hum,
due to fan in Arizona Bar--the fan brought the temperature down
to 90 degrees at 6 p.m." While recording Sam Blackburn singing
"She's More to Be Pitied Than Censured," Robertson noted that the
record was made "in the milk house--occasional noises are due to
milk running over cooling pipes."
The Northern California WPA Folk Music Collection provides a
valuable set of recordings representing a range of traditional
and popular music collected during a specific era. This
collection, taken as a whole, also tells much about ethnographic
fieldwork at its best during the late 1930s--and the style and
character of a particular collector: the questions Robertson
posed about the music--where, when, and why it was performed; her
annotation of contextual details accompanying the field
recordings; her insistence on taking an ethical stance on behalf
of her performers; and her documentation of the making of folk
music not only through recordings, photographs, and drawings, but
also and most importantly, through her own ethnographic and
personal impressions.
The California Folk Music Project, available online as
"California Gold," gives us a glimpse of an energetic and capable
folk music collector who, through the Work Projects
Administration, had the opportunity to carry out an ambitious
folk music collecting project. Robertson's successes in the
California Folk Music Project fit well with the New Deal dynamism
and creativity that generated similar cooperative efforts meant
to document and validate the lives of exemplary, yet so often
unsung Americans.
_________________________________________________________________
"California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the '30s,"
a multi-format ethnographic field collection from the American
Folklife Center's Archive of Folk Culture, has just been made
available online through the National Digital Library Program of
the Library of Congress
(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem//afccchtml/cowhome.html). This
elaborate online collection, drawn from the Sidney Robertson
Cowell California Folk Music Project, includes sound recordings,
still photographs, drawings, and manuscripts documenting the
musical traditions of a variety of European ethnic and English-
and Spanish-speaking communities in California. It comprises 35
hours of folk music recorded in 12 languages representing 185
musicians.
_________________________________________________________________
Notes
1. I will refer to Sidney Robertson Cowell as Sidney Robertson
because that was her name when she was most active as a folksong
collector--and before she became, in 1941, as she frequently
preferred to call herself, Mrs. Henry Cowell. Mrs. Cowell died in
1995, in Shady, New York.
2. Unpublished mss., Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife
Center, Library of Congress
3. These collections are also housed in the Archive of Folk
Culture.
4. Unpublished mss., Archive of Folk Culture
5. Unpublished mss., Archive of Folk Culture
6. Unpublished notes for mss. entitled "Folk Music in
California," prepared for potential sponsors of the California
Folk Music Project, p. 5.
7. Sidney Robertson Cowell, "The Recording of Folk Music in
California," CALIFORNIA FOLKLORE QUARTERLY 1, number 1 (19 ), p.
11.
Photo captions:
Sidney Robertson copying California Folk Music Project recordings
for the Library of Congress in the WPA project office, Berkeley,
California, early 1939. [photographer unknown]
"Some of the WPA personnel at work on the California Folk Music
Project, Berkeley, California, 1938. Sidney Robertson is sitting
just beyond the first window on the left, against the partition."
[This is Robertson's own caption for this photo, which she took.]
Mrs. Cruz Losada, Oakland, California, from San Juan Island,
Puerto Rico. A recent immigrant in 1939, she performed
unaccompanied Spanish songs for Sidney Robertson.
Myrtle B. Wilkinson playing tenor banjo, Turlock, California.
Mrs. Wilkinson was the accompanist for Mrs. Ben Scott, fiddle, on
Anglo-American tunes. [photographer unknown]
Son of a 49er and former singer of minstrel songs for medicine
show performances, Ben Pitts, from Pine Grove, Eldorado County,
also played guitar. Pitts recorded old American dance and
medicine show tunes with Leonard W. Jones on harmonica. Photo by
Sidney Robertson
John and Pen McCready, Groveland, Tuolumne County. John and Pen
are two of three brothers, born in Kansas, who came to California
to make a living mining. They made music and sang together for
much of their lives, performing Anglo-American music, including
many tunes from the Gold Rush era. Robertson adds: "They lived
also in northeast Arkansas and Colorado, which they left to come
to California to escape the snow! (It is 3'-6' deep in Tuolumne
County in the winter." [photographer unknown]
New Endangered Music Project Releases Feature Music from Brazil
The American Folklife Center, in cooperation with Rykodisc and
360 Productions, is pleased to announce the release of two new
albums in the Endangered Music Project series: THE DISCOTECA
COLLECTION: MISSAO DE PESQUISAS FOLCLORICAS (Rykodisc RCD 10403)
and L.H. Correa de Azevedo: Music of Ceara and Minas Gerais
(Rykodisc RCD 10404).
These historical collections of field recordings were made
in the late 1930s and early 1940s and are now part of the
Folklife Center's Archive of Folk Culture. The albums were
coproduced by Alan Jabbour, director of the Center, and Mickey
Hart, the renowned percussionist whose series of albums is making
available to new audiences the musical cultures of many regions
of the world. All material has been expertly transferred from the
original source discs by Michael Donaldson of the Library's
Recording Laboratory and mastered for release by Mickey Hart.
THE DISCOTECA COLLECTION is 1938-vintage field recordings
culled from the library of the Discoteca Pblica Municipal
(Municipal Public Recordings Collection), now known as the
Discoteca Oneyda Alvarenga, in So Paulo, Brazil. The Discoteca
dispatched a team to six states in northern and northeastern
Brazil to document regional folklore, ritual music, and dance.
The research expedition gathered recordings, musical instruments,
costumes, and ritual objects. The music they collected, much of
which accompanied ritual, social, and dramatic dance, is
primarily vocal, accompanied by various types of drums, bells,
rattles, shakers, and other assorted Brazilian percussion and
strings. The Library obtained its set of the recordings in an
early exchange project with the Discoteca.
The material on MUSIC OF CEARA AND MINAS GERAIS was recorded
in the early 1940s by Luiz Heitor Correa de Azevedo, a professor
of music and composer from Rio de Janeiro. Azevedo's involvement
in the study of folk culture began in 1937 and led to his being
appointed to a chair in National Folklore at Rio's National
Institute of Music. In 1941 he visited Washington, D.C., as a
guest of the Pan-American Union and returned to Brazil with
recording equipment lent to him by the Library of Congress. He
then began to undertake arduous expeditions through Brazil
documenting a great variety of his country's folk music. The
northern and central Brazilian songs in this collection are
performed on shaker, wooden box, claps, strings, bell, friction
drum, guitar, and other instruments. The music Azevedo recorded
documents the root traditions of Brazilian music that would later
attract worldwide attention.
Many people helped make these compact-disc productions
possible. Kenneth Bilby and Max Derrickson began the process by
scouting among the Archive's collections for candidates for
release, then by undertaking much of the preliminary auditioning
and background research on the two collections finally chosen.
Ethnomusicologist Morton Marks wrote the general essays and
musicological analysis that appear in the booklets accompanying
each CD and assisted the project during various stages of its
development. Jose Eduardo Azevedo, who is affiliated with the
Discoteca Oneyda Alvarenga in So Paulo, provided very helpful
annotations and corrections of the textual material in the
Discoteca Collection booklet, and Discoteca director Miriam Edith
Bolsoni and chief archivist Cristina M. Marinho provided useful
coordination. Staff at the Rio de Janeiro field office of the
Library of Congress--especially Pamela Howard-Reguindin and
Carmen Muricy--served as expert translators and facilitators of
communications between Washington and Brazil during the many
stages of the project's development, and Ieda Siqueira Wiarda of
the Library's Hispanic Division also assisted in matters of
translation.
MISSO DE PESQUISAS FOLCLORICAS and MUSIC OF CEARA AND MINAS
GERAIS are available in the world music sections of fine retail
outlets nationwide or from Rykodisc mail order: 1-888-2-EARFUL
(1-888-232-7385).
Caption:
Babacue musicians, Belem do Para, 1938. From the Discoteca
Collection booklet.
..............................................................
In the Recording Laboratory
By Alan Jabbour
..............................................................
The American Folklife Center has recently acquired six test
pressings drawn from a recording session with legendary blues
singer Robert Johnson (ca. 1911-38). "Test pressing" is the term
for a special disc made by a record company to audition a
performance they have recorded, often as a prelude to selecting
the disc for release. These test pressings came to the Library
from the Alan Lomax Archives. One disc (American Record Co. test
pressing DAL 400-1, recorded in Dallas, Texas, June 20, 1937)
contains a take of Robert Johnson's "Traveling Riverside Blues"--
a performance heretofore not known to exist, despite long and
intense interest in Johnson by collectors and musicians as a
pivotally important Mississippi Delta bluesman of the 1930s.
The disc containing the newly discovered take of "Traveling
Riverside Blues" has been included in the Library's exhibition
"American Treasures from the Library of Congress." Before
displaying it, the Library made a meticulous copy for
preservation purposes. When old disc recordings from the Archive
of Folk Culture are transferred onto tape for release on new
compact discs or by the public media, the Library relies on
expert sound engineers such as Michael Donaldson of the Library's
Recording Laboratory, pictured here transferring the Johnson test
pressing onto tape. The Recording Laboratory has a distinguished
history of special expertise in the preservation of unique sound
recordings--often in unusual or obsolete formats. In recent years
Mike Donaldson's skills have been a key ingredient in sharing
with the public the wealth of documentary sound recordings in the
Archive of Folk Culture.
photo caption
Michael Donaldson, Senior Audio Production Specialist, in the
Recording Laboratory of the Library's Motion Picture,
Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. Photo by James Hardin
In the Folklife Reading Room
Folklife Reference Specialist Judith Gray interviewing
anthropologist William Fenton in the Folklife Reading Room,
November 19, 1997. Fenton is known particularly as a student of
Iroquois culture and made recordings for the Library of Congress
in 1941 and 1945. Acknowledging that he never fully comprehended
the idiosyncracies of the recording apparatus the Library sent
out with him, Fenton credits the quality of the Seneca, Onondaga,
Oneida, and Cayuga recordings made at Allegany Reservation in New
York and Six Nations Reserve in Canada to the ingenuity of
Iroquois individuals who worked with him. Some of these
recordings were compiled for the Library's FOLK MUSIC OF THE
UNITED STATES series of LPs: SONGS OF THE IROQUOIS LONGHOUSE (AFS
L6), published in 1942; and SENECA SONGS FROM COLDSPRING
LONGHOUSE (AFS L17), published in 1948. Photo by James Hardin
Dr. Hilaire Valiquette, Keres linguist and consultant; Ms.
Rebecca Lucario, Acoma Language Retention Project director; and
Ms. Donna Boynton, Acoma Language Retention Project consultant,
(left to right) research language material from the Center's
Acoma collections, November 12, 1997. The project is based in
Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. Photo by David Taylor
Back Cover:
Mrs. Cruz Losada, Oakland, California, 1939. Mrs. Losada
performed Spanish songs for Sidney Robertson Cowell, who
collected traditional American music for the Works Projects
Administration from 1938 to 1940. A portrait of Mrs. Cowell and
her career begins on page
| en |
converted_docs | 756377 | Required Report - public distribution
**Date:** 3/15/2004
**GAIN Report Number:** TH4030
TH4030
**Thailand**
**HRI Food Service Sector**
**Report**
**2004**
**Approved by:**
Rodrick McSherry, Agricultural Counselor
U.S. Embassy, Bangkok
**Prepared by:**
Sukanya Sirikeratikul, Agricultural Marketing Specialist
**Report Highlights:**
Thailand is Southeast Asia's second largest economy and its economy has
shown remarkable improvement with forecast growth of 9 percent for year
2004. Thailand imported \$80 million in consumer oriented foods from the
U.S. in 2002, up 22 percent over 2001's \$65 million. The HRI food
service sector comprises approximately 150,000 outlets including some
100,000 restaurants and more than 5,000 hotels and resorts. Thai
consumer expenditure on food at all food service outlets was estimated
to be \$5.7 billion in 2001.
Includes PSD Changes: No
Includes Trade Matrix: No
Annual Report
Bangkok \[TH1\]
\[TH\]
**TABLE OF CONTENTS**
#
[SECTION I: MARKET SUMMARY 3](#section-i-market-summary)
[Market Overview 3](#market-overview)
[Tourism Industry 3](#tourism-industry)
[Hospitality Industry 8](#hospitality-industry)
[Restaurant Industry 10](#restaurant-industry)
[Catering Service Business 11](#catering-service-business)
[SECTION II: MARKET OPPORTUNITIES 12](#section-ii-market-opportunities)
[SECTION III: ROAD MAP FOR MARKET ENTRY
15](#section-iii-road-map-for-market-entry)
[SECTION IV: BEST MARKET PROSPECTS
15](#section-iv-best-market-prospects)
[SECTION V: CONTACT INFORMATION 16](#section-v-contact-information)
#
#
#
#
#
#
# SECTION I: MARKET SUMMARY
## Market Overview
Thailand is Southeast Asia's second largest economy and its economy has
shown remarkable improvement with growth forecast to be 9 percent for
2004 following growth of 6.3 percent in 2003. Domestic spending and a
rebound in exports bolstered the renewed growth that occurred in 2003.
Higher consumer confidence resulting from falling unemployment and
rising farm and non-farm incomes will boost consumption expenditures,
which will have positive effect on the HRI sector. Per capita income
increased from \$1,831 in 2001 to \$1,992 in 2002. The Baht firmed in
2003, with the baht reference rate averaging 39.90 to the U.S. dollar in
November 2003, considerably stronger than the 43.00 recorded in 2002.
Due to the excess liquidity of Thai banks and financial institutions,
special promotional packages of personal loans and credit facilities are
being introduced to the Thais, especially the low to middle income
segment. This "easier credit" has stimulated the purchasing power of
Thai consumers, changed the buying and consumption pattern, helped
encourage Thai people to eat out more and is pushing, led the growth in
the overall foodservice market.
Thailand imported \$80 million in consumer oriented foods from the U.S.
in 2002, up 22 percent over 2001's \$65 million. Thailand's large HRI
food service sector comprises approximately 150,000 outlets including
some 100,000 restaurants and more than 5,000 hotels and resorts. Hotels,
resorts, restaurants and institutional service are heavy users of
imported food for food preparation and ready-to-eat meals at
restaurants, catering services for airlines and cruise lines. Thai
consumer expenditure on food at all food service outlets was estimated
at \$5.7 billion for 2001.
## Tourism Industry
In general, the tourism industry has recovered since the beginning of
2002 as foreign tourists returned to Thailand. At the same time, this
sector also benefited from the continued efforts of the government to
promote tourism in Thailand. With over 323 billion Baht (US\$ 7.5
billion) in tourism revenue in 2002, representing about 6% of
Thailand\'s GDP, the tourism industry holds an important role in
generating income and growth for the country. Thailand's diverse
geography offers a tremendous range of adventures and activities for
tourists such as diving, sailing, trekking, golfing, cave explorations,
and rock climbing. This helps make Thailand one of the world's most
favorite tourist destinations, with nearly 11 million tourists visiting
Thailand in 2002 (up by 7.3 percent from the previous year). They were
staying longer, too, for about 8 days on average. Average hotel
occupancy rate was 61 percent. Approximately 58 percent of the tourists
came from East Asia, with a large increase in the number of tourists
from neighboring countries, namely Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Hong
Kong and Korea. Tourists from Europe and the United States showed stable
growth and accounted for 22.77 and 5.98 percent of the total number of
tourists, respectively.
{width="5.784027777777778in"
height="3.377083333333333in"}
{width="5.9125in" height="2.2354166666666666in"}
Due to the effect of the conflict in Iraq and the SARS phenomenon, it is
projected that, for the whole year of 2003, foreign tourist arrivals
declined by 10.15 percent to 9.70 million, with total tourism revenue
estimated at 290 billion Baht (\$6.7 billion). However, these arrivals
figures should accelerate again. By the end of 2004 the number of
tourists is anticipated to reach 12 million, an increase of 32.56
percent from 2003. This is due to the continual launch through 2003 and
2004 of various aggressive marketing campaigns by the Tourism Authority
of Thailand that are aimed at promoting the tourism industry of
Thailand. The goal is to turn the country into the tourism hub of Asia
by 2006 by offering a variety of tourist products, emphasizing the
distinctive hospitality of the Thai culture; focusing on eco-tourism as
it develops into a new global trend; and by targeting the youth market
and the luxury, up-scale tourist segment.
{width="5.995138888888889in"
height="6.017361111111111in"}
**No. of Tourists Arrivals in Phuket 2002**
--------------- ------------------ ----------------- -------------------
**Location** **Thai Tourists** **International **Total**
Tourists**
Patong 652,168 (56%) 1,300,128 (46%) 1,952,296 (49%)
Kata 290,592 (25%) 678,244 (24%) 968,836 (24%)
Karon 259,223 (22%) 550,837 (20%) 810,060 (20%
Ampur Mueng 189,996 (16%) 773,819 (27%) 960,815 (24%)
Phromthep 424,208 (36%) 198,194 (7%) 622,402 (16%)
--------------- ------------------ ----------------- -------------------
{width="5.995833333333334in" height="6.40625in"}
{width="5.996527777777778in"
height="6.440277777777778in"}
Thailand has developed into a major convention and incentive destination
for the Asian Region, competing with Singapore and Hong Kong. The number
of arrivals for convention purposes increased from 89,677 in 2001 to
106,853, or by 19.15%, in 2002. During mid-October of 2003, Thailand was
the host country of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum,
which culminates in a summit of heads of state, ministers and chief
executive officers from 22 countries. It is anticipated that this
meeting will induce more investment from other APEC member countries and
generate more business opportunities in Thailand. The plans to establish
the Meeting, Incentive, Convention and Exhibition (MICE) Bureau and new
two convention centers in Chiang Mai and Phuket also help to increase
the competitive advantage of Thailand.
###
###
### International Conventions/Meetings in Thailand
------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------
**1999** **2000** **2001** **2002** **2003\*** **2004\***
No of Events 914 1,324 1,066 1,292 1,373 1,469
\% Change 13.8 44.9 -19.5 21.2 6.3 7.0
No. of Foreign 77,205 98,895 102,953 114,800 129,657 146,632
Participants
\% Change 15.2 28.1 4.1 11.5 12.9 13.1
------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------
Source: the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT)
\* Estimates by TAT
The trend in the Thailand tourism industry in 2004 is expected to show
an increasing growth rate, and the HRI industry in general is expected
to achieve a higher growth rate of approximately 3-5%. The MICE market
is forecast to expand more due to heightened awareness of Thailand's
attractions after the APEC events of 2003, when Thailand was the host of
the regional group for the year.
## Hospitality Industry
The hotel business trend of 2004 is expected to see an increasing
occupancy rate of 8 percent with an expected occupancy rate at 66%.
Bangkok hotels should have a higher occupancy up about 8 percent. The
northern part of Thailand should grow by 6-7 percent due to many
promotional activities by TAT and the arrival of two Giant Pandas loaned
by the Chinese Government for research and display at the Chiang Mai
Zoo. Southern Thailand is predicted to have an occupancy rate of 65-70
percent, mainly in Phuket, Krabi, Koh Samui and Pang Nga. However, the
oversupply of the hotel rooms in Phuket will keep the occupancy rate
level for this province.
{width="6.648611111111111in" height="5.08125in"}
With a number of leading international hotel chains entering the Thai
market, such as Ritz Carton hotel, Raffles hotel, W brand hotel since
mid 2003, existing hotels are readjusting their marketing strategies by
focusing more on revenues received from food and beverage sales. Room
revenues will be difficult to maintain due to the increase in hotel room
rates, forecast to be approximately 20% higher than year 2003. For the
4-5 star hotels with 400 rooms or more, food and beverage sales accounts
for about 40% of total revenues. It is estimated that the hotel food and
beverage market will grow at least 8-12 percent in year 2004. It is
noticeable that at present the 4-5 star hotels have tried to avoid
rate-undercutting as they realized that it was not only negatively
impact the return on investment but it also hurt their image. It is
anticipated that, at least 5 billion baht (\$125 million) will be
invested by 4-5 star hotels, as most of them will be competing on the
standard and quality of their recreational, meeting and dining rooms.
The entire HRI sector sources about 30-35 percent of their food products
via imports, with the remainder locally produced; the U.S. has
approximately 20 percent of the imported product share. U.S. beef,
fruits, lobster, fish, crab, seasonings, wine etc are well known in the
hotel/restaurant trade and with airline catering companies.
{width="5.871527777777778in" height="5.85in"}
## Restaurant Industry
The restaurant industry in Thailand continues to show high growth
throughout 2004 in line with the overall economic growth and the higher
levels of Thai consumer confidence, which translates into increased
spending on restaurants and other food services.
Restaurant Businesses in Thailand can be divided into three categories
as follow:
1\. [Quick Service Restaurant]{.underline} It is estimated that the
total market value for this business segment is estimated to be around
U.S.\$375-500 Million. The market is mainly dominated by the franchising
businesses, which are chicken (40%), burger (20%), pizza (15%), ice
cream (10%), and others (15%). The examples of QSRs currently operating
in Thailand are KFC, McDonalds, the Pizza company, Pizza Hut, Burger
King, Dairy Queen, A&W, Chester's Grill, Subway, etc. At present, the
QSR sector in Thailand has encountered some effects from the consumer
trend towards more healthy products as most Thai consumers perceive that
fast food products contain less valuable nutrition than ordinary Thai
food. In addition to this, the growth of the QSR restaurant segment has
also been hindered by the expansion of local SMEs restaurants (see
below) into hypermarkets and department stores.
**Growth of the Thai Quick Serve Restaurant Market (2003-2005)**
-------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------
**2003** **2004** **2005**
Restaurant Sales (Mil. U.S. 5,750 6,095 6,461
Dollar)
QSR Market Size (Mil. U.S. 338 371 408
Dollar)
QSR Market Share (%) 5.9 6.1 6.3
-------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------
Source: Industry estimates
###
### Comparative Market Share in the Thai QSR Market
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| **(Revenue in Mil. | ** | | ** | | ** | |
| U.S. Dollar)** | 2000** | | 2001** | | 2002** | |
| | | | | | | |
| | (\$ | | (\$ | | (\$ | |
| | 1=Baht | | 1=Baht | | 1=Baht | |
| | 40.16) | | 44.48) | | 42.96) | |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| | **Rev | * | **Rev | * | **Rev | * |
| | enue** | *(% | enue** | *(% | enue** | *(% |
| | | )** | | )** | | )** |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Pizza | 35 | 1 | 39 | 1 | 53 | 1 |
| | | 2.6 | | 4.2 | | 7.3 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Chicken | 117 | 4 | 112 | 4 | 117 | 3 |
| | | 2.1 | | 0.7 | | 8.2 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Hamberger | 49 | 1 | 50 | 1 | 52 | 1 |
| | | 7.6 | | 8.2 | | 7.0 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Ice Cream | 29 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 33 | 1 |
| | | 0.4 | | 0.5 | | 0.8 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Other (incl. | 48 | 1 | 45 | 1 | 51 | 1 |
| Sizzler) | | 7.3 | | 6.4 | | 6.7 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
| Total Market | 278 | 10 | 275 | 10 | 306 | 10 |
| | | 0.0 | | 0.0 | | 0.0 |
+----------------------+--------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+
Source: Ministry of Commerce and industry estimates
2\. [International/High-end Restaurant]{.underline} The sector that
occupies the highest growth in restaurant industry with the market value
not less than U.S.\$ 250 Million.
3\. [Small Restaurant (SMEs-Small Medium Enterprises]{.underline}) Most
of new entrepreneurs who want to have their own restaurants will first
enter into this market as SME-type restaurants due to the low initial
investment required to start up this type of business. The industry
estimates that the market size for this sector will be greater than
U.S.\$ 250 million in 2004.
**Income and percentage of food consumption**
------------------------ --------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
**Units** **1999** **2000** **2001** **2002**
Per capita income **\$/capita** 1,986 1,958 1,831 1,992
\% of disposable income **Percent** 33.3 32.2 33.9 33.6
spent on food
\% spent eating out **Percent** 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.7
------------------------ --------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
The increasing numbers of new restaurants and their popularity among
consumers have taken market share from the hotels' F&B outlets. General
restaurants have been replaced in the market by restaurant chains such
as S&P, Black Canyon, MK Suki, Seefah restaurant, Oishi, Fuji, Zen, etc.
Currently, Thailand possesses over 1,000 fast food branches nationwide
(KFC has 395 outlets, McDonalds 100, MK Suki 164, The Pizza Company 156,
Pizza Hut 143, S&P 50, S&P Bakery Shops 97, Chester's Grill 90, Burger
King 16, Sizzler 23, Auntie Anne's 36, Swensen's 96, Dairy Queen 155).
Fast food products are made available in an increasing number of outlets
and have become more popular as nowadays most Thai consumers can
purchase lunch boxes, burgers, hot and cold drinks and ready-to-eat
foods in convenience stores or supermarkets near their workplace or
home. Recently, the growth of fast food outlets has decreased, mainly
due to the change in Thai consumers' eating habits to include more
health and ethnic cuisine. Japanese foods are emerging as a popular type
of foreign food in Thailand, while Japanese culture is widely
appreciated and adopted among Thai teenagers. Since Thai consumers
tended to eat less beef, many burger chains have diversified their menus
to include chicken, fish, and vegetables to accommodate local tastes.
## Catering Service Business
The Thai catering market has become increasingly concentrated and
competitive among hotels and the restaurant sector. Catering businesses
are ranged from small to large-scale businesses and are categorized into
four categories: contract caterers (Compass Group, F&B International
Co.), airline and exhibition caterers (Thai Airways International Plc.,
Siam Flight, Gate Gourmet (Thailand) Ltd., BITEC, Impact Arena), hotels
and medium-high end restaurants, and local small caterers. It is
estimated that there are more than 200 local caterers, which are managed
by owner-proprietors and family members provide catering services
focused only on clients in some particular geographic area and some
special functions such as local wedding ceremonies, birthday parties,
seminars, as on new house ceremonies, etc.
Some of the medium-sized catering services infrequently import directly,
usually purchasing through recognized and established importers and
distributors. The target groups of the contract catering services in
Thailand are the customers at workplaces, ranging from employee
restaurants to executive dining. These clients include local, national
and international organizations; military services; hotels; hospitals;
office buildings and airlines. Hospitals, office buildings, and large
factories are providing more cafeterias or food court for their staff
and customers. These contract-catering services use both local and
imported food products, depending upon their customers' requirement.
Approximately 10 percent of these menus use imported products such as
french fries, beef, salmon, lamb, sauces and seasonings, cheese, fresh
fruits, seafood, turkey, and a variety of beverages. For Thai Airways,
which is a government enterprise, it has to comply with the government's
objective of promoting Thai products. Thai Airways, Siam Flight and Gate
Gourmet use approximately 20 percent of imported food for their airline
catering service.
{width="6.25in" height="3.8472222222222223in"}
# SECTION II: MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
- Thailand, covering 198,114 square miles, is situated in the heart of
Southeast Asia and is considered the gateway to Indochina. Thailand
borders Laos in the north and northeast, Burma in the north and
west, the Andaman Sea in the west, Cambodia and the Gulf of Thailand
in the east, and Malaysia in the south. There is a population of
63.5 million at the end of 2002. Theravada Buddhism is the national
religion and is actively practiced by about 95% of Thais, with the
remainder practicing Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and other faiths.
About 51.83 million Thais are over 13 years old and approximately,
31.14 million are male.
- The size of the work force now exceeds 34 million, with the majority
of the workforce under 30 years of age.
- The minimum wage in Thailand is currently 169 baht per day
(US\$3.93) in Bangkok, and between 133-168 baht (US\$3.10-3.91) per
day in other provinces.
**Minimum Daily Wage**
---------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------
**Provinces** **Baht/Day** **\$/Day**
Phuket 168 3.91
Bangkok, Samut Prakarn, Pathum Thani, Nakhon 169 3.93
Pathom, and Samut Sakhon
Nontaburi 167 3.89
Chonburi 150 3.49
Saraburi 148 3.45
Nakonratchasima 145 3.38
Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Ranong 143 3.33
Rayong 141 3.28
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 139 3.24
Krabi and Ang Thong 138 3.21
Chachoengsao, Lamphun and Sukhothai 137 3.19
Khon Kaen, Buriram and Phetchaburi 136 3.17
Kanchanaburi, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, 135 3.14
Chantaburi, Chumphon, Chainat, Trad, Nakhon
Panom, Narathiwat, Prachin Buri, Phetchabun,
Ratchaburi, Songkla, Singbusi, Surat Thani,
Nong Bua Lumphu, and Uthai Thani
Nakhon Nayok 134 3.12
The rest of the country 133 3.10
---------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------
Source: Bank of Thailand (\$1 = 42.96 Baht)
- Given the economic importance of the Thai restaurant, hotel and
catering services sector, this sector represents a good potential
for U.S. products.
- Literate population due to comprehensive schooling, increased
overseas studies, international travel, access to internet and cable
TV;
- Over 10 percent of total population lives in Bangkok, which accounts
for 90 percent of the sales of fast moving consumer goods;
- Most of medium and high-income people live in the major cities,
including Bangkok, Phuket, Chantaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,
Chonburi, Hat Yai, Khon Kaen, Nakorn Ratchasima, Pattaya,
Petchaburi, Ratchaburi, Samui Island, Surat Thani, Ubon Ratchatahni
and Udon Thani;
- A stable and stronger Baht in 2003 led to an increase in imported
consumer-oriented food products from the U.S;
- Over the past few years, Thais living in urban areas are relatively
brand conscious and their shopping behavior has moved away from the
traditional open-air wet markets to modern supermarkets and shopping
centers which offer them convenience and a wide selection of
products in a modern experience;
- High growth in the number of hotels, resorts and other tourist
accommodations continues to lead to an increase in the number of
imported food items to support more tourists;
- Hotels and international restaurants play an important role in
increasing consumer awareness about U.S. products, which may not be
commonplace in the retail market e.g. certain types of seafood, etc.
- Changing eating habits of Thais are helping to grow the restaurant
business in Thailand. Consumers are now eating out more frequently,
whenever they want to.
- Upper and middle-income groups in Thailand like to spend money on
food, especially during the holidays, and also for daily
consumption. Consumption of imported food products peak during New
Year, Christmas, Chinese New Year and the Thai New Year seasons as
gifts of food are given, especially consumer products such as
coffee, tea, milk, snack food, jelly, jam, crackers, nuts, fruit
juice, wine, beer, whisky, health food and fresh fruit;
- Continuous increases in the number of health-conscious consumers is
leading to higher demand for health and functional food and drinks;
- Thai consumers view U.S.-origin foods and beverages as high quality
and consistent products, for instance: U.S. beef, french fries,
dried and fresh fruit, nuts, fruit juice, jams, and other products
are always rated by local consumers as the best in the world.
However, this perspective does not apply to all U.S. products as
some local consumers still prefer wine from France, for example.
**Advantages and challenges facing US products in Thailand**
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Advantages** | **Challenges** |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Many varieties of superior | \- U.S. exporters don't know much |
| U.S. high quality agricultural | about the Thai market and at the |
| products from fresh to processed | same time severe competition from |
| food. | China, Australia, New Zealand, |
| | Japan and other neighboring |
| \- Excellent opportunities exist | countries impedes the entry of |
| for U.S. products targeting niche | U.S. products |
| markets | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Increase of per capita income | \- U.S. products are not always |
| from \$1,831 in 2001 to \$1,992 | price-competitive compared to |
| in 2002 | imports from other Asian |
| | countries due to high tariffs, |
| \- GDP for 2004 is projected at 8 | shipping costs and time to |
| percent | Thailand |
| | |
| \- Increase in Thai consumers' | |
| preference for higher quality | |
| products | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | \- The bilateral free trade |
| | agreement between Thailand and |
| | other countries, particularly |
| | China, Australia, and India, |
| | induces the import of more |
| | low-price products from these |
| | trade partners |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Local Thai consumers view | \- Local manufacturers can |
| US-origin products as high | improve or change quality of |
| quality and safe and are | products, tastes or packaging |
| confident in U.S. foods and | sizes according to changes in |
| beverages consistency | consumer behavior and can lower |
| | production cost |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Eating style of Thai people is | \- Lack of continuous promotion |
| changing to include more imported | of U.S. varieties in Thai market. |
| food items | Exporters need to support market |
| | promotion campaigns to attract |
| | and build new markets |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Increase in niche markets with | \- Market penetration for |
| higher incomes and high premium | imported products is concentrated |
| product preferences | in Bangkok and major |
| | tourist-destination provinces |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- The booming tourism industry | \- American style mass food |
| is ratcheting up demand for HRI | products produced locally cost |
| products, especially U.S. beef, | less |
| turkey, seafood, wine and | |
| seasonings which can be used in | |
| American, French, Japanese and | |
| other international style | |
| restaurants | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Reliable supply of U.S. | \- Thai government's policy and |
| agricultural products and | actions try to increase demands |
| advanced U.S. food processing | for Thai local products |
| technology | |
| | \- Food Safety concerns |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- A wide range of restaurants | \- Very high import tariffs on |
| and menus to meet demands of | high value consumer food and |
| tourists requires a wide variety | beverage products, especially |
| of products | U.S. meat products, wine, |
| | whiskies, cherries, peaches, |
| | plums, pears, French fries, etc. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Thai importers prefer to deal | \- Lack of trader and consumer |
| with reliable U.S. suppliers who | awareness of U.S. products, while |
| are able to supply products at | marketing costs to increase |
| competitive prices | consumer awareness are high |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \- Thailand's beneficial | -Due to the high import tariffs |
| geographical location is viewed | on U.S. products, most Thai |
| as a gateway to the larger | importers have shifted to import |
| Indochina and other Asian markets | less expensive products from |
| | other Asian countries, especially |
| | Australia, China, Malaysia, |
| | Singapore, etc. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
# SECTION III: ROAD MAP FOR MARKET ENTRY
#
Direct contact with local food service importers is the best entry
strategy for U.S. exporters. Hotels and resorts do not import food
directly in volumes to be attractive to U.S. exporters. It is easier for
hotels and resorts to order from food service importers because they
specialize in providing high quality U.S. products to the five-star
hotel and restaurant industry. Restaurants such as fast food chains or
family style restaurants also order and purchase imported food from food
service companies or from their affiliate companies who act as their
distributors. Five star hotels and resorts are the heavy users for U.S.
products. International food restaurants located in the prime areas of
Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Samui island, Phuket and Phi Phi island are
secondary recommendations for U.S. exporters. Direct contact with
catering services is highly recommended for first time market contact.
# SECTION IV: BEST MARKET PROSPECTS
Best market prospects for U.S. suppliers include:
- Fresh and frozen seafood such as fish, crab, shrimp, crawfish (fresh
and frozen), scallop, lobster, mussel, oyster, etc.
- U.S. beef, poultry, processed meats
- American spices, seasonings and sauces, jam and jelly, mayonnaise,
Salsa sauces, nuts (walnuts, hazel nuts, macadamia nuts), dried
fruits syrup, tortilla chips, and vinegar
- Baking products, flour, biscuits, ready-to-mix pancakes, cookies,
muffins and cakes
- Breakfast cereals
- Canned foods (soup, fruit and vegetables)
- Dairy products (cheese, cheese spread, cream cheese, whipped cream,
sour cream, cheese dip, ice-cream, dips)
- Fresh fruit and vegetables (radish, celery, carrots, apples, grapes,
cherries, kiwi fruit, avocados, blueberries, grapefruit, oranges)
- Frozen products (cakes, peas, vegetables, fruits)
- Fruit juice
- Wine, liquor, whisky and beer
# SECTION V: CONTACT INFORMATION
**Hotels and Resorts**
Bangkok Marriott Resort and Spa Hotel
257 Charoennakorn Road,
Bangkok 10600
Tel: 662-476-0022
Fax: 662-477-0811
www.marriotthotels.com/bkkth
Contact: Jonh Westoby, Director of Operations
Banyan Tree Bangkok
21/100 South Sathorn Road,
Sathorn, Bangkok 10120
Tel: 662-679-1200
Fax: 662-679-1188
www.banyantree.com
Contact: Scott Murray, Director of Food and Beverage
Conrad Hotel
All Seasons Place,
87 Wireless Road,
Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662 690 9999
Fax: 662 690 9000
www.conradhotels.com
Contact: Leon Dolle, Executive Assistant Manager
Dusit Thani Hotel
946 Rama IV Road,
Bangkok 10500
Tel: 662-236-9999
Fax: 662-236-6400
www.dusit.com
Contact: Frank Grassmann, Director of Food and Beverage
Four Seasons Hotel
155 Rajadamri Road,
Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-250-1000
Fax: 662-253-9195
www.fourseasons.com/bangkok
Contact: Robert Logan, Director of Food and Beverage
Grand Hyatt Erawan Bangkok
494 Rajdamri Road,
Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-254-1234
Fax: 662-254-6286
www.bangkok.hyatt.com
Contact: Chris Conway, Director of Food and Beverage
JW Marriott Hotel
4 Sukhumvit Road, Soi 2,
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-656-7707
Fax: 662-656-7711
www.marriott.com
Contact: Mr. Patrick Martinez, Acting F&B Director
Peninsula Hotel
333 Charoennakom Road
Klongsan Bangkok 10600
Tel: 662-861-2888
Fax: 662-861-1112
http://bangkok.peninsula.com
Contact: Eric Faivre, Director of Food and Beverage
Royal Orchid Sheraton Hotel
2 Captain Bush Lane, New Road,
Siphya, Bangkok 10500
Tel: 662-266-0123
Fax: 662-236-8320
Contact: Dario Orsini, Director of Food and Beverage
Shangri-La Hotel
89 Soi Wat Suan Plu,
New Road, Bangrak,
Bangkok 10500
Tel: 662-236-7777
Fax: 662-236-8579
www.shangri-la.com
Contact: Randel Linhart, Director of Food and Beverage
Sheraton Grande Sukhumvit Hotel
250 Sukhumvit Road
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-653-0333
Fax 662-653-0400
www.sheratongrandesukhumvit.com
Contact: Dennis J. Thouvard, Director of Food and Beverage
Sofitel Central Plaza Hotel
1695 Phaholyothin Rd,
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900
Tel: 662-541-1234
Fax: 662-541 1087
www.centralhotelsresorts.com
Contact: Herve Duprat, Director of Food and Beverage
Sukhothai Hotel
13/3 South Sathorn Road,
Bangkok 10120,
Tel: 662-287-0222
Fax: 662-287-4980
www.sukhothai.com
Contact: Anne-Marie Houston, F&B Manager
The Oriental Hotel
The Oriental, Bangkok 48 Oriental Avenue,
Bangkok 10500
Tel: 662-659-9000
Fax: 662-659 0000
www.mandarin-oriental.com/bangkok
Contact: Eric Weber, F&B Manager
**Restaurants**
13 Coins Restaurant
13 Coins Towers Ltd.
525/3 Ratchadapisek Road,
Huaykwang, Bangkok 10310
Tel: 662-274-1219
Fax: 662-274-1218
Contact: Somchai Nitiwanakul, Managing Director
Bourbon St. Bar and Restaurant
Texxan Co., Ltd.
29/4-6 Behind Washington Theatre
Sukhumvit Soi 22,
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-259-0328/9
Fax: 662-259-4318
www.bourbonstbkk.com
Contact: Douglas B. Harrison, Managing Director
Hamilton's Steak House
Dusit Thani Hotel
946 Rama IV Road,
Bangkok 10500
Tel: 662-236-9999
Fax: 662-236-6400
Contact: Frank Grassmann, Director of Food and Beverage
Hard Rock Café
424/1, 424/3-6 Siam Square Soi 11
Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-251-0792/94
Fax: 662-254-0832
www.hardrockcafe.co.th
Contact: James Choong, General Manager
Outback Steakhouse
OBS Restaurant Thailand Limited.
2^nd^ Floor Siam Discovery Centre
Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan
Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-658-0202
Fax: 662-658-0204
Contact: Ajay Verma, Proprietor
Neil's Tavern Restaurant
58/4 Soi Ruam Rudee,
Wireless Road, Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-256-6874-6
Fax: 662-650-9740
Contact: Pipat Pitsanusakorn, Managing Director
New York Steakhouse
2^nd^ Floor, JW Marriott Hotel
4 Sukhumvit Road, Soi 2,
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-656-7707
Fax: 662-656-7711
Contact: Mr. Patrick Martinez, Acting F&B Director
Park Avenue Steak House
Panumas Marketing & Distribution Co., Ltd.
G/F, Mercury Tower,
540 Ploenchit Road,
Bangkok 10330
Tel: 662-658-7722/3
Fax: 662-658-7892
Contact: Panumas Pornvarakorn, Proprietor
Roses Are Red (Steak and Seafood Restaurant)
413/5 Sukhumvit Soi 55
(Between Thonglor 23-25) Bangkok
Tel: 662-392-1881-2
Fax: 662-392-4530
Contact: Triphong Kohengkul, Managing Director
S & P Syndicate Public Company Limited
457-457/6 Soi Sukhumvit 55 Vadhana
Bangkok 101110
Tel: 662-381-3412
Fax: 662-381-2790
Seafood Palace International (Seafood Market and Restaurant)
Euro Emporium Co., Ltd.
348 Sukhumvit Road., Asoke Sq.,
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-653-1145-8, 653-3900/5
Fax: 662-653-1149
Contact: Nucha Kathapithak, General Manager
Tony Roma's
Mas Millennium (Thailand) Ltd.
87 Sukhumvit Road, Ground Floor,
Nai Lert Building
Klongtoey, Wattana
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-254-2912
Fax: 662-254-1326
Contact: Raymond Chow, General Manager
**Institutional/Catering Contacts**
Compass Group Services Co., Ltd.
100/1 Vorasombat Building, 11, Rama 9 Rd.,
Huaykwang, Bangkok 10320
Tel: 662-247-5720-5
Fax: 662-247-5726
Contact: Buranapap Unsaen, Acting Purchasing Manager
Hugues Reveille, Managing Director
Thai Airways International Plc.
Bangkok International Airport,
Donmuang, Bangkok 10210
Tel: 662-697-1128
Fax: 662-504-4057
Contact: Suchada Tiyavanich, Duty Manager Procurement Section
Siam Flight Services Ltd.
Bangkok International Airport
Vipavadee-Rangsit Road,
Donmuang, Bangkok 10210
Tel: 662-996-8881 ext. 150
Fax: 662-996-8889
Contact: Charunan Ratana-arporn, Purchasing Manager
Gate Gourmet (Thailand) Ltd.
71 Chaengwattana Road,
Kwaeng Talad Bangkhen,
Khet Laksi, Bangkok 10210
Tel: 662-521-8200-5
Fax: 662-521-1164
Contact: Supachai Sornthong, Assistant Supply Manager
Impact Arena Exhibition and Convention Center Muang Thong Thani
99 Popular Road, T. Banmai,
A. Pakkred, Nonthaburi 11120
Food and Beverage Department
Tel: 662-504-5050
Fax: 662-504-4444
Contact: Chawanich Sirisinghol, Food and Beverage Director
Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre
8 Bangna-Trad (Km.1),
Bangna, Bangkok 10260
Tel: 662-749-3939
Fax: 662-749-3959
Contact: Dana Caron, Food and Beverage Director
F&B International Co., Ltd.
Queen Sirikit National Convention Center
60 New Rachadapisek Road, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel: 662-229-3213
Fax: 662-229-3174
Contact: Pornchai Hoonsawadi, Acting General Manager
Anake Boontham, Food and Beverage Manager
**Food Service Importers**
Fine Food International Co., Ltd.
524/26 Soi 19 Rama 9 Road,
Huay Kwang, Bangkapi,
Bangkok 10310
Tel. 662‑319‑5274‑5
Fax. 662‑319‑7352
E‑mail: finefood@loxinfo.co.th
Contact: Pairat Rodjanaporn
Intermarco Co., Ltd.
50 Hajana Village
Srisena Rd., Phuket 83000
Tel. 66‑076‑253‑024
Fax. 66‑076‑216‑425
Contact: Ron Brandon, Managing Director
Pan food Co., Ltd.
3388/7 Sirirat Bldg. 2nd Floor,
Rama IV Rd., Klongton, Klong‑Toey
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662‑671‑5093, 672‑7982
Fax. 662‑671‑8454
E‑mail: panfood@hotmail.com
Contact: Vutikorn Daomanee, Managing Director
Siam Food Services
2439 Old Paknam Railway Rd.
Prakhanong, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662‑240‑4000 ext. 101
Fax. 662‑671‑8591
Contact: Pieter Nuboer, CEO
Superior Quality Food Co., Ltd.
50 Soi Pattanakarn 20,
Suanluang, Suanluang District,
Bangkok 10250
Tel. 662-720-0641-3
Fax. 662-720-0644
E-mail: nittokai@hotmail.com
Contact: Supharat Laopranichon, Managing Director
Tohkaiya Company Limited
33/89‑90 Moo 10, Thepharak Rd.,
K.M. 16, Bangplee,
Samutprakarn 10540
Tel. 662‑312‑1861‑2, 752‑5506‑7
Fax. 662‑750‑7370
Contact: S.S. Loo, Managing Director
#
# Beverage Importers
Ambrose Wine Limited
3/Flr., Bangkok Business Centre,
29 Sukhumvit 63 Road (Ekamai),
Klongton Nue, Wattana,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-714-2531-40
Fax. 662-714-2545
E-mail: wisanp@ambrosewine.com
Contact: Mr. Wisan Pijibandan, Marketing Director
Bangkok Beer and Beverage Co., Ltd.
193/54 Lake Rajada Office Complex
14^th^ Floor, Rajadapisek Road, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-661-9446-7
Fax. 662-661-9448
E-mail: pc@bbb.co.th
Contact: Mr. Pongchalerm Chalermsaphayakorn, Executive Director
Bangkok Liquor Co., Ltd.
3/1 Convent Road, Silom,
Bangkok 10500
Tel. 662-674-7901/2
Fax. 662-212-6890
E-mail: kiti@bangkokliquor.com
Contact: Mr. Kitti S.Chaikul
Berli Jucker Public Co., Ltd.
99 Soi Rubia, Sukhumvit 42 Road,
Phrakanong, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-367-1111
Fax. 662-712-2241
Email: bjcwine@berlijucker.co.th
Contact: Ms. Tassanee Luangpetchngam, Marketing Manager
Cannon Pacific Co., Ltd.
188/3 Soi Sukhumvit 63 (Ekamai),
Klongton Nua,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-391-6318
Fax. 662-391-6320
Contact: Mr. Ekachai Mahaguna, Managing Director
Cititex Enterprises Co., Ltd.
40/29 Moo 5, Karnchanapisek Road,
Bangbon, Bangkok 10150
Tel. 662-895-1761
Fax. 662-895-3958
Contact: Mr. Sithisak Chatamornwong, Managing Director
California Wine Co., Ltd, The
498-504 Sukhumvit 22, Besides Washington Theatre,
Sukhumvit Road, Klongton,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-260-5794-5
Fax. 662-260-5807
Contact: Mr. Sorasit Wongsantivanich, General Manager
Diethelm & Co., Ltd.
2439 Old Paknam Railway Road,
Klongton, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-672-5535-39 Ext 101
Fax. 662-672-2569
E-mail: kritkasp@spd.diethelm.co.th
Contact: Mr. Kritkasem Panyarachun, Sales & Marketing Manager,
Food/Special Products Div.
Italthai Industrial Co., Ltd.
2 Soi Soonvijai 3, New Petchburi Road,
Bangkapi, Huaykwang,
Bangkok 10320
Tel. 662-318-1617-22
Fax. 662-314-1809
E-mail: erik@italthaicellar.com
Contact: Mr. Erik Cornetet, Deputy Group Manager
Nicolas B.C. Co., Ltd.
36/9-10 Chaengwattana Road,
Thungsonghong, Laksi,
Bangkok 10210
Tel. 662-982-7178
Fax. 662-982-7760
Contact: Mr. Jajarindr Saochin, Managing Director
Splendid Surplus Co., Ltd.
27/17-18 Petchkasem Road,
Nongkhaem, Luksong,
Bangkok 10160
Tel. 662-807-4074
Fax. 662-807-4073
Contact: Mr. Thanis Potchapornkul, Managing Director
Vanichwathana (Bangkok) Co.,Ltd.
41 Anuwong Road,
Bangkok 10100
Tel. 662-222-2450
Fax. 662-224-8042
Mr. Vichai Kanchanasevee, Assistant Managing Director
V&K Inter Group Company
140/1 Soi Sukhumvit 4,
Sukhumvit Road, Klogntoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-656-8030/5
Fax. 662-656-8182/3
Contact: Mr. Dominique Forey, Managing Director
Mr. Kittipong Dechaampai, Managing Director
Wine Gallery
9/8 Sukhumvit Soi 44,
Klongton, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110
Tel. 662-261-4602
Fax. 662-261-4536
Contact: Ms. Wantana Loakulrak, General Manager
**POST CONTACT AND FURTHER INFORMATION**
The Foreign Agricultural Service in Bangkok maintains up-to-date
information covering food and agricultural import opportunities in
Thailand and would be pleased to assist in facilitating U.S. exports and
entry to the Thai market. Questions or comments regarding this report
should be directed to the Foreign Agricultural Service in Bangkok at the
following local or U.S. mailing address:
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Local]{.underline}: | [U.S. Mail]{.underline}: |
| | |
| Office of Agricultural Affairs | Office of Agricultural Affairs |
| | |
| U.S. Embassy | U.S. Embassy, Box 41 |
| | |
| 120-122, Wireless Road | APO AP 96546 |
| | |
| Bangkok 10330 | |
| | |
| Tel. +662-205-5106 | |
| | |
| Fax. +662-255-2907 | |
| | |
| Email: Agbangkok@usda.gov | |
| | |
| Home page: | |
| http://www.fas.usda.gov | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
End of Report.
| en |
converted_docs | 077278 | Saving Retirement in the Face of America's Credit Crises:
Short Term and Long Term Solutions
Oral Testimony
***Committee on Education and Labor***
***The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Workers' Retirement Security***
***1:00, 2181 Rayburn House Office Building***
Tuesday October 7, 2008
Teresa Ghilarducci
Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of Economic Policy Analysis at
The New School for Social Research Department of Economics
79 Fifth Avenue NY, NY 10003
<ghilardt@newschool.edu>
212-229-5901 extension #2
As Congress reacts to the modern financial order changing forever, we
should also realize that individual retirement plans based on that
financial order, have also changed forever. In the last few weeks, we've
been confronted with older worker and retirees' lives being turned
upside down; their panic tops-off an already existing state of chronic
anxiety about retirement futures. Much of both -- the panic and
anxiety - is caused by the corrosive effects of 401(k) and 401(k) --
like plans[^1], including IRA plans. 410(k) plans have not expanded
pension coverage, increase the savings national rates; though they did
add to the profits and growth of the financial sector and extracted ever
increasing tax breaks from the Treasury.
**Short Term Solution to the Retirement Crises**
Short term, I propose that since 401(k) accounts and the like are
financial institutions \-- the bank about where 38% of the workforce[^2]
can intend to save for their retirement \-- Congress let workers trade
their 401(k) and 401(k) - type plan assets (perhaps valued at mid-August
prices) for a Guaranteed Retirement Account composed of government bonds
(earning a 3% return, adjusted for inflation). When the worker collects
Social Security, the Guaranteed Retirement Account will pay an inflation
adjusted annuity, based on the accumulated funds.
How would this work? Take a 55 year old who had \$50,000 in his 401(k)
account in August and faces job loss and eroded assets because of the
erosion of his retirement accounts.[^3] Let him swap out the \$50,000
for a guarantee of \$500 per month[^4]. The economy is probably in a
recession, but a guaranteed income from his former 401(k) removes a
source of financial anxiety, and \-- this is not trivial -- it end
fruitless discussions with brokers and financial sales agents, who are
also desperate for more fees and are often wrong about markets.
**Long Term Solution to Eroding Retirement Income Security**
Because there is a long run retirement crises, not in Social Security,
but in the heavily tax-subsidized, private, voluntary, and commercial
tier of our nation's retirement income security system, about half of
workers will not have enough income after age 65 to replace, the bare
necessity, 70% of their pre-retirement income according to Boston
College's Retirement Risk Index. The erosion is primarily caused by
Congressional bias towards 401(k) plans, their fundamentally flawed
design and little regulation.
Going forward, I propose Congress establish universal Guaranteed
Retirement Accounts and the federal government deposit \$600 (inflation
indexed) in those Guaranteed Retirement Accounts every year for every
worker.
Every worker (not in an equivalent defined benefit plan) would save 5%
of their pay into their Guaranteed Retirement Account to which the
government pays a 3% inflation-indexed guaranteed return. Workers would
earn pension credits based on these accumulations.
The 5% target comes from the basic math that an average earner saving 5%
of pay over a life time with a guaranteed 3% rate of return plus
inflation would supplement their Social Security benefits to achieve a
70% replacement rate at retirement. In other words had GRA been in
effect instead of 401(k) plans an average earner reaching 65 today would
have accumulated enough to pay about 1% for every year of service. (This
rate is equivalent to the average defined benefit pension plan payout
because it its inflation indexed.)
This basic math, though, comes up against the basic reality that many
Americans can not afford to save that much. That is why workers'
contributions would be mitigated by a \$600 a year contribution from the
federal government indexed for inflation which will be paid for by
scaling back substantially the tax breaks for 401(k) type accounts. The
\$600 defrays the expense for most low and middle class workers (it pays
for all the contribution for a minimum wage worker). Employers could top
it off, pay a portion, and workers could add to it.
**Advantages of a GRA?**
First, this is a fiscally responsible plan. Rearranging tax breaks is
revenue neutral, efficient and fair because the current tax breaks.[^5]
High-income earners get a much higher subsidy than anyone else because
they are more likely to have a 401(k) and contribute more.[^6] This
design has shocking results: 6% of taxpayers with incomes over \$100,000
per year get 50% of the tax subsidies.[^7] And, for all this effort, the
nation gets no extra savings and workers no extra retirement security
(see Appendix). At most, this complicated system creates economic
activity when accountants happily transfer money between taxed accounts
to tax-sheltered accounts and tax payers foot the bill.
Worse, the inefficiency is growing: the value of tax expenditures for DC
plans is projected to grow 49 percent while those for traditional plans
are projected to fall by 8.9 percent between 2009 and 2013. The sooner
we admit that our 30 year experiment with 401(k) accounts has failed the
sooner we can use these precious government subsidies efficiently and
equitably.
Second, GRAs are responsible because they are prefunded. A government
agency connected to the Thrift Savings Plan and Social Security (for
administration efficiency) governed by trustees representing workers,
business, and the public, invests the GRA contributions in a range of
assets, like the sovereign wealth funds of Alaska, Alabama, New Mexico
Wyoming, and many other nations do to ensure the federal government can
pay a 3% inflation-indexed rate of return to the Guaranteed Retirement
Account lifetime annuities.
Third, GRAs are universal;
Fourth, GRAs provide adequate retirement income and encourages people to
save more;
Fifth, the money is locked away until retirement;
Sixth, the payout is for a person's life;
Seven, every America has the opportunity to save in a low cost,
professionally managed account with guaranteed returns.
GRAs are better than automatic IRAs. Automatic IRAs add complicated
requirements on small and medium sized employers. Automatic IRAs expand
the risks workers already face in individual retirement account plans:
the risks they won't save enough because of high fees and wrong in
investments choices; the risk financial markets tank, the risk of
inflation eroding income and that you will out-live your money.
Automatic IRAs cause deadweight losses to the economy because, net of
fees, 401(k) and other individual retirement accounts are among the
lowest earning among all financial vehicles. Add the risks of
preretirement - withdrawals, moral hazard, and adverse selection
Automatic IRAs would entrench inefficiency and risk and a dollar of
retirement income becomes more expensive to fund. Automatic IRAs are
worse than nothing.
**Disadvantages of GRAs**
Scaling back 401(k) deductions going forward may put pressure on vendors
to lower fees and boost returns. Also people like the option of saving
at work for hardships. Fine, Congress may to subsidize precautionary
savings but don't call them retirement accounts. Put them in a separate
category.
Should we mandate savings in a recession? Yes, as long as fiscal policy
provides for short term stimulus. No one is proposing we suspend Social
Security taxes in recessions. Households need a source of disciplined
savings over the business cycles; it is not the job of households to go
in debt and spend wildly to get us the nation out of recessions. This
ethos -- debt-led consumer spending \-- got us in the trouble we are in.
**Predicted Popularity of Guaranteed Retirement Accounts**
Even before the financial crises of September 2008, workers are catching
on that Congress needed to provide more secure sources of retirement
income security.
Surveys show less than 50% of people think they will live comfortably in
retirement and, crucially, that they bear personally responsibility for
their supplements to Social Security benefits. Though they accept the
responsibility \-- they want the government to help.[^8] Over 77% of
people support mandated pensions.
In 2006, HSBC bank asked 21,000 workers in 20 nations what the
government should do about the expense of aging societies- on average,
workers preferred compulsory savings to any other policy. A third of
Americans wanted the government to force them to save more for
retirement; far fewer; 16% would support a tax increase; and, only 9%
wanted the government to reduce benefits.[^9]
In October 2007, a whopping 91% of Americans told a Wall Street Journal
poll that the government should do something to secure retirement and
41% said they were not hearing enough from the Presidential candidates
about retirement income issues.[^10]
**Conclusion**
American workers know we have a short term and long term pension crises
but it is not with Social Security but with the voluntary,
self-directed, commercial- account - based pension system. The loss of
retirement security is a reversal of fortune and the result of very
specific flawed governmental policies that have been biased toward
401(k) plans, rather than the result of technological change or the
logical consequences of global economic trends. That is the good news.
Government policies eroded pensions government can help secure workers'
retirement futures. If you implement the short term 401(k0 asset swap
and Guaranteed Retirement Accounts, we can look back at the financial
crises and bailout and know Congress did permanent good for workers'
retirement income security.
Table 1
+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------+
| Tax Subsidies for Retirement | **2009** | **2009 growth to |
| Plans | | 2013 estimated** |
| | **\$ Billion** | |
+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------+
| | | |
+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------+
| DB plans | \$45.67 | -8.9% |
| | Billion | |
+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------+
| 401(k) (325 B) Individual | \$75. 70 | 49.5% |
| retirement plans and Plans | Billion | |
| covering partners and sole | | |
| proprietors (\"Keogh Plans\") | | |
+---------------------------------+----------------+------------------+
EBRI calculations Original data from Executive Office of the President,
Office of Management and Budget, *Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the
Untied States Government, Fiscal Year 2009*
[www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2009/](http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2009/)
Appendix:
**The Savings Paradox**
Savings rates should be higher now than at any time in the history of
the United States. The American workforce has never been more educated
and people with more education save more. Middle-aged workers save more
than any other age group and there are an estimated 73 million baby
boomers in the U.S. who are between age 48 and 63 in 2008. High income
people have higher savings rates the richest Americans have gained the
most income since the 1990s. Further, as national income grows the
demand for normal goods grow because when people have money they buy
more of what they want Ipods, better health, and retirement "leisure:"
witness the 1960s and 1970s, when, as the economy grew, older people
lived longer AND retired earlier.[^11] And, in an attempt to further
increase retirement savings Congress has relentlessly expanded tax
breaks for retirement savings since the 1980s.
The value of the favorable tax treatment for retirement savings is at an
all-time high 110 B, while its effectiveness is at an all time low.
To be clear, saving is hard. Humans often lack the foresight,
discipline, and investing skills required to sustain a savings plan. But
human characteristics haven't changed as much as retirement savings as
eroded.
The deep decline in national savings rates showed up in the 1990s when
employers started to reduce their contributions into defined benefit
pension plans[^12], these plans were a main driver of national savings.
The expansion of 401(k)-type plans did not boost savings for three
reasons: they supplanted already existing defined benefit plans, were
cheaper for the employer, and did not expand pension coverage to people
who had no pension plan. This is surprising: although 401(k) - type
plans are growing,[^13] they don't expand pension coverage. Instead,
they replace existing traditional pension plans. When groups of workers
who ordinarily don't have pensions get them \-- poultry workers,
janitors, home-health care workers, etc. \-- it is most likely because
they are included in a newly negotiated collectively-bargained defined
benefit plan.[^14]
Defined benefit plans are institutionalized, contractual forms of saving
that happen automatically at work. Workers have little discretion about
whether to save or spend. Workers can't opt out, decide how much to
invest, or take out lump-sum payments without difficulty. Even though
401(k) plans do not increase pension coverage nor secure retirement
income, people like their portability and like to watch their
individuals accounts grow. People do not like the financial and
investment risks, or the risks of outliving their money, inherent in
401(k) accounts.
Therefore we understate the true spending on pensions because the U.S.
Gover**n**ment maker uses "tax expenditures" -- the value of the tax
code's exemption of income generated for certain activities -- to
encourage workers and the nation's business owners to spend their income
in socially approved ways.
In 2007, Social Security and Medicare cost \$800 billion. Tax
expenditures for retirement plans -- traditional employer pensions
(defined benefit plans), 401(k) plans, Individual Retirement Accounts,
other savings vehicles dedicated for disbursement at older ages, and
exemptions of Social Security and other federal pensions from tax --
totaled over \$156 billion in 2007.[^15]
In 2004, taxes not collected on pension contributions and earnings equal
a fourth of annual Social Security contributions and, at over \$114
billion, are perversely larger than household saving of over \$102
billion.[^16] The tax breaks were supposed to expand pension coverage
and increasing retirement security.
Pension tax breaks are deductions from income; high-income earners get
more breaks than low-income workers. If a lawyer earning \$200,000 makes
a \$1000 contribution to his 401(k) plan, he reduces his income tax by
\$350. If his receptionist, earning \$20,000, makes the same \$1000
contribution (which is much less likely), she will save only \$150 in
taxes. The Brookings Institution and Urban Institute calculate that the
3% of taxpayers with incomes over \$200,000 per year get 20% of the tax
subsidies.[^17] And, for all this effort, the nation gets no extra
savings. At most, this complicated system creates economic activity when
accountants happily transfer money between taxed accounts to
tax-sheltered accounts and tax payers foot the bill. The value of tax
expenditures for 401(k) plans is projected to grow 49 percent while
those for traditional plans are projected to fall by 2.1 percent between
2009 and 20013. [^18] (The estimated tax expenditures for 401(k) plans,
Individual Retirement Accounts, and Keogh plans in 2009 is estimated to
be \$75.1 billion and for defined benefit plans \$45.7 billion.)
In sum, the shift towards 401(k) plans increases tax expenditures, does
little to expand retirement savings, and favors workers who need the
help least. All told, the tax subsidies are not meeting a public
purpose. The top heavy benefits for 401(k) plans create a sad paradox:
since 1999, tax expenditures for retirement plans grew by 20%, while
retirement plan coverage fell.
**401(k) plans Exist Because They are Cheaper for Employers; but they
Earn Subpar Returns**
If 401(k) plans are so bad why are there so many of them? Though workers
don't gain much from 401(k) plans, some employers and Wall Street firms
do. I followed 700 firms over 17 years and found that firms that adopted
a 401(k) lowered pension expenses by 3.5 -- 5% without sparking worker
complaints.[^19] Since 401(k) plans are voluntary, many (about 20%)
workers who can don't bother to contribute "leave money on the table" by
not accepting the employer match. Employers' contributions are 26% lower
than they would be if everyone participated.[^20] Employers could pay
the match to every worker, as they do under defined benefit plans.
Because workers have to trigger the match, and some don't, 401(k) plans
boosts profits at the expense of retirement income security. Firms find
sponsoring 401(k) plans is more profitable than sponsoring defined
benefit plans. For firms, defined contribution plans are less costly,
less risky, and can be funded with their own stock, not with hard cash.
Wall Street firms collect over \$40.5 billion annually in 401(k)
fees.[^21] Yet, brokers and human resources often tell workers the fees
on their accounts are zero. A good way to see what workers lose when
they invest in a 401(k) plan rather than a group--based pension fund is
to compare what each earns after fees are subtracted. A comprehensive
study by Dutch and Canadian researchers Ron Bauer and Keith
Ambachtsheer[^22] found that U.S defined benefit plans -- where
individuals do not direct their own accounts -- earned a 2.66% higher
return NET of fees on equities than did retail mutual funds. In Canada,
the skim was even higher; the retail mutual funds earned 3.16% less.
(These shortfalls are the averages for the 25 year period between 1980
and 2004.) The gap makes sense -- investing in retail funds means
investors pay for advertising, shareholder profits, and glossy
brochures. Add the fact that workers buy high and sell low -- because
people follow the leaders and buy stock as its rising in value and sell
when its falling \-- and you have self-directed accounts earning much
less. This isn't just a leakage, it's a levee break. Hidden from view,
workers are unwittingly transferring huge sums of money to financial
firms.
The unpublished report confirmed that the GRA 3% real rate of return was
a conservative long-run estimate under a range of plausible investment
strategies that a government agency could undertake and not take any
substantial risk of underperforming.[^23]
[^1]: 401(k) -- type plans are defined contribution plans include and
include the following: 401(k) plans \[about 80% of participants in
defined contribution plans are in 401(k) plans\]; profit sharing
plans; money purchase plans; individual retirement accounts; and
403(b) plans which are 401(k) plans for employees in the public
sector.
[^2]: Center for Retirement Research Boston College. 2004. \"Eligibility
and Participation in 401(k) Plans by Age, 2001 and 2004\"
[http://crr.bc.edu/frequently_requested_data/frequently_requested_data.html
accessed October
4](http://crr.bc.edu/frequently_requested_data/frequently_requested_data.html accessesd Ocotber 4),
2009.
[^3]: Note the macroeconomic destabilizing effects of 401(k) plans \--
and all defined contribution plans -- when asset values go down;
people increase their job search just when jobs become scarce. This
makes the recession worse.
[^4]: This is what the annuity would pay at a 3% inflation rate and a 3%
real return.
[^5]: The GRA plan as written is budget neutral. If we allow tax breaks
for the first \$5000 in voluntary 401(k) contributions the plan will
cost \$25 billion. But know that accounts that allow hardship
withdrawals are savings for hardship which is different from
retirement income security.
[^6]: Because the tax subsidies come in the form of tax deductions and
not credits they are regressive. For example, if a lawyer earning
\$200,000 makes a \$1000 contribution to his 401(k) plan, he reduces
his income tax by \$350. If his receptionist, earning \$20,000,
makes the same \$1000 contribution (which is much less likely), she
will save only \$150 in taxes.
[^7]: A good paper on the distributional effects of the tax expenditures
for DC plans is Burman, Leonard E.,William G. Gale, Matthew Hall,
and Peter R. Orszag. 2004a. Distributional Effects of Defined
Contribution Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts. Washington,
D.C.: Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center.
[^8]: Madland, David. 2008. "Reforming Retirement: What the Public
Thinks." For the Georgetown University conference on "The Future of
Retirement Security." Held October 3, 2008. department of History
[^9]: HSBC Bank. "How should governments finance ageing populations"
<http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/retirement/2006_for_news_release_final.pdf>.)
HSBC. 2007. "The Future of Retirement: What People Want."
<http://a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/3622/7d1c0ed7aa1283/www.img.ghq.hsbc.com/public/groupsite/assets/>
retirement_future/2006_for_what_people_want.pdf (accessed online
February 2, 2007).
[^10]: Bright, WSJ.com November 2007 online Harris personal finance poll
[^11]: Ghilarducci, Teresa. 2008. *When I am Sixty Four: The Plot
Against Pensions and the Plan to Save Them.* Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ. Chapter 1.
[^12]: Bosworth, Barry, and Lisa Bell. 2005. The Decline in Saving: What
Can We Learn from Survey Data?" Unpublished draft written for the
7th Annual Joint Conference of the Retirement Research Consortium,
"Creating a Secure Retirement" (Washington, DC, August 11-12, 2005).
\<http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/dummy/seventh_annual.shtml\>.
[^13]: . 401(k) -- type plans are defined contribution plans include and
include the following: 401(k) plans \[about 80% of participants in
defined contribution plans are in 401(k) plans\]; profit sharing
plans; money purchase plans; individual retirement accounts; and
403(b) plans which are 401(k) plans for employees in the public
sector.
[^14]: From 1999- 2005, the correlation between defined benefit coverage
growth rates and pension coverage growth rates was 79%, while the
correlation between defined contribution and pension coverage growth
rates was a negative 10%. Ghilarducci. Teresa. 2006. "Future
Retirement Income Security Needs Defined Benefit Pensions." Center
for American Progress.
[www.americanprogress.org/kf/defined_benefit_layout.pdf](http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/defined_benefit_layout.pdf)
Back in 1981, Congress rejected President Carter's Pension
Commission's call to reconsider the social value of these tax breaks
and create a mandatory universal pension system (MUPS). Because they
are designed to meet a social goal there were always conditions on
these tax breaks. When the federal income tax was implemented in
1913, employer pension contributions were given special tax
treatment only if the managerial plans included most of the rank and
file. This is in direct acknowledgement that the tax breaks were
targeted to the wealthy. The wrangling \-- over how many tax breaks
that higher income employees get in exchange for how many lower paid
workers are in employer pension plans \-- continues to this day and
is part of a healthy process of assessing if the federal government
tax breaks have the intended effects. Instead, in that same year,
Congress satisfied the lobbyists for executives and made way for
401(k) plans by creating a section of the tax code which allowed
workers to save, pre tax, in plans at work. After Wall Street firms
and consultants successfully marketed 401(k) plans, the rest \-- to
use a shop-worn phrase \-- is a history we all know: 401(k)-type
plans replaced traditional defined benefit (DBs) pensions.\-- over
63% of pensions are DC plans; whereas, in 1975, most pensions were
DBs.
[^15]: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 2008. "Facts From EBRI: Tax
Expenditures and Employee Benefits: Estimates from the FY 2009
Budget." EBRI, 1100 13th St. NW #878, Washington, DC 20005. February
[^16]: See Bell, Elizabeth Adam Carasso and C. Eugene Steuerle,
"Retirement Savings Incentives and Personal Savings,"[Tax
Notes]{.underline}, December 20, 2004.for this provocative insight.
[^17]: A good paper on the distributional effects of the tax
expenditures for DC plans: Burman, Leonard E.,William G.
Gale,Matthew Hall, and Peter R. Orszag. 2004. "Distributional
Effects of Defined Contribution Plans and Individual Retirement
Accounts."Washington, D.C.: Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center.
[^18]: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 2008. "Facts From EBRI: Tax
Expenditures and Employee Benefits: Estimates from the FY 2009
Budget." EBRI, 1100 13th St. NW #878, Washington, DC 20005. February
[^19]: Ghilarducci and Sun 2006. How **Defined** Contribution Plans and
401(k)s Affect Employer **Pension** Costs: 1981-1998." With Wei
**Sun**. Journal of **Pension** Economics and Finance, 5(2): 175-196
[^20]: I used information from Munnell and Sundén. 2004. Munnell,
Alicia, and Annika Sundén. 2004. *Coming Up Short: The Challenge of
401(k) Plans.* Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press to get
participation rates, average contribution levels by earnings, the
distribution of employees by earnings (Calculated from the CPS
(2003) to make the three billion dollar estimate. The average
savings per worker is \$156, calculated for their sample of over 800
employees in one firm that the employer saved over \$250 per older
worker who did not participate in the 40(k) even when they were
eligible. Choi, James J., Laibson, David I. and Madrian, Brigitte
C.,\$100 Bills on the Sidewalk: Suboptimal Investment in 401(K)
Plans(August 2005). NBER Working Paper No. W11554. Fidelity's (2004)
annual report documents employers' match behavior.
[^21]: There are \$2.7 trillion in 401(k) assets Employee Benefit
Research Institute. 2007. "401(k) Plan Asset Allocation, Account
Balances, and Loan Activity" An Information Sheet from the Employee
Benefit Research Institute (EBRI).
www.ebri.org/pdf/InfSheet.QDIA.23Oct07.Final.pdf. The average fee is
over \$700 per year and average fees are 1.5% of assets which equals
\$40.5 billion.
[^22]: Ambachtsheer, Keith, Bauer, Rob. 2007. "Losing Ground." *Canadian
Investment Review*; Spring, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p8-14.
[^23]: My report for the Economic Policy Institute explains the GRA plan
in depth Ghilarducci, Teresa 2007. "Guaranteed Retirement Accounts
Toward Retirement Income Security" Economic Policy Institute, 1333 H
Street, NW Suite 300, East Tower Washington, DC 20005-4707 (202)
775-8810, Economic Policy Briefing Paper #204, November 20.
| en |
converted_docs | 818603 | **STATEMENT OF WORK**
1. **[Objectives]{.underline}**
> **The contractor will provide highly specialized preparation and
> analyses of bone specimens in support of studies in the Skeletal
> Clinical Studies Unit (SCSU) of the Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases
> Branch (CSDB) of the National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial
> Research. These will primarily be, but not confined to, specimens from
> studies of patients with hypoparathyroidism.**
2. **[Approach]{.underline}**
> **The contractor will receive fixed bone specimens obtained from
> patients at the NIH Clinical Center as part of the IRB-approved SCSU
> clinical studies. He will process the specimens in his laboratory, and
> perform the agreed upon analyses. Specimens are property of the US
> government, and except for those parts of the specimens needed for
> future reference by Dr. Dempster, will be returned upon completion of
> the analyses. SCSU investigators and Dr. Dempster and his staff will
> review and analyze the results of his studies in a collaborative
> fashion and prepare figures representative of the findings for
> publication.**
3. **[Methods]{.underline}**
> **[i. Methods of tissue processing]{.underline}:**
>
> **The bone samples will be processed as previously described (Ref.1).
> The specimen is fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in methyl methacrylate
> without decalcification according to the following schedule:**
**a. Fixative: 10% buffered formaldehyde for 24h;**
**b. 70% ethanol for 6-7days;**
**c. Absolute ethanol for 2 days;**
**d. Toluene for 2 days;**
**e. Activated solution of methyl methacrylate for 4 days;**
**f. Exposure at 32°C, constant temperature, for 3 days.**
> **Undecalcified sections are cut on a Reichert-Jung Polycut microtome
> by 3 levels in a biopsy core with approximately 150 m apart between
> levels. For each level, sections cut at 7 m are stained with
> Goldner\'s trichrome, solochrome and toluidine blue, respectively, for
> routine morphology, and one section cut at 20 m is mounted unstained
> for visualization of tetracycline fluorescence under ultraviolet
> light. Goldner trichrome stain demonstrates bone section in best
> colors, solochrome stain discriminates well between mineralized and
> non-mineralized matrix (osteoid) and toluidine blue stain permits
> visualization of the bone cells, including osteoclasts.**
>
> **[ii. Methods of measurement:]{.underline}**
>
> **Each section will be subjected to histology evaluation and
> histomorphometry, using computerized image analysis, as previously
> described in this laboratory (Ref 1). The computerized image analysis
> system consists of a digitizing tablet, a high resolution color video
> camera, a light microscope with fluorescence system, a color computer
> display and an OsteoMeasure computer software system (version 4.00c)
> for the quantitative analysis of areas, perimeters, distances and
> points.**
>
> **The following parameters will be obtained by measurement on
> cancellous and cortical bone of the biopsy sections:**
# Static Parameters
> **Osteoid perimeter (O.Pm/B.Pm), Osteoid width (O.Wi), Osteoclast
> number (Oc.No/B.Pm), Eroded perimeter (E.Pm/B.Pm), and Wall width of
> cancellous bone packets (W.Wi)**
# Dynamic parameters
> Mineral apposition rate (MAR), Mineralized perimeter (Md.Pm/B.Pm),
> Bone formation rate, tissue level, perimeter referent (BFR/B.Pm),
> Adjusted apposition rate (Aj.AR), Formation period of trabecular bone
> packets (FP), Resorption period (Rs.P), Activation frequency (Ac.f)
# Structural parameters
> **Cancellous bone area (B.Ar/T.Ar), Ratio of bone surface to volume
> (B.Pm/B.Ar), Trabecular width (Tb.Wi), Trabecular number (Tb.N),
> Trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), Cortical width (Ct.Wi), Cortical
> Porosity Density (Ct.Po.N/Ct.Ar ) and Cortical Porosity Area
> (Ct.Po.Ar).**
5. **[Personnel, Evaluation, and Schedule]{.underline}**
i. **[Personnel]{.underline}**
> **Dr. Dempster and his staff are experts in the area of the processing
> and evaluation of human bone biopsy specimens.**
>
> **Personnel will comply with the rules and policies of the NIDCR and
> its staff.**
ii. **[Evaluation]{.underline}**
> **If the contractor's performance is found to be substandard in the
> judgment of the Project Officer, the contractors will initially
> receive notice of the problem from the Project Officer and will be
> required to take corrective measures and to demonstrate improved
> performance.**
iii. **[Schedule]{.underline}**
> **The contractor will work with the investigators and collaborators on
> an as-need basis. It is estimated there will be approximately 10 -- 20
> specimens per year for analysis.**
>
> **5. [Reporting Requirements]{.underline}**
>
> **The contractor will provide bone specimen processing and analysis to
> the SCSU, CSDB, DIR, NIDCR during the period of July 1, 2006 through
> June 3, 2007. The CSDB, in consideration of the foretasted services,
> will pay a computed rate of \$1000 per specimen processed and
> analyzed. He will be required to submit statements to the SCSU
> investigators on an ad hoc basis as the work is completed.**
>
> **Justification**
>
> **Attached is a purchase request for \$20,000.00. This is to request
> the services of Dr. David Dempster. Under this contract Dr. Dempster
> will provide bone specimen processing and analyses to the SCSU, CSDB,
> DIR, NIDCR. His contract will run from July 1, 2006 -- June 30,
> 2007.**
>
> **Dr. Dempster is a nationally-recognized expert in bone biology, and
> human bone specimen processing and analyses. These are skills that we
> have been unable to secure on the NIH campus. He has numerous
> publications in the field and has collaborated with several NIH
> researchers in the past as well as currently.**
>
> **Appointment of Dr. Dempster is of critical importance to assure that
> the rare clinical specimens that are acquired as part of SCSU clinical
> studies are appropriately prepared and studied. Lack of expertise will
> not only jeopardize the quality of the project and validity of the
> data, but will result in research subjects having gone through
> invasive research procedures for no benefit to the field. For these
> reasons it is requested that this request be processed as quickly as
> possible.**
**Reference**
1\. Dempster DW, Cosman F, Kurland ES, Zhou H, Nieves J, Woelfert L,
Shane E, Plavetic K, Muller R, Bilezikian J, Lindsay R 2001 Effects of
daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and
turnover in patients with osteoporosis: A paired biopsy study. J Bone
Miner Res 16(10): 1846-1853.
| en |
converted_docs | 061396 | **22^nd^ JDC DRUG COURT TREATMENT PROGRAM**
**SCREENING CRITERIA**
I: Target Group -- Initial Jail Screening
Include if Arrested for:
1) 2^nd^ or 3^rd^ offense DWI
2) Possession/distribution of controlled dangerous substance when part
of sentence can be suspended and very small amounts are involved
3) Positive drug test/assessment and charged with one of the following
offenses:
> Theft, Simple Burglary, Possession of Stolen Property, Forgery, IWC,
> Prostitution, Prescription Fraud
4) Any probation violation with positive drug test
II: Step 2 -- Screening for Eligibility
Eliminate if:
1) Pending charge or prior felony conviction for crime of violence,
including domestic violence
2) Prior conviction for aggravated burglary or simple burglary of an
inhabited dwelling
3) Pending charge or prior conviction for DWI that resulted in the
death of a person
4) 2^nd^ charge for distribution of a CDS
5) Third felony
III: Screening for Suitability
May have to be eliminated if:
1) Person with severe psychological problems
2) Person with medical conditions that require immediate attention
3) Person lives outside of St. Tammany/Washington parishes
4) Probation time remaining is less than 15 months
| en |
converted_docs | 292800 | Kinematics has a strong connection to geometry in the vicinity of a
black hole, because General Relativity connects trajectories with the
shape of space itself. Space-time diagrams are close relatives of
kinematic diagrams, and might help students get the idea of how to
represent motion using algebra and basic calculus and a little geometry.
*Maybe* looking at how light or other objects travel around black holes
might help convince students that algebra and geometry are useful tools.
Interpreting slope as a speed might be helped by seeing world lines on
space-time diagrams with "maximum slope" of 45° being the speed of
light. On the other hand, for traditional classes with rigid schedules,
adding the concept of reference frames and falling through space will
likely overcomplicate the introductory discussion of kinematics. A Power
Point file accompanying these notes explores a few of these concepts.
**Paths through space around a black hole. How it looks...**
You can see behind a black hole! The view near a black hole...
<http://rocinante.colorado.edu/~pja/plunge_i80l.mpg>
Nice cartoon at: <http://luth2.obspm.fr/~luminet/chap10.html>
- Step by Step into a Black Hole by Ute Kraus
> <http://www.spacetimetravel.org/expeditionsl/expeditionsl.html>
>
> <http://www.spacetimetravel.org/interaktives_schwarzes_loch/interaktives_schwarzes_loch.html>
- Light bending movies
> <http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/BlackHoleBend.html>
- Apparent positions
> <http://www.astronomynotes.com/relativity/s4.htm>
- Gravitational arcs seen in Hubble Images
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abell.lensing.arp.750pix.jpg>
>
> <http://astro.ago.uni-lj.si/bh/pmwiki.php?n=Main.Lensing>
- Baez's site: <http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/> (for reference, see
the next...)
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_ring
- Orbits in strongly curved spacetime
> <http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/orbits/>
Why those motions? Equivalence Principle
- <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle>
- <http://www.astronomynotes.com/relativity/s3.htm>
- "Curved spacetime"
- See the zero motion, constant motion, acceleration scenarios for
path of a light beam in the elevator
- Nice video
<http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/equivalence.html>
**Black hole structure**
Conic sections for orbits...
- Circular...
- Uniform circular... balance centripetal and gravitational force
Event horizon
- Classical (wrong) l set escape velocity to c
- The right answer, the wrong calculation...
Gravity: Newtonian vs. Einsteinian
- Newtonian: 1/r^2^ force at a distance
- Einsteinian: accelerations away from the "free fall"
- Geodesics & kinematics
- Accelerometer: Candle in a glass
Black hole formation
- Nice "kinematic" diagram:
<http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/bh-st.html>
Nice little visuals
- <http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/>
- <http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/kitp06/>
Diagrams
- Penrose Diagrams
- Space-time Diagrams:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- <http://dnausers.d-n-a.net/dnetGOjg/Black/holem.htm>
- <http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Key/relgen.htm#TOP>
-
<http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/schwarzschild.html>
- Kinematics: <http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/st_diags.htm>
- <http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/int_bh.html>
- <http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schwp.html>
**Notes & Background**
Intro astronomy notes
- Nick Strobel's notes: <http://www.astronomynotes.com/>
- <http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/TeachRes/Artwork/All162/index.html>
GR Tutorial: <http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/gr/>
Relativity: <http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/relatvty.htm>
Lectures & Tutorials
- <http://heseweb.nrl.navy.mil/gamma/~dermer/Book/index.htm>
- High School
- Tutorial website <http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Default2.html>
**Hyperphysics, an ontology or Encyclopedia**:
<http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/relcon.html>
> Grav detection of light:
> <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/grel.html#c4>
>
> Trajectory ideas:
> <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html#tracon>
>
> Motion: <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mot.html#motcon>
Physics Resources
- <http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/>
- Hypertext book <http://zebu.uoregon.edu/text.html>
- <http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/educsites02.html>
- Aside: Physics Virtual Bookshelf
> <http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/PVB.html>
>
> <http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/>
>
> Nice GR side: <http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Key/relgen.htm#TOP>
Gas kinematics: specify the motion of gas falling into a black hole.
What forces does the gas feel? Where does the energy go? Where does the
angular momentum go? If the orbital kinetic energy goes into thermal
energy, how hot does the gas get?
Clip art
A ruler:
<http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/clip/inchworm.html>
| en |
converted_docs | 552141 | Required Report - public distribution
**Date:** 9/12/2005
**GAIN Report Number:** UY5003
UY5003
**Uruguay**
**Biotechnology**
**Annual**
**2005**
**Approved by:**
Kari Rojas
U.S. Embassy
**Prepared by:**
Andrea Yankelevich
**Report Highlights:**
Uruguay ranks 10th among countries in the number of acres planted with
biotech varieties. Currently, there are three events approved for
commercialization: one soybean variety (MON 40-3-2) and two corn
varieties (MON 810 and BT11). The new government, which took office in
March 2005, has yet to define its biotech policy.
Includes PSD Changes: No
Includes Trade Matrix: No
Annual Report
Buenos Aires \[AR1\]
\[UY\]
Table of Contents
[Executive Summary 3](#executive-summary)
[Production 3](#production)
[Soybeans 3](#soybeans)
[Corn 4](#corn)
[Rice 5](#rice)
[Other Crops Under Development 5](#other-crops-under-development)
[Corn 5](#corn-1)
[NK603 5](#nk603)
[NK 603 x MON 810 5](#nk-603-x-mon-810)
[Herculex: DAS-01507-1 (TC 1507) 5](#herculex-das-01507-1-tc-1507)
[White Clover 6](#white-clover)
[Policy 6](#policy)
[Cartagena Biosafety Protocol 7](#cartagena-biosafety-protocol)
[Traceability and labeling 7](#traceability-and-labeling)
[Trade Barriers / Pending legislation
8](#trade-barriers-pending-legislation)
[Marketing 8](#marketing)
[Capacity Building and Outreach 9](#capacity-building-and-outreach)
[Proposed Activities 9](#proposed-activities)
[APPENDIX A: Status of Products Approval
10](#appendix-a-status-of-products-approval)
[APPENDIX B: Relevant Current Laws and Regulations
11](#appendix-b-relevant-current-laws-and-regulations)
[Law 16.466: Environmental Impact Evaluation Law -- 1994
11](#law-16.466-environmental-impact-evaluation-law-1994)
[Law 17283: Environmental Protection Law -- 2000
11](#law-17283-environmental-protection-law-2000)
[Law 9202: Public Health Law -- 1934
11](#law-9202-public-health-law-1934)
[Law 16811: Seed Law: 1997 11](#law-16811-seed-law-1997)
[Law 3921: Plant Protection Law -- 1911
11](#law-3921-plant-protection-law-1911)
[Decree 249/00 - August 2000 11](#decree-24900---august-2000)
[Applications of Decree 249/00 11](#applications-of-decree-24900)
[APPENDIX C: Process to Obtain Approval from GOU
12](#appendix-c-process-to-obtain-approval-from-gou)
# Executive Summary
Uruguay, a relatively small country located between Argentina and
Brazil, now ranks 10^th^ among countries in the number of acres planted
with biotech varieties.
In 1995 the Government of Uruguay (GOU) formally endorsed the use of
biotechnology and took concrete steps towards the oversight and
regulation of biotechnology products by creating a risk assessment
commission for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In 2000, per
Decree 249/00, a regulatory framework was established to authorize the
introduction, use and manipulation of GMOs in the country. Labeling
provisions are not yet in place. There is no law or regulation governing
the use of labels such as "non GMO" or "biotech free". However, under
the current government, which just took office in March 2005, draft laws
are being debated, and the GOU may present new restrictive proposals to
the Congress. So far, the new administration has not yet defined its
biotech policy. It is possible that with the new government in place,
the approval process for biotech events could take more time than
before. In addition, it seems that consumer associations will have a
more active role in the approval process.
# Production
######## Uruguay Main Crop Area (has.) 2003-04
***(Biotech and conventional crops)***
{width="5.997916666666667in"
height="2.282638888888889in"}**Note**: Only Soybeans and Corn are
authorized biotechnology crops
Authorized Biotech events for production and commercialization are:
Soybeans, event 40-3-2 (approved 1996)
Corn, event MON 810 (approved 2003)
Corn, event Bt 11 (approved 2004)
## Soybeans
The influx of Argentina capital into the Uruguayan countryside has
changed the face of Uruguayan agriculture. Similar to Argentina in
climate, culture, infrastructure, and in some instances, soil structure,
many Argentines view the Uruguayan production regions as an extension of
the productive region of Argentina (the so-called Pampa Humeda). Soybean
harvested area, alone, increased from 77,000 has. in MY2002/03 to over
240,000 has. in MY2004/05. Approximately 98 percent of total soybean
area is planted with Round-up Ready soybeans.
The advantages of production in Uruguay are many. The most attractive
difference between the two countries is the absence of agricultural
export taxes. Soybean exports in Argentina are taxed at 23.5 percent.
Additionally, a newly constructed bridge over the Argentine Delta area
now facilitates transit between Argentina's main soybean port area,
Rosario, and Uruguay.
##
## Corn
Until August 2003, GMOs were only used in soybean production in Uruguay.
In 2003, after much uncertainty, the authorization for the importation
and commercialization of Monsanto's insect-resistant corn (variety MON
810) was released by the GOU. More recently in 2004, Bt 11 corn was
approved arousing opposition among environmentalists and leftists.
Immediately following the controversial decision to allow MON 810 maize,
the opposition to the ruling government drafted a bill proposing a
system that would require a new law be passed for each event and called
for a one-year moratorium on the release and use of GMOs to allow time
for a complete debate of the issue. At the request of the opposition, a
statement was issued by Parliament urging the President to halt the
liberalization of GMO maize, based on the country's goal of becoming a
"natural country" and on the application of the precautionary principle.
While the battle between the opposition and the President was
developing, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) unexpectedly entered the
fray and issued strict regulations under which MON 810 could be planted.
Based on provisions already established in the General Environmental
Protection Act, the MOE claimed to be in charge of the prevention and
control of potential environmental hazards deriving from the creation,
manipulation, use and release of genetically modified organisms, in as
much as they may affect biodiversity and the environment as a whole.
However, the president at the time, Jorge Batlle, pressured the MOE and
the regulation was significantly toned down.
To further complicate the issue, Parliament requested an interpellation
with then Minister of Agriculture Martin Aguirrezabala concerning his
approval of MON 810. The opposition faction who instigated this action
made a rather emotional presentation about GMOs, predicting that the
approval of this event would lead to the invasion of Uruguay by
multi-national companies, would oust the small producers, and in the end
would ruin the image of "Uruguay: Natural Country". Minister
Aguirrezabala testified before Parliament in a grueling eight-hour
session, indicating that there is no evidence suggesting foods produced
through biotechnology pose a threat to health. On the contrary, he
pointed to GMOs' potential to ensure food safety, dramatically reduce
hunger and malnutrition, and raise agricultural productivity. Minister
Aguirrezabala also said that the use of GMOs does not interfere with the
"Uruguay, Natural Country" theme, since the environmental and human
health benefits of GMO technology include lower pesticide and
insecticide use, reduced spoilage, and greater nutritional value.
Aguirrezabala further argued that the proposed bill requiring a law for
each event would be neither convenient nor reasonable, since GMO
evaluation is an activity of a technical nature. He noted that the
current legal framework of the country is sufficient and includes all
the necessary safeguards to preserve the commercial viability of
Uruguayan products. The Minister's explanations were considered
satisfactory and the testimony ended without any calls for follow-up.
Transgenic maize (MON 810) was commercially planted in 2003 for the
first time. In 2004, Bt 11 maize was approved for production and
commercialization. At the moment, total Bt corn area is 30,000 has.
## Rice
Uruguay is traditionally a rice exporter. Thus, the adoption in Uruguay
of rice varieties containing biotech events will depend, almost
exclusively, on the acceptance of these events in Uruguay's export
markets. Rice producers are very open to the idea of biotechnology but
they are unlikely to adopt new technologies that may jeopardize their
export markets.
However, there is one event under research. Rice lines LLRICE06 and
LLRICE62, which are genetically engineered to express tolerance to
glufosinate ammonium, the active ingredient in phosphinothricin
herbicides, are currently under research in Uruguay.
## Other Crops Under Development
In general, approval of new events in Uruguay is linked to approvals
granted in Argentina. All studies and research done in the neighbor
country are taken into account.
### Corn
There are several corn varieties currently under research:
#### NK603
The NK603 line of maize was developed to allow the use of glyphosate,
the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, as a weed control
option.
#### NK 603 x MON 810
NK603 x MON 810-hybrid maize consists in the combination of two
genetically modified parental inbred lines, derived from maize
transformation events NK603 and MON 810, respectively, by traditional
breeding,. No additional genetic modification is involved.
NK603 × MON 810 maize results from a single conventional cross of the
inbred parental lines NK603 maize and MON 810 maize, homozygous in their
respective inserted sequences.\
By crossing NK603 and MON 810 maize, NK603 × MON 810 maize inherits the
inserted DNA fragments from both its parental lines.
#### Herculex: DAS-01507-1 (TC 1507)
The GMO maize line TC1507 was genetically engineered to resist European
corn borer (ECB), Southwestern corn borer, fall armyworm, and black
cutworm by producing its own insecticide. Herculex has been recently
approved in Argentina and is under investigation in Uruguay.
### White Clover
Recently approved for research, this variety, the first forage event
under study in Uruguay, was developed in Australia by Professor German
Spangenberg, an Uruguayan botanist currently at La Trobe University.
Numerous biotechnology strategies are being considered with respect to
the improvement of nutritional quality through altering the biosynthesis
of lignin, soluble carbohydrates, and protoantocianas and the regulated
expression of proteins rich in essential amino acids, resistant to
rumen. Attempts are also being made to increase resistance to pathogens
and pests and to manipulate growth and development in order to increase
persistence and delay senescence, impede flowering and negatively
regulate pollen allergens.
##
# Policy
Domestically, the GOU has set up guidelines and procedures to oversee
and regulate the introduction of biotechnology products into the
environment and market. Oversight and regulatory responsibilities are
vested in the Risk Assessment Commission of Genetically Modified Plants,
which is headed by the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries
(MGAP.) Member organizations also include the Ministry of Housing, Land
Management and the Environment, the Ministry of Public Health, the
National Seed Institute; and the National Agricultural Research
Institute. The Commission is responsible for considering, on a
case-by-case basis, the potential risks and benefits of each new biotech
product.
Biosafety regulations were established following the mandate of the
Convention of Biological Diversity. At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro, world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy for
\"sustainable development\" \-- meeting our needs while ensuring that we
leave a healthy and viable world for future generations. One of the key
agreements adopted at Rio was the Convention on Biological Diversity.
This pact among the vast majority of the world\'s governments sets out
commitments for maintaining the world\'s ecological underpinnings
economic development ensures. The Convention establishes three main
goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of
its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from
the use of genetic resources. Uruguay (along with Chile and Costa Rica)
adapted this existing legislation for seeds and plant health inspection
services.
The regulatory procedure, which does not cover laboratory research,
includes risk assessment and risk management. It includes consultation
with a broad range of specialists and stakeholders (social scientists
and representatives of civil society) apart from those usually included
(toxicologists, nutritionists, molecular biologists, and plant
breeders). However, the final decision on the release of GMOs falls
within the scope of both the MGAP and the Ministry of Economics and
Finance.
Main duties of the Risk Assessment Commission include:
1. To create the rules to perform the risk assessment for the
introduction, use, and manipulation of GMOs and their parts,
2. To analyze case by case, using sound science, the risk inherent in
each product,
3. To provide advice to the competent authorities (Ministry of
Livestock, Agriculture, and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Economy
and Finance) regarding authorizations,
4. To advise the competent authorities about risk management and
communication measures to be adopted in each case; and,
5. To advise the Uruguayan Government (GOU) about plant GMO biosafety.
The Risk Assessment Commission will also create working groups for
specific tasks when necessary and will request technical advice from
universities and public or private research centers, as well as of
independent specialists recognized by their technical proficiency.
The commission includes representatives of the following ministries:
1. Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (this
representative occupies the presidency of the Commission),
2. Ministry of Environment (this representative occupies the
vicepresidency of the Commission),
3. Ministry of Public Health,
4. National Seed Institute (INASE); and,
5. National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA).
Approvals from Argentina, United States and Canada are taken into
account as a precedent in the approval evaluation process.
##
## Cartagena Biosafety Protocol
Uruguay has yet to ratify the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol to the 1992
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Up until the Protocol's entry
into force (September 2003) Uruguay operated within the framework of the
GRULAC Group (Group of Latin American and the Caribbean Countries) in
pursuing the implementation of the biosafety principles outlined in the
Cartagena Protocol.
Uruguay, a member of the former Miami Group, has strongly concurred with
USG positions on biotech at international for a, in the past, and is
highly likely to continue to do so.
## Traceability and labeling
Related biotechnology issues such as traceability and labeling (T&L) of
GMOs are currently the focus of an internal debate that is being carried
out at the governmental level.
As to the European Union's T&L regulations, MGAP contacts have told us
that traceability would be a difficult issue in Uruguay since there are
commercial, not only scientific, issues at play. They believe that since
Uruguay is very dependent on the European market as an outlet for its
agricultural products, some kind of traceability system will probably be
imposed on Uruguay. However, they have repeatedly made it very clear
that the GOU would not support the EU in its efforts to force the issue
in international fora.
With regard to labeling of biotech products, contacts at the GOU working
level indicate that the GOU does not have a clear position on the issue.
Reportedly, however, the MGAP's own position is that labeling should be
mandatory for products that are substantially different from their
original version, and for those products with a lowered safety
threshold.
Meanwhile, there are currently several draft bills enforcing the
mandatory labeling of products containing genetically modified
components.
**Stacked genes**
No policy. A stack event is considered to be a whole new event, and it
must undergo a full review.
**Coexistence**
No policy. The European Union's norm was used as a base, but adapted to
Uruguay.
**Refuges**
It is mandatory that 10% of the planted area is kept as a refuge.
Uruguay is a small country; therefore, the Seed Institute (INASE) visits
the producers in person.
**Royalties**
All seeds pay extended royalties and the seed law makes a provision for
the use of seed at the following year. The company requests the producer
to sign a contract promising to pay royalties the next year, therefore
they sign a contract between parts.
# Trade Barriers / Pending legislation
The current government, favors full "end-product" and "process-based"
labeling. In that respect, a bill has been drafted advocating the
enforcement of an authorization by-law system for GMOs, while calling
for a one-year moratorium on the release and use of GMOs to allow time
for a complete debate on the issue. On several occasions during the past
administration the opposition publicly urged the former president to
halt the liberalization of transgenic crops, based on the country's goal
of becoming a "natural country" and on the application of the
precautionary principle.
# Marketing
There is still misunderstanding and misperception about the safety of
GMO plants and foods on human health or in the environment. NGOs have
opposed the introduction of GMO crop planting and strongly request
labeling on GMO products.
The opposition is based mainly on the controversy between GMO crops and
the concept of "Uruguay Natural" and on the lack of scientific evidence
regarding the innocuousness for human health.
Consumer associations raised concerns about possible negative impacts on
human health and the environment. They mainly advocate labeling and
traceability and local field trials of GMOs prior to approval. They also
question the potential for toxicity and allergenicity of biotech
products.
There is some resistance in the meat industry to the approval of White
Clover. Clover is used in pastures, and for this reason "natural meats"
will cease to be reliably "natural" according to their arguments. But
the problems for the beef industry won\'t be as serious as the problems
for the dairy industry, because clover is used more often in dairy
production. Additionally this is a threat to the sheep industry. More
than anything, clover is used to feed sheep exported to Arab countries
that want absolutely nothing to do with GMOs.
Uruguayan meat comes from animals that don't consume GMOs", A study
prepared by the National Meat Institute (INAC) concludes that based on
the existence of control systems for the entry and use of GMOs in
Uruguay, the use of pastures of genetically modified origin in animal
feed in pasture production systems is considered to be highly unlikely.
There are no relevant, specific studies on the marketing of
biotechnology products in the country.
# Capacity Building and Outreach
**2002**
A. FAS Buenos Aires organized a biotechnology seminar in Uruguay that
was successful in terms of attendance (over 300 participants).
B. Through Cochran funds, FAS Buenos Aires sponsored two-week
biotechnology training in the United States for 3 Uruguayan
Government officials, organized by ICD and Michigan State
University.
**2004**
A. FAS Buenos Aires selected 2 Uruguayan journalists that participated
in a US Grains Council activity in Hawaii, where they learnt about
the papaya industry.
B. The Agricultural Counselor accompanied State's Biotech Negotiator to
Uruguay to participate in a series of round tables on biotechnology
organized by Embassy Montevideo.
C. Through Cochran funds, FAS Buenos Aires sponsored two-week
biotechnology training in the United States for 1 representative of
the Uruguayan Seed Chamber, organized by ICD and Michigan State
University*.*
D. Two Uruguayan producers attended the Farmer-to-Farmer workshop at
the University of Zamorano in Honduras.
E. FAS Buenos Aires sponsored the trip of an Argentine Expert to
participate in a seminar in Santiago, Chile, directed to the Chilean
Parliament.
**2005**
A. The Agricultural Counselor accompanied State's Biotech Negotiator to
Uruguay to participate in a series of round tables on biotechnology
organized by Embassy Montevideo.
B. FAS Buenos Aires in concert with FAS Santiago organized and
accompanied a Southern Cone CODEL to the United States, to
demonstrate how the United Sates uses and regulates agricultural
biotechnology.
##### Proposed Activities
FAS Buenos Aires proposes a continuation of education and outreach as
well as a more targeted information campaign. Specific activities may
include:
\- Workshops in different cities to target audiences around the country,
\- A two-day conference directed mainly to Congressmen, but also to
media, academia and government officials among others,
\- Coordination with local universities to demonstrate the benefits of
Biotechnology in Uruguay,
\- Continue Cooperator, Cochran and International Visitor program
activities,
\- Special activities designed for Consumer Association leaders and
consumers in general,
\- Workshop especially directed to medical doctors and nutritionists,
explaining the innocuousness of biotech products; and,
-Workshop in risk assessment that will be directed to Argentine,
Paraguayan and Uruguayan experts.
# APPENDIX A: Status of Products Approval
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| **Crop** | **Trait | **Event/ | **Trait** | * |
| | Category** | Ap | | *Status** |
| | | plicant** | * | |
| | | | *Description** | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Soybean | Herbicide | 40-3-2 | Glyphosate | Approved |
| | Tolerant | | Herbicide | Feed |
| | | Monsanto | Tolerant | and/or |
| | | | | Food |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Maize | Insect | MON 810 | Resistant | Approved |
| | Resistant | | | Feed |
| | | Monsanto | European Corn | and/or |
| | | | Borer | Food |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Maize | Insect and | Bt 11 | Resistant | Approved |
| | | | EuropeanCorn | Feed |
| | Herbicide | Syngenta | Borer and | and/or |
| | | Seeds | Glufosinate | Food |
| | Tolerance) | | Ammonium | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Maize | Herbicide | NK 603 | Gliphosate | Research |
| | Tolerance | | Herbicide | |
| | | Monsanto | | |
| | | | Tolerant | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Rice | Herbicide | LLRice 06 | Glufosinate | Research |
| | Tolerance | | resistance | |
| | | Bayer | | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| White | Virus | LXR | Alfalfa.Mosaic | Research |
| Clover | Resistance | | Virus | |
| | | Phytogene | | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| Maize | Insect and | TC 1507 | Resistant to | Research |
| | Herbicide | | European Corn | |
| | Tolerance | Herculex | Borer and to | |
| | | | Glufosinate | |
| | | DowAgro | Ammonium | |
| | | Sciences | | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
| | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+-----------+
# APPENDIX B: Relevant Current Laws and Regulations
#
#### Law 16.466: Environmental Impact Evaluation Law -- 1994
This law states that it is of general and national interest to protect
the environment against any type of degradation, destruction or
contamination, as well the prevention of the negative or noxious
environmental impacts.
#### Law 17283: Environmental Protection Law -- 2000
Art. 23 Biosafety. The Ministry of Environment will apply the measures
needed to prevent and control environmental risks from the creation,
manipulation, use or environmental release of GMOs until a competent
authority is designated.
#### Law 9202: Public Health Law -- 1934
This law establishes the Ministry of Health as the regulatory
organization in all the issues related to public health.
#### Law 16811: Seed Law: 1997
This law regulates the production, certification and trade of seeds, the
National Register of Production Fields and the protection of plant
creations.
INASE, among other duties must:
> -Control the seed production and trade, overseeing for the compliance
> of the rules established by the law.
-Control the national registration of cultivars.
#### Law 3921: Plant Protection Law -- 1911
This law prevents the introduction and dissemination of plant pests.
The MAGP is responsible for the development and organization of the
plant health protection in Uruguay, and for the administration and
supervision of the national system for plant protection and
phytosanitary surveillance.
#### Decree 249/00 - August 2000
The objective of Decree 249/00 is to promote the safe use of
biotechnology by creating an adequate level of protection for GMOs,
preventing adverse effects on agricultural production and conservation
and sustaining biodiversity.
The introduction, use and manipulation of plants and their genetically
modified parts, independently from the manner or regime under which this
operation is performed, will only be allowed with previous
authorization, granted by the competent authorities.
#### Applications of Decree 249/00
The development of events under contained use.
-Development of tests and field trials under specific biosafety
conditions.
-The evaluation of trials according to law 16811
-Seed multiplication
-Initial production or importation (with the intended use of food, feed
or processing).
# APPENDIX C: Process to Obtain Approval from GOU
The process to obtain approval from GOU involves a formal application
(form SOL-OGM- 1) that includes the following data:
**A**. Applicant: name, address and registration number in the general
register of seed producers and traders.
**B**. Legal responsible: name and address
**C**. Technical responsible
**D**. Specie:
Regular name
Botanical name
**E**. Event
**F**. Cultivar, if applicable
**G**. Origin of material
**H**. Proposed use
1\. Development of experiments under contained use
> 2\. Development of tests and field trials under protection or under
> specific Biotech conditions.
>
> 3\. Evaluation of National Production Cultivars
4\. Seed multiplication
> 5\. Production or first time importation with the intended use (food
> or feed processing)
6. Other:
**I**. Countries where application has been submitted (if any)
indicating which states and date of submission
**J**. Countries where authorization has been granted (if any)
indicating states and date of approval.
Once the applicant has complied with this request, the risk analysis
commission will perform the risk analysis evaluation on the following
basis:
- Case by case
- Adherence to sound science
- The impact on the environment, biological diversity and the eventual
effects on human, animal, and plant health.
- Compliance with international guidelines.
After the risk analysis evaluation is performed, the Commission will
advise the competent authorities about risk management and communication
measures.
Before adopting a resolution, the Competent Authority will publish in
national newspapers the name of the GMO, name of the applicant,
requested use as well as a summary of the risk analysis evaluation.
During a 20 days period after publication, the public has the
opportunity to voice opposition.
Failure to comply with all conditions of a granted authorization may
lead to cancellation of the permit and to legal actions.
| en |
converted_docs | 657627 | 8-420. [Right to leave work; scheduled proceedings; employment rights;
nondiscrimination; confidentiality; definition]{.underline}
A. An employer who has fifty or more employees for each working day in
each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding
calendar year, and any agent of that employer, shall allow an employee
who is a victim of a juvenile offense to leave work to exercise the
employee\'s right to be present at a proceeding pursuant to sections
8‑395, 8‑400, 8‑401, 8‑402, 8‑403, 8‑405, 8‑406 and 8‑415.
B. An employer may not dismiss an employee who is a victim of a
juvenile offense because the employee exercises the right to leave work
pursuant to subsection A of this section.
C. An employer is not required to compensate an employee who is a
victim of a juvenile offense when the employee leaves work pursuant to
subsection A of this section.
D. If an employee leaves work pursuant to subsection A of this section,
the employee may elect to use or an employer may require the employee to
use the employee\'s accrued paid vacation, personal leave or sick leave.
E. An employee who is a victim of a juvenile offense shall not lose
seniority or precedence while absent from employment pursuant to
subsection A of this section.
F. Before an employee may leave work pursuant to subsection A of this
section, the employee shall do all of the following:
1. Provide the employer with a copy of the form provided to the
employee by the law enforcement agency pursuant to section 8‑386,
subsection A or a copy of the information the law enforcement agency
provides to the employee pursuant to section 8‑386, subsection E.
2. If applicable, give the employer a copy of the notice of each
scheduled proceeding that is provided to the victim by the agency that
is responsible for providing notice to the victim.
G. It is unlawful for an employer or an employer\'s agent to refuse to
hire or employ, to bar or to discharge from employment or to
discriminate against an individual in compensation or other terms,
conditions or privileges of employment because the individual leaves
work pursuant to subsection A of this section.
H. Employers shall keep confidential records regarding the employee\'s
leave pursuant to this section.
I. An employer may limit the leave provided under this section if the
employee\'s leave creates an undue hardship to the employer\'s business.
J. The prosecutor shall inform the victim of the victim\'s rights
pursuant to this section. A victim may notify the prosecutor if
exercising the victim\'s right to leave under this section would create
an undue hardship for the victim\'s employer. The prosecutor shall
communicate the notice to the court during the scheduling of proceedings
where the victim has the right to be present. The court shall continue
to take the victim\'s schedule into consideration when scheduling a
proceeding pursuant to subsection A of this section.
K. For purposes of this section, \"undue hardship\" means a significant
difficulty and expense to a business and includes the consideration of
the size of the employer\'s business and the employer\'s critical need
of the employee.
| en |
converted_docs | 496865 | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Name** **Organization** **Phone** **Internet**
-------------- ----------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------
James Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-8700 Ksb@ornl.gov
Abercrombie Research
Jackie Adkins Bechtel Jacobs Company, (740)897-2569 Qul@ornl.gov
L.L.C.
Walter Jacobs Engineering (314)441-8086 Walter.anderson@wssrap-host.wssrap.com
Anderson Group
Bill Armour Research Planning, Inc. (301)540-2396 Warmour@rpihq.com
Connie Arnwine Lockheed Martin Energy (423)241-3134 A93@ornl.gov
Research
Leesa Arowood Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-0595 Arowoodl@orau.gov
Science and Education
Devan Atri U.S. Department of (509)376-5526 Devan_s_atri@rl.gov
Energy
Paul Bakke U.S. Department of (303)966-7851 Paul.bakke@rfets.gov
Energy
William Barnes Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-8484 Qb9@ornl.gov
Research
Stuart Bayne Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-9614 Baynes@orau.gov
Science and Education
Kasandrah Legin Group, Inc. (301)540-6820 Kbaynes@legin.com
Baynes
Sharon Bays Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-2497 Zgb@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
C. Douglas RMI Environmental (440)993-1951 Doug_bibler@rmies.com
Bibler Services
Adrian Bosch Bechtel Jacobs Company, (502)441-5170 Nqm@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
Eugenia Boyle U.S. Department of (301)903-3393 Eugenia.boyle@eh.doe.gov
Energy
Richard Brake Los Alamos National (505)667-0598 Brake@lanl.gov
Laboratory
Gary Branson Lockheed Martin Idaho (208)526-6529 Gab@inel.gov
Technologies Company
Butch Brant U.S. Department of (423)576-4087 Brantel@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Michele U.S. Department of (423)576-4530 Brantonmg@ornl.gov
Branton Energy
Bruce Breslau U.S. Department of (301)903-7343 Bruce.breslau@eh.doe.gov
Energy
Vern Briscoe Lockheed Martin Idaho (208)526-4204 Avb@inel.gov
Technologies Company
Sherry Brown Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-2977 Vse@ornl.gov
Research
Dorothy Brown Lockheed Martin Idaho (208)526-8677 Dth@inel.gov
Technologies
Corporation
Glenn Buckley Battelle - Pacific (509)373-0312 Glenn.buckley@pnl.gov
Northwest National
Laboratory
Carol Burditt Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-3128 Bt3@ornl.gov
Systems
Earl U.S. Department of (806)477-3170 Eburkhol@pantex.com
Burkholder Energy
Chris Caldwell Science Applications (423)241-1998 Ccaldwell@bnfl-ettp.com
International
Corporation
Elizabeth Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-2266 Carrolle@orau.gov
Carroll Science and Education
Carrie Carter U.S. Department of (925)422-1133 Carrie.carter@oak.doe.gov
Energy
Peter Caswell Bechtel Jacobs Company, (423)576-5224 Caswellpc@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
Karen Chandler Lawrence Livermore (925)422-8966 Chandler4@llnl.gov
National Laboratory
Joe Christ U.S. Department of (303)966-5944 Joe.christ@rfets.gov
Energy
Dale U.S. Department of (423)574-3964 Christensonde@oro.doe.gov
Christenson Energy
Frank Parallax, Inc. (301)428-1493 Frank.cicchetto@eh.doe.gov
Cicchetto
Gary Clifton U.S. Department of (423)576-6810 G7y@ornl.gov
Energy
Chris Coccagna SAIC (301)353-8302 Christina.coccagna@cpmx.saic.com
Daniel Connell Fluor Daniel Hanford (509)376-0058 Daniel_j_connell@rl.gov
Tom Connor U.S. Department of (423)576-4879 Connortl@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Ken Cook Bechtel Jacobs Company, (423)241-4808 Cookkw@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
J.K. Cravens U.S. Department of (423)576-3148 Cravensjk@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Richard Crowe U.S. Department of (202)586-1418 Richard.crowe@ns.doe.gov
Energy
John Lockheed Martin Idaho (208)526-2493 Cj3@inel.gov
Cunningham Technologies Company
Mary U.S. Department of (301)903-2072 Mary.cunningham@hq.doe.gov
Cunningham Energy EH-72
Rick Daniels U.S. Department of (423)574-9143 E29@ornl.gov
Energy
Fred Davies Systems Improvements
Bobby Davis U.S. Department of (423)576-9725 Davisbj@oro.doe.gov
Energy
George Delius BNFL, Inc. (423)241-1282 Gdelius@bnfl-ettp.com
Sandy RMI Environmental (440)993-1901 Sandy_dellaverson@rmies.com
Dellaverson Services
Robert Dichard Kaiser-Hill Company, (303)966-3112 Robert.dichard@rfets.gov
L.L.C.
Leonard Lockheed Martin Energy (423)974-2386 Dickersonls@ornl.gov
Dickerson Research
Larry Dowdell Oak Ridge National (423)574-6606 Loq@ornl.gov
Laboratory
James (Jim) Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-3724 Drewryj@orau.gov
Drewry Science and Education
Lorna Dunn Kaiser-Hill Company, (303)966-5510 Lorna.dunn@rfets.gov
L.L.C.
Steve Dunn BNFL, Inc. (423)241-0257 Sdunn@bnfl-ettp.com
Ruston U.S. Department of (702)295-7497 Eleogram@nv.doe.gov
Eleogram Energy
Jeff Ellis East Tennessee (423)241-2912 Ellisjm@ornl.gov
Mechanical Contractors
Cynthia Bechtel Jacobs Company, \(423\) Eub@bechteljacobs.org
Eubanks LLC 576-7763
Catherine U.S. Department of (423)576-0586 Fallonc@oro.doe.gov
Fallon Energy
Kimberly Fee Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-3606 Feeka@ornl.gov
Systems
Rosalie U.S. Department of (423)576-7326 Fernandezr@oro.doe.gov
Fernandez Energy
Sandi Foster Lockheed Martin Energy (423)241-0447 Foj@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
A. Fay Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-1460 Aff@ornl.gov
Frederick Research
David Science Applications (202)488-6626 David_freshwater@ccmail.gmt.saic.com
Freshwater International
Corporation
William Bechtel Nevada (702)295-0176 Giffordw@nv.doe.gov
Gifford Corporation
Max Gildner Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-6932 Mgf@ornl.gov
Research
Tim Gillespie BNFL, Inc. (423)241-1996 Tgillespie@bnfl-ettp.com
Jalane Glasgow MACTEC-ERS (970)248-6017 Jalane.glasgow@doegjpo.com
Michael U.S. Department of (423)574-3499 Glasmanmm@oro.doe.gov
Glasman Energy
JC Glover Oak Ridge National (423)576-8700 Jg6@ornl.gov
Laboratory
Richard U.S. Deparment of (505)845-6091 Rgonzales@doeal.gov
Gonzales Energy
Curt A. Gracie West Valley Nuclear (716)942-4704 Graciec@wv.doe.gov
Services, Inc.
Arnold Harper Parallax, Inc. (423)241-6365 Zxq@ornl.gov
Tyrone Harris U.S. Department of (423)576-0953 Harrist@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Linda Hassler U.S. Department of (505)845-4287 Lhassler@doeal.gov
Energy
Brenda Hawks U.S. Department of (423)241-6572 Hawksbl@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Fred Heacker BNFL, Inc. (423)241-0450 Fheacker@bnfl-ettp.com
Nancy Hendrix U.S. Department of (423)576-4642 Hendrixnk@oro.doe.gov
Energy, SE-34
Kathie Hensley Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-3546 Kah@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Brian Herman U.S. Department of (505)845-5624 Bhermann@doeal.gov
Energy
George Herron U.S. Department of (423)576-1815 Herrongw@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Clyde Hicks AlliedSignal Aerospace (816)997-2262 Chicks1@kcp.com
Federal Manufacturing
and Technologies
Elizabeth Hill SAIC Corporation (702)285-2345 Lhill_it@nv.doe.gov
Andrew Hobbs FluorDaniel Fernald, (513)648-4386 Andy_hobbs@fernald.gov
Inc.
Brenda Wright U.S. Department of (423)241-5890 Holderbw@ornl.gov
Holder Energy
Scott Hope PRSM Corporation (423)693-7776 Oo5@ornl.gov
Gail Hudson U.S. Department of (423)576-9856 Hudsonrg@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Mark Hunsinger Los Alamos National (505)665-0033 Mhunsinger@lanl.gov
Laboratory
Renee Idar Los Alamos National (505)667-6408 Ri@lanl.gov
Laboratory
Kenneth Ivey U.S. Department of \(423\) Iveykd@oro.doe.gov
Energy 574-0277
Jerry Jamison BNFL, Inc. (423)241-0275 Jjamison@bnfl-ettp.com
Emma Johnson Sandia National (505)844-1762 Ejjohns@sandia.gov
Laboratories
Brian Jones U.S. Department of (806)477-5611 Bjones@pantex.com
Energy
Carla Jones Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-3949 Mcz@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Robert Jones Westinghouse Savannah (803)952-2260 Robert.jones@srs.gov
River Company
Bob Kapolka Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-3339 Kapolkar@orau.gov
Science and Education
Brian Keith Westinghouse Savannah \(803\) Brian.keith@srs.gov
River Company 557-3348
Keith Kellar Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-5335 Ksk@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Kent Kerr U.S. Department of \(816\) Kkerr@kcp.com
Energy 997-5571
John Kovach U.S. Department of (304)285-4282 Jkovac@fetc.doe.gov
Energy
J.E. Lee Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-8288 Leeje@ornl.gov
Research
Robyn Lee Lockheed Martin Energy (423)241-2137 R9n@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Melvin Leifer U.S. Department of (301)903-7399 Melvin.leifer@dp.doe.gov
Energy
William B&W Hanford Company (509)373-1820 W_j_iv_bill_leonard@rl.gov
Leonard
Dennis Lowry DynMcDermott Petroleum (504)734-4650 Dennis.lowry@spr.doe.gov
Operations Co.
Trish Luke International (702)295-2418 Pluke_IT@nv.doe.gov
Technology Corporation
Robert Lyon SCIENTECH, Inc. (208)523-2077 Rlyon@scientech.com
Kiento Ma U.S. Department of (423)241-2199 Mak1@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Donald Mack GRAM, Inc. \(505\) Dmack@doeal.gov
845-5582
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------- ----------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------
Kenneth Malnar Parallax, Inc. (301)428-1493 Kmalnar@earthlink.net
Jerry Mandry Bechtel Jacobs Company, (432)576-5557 Mandrygj@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
Curtis Maples Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-5384 Map@ornl.gov
Research
John Maraviglia Brookhaven National (516)344-7343 Jjm@bnl.gov
Laboratory
Judy McBee Bechtel Jacobs Company, \(423\) Ctn@ornl.gov
L.L.C. 574-8807
Diane McCarten U.S. Department of (423)576-9330 Mccartentd@ornl.gov
Energy
Larry McNelly Bechtel Jacobs Company, \(423\) Jli@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C. 574-7087
David Michlewicz U.S. Department of (301)903-8432 David.michlewicz@science.doe.gov
Energy
Ricky Miles BNFL, Inc. (423)241-1114 Rmiles@bnfl-ettp.com
Kim Monti Science Applications (505)890-6194 Kmonti@thuntek.net
International
Corporation
Barbara Moore Bechtel Jacobs Company, (423)576-8526 B5m@ornl.gov
L.L.C.
Glenn Morris U.S. Department of \(423\) Gz5@ornl.gov
Energy 574-8645
Charles Moseley Lockheed Martin Energy (423)241-6637 Xzq@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
John Mullis U.S. Department of (423)576-2983 Mullisja@ornl.gov
Energy
Marcee Myers U.S. Department of (423)241-5023 Addingtonmm@oro.doe.gov
Addington Energy
Steve Nolan Bechtel Jacobs Company, (423)574-0139 Nolansd@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
Gerald Palau BNFL, Inc. (423)241-0274 Gpalau@bnfl-ettp.com
Mark Paradies Systems Improvement, (423)539-2139 Mak@taproot.com
Inc.
William Patterson Westinghouse Savannah \(803\) Chip.patterson@srs.gov
River Company 952-8749
Elaine Patterson Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-4645 Pattersonem@ornl.gov
Research
Brad Patton Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-0603 Bdp@ornl.gov
Research
Douglas Paul U.S. Department of (423)576-4534 Qep@ornl.gov
Energy
Donna Perez U.S. Department of (423)576-8625 Perezdm@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Susan Phillips U.S. Department of (423)576-0598 Phillipss@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Missy Pointer Oak Ridge National (423)574-6606 Qy6@ornl.gov
Laboratory
Larry Proctor Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-8555 Lyp@ornl.gov
Research
Tim Quinn Bechtel Hanford, Inc. (509)372-9257 Tsquinn@bhi-erc.com
Donald Raco Bechtel Nevada (702)295-2941 Racod@nv.doe.gov
Diana Ramirez U.S. Department of (925)637-1701 Diana.ramirez@oak.doe.gov
Energy
Daniel Rivas U.S. Department of (806)477-5936 Drivas@pantex.com
Energy
Jeffrey Robertson DSIC \(301\) Jeffrey.robertson@eh.doe.gov
428-1493
Thomas Rollow U.S. Department of (202)586-7449 Tom.rollow@eh.doe.gov
Energy
Thomas Rotella U.S. Department of (301)903-2649 Thomas.rotella@dp.doe.gov
Energy
Miguel Salazar Los Alamos National (505)665-3056 Miguels@lanl.gov
Laboratory
Bob Schabot Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-8012 Ftb@ornl.gov
Research
Catherine Schidel U.S. Department of (423)241-6314 Schidelct@oro.doe.gov
Energy
J.A. Schmitz Oak Ridge National (423)576-5009 Schmitzja@ornl.gov
Laboratory
Joanne Schutt Bechtel Jacobs Company, (423)574-1248 S6u@bechteljacobs.org
L.L.C.
Charles Scott Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-3335 Scottc@orau.gov
Science and Education
Bonnie Scott SCIENTECH, Inc. (208)523-2077 Bscott@scientech.com
Robert Seal U.S. Department of (208)533-4562 Sealrc@id.doe.gov
Energy
Kathy Sheehan Rocky Mountain (303)966-4350 Kathy.sheehan@rfets.gov
Remediation Services,
Inc.
Chung-Tung Shen U.S. Department of (423)576-7176 Shenct@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Ed Shirley Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-4617 Ii9@ornl.gov
Research
Bonnie Jean Sibley Lawrence Livermore (925)423-6501 Sibley2@llnl.gov
National Laboratory
Jim Stair U.S. Department of (301)903-7768
Energy
Brad Starkey East Tennessee (423)241-2188 Starkeyb@ornl.gov
Mechanical Contractors
Robert Steitler Westinghouse Savannah (803)952-9786 Robert.steitler@srs.gov
River Company
Debra Stephens Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-8243 S84@ornl.gov
Research
Regina Stinnett Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-5013 Rzm@ornl.gov
Research
Jack Styne West Valley Nuclear (716)942-2178 Stynej@wv.doe.gov
Services Co., Inc.
Jerry Swanks Lockheed Martin Energy
Research
Don Taylor Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-0507 Taylorda@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Jim Taylor Lockheed Martin Energy (423)241-3528 T8j@ornl.gov
Systems
Jan Thomas Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-6606 Tsj@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
John Thompson Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-5145 Thompsonjr2@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Christina Tolendino Sandia National (505)844-5996 Cdtolen@sandia.gov
Laboratories
Bruce Trent Argonne National (630)252-2859 Btrent@anl.gov
Laboratory
Dick Trevillian U.S. Department of (301)903-3074 Dick.trevillian@eh.doe.gov
Energy
Darci Tucker B&W Hanford Company (509)373-1820 Darci_g_tucker@rl.gov
Don Turcotte Mason & Hanger (806)477-7221 Dturcott@pantex.com
Corporation - Pantex
Stephen Upson Lockeed Martin (509)376-1945 Stephen_s_upson@rl.gov
Services, Inc.
Tom Wantland Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-3336 Wantlant@orau.gov
Science and Education
Keith Warwick U.S. Department of (925)423-5884 Keith.warwick@oak.doe.gov
Energy
Steve Wellbaum U.S. Department of (423)574-3963 Wellbaumse@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Marcus Weseman Oak Ridge Institute for (423)576-3420 Wesemanm@orau.gov
Science and Education
Paul Whaley Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-5008 W9f@ornl.gov
Research
Danny Bechtel Jacobs Company,
Whitaker-Sheppard LLC
Jacquie Williams Lockheed Martin Energy (423)576-6606 Wix@ornl.gov
Research
Kimberly Wilson West Valley Nuclear (716)942-4771 Wilsonk@wv.doe.gov
Services Co., Inc.
Terry Woodford Rust Federal Services (509)373-1573 Terry_l_woodford@rl.gov
of Hanford, Inc.
Michael Woods U.S. Department of (423)576-7327 Woodsmr@ornl.gov
Energy
Christy Woodson Lockheed Martin Energy (423)574-2124 Cv7@ornl.gov
Systems, Inc.
Charles Wright U.S. Department of (423)241-6419 Wrightcf@oro.doe.gov
Energy
Paul Zanussi EG&G TSWV (304)285-4590 Pzanus@fetc.doe.gov
------------------- ----------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------
| en |
converted_docs | 660072 | Custom Federal Regulations Service™
**This is supplemental material**
**for Book C of your set of**
**Federal Regulations**
Title 38, Part 4
*Schedule for Rating Disabilities*
**Veterans Benefits Administration**
Supplement No. 23
Covering period of *Federal Register* issues
from December 23, 1997, through June 22, 1998
Copyright © 1998 Jonathan Publishing
**Need Assistance?**
Printing for all supplements is performed by the United States
Government
Printing Office. Distribution is the responsibility of the
VA Forms and Publications Depot. Accordingly:
Questions concerning **[missing supplements]{.smallcaps}**, need for
**[additional books]{.smallcaps}**, and other **[distribution
list]{.smallcaps}** issues for this loose-leaf service should be
directed to:
Department of Veterans Affairs
Veterans Benefits Administration
Directives, Forms and Records Staff
Mail Code: 20S5
810 Vermont Avenue, N.W.
Washington DC 20420
Telephone: 202/273-7080
Fax: 202/275-5146
Questions concerning the **[filing instructions]{.smallcaps}** for this
loose-leaf service,
or the reporting of **[substantive errors]{.smallcaps}** in the text,
may be directed to:
Jonathan Publishing
3939 Bee Caves Road, Suite 200
Austin TX 78746
Telephone: 512/328-2480
Fax: 512/328-5365
E-mail: knight@austintx.net
**Internet: http://www.jonpub.com**
Copyright © 1998 Jonathan Publishing
> **GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS**
Custom Federal Regulations Service™
**Supplemental Materials for *Book C***
**Code of Federal Regulations**
**Title 38, Part 4**
***Schedule for Rating Disabilities***
**Veterans Benefits Administration**
**Supplement No. 23**
25 June 1998
Covering the period of Federal Register issues
from December 23, 1997, through June 22, 1998
When **Book C** was originally prepared, it was current through final
regulations published in the *Federal Register* of 24 March 1992. These
supplemental materials are designed to keep your regulations up to date.
You should file the attached pages immediately, and record the fact that
you did so on the *Supplement Filing Record* which is at page C-8 of
Book C, *Schedule for Rating Disabilities*.
> **To ensure accuracy and timeliness of your materials,**
>
> **it is important that you follow these simple procedures:**
>
> 1\. Always file your supplemental materials immediately upon receipt.
>
> 2\. Before filing, always check the Supplement Filing Record (page
> C-8) to be sure that all prior supplements have been filed. If you are
> missing any supplements, contact the Veterans Benefits Administration
> at the address listed on page C-2.
>
> 3\. After filing, enter the relevant information on the Supplement
> Filing Record sheet (page C-8)---the date filed, name/initials of
> filer, and date through which the *Federal Register* is covered.
>
> 4\. If as a result of a failure to file, or an undelivered supplement,
> you have more than one supplement to file at a time, be certain to
> file them in chronological order, lower number first.
>
> 5\. Always retain the filing instructions (simply insert them at the
> back of the book) as a backup record of filing and for reference in
> case of a filing error.
>
> 6\. Be certain that you *permanently discard* any pages indicated for
> removal in the filing instructions in order to avoid confusion later.
To execute the filing instructions, simply remove *and throw away* the
pages listed under *Remove These Old Pages,* and replace them in each
case with the corresponding pages from this supplement listed under *Add
These New Pages*. Occasionally new pages will be added without removal
of any old material (reflecting new regulations), and occasionally old
pages will be removed without addition of any new material (reflecting
rescinded regulations)---in these cases the word *None* will appear in
the appropriate column.
> **FILING INSTRUCTIONS**
**Book C, Supplement No. 23**
**June 25, 1998**
*Remove these Add these Section(s)*
*[old pages]{.underline} [new pages]{.underline} [Affected]{.underline}*
**Do not file this supplement until you confirm that all prior
supplements have been filed**
4.88-1 to 4.88b-1 4.88-1 to 4.88b-1 Tech corr.
**Be sure to complete the**
***Supplement Filing Record* (page C-8)**
**when you have finished filing this material.**
> **HIGHLIGHTS**
**Book C, Supplement No. 23**
**June 25, 1998**
***Supplement* Highlights *references***: Where substantive changes are
made in the text of regulations, the paragraphs of *Highlights* sections
are cited at the end of the relevant section of text. Thus, if you are
reading §3.263, you will see a note at the end of that section which
reads: "Supplement *Highlights* references---6(2)." This means that
paragraph 2 of the *Highlights* section in Supplement No. 6 contains
information about the changes made in §3.263. By keeping and filing the
*Highlights* sections, you will have a reference source explaining all
substantive changes in the text of the regulations.
***Supplement frequency***: This Book C (*Schedule for Rating
Disabilities*) was originally supplemented four times a year, in
February, May, August, and November. Beginning 1 August 1995,
supplements will be issued *every month* during which a final rule
addition or modification is made to the parts of Title 38 covered by
this book. Supplements will be numbered consecutively as issued.
**Modifications in this supplement include the following:**
1\. A technical correction is being made to insert a previously omitted
table of contents for the Infectious Diseases, Immune Disorders and
Nutritional Deficiencies portion (§§4.88--4.89) of the Schedule for
Rating Disabilities.
**Infectious Diseases, Immune Disorders and Nutritional Deficiencies**
4.88 \[Removed and reserved\]
4.88a Chronic fatigue syndrome
4.88b Schedule of ratings---infectious diseases, immune disorders,
and nutritional deficiencies
4.88c Ratings for inactive nonpulmonary tuberculosis initially entitled
after August 19, 1968
4.89 Ratings for inactive nonpulmonary tuberculosis in effect on August
19, 1968
**§4.88** \[Removed and reserved\]
**§4.88a Chronic fatigue syndrome.**
\(a\) For VA purposes, the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome
requires:
\(1\) New onset of debilitating fatigue severe enough to reduce daily
activity to less than 50 percent of the usual level for at least six
months; and
\(2\) The exclusion, by history, physical examination, and laboratory
tests, of all other clinical conditions that may produce similar
symptoms; and
\(3\) Six or more of the following:
\(i\) Acute onset of the condition,
\(ii\) Low grade fever,
\(iii\) Nonexudative pharyngitis,
\(iv\) Palpable or tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes,
\(v\) Generalized muscle aches or weakness,
\(vi\) Fatigue lasting 24 hours or longer after exercise,
\(vii\) Headaches (of a type, severity, or pattern that is different
from headaches in the pre-morbid state),
\(viii\) Migratory joint pains,
\(ix\) Neuropsychologic symptoms,
\(x\) Sleep disturbance.
\(b\) \[Reserved\]
\[59 FR 60902, Nov. 29, 1994, and 60 FR 37012, July 19, 1995\]
**Supplement *Highlights* references**: 11(1), 13(1).
*Next Section is §4.88b*
**§4.88b Schedule of ratings-infectious diseases, immune disorders**
**and nutritional deficiencies.**
Rating
**6300** Cholera, Asiatic:
As active disease, and for 3 months convalescence 100
Thereafter rate residuals such as renal necrosis under the
appropriate system.
**6301** Visceral Leishmaniasis:
During treatment for active disease 100
Note: A 100 percent evaluation shall continue beyond the cessation of
treatment for active disease. Six months after discontinuance of such
treatment, the appropriate disability rating shall be determined by
mandatory VA examination. Any change in evaluation based upon that or
any subsequent examination shall be subject to the provisions of
§3.105(e) of this chapter. Rate residuals such as liver damage or
lymphadenopathy under the appropriate system.
**6302** Leprosy (Hansen's Disease):
As active disease 100
Note: A 100 percent evaluation shall continue beyond the date that an
examining physician has determined that this has become inactive. Six
months after the date of inactivity, the appropriate disability rating
shall be determined by mandatory VA examination. Any change in
evaluation based upon that or any subsequent examination shall be
subject to the provisions of §3.105(e) of this chapter. Rate residuals
such as skin lesions or peripheral neuropathy under the appropriate
system.
**6304** Malaria:
As active disease 100
Note: The diagnosis of malaria depends on the identification of the
malarial parasites in blood smears. If the veteran served in an endemic
area and presents signs and symptoms compatible with malaria, the
diagnosis may be based on clinical grounds alone. Relapses must be
confirmed by the presence of malarial parasites in blood smears
Thereafter rate residuals such as liver or spleen damage under the
appropriate system.
**6305** Lymphatic Filariasis:
As active disease 100
Thereafter rate residuals such as epididymitis or lymphangitis
under the appropriate system.
| en |
converted_docs | 507563 | **2008 Congressional Art Competition**
**Student Information/ Release Form**
MEMBER:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
STATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Note: This information is used for program certificates. Please make
sure the form is complete and correct.
ART STUDENT NAME:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
GRADE:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NAME OF PARENT OR GUARDIAN:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HOME ADDRESS:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CITY: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
STATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ZIP:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
PHONE: (HOME)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (WORK)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SCHOOL:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ART TEACHER:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SCHOOL ADDRESS:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ART TEACHER PHONE:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
TITLE OF ENTRY:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
MEDIUM
:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(Be
Specific) FRAME DIMENSIONS: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Student
email:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
T-Shirt Size\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Originality Certification**
I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the art entry
described above is an original work or authorship by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and that it is not copied from,
nor does it include, any other person's copyrighted work.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Teacher Signature and Date Student Signature and Date
**Artwork Release**
We, the undersigned, represent that the art entry described above is an
original work of authorship personally created by the undersigned
student to which the student is entitled copyright protection. In
consideration for the acceptance of the art entry by the Member of
Congress designated above in *An Artistic Discovery* (the Congressional
Art Competition sponsored by the U.S. House of Representatives) and
intending to be legally bound hereby, the undersigned grant the Member
and the House the right to publicly display the art entry, if it is
selected for display, in accordance with the rules of the Art
Competition, for a period of two years from the latest date on this
form. The undersigned acknowledge that the final decision regarding the
suitability of an art entry to be displayed in the Capitol will be made
by a House panel chaired by the Architect of the Capitol. The
undersigned also grant the Member, the House, their employees and
agents, and the United States the right to reproduce the art entry for
any non- commercial purpose. The undersigned further grant the Member,
the House, their employees and agents, and the United States from any
and all liability for damage, loss, or misappropriation of the art entry
during and subsequent to the Art Competition. The undersigned further
agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend the Member, the House,
their employees and agents, and the United States against any and all
claims of any nature whatsoever, including, but not limited to, claims
of copyright infringement, by any party whatsoever, arising out of or in
any way related to the submission of the art entry in the Art
Competition.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Parent/Guardian Signature and Date Student Signature and Date
| en |
markdown | 150929 | # Presentation: 150929
## Module 1
- Introduction to the TCC
## Small-Group Formation
- What quality does each person in the group have in common with others?
- What do you expect to get out of this training?
- Which TC slogan would you like to adopt as your group slogan for the training?
## “Acting as If”
- When an individual **acts** in a certain way long enough, the **thoughts** and **feelings** that support the behavior will strengthen.
- Feelings, insights, and altered self-perceptions often **follow** behavior change rather than precede it.
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What are your expectations about the TCC training?
- What thoughts or concerns do you have about your role as a TC staff member?
- What would you most like to know more about?
## Prework for Module 2
- Read Resource Sheet #2-1: 14 Basic Components of a TC
- Research the history of your TC
## Module 2
- The History and Evolution of the
- Therapeutic Community
## What Is a Therapeutic Community?
- A TC is a structured method and environment for changing human behavior in the context of community life and responsibility.
## Indicators of the TC Model’s Evolution Into Mainstream Human Services
- A mix of professionals
- Evaluation research
- Program and staff competence standards
- Professional associations
- Common components
- Adaptations to new settings and special populations
## Special Services in a TC
- Enhance the effectiveness of the TC approach rather than modify or replace basic TC components and practices
- Are incorporated into the TC environment only if they are consistent with the TC perspective and can be well integrated into the daily regimen of TC activities
- Are provided only when residents are stable and have developed a sense of belonging within the peer community and understand the TC approach
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- How important is it to me that I feel a part of a long tradition of people helping others to recover through the use of community?
- How can I, in my role, best contribute to the community environment (component 2) in my TC?
- How do I see myself as a community member (component 4)?
## Prework for Module 3
- Read Resource Sheet # 3-1: Case Study of Ray—Disorder of the Whole Person
## Module 3
- Treatment and Recovery— The TC View
## Distinctive Features of TCs
- TC lingo or language
- Community-as-method
- Rational authority
- TC views of the disorder, the person, recovery, and right living
## TC Views
**View of the Disorder**
- Disorder of the whole person
- Virtually every aspect of a person’s life is affected
**View of the Person**
- TC residents are able to change their behavior and become productive members of society
## Exercise: Case Study of Ray
- What are examples of Ray’s
- Cognitive and behavioral issues?
- Perceptual issues?
- Emotional issues?
- Social issues?
## TC View of Recovery
- Gradual building or rebuilding of a new life
- Changes in thinking, feeling, values, behavior, and self-identity
## TC View of Right Living
- Honesty in word and deed
- Responsible concern for others
- Work ethic
- Active and continuous learning
## TCA Staff Competency
- Understanding the need for a belief system within the community
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- How do you feel about what you have learned?
- What new ideas did you get from this module?
- What thoughts or concerns do you have about your role as a member of the TC?
## Prework for Module 4
- Read Resource Sheet #4-1: Community-as-Method
## Module 4
- The Community-as-Method Approach
## Exercise: Social Learning
- Recall a situation in which you learned a valuable life lesson from peers, family members, or coworkers.
- What did you experience as you listened to each person share?
## TCA Staff Competency
**Social Learning**** **
- Identifying with others
- Learning and changing behavior through participation, observation, and interaction with others
**Didactic Learning**
- Formal instruction
- One-way presentation of new information from an “expert” to a “student”
## Eight Basic Concepts of Community-as-Method
- How is each concept implemented in your facility?
- How can you, as a staff member, promote each concept?
## Exercise: Role Play of Community-as-Method
- Christina, an experienced TC staff member
- Michael, a new staff member
- Sarah, a new resident
- Observers
- Staff members will explain community-as-method and give examples to the new resident.
## TCA Staff Competency Understanding and promoting self-help and mutual help
**Self-Help**
- Residents are responsible for participating and contributing to the TC process to change their behavior
**Mutual Help**
- Residents assume responsibility for helping their peers
- Mutual self-help reinforces one’s recovery process
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- Which of the eight concepts do you feel you need to know more about? Why?
- Which concept are you most comfortable implementing in your role?
## Module 5
- The TC Social Structure and Physical Environment
## Exercise: Rules
- Tell your partner about
- Three rules you have in your household
- The benefits of having these rules
## TC Rules
- Cardinal
- Major
- House
## Structured Socialization
- Structured socialization is the step-by-step process through which residents learn prosocial behavior and attitudes that allow them to become productive members of mainstream society.
## TC Social Organization
- Structure
- Systems
- Communication
- Daily regimen of scheduled activities
## Resident Meetings
- Resident meetings are used to
- Enhance sense of community
- Provide structure
- Resolve issues
- Communicate to all members of the TC
- Assess individual and collective moods of the TC
## Morning Meetings
- Are intended to be uplifting
- Engage residents who may be withdrawn
- Motivate residents
- Start the day in a positive way
- Enhance residents’ sense of community
## House (or General) Meetings
- Address issues and problems that pose a physical or psychological threat to the community
- Discuss community concerns and ways to correct community problems
## Closing Meetings
- Conduct community business in a structured fashion
- Provide closure to the day’s activities
- Make announcements
- Assess mood
## The Physical Environment
- The physical setting of the TC allows residents to
- Disengage from previous lifestyle
- Attain positive affiliation
- Achieve self-discipline
- Reinforce recovery principles and right living
## Access and Security
- TCs are not locked facilities but restrict access to provide security for residents and promote recovery.
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What information from this module did you find most useful?
- In what ways might you use this information in your role as TC staff member?
- How are you feeling about your role in this training community?
## Module 6
- Peer Interpersonal Relationships
## Exercise: Healthy Relationships
- Think and write about
- Positive, healthy relationships you have had with family, friends, coworkers, and authority figures
- Benefits of having healthy relationships
- Ways to initiate and maintain healthy relationships
## Promoting Healthy Relationships
- Staff members are expected to understand
- Residents’ relationship-related issues
- How the TC recovery process addresses these issues
- Treatment goals related to developing healthy relationships
## Promoting Healthy Relationships
- Staff members are expected to encourage mutual self-help by
- Promoting familylike relationships among peers
- Promoting healthy peer friendships
- Encouraging residents to become role models and leaders
- Helping residents use the community to develop relationship skills
## Promoting Healthy Relationships
- Think of a specific resident
- Think of 3 possible goals related to changes in that person’s relationships
- Identify 3 ways you will try to help the resident meet these goals
## Being a Role Model
- A role model
- Behaves according to TC expectations of recovery and right living
- Sets a positive example for other residents to follow
## Senior Residents as Role Models
**Junior residents**
**learn new behaviors**
**Senior residents model new behaviors for others**
**Senior residents experience personal growth and learning as a result of modeling**
**Senior residents provide additional learning and assistance for other residents**
## Role Models
- “Act as if” when necessary
- Show responsible concern for others
- Seek and assume responsibility
## Benefits to Residents of Being a Role Model
- Personal growth and self-learning
- Increased status in the peer community
- Leadership skills
- Identity change
- Increased self-esteem
## Living in a TC with people of all backgrounds promotes recovery and right living.
## What Do Residents Gain From Living in a Diverse Community?
- Self-knowledge
- Decreased fear of difference
- Self-acceptance
- Knowledge of how common issues can outweigh differences
- Mutual self-help
## Gender Competency
- TC staff members must
- Be sensitive to gender-related issues
- Not discriminate or show favoritism
- Be aware of and prevent discrimination in the community
- Offer special group sessions
- Serve as role models
## TCA Staff Competency
- Understanding the relationship between belonging and individuality
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What new information or insight regarding diversity did you get from this module?
- How do you think you can use this information in your TC role?
- How are you feeling about your role in this training community?
## Prework for Module 7
- Read Resource Sheet #7-3: Case Study of Veronica
- Read Resource Sheet #7-4: Guide to Rational Decisionmaking
- Read Resource Sheet #7-7: Taking Good Care of Yourself
## Module 7
- Staff Roles and Rational Authority
## TC Staff Members
- All TC staff members
- Play important roles in the treatment process
- Are considered integral members of the TC
## TCA Staff Competency
- Staff members serve as
- positive role models.
## Exercise: Authority Figures in Your Life
- Think about
- Someone who was a positive authority figure in your life
- What you learned from this person
- The characteristics that describe this person
## Staff Members as Rational Authorities
**Program Management**
**Staff**
- Make decisions related to
- Resident status
- Discipline
- Promotions
- Transfers and discharges
- Furloughs
- Treatment planning
**Program Support**
**Staff**
- Make decisions related to their area of expertise
- Support the clinical decisions of the program management staff
## Staff Members as Rational Authorities
- Staff members establish themselves as rational authorities by the way they make, communicate, and follow up on decisions.
## TCA Staff Competency Understanding and discouraging the concept of the we–they dichotomy
- Adhere to community rules
- Participate in meals and activities
- Demonstrate respect for residents
- Be open to confrontation from residents
- Be willing to listen and learn
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What was the most useful information you gained from this module?
- What do you think is the most difficult part of your role as a TC staff member and/or a rational authority?
## Prework for Module 8
- Resource Sheet #8-1: Community Tools
- Resource Sheet #8-4: Group Process Tools
- Resource Sheet #8-6: Mock Encounter Group
## Module 8
- TC Treatment Methods
## Review
- Community-as-method
- Self-help and mutual self-help
- TC social structure and systems
## Community Tools
**Reinforcers**
- Affirmations
- Pushups
- Privileges
**Sanctions**
- Verbal correctives
- Interventions
## Exercise: Community Tools
- What tool do you think should be used?
- Who uses the tool—peer or staff member?
- How will the resident benefit from the intervention?
- Explain your decision as it applies to TC views.
- How will the community benefit from the intervention?
## TC Groups
**Educational Groups**
- Personal growth
- Job skills
- Clinical skills
- Life skills
- Reentry
**Clinical Groups**
- Encounter
- Probe
- Marathon
- Static
## Group Process Tools
**Provocative**
- Used to challenge and confront
**Evocative**
- Used to support and encourage
## Encounter Groups
- Residents learn to
- Show compassion and responsible concern
- Confront reality
- Be honest
- Seek self-awareness
- Resolve issues and concerns
## Encounter Group Phases
- Confrontation
- Conversation
- Closure
## TCA Staff Competency
- Understanding and
- facilitating group process
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What new information or insight regarding TC treatment methods did you get from this module?
- How do you think you can implement this new information in your TC role?
- How are you feeling about your role in this training community?
## Prework for Module 9
- Review Resource Sheet #3-1: Case Study of Ray—Disorder of the Whole Person
- Read and complete
- Resource Sheet #9-1: Case Study of Ray at Work
- Resource Sheet #9-2: Structure Board
## Module 9
- Work as Therapy and Education
## Primary Purpose of Work in a TC
- The primary purpose of work in a TC is to reveal and address residents’ attitudes, values, and emotional growth issues.
## Work in the TC Is Used To
- Shape personal behavior
- Promote positive interpersonal relationships
- Create a sense of community
- Instill attitudes that promote right living
- Teach job skills
## Role of Staff Member
- Make thoughtful work assignments
- Encourage self-help
- Act as a role model
- Educate and explain
- Promote community-as-method and mutual self-help
- Help residents be role models
## Peer Work Structure and Hierarchy
- Crewmember
- Crew leader
- Advanced peer leadership
- Expediter
- Department head
- Coordinator
- Junior staff trainee candidate
## Exercise: Case Study of Ray at Work
- How would you
- Encourage self-help?
- Be a role model?
- Educate and explain?
- Promote community-as-method and mutual self-help?
## Decisionmaking
- Job assignments/promotions carefully consider a resident’s needs for growth and learning.
- Progression or regression in the work hierarchy depends on a resident’s work behavior and attitude.
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- How has your TCC work assignment contributed to or enhanced your experience as part of the training community?
- How are you feeling about the training community at this point?
## Prework for Module 10
- Resource Sheet #10-1: Case Study of Marcus Advancing Through the TC Program Stages
## Module 10
- Stages of the TC Program and the Phases of Treatment
## Preprogram Assessment
- Structured interview
- Medical evaluation
## Staged Approach to Treatment
- Allows time for residents to
- Practice prosocial behaviors and attitudes
- Experience success or failure through a trial-and-error learning process
- Be supported and guided by the community
- Internalize new behaviors and attitudes and become accustomed to living them on a daily basis
## Stages of the TC Program
- Stage I—Orientation/Induction
- Stage II—Primary Treatment
- (Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3)
- Stage III—Reentry
- (early phase, middle phase, late phase)
## Program Graduates
- Have remained alcohol and drug free
- Are employed or are in school or a training program
- Have resolved legal problems
- Have resolved most of their practical problems
- Accept that they need to continue to work on particular problem areas and on themselves in general
- May have a regular therapist
- Are attending AA or NA meetings regularly
- Have a firm commitment to continued abstinence
## TCA Staff Competency
- Understanding and promoting upward mobility and the privilege system
## TCA Staff Competency
- Maintaining accurate records
- What are examples of good recordkeeping?
- What are examples of poor recordkeeping?
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- How comfortable am I making decisions about a resident’s advancement or regression from stage to stage and phase to phase?
- How competent am I at recordkeeping? In what ways could I improve?
## Prework for Module 11
- Read and complete Resource Sheet #11-1: The Process of Self-Change and Internalization
- Read Resource Sheet #11-2: Case Study of Marcus as a Role Model
## Module 11
- How Residents Change in a TC
## Self-Change
- Residents do not adopt behaviors and attitudes simply to comply with TC rules.
- Residents make fundamental changes in the way they live and perceive themselves.
## Self-Identity
- How individuals perceive themselves
- How individuals believe they differ from others
- Individuals’ perceived degree of self-worth and sense of purpose
## Internalization
- The process of accepting, practicing, and applying what has been learned in the TC to new situations inside and outside the program
## Internalization
- Essential experiences
- Essential perceptions
- Active participation and involvement in the TC
## Essential Experiences
- Emotional healing
- Social relatedness and caring
- Subjective learning of self-efficacy and self-esteem
## Essential Perceptions
- TC treatment is effective.
- I am making progress.
## Journal Writing and Wrapup
- What was the most useful information you gained from this module?
- How do you think this information might help you in your work? | en |
all-txt-docs | 044903 | USGS Digital Spectral Library splib06a
Clark and others 2007, USGS, Data Series 231.
For further information on spectrsocopy, see: http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov
ASCII Spectral Data file contents:
line 15 title
line 16 history
line 17 to end: 3-columns of data:
wavelength reflectance standard deviation
(standard deviation of 0.000000 means not measured)
( -1.23e34 indicates a deleted number)
----------------------------------------------------
Tourmaline HS282.2B W9R4Nccc RREF
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-1.23e34 -1.23e34 -1.23e34
| vi |
markdown | 186722 | # Presentation: 186722
## 2004 NASA COST ANALYSIS SYMPOSIUM “Cost Analysis: Launch Pad for One NASA” 9 March 2004
_**Cost-Risk Analysis Panel**_
- David R. Graham (Moderator)
- Tim Anderson (Aerospace)
- Dr. Steve Book (MCR)
- Paul Garvey (Mitre)
- Joe Hamaker (NASA)
- Don MacKenzie (Wyle Labs)
## NASA Cost-Risk Analysis Panel
- Theme of panel is 12 Tenets of NASA Cost Risk
- Product of Oct NASA Cost-Risk Policy Development meeting
- Reps are here as panel members
- Cover 8 of 12 Tenets
- 4 remaining Tenets covered by Dave Graham are:
- Cost-risk is a sub-part of cost estimating - both of which are project management support
- Cost-risk assessment is a joint eng/estimator activity
- Cost-risk integrates quantification of cost and schedule risk
- Establishment of a NASA cost-risk database
## THE 12 GENERAL TENETS OF NASA COST-RISK
_** **_
**NASA cost-risk assessment, a subset of cost estimating, supports cost management for optimum project management;**
**NASA cost-risk assessment is based on a common set of risk and uncertainty definitions;**
**NASA cost-risk assessment is a joint activity between engineers and cost analysts;**
**NASA cost-risk assessment is composed of cost estimating relationship (CER) and technical risk assessment plus cost element correlation assessment; **
**5. NASA technical cost-risk assessment combines both probabilistic and discrete technical risk assessments;**** **
**NASA cost-risk probability distributions are justifiable and correlation levels are based on actual cost history to the maximum extent possible; **
**NASA cost-risk assessment ensures cost estimates are “likely-to-be” vice “as specified” for optimum credibility;**
**NASA cost-risk assessments account for all known variance sources and include provisions for unknown unknown sources;**
**NASA cost-risk can be an input to every cost estimate’s Cost Readiness Level (CRL);**
**NASA cost-risk integrates the quantification of cost-risk and schedule risk;**
**NASA decision makers need to know: **
**How much money is in the estimate to cover risk events; **
**To which WBS elements are they allocated; and,**
**The likelihood of an overrun;**
**NASA project cost-risk data is compiled into a cost-risk database. **
## Tenet #1
- NASA cost-risk assessment, a subset of cost estimating, supports cost management for optimum project management
- Provides the Project Manager a cost assessment of the areas of the effort most likely to drive cost-growth
- Identifies cost performance measurement targets for tracking (e.g., EVM) to provide feedback to the Project Manager
- “Triggers” management reserve actions, cost/performance trades
## Tenet #3
- NASA cost-risk assessment is a joint activity between engineers and cost analysts
- Elicit risk information in a form she can translate into cost impacts
- Discussions can take the form of interviews about the risks in a given WBS element and how *relatively risky *that WBS element’s worst case (pessimistic), best case (optimistic) and most likely case (reference) scenarios are
- Preferred to have more than one engineer in the assessment due to the discussions that naturally evolve
- Identify discrete risks in Key Engineering Performance Parameters (KEPPs)
## Tenet #10
- NASA cost-risk integrates quantification of cost-risk and schedule risk
- Risk Path Analysis will be performed along with traditional Critical Path Analysis (CPA)
- Adding the dimension of duration uncertainty to activities, along with traditional early start/late start - early finish/late finish, results in more realistic CPA
- Compare/combine cost-risk affects of schedule risk with traditional (e.g., risk template-based) cost-risk impact assessment
## Tenet #12
- NASA project cost-risk data is compiled into a cost-risk database containing:
- Beginning-of-contract cost and schedule estimates and actuals
- End-of-contract cost estimates and actuals
- “S”-curves from significant contract milestones
- Technical risk-driven and external risk-driven cost and schedule growth documentation
- Probabilistic risk assessments
- Risk management plans and results
- Medium and high risk WBS element earned value performance measurement results
- Documentation of all engineering technical risk assessment methodologies used in assessing cost-risk
- Technical data | en |
markdown | 078067 | # Presentation: 078067
## Digital Pulse Processor DDC-8
- (Universal Trigger Module)
- for PHOBOS.
- Wojtek Skulski
- University of Rochester
## Outline
- Trigger application in PHOBOS.
- Description of the Universal Trigger Module DDC-8.
- Two configurations:
- 1. Standalone module without DAQ readout.
- 2. VME front-end with DAQ readout.
- Response to scintillator pulses.
- Programming tools:
- FPGA programming tools.
- Embedded microprocessor tools.
- PC GUI programming environment.
## Online trigger
- Vertex and centrality definition in real time
- Analog signals: Paddles, Cerenkov, ZDC.
- Logic signals from conventional NIM.
- 1st level processing: DDC.
- 2nd level processing: XLM, optional.
- Accept/reject event within about 1 sec.
- Vertex definition from TACs.
- T0 OR t,
- Paddle t,
- ZDC t.
**PHOBOS @ RHIC**
- Centrality from paddle and ZDC.
## Possible configurations
- Standalone Universal Trigger Module DDC-8.
- 8 flash ADC channels + 41 logic I/O.
- Standalone data acquisition and histogramming.
- Counting House interfaces: USB and JTAG.
- Tunnel interface: RS-232.
- Real-time decision: fast.
- DAQ readout: no.
- The combo system UTM+XLM.
- 8, 16, 24, or 32 flash ADC channels + many logic I/Os.
- Real-time decision: slower due to “additional layer”.
- DAQ readout: yes.
- More complicated programming.
## processor
- Signal OUT
**40 MHz * 10 bits**
**JTAG connector**
**micro**
**processor**
**FPGA**
**ADC 40 MHz * 10 bits **
**(8 channels)**
**16 bidirectional TTL lines + 1 in**
**(fast parallel interface to XLM) **
**Analog**
**signal IN**
**8 channels**
- with
- digital offset
- and gain control
**RS-232**
**Logic connectors NIM **
**16 lines IN, 8 lines OUT **
**USB**
**RAM**
**500 kB**
**ECL clock IN**
**(optional)**
- DDC-8
## Single channel 12-bit prototype, development and testing
- Input channel for waveform capture, up to 65 Msamples/s.
- Output reconstruction channel for development and diagnostic.
- The channel design to be used for the 12-bit multichannel board.
- Signal OUT
- JTAG connector
- USB
- processor
- connector
- FPGA
- Signal IN
- ADC 65 MHz * 12 bits
- Fast reconstruction DAC 65 MHz * 12 bits
- Variable
- gain amp
## One flash ADC channel, DDC-x
- Nyquist
- filter
- ADC
- Sample
- rate
- processor
- Waveform
- memory
- Event
- rate
- processor
- Signal from
- preamplifier
- Clock
- Gain and offset
- control
- Optional external trigger
- analog
- digital
- Legend:
- ASC = Analog Signal Conditioning
- ADC = Analog to Digital Converter
- Trigger
- Pulse
- height
- and
- shape
- Individual
- trigger
## ...
- section
- Digital
- section
- Correlation
- processor
- User-defined
- 17 I/O lines
- OR
- parallel
- interface
- Composite
- internal
- trigger
- Channel 1
- Analog
- section
- Digital
- section
- Channel 2
- Analog
- section
- Digital
- section
- Channel 8
- Optional external trigger
- (one of the 16 NIM in lines)
- Internal triggers
- from channels 1...8
- 16*NIM in
- 8*NIM out
- Front end block diagram, DDC-8
- Analog
- section
- Digital
- section
- Channel OUT
- 17*TTL in/out
## XLM-72
- 900 MFLOPs
- 4 MB
- 40,000 gates
- DAQ
- 8 chan
- 8 chan
- 32 flash ADCs
- 32*NIM out
- Composite configuration: UTM+XLM
- 8 chan
- 64*NIM in
- On-board monitoring
- 1.2 million gates
- in the FPGAs
- On-the-fly data
- preprocessing
- Four independent parallel interfaces, 100+ MB/s.
- VME
**Flash ADC **
**front end**
- 1, 2, 3, or 4 UTM modules + one XLM
## DDC-8 features
**# of analog output channels 1.**
**# of logic inputs NIM 16. **
**# of logic outputs NIM 8.**
**# of in/out lines TTL 16+1.**
**Fast interfaces USB, parallel.**
**Slow interfaces RS-232, SPI, I****2****C.**
**Waveform memory 12 ********sec.**
**On-board microprocessor 8 bits, 10 MIPS.**
**Histogramming memory 0.5 MB.**
**Packaging NIM, standalone.**
**Intermediate scale: SuperBall+DwarfBall.**
**Medium scale: PHOBOS trigger.**
**Small scale: table-top DPP systems, **
** ****student research projects,**
** ****DPP algorithm development.**
- Features
- Applications
## Response to scintillation pulses
- DDC-8 firmware is under development.
- Results obtained with DDC-1, 48 MHz @ 12 bits.
- Very fast plastic BC-404: tpulse < tsampling.
- NaI(Tl): tpulse > tsampling.
- CsI(Tl): particle identification.
- Phoswich: two-component FAST-SLOW pulses.
## Response to scintillator pulses: fast plastic scintillator
- Signal from a Bicron BC-404 detector
- digitized with the 1-channel prototype at 48 Msamples/s * 12 bits
- Reliable digitization thanks to the antialiasing filter.
- Excellent response to a very fast pulse
- 1 sample = 20.8 ns** **
- 1 sample = 0.2 ns** **
- Tek screen for reference** **
- A typical pulse in PHOBOS environment
## phototube
**CsI(Tl) **
**crystal**
**cosmic ray**
**phototube**** **
**teflon **
**Bicron **
**BC-404**
**FAST**
**SLOW**
**Signal from a phoswich detector**
**digitized with the DDC-1 **
**48 Msamples/s at 12 bits**
**FAST clearly separated from SLOW**** **
- 1 sample = 20.8 ns** **
## Medium-fast scintillator pulses: NaI(Tl)
- Signals from a Bicron 2”x2” NaI(Tl) detector
- digitized with the 1-channel prototype at 48 Msamples/s * 12 bits
- 137Cs
## -ray
- 1 cm3 CsI(Tl) + phototube
- 1-channel prototype
- at 48 Msamples/s * 12 bits
- Note pulse shape dependence
- on type of radiation.
- -particle
- Response to scintillator pulses: CsI(Tl)
## Particle ID from CsI(Tl)
- 1 cm3 CsI(Tl) + phototube
- 1-channel prototype
- at 48 Msamples/s * 12 bits
- natTh radioactive source
- PID = TAIL / TOTAL
- Note energy-independent PID
## Research application: SuperBall + DwarfBall
- Neutron Calorimeter SuperBall.
- 16 m3 organic liquid scintillator.
- Online pulse shape analysis with DDC.
- Charged particle ID with CsI(Tl)/plastic.
- Neutron capture counting and timing.
- 1st level processing: DDC.
- 2nd level processing: XLM.
- 4 charged particle detector DwarfBall/DwarfWall.
- Plastic+CsI(Tl) phoswich detectors.
## Online trigger
- Vertex and centrality definition in real time
- Analog signals: Paddles, Cerenkov, ZDC.
- Logic signals from conventional NIM.
- 1st level processing: DDC.
- 2nd level processing: XLM, optional.
- Accept/reject event within about 1 sec.
- Vertex definition from TACs.
- T0 OR t,
- Paddle t,
- ZDC t.
**PHOBOS @ RHIC**
- Centrality from paddle and ZDC.
## How fast can we digitize the pulse?
- digitized with the DDC-8 at 40 Msamples/s * 10 bits
- Excellent response to a very fast pulse seen with the “spy channel”
**t****pulse**** < t****sampling****.**
- Digitization made possible
- by the Nyquist filter
- ffilter = 1/4 fsampling
**Latency = 300ns.**
- Input pulse
**t****0****+300ns**
## Time budget
- ADC pipeline latency: 9*12.5ns = 112.5 ns.
- FPGA input: 25 ns.
- Nyquist filter: 100 ns.
- Tunnel -> CH propagation: 100 ns.
- Left-right time diff: 100 ns.
- TAC response: 300 ns.
- TOTAL = **0.74** s.
- Note: TAC output very likely can be made faster.
## Software and firmware development tools
- Entry-level software development.
- All development tools _are free_.
- FPGA: XILINX WebPack ISE.
- Embedded micro: Keil C compiler, code restricted to 4kB.
- PC GUI: Shareware edition of BlackBox Component Builder.
- Expert-level software development.
- All tools discounted for universities.
- FPGA.
- VHDL tools: XILINX ISE, full version.
- Graphical tools: MatLab and XILINX System Generator.
- Embedded micro: Keil C compiler, full version.
- PC GUI: Full edition of BlackBox Component Builder.
## Obstacles and showstoppers
- Obstacles.
- Firmware & software development takes time.
- Need an expert at the Phobos end.
- Only one board exists, two more being assembled, all are already booked.
- The 1st board has not been fully tested yet.
- Showstoppers?
- Does Phobos need this tool?
- Can Phobos designate an expert?
- Recent deep cut in funding cannot be ignored.
## Summary
- The technology is under control.
- Glitches, if any, will be resolved.
- One DDC-8 assembled, works OK, but not yet fully tested.
- Two more boards being assembled.
- Firmware & software development will take time.
- A possible showstopper: recent cut in funding.
- Does Phobos need this device?
- My personal belief: if there is need, the expert will step forward.
- The situation looks good, but not hopeless. | en |
converted_docs | 792291 | {width="0.78125in" height="0.78125in"}
**UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**
**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460**
**OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES**
**AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES**
**February 20, 2008**
**[MEMORANDUM]{.underline}**
**SUBJECT:** Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch's (RASSB's)
Review of Petition Submission to Amend 27 CFR § 178.1010 (b)41 and
(c)36, and 40 CFR § 180.940 for Steramine 1G Tablets.
**FROM:** Sherrie L. Kinard, Chemist, Team 1
Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch
Antimicrobials Division (7510P)
**THROUGH:** Norm Cook, Branch Chief
Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch
Antimicrobials Division (7510P)
**TO:** Dennis Edwards, Branch Chief
Regulatory Management Branch I
Antimicrobials Division (7510P)
**Chemical**: N-alkyl (C~12-14~) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC compounds)
**PC Code**: 069105
**CAS #:** 1225-02-9 and 8001-54-5
**DP Barcodes**: D340428 and D340759
**I. [INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND]{.underline}**
**1.** **Introduction**
A petition has been submitted to the Agency which requests that the 40
CFR § 180.940 (a) be amended to increase the end use solution
concentration permitted for the quaternary sanitizer, ADBAC. The
proposed amendment requests that the tolerance exemption for ADBAC be
increased from 200 ppm to 400 ppm when it is used as an active
ingredient in food-contact surface sanitizing products. Approval of this
petition to increase the tolerance exemption level from 200 ppm to 400
ppm will eliminate restrictions placed on this product and allow its
usage throughout the USA along with those quaternary sanitizers that are
approved under 21 CFR 178.1010 for use up to 400 ppm level. The label
being considered for this tolerance exemption increase is currently
registered with the Agency (EPA registration number 1561-11) at a use
rate of 200 ppm. Supplementary to the review of the proposed tolerance
exemption increase, the residential and occupational risks associated
with the labeled uses were also evaluated. A proposed RED was completed
for the ADBAC quaternary ammonium chloride chemicals for uses in food
handling establishments, food processing establishments, and
bottling/packaging establishments. Additionally, data that has been
collected by and reported by the Quats Residue Group (QRG) Joint Venture
and Consumer Specialty Products Association (CSPA) have been considered
for this review.
**2.** **Petition**
Edwards-Councilor CO., Inc. has submitted this petition which requests
that the Agency amend 40 CFR § 180.940 (a) by increasing the end-use
concentration of the quaternary ammonium compound n-alkyl (C~12-16~)
dimethylbenzylammonium chloride in the sanitizing solution from 200 to
400 ppm of active ingredient (a.i.). The use sites covered under §
180.940 (a) are: food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy
processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils.
[**Section F** of the petition reads as follows:]{.mark}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **[Pesticide | **[CAS Reg. | **[ |
| Ch | No.]{.underline}** | Limits]{.underline}** |
| emical]{.underline}** | | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Quaternary Ammonium | 1225-02-9 in 21 CFR | When ready for use, |
| Compounds n-alkyl | | the end-use |
| (C~14-16~) | and | concentration of the |
| benzyldimethyl | | n-alkyl |
| ammonium chloride, | 8001-54-5 in 40 CFR | benzyldimethyl |
| average molecular | | ammonium chloride is |
| weight (in amu) | | not to exceed 400 ppm |
| 351-380 | | of the sanitizing |
| | | solution in food |
| | | handling |
| | | establishments. |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Note: Pending approval of this petition, the 8001-54-5 in 40 CFR should
read, "When ready for use, the end-use concentration of all quaternary
chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 400 ppm of active quaternary
compound.
**2.1.** **Reference ADBAC Label and Chemical Identity**
The registrant has submitted a reference product label: **STERAMINE^™^
1-G TABLETS** (EPA Reg. No. 1561-11), which contains the following
product ingredients:
n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 50% a.i.
The alkyl (C~14~, 95%; C~12~, 3%; C~16~, 2%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) compounds comprise 50% of the formulation. The alkyl
groups contain 12 to 16 carbons and not more than 1% each of the groups
with 8 to 10 carbon atoms, in or on all foods, when residues are the
result of the lawful application of a registered pesticide containing
not more than 400 ppm of the n-alkyl benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride as
a sanitizing solution in food handling establishments. The alkyl benzyl
quaternary compound falls into cluster 2 of PR Notice 88-2.
**2.2.** **Proposed ADBAC** **Uses and Rates**
The representative product label claims uses as a multi-purpose
sanitizer and claims that the product "kills HIV-1 (AIDS Virus) when
used as directed for sanitizing." The label states that the uses for
this product are intended for institutional and commercial sites only.
The sanitizer maximum application rate for food contact surfaces is
currently 1 tablet per 1 gallon of water which results in the diluted
solution concentrations of 200 ppm total a.i.; however, pending approval
of this petition, the maximum application rate for food contact surfaces
will be 1 to 2 tablets per 1 gallon of water resulting in diluted
solution concentrations of 200 to 400 ppm total a.i.. Also pending
approval of this petition for a tolerance exemption increase, the
following "statement of compliance" will be added to the label:
"Steramine™ sanitizing solutions of 200 to 400 ppm concentration may be
safely used on food processing equipment, utensils, and other food
contact articles and surface as specified under 40 CFR 180.940 of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."
**2.3.** **Residue Analytical Method (860.1340) and Residue Data
(860.1500)**
The registrant did not submit an analytical method (860.1340). However,
the use is regulated as an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance
and an analytical method is not required. Also, no residue data
(860.1500) were submitted. These ammonium compounds presently have
clearances under 40 CFR CFR § 180.940 (a) at lower application rates.
**II.** **[RASSB Comments and Conclusions]{.underline}**[^1]
RASSB has performed an evaluation of ADBAC at the proposed increase in
n-alkyl benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride residues from 200 ppm total
a.i. to 400 ppm total a.i. which is not covered by existing tolerance
exemptions under 40 CFR § 180.940 (a).
The proposed petition results in an increase in potential ADBAC residues
in food-contact settings. The petition proposes an increase to the
tolerance exemption level from 200 ppm to 400 ppm and also an increase
in the maximum application rate to 200 to 400 ppm.
[]{.mark}
It is noted that in the proposed RED for ADBAC (see Public Docket under
EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0339) the rate of 200 ppm a.i. is evaluated for
food-contact settings. Essentially, the ADBAC petition's proposed use
rate has not been evaluated under the ADBAC RED. Considering this, RASSB
has completed the following evaluation of the proposed ADBAC petition
using surface residues resulting from an application of 0.0033 lbs
a.i./gal (400 ppm *a.i*). The findings are as follows:
[Dietary:]{.underline} No risks of concern resulting from an increase in
potential residues in food-contact settings.
[]{.mark}
[Drinking Water:]{.underline} A drinking water assessment is not
warranted based on the uses proposed on this label; however, the
drinking water assessment that was performed in the ADBAC RED was used
to aggregate risks from this proposed use with those currently allowed
on other labels. The drinking water assessment demonstrated no risks of
concern.
[]{.mark}
[Residential:]{.underline} No risks of concern resulting from an
increase in potential residues in food-contact settings.
[]{.mark}
[Aggregate:]{.underline} No risks of concern resulting from an increase
in potential residues in food-contact settings.
[]{.mark}
[Occupational:]{.underline} No risks of concern.
**1.** **Toxicology**
In assessing the proposed petition, RASSB used appropriate toxicological
end-points, which are taken from the ADBAC RED (see Public Docket under
EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0339):
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| **Table 1. | | | |
| Summary of | | | |
| Tox | | | |
| icological | | | |
| Endpoints | | | |
| for | | | |
| ADBAC** | | | |
+============+==========+=====================+=======================+
| Exposure | Dose | Target MOE or UF, | Study and |
| | Used in | | Toxicological Effects |
| Scenario | Risk | Special FQPA SF | |
| | As | | |
| | sessment | for Risk Assessment | |
| | | | |
| | (mg | | |
| | /kg/day) | | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Acute | An acute | | |
| Dietary | dietary | | |
| | endpoint | | |
| (general | was not | | |
| p | id | | |
| opulation; | entified | | |
| females | in the | | |
| 13+) | data | | |
| | base. | | |
| | This | | |
| | risk | | |
| | as | | |
| | sessment | | |
| | is not | | |
| | r | | |
| | equired. | | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Chronic | NOAEL | FQPA SF = 1 | Chronic |
| Dietary | =44 | | tox |
| | m | UF = 100 (10x | icity/carcinogenicity |
| | g/kg/day | inter-species | --rat MRID 41947501 |
| | | extrapolation, 10x | |
| | | intra-species | LOAEL = 88 mg/kg/day, |
| | | variation) | based on decreased |
| | | | body weight and |
| | | | weight gain |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| | | > **Chronic RfD =** | |
| | | > 0.44 mg/kg/day | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Incidental | NOAEL = | FQPA SF = 1 | Developmental |
| Oral | 10 | | Toxicity -- Rat, |
| (S | m | UF = 100 (10x | |
| hort-term) | g/kg/day | inter-species | MRID 42351501 |
| | | extrapolation, 10x | |
| | | intra-species | LOAEL = 30 mg/kg/day, |
| | | variation) | based on decreased |
| | | | body weight and food |
| | | | consumption |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Incidental | NOAEL = | FQPA SF = 1 | Developmental |
| Oral | 10 | | Toxicity -- Rat, |
| (Intermed | m | UF = 100 (10x | |
| iate-term) | g/kg/day | inter-species | MRID 42351501 |
| | | extrapolation, 10x | |
| | | intra-species | LOAEL = 30 mg/kg/day, |
| | | variation) | based on decreased |
| | | | body weight and food |
| | | | consumption |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Short-term | NOAEL= | FQPA SF = 1 | 21-day dermal |
| | 20 mg | | toxicity- guinea pigs |
| Dermal | a.i | UF = 10 (3x | MRID 41105801 |
| | ./kg/day | inter-species | |
| | | extrapolation, 3x | LOAEL = 40 mg |
| | (333 | intra-species | a.i./kg/day, based on |
| | µg | variation) | denuded |
| | /cm^2^)a | | non-vascularized |
| | | | epidermal layer |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Short-term | NOAEL = | UF = 10 (3x | 21-day dermal |
| dermal | 20 mg | inter-species | toxicity in rats MRID |
| | a | extrapolation, 3x | 41499601 |
| | i/kg/day | intra-species | |
| | | variation) | 20 mg ai/kg/day is |
| | (80 µg | | the highest dose |
| | a | | tested before |
| | i/cm^2^) | | irritation became |
| | b | | significant at day |
| | | | 43. |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Short-term | No | | |
| Dermal | endpoint | | |
| (technical | id | | |
| grade | entified | | |
| a.i.) | from the | | |
| | a | | |
| | vailable | | |
| | data on | | |
| | dermal | | |
| | irr | | |
| | itation. | | |
| | Dermal | | |
| | ir | | |
| | ritation | | |
| | in the | | |
| | 90-day | | |
| | dermal | | |
| | toxicity | | |
| | study | | |
| | was not | | |
| | evident | | |
| | until | | |
| | day 43 | | |
| | (MRID | | |
| | 41 | | |
| | 499601). | | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Long-term | No | | |
| Dermal | app | | |
| (TGAI) | ropriate | | |
| | endpoint | | |
| | ide | | |
| | ntified. | | |
| | No | | |
| | systemic | | |
| | effects | | |
| | observed | | |
| | up to 20 | | |
| | mg | | |
| | /kg/day, | | |
| | highest | | |
| | dose of | | |
| | t | | |
| | echnical | | |
| | grade | | |
| | that | | |
| | could be | | |
| | tested | | |
| | without | | |
| | ir | | |
| | ritation | | |
| | effects. | | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| Inh | NOAEL= 3 | UF = 100 (10x | Developmental |
| alation^c^ | m | inter-species | Toxicity -- rabbit, |
| | g/kg/day | extrapolation, 10x | MRID 42392801 |
| (Any time | | intra-species | |
| point) | MOE = | variation) | LOAEL = 9 mg/kg/day, |
| | 100^c^ | | based on clinical |
| | | Note: an additional | signs of toxicity in |
| | | 10x is used for | maternal rabbits |
| | | route extrapolation | |
| | | to determine if a | |
| | | confirmatory study | |
| | | is needed | |
+------------+----------+---------------------+-----------------------+
UF = uncertainty factor, FQPA SF = FQPA safety factor, NOAEL = no
observed adverse effect level, LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect
level, RfD = reference dose, MOE = margin of exposure, LOC = Level of
concern, NA = Not Applicable.
a Formulated-based dermal endpoint = (20 mg a.i./kg guinea pig x 0.43 kg
guinea pig x 1000 ug/mg) / 25.8cm^2^ area of guinea pig dosed = 333 µg
ai/cm^2^ .
b TGAI-based dermal endpoint = (20 mg ai/kg rat x 0.2 kg rat x 1000
ug/mg) / 50cm^2^ area of rat dosed = 80 µg ai/cm^2^ .
c^a^An additional uncertainty factor of 10x is applied for use of an
oral endpoint for route-to-route extrapolation to determine if a
confirmatory inhalation toxicity study is warranted.
## 2. Endocrine Disruption
EPA is required under the FFDCA, as amended by FQPA, to develop a
screening program to determine whether certain substances (including all
pesticide active and other ingredients) "may have an effect in humans
that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring estrogen,
or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate."
Following recommendations of its Endocrine Disruptor and Testing
Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), EPA determined that there was a scientific
basis for including, as part of the program, the androgen and thyroid
hormone systems, in addition to the estrogen hormone system. EPA also
adopted EDSTAC's recommendation that the Program include evaluations of
potential effects in wildlife. For pesticide chemicals, EPA will use
FIFRA and, to the extent that effects in wildlife may help determine
whether a substance may have an effect in humans, FFDCA authority to
require the wildlife evaluations. As the science develops and resources
allow, screening of additional hormone systems may be added to the
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).
**3. Dietary Assessment**
In the absence of data for residues of ADBAC on treated food contact
surfaces, the Agency estimated residue levels that may occur in food
from the application rates on food contact surfaces. In addition, the
food processing and dairy equipment uses of ADBAC have also been
addressed.
1. **Utensils**
To calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for dietary exposures
resulting from sanitizing utensils, a number of assumptions were made
based on the FDA guidelines (FDA, 2003).
1. When a surface is treated with a disinfectant, a quantity of the
disinfectant remains on the surface (Residual Solution). The FDA
recommended worst-case concentration for this quantity is 1 mg of
solution per square centimeter of treated surface area. In the
absence of any other data, this value has been used.
2. The FDA suggests that, as a worst-case scenario, all food that an
individual consumes will come into contact with 4,000 cm^2^ of
sanitized non-porous food-contact surfaces. This contact area
represents all the surface area from silverware, china, and glass
used by a person who regularly eats three meals per day at an
institutional or public facility.
3. The value for the amount of active material present on food contact
surfaces that is expected to migrate to is based on the standard
assumption of 100%. This is a conservative estimate assumes that
100% of the residues available on the surface will be transferred to
the food and subsequently ingested.
4. The body weights used for this assessment are: adult man = 70 kg;
adult woman = 60 kg, and an infant = 10 kg (USEPA, 1997).
The above assumptions and the following equations were used to calculate
EDI and Dietary Daily Dose (DDD):
> EDI (mg/p/day) = AR x RS x SA x F x 10^-6^ (1)
>
> DDD (mg/kg/day) = EDI/BW (2)
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| **Table 2: | | |
| Input | | |
| Parameters | | |
| for Utensil | | |
| S | | |
| anitization** | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| **Parameter** | **Value** | **Rationale** |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| Residual | 1 mg/cm^2^ | FDA worst-case |
| Solution on | | assumption |
| Surface (RS) | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| Area of | 4,000 cm^2^ | 100% FDA worst case |
| Treated | | assumption |
| Surface (SA) | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| ADBAC | 400 ppm | Diluted Solution |
| concentration | | concentration, based |
| in diluted | | on maximum |
| Solution (AR) | | concentration in |
| | | Stearamine 1-G |
| | | Tablets. |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| Fraction | 100% | Standard Assumption |
| T | | |
| ransferred(F) | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
| Body Weight | 70 | EPA, 1997 |
| (kg) (BW) | | |
| | 60 | |
| Adult man = | | |
| | 10 | |
| Adult woman = | | |
| | | |
| Child = | | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------+
The calculated dietary risks resulting from utensil contact are provided
below. These risks are not of concern since the % PAD values are less
than 100%.
---------------- --------------- ------------------- -------------------
**Table 3:
Calculated EDIs
and PADs for
Chronic Indirect
Dietary
Exposures from
Utensils**
**Population** **Utensils**
**EDI **DDD **% PAD^c^**
(mg/p/d)^a^** (mg/kg/d)^b^**
Adult males 1.60 0.023 5.2
Adult females 0.027 6.1
Children 0.16 36.4
---------------- --------------- ------------------- -------------------
> a\. EDI (mg/p/day) = AR x RS x SA x F x 10^-6^
>
> b\. DDD (mg/kg/day) = EDI (mg/p/day) / BW (kg)
>
> c\. % PAD = exposure (DDD) /(cPAD, both 0.44 mg/kg/day) x 100.
**3.2. Countertops**
To calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) from treated countertops,
the Indirect Dietary Residue Exposure Model (IDREAM) (Exponent 2006)
along with the new residue data that has been submitted by QRG and CSPA
were utilized. There are currently two levels of refinement for
assessing dietary exposure to antimicrobial pesticide products on
countertops and for purposes of this assessment; a Tier 2 approach was
used.
A Tier 1 assessment is a two-dimensional approach using default
assumptions based on AD's current standard operating procedures (SOP),
which are considered to be conservative. These assessments assume 1
mg/cm^2^ of product residue on countertops and that 100% of the residues
are transferred from the 2000 cm^2^ of countertop into the food consumed
by each individual daily. A Tier 1 estimate would be made as follows:
1 mg/ cm^2^ × 1000 ppm active concentration = 0.001 mg a.i./ cm^2^
0.001 mg a.i./ cm^2^ × (2000) × 100% ÷ (15 or 60 or 70 kg bw) = exposure
in mg/kg/d
A Tier 2 assessment is a three-dimensional approach which is still
conservative, yet provides a refined exposure estimate compared to that
from a Tier 1. For Tier 2 assessment, potential residues are estimated
in foods that are prepared on treated countertops. Tier 2 uses food
consumption and preparation patterns as well as data and assumptions
that are not chemical specific. Foods ingredients are separated into
nine categories based on food preparation, food physical properties, and
the potential, or likelihood of contact with treated countertops. The
nine categories are liquids, fruit, bread, cheese, vegetable, meat,
purees (e.g., pudding, oatmeal), pieces (foods normally consumed in
small pieces), and powders (foods normally used in powder/granular
forms). Assumed countertop residues are converted to estimated residues
contacting the countertops using a translation factor for each food
category, and default residue transfer efficiency for a representative
food. Therefore, IDREAM™ combines estimated countertop residues for
surface treatment products, CSFII consumption data, food-specific
conversion factors that relate the surface area contacting a countertop
to the corresponding weight of the food item, and the transfer
efficiency of residues from countertops to food. Conservative
assumptions for these analyses include: all disinfectants registered
uses to clean kitchen countertops and subsequently prepare foods on
those countertops; all foods prepared contact the treated countertop
with maximum active ingredient residues and that residues do not
diminish over time; there is a 100% likelihood of contact to account for
both commercial and residential scenarios; all commercial and households
use the same disinfectant product; all foods are prepared and consumed;
all foods are prepared on the countertops, and no reduction of residues
in food result from cooking or other preparation processes. Tier 2
estimates are calculated as follows:
Ingestion (mg/kg/d) = CSR (mg/ cm^2^) × \[CSA (cm^2^) ÷ FW (g)\] × LC
(%) × RT (%)× ConR (g/kg bw/d)
Where:
CSR: Countertop surface residue (mg/ cm^2^)
CSA: Contact Surface area from CSFII (cm^2^)
FW: Weight of a piece/serving of food from CSFII (g)
LC: Likelihood of contact (%)
RTE: Residue transfer efficiency (%)
ConR: Consumption rate of food from CSFII (g/kg bw/d)
The amounts of residue transferred to food are dependent on food types.
This parameter was modified in IDREAM™ such to incorporate the new data
that has been generated and submitted by QRG and CSPA. The residue
values provided by these constituents were generated by collecting data
on the residual levels of ADBAC found on three food types: apple, bread,
and bologna. The value for the amount of active material present on food
contact surfaces that is expected to migrate to is based on the
information that is provided in MRID #468707-03. [Study to Demonstrate
Transferability Equivalence Among Quats and Measure Food Surrogate
Transfer Efficiency]{.underline}. Three food types were sampled n this
study; bologna, apple, and bread, with bologna yielding the highest
average percent transfer rate. The residue data from QRG and CSPA are
reported in Table 4.
The detailed IDREAM output tables are provided in Appendix A. All of the
calculated indirect dietary exposures are not of a concern.
------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------
**Table 4. Food
categories and QRG data
utilized with IDREAM
parameters**
**Food Category as **QRG^a^ food **Residue Transfer
Identified in IDREAM™** equivalence** Efficiency**
(%)
Liquid NA 100
Fruit Apple 39
Bread Bread 0.86
Cheese Bologna 47
Vegetable Apple 39
Meat Bologna 47
Purees Apple 39
Pieces Bread 0.86
Powders Bread 0.86
------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------
**Table 5: Calculated
DDDs and PADs for Chronic
Indirect Dietary
Exposures**
**Exposure Group** **Countertops**
**DDD (mg/kg/d)** **% cPAD^a^**
Adult males (13+) 0.00059 0.13
Adult females (13-49) 0.00055 0.12
Children (1-2) 0.0019 0.43
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------
> a\. DDD (mg/kg/day) was provided from the IDREAM model
>
> b\. % PAD = exposure (DDD) /(cPAD, 0.44 mg/kg/day) x 100.
**3.3. Food Processing/Dairy Equipment**
ADBAC may also be used as a sanitizer or disinfectant in for food
processing equipment as well as dairy equipment. The sanitization of
food processing and dairy equipment permits product contact with the
interior of equipment. FDA utilizes the milk truck model (described in
the FDA document, "Sanitizing Solutions: Chemistry Guidelines for Food
Additive Petitions", pages 9-10) (FDA 2003) for these types of uses and
this was performed in order to estimate residues that could transfer
from treated surfaces to food such as milk. The risks calculated for
these uses are not of a concern.
This guidance states on page 9, "For applications limited to use of the
food sanitizer on food processing equipment and utensils, the Agency has
determined that estimates of sanitary exposure from use in dairy
processing plants significantly exceed estimates based on other uses
with food processing equipment and utensils. Depending on the available
safety data, the petitioner may either submit a petition for the broader
use of its sanitizer on 'food processing equipment and utensils
including dairy processing plants' or for the more limited use on 'food
processing equipment and utensils excepting use in dairy processing
plants.'"
Although in practice, consideration of all of the components of a milk
handling system should be included as sources of sanitizer residue in
milk, for purposes of this assessment, the Agency assumes the sanitized
tank truck which transports the milk is the primary source of residue.
It is conservatively assumed that the milk undergoes no additional
dilution prior to reaching the consumer. The calculation of the
estimated daily intake (EDI) of residual sanitizer solution in milk from
use in a dairy processing plant utilized the following equation and
assumptions:
EDI = SA x CT x R x AR x CF1 x CF2 x CF3
> EDI: Estimated Daily Intake (µg /L milk)
>
> SA: Internal surface area of 413 ft^2^ is calculated for the tank (413
> ft^2^/truck).
>
> CT: Assuming a cylindrical model for the tank truck, it is assumed to
> have a 4,000 gal capacity (1 truck/4,000 gallons).
>
> R: When a surface is treated with a disinfectant, a quantity of the
> disinfectant remains on the surface. The FDA recommended worst-case
> concentration for this quantity is 1 mg of solution per square
> centimeter of treated surface area. In the absence of data, this value
> has been used.
>
> AR: Application rate based on label direction to use an undiluted
> product, which contains 0.005% silver (or 50 ppm)
>
> CF1: Conversion factor (929 cm^2^/1 ft^2^)
>
> CF2: Conversion factor (0.264 gal/1L)
>
> CF3: Conversion factor (1000ug = 1mg)
+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+------------+
| * | | | | | | |
| *Table | | | | | | |
| 3. | | | | | | |
| Est | | | | | | |
| imated | | | | | | |
| D | | | | | | |
| ietary | | | | | | |
| Consu | | | | | | |
| mption | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | |
| Adults | | | | | | |
| and | | | | | | |
| Ch | | | | | | |
| ildren | | | | | | |
| from | | | | | | |
| the | | | | | | |
| use of | | | | | | |
| ADBAC | | | | | | |
| in | | | | | | |
| Dairy | | | | | | |
| Proc | | | | | | |
| essing | | | | | | |
| Pl | | | | | | |
| ants** | | | | | | |
+========+=======+=======+========+========+===========+============+
| Ex | A | Esti | Adult | Child | Total | c% PAD |
| posure | pplic | mated | d | d | Dietary | (mg/ |
| Sc | ation | Daily | ietary | ietary | Dose | kg/day)^e^ |
| enario | Rate | I | consu | consu | (mg/k | |
| | (% | ntake | mption | mption | g/day)^d^ | |
| | a.i.) | | (µg/d | (µg/d | | |
| | | (µg | ay)^b^ | ay)^c^ | | |
| | | /L | | | | |
| | | milk) | | | | |
| | | ^a^ | | | | |
+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+------------+
| Food | 0.004 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 0.38 | Male: 2.1 | 4.8 x |
| proc | | | | | x 10^-6^ | 10^-4^ |
| essing | | | | | | |
| equ | | | | | | |
| ipment | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+------------+
| | | | | | Female: | 5.7 x |
| | | | | | 2.5 x | 10^-4^ |
| | | | | | 10^-6^ | |
+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+------------+
| | | | | | Child: | 9.0 x |
| | | | | | 3.8 x | 10^-3^ |
| | | | | | 10^-5^ | |
+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-----------+------------+
a Estimated Daily Intake (ug/L milk) = 413ft^2^/ truck x 1truck/4000gal
x 1mg/cm^2^ x (0.004%) x 929cm^2^/ft^2^ x 0.264gal/1L x 1,000µg/1mg =
1.13µg /L milk \~ 1.13 ppb.
b If an adult (male or female) were to consume 125g of food per day,
assumed to be containing 1.13 µg/L of ADBAC, utilizing the following
equation: 125g/day x kg/1000g x 1.13µg/L x L/0.96kg, then the person
would ingest 0.15µg of ADBAC per day.
c If an child were to consume 320g of food per day, assumed to be
containing 1.13µg/L of ADBAC, utilizing the following equation: 320g/day
x kg/1000g x 1.13µg/L x L/0.96kg, then the child would ingest 0.38µg of
ADBAC per day.
d Dietary exposure (mg/kg/day) = Dietary Consumption (mg/day) / Body
weight (Where male body weight is 70 kg, female is 60 kg and children is
10 kg and a conversion factor of 1,000ug = 1mg is applied).
e % PAD (population adjusted dose) = exposure (total dietary dose)/ PAD)
x 100. The PAD is assumed to be equivalent to the chronic dietary RfD
value of 0.44mg/kg/day.
4. **Combined Dietary Exposures and Risks**
Combined exposures were calculated for the use of ADBAC in food
handling establishments, and risks were not of concern. ADBAC
treatments of food processing equipment and dairy equipment are
considered to be negligible and were not included in the combined
dietary assessment. Therefore, the combined dietary assessment
includes utensils and countertop dietary exposures only. The
combined dietary exposures from indirect food exposure are not of
concern.
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------
**Table 9: Cumulative
DDDs and PADs for Chronic
Indirect Dietary
Exposures**
**Exposure Group** **Countertops and
Utensils**
**DDD (mg/kg/d)** **% cPAD^a^**
Adult males (13+) 0.024 5.4
Adult females (13-69) 0.028 6.4
Children (1-2) 0.16 36.4
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------
> a\. Aggregate DDD = Utensil DDD + Countertop DDD
>
> b\. % PAD = exposure (DDD) /(cPAD, 0.44 mg/kg/day) x 100.
>
> **3.5. Drinking Water Assessment**
A drinking water assessment is not warranted based on the uses proposed
on this label. The indoor hard surface applications are anticipated to
result in minimal, if any, runoff of silver into the groundwater.
However, ADBAC is also used as an outdoor pesticide on nursery
ornamentals, turf, and for mosquito control in ponds and puddles and as
an algaecide in decorative pools. Therefore, for the purposes of this
assessment, the labeled turf and nursery uses for ADBAC were included in
the aggregate dietary assessment. Details of these assessments may be
found in the ADBAC RED (see Public Docket under EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0339).
An acute oral toxicological endpoint was not established for ADBAC.
Therefore, only the chronic drinking water exposure was calculated. The
adult chronic drinking water dose is 0.009 mg/kg/day (i.e., average EDWC
331 ug/L x 2 L/day consumption x 1/70 kg BW). The children chronic
drinking water dose is 0.022 mg/kg/day (i.e., average EDWC 331 ug/L x 1
L/day consumption x 1/15 kg BW). There are no drinking water concerns
with ADBAC as the concentrations are much lower than the level of
concern.
+------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+
| **Table 10. Tier I Estimated | | |
| Drinking Water | | |
| Concentrations (EDWCs) Based | | |
| on Aerial Application of | | |
| ADBAC on Nursery | | |
| Ornamentals** | | |
+==============================+=====================+=================+
| Drinking Water Source | Use rate (lbs | EDWC (ppb) |
| (Model) | ai/A/year) | |
+------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+
| Surface water (FIRST) | 906 | 13,129 |
| | | |
| Acute (peak) | | 331 |
| | | |
| Chronic (annual average) | | |
+------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+
| Groundwater (SCIGROW) | 906 | 5.4 |
+------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+
**4. Residential Exposure/Risk Pathway**
There are no residential uses associated with this petition; however,
since the request is also for an increase in the tolerance exemption,
certain residential uses were assessed. The exposure scenarios assessed
in this document for the representative antimicrobial uses selected by
the Agency to represent the residential risks include:
- Indoor hard surfaces (e.g., mopping, wiping, trigger pump sprays).
[Exposure Data and Assumptions]{.underline}
The residential handler scenarios were assessed to determine dermal and
inhalation exposures. Surrogate dermal and inhalation unit exposure
values were taken from the PHED data presented in HED's Residential SOPs
(USEPA, 1997) and from the CMA data from the EPA memorandum Evaluation
of Chemical Manufacturers Association Antimicrobial Exposure Assessment
Study (USEPA, 1999). Specific surrogate data used in determining the
dermal and inhalation exposures are reported below:
- For the mopping and wiping, the CMA data were used; and
- For trigger pump scenarios the PHED data were used.
The quantities handled/treated for the handler scenarios were
estimated based on information from various sources, including
Antimicrobial Division estimates.
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- For ***mopping*** scenarios, it is assumed that 1 gallon of diluted
solution is used.
- For ***wiping and trigger pump spray*** scenarios, it is assumed
that 0.5 liter (0.13 gal) of diluted solution is used.
As with the antimicrobial use, homeowners are assumed to complete
elements of an application (mix/load/apply) without the use of personal
protective equipment.
Post-application scenarios have been developed that encompass multiple
products, but still represent a high end exposure scenario for all
products represented. Representative post-application scenarios assessed
include crawling on treated hard surfaces. Data sources and
methodologies include the HED Residential SOPs (USEPA 2000, 2001), Human
and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) Guidance Document (2003 and
2005), Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED), and Outdoor
Residential Exposure Task Force (ORETF) studies.
Since no toxicological endpoint of concern was identified for dermal
systemic adverse effects, both the handler and the post-application
dermal risks were assessed using the short-term toxicological endpoint
for dermal irritation. The duration of exposure for most homeowner
handler exposures is believed to be best represented by the short-term
duration (1 to 30 days). The reason that short-term duration was chosen
to be assessed is because the different handler and post-application
scenarios are assumed to be episodic, not daily.
**4.1. Risk Characterization of Antimicrobial Uses**
A summary of the residential handler inhalation risks are presented in
Table 11. Although the inhalation endpoint represents short,
intermediate, and long-term durations, the exposure duration of most
homeowner applications of cleaning products is believed to be best
represented by the short-term duration. The inhalation toxicological
endpoint is based on an oral study because a route-specific inhalation
study is not available. The calculated inhalation MOEs are above the
target MOE of 100. The dermal MOEs are presented in Table 12. The dermal
MOEs are above the target MOE of 10.
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
| **Table | | | | | |
| 11. | | | | | |
| Short-term | | | | | |
| R | | | | | |
| esidential | | | | | |
| Handler | | | | | |
| Inhalation | | | | | |
| Exposures | | | | | |
| and MOEs** | | | | | |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
| Exposure | Ap | App | Quantity | Unit | MOE ^d^ |
| Scenario | plication | lication | Handled/ | Ex | |
| | Method | Rate^a^ | | posure | (Target |
| A | | | Treated | | MOE = |
| pplication | | | per | (mg/lb | 100) |
| Method | | | day^b^ | ai)^c^ | |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
| A | Mopping | 0.0033 | 1 gallon | 2.38 | 23,000 |
| pplication | | lb | | | |
| to indoor | | ai/gal | | | |
| hard | | | | | |
| surfaces | | | | | |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
| | Wiping | 0.0033 | 0.13 | 67.3 | 6,200 |
| | | lb | gallon | | |
| | | ai/gal | | | |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
| | Trigger | 0.0033 | 0.13 | 2.4 | 170,000 |
| | Spray | lb | gallon | | |
| | | ai/gal | | | |
+------------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+-----------+
a Application rates used for mopping, wiping, and trigger spray are the
equal to the proposed application rate of 400 ppm of ADBAC.
b Amount handled per day values are AD standards.
c Unit Exposure (mg/lb ai) = Unit Exposure from PHED or CMA (mg/lb ai).
d MOE = NOAEL / Absorbed Daily Dose. \[Where short-term NOAEL = 3
mg/kg/day for inhalation\]. Target MOE = 100.
+------------+--------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+
| **Table | | | | | | |
| 12. ADBAC | | | | | | |
| Short-term | | | | | | |
| R | | | | | | |
| esidential | | | | | | |
| Handler | | | | | | |
| Dermal | | | | | | |
| Risks** | | | | | | |
+============+========+=========+==========+=======+=======+=========+
| Exposure | Appli | Appl | Quantity | Hand | D | MOE ^e^ |
| Scenario | cation | ication | Handled/ | Unit | ermal | |
| | Method | Rate^a^ | Treated | Exp | Skin | (Target |
| | | | per | osure | Irrit | MOE = |
| | | | day^b^ | Adj | ation | 10) |
| | | | | usted | Exp | |
| | | | | for | osure | |
| | | | | Su | ^d^ | |
| | | | | rface | | |
| | | | | Area | (µg/c | |
| | | | | | m^2^) | |
| | | | | ( | | |
| | | | | mg/lb | | |
| | | | | ai | | |
| | | | | /cm^2 | | |
| | | | | ^)^c^ | | |
+------------+--------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+
| A | M | 0.0033 | 1 gallon | 0.063 | 0.208 | 1,600 |
| pplication | opping | lb | | | | |
| to indoor | | ai/gal | | | | |
| hard | | | | | | |
| surfaces | | | | | | |
+------------+--------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+
| | Wiping | 0.0033 | 0.13 | 1.341 | 0.575 | 580 |
| | | lb | gallon | | | |
| | | ai/gal | | | | |
+------------+--------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+
| | T | 0.0033 | 0.13 | 0.129 | 0.055 | 6,100 |
| | rigger | lb | gallon | | | |
| | Spray | ai/gal | | | | |
+------------+--------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+
a Application rates used for mopping, wiping, and trigger spray are the
equal to the proposed application rate of 400 ppm of ADBAC. For all
other methods, application rates are the maximum application rates
determined from EPA registered labels for ADBAC.
b Amount handled per day values are estimates or label instructions.
c Unit Exposure (mg/lb ai/cm^2^) = Unit Exposure from PHED or CMA (mg/lb
ai) / surface area of hand (820 cm^2^).
d Dermal Skin Irritation Exposure (µg /lb ai/cm^2^) = Unit Exposure
(mg/lb ai/cm^2^) x Application Rate (lb ai/gal) x Quantity Treated
(gal/day) x 1,000 μg/mg
e MOE = NOAEL (µg /cm^2^)/ Surface Residue on Skin (µg/cm^2^). \[Where
short-term dermal formulated-based NOAEL = 333 µg/cm^2^\]. Target MOE =
10.
A summary of the residential post application risks are presented in
Table 13. Although the inhalation endpoint represents short,
intermediate, and long-term durations, the exposure duration of most
homeowner applications of cleaning products is believed to be best
represented by the short-term duration. The inhalation toxicological
endpoint is based on an oral study because a route-specific inhalation
study is not available. The calculated dermal and incidental oral MOEs
are above the target MOE of 10 and 100, respectively. The inhalation
MOEs are above the target MOE of 100 for both scenarios.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Table 13. Short-term
Residential Post
Application Risks for
Children**.
----------------------- ----------- --------------------- --------------
Exposure Scenario Dermal MOE Incidental Ingestion Inhalation MOE
MOE
Child playing on 1,100 610 NA
floor^a^
Child playing on 1,200 330 NA
carpet^a^
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA = not assessed because negligible exposure is assumed by that route
for the exposure for the scenario of concern.
a\. These exposures are not resulting from the proposed use associated
with this petition; however, are included in the aggregate. For details
on the assessment for uses resulting in these exposures, please refer to
the ADBAC RED.
**5. Aggregate Assessment**
In order for a pesticide registration to continue, it must be shown that
the use does not result in "unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment". Section 2 (bb) of FIFRA defines this term to include "a
human dietary risk from residues that result from a use of a pesticide
in or on any food inconsistent with standard under section 408\..." of
FFDCA. Consequently, even though no pesticide tolerances have been
established for ADBAC, the standards of FQPA must still be met,
including "that there is reasonable certainty that no harm will result
from aggregate exposure to pesticide chemical residue, including all
anticipated dietary exposures and other exposures for which there are
reliable information." Aggregate exposure is the total exposure to a
single chemical (or its residues) that may occur from dietary (i.e.,
food and drinking water), residential, and other non-occupational
sources, and from all known or plausible exposure routes (oral, dermal,
and inhalation). Aggregate risk assessment were conducted for short-term
(1-30 days), intermediate-term (1-6 months) and chronic (several months
to lifetime) exposures. An acute endpoint was not identified for ADBAC,
and therefore, an acute aggregate dietary assessment was not necessary.
In performing aggregate exposure and risk assessments, the Office of
Pesticide Programs has published guidance outlining the necessary steps
to perform such assessments (General Principles for Performing Aggregate
Exposure and Risk Assessments, November 28, 2001; available at
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/trac/science/aggregate.pdf). Steps for
deciding whether to perform aggregate exposure and risk assessments are
listed, which include: identification of toxicological endpoints for
each exposure route and duration; identification of potential exposures
for each pathway (food, water, and/or residential); reconciliation of
durations and pathways of exposure with durations and pathways of health
effects; determination of which possible residential exposure scenarios
are likely to occur together within a given time frame; determination of
magnitude and duration of exposure for all exposure combinations;
determination of the appropriate technique (deterministic or
probabilistic) for exposure assessment; and determination of the
appropriate risk metric to estimate aggregate risk.
## 5.1. Acute and Chronic Aggregate Dietary Risks
An acute toxicological endpoint was not identified for ADBAC. Therefore,
an acute aggregate risk assessment was not conducted. The chronic
aggregate risk assessment includes dietary and drinking water exposures.
Chronic dietary risk estimates from indirect food uses are presented in
Section 3.3. Drinking water exposure estimates are presented in Section
3.5. Table 14 presents a summary of these exposures, including the
combined dietary exposures (i.e., all indirect food contact exposures),
as well as a total dietary aggregate exposure estimate (i.e., drinking
water plus indirect dietary exposures). Based on the results of the
chronic aggregate assessment, the %cPAD for adults and children are 5.0%
and 22.0%, respectively. Therefore, the chronic dietary risks are not of
concern (i.e., less then 100 % of cPAD).
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| **Table 14. ADBAC | | | | | |
| Chronic Aggregate | | | | | |
| Exposures and | | | | | |
| Risks (cPAD)** | | | | | |
+====================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+
| Exposure Routes | Chronic | | | | |
| | Dietary | | | | |
| | Ex | | | | |
| | posures | | | | |
| | (mg/ | | | | |
| | kg/day) | | | | |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Cou | Utensil | D | Ag | \% |
| | ntertop | Dietary | rinking | gregate | cPAD^c^ |
| | Dietary | Expos | Water | Dietary | |
| | Expos | ures^a^ | Ex | Expos | ( |
| | ures^a^ | | posures | ures^b^ | MOE)^c^ |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| ***Adults***^d^ | | | | | |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Oral Ingestion | 0.00059 | 0.027 | 0.009 | 0.037 | 8.4 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | (1,200) |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| ***Children***^e^ | | | | | |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Oral Ingestion | 0.0019 | 0.16 | 0.022 | 0.18 | 40.9 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | \(240\) |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
a Dietary (countertops and utensil food contact) exposures are presented
in Tables 3 and 5.
b Aggregate Dietary Exposures = indirect dietary + drinking water
exposures.
c %cPAD (percent chronic population adjusted dose) = (aggregate
exposures / cPAD) x 100. Where cPAD = NOAEL 44 mg/kg/day ÷ 100x
uncertainty factor = 0.44 mg/kg/day. MOE = NOAEL of 44 mg/kg/day ÷
aggregate dietary exposures mg/kg/day.
d Adult population used is the highest exposed adult population, adult
females 13-69 years of age.
e Children population used is the highest exposed children population,
children 1-2 years of age.
## 5.2. Short and Intermediate-term Aggregate Exposures and Risks
Short and intermediate-term aggregate exposures and risks were assessed
for adults and children that could be exposed to ADBAC residues from the
use of products in non-occupational environments. The short and
intermediate-term aggregate risks account for pesticide exposures from
the diet, drinking water, and residential uses. The following list
summarizes all of the potential sources of ADBAC exposures for adults
and children related to the label and increased tolerance exemption
considered for this petition.
Adult ADBAC exposure sources:
- handling of cleaning products containing ADBAC as an a.i. during
wiping, mopping, and spraying activities;
- and, eating food having ADBAC residues from indirect food contact.
Child ADBAC exposure sources:
- post-application exposures to cleaning product residues containing
ADBAC that are used on hard surfaces (e.g, floors);
- and, eating food having ADBAC residues from indirect food contact.
The use patterns of the products and probability of co-occurrence must
be considered when selecting scenarios for incorporation in the
aggregate assessment. Table 15 summarizes the scenarios from this
petition included in the short and intermediate-term aggregate
assessments.
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | Short-term (ST) Aggregate |
+============+=========================================================+
| Adults | - chronic dietary (indirect) |
| | |
| | - handling cleaning products (wipe + trigger pump |
| | spray) |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Children | - chronic dietary -- (indirect) |
| | |
| | - post-application to cleaning product on carpets |
| | (dermal and oral) from the ADBAC RED |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
The chronic dietary exposures were used in both the short and
intermediate-term aggregate assessment because chronic dietary exposures
occur nearly every day (as opposed to acute dietary exposures occurring
on a one-time basis). Therefore, short or intermediate-term non-dietary
exposures have a high probability to co-occur with the chronic dietary
intake.
Since the ADBAC toxicity endpoints for the oral, dermal, and inhalation
routes of exposure are based on different toxic effects, these three
routes of exposure are not aggregated together. Instead, the aggregate
assessment is based solely on the co-occurrence of the same route of
exposures. Aggregate risks were calculated using the total MOE approach
outlined in OPP guidance for aggregate risk assessment (August 1, 1999,
Updated "Interim Guidance for Incorporating Drinking Water Exposure into
Aggregate Risk Assessments"). The aggregate MOE for adults is 2,000 for
oral, 480 for dermal with a target MOE of 10, and 2,000 for inhalation
with a target MOE of 100. These aggregate MOEs demonstrate risks that
are not of concern for adults. For children, the aggregate risk estimate
for each of the routes of exposure are above the target MOE of 100 for
oral and inhalation, and a target MOE of 10 for dermal (MOE=454 for the
oral route, 1,200 for the dermal route, and no co-occurrence for the
inhalation route); and thus, are not of concern.
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| **Table 16. | | | | | |
| Short and | | | | | |
| Int | | | | | |
| ermediate-term | | | | | |
| Aggregate Risk | | | | | |
| (MOE) | | | | | |
| Assessment** | | | | | |
+================+=================+=====+=====+=====+================+
| Exposure | Chronic Dietary | Cl | | | Route-Specific |
| Routes | | ean | | | Aggregate MOE |
| | MOE | ing | | | |
| | | P | | | |
| | | rod | | | |
| | | uct | | | |
| | | M | | | |
| | | OEs | | | |
| | | (Ad | | | |
| | | ult | | | |
| | | Ap | | | |
| | | pli | | | |
| | | cat | | | |
| | | ors | | | |
| | | & | | | |
| | | Ch | | | |
| | | ild | | | |
| | | ren | | | |
| | | Pl | | | |
| | | ayi | | | |
| | | ng) | | | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| ***Adults*** | | | | | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Oral Ingestion | 1,200 | NA | | | 1,200 |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Dermal | NA | 1, | 580 | 6, | 480 |
| | | 600 | (wi | 100 | |
| | | (m | pe) | ( | |
| | | op) | | spr | |
| | | | | ay) | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Inhalation | NA | 27, | 7, | 2 | 2,000 |
| | | 000 | 300 | 00, | |
| | | | (wi | 000 | |
| | | (m | pe) | ( | |
| | | op) | | spr | |
| | | | | ay) | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| ***Children*** | | | | | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Oral Ingestion | 240 | 330 | | | 140 |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Dermal | NA | 1, | | | 1,200 |
| | | 200 | | | |
| (ST only) | | | | | |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
| Inhalation | NA | NA | | | NA |
+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+----------------+
Aggregate MOE = 1/((1/MOE~same\ route~) + (1/~MOE\ same\ route~) + etc)
**6. Cumulative Exposure and Risk**
Another standard of section 408 of the FFDCA which must be considered in
making an unreasonable adverse effect determination is that the Agency
considers \"available information" concerning the cumulative effects of
a particular pesticide\'s residues and \"other substances that have a
common mechanism of toxicity."
Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a cumulative risk
approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity, EPA has not made a
common mechanism of toxicity finding as to ADBAC and any other
substances and ADBAC does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite
produced by other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action,
therefore, EPA has not assumed that ADBAC has a common mechanism of
toxicity with other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts
to determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to
evaluate the cumulative effects of such chemicals, see the policy
statements released by EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs concerning
common mechanism determinations and procedures for cumulating effects
from substances found to have a common mechanism on EPA's website at
<http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/>.
**7. Occupational Exposure Assessment**
Potential occupational handler exposure can occur in food handling
premises, dairy processing premises, and in food processing premises.
##
## 7.1. Occupational Handler Exposures
ADBAC dermal irritation exposures and risks were not estimated for
occupational handler exposures. Instead, dermal irritation exposures and
risks will be mitigated using default personal protective equipment
requirements based on the toxicity of the end-use product. To minimize
dermal exposures, the minimum PPE required for those exposed to end-use
products containing concentrations of ADBAC that result in
classification of category I, II, or III for skin irritation potential
will be long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks, chemical-resistant
gloves, and chemical-resistant apron. Once diluted, if the concentration
of ADBAC in the diluted solution would result in classification of
toxicity category IV for skin irritation potential, then the
chemical-resistant gloves and chemical-resistant apron can be eliminated
for applicators and others exposed to the dilute. Note that
chemical-resistant eyewear will be required if the end-use product is
classified as category I or II for eye irritation potential.
Inhalation exposures and risks were presented based on the oral toxicity
endpoint (i.e., route-specific inhalation study not available). The
surrogate unit exposure values were taken from the proprietary Chemical
Manufacturers Association (CMA) antimicrobial exposure study (USEPA,
1999: DP Barcode D247642) or from the Pesticide Handler Exposure
Database (USEPA, 1998). The specific inhalation unit exposures and
quantity of ADBAC handled are provided in the Occupational and
Residential Exposure chapter for ADBAC.
The inhalation MOEs were calculated for the short and intermediate-term
durations for occupational handlers using the oral endpoint.
[Risk Characterization for Antimicroibal Uses]{.underline}
The resulting inhalation exposures and MOEs for the representative
occupational handler scenarios are presented in Table 17. The calculated
MOEs were above the target MOE of 100 for all scenarios, except those
listed below.
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| **Table 17. | | | | | | |
| Short , | | | | | | |
| I | | | | | | |
| ntermediate, | | | | | | |
| and | | | | | | |
| Long-term | | | | | | |
| Inhalation | | | | | | |
| Risks | | | | | | |
| Associated | | | | | | |
| with | | | | | | |
| Occupational | | | | | | |
| Handlers** | | | | | | |
+==============+===========+=====+=========+========+=======+=======+
| Exposure | Method of | I | Appl | Qu | Inhal | Inhal |
| Scenario | Ap | nha | ication | antity | ation | ation |
| | plication | lat | Rate | Ha | Daily | |
| | | ion | ^a^ | ndled/ | Dose | MOE |
| | | U | | T | ( | ^c,d^ |
| | | nit | | reated | mg/kg | |
| | | Ex | | per | /day) | (T |
| | | pos | | day | ^b^ | arget |
| | | ure | | | | MOE = |
| | | | | | | 100) |
| | | (mg | | | | |
| | | /lb | | | | |
| | | a. | | | | |
| | | i.) | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| **Food | | | | | | |
| Hand | | | | | | |
| ling/Storage | | | | | | |
| Es | | | | | | |
| tablishments | | | | | | |
| Premises And | | | | | | |
| Equipment | | | | | | |
| (Use Site | | | | | | |
| Category | | | | | | |
| II)** | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| Application | Low | 0. | 0.0033 | 2 | 0. | 4 |
| to indoor | pressure | 681 | lb | g | 00007 | 0,000 |
| hard | hand wand | | ai/gal | allons | | |
| surfaces | | | | | | |
| (including | | | | | | |
| dishes, | | | | | | |
| utensils, | | | | | | |
| equipment) | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| | Mop | 2 | 0.0033 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| | | .38 | lb | g | .0003 | 1,000 |
| | | | ai/gal | allons | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| | Wipe | 6 | 0.0033 | 0.26 | 0 | 3,100 |
| | | 7.3 | lb | g | .0010 | |
| | | | ai/gal | allons | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| | Trigger | 1.3 | 0.0033 | 0.26 | 0. | 16 |
| | pump | | lb | g | 00002 | 0,000 |
| | sprayer | | ai/gal | allons | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
| | I | 1 | 0.0033 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| | mmersion, | .89 | lb | g | .0002 | 4,000 |
| | Flooding, | | ai/gal | allons | | |
| | Ci | | | | | |
| | rculation | | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+
ST = short-term, IT = intermediate-term, LT = long-term, N/A= No data
available
a Application rate used is the proposed application rate of 400 ppm of
ADBAC.
b Daily dose (mg/kg/day) = \[unit exposure (mg/lb a.i.) x absorption
factor (1.0 for inhalation) x application rate x quantity treated / Body
weight (60 kg for inhalation).
c MOE = NOAEL (mg/kg/day) / Absorbed Daily Dose \[Where NOAEL = 3
mg/kg/day for all inhalation exposure durations\]. Target MOE = 100.
d The MOEs refer to short-term and intermediate-term duration unless
indicated otherwise.
##
## 7.2. Occupational Post-application Exposures
The occupational post-application dermal and inhalation exposures are
assumed to be negligible for the use sites listed under 40 CFR § 180.940
(a). The use sites covered under 40 CFR § 180.940 (a) are: food-contact
surfaces in public eating places, dairy processing equipment, and
food-processing equipment and utensils.
**8. Conclusions**
In conclusion, the above represents RASSB's evaluation of the proposed
petition for the increased application rate and tolerance exemption from
200 ppm to 400 ppm for ADBAC. There appear to be no dietary,
residential, or occupational risks of concern resulting from an increase
in the tolerance exemption or from an increase in the end use solution
concentration permitted for the quaternary sanitizer, ADBAC, to
food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy processing
equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils.
If there are questions on the above, please contact RASSB.
Appendix A
IDREAM Inputs and Results:
----------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------
**IDREAM Tier 2 - Incidental
Ingestion Exposure**
**Subject active ingredient** **400 ppm ADBAC**
**Product residue** **1** **mg/cm²**
**In-use active conc (%)** **0.040%**
**Active surface residue** **0.0004** **mg/cm²**
**CHRONIC ASSESSMENT**
**Subpopulation** **Tier 2 Chronic **%cPAD**
Exposure (mg/kg/d)**
Children 1-2 0.00189 0.429
Children 3-5 0.00150 0.341
Adults 13+ 0.00059 0.134
Females 13-49 0.00055 0.125
----------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
**TIER 2 **Active **400 ppm
MODEL - ingredient:** ADBAC**
Children aged
1-2**
modified to
match the
first section
of the
children 1-2
years old and
includes the
quat residue
data for the %
residue
transfer, as
well as 100%
likelihood
**CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT**
**Food **Contact **Weight **Likelihood **Residue **Residue **Quat Surface **Residue **Mean Food **Ingestion
Category** Surface of of Contact** Transfer Translation Residue** in Food** Consumption Exposure**
Area** Serving/ Efficiency** Factor** Rate**
Piece**
(cm²) \(g\) (%) (%) (cm²/g) (mg/cm²) (mg/g) (g/kg bw) (mg/kg/d)
Liquid 250 240 0% 100% 0 0.0004 0 70.80 0
Solid
Fruit 28 97 100% 39% 0.11 0.0004 0.000045 6.30 0.00028
Bread 94 56 100% 0.86% 0.01 0.0004 0.000006 8.77 0.00005
Cheese 65 49 100% 47% 0.62 0.0004 0.000249 1.05 0.00026
Vegetable 34 99 100% 39% 0.13 0.0004 0.000054 6.39 0.00034
Meat 103 138 100% 47% 0.35 0.0004 0.000140 5.11 0.00072
Purees 46 107 100% 39% 0.17 0.0004 0.000067 3.17 0.00021
Pieces 0.8 1.2 100% 0.86% 0.01 0.0004 0.000002 1.27 0.00000
Powders 123 30 100% 0.86% 0.04 0.0004 0.000014 1.32 0.00002
**Total 0.00189
Ingestion
Exposure:**
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
**TIER 2 **Active **400 ppm
MODEL - ingredient:** ADBAC**
Children aged
3-5**
modified to
match the
first section
of the
children 3-5
years old and
includes the
quat residue
data for the %
residue
transfer, as
well as 100%
likelihood
**CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT**
**Food **Contact **Weight **Likelihood **Residue **Residue **Quat Surface **Residue **Mean Food **Ingestion
Category** Surface of of Contact** Transfer Translation Residue** in Food** Consumption Exposure**
Area** Serving/ Efficiency** Factor** Rate**
Piece**
(cm²) \(g\) (%) (%) (cm²/g) (mg/cm²) (mg/g) (g/kg bw) (mg/kg/d)
Liquid 250 240 0% 100% 0 0.0004 50.07 0
Solid
Fruit 28 97 100% 39% 0.113 0.0004 0.000045 3.59 0.00016
Bread 94 56 100% 0.86% 0.014 0.0004 0.000006 4.17 0.00002
Cheese 65 49 100% 47% 0.623 0.0004 0.000249 0.89 0.00022
Vegetable 34 99 100% 39% 0.134 0.0004 0.000054 2.80 0.00015
Meat 103 138 100% 47% 0.351 0.0004 0.000140 4.88 0.00068
Purees 46 107 100% 39% 0.168 0.0004 0.000067 3.19 0.00021
Pieces 0.8 1.2 100% 0.86% 0.006 0.0004 0.000002 9.22 0.00002
Powders 123 30 100% 0.86% 0.035 0.0004 0.000014 1.65 0.00002
**Total 0.00150
Ingestion
Exposure:**
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
**TIER 2 MODEL **Active **400 ppm
-- Adults aged ingredient:** ADBAC**
13+**
modified to
match the
first section
of the adults
13+ years old
and includes
the quat
residue data
for the %
residue
transfer, as
well as 100%
likelihood
**CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT**
**Food **Contact **Weight **Likelihood **Residue **Residue **Quat Surface **Residue **Mean Food **Ingestion
Category** Surface of of Contact** Transfer Translation Residue** in Food** Consumption Exposure**
Area** Serving/ Efficiency** Factor** Rate**
Piece**
(cm²) \(g\) (%) (%) (cm²/g) (mg/cm²) (mg/g) (g/kg bw) (mg/kg/d)
Liquid 250 240 0% 100% 0 0.0004 0 20.24 0
Solid
Fruit 28 97 100% 39% 0.113 0.0004 0.000045 0.94 0.00004
Bread 94 56 100% 0.86% 0.014 0.0004 0.000006 1.40 0.00001
Cheese 65 49 100% 47% 0.623 0.0004 0.000249 0.29 0.00007
Vegetable 34 99 100% 39% 0.134 0.0004 0.000054 1.87 0.00010
Meat 103 138 100% 47% 0.351 0.0004 0.000140 2.10 0.00029
Purees 46 107 100% 39% 0.168 0.0004 0.000067 0.83 0.00006
Pieces 0.8 1.2 100% 0.86% 0.006 0.0004 0.000002 2.72 0.00001
Powders 123 30 100% 0.86% 0.035 0.0004 0.000014 0.64 0.00001
**Total 0.00059
Ingestion
Exposure:**
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
**TIER 2 MODEL **Active **400 ppm
-- Females ingredient:** ADBAC**
aged 13-49**
modified to
match the
first section
of the females
13-49 years
old and
includes the
quat residue
data for the %
residue
transfer, as
well as 100%
likelihood
**CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT**
**Food **Contact **Weight **Likelihood **Residue **Residue **Quat Surface **Residue **Mean Food **Ingestion
Category** Surface of of Contact** Transfer Translation Residue** in Food** Consumption Exposure**
Area** Serving/ Efficiency** Factor** Rate**
Piece**
(cm²) \(g\) (%) (%) (cm²/g) (mg/cm²) (mg/g) (g/kg bw) (mg/kg/d)
Liquid 250 240 0% 100% 0 0.0004 0 19.94 0
Solid
Fruit 28 97 100% 39% 0.113 0.0004 0.000045 0.89 0.00004
Bread 94 56 100% 0.86% 0.014 0.0004 0.000006 1.30 0.00001
Cheese 65 49 100% 47% 0.623 0.0004 0.000249 0.30 0.00007
Vegetable 34 99 100% 39% 0.134 0.0004 0.000054 1.72 0.00009
Meat 103 138 100% 47% 0.351 0.0004 0.000140 1.87 0.00026
Purees 46 107 100% 39% 0.168 0.0004 0.000067 0.84 0.00006
Pieces 0.8 1.2 100% 0.86% 0.006 0.0004 0.000002 2.78 0.00001
Powders 123 30 100% 0.86% 0.035 0.0004 0.000014 0.64 0.00001
**Total 0.00055
Ingestion
Exposure:**
-------------- ----------- ---------- -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
[^1]: Note: for a full discussion of toxicology, exposure, etc. the
reader should consult with the RED science chapters available in the
Public Docket for ADBAC under EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0339.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 185056 | HEADER HYDROLASE(ACID PROTEINASE) 08-AUG-89 3HVP 3HVP 3
COMPND (/ABA$==67,95==)-/HIV$-1 PROTEASE (/SF2$ ISOLATE) 3HVP 4
SOURCE SYNTHETIC ENZYME CORRESPONDING TO THE PROTEASE FROM THE 3HVP 5
SOURCE 2 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1, ISOLATE SF2, WITH 3HVP 6
SOURCE 3 CYSTEINE REPLACED BY ALPHA-AMINO-N-BUTYRIC ACID 3HVP 7
AUTHOR A.WLODAWER,M.JASKOLSKI,M.MILLER 3HVP 8
REVDAT 2 15-JAN-90 3HVPA 1 REMARK 3HVPA 1
REVDAT 1 15-OCT-89 3HVP 0 3HVP 9
JRNL AUTH A.WLODAWER,M.MILLER,M.JASKOLSKI,B.K.SNTHYANARAYANA, 3HVP 10
JRNL AUTH 2 E.BALDWIN,I.T.WEBER,L.M.SELK,L.CLAWSON,J.SCHNEIDER, 3HVP 11
JRNL AUTH 3 S.B.H.KENT 3HVP 12
JRNL TITL CONSERVED FOLDING IN RETROVIRAL PROTEASES. CRYSTAL 3HVP 13
JRNL TITL 2 STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC /HIV$-1 PROTEASE 3HVP 14
JRNL REF SCIENCE V. 245 616 1989 3HVP 15
JRNL REFN ASTM SCIEAS US ISSN 0036-8075 038 3HVP 16
REMARK 1 3HVP 17
REMARK 1 REFERENCE 1 3HVP 18
REMARK 1 AUTH I.T.WEBER,M.MILLER,M.JASKOLSKI,J.LEIS,A.M.SKALKA, 3HVP 19
REMARK 1 AUTH 2 A.WLODAWER 3HVP 20
REMARK 1 TITL MOLECULAR MODELING OF THE /HIV$-1 PROTEASE AND ITS 3HVP 21
REMARK 1 TITL 2 SUBSTRATE BINDING SITE 3HVP 22
REMARK 1 REF SCIENCE V. 243 928 1989 3HVP 23
REMARK 1 REFN ASTM SCIEAS US ISSN 0036-8075 038 3HVP 24
REMARK 1 REFERENCE 2 3HVP 25
REMARK 1 AUTH M.MILLER,M.JASKOLSKI,J.K.M.RAO,J.LEIS,A.WLODAWER 3HVP 26
REMARK 1 TITL CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A RETROVIRAL PROTEASE PROVES 3HVP 27
REMARK 1 TITL 2 RELATIONSHIP TO ASPARTIC PROTEASE FAMILY 3HVP 28
REMARK 1 REF NATURE V. 337 576 1989 3HVP 29
REMARK 1 REFN ASTM NATUAS UK ISSN 0028-0836 006 3HVP 30
REMARK 1 REFERENCE 3 3HVP 31
REMARK 1 AUTH J.SCHNEIDER,S.B.H.KENT 3HVP 32
REMARK 1 TITL ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF A SYNTHETIC 99 RESIDUE 3HVP 33
REMARK 1 TITL 2 PROTEIN CORRESPONDING TO THE PUTATIVE /HIV$-1 3HVP 34
REMARK 1 TITL 3 PROTEASE 3HVP 35
REMARK 1 REF CELL(CAMBRIDGE,MASS.) V. 54 363 1988 3HVP 36
REMARK 1 REFN ASTM CELLB5 US ISSN 0092-8674 998 3HVP 37
REMARK 2 3HVP 38
REMARK 2 RESOLUTION. 2.8 ANGSTROMS. 3HVP 39
REMARK 3 3HVP 40
REMARK 3 REFINEMENT. INITIAL REFINEMENT BY THE PROCEDURE OF A. 3HVP 41
REMARK 3 BRUNGER (PROGRAM *X-PLOR*). FINAL REFINEMENT BY THE 3HVP 42
REMARK 3 RESTRAINED LEAST-SQUARES PROCEDURE OF J. KONNERT AND W. 3HVP 43
REMARK 3 HENDRICKSON AS MODIFIED BY B. FINZEL (PROGRAM *PROFFT*). 3HVP 44
REMARK 3 THE R VALUE IS 0.184. ATOMS WITH THERMAL FACTORS WHICH 3HVP 45
REMARK 3 CALCULATE LESS THAN 2.00 ARE ASSIGNED THIS VALUE. THIS IS 3HVP 46
REMARK 3 THE LOWEST VALUE ALLOWED BY THE REFINEMENT PROGRAM. 3HVP 47
REMARK 3 3HVP 48
REMARK 3 RMS DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL VALUES (THE VALUES OF 3HVP 49
REMARK 3 SIGMA, IN PARENTHESES, ARE THE INPUT ESTIMATED 3HVP 50
REMARK 3 STANDARD DEVIATIONS THAT DETERMINE THE RELATIVE 3HVP 51
REMARK 3 WEIGHTS OF THE CORRESPONDING RESTRAINTS) 3HVP 52
REMARK 3 DISTANCE RESTRAINTS (ANGSTROMS) 3HVP 53
REMARK 3 BOND DISTANCE 0.026(0.021) 3HVP 54
REMARK 3 ANGLE DISTANCE 0.076(0.035) 3HVP 55
REMARK 3 PLANAR 1-4 DISTANCE 0.097(0.058) 3HVP 56
REMARK 3 PLANE RESTRAINT (ANGSTROMS) 0.025(0.024) 3HVP 57
REMARK 3 CHIRAL-CENTER RESTRAINT (ANGSTROMS**3) 0.264(0.160) 3HVP 58
REMARK 3 NON-BONDED CONTACT RESTRAINTS (ANGSTROMS) 3HVP 59
REMARK 3 SINGLE TORSION CONTACT 0.271(0.300) 3HVP 60
REMARK 3 MULTIPLE TORSION CONTACT 0.297(0.300) 3HVP 61
REMARK 3 POSSIBLE HYDROGEN BOND 0.204(0.300) 3HVP 62
REMARK 3 CONFORMATIONAL TORSION ANGLE RESTRAINT (DEGREES) 3HVP 63
REMARK 3 PLANAR (OMEGA) 4.4(3.9) 3HVP 64
REMARK 3 STAGGERED 19.4(10.0) 3HVP 65
REMARK 3 ORTHONORMAL 28.1(40.0) 3HVP 66
REMARK 3 ISOTROPIC THERMAL FACTOR RESTRAINTS (ANGSTROMS**2) 3HVP 67
REMARK 3 MAIN-CHAIN BOND 1.336(1.000) 3HVP 68
REMARK 3 MAIN-CHAIN ANGLE 2.315(1.500) 3HVP 69
REMARK 3 SIDE-CHAIN BOND 3.795(2.500) 3HVP 70
REMARK 3 SIDE-CHAIN ANGLE 5.474(3.000) 3HVP 71
REMARK 3 HYDROGEN BOND 9.439(20.000) 3HVP 72
REMARK 4 3HVP 73
REMARK 4 THE ACTIVE ENZYME IS FORMED BY TWO CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY 3HVP 74
REMARK 4 RELATED MOLECULES. TO GENERATE THE OTHER MOLECULE ONE MUST 3HVP 75
REMARK 4 APPLY THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TWO-FOLD (Y, X, -Z) TO THE 3HVPA 2
REMARK 4 COORDINATES IN THIS ENTRY. 3HVP 77
REMARK 5 3HVP 78
REMARK 5 THE DIMER INTERFACE IS COMPOSED OF INTERDIGITATED N- AND 3HVP 79
REMARK 5 C-TERMINI FROM BOTH SUBUNITS FORMING A FOUR-STRANDED 3HVP 80
REMARK 5 ANTIPARALLEL BETA-SHEET. BECAUSE OF LIMITATIONS IMPOSED 3HVP 81
REMARK 5 BY THE PROTEIN DATA BANK FORMAT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO 3HVP 82
REMARK 5 PRESENT THIS SHEET ON SHEET RECORDS. INSTEAD THIS SHEET 3HVP 83
REMARK 5 IS SPECIFIED IN THIS REMARK. STRANDS 1 AND 3 ARE FROM THE 3HVP 84
REMARK 5 MOLECULE IN THIS ENTRY AND STRANDS 2 AND 4 ARE FROM THE 3HVP 85
REMARK 5 SYMMETRY RELATED MOLECULE. 3HVP 86
REMARK 5 INT 4 PRO 1 THR 4 0 3HVP 87
REMARK 5 INT 4 THR 96 PHE 99 -1 3HVP 88
REMARK 5 INT 4 THR 96 PHE 99 -1 3HVP 89
REMARK 5 INT 4 PRO 1 THR 4 -1 3HVP 90
REMARK 6 3HVPA 3
REMARK 6 CORRECTION. CORRECT SPELLING ERROR IN REMARK 4. 3HVPA 4
REMARK 6 15-JAN-90. 3HVPA 5
SEQRES 1 99 PRO GLN ILE THR LEU TRP GLN ARG PRO LEU VAL THR ILE 3HVP 91
SEQRES 2 99 ARG ILE GLY GLY GLN LEU LYS GLU ALA LEU LEU ASP THR 3HVP 92
SEQRES 3 99 GLY ALA ASP ASP THR VAL LEU GLU GLU MET ASN LEU PRO 3HVP 93
SEQRES 4 99 GLY LYS TRP LYS PRO LYS MET ILE GLY GLY ILE GLY GLY 3HVP 94
SEQRES 5 99 PHE ILE LYS VAL ARG GLN TYR ASP GLN ILE PRO VAL GLU 3HVP 95
SEQRES 6 99 ILE ABA GLY HIS LYS ALA ILE GLY THR VAL LEU VAL GLY 3HVP 96
SEQRES 7 99 PRO THR PRO VAL ASN ILE ILE GLY ARG ASN LEU LEU THR 3HVP 97
SEQRES 8 99 GLN ILE GLY ABA THR LEU ASN PHE 3HVP 98
HET ABA 67 6 ALPHA-AMINO-N-BUTYRIC ACID 3HVP 99
HET ABA 95 6 ALPHA-AMINO-N-BUTYRIC ACID 3HVP 100
FORMUL 1 ABA 2(C4 H9 N1 O2) 3HVP 101
HELIX 1 H GLY 86 GLY 94 1 3HVP 102
SHEET 1 COR 8 LYS 43 GLY 49 0 3HVP 103
SHEET 2 COR 8 GLY 52 ILE 66 -1 3HVP 104
SHEET 3 COR 8 HIS 69 GLY 78 -1 3HVP 105
SHEET 4 COR 8 THR 31 GLU 34 1 3HVP 106
SHEET 5 COR 8 ASN 83 ILE 85 -1 3HVP 107
SHEET 6 COR 8 GLN 18 ASP 25 1 3HVP 108
SHEET 7 COR 8 PRO 9 ILE 15 -1 3HVP 109
SHEET 8 COR 8 GLU 65 ILE 66 -1 3HVP 110
TURN 1 S1 GLY 16 GLN 18 SURFACE 3HVP 111
TURN 2 FLA ILE 50 GLY 52 FLAP 3HVP 112
TURN 3 S2 ILE 66 HIS 69 SURFACE 3HVP 113
SITE 1 DTG 3 ASP 25 THR 26 GLY 27 3HVP 114
CRYST1 50.240 50.240 106.560 90.00 90.00 90.00 P 41 21 2 8 3HVP 115
ORIGX1 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.00000 3HVP 116
ORIGX2 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.00000 3HVP 117
ORIGX3 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.00000 3HVP 118
SCALE1 0.019904 0.000000 0.000000 0.00000 3HVP 119
SCALE2 0.000000 0.019904 0.000000 0.00000 3HVP 120
SCALE3 0.000000 0.000000 0.009384 0.00000 3HVP 121
ATOM 1 N PRO 1 52.806 59.200 -7.884 1.00 24.71 3HVP 122
ATOM 2 CA PRO 1 51.772 59.615 -6.977 1.00 23.91 3HVP 123
ATOM 3 C PRO 1 52.206 59.337 -5.565 1.00 23.37 3HVP 124
ATOM 4 O PRO 1 53.169 58.587 -5.490 1.00 23.65 3HVP 125
ATOM 5 CB PRO 1 50.804 58.396 -7.220 1.00 23.93 3HVP 126
ATOM 6 CG PRO 1 50.735 58.447 -8.706 1.00 24.66 3HVP 127
ATOM 7 CD PRO 1 52.074 59.004 -9.186 1.00 25.06 3HVP 128
ATOM 8 N GLN 2 51.322 59.914 -4.759 1.00 22.56 3HVP 129
ATOM 9 CA GLN 2 51.396 59.546 -3.345 1.00 21.01 3HVP 130
ATOM 10 C GLN 2 49.938 59.279 -2.934 1.00 18.06 3HVP 131
ATOM 11 O GLN 2 49.201 60.256 -2.877 1.00 18.32 3HVP 132
ATOM 12 CB GLN 2 52.071 60.348 -2.301 1.00 31.17 3HVP 133
ATOM 13 CG GLN 2 51.866 59.908 -0.837 1.00 37.14 3HVP 134
ATOM 14 CD GLN 2 53.123 60.221 -0.020 1.00 42.00 3HVP 135
ATOM 15 OE1 GLN 2 53.387 61.229 0.660 1.00 45.59 3HVP 136
ATOM 16 NE2 GLN 2 54.090 59.293 -0.113 1.00 43.28 3HVP 137
ATOM 17 N ILE 3 49.649 58.028 -2.690 1.00 15.27 3HVP 138
ATOM 18 CA ILE 3 48.262 57.875 -2.266 1.00 13.07 3HVP 139
ATOM 19 C ILE 3 48.112 57.720 -0.761 1.00 11.16 3HVP 140
ATOM 20 O ILE 3 48.951 57.028 -0.159 1.00 11.45 3HVP 141
ATOM 21 CB ILE 3 47.649 56.690 -3.030 1.00 12.93 3HVP 142
ATOM 22 CG1 ILE 3 47.964 56.746 -4.504 1.00 11.21 3HVP 143
ATOM 23 CG2 ILE 3 46.119 56.795 -2.735 1.00 17.15 3HVP 144
ATOM 24 CD1 ILE 3 46.917 57.296 -5.442 1.00 13.19 3HVP 145
ATOM 25 N THR 4 47.095 58.329 -0.210 1.00 9.36 3HVP 146
ATOM 26 CA THR 4 46.763 58.188 1.206 1.00 9.43 3HVP 147
ATOM 27 C THR 4 45.568 57.220 1.342 1.00 10.41 3HVP 148
ATOM 28 O THR 4 44.815 56.998 0.336 1.00 11.59 3HVP 149
ATOM 29 CB THR 4 46.564 59.528 1.937 1.00 5.90 3HVP 150
ATOM 30 OG1 THR 4 45.986 60.524 1.095 1.00 9.65 3HVP 151
ATOM 31 CG2 THR 4 47.783 60.085 2.648 1.00 5.81 3HVP 152
ATOM 32 N LEU 5 45.346 56.585 2.514 1.00 10.33 3HVP 153
ATOM 33 CA LEU 5 44.284 55.596 2.646 1.00 9.51 3HVP 154
ATOM 34 C LEU 5 43.079 55.895 3.515 1.00 9.90 3HVP 155
ATOM 35 O LEU 5 42.477 54.945 4.018 1.00 8.37 3HVP 156
ATOM 36 CB LEU 5 44.917 54.229 2.976 1.00 3.81 3HVP 157
ATOM 37 CG LEU 5 46.182 53.844 2.285 1.00 2.63 3HVP 158
ATOM 38 CD1 LEU 5 46.934 52.789 3.096 1.00 2.44 3HVP 159
ATOM 39 CD2 LEU 5 45.947 53.453 0.846 1.00 2.00 3HVP 160
ATOM 40 N TRP 6 42.713 57.152 3.507 1.00 12.00 3HVP 161
ATOM 41 CA TRP 6 41.532 57.732 4.185 1.00 14.92 3HVP 162
ATOM 42 C TRP 6 40.238 57.216 3.465 1.00 17.11 3HVP 163
ATOM 43 O TRP 6 39.024 57.070 3.817 1.00 17.80 3HVP 164
ATOM 44 CB TRP 6 41.619 59.282 4.226 1.00 15.92 3HVP 165
ATOM 45 CG TRP 6 42.681 59.830 5.095 1.00 16.58 3HVP 166
ATOM 46 CD1 TRP 6 43.847 60.321 4.623 1.00 20.79 3HVP 167
ATOM 47 CD2 TRP 6 42.749 59.981 6.519 1.00 19.53 3HVP 168
ATOM 48 NE1 TRP 6 44.715 60.673 5.657 1.00 23.36 3HVP 169
ATOM 49 CE2 TRP 6 44.049 60.488 6.841 1.00 21.73 3HVP 170
ATOM 50 CE3 TRP 6 41.879 59.682 7.579 1.00 18.87 3HVP 171
ATOM 51 CZ2 TRP 6 44.542 60.643 8.142 1.00 19.22 3HVP 172
ATOM 52 CZ3 TRP 6 42.285 59.866 8.889 1.00 14.81 3HVP 173
ATOM 53 CH2 TRP 6 43.580 60.333 9.112 1.00 20.70 3HVP 174
ATOM 54 N GLN 7 40.595 56.747 2.243 1.00 18.03 3HVP 175
ATOM 55 CA GLN 7 39.537 56.220 1.375 1.00 18.47 3HVP 176
ATOM 56 C GLN 7 40.054 55.351 0.251 1.00 18.25 3HVP 177
ATOM 57 O GLN 7 40.916 55.764 -0.553 1.00 20.26 3HVP 178
ATOM 58 CB GLN 7 38.813 57.506 0.958 1.00 19.83 3HVP 179
ATOM 59 CG GLN 7 37.814 57.173 -0.135 1.00 22.55 3HVP 180
ATOM 60 CD GLN 7 36.582 56.387 0.439 1.00 25.07 3HVP 181
ATOM 61 OE1 GLN 7 35.906 55.740 -0.507 1.00 24.83 3HVP 182
ATOM 62 NE2 GLN 7 36.468 56.548 1.826 1.00 23.50 3HVP 183
ATOM 63 N ARG 8 39.537 54.139 0.156 1.00 16.28 3HVP 184
ATOM 64 CA ARG 8 39.933 53.098 -0.770 1.00 14.21 3HVP 185
ATOM 65 C ARG 8 40.745 53.650 -1.924 1.00 12.77 3HVP 186
ATOM 66 O ARG 8 40.315 54.571 -2.613 1.00 13.74 3HVP 187
ATOM 67 CB ARG 8 38.749 52.308 -1.270 1.00 16.14 3HVP 188
ATOM 68 CG ARG 8 37.522 53.210 -1.456 1.00 22.82 3HVP 189
ATOM 69 CD ARG 8 36.397 52.296 -1.909 1.00 27.36 3HVP 190
ATOM 70 NE ARG 8 36.127 51.290 -0.874 1.00 30.72 3HVP 191
ATOM 71 CZ ARG 8 35.240 50.293 -0.997 1.00 32.82 3HVP 192
ATOM 72 NH1 ARG 8 34.718 50.123 -2.234 1.00 33.86 3HVP 193
ATOM 73 NH2 ARG 8 34.817 49.623 0.111 1.00 33.72 3HVP 194
ATOM 74 N PRO 9 41.896 53.030 -2.059 1.00 10.74 3HVP 195
ATOM 75 CA PRO 9 42.816 53.415 -3.097 1.00 9.55 3HVP 196
ATOM 76 C PRO 9 42.277 53.147 -4.464 1.00 9.20 3HVP 197
ATOM 77 O PRO 9 42.839 52.335 -5.217 1.00 10.42 3HVP 198
ATOM 78 CB PRO 9 44.136 52.784 -2.725 1.00 8.73 3HVP 199
ATOM 79 CG PRO 9 43.803 51.660 -1.836 1.00 8.09 3HVP 200
ATOM 80 CD PRO 9 42.449 51.947 -1.282 1.00 9.39 3HVP 201
ATOM 81 N LEU 10 41.277 53.929 -4.864 1.00 8.70 3HVP 202
ATOM 82 CA LEU 10 40.869 53.746 -6.295 1.00 9.83 3HVP 203
ATOM 83 C LEU 10 41.607 54.506 -7.386 1.00 9.75 3HVP 204
ATOM 84 O LEU 10 41.655 55.747 -7.464 1.00 10.62 3HVP 205
ATOM 85 CB LEU 10 39.351 53.788 -6.368 1.00 9.40 3HVP 206
ATOM 86 CG LEU 10 38.835 52.460 -5.845 1.00 13.69 3HVP 207
ATOM 87 CD1 LEU 10 37.385 52.268 -6.242 1.00 13.71 3HVP 208
ATOM 88 CD2 LEU 10 39.657 51.304 -6.461 1.00 8.07 3HVP 209
ATOM 89 N VAL 11 42.337 53.758 -8.223 1.00 8.91 3HVP 210
ATOM 90 CA VAL 11 43.041 54.523 -9.250 1.00 8.38 3HVP 211
ATOM 91 C VAL 11 42.493 53.927 -10.525 1.00 8.81 3HVP 212
ATOM 92 O VAL 11 42.136 52.779 -10.284 1.00 8.04 3HVP 213
ATOM 93 CB VAL 11 44.534 54.519 -9.200 1.00 9.05 3HVP 214
ATOM 94 CG1 VAL 11 44.918 55.101 -7.840 1.00 7.17 3HVP 215
ATOM 95 CG2 VAL 11 45.189 53.242 -9.637 1.00 6.82 3HVP 216
ATOM 96 N THR 12 42.449 54.802 -11.460 1.00 9.92 3HVP 217
ATOM 97 CA THR 12 42.010 54.506 -12.808 1.00 13.08 3HVP 218
ATOM 98 C THR 12 43.243 54.053 -13.618 1.00 15.12 3HVP 219
ATOM 99 O THR 12 44.317 54.648 -13.653 1.00 16.10 3HVP 220
ATOM 100 CB THR 12 41.380 55.733 -13.575 1.00 17.71 3HVP 221
ATOM 101 OG1 THR 12 41.888 55.680 -14.935 1.00 17.13 3HVP 222
ATOM 102 CG2 THR 12 41.706 57.068 -12.863 1.00 22.57 3HVP 223
ATOM 103 N ILE 13 42.999 52.988 -14.291 1.00 16.15 3HVP 224
ATOM 104 CA ILE 13 43.845 52.226 -15.141 1.00 18.51 3HVP 225
ATOM 105 C ILE 13 43.275 52.032 -16.564 1.00 19.83 3HVP 226
ATOM 106 O ILE 13 42.050 51.884 -16.805 1.00 20.50 3HVP 227
ATOM 107 CB ILE 13 43.923 50.797 -14.448 1.00 17.65 3HVP 228
ATOM 108 CG1 ILE 13 44.528 49.735 -15.434 1.00 17.22 3HVP 229
ATOM 109 CG2 ILE 13 42.507 50.382 -14.030 1.00 21.66 3HVP 230
ATOM 110 CD1 ILE 13 44.139 48.307 -15.035 1.00 14.82 3HVP 231
ATOM 111 N ARG 14 44.245 51.884 -17.448 1.00 20.29 3HVP 232
ATOM 112 CA ARG 14 43.874 51.627 -18.844 1.00 21.66 3HVP 233
ATOM 113 C ARG 14 44.494 50.312 -19.260 1.00 21.97 3HVP 234
ATOM 114 O ARG 14 45.699 50.059 -19.044 1.00 21.67 3HVP 235
ATOM 115 CB ARG 14 44.395 52.836 -19.585 1.00 24.94 3HVP 236
ATOM 116 CG ARG 14 44.396 52.710 -21.087 1.00 28.58 3HVP 237
ATOM 117 CD ARG 14 45.137 53.940 -21.621 1.00 31.46 3HVP 238
ATOM 118 NE ARG 14 45.093 53.881 -23.045 1.00 37.60 3HVP 239
ATOM 119 CZ ARG 14 45.062 52.984 -24.054 1.00 40.48 3HVP 240
ATOM 120 NH1 ARG 14 44.970 51.625 -23.964 1.00 40.79 3HVP 241
ATOM 121 NH2 ARG 14 45.246 53.572 -25.304 1.00 39.94 3HVP 242
ATOM 122 N ILE 15 43.647 49.498 -19.821 1.00 22.51 3HVP 243
ATOM 123 CA ILE 15 44.015 48.183 -20.330 1.00 23.58 3HVP 244
ATOM 124 C ILE 15 43.273 47.916 -21.625 1.00 26.00 3HVP 245
ATOM 125 O ILE 15 42.086 47.591 -21.625 1.00 27.10 3HVP 246
ATOM 126 CB ILE 15 43.764 46.978 -19.395 1.00 15.71 3HVP 247
ATOM 127 CG1 ILE 15 44.607 45.786 -19.966 1.00 14.18 3HVP 248
ATOM 128 CG2 ILE 15 42.315 46.522 -19.133 1.00 9.96 3HVP 249
ATOM 129 CD1 ILE 15 44.577 44.617 -18.909 1.00 15.17 3HVP 250
ATOM 130 N GLY 16 43.954 48.114 -22.716 1.00 28.20 3HVP 251
ATOM 131 CA GLY 16 43.400 47.863 -24.045 1.00 30.04 3HVP 252
ATOM 132 C GLY 16 42.180 48.621 -24.548 1.00 30.95 3HVP 253
ATOM 133 O GLY 16 41.060 48.027 -24.796 1.00 31.31 3HVP 254
ATOM 134 N GLY 17 42.444 49.906 -24.841 1.00 31.01 3HVP 255
ATOM 135 CA GLY 17 41.401 50.828 -25.386 1.00 30.51 3HVP 256
ATOM 136 C GLY 17 40.813 51.389 -24.079 1.00 30.57 3HVP 257
ATOM 137 O GLY 17 40.916 52.573 -23.719 1.00 32.04 3HVP 258
ATOM 138 N GLN 18 40.349 50.390 -23.380 1.00 29.57 3HVP 259
ATOM 139 CA GLN 18 39.682 50.313 -22.118 1.00 28.53 3HVP 260
ATOM 140 C GLN 18 40.486 50.906 -20.964 1.00 27.77 3HVP 261
ATOM 141 O GLN 18 41.696 50.725 -20.755 1.00 27.94 3HVP 262
ATOM 142 CB GLN 18 39.194 48.885 -21.858 1.00 30.67 3HVP 263
ATOM 143 CG GLN 18 38.083 48.346 -22.750 1.00 34.90 3HVP 264
ATOM 144 CD GLN 18 36.649 48.718 -22.504 1.00 36.34 3HVP 265
ATOM 145 OE1 GLN 18 35.730 47.910 -22.207 1.00 38.96 3HVP 266
ATOM 146 NE2 GLN 18 36.287 50.005 -22.614 1.00 37.41 3HVP 267
ATOM 147 N LEU 19 39.690 51.704 -20.263 1.00 26.64 3HVP 268
ATOM 148 CA LEU 19 39.955 52.418 -19.039 1.00 24.73 3HVP 269
ATOM 149 C LEU 19 38.951 51.814 -18.025 1.00 23.14 3HVP 270
ATOM 150 O LEU 19 38.015 51.135 -18.453 1.00 23.43 3HVP 271
ATOM 151 CB LEU 19 39.551 53.875 -19.043 1.00 22.91 3HVP 272
ATOM 152 CG LEU 19 40.405 54.826 -19.812 1.00 23.91 3HVP 273
ATOM 153 CD1 LEU 19 39.743 56.184 -19.564 1.00 26.30 3HVP 274
ATOM 154 CD2 LEU 19 41.848 54.796 -19.356 1.00 23.26 3HVP 275
ATOM 155 N LYS 20 39.234 52.244 -16.836 1.00 21.19 3HVP 276
ATOM 156 CA LYS 20 38.362 51.819 -15.713 1.00 19.68 3HVP 277
ATOM 157 C LYS 20 39.191 52.057 -14.476 1.00 18.51 3HVP 278
ATOM 158 O LYS 20 40.352 52.464 -14.679 1.00 19.33 3HVP 279
ATOM 159 CB LYS 20 37.970 50.388 -15.821 1.00 20.09 3HVP 280
ATOM 160 CG LYS 20 39.005 49.323 -16.165 1.00 17.82 3HVP 281
ATOM 161 CD LYS 20 38.149 48.088 -16.495 1.00 15.51 3HVP 282
ATOM 162 CE LYS 20 37.379 48.334 -17.782 1.00 15.40 3HVP 283
ATOM 163 NZ LYS 20 37.469 47.105 -18.667 1.00 19.46 3HVP 284
ATOM 164 N GLU 21 38.616 51.815 -13.344 1.00 16.27 3HVP 285
ATOM 165 CA GLU 21 39.513 52.050 -12.165 1.00 14.79 3HVP 286
ATOM 166 C GLU 21 39.529 50.761 -11.389 1.00 14.22 3HVP 287
ATOM 167 O GLU 21 38.610 49.929 -11.684 1.00 16.18 3HVP 288
ATOM 168 CB GLU 21 38.770 53.103 -11.376 1.00 18.36 3HVP 289
ATOM 169 CG GLU 21 37.246 53.069 -11.490 1.00 24.65 3HVP 290
ATOM 170 CD GLU 21 36.373 53.801 -10.500 1.00 30.33 3HVP 291
ATOM 171 OE1 GLU 21 35.172 53.410 -10.449 1.00 33.87 3HVP 292
ATOM 172 OE2 GLU 21 36.830 54.739 -9.754 1.00 28.57 3HVP 293
ATOM 173 N ALA 22 40.420 50.576 -10.456 1.00 11.33 3HVP 294
ATOM 174 CA ALA 22 40.300 49.319 -9.643 1.00 9.04 3HVP 295
ATOM 175 C ALA 22 41.138 49.660 -8.435 1.00 8.35 3HVP 296
ATOM 176 O ALA 22 41.802 50.751 -8.491 1.00 9.45 3HVP 297
ATOM 177 CB ALA 22 41.014 48.295 -10.449 1.00 12.69 3HVP 298
ATOM 178 N LEU 23 41.222 48.877 -7.400 1.00 6.16 3HVP 299
ATOM 179 CA LEU 23 42.027 49.275 -6.282 1.00 4.23 3HVP 300
ATOM 180 C LEU 23 43.471 48.893 -6.437 1.00 3.26 3HVP 301
ATOM 181 O LEU 23 43.874 47.807 -6.813 1.00 3.72 3HVP 302
ATOM 182 CB LEU 23 41.604 48.479 -5.030 1.00 3.99 3HVP 303
ATOM 183 CG LEU 23 40.188 48.551 -4.472 1.00 2.00 3HVP 304
ATOM 184 CD1 LEU 23 40.014 47.351 -3.611 1.00 2.00 3HVP 305
ATOM 185 CD2 LEU 23 40.211 49.749 -3.573 1.00 2.00 3HVP 306
ATOM 186 N LEU 24 44.246 49.841 -6.053 1.00 2.79 3HVP 307
ATOM 187 CA LEU 24 45.671 49.458 -5.852 1.00 2.84 3HVP 308
ATOM 188 C LEU 24 45.433 48.537 -4.650 1.00 3.20 3HVP 309
ATOM 189 O LEU 24 44.656 49.016 -3.800 1.00 4.14 3HVP 310
ATOM 190 CB LEU 24 46.242 50.853 -5.539 1.00 2.00 3HVP 311
ATOM 191 CG LEU 24 46.554 51.508 -6.880 1.00 2.02 3HVP 312
ATOM 192 CD1 LEU 24 47.299 52.808 -6.632 1.00 2.00 3HVP 313
ATOM 193 CD2 LEU 24 47.539 50.536 -7.569 1.00 2.00 3HVP 314
ATOM 194 N ASP 25 45.960 47.359 -4.465 1.00 3.35 3HVP 315
ATOM 195 CA ASP 25 45.622 46.541 -3.293 1.00 3.66 3HVP 316
ATOM 196 C ASP 25 46.758 45.645 -2.881 1.00 4.05 3HVP 317
ATOM 197 O ASP 25 46.844 44.521 -3.444 1.00 5.10 3HVP 318
ATOM 198 CB ASP 25 44.479 45.595 -3.717 1.00 5.32 3HVP 319
ATOM 199 CG ASP 25 44.146 44.641 -2.616 1.00 5.38 3HVP 320
ATOM 200 OD1 ASP 25 44.724 44.734 -1.506 1.00 5.24 3HVP 321
ATOM 201 OD2 ASP 25 43.266 43.790 -2.881 1.00 8.81 3HVP 322
ATOM 202 N THR 26 47.493 45.996 -1.862 1.00 3.98 3HVP 323
ATOM 203 CA THR 26 48.636 45.176 -1.462 1.00 2.63 3HVP 324
ATOM 204 C THR 26 48.065 43.951 -0.810 1.00 2.91 3HVP 325
ATOM 205 O THR 26 48.917 43.271 -0.270 1.00 3.70 3HVP 326
ATOM 206 CB THR 26 49.474 46.015 -0.471 1.00 2.20 3HVP 327
ATOM 207 OG1 THR 26 48.529 45.980 0.676 1.00 2.87 3HVP 328
ATOM 208 CG2 THR 26 49.750 47.467 -0.903 1.00 2.00 3HVP 329
ATOM 209 N GLY 27 46.801 43.685 -0.797 1.00 3.32 3HVP 330
ATOM 210 CA GLY 27 46.236 42.507 -0.107 1.00 4.29 3HVP 331
ATOM 211 C GLY 27 46.590 41.309 -0.976 1.00 4.91 3HVP 332
ATOM 212 O GLY 27 47.467 40.477 -0.658 1.00 4.84 3HVP 333
ATOM 213 N ALA 28 46.000 41.397 -2.152 1.00 5.49 3HVP 334
ATOM 214 CA ALA 28 46.043 40.447 -3.205 1.00 7.48 3HVP 335
ATOM 215 C ALA 28 47.309 40.151 -4.027 1.00 8.56 3HVP 336
ATOM 216 O ALA 28 48.106 40.974 -4.501 1.00 10.33 3HVP 337
ATOM 217 CB ALA 28 44.996 40.667 -4.320 1.00 10.94 3HVP 338
ATOM 218 N ASP 29 47.425 38.851 -4.357 1.00 7.52 3HVP 339
ATOM 219 CA ASP 29 48.548 38.363 -5.099 1.00 5.93 3HVP 340
ATOM 220 C ASP 29 48.377 38.687 -6.543 1.00 5.53 3HVP 341
ATOM 221 O ASP 29 49.323 39.024 -7.219 1.00 6.52 3HVP 342
ATOM 222 CB ASP 29 48.526 36.889 -4.681 1.00 10.52 3HVP 343
ATOM 223 CG ASP 29 49.159 36.769 -3.301 1.00 14.94 3HVP 344
ATOM 224 OD1 ASP 29 48.711 37.183 -2.217 1.00 15.81 3HVP 345
ATOM 225 OD2 ASP 29 50.254 36.155 -3.401 1.00 17.38 3HVP 346
ATOM 226 N ASP 30 47.273 38.569 -7.136 1.00 4.89 3HVP 347
ATOM 227 CA ASP 30 46.691 38.686 -8.422 1.00 3.95 3HVP 348
ATOM 228 C ASP 30 45.863 39.902 -8.730 1.00 3.63 3HVP 349
ATOM 229 O ASP 30 45.071 40.463 -7.950 1.00 3.22 3HVP 350
ATOM 230 CB ASP 30 45.722 37.446 -8.297 1.00 8.26 3HVP 351
ATOM 231 CG ASP 30 46.662 36.270 -8.488 1.00 16.02 3HVP 352
ATOM 232 OD1 ASP 30 47.077 35.400 -7.727 1.00 19.20 3HVP 353
ATOM 233 OD2 ASP 30 47.026 36.386 -9.715 1.00 23.40 3HVP 354
ATOM 234 N THR 31 46.051 40.299 -9.965 1.00 3.86 3HVP 355
ATOM 235 CA THR 31 45.262 41.411 -10.507 1.00 4.92 3HVP 356
ATOM 236 C THR 31 44.016 40.751 -11.142 1.00 6.09 3HVP 357
ATOM 237 O THR 31 44.364 39.715 -11.703 1.00 7.72 3HVP 358
ATOM 238 CB THR 31 45.922 42.213 -11.645 1.00 2.51 3HVP 359
ATOM 239 OG1 THR 31 46.958 43.030 -11.040 1.00 3.26 3HVP 360
ATOM 240 CG2 THR 31 44.847 43.013 -12.360 1.00 2.66 3HVP 361
ATOM 241 N VAL 32 42.837 41.219 -10.974 1.00 6.34 3HVP 362
ATOM 242 CA VAL 32 41.584 40.667 -11.452 1.00 7.25 3HVP 363
ATOM 243 C VAL 32 40.647 41.822 -11.791 1.00 9.01 3HVP 364
ATOM 244 O VAL 32 40.293 42.600 -10.924 1.00 11.24 3HVP 365
ATOM 245 CB VAL 32 40.989 39.819 -10.349 1.00 4.65 3HVP 366
ATOM 246 CG1 VAL 32 39.705 39.093 -10.531 1.00 6.71 3HVP 367
ATOM 247 CG2 VAL 32 42.090 38.816 -10.094 1.00 7.01 3HVP 368
ATOM 248 N LEU 33 40.298 41.883 -13.025 1.00 8.88 3HVP 369
ATOM 249 CA LEU 33 39.431 42.787 -13.664 1.00 9.68 3HVP 370
ATOM 250 C LEU 33 38.168 42.062 -14.162 1.00 9.95 3HVP 371
ATOM 251 O LEU 33 38.146 40.931 -14.566 1.00 8.01 3HVP 372
ATOM 252 CB LEU 33 40.196 43.334 -14.911 1.00 13.42 3HVP 373
ATOM 253 CG LEU 33 41.594 43.870 -14.687 1.00 12.76 3HVP 374
ATOM 254 CD1 LEU 33 42.254 44.321 -15.965 1.00 5.67 3HVP 375
ATOM 255 CD2 LEU 33 41.313 44.994 -13.662 1.00 7.23 3HVP 376
ATOM 256 N GLU 34 37.140 42.834 -14.190 1.00 12.66 3HVP 377
ATOM 257 CA GLU 34 35.830 42.517 -14.682 1.00 16.79 3HVP 378
ATOM 258 C GLU 34 35.882 42.144 -16.188 1.00 18.43 3HVP 379
ATOM 259 O GLU 34 36.669 42.734 -16.967 1.00 18.45 3HVP 380
ATOM 260 CB GLU 34 34.995 43.807 -14.683 1.00 24.56 3HVP 381
ATOM 261 CG GLU 34 35.499 44.945 -15.627 1.00 27.58 3HVP 382
ATOM 262 CD GLU 34 34.645 46.196 -15.460 1.00 29.74 3HVP 383
ATOM 263 OE1 GLU 34 33.729 46.145 -14.610 1.00 27.22 3HVP 384
ATOM 264 OE2 GLU 34 35.013 47.152 -16.212 1.00 29.26 3HVP 385
ATOM 265 N GLU 35 34.925 41.303 -16.545 1.00 19.64 3HVP 386
ATOM 266 CA GLU 35 34.797 40.816 -17.900 1.00 21.20 3HVP 387
ATOM 267 C GLU 35 35.051 41.906 -18.929 1.00 22.45 3HVP 388
ATOM 268 O GLU 35 34.276 42.868 -19.029 1.00 22.83 3HVP 389
ATOM 269 CB GLU 35 33.476 40.159 -18.303 1.00 19.67 3HVP 390
ATOM 270 CG GLU 35 33.447 39.605 -19.756 1.00 20.42 3HVP 391
ATOM 271 CD GLU 35 34.466 38.498 -19.919 1.00 18.89 3HVP 392
ATOM 272 OE1 GLU 35 34.293 37.474 -19.262 1.00 18.56 3HVP 393
ATOM 273 OE2 GLU 35 35.418 38.864 -20.649 1.00 13.41 3HVP 394
ATOM 274 N MET 36 36.112 41.665 -19.670 1.00 23.83 3HVP 395
ATOM 275 CA MET 36 36.534 42.526 -20.806 1.00 25.32 3HVP 396
ATOM 276 C MET 36 37.136 41.514 -21.816 1.00 25.75 3HVP 397
ATOM 277 O MET 36 37.420 40.327 -21.586 1.00 25.54 3HVP 398
ATOM 278 CB MET 36 37.386 43.712 -20.519 1.00 24.86 3HVP 399
ATOM 279 CG MET 36 38.709 43.204 -19.871 1.00 24.73 3HVP 400
ATOM 280 SD MET 36 39.506 44.802 -19.541 1.00 25.84 3HVP 401
ATOM 281 CE MET 36 39.396 45.516 -21.217 1.00 23.39 3HVP 402
ATOM 282 N ASN 37 37.231 42.061 -22.971 1.00 26.41 3HVP 403
ATOM 283 CA ASN 37 37.582 41.450 -24.245 1.00 27.10 3HVP 404
ATOM 284 C ASN 37 39.017 41.675 -24.679 1.00 27.02 3HVP 405
ATOM 285 O ASN 37 39.496 42.488 -25.472 1.00 26.70 3HVP 406
ATOM 286 CB ASN 37 36.475 41.970 -25.241 1.00 30.99 3HVP 407
ATOM 287 CG ASN 37 36.627 41.324 -26.605 1.00 24.68 3HVP 408
ATOM 288 OD1 ASN 37 36.958 40.058 -26.560 1.00 25.98 3HVP 409
ATOM 289 ND2 ASN 37 36.451 41.961 -27.806 1.00 24.43 3HVP 410
ATOM 290 N LEU 38 39.770 40.828 -23.998 1.00 26.86 3HVP 411
ATOM 291 CA LEU 38 41.208 40.772 -24.326 1.00 26.21 3HVP 412
ATOM 292 C LEU 38 41.279 39.675 -25.409 1.00 26.85 3HVP 413
ATOM 293 O LEU 38 40.553 38.682 -25.432 1.00 25.20 3HVP 414
ATOM 294 CB LEU 38 41.960 40.442 -23.068 1.00 17.77 3HVP 415
ATOM 295 CG LEU 38 41.895 41.513 -22.009 1.00 14.36 3HVP 416
ATOM 296 CD1 LEU 38 42.422 40.904 -20.709 1.00 9.90 3HVP 417
ATOM 297 CD2 LEU 38 42.881 42.549 -22.510 1.00 6.87 3HVP 418
ATOM 298 N PRO 39 42.284 39.955 -26.199 1.00 28.24 3HVP 419
ATOM 299 CA PRO 39 42.702 39.093 -27.332 1.00 28.94 3HVP 420
ATOM 300 C PRO 39 43.026 37.630 -26.973 1.00 29.67 3HVP 421
ATOM 301 O PRO 39 42.137 36.780 -26.608 1.00 30.47 3HVP 422
ATOM 302 CB PRO 39 43.897 39.888 -27.860 1.00 28.58 3HVP 423
ATOM 303 CG PRO 39 44.480 40.534 -26.591 1.00 28.62 3HVP 424
ATOM 304 CD PRO 39 43.171 41.156 -26.045 1.00 28.38 3HVP 425
ATOM 305 N GLY 40 44.287 37.219 -27.039 1.00 29.15 3HVP 426
ATOM 306 CA GLY 40 44.964 36.010 -26.853 1.00 28.22 3HVP 427
ATOM 307 C GLY 40 44.690 34.777 -26.071 1.00 27.40 3HVP 428
ATOM 308 O GLY 40 43.670 34.597 -25.401 1.00 27.22 3HVP 429
ATOM 309 N LYS 41 45.628 33.829 -26.128 1.00 26.64 3HVP 430
ATOM 310 CA LYS 41 45.524 32.539 -25.426 1.00 26.95 3HVP 431
ATOM 311 C LYS 41 45.395 32.875 -23.907 1.00 26.60 3HVP 432
ATOM 312 O LYS 41 46.091 33.678 -23.201 1.00 26.89 3HVP 433
ATOM 313 CB LYS 41 46.574 31.491 -25.732 1.00 35.10 3HVP 434
ATOM 314 CG LYS 41 46.593 30.001 -25.359 1.00 40.06 3HVP 435
ATOM 315 CD LYS 41 47.883 29.209 -25.649 1.00 43.44 3HVP 436
ATOM 316 CE LYS 41 47.712 27.755 -26.110 1.00 45.12 3HVP 437
ATOM 317 NZ LYS 41 48.949 27.063 -26.659 1.00 43.29 3HVP 438
ATOM 318 N TRP 42 44.453 32.025 -23.465 1.00 24.56 3HVP 439
ATOM 319 CA TRP 42 44.040 32.216 -22.073 1.00 23.63 3HVP 440
ATOM 320 C TRP 42 43.824 30.910 -21.420 1.00 23.81 3HVP 441
ATOM 321 O TRP 42 43.382 30.049 -22.147 1.00 24.56 3HVP 442
ATOM 322 CB TRP 42 42.827 33.042 -22.400 1.00 24.87 3HVP 443
ATOM 323 CG TRP 42 41.590 32.695 -23.123 1.00 24.05 3HVP 444
ATOM 324 CD1 TRP 42 40.970 33.226 -24.247 1.00 23.30 3HVP 445
ATOM 325 CD2 TRP 42 40.603 31.783 -22.576 1.00 21.33 3HVP 446
ATOM 326 NE1 TRP 42 39.720 32.679 -24.487 1.00 20.62 3HVP 447
ATOM 327 CE2 TRP 42 39.495 31.808 -23.434 1.00 20.95 3HVP 448
ATOM 328 CE3 TRP 42 40.630 31.030 -21.415 1.00 18.14 3HVP 449
ATOM 329 CZ2 TRP 42 38.397 31.031 -23.137 1.00 20.52 3HVP 450
ATOM 330 CZ3 TRP 42 39.566 30.214 -21.153 1.00 16.84 3HVP 451
ATOM 331 CH2 TRP 42 38.486 30.247 -21.992 1.00 18.84 3HVP 452
ATOM 332 N LYS 43 44.148 30.697 -20.195 1.00 24.62 3HVP 453
ATOM 333 CA LYS 43 43.943 29.465 -19.443 1.00 25.33 3HVP 454
ATOM 334 C LYS 43 42.746 29.935 -18.571 1.00 25.88 3HVP 455
ATOM 335 O LYS 43 42.556 31.156 -18.537 1.00 26.01 3HVP 456
ATOM 336 CB LYS 43 44.946 29.056 -18.425 1.00 27.16 3HVP 457
ATOM 337 CG LYS 43 46.423 29.110 -18.665 1.00 30.18 3HVP 458
ATOM 338 CD LYS 43 46.872 28.332 -19.894 1.00 35.20 3HVP 459
ATOM 339 CE LYS 43 48.395 28.157 -19.784 1.00 40.56 3HVP 460
ATOM 340 NZ LYS 43 48.816 26.866 -20.433 1.00 43.39 3HVP 461
ATOM 341 N PRO 44 42.133 28.968 -17.958 1.00 26.42 3HVP 462
ATOM 342 CA PRO 44 40.943 29.151 -17.090 1.00 26.51 3HVP 463
ATOM 343 C PRO 44 41.304 29.053 -15.630 1.00 25.50 3HVP 464
ATOM 344 O PRO 44 41.813 27.960 -15.301 1.00 25.97 3HVP 465
ATOM 345 CB PRO 44 40.072 27.926 -17.496 1.00 26.95 3HVP 466
ATOM 346 CG PRO 44 41.069 26.842 -17.749 1.00 26.99 3HVP 467
ATOM 347 CD PRO 44 42.412 27.524 -18.053 1.00 26.91 3HVP 468
ATOM 348 N LYS 45 41.082 30.027 -14.808 1.00 24.54 3HVP 469
ATOM 349 CA LYS 45 41.620 29.725 -13.422 1.00 24.93 3HVP 470
ATOM 350 C LYS 45 40.456 30.014 -12.517 1.00 25.18 3HVP 471
ATOM 351 O LYS 45 39.686 30.892 -12.939 1.00 25.63 3HVP 472
ATOM 352 CB LYS 45 42.833 30.520 -13.278 1.00 28.99 3HVP 473
ATOM 353 CG LYS 45 43.828 30.659 -12.182 1.00 36.17 3HVP 474
ATOM 354 CD LYS 45 45.039 29.773 -12.052 1.00 37.98 3HVP 475
ATOM 355 CE LYS 45 46.307 29.997 -12.836 1.00 36.77 3HVP 476
ATOM 356 NZ LYS 45 47.341 29.029 -12.330 1.00 38.24 3HVP 477
ATOM 357 N MET 46 40.375 29.258 -11.486 1.00 25.27 3HVP 478
ATOM 358 CA MET 46 39.356 29.183 -10.439 1.00 26.12 3HVP 479
ATOM 359 C MET 46 39.694 30.035 -9.232 1.00 26.64 3HVP 480
ATOM 360 O MET 46 40.578 29.711 -8.429 1.00 26.98 3HVP 481
ATOM 361 CB MET 46 39.261 27.685 -10.212 1.00 29.72 3HVP 482
ATOM 362 CG MET 46 38.236 26.862 -9.581 1.00 32.60 3HVP 483
ATOM 363 SD MET 46 36.549 26.889 -10.307 1.00 37.55 3HVP 484
ATOM 364 CE MET 46 36.810 26.493 -12.030 1.00 36.34 3HVP 485
ATOM 365 N ILE 47 39.084 31.174 -9.008 1.00 27.50 3HVP 486
ATOM 366 CA ILE 47 39.273 32.083 -7.880 1.00 28.93 3HVP 487
ATOM 367 C ILE 47 38.073 32.017 -6.940 1.00 31.17 3HVP 488
ATOM 368 O ILE 47 36.947 31.723 -7.441 1.00 31.95 3HVP 489
ATOM 369 CB ILE 47 39.720 33.523 -8.269 1.00 24.44 3HVP 490
ATOM 370 CG1 ILE 47 38.689 34.404 -8.951 1.00 23.47 3HVP 491
ATOM 371 CG2 ILE 47 41.081 33.360 -9.022 1.00 23.21 3HVP 492
ATOM 372 CD1 ILE 47 39.250 35.782 -9.477 1.00 23.39 3HVP 493
ATOM 373 N GLY 48 38.310 32.262 -5.644 1.00 32.76 3HVP 494
ATOM 374 CA GLY 48 37.313 32.164 -4.585 1.00 34.68 3HVP 495
ATOM 375 C GLY 48 36.526 33.353 -4.119 1.00 35.90 3HVP 496
ATOM 376 O GLY 48 36.924 34.501 -4.460 1.00 36.47 3HVP 497
ATOM 377 N GLY 49 35.393 33.126 -3.401 1.00 36.35 3HVP 498
ATOM 378 CA GLY 49 34.678 34.276 -2.897 1.00 37.30 3HVP 499
ATOM 379 C GLY 49 33.258 34.350 -2.442 1.00 37.62 3HVP 500
ATOM 380 O GLY 49 32.339 34.730 -3.226 1.00 38.34 3HVP 501
ATOM 381 N ILE 50 33.020 34.185 -1.133 1.00 36.96 3HVP 502
ATOM 382 CA ILE 50 31.710 34.233 -0.522 1.00 35.75 3HVP 503
ATOM 383 C ILE 50 30.854 33.387 -1.485 1.00 35.03 3HVP 504
ATOM 384 O ILE 50 30.320 33.891 -2.476 1.00 34.76 3HVP 505
ATOM 385 CB ILE 50 30.886 35.515 -0.258 1.00 36.09 3HVP 506
ATOM 386 CG1 ILE 50 31.523 36.675 0.493 1.00 37.11 3HVP 507
ATOM 387 CG2 ILE 50 29.618 35.012 0.624 1.00 32.45 3HVP 508
ATOM 388 CD1 ILE 50 33.019 37.051 0.545 1.00 37.51 3HVP 509
ATOM 389 N GLY 51 30.879 32.182 -0.987 1.00 34.65 3HVP 510
ATOM 390 CA GLY 51 30.196 31.117 -1.888 1.00 34.95 3HVP 511
ATOM 391 C GLY 51 31.524 30.423 -2.377 1.00 34.49 3HVP 512
ATOM 392 O GLY 51 31.957 29.321 -1.881 1.00 35.64 3HVP 513
ATOM 393 N GLY 52 32.209 31.195 -3.283 1.00 32.08 3HVP 514
ATOM 394 CA GLY 52 33.489 30.616 -3.574 1.00 28.14 3HVP 515
ATOM 395 C GLY 52 34.024 30.579 -4.913 1.00 25.62 3HVP 516
ATOM 396 O GLY 52 34.566 31.537 -5.440 1.00 25.68 3HVP 517
ATOM 397 N PHE 53 33.780 29.441 -5.476 1.00 23.20 3HVP 518
ATOM 398 CA PHE 53 34.508 29.267 -6.757 1.00 21.19 3HVP 519
ATOM 399 C PHE 53 33.912 29.821 -7.990 1.00 19.56 3HVP 520
ATOM 400 O PHE 53 32.833 29.562 -8.540 1.00 19.46 3HVP 521
ATOM 401 CB PHE 53 34.936 27.821 -6.629 1.00 26.30 3HVP 522
ATOM 402 CG PHE 53 35.831 27.790 -5.404 1.00 27.85 3HVP 523
ATOM 403 CD1 PHE 53 37.218 27.782 -5.638 1.00 28.30 3HVP 524
ATOM 404 CD2 PHE 53 35.296 27.819 -4.107 1.00 30.33 3HVP 525
ATOM 405 CE1 PHE 53 38.115 27.746 -4.591 1.00 30.61 3HVP 526
ATOM 406 CE2 PHE 53 36.189 27.874 -3.021 1.00 33.17 3HVP 527
ATOM 407 CZ PHE 53 37.582 27.825 -3.270 1.00 32.73 3HVP 528
ATOM 408 N ILE 54 34.778 30.703 -8.468 1.00 16.98 3HVP 529
ATOM 409 CA ILE 54 34.502 31.501 -9.676 1.00 15.38 3HVP 530
ATOM 410 C ILE 54 35.514 31.094 -10.703 1.00 16.39 3HVP 531
ATOM 411 O ILE 54 36.666 30.889 -10.242 1.00 16.69 3HVP 532
ATOM 412 CB ILE 54 34.568 32.841 -8.948 1.00 11.69 3HVP 533
ATOM 413 CG1 ILE 54 33.167 32.976 -8.298 1.00 14.49 3HVP 534
ATOM 414 CG2 ILE 54 34.913 34.136 -9.596 1.00 14.54 3HVP 535
ATOM 415 CD1 ILE 54 32.014 32.543 -9.232 1.00 18.29 3HVP 536
ATOM 416 N LYS 55 35.155 30.922 -11.974 1.00 16.21 3HVP 537
ATOM 417 CA LYS 55 36.114 30.532 -13.020 1.00 15.79 3HVP 538
ATOM 418 C LYS 55 36.556 31.777 -13.745 1.00 14.62 3HVP 539
ATOM 419 O LYS 55 35.758 32.308 -14.524 1.00 15.04 3HVP 540
ATOM 420 CB LYS 55 35.490 29.500 -13.955 1.00 18.94 3HVP 541
ATOM 421 CG LYS 55 36.425 28.883 -15.019 1.00 24.29 3HVP 542
ATOM 422 CD LYS 55 35.796 27.641 -15.689 1.00 30.04 3HVP 543
ATOM 423 CE LYS 55 36.715 26.485 -16.097 1.00 29.43 3HVP 544
ATOM 424 NZ LYS 55 36.451 26.204 -17.549 1.00 29.87 3HVP 545
ATOM 425 N VAL 56 37.675 32.395 -13.555 1.00 13.26 3HVP 546
ATOM 426 CA VAL 56 37.870 33.610 -14.440 1.00 13.14 3HVP 547
ATOM 427 C VAL 56 38.721 32.989 -15.513 1.00 13.73 3HVP 548
ATOM 428 O VAL 56 38.844 31.755 -15.436 1.00 15.06 3HVP 549
ATOM 429 CB VAL 56 38.588 34.561 -13.508 1.00 15.65 3HVP 550
ATOM 430 CG1 VAL 56 37.679 34.815 -12.316 1.00 18.81 3HVP 551
ATOM 431 CG2 VAL 56 39.854 33.883 -13.002 1.00 11.84 3HVP 552
ATOM 432 N ARG 57 39.379 33.737 -16.329 1.00 13.56 3HVP 553
ATOM 433 CA ARG 57 40.306 33.241 -17.337 1.00 12.83 3HVP 554
ATOM 434 C ARG 57 41.515 34.183 -17.337 1.00 13.69 3HVP 555
ATOM 435 O ARG 57 41.494 35.405 -17.453 1.00 13.74 3HVP 556
ATOM 436 CB ARG 57 39.603 33.290 -18.644 1.00 11.23 3HVP 557
ATOM 437 CG ARG 57 39.320 34.568 -19.388 1.00 4.05 3HVP 558
ATOM 438 CD ARG 57 38.260 34.182 -20.378 1.00 3.20 3HVP 559
ATOM 439 NE ARG 57 38.115 35.234 -21.384 1.00 5.53 3HVP 560
ATOM 440 CZ ARG 57 37.230 36.205 -21.234 1.00 2.02 3HVP 561
ATOM 441 NH1 ARG 57 37.040 37.053 -22.201 1.00 3.60 3HVP 562
ATOM 442 NH2 ARG 57 36.473 36.155 -20.147 1.00 3.21 3HVP 563
ATOM 443 N GLN 58 42.655 33.575 -17.287 1.00 14.36 3HVP 564
ATOM 444 CA GLN 58 43.976 34.141 -17.177 1.00 15.13 3HVP 565
ATOM 445 C GLN 58 44.657 34.730 -18.339 1.00 15.73 3HVP 566
ATOM 446 O GLN 58 45.329 33.926 -19.051 1.00 16.68 3HVP 567
ATOM 447 CB GLN 58 44.882 32.933 -16.677 1.00 12.15 3HVP 568
ATOM 448 CG GLN 58 46.193 33.592 -16.298 1.00 18.25 3HVP 569
ATOM 449 CD GLN 58 46.915 32.688 -15.337 1.00 20.42 3HVP 570
ATOM 450 OE1 GLN 58 47.131 32.826 -14.142 1.00 23.24 3HVP 571
ATOM 451 NE2 GLN 58 47.339 31.639 -15.995 1.00 22.97 3HVP 572
ATOM 452 N TYR 59 44.723 35.995 -18.642 1.00 16.67 3HVP 573
ATOM 453 CA TYR 59 45.549 36.362 -19.880 1.00 18.46 3HVP 574
ATOM 454 C TYR 59 46.971 36.604 -19.408 1.00 19.86 3HVP 575
ATOM 455 O TYR 59 47.105 37.100 -18.293 1.00 20.95 3HVP 576
ATOM 456 CB TYR 59 45.034 37.524 -20.699 1.00 16.02 3HVP 577
ATOM 457 CG TYR 59 43.668 37.279 -21.303 1.00 13.85 3HVP 578
ATOM 458 CD1 TYR 59 42.567 36.944 -20.522 1.00 14.22 3HVP 579
ATOM 459 CD2 TYR 59 43.553 37.310 -22.682 1.00 17.74 3HVP 580
ATOM 460 CE1 TYR 59 41.354 36.678 -21.117 1.00 15.15 3HVP 581
ATOM 461 CE2 TYR 59 42.339 37.072 -23.314 1.00 18.68 3HVP 582
ATOM 462 CZ TYR 59 41.263 36.766 -22.499 1.00 16.50 3HVP 583
ATOM 463 OH TYR 59 40.099 36.513 -23.143 1.00 24.06 3HVP 584
ATOM 464 N ASP 60 47.987 36.335 -20.186 1.00 21.26 3HVP 585
ATOM 465 CA ASP 60 49.389 36.399 -19.829 1.00 21.82 3HVP 586
ATOM 466 C ASP 60 50.405 37.427 -20.159 1.00 22.02 3HVP 587
ATOM 467 O ASP 60 51.486 37.233 -19.479 1.00 22.83 3HVP 588
ATOM 468 CB ASP 60 49.923 34.966 -20.079 1.00 23.23 3HVP 589
ATOM 469 CG ASP 60 49.919 34.172 -18.783 1.00 24.11 3HVP 590
ATOM 470 OD1 ASP 60 50.092 34.837 -17.745 1.00 23.71 3HVP 591
ATOM 471 OD2 ASP 60 49.782 32.928 -18.907 1.00 26.54 3HVP 592
ATOM 472 N GLN 61 50.435 38.451 -20.953 1.00 21.67 3HVP 593
ATOM 473 CA GLN 61 51.679 39.314 -20.870 1.00 21.42 3HVP 594
ATOM 474 C GLN 61 51.113 40.713 -21.175 1.00 21.22 3HVP 595
ATOM 475 O GLN 61 51.796 41.580 -21.721 1.00 22.49 3HVP 596
ATOM 476 CB GLN 61 52.929 39.012 -21.623 1.00 21.80 3HVP 597
ATOM 477 CG GLN 61 54.084 38.322 -20.961 1.00 27.67 3HVP 598
ATOM 478 CD GLN 61 55.136 37.836 -21.948 1.00 33.05 3HVP 599
ATOM 479 OE1 GLN 61 54.650 37.248 -22.959 1.00 32.35 3HVP 600
ATOM 480 NE2 GLN 61 56.458 37.986 -21.692 1.00 33.34 3HVP 601
ATOM 481 N ILE 62 49.831 40.789 -20.968 1.00 20.11 3HVP 602
ATOM 482 CA ILE 62 48.957 41.938 -21.019 1.00 18.49 3HVP 603
ATOM 483 C ILE 62 49.588 43.135 -20.292 1.00 18.73 3HVP 604
ATOM 484 O ILE 62 50.092 43.115 -19.126 1.00 19.03 3HVP 605
ATOM 485 CB ILE 62 47.739 41.501 -20.121 1.00 12.99 3HVP 606
ATOM 486 CG1 ILE 62 47.179 40.189 -20.747 1.00 13.32 3HVP 607
ATOM 487 CG2 ILE 62 46.896 42.726 -19.897 1.00 11.14 3HVP 608
ATOM 488 CD1 ILE 62 46.030 40.387 -21.813 1.00 12.97 3HVP 609
ATOM 489 N PRO 63 49.552 44.184 -21.088 1.00 17.99 3HVP 610
ATOM 490 CA PRO 63 50.179 45.443 -20.681 1.00 17.50 3HVP 611
ATOM 491 C PRO 63 49.169 46.174 -19.859 1.00 17.69 3HVP 612
ATOM 492 O PRO 63 47.985 46.003 -20.197 1.00 18.49 3HVP 613
ATOM 493 CB PRO 63 50.319 46.195 -22.001 1.00 16.82 3HVP 614
ATOM 494 CG PRO 63 49.017 45.808 -22.644 1.00 17.22 3HVP 615
ATOM 495 CD PRO 63 49.014 44.296 -22.427 1.00 17.45 3HVP 616
ATOM 496 N VAL 64 49.695 46.890 -18.899 1.00 17.31 3HVP 617
ATOM 497 CA VAL 64 48.587 47.621 -18.246 1.00 17.43 3HVP 618
ATOM 498 C VAL 64 49.038 49.043 -18.071 1.00 17.33 3HVP 619
ATOM 499 O VAL 64 50.240 48.984 -17.761 1.00 17.18 3HVP 620
ATOM 500 CB VAL 64 48.314 46.760 -17.045 1.00 21.35 3HVP 621
ATOM 501 CG1 VAL 64 47.333 47.611 -16.177 1.00 24.44 3HVP 622
ATOM 502 CG2 VAL 64 47.790 45.367 -17.370 1.00 22.68 3HVP 623
ATOM 503 N GLU 65 48.250 50.069 -18.277 1.00 17.29 3HVP 624
ATOM 504 CA GLU 65 48.852 51.409 -17.995 1.00 18.15 3HVP 625
ATOM 505 C GLU 65 48.195 51.883 -16.707 1.00 17.74 3HVP 626
ATOM 506 O GLU 65 46.985 52.230 -16.799 1.00 18.95 3HVP 627
ATOM 507 CB GLU 65 48.715 52.423 -19.086 1.00 27.75 3HVP 628
ATOM 508 CG GLU 65 49.354 53.792 -19.346 1.00 35.25 3HVP 629
ATOM 509 CD GLU 65 49.517 54.218 -20.799 1.00 41.42 3HVP 630
ATOM 510 OE1 GLU 65 50.186 53.548 -21.619 1.00 44.14 3HVP 631
ATOM 511 OE2 GLU 65 48.972 55.277 -21.287 1.00 43.11 3HVP 632
ATOM 512 N ILE 66 48.891 51.915 -15.589 1.00 16.22 3HVP 633
ATOM 513 CA ILE 66 48.490 52.286 -14.269 1.00 13.53 3HVP 634
ATOM 514 C ILE 66 49.044 53.680 -13.871 1.00 13.62 3HVP 635
ATOM 515 O ILE 66 50.217 53.835 -13.547 1.00 12.53 3HVP 636
ATOM 516 CB ILE 66 48.884 51.444 -12.995 1.00 4.94 3HVP 637
ATOM 517 CG1 ILE 66 48.514 50.061 -13.231 1.00 3.47 3HVP 638
ATOM 518 CG2 ILE 66 47.996 52.097 -11.901 1.00 7.73 3HVP 639
ATOM 519 CD1 ILE 66 48.687 48.861 -12.356 1.00 6.43 3HVP 640
HETATM 520 N ABA 67 48.001 54.470 -13.824 1.00 13.86 3HVP 641
HETATM 521 CA ABA 67 48.100 55.868 -13.500 1.00 14.78 3HVP 642
HETATM 522 C ABA 67 49.491 56.397 -13.905 1.00 15.46 3HVP 643
HETATM 523 O ABA 67 50.293 56.997 -13.163 1.00 14.98 3HVP 644
HETATM 524 CB ABA 67 47.530 55.999 -12.116 1.00 19.72 3HVP 645
HETATM 525 CG ABA 67 47.066 57.365 -11.513 1.00 21.50 3HVP 646
ATOM 526 N GLY 68 49.669 56.240 -15.230 1.00 15.20 3HVP 647
ATOM 527 CA GLY 68 50.674 56.620 -16.139 1.00 15.98 3HVP 648
ATOM 528 C GLY 68 51.902 55.804 -16.356 1.00 17.51 3HVP 649
ATOM 529 O GLY 68 52.867 56.043 -17.175 1.00 18.23 3HVP 650
ATOM 530 N HIS 69 51.933 54.725 -15.553 1.00 18.05 3HVP 651
ATOM 531 CA HIS 69 53.165 53.854 -15.741 1.00 17.65 3HVP 652
ATOM 532 C HIS 69 52.595 52.684 -16.509 1.00 16.59 3HVP 653
ATOM 533 O HIS 69 51.354 52.507 -16.482 1.00 16.50 3HVP 654
ATOM 534 CB HIS 69 53.847 53.588 -14.439 1.00 24.27 3HVP 655
ATOM 535 CG HIS 69 53.960 54.799 -13.524 1.00 28.17 3HVP 656
ATOM 536 ND1 HIS 69 53.051 55.830 -13.432 1.00 29.24 3HVP 657
ATOM 537 CD2 HIS 69 54.930 55.067 -12.595 1.00 28.16 3HVP 658
ATOM 538 CE1 HIS 69 53.489 56.715 -12.547 1.00 29.48 3HVP 659
ATOM 539 NE2 HIS 69 54.602 56.256 -12.013 1.00 27.28 3HVP 660
ATOM 540 N LYS 70 53.465 52.083 -17.267 1.00 15.24 3HVP 661
ATOM 541 CA LYS 70 53.145 50.909 -18.122 1.00 12.96 3HVP 662
ATOM 542 C LYS 70 53.673 49.723 -17.314 1.00 10.66 3HVP 663
ATOM 543 O LYS 70 54.511 50.012 -16.490 1.00 10.79 3HVP 664
ATOM 544 CB LYS 70 53.900 50.873 -19.442 1.00 17.96 3HVP 665
ATOM 545 CG LYS 70 53.603 52.043 -20.406 1.00 24.16 3HVP 666
ATOM 546 CD LYS 70 54.497 52.424 -21.595 1.00 27.01 3HVP 667
ATOM 547 CE LYS 70 54.447 53.899 -22.057 1.00 29.17 3HVP 668
ATOM 548 NZ LYS 70 53.555 54.175 -23.274 1.00 31.36 3HVP 669
ATOM 549 N ALA 71 53.157 48.611 -17.620 1.00 9.56 3HVP 670
ATOM 550 CA ALA 71 53.571 47.386 -16.913 1.00 11.08 3HVP 671
ATOM 551 C ALA 71 53.169 46.112 -17.653 1.00 11.54 3HVP 672
ATOM 552 O ALA 71 52.204 46.128 -18.517 1.00 13.03 3HVP 673
ATOM 553 CB ALA 71 52.967 47.594 -15.514 1.00 13.57 3HVP 674
ATOM 554 N ILE 72 53.837 44.976 -17.364 1.00 10.11 3HVP 675
ATOM 555 CA ILE 72 53.368 43.774 -18.169 1.00 7.79 3HVP 676
ATOM 556 C ILE 72 53.080 42.744 -17.154 1.00 6.91 3HVP 677
ATOM 557 O ILE 72 53.905 42.444 -16.300 1.00 6.02 3HVP 678
ATOM 558 CB ILE 72 54.240 43.692 -19.396 1.00 5.67 3HVP 679
ATOM 559 CG1 ILE 72 53.534 44.752 -20.337 1.00 4.70 3HVP 680
ATOM 560 CG2 ILE 72 54.433 42.405 -20.208 1.00 9.24 3HVP 681
ATOM 561 CD1 ILE 72 54.535 45.756 -20.931 1.00 12.67 3HVP 682
ATOM 562 N GLY 73 51.798 42.380 -17.235 1.00 6.04 3HVP 683
ATOM 563 CA GLY 73 51.398 41.430 -16.168 1.00 5.16 3HVP 684
ATOM 564 C GLY 73 50.303 40.482 -16.605 1.00 4.68 3HVP 685
ATOM 565 O GLY 73 49.775 40.778 -17.653 1.00 4.28 3HVP 686
ATOM 566 N THR 74 50.137 39.429 -15.881 1.00 5.14 3HVP 687
ATOM 567 CA THR 74 49.165 38.401 -16.031 1.00 5.98 3HVP 688
ATOM 568 C THR 74 47.943 38.963 -15.308 1.00 7.23 3HVP 689
ATOM 569 O THR 74 47.894 39.081 -14.085 1.00 8.30 3HVP 690
ATOM 570 CB THR 74 49.552 37.078 -15.218 1.00 6.07 3HVP 691
ATOM 571 OG1 THR 74 50.581 36.578 -16.078 1.00 5.39 3HVP 692
ATOM 572 CG2 THR 74 48.351 36.171 -14.980 1.00 5.13 3HVP 693
ATOM 573 N VAL 75 46.942 39.274 -16.015 1.00 8.37 3HVP 694
ATOM 574 CA VAL 75 45.670 39.745 -15.568 1.00 9.39 3HVP 695
ATOM 575 C VAL 75 44.687 38.586 -15.591 1.00 10.96 3HVP 696
ATOM 576 O VAL 75 44.711 37.852 -16.596 1.00 10.89 3HVP 697
ATOM 577 CB VAL 75 45.416 40.731 -16.733 1.00 6.36 3HVP 698
ATOM 578 CG1 VAL 75 43.945 40.995 -16.717 1.00 14.12 3HVP 699
ATOM 579 CG2 VAL 75 46.259 41.958 -16.458 1.00 12.30 3HVP 700
ATOM 580 N LEU 76 43.897 38.365 -14.593 1.00 11.90 3HVP 701
ATOM 581 CA LEU 76 42.821 37.371 -14.568 1.00 13.98 3HVP 702
ATOM 582 C LEU 76 41.498 38.132 -14.882 1.00 15.54 3HVP 703
ATOM 583 O LEU 76 41.100 38.957 -14.003 1.00 16.60 3HVP 704
ATOM 584 CB LEU 76 42.709 36.701 -13.217 1.00 13.93 3HVP 705
ATOM 585 CG LEU 76 43.790 35.882 -12.610 1.00 15.88 3HVP 706
ATOM 586 CD1 LEU 76 43.381 34.936 -11.494 1.00 11.44 3HVP 707
ATOM 587 CD2 LEU 76 44.331 34.953 -13.717 1.00 17.01 3HVP 708
ATOM 588 N VAL 77 40.824 37.830 -15.997 1.00 15.40 3HVP 709
ATOM 589 CA VAL 77 39.530 38.430 -16.395 1.00 14.07 3HVP 710
ATOM 590 C VAL 77 38.345 37.503 -16.030 1.00 14.01 3HVP 711
ATOM 591 O VAL 77 38.349 36.301 -16.243 1.00 14.57 3HVP 712
ATOM 592 CB VAL 77 39.414 38.879 -17.836 1.00 9.13 3HVP 713
ATOM 593 CG1 VAL 77 38.071 39.640 -17.891 1.00 13.47 3HVP 714
ATOM 594 CG2 VAL 77 40.411 39.711 -18.590 1.00 4.91 3HVP 715
ATOM 595 N GLY 78 37.308 38.050 -15.451 1.00 14.15 3HVP 716
ATOM 596 CA GLY 78 36.194 37.208 -15.006 1.00 14.94 3HVP 717
ATOM 597 C GLY 78 35.182 37.935 -14.142 1.00 15.58 3HVP 718
ATOM 598 O GLY 78 35.258 39.131 -13.960 1.00 15.65 3HVP 719
ATOM 599 N PRO 79 34.208 37.234 -13.645 1.00 16.74 3HVP 720
ATOM 600 CA PRO 79 33.135 37.794 -12.849 1.00 17.71 3HVP 721
ATOM 601 C PRO 79 33.558 38.428 -11.556 1.00 18.32 3HVP 722
ATOM 602 O PRO 79 33.061 38.194 -10.381 1.00 19.65 3HVP 723
ATOM 603 CB PRO 79 32.152 36.620 -12.660 1.00 18.33 3HVP 724
ATOM 604 CG PRO 79 32.472 35.745 -13.895 1.00 19.04 3HVP 725
ATOM 605 CD PRO 79 34.008 35.779 -13.904 1.00 18.14 3HVP 726
ATOM 606 N THR 80 34.473 39.394 -11.625 1.00 17.26 3HVP 727
ATOM 607 CA THR 80 34.826 40.069 -10.385 1.00 15.47 3HVP 728
ATOM 608 C THR 80 34.016 41.349 -10.191 1.00 14.95 3HVP 729
ATOM 609 O THR 80 33.993 42.146 -11.127 1.00 14.42 3HVP 730
ATOM 610 CB THR 80 36.348 40.478 -10.325 1.00 14.12 3HVP 731
ATOM 611 OG1 THR 80 36.507 41.153 -9.037 1.00 12.53 3HVP 732
ATOM 612 CG2 THR 80 36.817 41.355 -11.496 1.00 12.38 3HVP 733
ATOM 613 N PRO 81 33.452 41.458 -8.990 1.00 14.77 3HVP 734
ATOM 614 CA PRO 81 32.738 42.603 -8.443 1.00 14.93 3HVP 735
ATOM 615 C PRO 81 33.493 43.960 -8.538 1.00 16.00 3HVP 736
ATOM 616 O PRO 81 33.075 45.167 -8.768 1.00 16.33 3HVP 737
ATOM 617 CB PRO 81 32.826 42.330 -6.931 1.00 14.06 3HVP 738
ATOM 618 CG PRO 81 32.931 40.852 -6.796 1.00 14.56 3HVP 739
ATOM 619 CD PRO 81 33.563 40.323 -8.038 1.00 14.88 3HVP 740
ATOM 620 N VAL 82 34.821 43.783 -8.208 1.00 15.57 3HVP 741
ATOM 621 CA VAL 82 35.692 44.974 -8.227 1.00 14.10 3HVP 742
ATOM 622 C VAL 82 37.039 44.558 -8.797 1.00 12.83 3HVP 743
ATOM 623 O VAL 82 37.388 43.414 -8.709 1.00 12.52 3HVP 744
ATOM 624 CB VAL 82 35.855 45.735 -6.928 1.00 13.06 3HVP 745
ATOM 625 CG1 VAL 82 36.269 44.812 -5.826 1.00 9.02 3HVP 746
ATOM 626 CG2 VAL 82 36.808 46.874 -7.213 1.00 11.78 3HVP 747
ATOM 627 N ASN 83 37.525 45.590 -9.421 1.00 12.53 3HVP 748
ATOM 628 CA ASN 83 38.777 45.554 -10.209 1.00 11.42 3HVP 749
ATOM 629 C ASN 83 39.847 45.527 -9.148 1.00 8.39 3HVP 750
ATOM 630 O ASN 83 39.450 46.056 -8.109 1.00 8.23 3HVP 751
ATOM 631 CB ASN 83 38.757 46.671 -11.199 1.00 20.89 3HVP 752
ATOM 632 CG ASN 83 38.237 46.437 -12.593 1.00 22.46 3HVP 753
ATOM 633 OD1 ASN 83 38.523 45.444 -13.260 1.00 25.52 3HVP 754
ATOM 634 ND2 ASN 83 37.520 47.476 -13.026 1.00 24.16 3HVP 755
ATOM 635 N ILE 84 40.931 44.896 -9.433 1.00 5.53 3HVP 756
ATOM 636 CA ILE 84 41.836 44.889 -8.299 1.00 4.89 3HVP 757
ATOM 637 C ILE 84 43.213 44.851 -8.917 1.00 5.03 3HVP 758
ATOM 638 O ILE 84 43.071 44.027 -9.799 1.00 4.77 3HVP 759
ATOM 639 CB ILE 84 41.686 43.576 -7.523 1.00 4.52 3HVP 760
ATOM 640 CG1 ILE 84 40.648 43.682 -6.377 1.00 4.84 3HVP 761
ATOM 641 CG2 ILE 84 43.110 43.131 -7.000 1.00 10.83 3HVP 762
ATOM 642 CD1 ILE 84 40.233 42.274 -5.866 1.00 2.00 3HVP 763
ATOM 643 N ILE 85 44.157 45.578 -8.352 1.00 5.01 3HVP 764
ATOM 644 CA ILE 85 45.395 45.346 -9.076 1.00 6.43 3HVP 765
ATOM 645 C ILE 85 46.339 44.798 -8.046 1.00 7.16 3HVP 766
ATOM 646 O ILE 85 46.961 45.491 -7.296 1.00 8.71 3HVP 767
ATOM 647 CB ILE 85 45.903 46.412 -10.051 1.00 6.56 3HVP 768
ATOM 648 CG1 ILE 85 46.763 47.408 -9.216 1.00 8.03 3HVP 769
ATOM 649 CG2 ILE 85 44.995 47.117 -11.027 1.00 4.06 3HVP 770
ATOM 650 CD1 ILE 85 48.216 46.863 -9.343 1.00 7.51 3HVP 771
ATOM 651 N GLY 86 46.473 43.477 -8.086 1.00 7.84 3HVP 772
ATOM 652 CA GLY 86 47.365 42.798 -7.124 1.00 7.30 3HVP 773
ATOM 653 C GLY 86 48.760 43.367 -7.047 1.00 6.64 3HVP 774
ATOM 654 O GLY 86 49.101 44.352 -7.663 1.00 5.81 3HVP 775
ATOM 655 N ARG 87 49.518 42.653 -6.226 1.00 6.76 3HVP 776
ATOM 656 CA ARG 87 50.924 42.855 -5.891 1.00 5.48 3HVP 777
ATOM 657 C ARG 87 51.660 42.599 -7.212 1.00 5.76 3HVP 778
ATOM 658 O ARG 87 52.500 43.377 -7.640 1.00 6.69 3HVP 779
ATOM 659 CB ARG 87 51.541 42.019 -4.828 1.00 2.00 3HVP 780
ATOM 660 CG ARG 87 51.179 42.313 -3.443 1.00 2.00 3HVP 781
ATOM 661 CD ARG 87 51.954 41.647 -2.391 1.00 4.07 3HVP 782
ATOM 662 NE ARG 87 51.609 40.257 -2.353 1.00 12.61 3HVP 783
ATOM 663 CZ ARG 87 52.379 39.337 -3.036 1.00 17.55 3HVP 784
ATOM 664 NH1 ARG 87 51.947 38.060 -3.157 1.00 13.11 3HVP 785
ATOM 665 NH2 ARG 87 53.628 39.663 -3.489 1.00 19.48 3HVP 786
ATOM 666 N ASN 88 51.141 41.623 -7.903 1.00 5.72 3HVP 787
ATOM 667 CA ASN 88 51.734 41.282 -9.194 1.00 7.39 3HVP 788
ATOM 668 C ASN 88 51.951 42.484 -10.113 1.00 7.65 3HVP 789
ATOM 669 O ASN 88 53.066 42.439 -10.773 1.00 8.89 3HVP 790
ATOM 670 CB ASN 88 51.017 40.095 -9.837 1.00 13.17 3HVP 791
ATOM 671 CG ASN 88 49.814 40.564 -10.587 1.00 13.63 3HVP 792
ATOM 672 OD1 ASN 88 48.636 40.602 -10.186 1.00 22.00 3HVP 793
ATOM 673 ND2 ASN 88 50.147 41.087 -11.747 1.00 14.32 3HVP 794
ATOM 674 N LEU 89 50.989 43.399 -10.294 1.00 6.46 3HVP 795
ATOM 675 CA LEU 89 51.263 44.573 -11.160 1.00 3.99 3HVP 796
ATOM 676 C LEU 89 51.741 45.626 -10.155 1.00 3.43 3HVP 797
ATOM 677 O LEU 89 52.453 46.455 -10.695 1.00 3.56 3HVP 798
ATOM 678 CB LEU 89 50.192 44.987 -12.094 1.00 2.20 3HVP 799
ATOM 679 CG LEU 89 49.938 44.005 -13.254 1.00 3.72 3HVP 800
ATOM 680 CD1 LEU 89 48.580 44.192 -13.939 1.00 2.88 3HVP 801
ATOM 681 CD2 LEU 89 50.796 44.478 -14.423 1.00 8.16 3HVP 802
ATOM 682 N LEU 90 51.513 45.529 -8.858 1.00 2.68 3HVP 803
ATOM 683 CA LEU 90 51.964 46.568 -7.923 1.00 2.92 3HVP 804
ATOM 684 C LEU 90 53.435 46.686 -8.150 1.00 4.21 3HVP 805
ATOM 685 O LEU 90 53.802 47.685 -8.808 1.00 6.42 3HVP 806
ATOM 686 CB LEU 90 51.435 46.385 -6.558 1.00 2.00 3HVP 807
ATOM 687 CG LEU 90 49.964 46.738 -6.365 1.00 2.00 3HVP 808
ATOM 688 CD1 LEU 90 49.694 46.995 -4.884 1.00 2.00 3HVP 809
ATOM 689 CD2 LEU 90 49.575 48.034 -7.048 1.00 2.00 3HVP 810
ATOM 690 N THR 91 54.181 45.724 -7.876 1.00 4.80 3HVP 811
ATOM 691 CA THR 91 55.577 45.426 -8.006 1.00 6.44 3HVP 812
ATOM 692 C THR 91 56.286 46.135 -9.135 1.00 9.24 3HVP 813
ATOM 693 O THR 91 57.472 46.547 -9.094 1.00 9.31 3HVP 814
ATOM 694 CB THR 91 55.616 43.902 -8.445 1.00 4.82 3HVP 815
ATOM 695 OG1 THR 91 55.259 43.029 -7.358 1.00 10.89 3HVP 816
ATOM 696 CG2 THR 91 56.890 43.407 -9.064 1.00 6.42 3HVP 817
ATOM 697 N GLN 92 55.504 46.033 -10.238 1.00 12.62 3HVP 818
ATOM 698 CA GLN 92 55.981 46.580 -11.552 1.00 14.96 3HVP 819
ATOM 699 C GLN 92 55.822 48.074 -11.535 1.00 16.48 3HVP 820
ATOM 700 O GLN 92 57.034 48.539 -11.394 1.00 18.57 3HVP 821
ATOM 701 CB GLN 92 55.634 45.834 -12.804 1.00 12.62 3HVP 822
ATOM 702 CG GLN 92 55.983 44.350 -12.419 1.00 11.79 3HVP 823
ATOM 703 CD GLN 92 57.170 43.868 -13.193 1.00 13.31 3HVP 824
ATOM 704 OE1 GLN 92 57.276 44.509 -14.273 1.00 16.04 3HVP 825
ATOM 705 NE2 GLN 92 57.830 42.841 -12.669 1.00 7.04 3HVP 826
ATOM 706 N ILE 93 54.711 48.767 -11.461 1.00 15.72 3HVP 827
ATOM 707 CA ILE 93 54.799 50.275 -11.402 1.00 13.65 3HVP 828
ATOM 708 C ILE 93 55.694 50.744 -10.238 1.00 13.24 3HVP 829
ATOM 709 O ILE 93 55.991 51.959 -10.015 1.00 14.19 3HVP 830
ATOM 710 CB ILE 93 53.361 50.795 -11.447 1.00 10.25 3HVP 831
ATOM 711 CG1 ILE 93 52.620 50.273 -10.148 1.00 5.55 3HVP 832
ATOM 712 CG2 ILE 93 52.403 50.471 -12.624 1.00 10.44 3HVP 833
ATOM 713 CD1 ILE 93 51.748 51.563 -9.815 1.00 7.34 3HVP 834
ATOM 714 N GLY 94 56.281 49.849 -9.436 1.00 11.30 3HVP 835
ATOM 715 CA GLY 94 57.207 50.029 -8.357 1.00 9.01 3HVP 836
ATOM 716 C GLY 94 56.666 50.691 -7.122 1.00 8.62 3HVP 837
ATOM 717 O GLY 94 57.241 51.621 -6.498 1.00 9.52 3HVP 838
HETATM 718 N ABA 95 55.470 50.317 -6.728 1.00 7.56 3HVP 839
HETATM 719 CA ABA 95 54.746 50.747 -5.560 1.00 6.09 3HVP 840
HETATM 720 C ABA 95 55.483 50.063 -4.381 1.00 6.45 3HVP 841
HETATM 721 O ABA 95 56.102 48.982 -4.637 1.00 6.91 3HVP 842
HETATM 722 CB ABA 95 53.282 50.363 -5.566 1.00 2.25 3HVP 843
HETATM 723 CG ABA 95 52.355 51.547 -5.700 1.00 2.00 3HVP 844
ATOM 724 N THR 96 55.381 50.799 -3.318 1.00 5.86 3HVP 845
ATOM 725 CA THR 96 55.874 50.684 -1.987 1.00 5.93 3HVP 846
ATOM 726 C THR 96 54.853 51.273 -1.011 1.00 5.71 3HVP 847
ATOM 727 O THR 96 54.092 52.188 -1.417 1.00 5.22 3HVP 848
ATOM 728 CB THR 96 57.185 51.535 -1.736 1.00 11.38 3HVP 849
ATOM 729 OG1 THR 96 57.145 52.669 -2.680 1.00 15.66 3HVP 850
ATOM 730 CG2 THR 96 58.468 50.771 -1.941 1.00 14.96 3HVP 851
ATOM 731 N LEU 97 54.904 50.708 0.160 1.00 5.92 3HVP 852
ATOM 732 CA LEU 97 54.041 51.058 1.287 1.00 6.39 3HVP 853
ATOM 733 C LEU 97 55.104 51.696 2.230 1.00 6.75 3HVP 854
ATOM 734 O LEU 97 56.150 51.112 2.441 1.00 5.52 3HVP 855
ATOM 735 CB LEU 97 53.424 49.924 2.102 1.00 5.27 3HVP 856
ATOM 736 CG LEU 97 52.340 49.041 1.556 1.00 3.96 3HVP 857
ATOM 737 CD1 LEU 97 52.173 47.728 2.309 1.00 3.18 3HVP 858
ATOM 738 CD2 LEU 97 50.978 49.739 1.691 1.00 3.39 3HVP 859
ATOM 739 N ASN 98 54.583 52.786 2.703 1.00 7.96 3HVP 860
ATOM 740 CA ASN 98 55.300 53.640 3.611 1.00 8.99 3HVP 861
ATOM 741 C ASN 98 54.773 54.308 4.808 1.00 9.19 3HVP 862
ATOM 742 O ASN 98 53.692 54.890 4.863 1.00 9.82 3HVP 863
ATOM 743 CB ASN 98 55.517 54.897 2.685 1.00 16.18 3HVP 864
ATOM 744 CG ASN 98 56.619 54.304 1.774 1.00 22.43 3HVP 865
ATOM 745 OD1 ASN 98 56.630 54.608 0.548 1.00 21.15 3HVP 866
ATOM 746 ND2 ASN 98 57.380 53.503 2.577 1.00 24.20 3HVP 867
ATOM 747 N PHE 99 55.703 54.455 5.709 1.00 9.64 3HVP 868
ATOM 748 CA PHE 99 55.195 55.188 6.904 1.00 12.33 3HVP 869
ATOM 749 C PHE 99 56.302 55.133 7.965 1.00 14.20 3HVP 870
ATOM 750 O PHE 99 57.027 54.181 7.514 1.00 19.58 3HVP 871
ATOM 751 CB PHE 99 53.978 54.451 7.451 1.00 10.69 3HVP 872
ATOM 752 CG PHE 99 54.394 53.064 7.892 1.00 3.89 3HVP 873
ATOM 753 CD1 PHE 99 54.452 52.064 6.957 1.00 4.72 3HVP 874
ATOM 754 CD2 PHE 99 54.758 52.847 9.169 1.00 2.45 3HVP 875
ATOM 755 CE1 PHE 99 54.842 50.817 7.392 1.00 6.29 3HVP 876
ATOM 756 CE2 PHE 99 55.150 51.601 9.597 1.00 3.18 3HVP 877
ATOM 757 CZ PHE 99 55.199 50.578 8.723 1.00 3.13 3HVP 878
ATOM 758 OXT PHE 99 56.127 55.920 8.919 1.00 14.91 3HVP 879
TER 759 PHE 99 3HVP 880
CONECT 514 513 515 520 3HVP 881
CONECT 520 514 521 3HVP 882
CONECT 521 520 522 524 3HVP 883
CONECT 522 521 523 526 3HVP 884
CONECT 523 522 3HVP 885
CONECT 524 521 525 3HVP 886
CONECT 525 524 3HVP 887
CONECT 526 522 527 3HVP 888
CONECT 716 715 717 718 3HVP 889
CONECT 718 716 719 3HVP 890
CONECT 719 718 720 722 3HVP 891
CONECT 720 719 721 724 3HVP 892
CONECT 721 720 3HVP 893
CONECT 722 719 723 3HVP 894
CONECT 723 722 3HVP 895
CONECT 724 720 725 3HVP 896
MASTER 77 0 2 1 8 3 1 6 758 1 16 8 3HVPA 6
END 3HVP 898
| en |
log-files | 964418 | ! Started logfile: 0607-157_X.log on Mon Oct 25 18:35:51 2004
observe 0607-157_X.edt
! Reading UV FITS file: 0607-157_X.edt
! AN table 1: 11 integrations on 153 of 153 possible baselines.
! AN table 2: 8 integrations on 153 of 153 possible baselines.
! AN table 3: 135 integrations on 153 of 153 possible baselines.
! AN table 4: 9 integrations on 153 of 153 possible baselines.
! Apparent sampling: 0.0566181 visibilities/baseline/integration-bin.
! *** This seems a bit low - see "help observe" on the binwid argument.
! Found source: 0607-157
! Warning: Unknown AN-table MNTSTA value (3).
! Will assume that it is ground-based.
! Warning: Unknown AN-table MNTSTA value (3).
! Will assume that it is ground-based.
! Warning: Unknown AN-table MNTSTA value (3).
! Will assume that it is ground-based.
! Warning: Unknown AN-table MNTSTA value (3).
! Will assume that it is ground-based.
!
! There are 4 IFs, and a total of 4 channels:
!
! IF Channel Frequency Freq offset Number of Overall IF
! origin at origin per channel channels bandwidth
! ------------------------------------------------------------- (Hz)
! 01 1 8.40997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 02 2 8.47997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 03 3 8.79497e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
! 04 4 8.89997e+09 8e+06 1 8e+06
!
! Polarization(s): RR
!
! Read 1070 lines of history.
!
! Reading 5648 visibilities.
![@gonzo6-0.1 0607-157_X]
print "***********************************"
! ***********************************
print "*** Using gonzo instruction set ***"
! *** Using gonzo instruction set ***
print "***********************************"
! ***********************************
float field_size
field_size = 1024
float field_cell
field_cell = 0.1
integer clean_niter
clean_niter = 50
float clean_gain
clean_gain = 0.03
float dynam
dynam = 6.0
float win_mult
win_mult = 1.8
float solint
solint = 3.6/6.0
logical doflt
doflt = true
logical doamp
float new_peak
float flux_cutoff
mapsize field_size,field_cell
! Map grid = 1024x1024 pixels with 0.100x0.100 milli-arcsec cellsize.
select
! Selecting polarization: RR, channels: 1..4
! Reading IF 1 channels: 1..1
! Reading IF 2 channels: 2..2
! Reading IF 3 channels: 3..3
! Reading IF 4 channels: 4..4
startmod
! Applying default point source starting model.
! Performing phase self-cal
! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 1 components and 1 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! A total of 100 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! A total of 125 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! A total of 2368 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3.
! A total of 127 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! A total of 100 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! A total of 125 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! A total of 2368 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3.
! A total of 127 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! A total of 100 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! A total of 125 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! A total of 2368 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3.
! A total of 127 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! A total of 100 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 1.
! A total of 125 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! A total of 2368 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 3.
! A total of 127 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=4.963025Jy sigma=34.784275
! Fit after self-cal, rms=4.962019Jy sigma=34.775832
! clrmod: Cleared the established, tentative and continuum models.
! Redundant starting model cleared.
uvweight 2,-1
! Uniform weighting binwidth: 2 (pixels).
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
doamp = false
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=0.7228 mas, bmaj=1.753 mas, bpa=-3.339 degrees
! Estimated noise=2.77175 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal doamp, doflt, solint
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (0, 0).
! clean: niter=50 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 4.20561 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 50 components = 4.20561 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.273299 max=1.172932 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.005880 rms=0.104683 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 4.20561 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 1 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 1 components and 4.20561 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.943858Jy sigma=13.693559
! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.943857Jy sigma=13.693560
! Inverting map
! clean: niter=50 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 1.08426 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 50 components = 1.08426 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.214982 max=0.463410 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.004185 rms=0.062368 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 5.28987 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 11 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 11 components and 5.28987 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=1.148629Jy sigma=8.095113
! Fit after self-cal, rms=1.148514Jy sigma=8.094377
! Inverting map
! clean: niter=50 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.507496 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 50 components = 0.507496 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.222807 max=0.233690 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.003392 rms=0.048028 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 5.79736 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 3 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 12 components and 5.79736 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.875350Jy sigma=6.152075
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.875309Jy sigma=6.151804
! Inverting map
print "****************************************"
! ****************************************
print "*** Finished Uniform Weighting CLEAN ***"
! *** Finished Uniform Weighting CLEAN ***
print "****************************************"
! ****************************************
uvweight 0,-1
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
win_mult = win_mult * 1.6
clean_niter = clean_niter * 2
dynam = dynam - 0.5
doamp = false
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.005 mas, bmaj=2.38 mas, bpa=0.7469 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.83919 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal doamp, doflt, solint
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.384752 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.547232 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.547232 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.263179 max=0.153855 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.004669 rms=0.053343 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.34459 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 34 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 43 components and 6.34459 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.727454Jy sigma=5.068566
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.727436Jy sigma=5.068468
! Inverting map
print "****************************************"
! ****************************************
print "*** Finished Natural Weighting CLEAN ***"
! *** Finished Natural Weighting CLEAN ***
print "****************************************"
! ****************************************
gscale true
! Performing overall amplitude self-cal
!
! Correcting IF 1.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.01 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00 KK 1.00* KP 0.98 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.03 NL 1.02 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.03 PT 1.02 SC 1.02 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2:
! BR 1.00* FD 0.85 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.14 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.00*
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.26 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.00* PT 1.00* SC 1.06 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3:
! BR 1.00 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.15 KK 1.00* KP 1.03 LA 1.01
! MC 1.00* MK 0.98 NL 1.03 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.02 PT 1.01 SC 1.02 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4:
! BR 1.02 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00* KK 1.00* KP 0.97 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.03 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.03 PT 1.02 SC 1.02 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
!
! Correcting IF 2.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.02 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.01 KK 1.00* KP 0.93 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.03 NL 1.00 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.02 PT 1.06 SC 0.98 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2:
! BR 1.00* FD 0.86 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.14 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.00*
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.21 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.00* PT 1.00* SC 1.01 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3:
! BR 1.00 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.15 KK 1.00* KP 0.99 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 0.99 NL 1.01 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.02 PT 1.05 SC 0.99 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4:
! BR 1.03 FD 0.81 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00* KK 1.00* KP 0.93 LA 1.03
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.00 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.02 PT 1.07 SC 0.98 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
!
! Correcting IF 3.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.06 FD 0.83 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00 KK 1.00* KP 0.87 LA 1.03
! MC 1.00* MK 1.05 NL 1.04 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.06 PT 1.08 SC 1.01 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2:
! BR 1.00* FD 0.88 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.12 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.00*
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.27 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.00* PT 1.00* SC 1.04 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3:
! BR 1.05 FD 0.83 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.15 KK 1.00* KP 0.92 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.01 NL 1.04 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.05 PT 1.08 SC 1.02 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4:
! BR 1.07 FD 0.83 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00* KK 1.00* KP 0.87 LA 1.03
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.04 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.06 PT 1.09 SC 1.00 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
!
! Correcting IF 4.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 1:
! BR 1.04 FD 0.84 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.04 KK 1.00* KP 0.92 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.09 NL 1.04 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.06 PT 1.08 SC 1.06 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! A total of 3 telescope corrections were flagged in sub-array 2.
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 2:
! BR 1.00* FD 0.91 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.16 KK 1.00* KP 1.00* LA 1.00*
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.27 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.00* PT 1.00* SC 1.11 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 3:
! BR 1.02 FD 0.84 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.19 KK 1.00* KP 0.99 LA 1.01
! MC 1.00* MK 1.05 NL 1.05 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.05 PT 1.07 SC 1.06 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
! Telescope amplitude corrections in sub-array 4:
! BR 1.04 FD 0.84 GC 1.00* GG 1.00*
! HN 1.00* KK 1.00* KP 0.93 LA 1.02
! MC 1.00* MK 1.00* NL 1.05 ON 1.00*
! OV 1.05 PT 1.09 SC 1.06 TS 1.00*
! WF 1.00* WZ 1.00*
!
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.727436Jy sigma=5.068468
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.139581Jy sigma=0.910710
dynam = dynam - 0.5
doamp = false
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.016 mas, bmaj=2.419 mas, bpa=0.9167 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.83228 mJy/beam.
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal doamp, doflt, solint
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = -0.00576996 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = -0.006653 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = -0.006653 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.020659 max=0.032703 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000012 rms=0.007754 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.33794 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 7 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 48 components and 6.33794 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.138758Jy sigma=0.905615
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.138885Jy sigma=0.905051
! Inverting map
dynam = dynam - 1.0
doamp = true
solint = solint * (6.0/3.6)
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal doamp, doflt, solint
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! Added new window around map position (4.9, 1.9).
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0328285 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0513445 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0513445 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.018937 max=0.030317 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000016 rms=0.006010 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.38928 Jy
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 1 minute time intervals
! Adding 19 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 67 components and 6.38928 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.132480Jy sigma=0.844304
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.130651Jy sigma=0.833880
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.017 mas, bmaj=2.42 mas, bpa=0.9247 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.83087 mJy/beam.
! Added new window around map position (15.5, 12.1).
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0303276 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.048134 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.048134 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.017541 max=0.019297 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=0.000056 rms=0.004086 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.43742 Jy
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 1 minute time intervals
! Adding 33 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 99 components and 6.43742 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.124361Jy sigma=0.779112
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.123325Jy sigma=0.773683
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.017 mas, bmaj=2.42 mas, bpa=0.9306 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.8302 mJy/beam.
! Added new window around map position (2.3, 0.6).
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.0154846 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0225377 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0225377 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.017135 max=0.015563 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000003 rms=0.003409 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.45995 Jy
! Performing amp+phase self-cal over 1 minute time intervals
! Adding 22 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 109 components and 6.45995 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.119658Jy sigma=0.746349
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.119028Jy sigma=0.742539
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.017 mas, bmaj=2.42 mas, bpa=0.9206 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.83021 mJy/beam.
doamp = false
solint = solint / (6.0/3.6)
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
repeat
if (peak(flux) > flux_cutoff) peakwin win_mult
clean clean_niter,clean_gain
flux_cutoff = imstat(rms) * dynam
selfcal doamp, doflt, solint
new_peak = peak(flux)
until(new_peak<=flux_cutoff)
! clean: niter=100 gain=0.03 cutoff=0
! Component: 050 - total flux cleaned = 0.00883432 Jy
! Component: 100 - total flux cleaned = 0.0144496 Jy
! Total flux subtracted in 100 components = 0.0144496 Jy
! Clean residual min=-0.015688 max=0.014392 Jy/beam
! Clean residual mean=-0.000002 rms=0.003024 Jy/beam
! Combined flux in latest and established models = 6.4744 Jy
! Performing phase self-cal over 0.6 minute time intervals
! Adding 21 model components to the UV plane model.
! The established model now contains 121 components and 6.4744 Jy
!
! Correcting IF 1.
!
! Correcting IF 2.
!
! Correcting IF 3.
!
! Correcting IF 4.
!
! Fit before self-cal, rms=0.116864Jy sigma=0.726904
! Fit after self-cal, rms=0.116737Jy sigma=0.726066
! Inverting map
print "***********************************"
! ***********************************
print "*** Finished Amplitude Self-Cal ***"
! *** Finished Amplitude Self-Cal ***
print "***********************************"
! ***********************************
save 0607-157_X
! Writing UV FITS file: 0607-157_X.uvf
! Writing 121 model components to file: 0607-157_X.mod
! wwins: Wrote 4 windows to 0607-157_X.win
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 1.017 x 2.42 at 0.9206 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.011781 max=5.7614 Jy/beam
! Writing clean map to FITS file: 0607-157_X.fits
! Writing difmap environment to: 0607-157_X.par
print "****************************"
! ****************************
print "*** Now, make some plots ***"
! *** Now, make some plots ***
print "****************************"
! ****************************
![@gonzo_plot 0607-157_X]
device 0607-157_Xuv.ps/vps,1,2
! Attempting to open device: '0607-157_Xuv.ps/vps'
radplot
! Using default options string "m1"
uvplot
! Using default options string ""
device 0607-157_Xim.ps/vps
! Attempting to open device: '0607-157_Xim.ps/vps'
uvweight 0,-1
! Uniform weighting is not currently selected.
! Gridding weights will be scaled by errors raised to the power -1.
! Radial weighting is not currently selected.
loglevs -1,2048,2
! The new contour levels are:
! -1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
cmul = imstat(rms)*3
! Inverting map and beam
! Estimated beam: bmin=1.017 mas, bmaj=2.42 mas, bpa=0.9206 degrees
! Estimated noise=1.83021 mJy/beam.
mappl cln
! restore: Substituting estimate of restoring beam from last 'invert'.
! Restoring with beam: 1.017 x 2.42 at 0.9206 degrees (North through East)
! Clean map min=-0.011781 max=5.7614 Jy/beam
![Exited script file: gonzo_plot]
![Exited script file: gonzo6-0.1]
quit
! Quitting program
! Log file 0607-157_X.log closed on Mon Oct 25 18:36:18 2004
| en |
converted_docs | 712982 | RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
PART 2000 -- GENERAL
Subpart QQQ -- Memorandum of Agreement Between the Rural
Business-Cooperative Service and Colson Services Corporation
§ 2000.3401 [General]{.underline}.
The Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBS) has entered into a
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with Colson Services Corporation
concerning sales of Business and Industry Guaranteed Loans on the
Secondary Market. In order to facilitate liquidity for Holders of
Guarantees, RBS wishes to memorialize the circumstances under which it
will issue its certificate recognizing a Holder's interest in a
Guarantee. RBS has entered into an agreement with Colson Services
Corporation as the registrar and paying agent in maintaining the records
needed for such recognition pursuant to the attached MOA.
§ 2000.3402 [Implementation]{.underline}.
The MOA is attached to this subpart. Attached to the MOA are the
Guaranteed Interest Certificate and the Agency Agreement for Appointment
of Registrar and Paying Agent.
§§ 2000.3403 -- 2000.3450 \[Reserved\]
Attachment: Exhibit A.
o0o
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DISTRIBUTION: WSDC Administration
> General
## 1
##
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 1
> Agreement No. 2003-01
Memorandum of Agreement
Between the
Rural Business-Cooperative Service ("RBS")
of the
United States Department of Agriculture
and
Colson Services Corp. ("Colson")
RBS administers the Business and Industry Guaranteed Loan Program under
7 USC 1932 and 7 CFR 4279-87 (collectively, the "Program"). The Program
permits a Program lender to sell all or part of the RBS guarantee
applicable to a loan made under the Program (a "Guarantee") to a
"Holder" as defined in the Program.
In order to facilitate liquidity for Holders of Guarantees, RBS wishes
to memorialize the circumstances under which it will issue its
certificate recognizing a Holder's interest in a Guarantee with Colson
as the Holder's registrar and paying agent (the "Registrar and Paying
Agent") in maintaining the records needed for such recognition pursuant
to the Agency Agreement described in 2 below.
Therefore, RBS and Colson agree:
**1. Certificates; Safekeeping**. RBS shall from time to time, upon
request from Colson, deliver to Colson certificates substantially in the
form of Exhibit A hereto (the "Guarantee Certificates"). Colson shall
keep unissued Guarantee Certificates in reasonable safekeeping until the
same are issued pursuant to the terms hereof.
**2. Agency Agreements**; **Deposits of Guarantees.** Colson shall
accept deposits from time to time of Guarantees pursuant to Agency
Agreements (each an "Agency Agreement") between Colson and the
depositing Holder, and Colson or its nominee shall be the party in whose
name all related program documents will be held other than the Guarantee
Certificate, upon compliance with the conditions for such acceptance set
forth in the applicable Agency Agreement. Colson shall accept such
deposits only pursuant to Agency Agreements conforming to Exhibit B
hereto with such changes as shall be approved by RBS.
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 2
**3. Issuance of Guarantee Certificates**. RBS hereby permits Colson to
complete the information called for on the face of each Guarantee
Certificate and deliver such Guarantee Certificate to RBS for its
signature. A duly authorized officer of RBS will execute the Guarantee
Certificate. Within one business day of its receipt of such Guarantee
Certificate, RBS agrees to sign and return the Guarantee Certificate to
Colson via express mail. Upon Colson's receipt of the executed Guarantee
Certificate, Colson will deliver such Certificate to the Holder.
**4. Registration, Transfer and Replacement of Guarantee Certificates**.
Colson shall maintain a register showing the name of the Holder of each
Guarantee Certificate (a "Certificate Holder"), the Certificate Holder's
address, the principal amount of each Guarantee Certificate and such
other information concerning such Guarantee Certificate as shall be
appropriate and customary under the circumstances. \[Upon delivery of a
Guarantee Certificate with proper transfer instructions to Colson from
or on behalf of the registered Certificate Holder at Colson's delivery
address of P.O. Box 54, Bowling Green Station, New York, NY 10274,
Colson shall deliver a Guarantee Certificate as instructed to the
transferee. Upon satisfactory proof of loss or destruction of a
Guarantee Certificate, and indemnity of it and RBS, Colson shall issue a
replacement Guarantee Certificate under appropriate and customary
circumstances. Colson may take such other actions as may be necessary or
appropriate for a registrar, transfer agent or replacement agent. Colson
shall disclose to RBS upon request all information about Certificate
Holders known to it.\]
**5. Performance of Guarantees**. RBS will make all payments on
Guarantees to Colson or its nominee, as Registrar and Paying Agent, and
perform all other obligations it may have in respect of each deposited
Guarantee at the request and for the nominal benefit of Colson, in its
capacity as Registrar and Paying Agent for a Holder.
**6. Severability**. If any provision hereof violates any statute or
regulation, such provision shall be deemed invalid but the remaining
provisions hereof shall remain effective.
**7. Succession**. Any successor to all or substantially all the
business of Colson shall succeed to the right, duties, obligations and
immunities of Colson hereunder.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 3
**8. Notices**. All notices shall be in writing and delivered by hand,
overnight delivery or telecopy (receipt confirmed telephonically) as
follows (until changed by notice). To RBS: USDA, Rural
Business-Cooperative Service, Attention: Administrator, 1400
Independence Avenue, SW., Room 5045 South Building, Washington, D.C.
20250-3201. To Colson: Colson Services Corp. 120 Broadway, 19th Floor,
New York, NY 10271, Attention: President
**9. Miscellaneous**. This memorandum of agreement expresses the entire
understanding of the parties hereto as to the subject matter hereof, may
be amended only in a writing signed by the parties hereto and may not be
assigned except as provided in Section 7.
RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
By\_\_[***(Signed by John Rosso)***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
Date\_\_[April 3, 2003\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
COLSON SERVICES CORP.
By\_\_***[(Signed by Suzanne Hansen)\_\_\_]{.underline}***
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 4
Exhibit A
GUARANTEED INTEREST CERTIFICATE
GUARANTEED BY
THE RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE ("RBS")
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
\[CERTIFICATE NUMBER\]
**HOLDER INFORMATION:**
REGISTERED HOLDER: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HOLDER'S INTEREST IN RBS LOAN GUARANTEE:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_%
**LOAN INFORMATION:**
USDA LOAN NUMBER: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SERVICING OFFICE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CITY:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF GUARANTEED PORTION: \$
AS OF DATE:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_[("CERTIFICATE
ISSUANCE DATE")]{.underline}
CERTIFICATE SCHEDULED MATURITY DATE:
CERTIFICATE INTEREST RATE:
BASE RATE AND DIFFERENTIAL
AND ADJUSTMENT FREQUENCY:
CAP % \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ FLOOR %
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(IF VARIABLE RATE)
SCHEDULED PAYMENT PERIOD:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
BORROWER'S PAYMENT DUE DATE:
**GUARANTEE**
THE ABOVE-NAMED REGISTERED HOLDER IS RECOGNIZED BY THE RURAL
BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AS THE REGISTERED HOLDER OF THE PERCENT
INTEREST IN RBS LOAN GUARANTEE SHOWN IN THE ABOVE-DESCRIBED LOAN AND AS
SUCH IS ENTITLED TO ALL OF THE BENEFITS OF HOLDERS PROVIDED BY THE RBS
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY GUARANTEED LOAN PROGRAM ("PROGRAM"). SUBJECT TO
THE PROVISIONS OF THE PROGRAM, RBS GUARANTEES TO PURCHASE FROM THE
REGISTERED HOLDER THEIR GUARANTEED INTEREST IN THE LOAN IN ACCORDANCE
WITH RBS REGULATIONS AND APPLICABLE STATUTES ("APPLICABLE LAW").
APPLICABLE LAW PROVIDES FOR THE PAYMENT TO THE HOLDER OF 100 PERCENT OF
ANY LOSS SUSTAINED BY SUCH HOLDER ON THE GUARANTEED PORTION OF THE LOAN
TOGETHER WITH INTEREST DUE ON SUCH PORTION. THE GUARANTEE OF THE ABOVE
DESCRIBED LOAN IS BACKED BY THE FULL FAITH AND CREDIT OF THE UNITED
STATES GOVERNMENT AND IS INCONTESTABLE AGAINST THE HOLDER EXCEPT FOR
FRAUD OR MISREPRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE HOLDER WHICH THE HOLDER KNEW AT
THE TIME OF BECOMING HOLDER OR IN WHICH THE HOLDER PARTICIPATED.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 5
**LIMITATIONS**
PAYMENT OF THE GUARANTEE MUST BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAW. THE
PURCHASE OF THE UNPAID PRINCIPAL BALANCE ON THE GUARANTEED PORTION
TOGETHER WITH ACCRUED INTEREST TO THE DATE OF PURCHASE BY USDA, EXCLUDES
THE LENDER'S SERVICING FEE. PAYMENT OF ACCRUED INTEREST ON THE LOAN
PURSUANT TO THIS GUARANTEE IS LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM OF 90 DAYS ACCRUED
INTEREST FROM THE DATE OF THE ORIGINAL DEMAND LETTER TO THE LENDER. IN
ADDITION, THE HOLDER'S RIGHT TO RECEIVE ANY PAYMENTS UNDER THIS
CERTIFICATE OR TO TRANSFER THIS CERTIFICATE IS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS OF THE AGENCY AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE HOLDER AND COLSON
SERVICES CORP., THE HOLDER'S REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT, AT: COLSON
SERVICES CORP., P.O. Box 54, Bowling Green Station, New York, NY 10274.
**FURTHER ASSURANCES**
THIS CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED TO ASSURE THAT, AS OF THE AUTHENTICATION
DATE, THE ABOVE-NAMED REGISTERED HOLDER HAS AN OUTSTANDING GUARANTEE OF
THE ABOVE DESCRIBED NOTE IN THE AMOUNT SHOWN. IT FURTHER ASSURES THAT
THE HOLDER DOES NOT HAVE ANY SERVICING RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO
ABOVE DESCRIBED LOAN.
THIS CERTIFICATE RESTATES AND DOES NOT CHANGE ANY PROVISIONS OF
APPLICABLE LAW. ANY CONFLICT BETWEEN THE TERMS OF THIS CERTIFICATE AND
APPLICABLE LAW WILL BE RESOLVED IN FAVOR OF APPLICABLE LAW. THIS
CERTIFICATE DOES NOT PROVIDE AN ADDITIONAL GUARANTEE TO THE ABOVE
DESCRIBED LOAN.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, RBS HAS CAUSED THIS GUARANTEED INTEREST CERTIFICATE
TO BE DULY EXECUTED.
AUTHENTICATION DATE:
RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
> BY:
AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY
(04-16-03) PN 358
Exhibit A, Page 6 in PDF ONLY.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 7
Exhibit B
AGENCY AGREEMENT FOR APPOINTMENT OF REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT FOR THE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE'S
RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY GUARANTEED LOAN
**LOAN INFORMATION:**
USDA LOAN NUMBER:
SERVICING OFFICE:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CITY: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
STATE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF LOAN:
PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF GUARANTEED PORTION:
HOLDER'S INTEREST IN RBS LOAN GUARANTEE: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_%
LOAN MATURITY DATE:
GROSS INTEREST RATE:
LENDER'S SERVICING FEE RATE:
REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT FEE RATE:
NET INTEREST RATE:
BASE RATE AND DIFFERENTIAL AND
ADJUSTMENT FREQUENCY:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CAP: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% FLOOR:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_%
(IF VARIABLE RATE)
SCHEDULED PAYMENT PERIOD:
BORROWER'S PAYMENT DUE DATE:
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
COLSON Services Corp., a New York Corporation, PO BOX 54, Bowling Green
Station, New York, New York 10274, and having its principal office in
New York City (the "Registrar and Paying Agent") hereby certifies that
**Holder:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 8
The above-named Holder or any subsequent assignee ("Holder") is the
beneficial owner of all or a portion of the guaranteed interest
("Guaranteed Portion") in the above-described loan ("Loan"). The
Holder's beneficial ownership interest is evidenced by a USDA Rural
Business-Cooperative Service Guaranteed Interest Certificate (the
"Certificate") which is registered in the name of the Holder and which
is in the possession and control of such Holder, a copy of which is
attached hereto as Exhibit A. In consideration of the mutual promises
contained herein, the Holder and the Registrar and Paying Agent,
pursuant to the terms and conditions of this agency agreement (the
"Agency Agreement"), hereby agree as follows:
1\. ASSIGNMENT OF RECORD OWNERSHIP OF THE GUARANTEED PORTION
The Holder hereby transfers and assigns record ownership of the
Guaranteed Portion to the Registrar and Paying Agent for the purpose of
performing the duties specified herein with respect to the Guaranteed
Portion. Notwithstanding such transfer and assignment, the Holder shall
retain beneficial ownership of the Guaranteed Portion (as evidenced by
the Certificate) until such time as such beneficial ownership is sold,
transferred and assigned by the Holder pursuant to the terms of this
Agency Agreement.
As record owner of the Guaranteed Portion, the Registrar and Paying
Agent shall hold copies of the Note and the Loan Note Guarantee, and
originals of the Assignment Guarantee Agreement and, in the case of
Multi-Note Option, the originals of the Note, Loan Note Guarantee and
Assignment and Servicing Agreement, and all other documents or
instruments evidencing the transfer of the Guaranteed Portion by any
prior Holder thereof (the "Loan Documents"); collect all payments of
principal and interest with respect to the Guaranteed Portion and
transmit such payments to the Holder in accordance with the terms and
conditions set forth in this Agency Agreement; and prepare, execute and
process on behalf of the Holder all of the documents necessary to
effectuate a sale or transfer of the Certificate by the Holder to a
third party pursuant hereto as and when the Holder may so instruct the
Registrar and Paying Agent.
2\. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE HOLDER
The Holder hereby represents and warrants to the Registrar and Paying
Agent:
2.1 The Holder has delivered true and correct copies of the Loan
Documents to the Registrar and Paying Agent, which are in full force and
effect as of the date hereof. The Loan Documents have not been amended
or modified in any respect nor has any notice of termination been given
under the Loan Documents.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 9
2.2 The Holder is the lawful owner of the Guaranteed Portion with the
full right to transfer and assign record ownership of the Guaranteed
Portion to the Registrar and Paying Agent pursuant to the terms of this
Agency Agreement, free from any and all claims and encumbrances arising
out of the Holder's ownership thereof.
2.3. The Holder has not received notice of, and has no knowledge of, any
event or occurrence, which with notice or the passage of time will
result in the non-payment by the USDA guarantor agency of the Guaranteed
Portion.
2.4 The Holder has not engaged in any action, fraud or misrepresentation
with respect to the Guaranteed Portion nor condoned or participated in
any action, fraud or misrepresentation by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (the "Lender")
with respect to the Guaranteed Portion.
2.5 To the best of the Holder's knowledge, the borrower under the Loan
is not 60 days or more delinquent with respect to principal and interest
due under the Loan.
2.6. The Holder has not received notice of, and has no knowledge of, any
offsets, counterclaims or other defenses available to the Lender with
respect to the Loan Documents or the Guaranteed Portion.
2.7 The Holder has not waived or agreed to any waiver under, or agreed
to any amendment or other modification of, the Loan Documents or the
Guaranteed Portion. The Holder has no knowledge of, and has not received
notice of, any waivers under or amendments or other modifications of, or
assignments of rights or obligations under or defaults under, the Loan
Documents or the Guaranteed Portion.
2.8. The Holder is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing
under the laws of the jurisdiction of its formation, and has all
requisite power and authority to sell, transfer and assign the
Guaranteed Portion or any right or obligation of the Holder arising
there from.
2.9 The Holder has full power and authority to execute, deliver and
perform under this Agency Agreement, and to consummate the transactions
set forth herein. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by
this Agency Agreement is in the ordinary course of the Holder's business
and will not conflict with, or result in a breach of, any of the terms,
conditions or provisions of the Holder's organizational documents, or
any legal restriction, or any material
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 10
agreement or instrument to which the Holder is now a party or by which
it is bound, or result in the violation of any law, rule, regulation,
order, judgment or decree to which the Holder or its property is
subject. The execution, delivery and performance by the Holder of this
Agency Agreement, and the consummation by it of the transactions
contemplated hereby, have been duly authorized by all necessary action
of the Holder. This Agency Agreement has been duly executed and
delivered by the Holder and, upon the due authorization, execution and
delivery to the other parties hereto, will constitute the valid and
legally binding obligation of the Holder enforceable against the Holder
in accordance with its respective terms except as enforceability thereof
may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, or reorganization or other
similar laws now or hereinafter in effect relating to creditor's rights
generally and by general principles of equity, regardless of whether
such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or in law.
2.10 No material consent, approval, order or authorization of, or
declaration, filing or registration with, any governmental entity is
required to be obtained or made by the Holder in connection with the
execution, delivery or performance by the Holder of this Agency
Agreement, or the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated
hereby.
2.11 There is no action, suit, proceeding, investigation or litigation
pending or, to the Holder's knowledge, threatened, which either in any
instance or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Holder,
would adversely affect the Holder's execution or delivery of, or the
enforceability of, this Agency Agreement, or the Holder's ability to
perform its obligations under this Agency Agreement.
3\. DUTIES OF REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT
The Registrar and Paying Agent shall:
3.1 Execute a written assignment notification (the "Assignment") with
the Holder evidencing the transfer by the Holder of record ownership of
the Guaranteed Portion to the Registrar and Paying Agent, or its
nominee, as contemplated herein and provide a copy of such Assignment to
the Lender and the USDA guarantor agency.
3.2 Deliver to Holder a Certificate within two business days of receipt
of such Certificate from the USDA.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 11
3.3 Maintain a segregated account (the "Collection Account") for the
benefit of the Holder and deposit therein all payments of principal and
interest received by the Registrar and Paying Agent in respect of the
Guaranteed Portion.
3.4 Make payment to Holder on the fifteenth day of the month in the
month following the related borrower's scheduled payment date, or if
such fifteenth day is not a business day, the business day immediately
following such fifteenth day (the "Holder's Payment Date"). Any
identifiable payment received by the Registrar and Paying Agent up to
the second business day prior to the Holder's Payment Date will be
remitted to the Holder on the Holder's Payment Date. Any identifiable
payment received by the Registrar and Paying Agent on or after the
second business day prior to the Holder's Payment Date in the month
following the related borrower's scheduled payment date will be remitted
to the Holder within two business days of receipt of immediately
available funds by the Registrar and Paying Agent. Payment on full
redemption of the Holder's Certificate will be made only after
presentation of the Certificate to the Registrar and Paying Agent by the
Holder. The Registrar and Paying Agent shall retain a final transfer fee
upon redemption.
3.5 Keep books of record and account ("Record") for all collections and
payment transactions with respect to such Guaranteed Portion, which
Records shall include: Loan, Documents, name of Servicing Bank, name of
Borrower, name of Holder, account number, Loan number, and name of
broker-dealer, if any, involved with the re-registration of the
Guaranteed Portion.
3.6 Send to Holder with each Payment, or when each Payment would be due,
a statement stating the following: Loan number, maturity date, net
interest rate, interest and principal payment amount, outstanding
principal balance after giving effect to the current payment, total
payment, interest dates covered by the payment and whether the
Guaranteed Portion is in default in accordance with applicable laws and
agreements; provided, however, that the Registrar and Paying Agent shall
have no duty to investigate whether any default has occurred unless such
default relates to the failure of the Lender or the USDA to pay any
amounts due with respect to the Guaranteed Portion.
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 12
3.7 In accordance with applicable laws and agreements and upon notice to
the Holder, initiate default proceedings in the event the Registrar and
Paying Agent has actual knowledge of, or receives notice of, a default
by the borrower or the Lender, within the terms of the USDA Form 4279-6
Assignment Guarantee Agreement (or any predecessor or successor Forms)
or Loan Note Guarantee. After initiation of default proceedings, the
Registrar and Paying Agent may, in its sole discretion and where
permitted by applicable law, upon notice to the Holder, pay to the
Holder the outstanding principal balance of the Guaranteed Portion plus
interest to the date of the Registrar and Paying Agent's payment, and
Registrar and Paying Agent will await repurchase from the Lender or
USDA. Upon such payment to Holder by the Registrar and Paying Agent, the
Holder shall have no further interest in the Guaranteed Portion.
3.8. In the event that the Lender or the USDA guarantor agency is
required to purchase the Guaranteed Portion in accordance with paragraph
7 or paragraph 8, respectively of the Assignment Guarantee Agreement or
the Loan Note Guarantee, the Registrar and Paying Agent shall demand
such purchase for the benefit of the Holder.
3.9 Upon repurchase by Lender or USDA guarantor agency in whole or in
part, the Registrar and Paying Agent shall deduct any fees incurred by
the Registrar and Paying Agent in the performance of its duties
hereunder, and remit to the Holder in accordance with sub-paragraph 3.4.
No payment shall be remitted to any Holder which has been paid in full
by the Registrar and Paying Agent in advance of repurchase in accordance
with sub-paragraph 3.7, and the Registrar and Paying Agent shall be
entitled to reimburse itself for such payment.
3.10 In the event that the USDA guarantor agency is required to make
payments to the Holder pursuant to the Loan Note Guarantee, the
Registrar and Paying Agent shall demand such payment on behalf of the
Holder.
3.11 In connection with any transfer of the Certificate, and upon
receipt of a Certificate and a fully completed transfer instrument
("Form of Detached Assignment") attached hereto, as Attachment 1, from
the Holder to the Transferee, the Registrar and Paying Agent shall:
\(a\) Submit to the USDA guarantor agency a new Certificate in the name
of the transferee (the "Successor Certificate") and such other documents
as the USDA shall reasonably request to enable the USDA to recognize the
transferee as the "Holder" for all purposes under the Loan Documents;
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 13
\(b\) Upon receipt from the USDA guarantor agency of the Successor
Certificate duly executed by the USDA guarantor agency, the Registrar
and Paying Agent shall mark its records to reflect the beneficial
ownership of the Guaranteed Portion by such transferee; and
\(c\) Deliver to the transferee the original Successor Certificate and a
blank copy of this Agency Agreement.
In connection with any such transfer, the Holder shall provide or cause
the transferee to provide to the Registrar and Paying Agent all
information necessary to effectuate the transfer of the Certificate to
such transferee (which shall include, but shall not be limited to, the
name and address of such transferee, tax identification number of such
transferee and such transferee's wire transfer instructions).
No Holder shall deliver a Certificate directly to USDA in order to
effectuate a transfer of such Certificate to a third party unless the
Registrar and Paying Agent has been removed or resigned pursuant to
Section 11 hereof.
3.12 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall provide for the replacement of
the Certificate (or any Successor Certificate) in the event that such
Certificate (or any Successor Certificate) shall have been lost,
misplaced, mutilated or destroyed; provided, however that the Registrar
and Paying Agent shall have no obligation to issue a new certificate
unless the Holder thereof shall have provided evidence satisfactory to
the Registrar and Paying Agent that such Certificate (or any such
Successor Certificate) has been lost, misplaced, mutilated or destroyed
and agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the Registrar and Paying Agent
and the USDA guarantor agency for any loss, liability or expense
incurred in connection with such lost, misplaced, mutilated or destroyed
Certificate or the issuance of any new certificate in replacement
thereof. The Holder must file a bond of indemnity in such form and with
such surety, sureties or security as may be required by the Registrar
and Paying Agent to protect the interest of USDA and the Registrar and
Paying Agent.
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 14
3.13 Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein:
\(a\) The duties and obligations of the Registrar and Paying Agent shall
be determined solely by the express provisions of this Agency Agreement,
the Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable except for the
performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth
in this Agency Agreement, no implied covenants or obligations shall be
read into this Agency Agreement against the Registrar and Paying Agent
and, the Registrar and Paying Agent may conclusively rely, as to the
truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed
therein, upon any certificates or other instruments furnished to the
Registrar and Paying Agent and conforming to the requirements of this
Agency Agreement;
\(b\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable in its
individual capacity for an error of judgment made in good faith by an
authorized officer or other officers of the Registrar and Paying Agent,
unless it shall be proved that the Registrar and Paying Agent was
grossly negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;
\(c\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable in its
individual capacity with respect to any action taken, suffered or
omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with this Agency
Agreement or at the direction of the Holder, relating to the time,
method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available
to the Registrar and Paying Agent, or exercising or omitting to exercise
any power conferred upon the Registrar and Paying Agent, under this
Agency Agreement;
\(d\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be required to take
notice or be deemed to have notice or knowledge of any default (except
the failure of the Lender to pay the pro rata portion of payments of
principal and interest with respect to the Guaranteed Portion) unless an
authorized officer of the Registrar and Paying Agent shall have received
written notice or obtained actual knowledge thereof. In the absence of
receipt of such notice or actual knowledge, the Registrar and Paying
Agent may conclusively assume that there is no default with respect to
the Guaranteed Portion;
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 15
\(e\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be required to expend or
risk its own funds or otherwise incur financial liability for the
performance of any of its duties hereunder or the exercise of any of its
rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the
repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or
liability is not assured to it, and none of the provisions contained in
this Agency Agreement shall in any event require the Registrar and
Paying Agent to perform, or be responsible for the manner of performance
of, any of the obligations of the Lender under Assignment Guarantee
Agreement or Loan Note Guarantee;
\(f\) The Registrar and Paying Agent may rely and shall be protected in
acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, officers'
certificate, opinion of counsel, certificate of auditors or any other
certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request,
consent, order, appraisal, bond or other paper or document believed by
it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper
party or parties;
\(g\) The Registrar and Paying Agent may consult with counsel and any
advice or opinion of counsel shall be full and complete authorization
and protection in respect of any action taken or suffered or omitted by
it hereunder in good faith and in accordance with such advice or opinion
of counsel;
\(h\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall be under no obligation to
exercise any of the powers vested in it by this Agency Agreement or to
institute, conduct or defend any litigation hereunder or in relation
hereto at the request, order or direction of the Holder, pursuant to the
provisions of this Agency Agreement, unless the Holder shall have
offered to the Registrar and Paying Agent security or indemnity
satisfactory to the Registrar and Paying Agent against the costs,
expenses and liabilities which may be incurred therein or thereby;
\(i\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be personally liable for
any action taken, suffered or omitted by it in good faith and believed
by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers
conferred upon it by this Agency Agreement;
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 16
\(j\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be bound to make any
investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution,
certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request,
consent, order, approval, bond or other paper or document, unless
requested in writing to do so by the Holder; provided, however, that if
the payment within a reasonable time to the Registrar and Paying Agent
of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the
making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Registrar and
Paying Agent, not assured to the Registrar and Paying Agent by the
security afforded to it by the terms of this Agency Agreement, the
Registrar and Paying Agent may require indemnity satisfactory to the
Registrar and Paying Agent against such cost, expense or liability as a
condition to taking any such action. The reasonable expense of every
such examination shall be paid by the Holder or, if paid by the
Registrar and Paying Agent, shall be repaid by the Holder upon demand
from the Holder's own funds;
\(k\) The right of the Registrar and Paying Agent to perform any
discretionary act enumerated in this Agency Agreement shall not be
construed as a duty, and the Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be
answerable for other than its gross negligence or willful misconduct in
the performance of such act; and
\(l\) The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be required to give any
bond or surety in respect of the powers granted hereunder.
4\. COMPENSATION TO THE REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT
4.1 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall publish a fee schedule for
performing the obligations set forth in this Agency Agreement, which is
subject to change from time to time, for any Agency Agreements entered
into between the Holder and Registrar and Paying Agent on or after the
effective publication date of such fee schedule. The servicing fees of
the Registrar and Paying Agent shall be payable from interest collected
by the Registrar and Paying Agent with respect to the Guaranteed Portion
and shall be withdrawn from the Collection Account prior to the
remittance of any amounts on deposit therein to the Holder. In addition,
the Registrar and Paying Agent shall be entitled to all amounts earned
from the investment of funds on deposit in the Collection Account.
4.2 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall be reimbursed for any sums it
pays for transfer or other taxes imposed by any governmental authority
or agency with respect to the transfer of the Certificate and for any
expenses reasonably incurred in the performance of its obligations
hereunder. The Registrar and Paying Agent may withdraw such sums from
amounts on deposit in the Collection Account prior to the remittance of
such funds to the Holder.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 17
5\. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT
The Registrar and Paying Agent hereby represents and warrants that it
has not acquired and, so long as the Certificate remains outstanding,
shall not acquire, any interest (apart from any interest transferred to
it pursuant to the terms of this Agency Agreement and any limited
security interest held during the settlement and clearance of the
Registrar and Paying Agent's customer transactions) in the borrower or
the Loan or secure or attempt to secure additional collateral from the
borrower with respect to the Loan. THE REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT MAKES
NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, APART FROM THOSE MADE HEREIN. THE
REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT SHALL NOT SERVE AS THE PRINCIPAL FOR THE
SERVICING OR ADMINISTERING OF THE LOAN NOR BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
ESTABLISHING THE LOAN NOR FOR THE DEBT UNDERLYING THE LOAN.
6\. MODIFICATIONS AND AMENDMENT
The Registrar and Paying Agent may modify or amend this Agency Agreement
by mailing notice in writing to the Holder at least thirty (30) days in
advance of such modification or amendment, and Holder agrees to be bound
by such modification or amendment if Holder does not terminate this
Agency Agreement prior to the effective date of such modification or
amendment.
7\. CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA
All information relating to the Holder, which Holder submits to the
Registrar and Paying Agent pursuant hereto, shall be subject to
applicable law, rule or regulation, and be treated as confidential by
the Registrar and Paying Agent.
8\. LIABILITY OF THE REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT; INDEMNITY; FORCE
MAJEURE
8.1 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable for any action
taken, suffered or omitted by it in connection herewith (a) which is
authorized or within the rights or powers conferred upon the Registrar
and Paying Agent hereunder or deemed by the Registrar and Paying Agent
to be necessary hereunder; (b) which is so taken, suffered or omitted in
reliance upon any written communication believed by the Registrar and
Paying Agent to be provided for and authorized by the Holder; or (c)
which is so taken, suffered or omitted in reliance upon advice of its
counsel or counsel for the Holder; or (d) which is so taken, suffered or
omitted in good faith; provided,
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 18
however, that the Registrar and Paying Agent shall be liable only for
its own gross negligence or willful misconduct. In no event shall the
Registrar and Paying Agent be liable for special, indirect or
consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including but not
limited to lost profits), even if the Registrar and Paying Agent has
been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of
the form of action.
8.2 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable in any way for
any fault, failure or defect in the Loan, or the Loan Documents, or by
reason of the act or failure to act of the Lender.
8.3 The Registrar and Paying Agent shall not be liable in any way if it
be delayed in acting hereunder or prevented entirely or in part from
acting hereunder due to causes or events beyond its control, including
and without limitation, Acts of God, interruption of power or other
utility, transportation, data processing or communication services, acts
of civil or military authority, sabotage, national emergencies, war,
explosion, food, earthquake or other catastrophe, fire, strike or other
labor problem or acts of a government agency. However, in any such
event, the Registrar and Paying Agent shall use reasonable efforts to
find alternative means of performance.
9\. INDEMNIFICATION
The Registrar and Paying Agent and any director, officer, employee or
agent of the Registrar and Paying Agent shall be indemnified, by the
Holder and held harmless against any loss, liability or reasonable
expense incurred in connection with this Agency Agreement, the
Guaranteed Portion or the Certificate, other than any loss, liability or
expense incurred by reason of gross negligence or willful misconduct in
the performance by the Registrar and Paying Agent of its duties
hereunder. The obligations of the Holder under this paragraph 9 shall
survive the resignation and removal of the Registrar and Paying Agent
and payment of the Guaranteed Portion.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 19
10\. SUBCONTRACTS: OTHER AGREEMENTS
10.1 The Registrar and Paying Agent may enter into subcontracts,
understandings, and agreements, from time to time to perform the
services described herein with, subsidiaries or affiliates of the
Registrar and Paying Agent and other persons. No such subcontract,
understanding or agreement shall discharge the Registrar and Paying
Agent from its obligations to the Holder herein.
10.2 Nothing contained herein shall be construed to prevent the
Registrar and Paying Agent from entering into, and performing under
similar or identical agreements with other parties not a party hereto
and the Holder acknowledges that the Registrar and Paying Agent's
business activities include entering into and performing under such
similar or identical agreement with persons and parties not a party
hereto, simultaneous with the term and effectiveness hereof.
11\. TERMINATION
11.1 The Registrar and Paying Agent may at any time resign and be
discharged from the duties imposed upon it hereunder by giving written
notice thereof to the Holder, the Lender and the USDA guarantor agency.
Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Holder shall promptly
deliver the Certificate to the Registrar and Paying Agent, and instruct
the Registrar and Paying Agent by written instrument to transfer and
deliver the Loan Documents to the Holder or a successor registrar and
paying agent. A copy of such written instrument shall be delivered to
the Lender and the USDA guarantor agency by the Holder. Unless a
successor registrar and paying agent shall have been so appointed and
have accepted appointment within 60 days after the giving of such notice
of resignation, the resigning Registrar and Paying Agent may petition
any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor
registrar and paying agent.
11.2 If at any time the Registrar and Paying Agent shall fail to perform
in accordance with the terms of this Agency Agreement or shall become
incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged bankrupt or insolvent, or a
receiver of the Registrar and Paying Agent or of its property shall be
appointed, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the
Registrar and Paying Agent or of its property or affairs for the purpose
of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation, then the Holder may
remove the Registrar and Paying Agent and shall, within sixty (60) days
after such removal, appoint a successor registrar and paying agent by
written instrument, in duplicate, which instrument shall be delivered to
the Registrar and Paying Agent so removed and to the successor registrar
and paying agent. A copy of such instrument shall be delivered to the
Lender and the USDA guarantor agency by the Holder.
(04-16-03) PN 358
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 20
11.3 The Holder may discharge the Registrar and Paying Agent from its
duties hereunder, for any reason whatsoever, upon ninety (90) days
written notice. In the event of termination of this Agency Agreement,
Holder shall deliver promptly the Certificate to the Registrar and
Paying Agent and simultaneously pay the Registrar and Paying Agent all
amounts due it hereunder.
11.4 In the event of the resignation or removal of the Registrar and
Paying Agent hereunder, the Registrar and Paying Agent shall transfer
and deliver immediately the Loan Documents to the Holder or its
designee, and take all action reasonably necessary to transfer the
ownership of the Guaranteed Portion to the Holder or its designee.
Notwithstanding any such resignation or removal, the Registrar and
Paying Agent shall be entitled to all amounts due it hereunder.
12\. THE REGISTRAR AND PAYING AGENT AS INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
The Registrar and Paying Agent performs hereunder solely as an
independent contractor. No joint venture, partnership employment, or any
similar relationship, nor any trust or other fiduciary relationship is
intended, accomplished or embodied herein. The Registrar and Paying
Agent shall have the sole and exclusive right to supervise, manage,
control and direct its performance hereunder.
13\. ASSIGNMENT
The Certificate may be assigned by the Holder without the prior written
consent of the Registrar and Paying Agent; provided, however, the
transfer of such Certificate is subject to the provisions of Section
3.11 hereof. Each assignee upon acceptance of the Certificate, subject
to the provisions of Section 3.11 hereof, assumes all rights,
privileges, obligations and liabilities of the Holder hereunder.
14\. NOTICES
All notices, requests or other communications required or provided for
hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly
given four (4) days after mailing, prepaid return receipt requested, to
the parties or their representatives or when hand-delivered to the
parties or their representatives at the addresses set forth herein.
RD Instruction 2000-QQQ
Exhibit A
Page 21
15\. PRIVATE AGREEMENT
The Holder and the Registrar and Paying Agent acknowledge and agree that
this is a private agreement, the terms and conditions of which are
neither approved nor required by any government agency.
16\. LAW GOVERNING
The terms and conditions contained herein shall be construed and
enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of New York applicable
to agreements made and to be performed in the State of New York.
Authentication Date:
COLSON SERVICES CORP.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Registrar and Paying Agent Holder
By: By:
Authorized Signer Authorized Signer
(04-16-03) PN 358
Exhibit A, Page 22 in PDF ONLY.
| en |
markdown | 803781 | # Presentation: 803781
## LARP Accelerator Physics
- 28 October 2008
- LARP Collaboration Meeting 11, FNAL
- Wolfram Fischer/BNL
*BNL - FNAL- LBNL - SLAC*
_**US LHC Accelerator Research Program**_
## Accelerator Physics Tasks in FY2009
- Electron cloud studies – M. Pivi (SLAC)
- Beam-beam – A. Valishev (FNAL)
- Crab cavities – R. Calaga (BNL) [see presentation by R. Calaga]
- PS2 studies – U. Wienands (SLAC)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Total AP effort: ~ 3 FTEs
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- FY2008 work concentrated on simulations (M. Furman, J.-L. Vay, LBNL)
- Benchmark WARP vs. HEADTAIL (emittance evolution)
- Benchmark POSINST(2D) vs. WARP(2D) and (3D) (build-up)
- E-cloud build-up simulation of SPS strip detector measurement
- SPS feedback simulations (started)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- Goal for FY2009:
- propose a feedback system for the electron cloud driven vertical instability in the SPS(SPS performance with LHC design beams marginal due to electron cloud induced instability)
- People involved:
- J. Fox (SLAC)
- J. Byrd, M. Furman, J.-L. Vay, J. Thompson (LBNL)
- R. de Maria (BNL)
- G. Arduini, E. Benedetto, W. Höfle, G. Kotzian, E. Metral,G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, U. Wehrle (CERN)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- G. Arduini, ECLOUD04
- Instabilities in SPS:
- horizontally : coupled bunch
- vertically : single-bunch (e-cloud driven), freq. in GHz range
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- W. Höfle, WebEx meeting, 10/20/2008
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- W. Höfle, WebEx meeting, 10/20/2008
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- W. Höfle, WebEx meeting, 10/20/2008
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Simulation J.L. Vay, WebEx meeting, 10/20/2008
## Task: Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, LBNL)
- FY2009 work
- Characterize e-cloud instability better (SPS experiments)
- Simulate instability and damping
- Design feedback system
- Feedback system would have material costs >$1M(low level rf, amplifiers)
- May fit into APL (currently not in APL)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev, FNAL)
- Had 3 beam-beam tasks in FY2008:
- Long-range beam-beam wire compensation (W. Fischer, N. Abreu, G. Robert-Demolaize, BNL)
- Simulations (T. Sen, H.J. Kim, FNAL; A. Kabel, SLAC, J. Qiang, LBNL)
- Electron lenses (V. Shiltsev, A. Valishev, V. Kamerdziev, FNAL)
- Now consolidated in a single task with emphasis on electron lenses, new task leader is A. Valishev, FNAL.
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev, FNAL)
- Three goals for FY2009:
- Conclude wire experiments at RHIC
- Experiments with Gaussian beam electron lens at the Tevatron
- Have simulation effort make a definitive statement on value of electron lens for head-on beam-beam compensation
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) Wire experiments at RHIC (W. Fischer, N. Abreu, G. Robert-Demolaize)
- Goal: provide experimental data for long-range beam-beam effects as strong as in the LHC that can be used to benchmark beam-beam simulation codes
- No existing hadron machine has a long-range beam-beam effect as strong as LHC (~30 long-range interactions per IP)
- 2 wires designed, constructed and installed in RHIC to create strong long-range beam-beam effect
- Measurements done with Au and *d* beam so far(loss rate vs. distance, current, tune chromaticity)
- Proton measurements and corresponding simulations outstanding, task then finished
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) Wire experiments at RHIC (W. Fischer, N. Abreu, G. Robert-Demolaize)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Vertically movable wires in RHIC tunnel.
- Max integrated strength 125 Am (80 Am needed for compensators in LHC, 2x/IP).
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) Wire experiments at RHIC (W. Fischer, N. Abreu, G. Robert-Demolaize)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Beam loss rate vs. wire position and current with *d* beam in Jan. 2008
- Had also planned to make scans with p and including head-on effect.But only short (3.5 wks) RHIC physics run with protons – no experimental time.
- Plan to perform proton scans in FY2009 – but will be a _short RHIC run again_.
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) Wire experiment simulations (T. Sen, H.J. Kim, A. Kabel, J. Qiang)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Simulated and measured beam loss rate as function of wire distance (RHIC *d* scan, 1/2008)
- Courtesy H.J. Kim, T. Sen, FNAL
- Onset of increased beamloss rate could be reproduced within 1for a number of the RHIC scans made.
- (independently also byU. Dorda, CERN, with
- Code BBTrack)
- Need to do this also for remaining proton measurements
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) Electron lenses (all)
- Goal: evaluate the LHC luminosity improvement with electron lenses for head-on beam-beam compensation, and other possible applications of electron lenses (e.g. ion collimation)
- Reducing tune footprints is not sufficient
- Work includes
- Experiments in the Tevatron with a Gaussian profile lens
- Numerical simulations
- Theoretical analysis
- Electron lenses could be included in the Phase II LHC IR upgrade.
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) – Electron lenses (all)
- Need Gaussian gun for head-on compensation
- Current TEL lenses have flat profile with soft edges
- Built Gaussian profile gun for test (awaiting installation)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Courtesy V. Kamerdzhiev
- Planned Tevatron experiments:
- Effect on of e-lens on tune spread
- Determine tolerable noise levels (position, current)
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) – Electron lenses (all)
- Numerical simulations, approach
- Show that beam-beam effect becomes unacceptable above certain beam-beam parameter
- Turn on electron lenses to see improvement
- Not straight forward to determine acceptable beam-beam parameter
- Figures of merit investigated:
- Short-term measures (tune footprint, tune and action diffusion, chaotic boarders) are all inconclusive when taken alone
- Dynamic aperture not a good measure for beam-beam problems
- Emittance growth probably too noisy signal in simulation
- Beam lifetime most promising but need a good model and sufficient CPU time
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) – Electron lenses (all)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- LHC simulation with LIFETRACKdifferent phase advances between IP and e-lens( = with linear lattice and ideal e-lens is optimum)
- Lifetime simulations need benchmarking with existing machines (Tevatron, RHIC)
- Courtesy
- A. Valishev
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) – Electron lenses (all)
**Task: Beam-beam ****(A. Valishev)**** – ****Electron lenses ****(all)**
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Related work: e-lens simulation study at RHIC – Y. Luo
- No BB
- BB
- Half comp.
- Full comp.
- Concluded that beam lifetimeis the best figure of merit fore-lens evaluation(this is different from magnet error evaluation)
## Task: Beam-beam (A. Valishev) – Electron lenses (all)
- In addition to LIFETRACK also plan to simulate beam lifetime with Sixtrack/MAD model (best single particle problem model available) to evaluate electron lenses
- After good experience at CERN and request for work from QMUL decided to use LHC@home project
- Uses BOINC technology (open-source software for volunteer and grid computing)
- About 180,000 volunteers from 177 countries offer screen saver time for this project
- Have excellent support at CERN (E. McIntosh, F. Schmidt)
- Server now at Queen Mary University, London,waiting for installation of a new Sixtrack executable needed for electron lens (hopefully this week)
- Plan to have mini-workshop on simulations after first results(about end of year)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- Goal: Support the design of the PS2 (replacement machine for the PS).
- Design of PS2 approved by CERN Council in June 2007.
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- U. Wienands
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- LARP CM#10 - 23 April 2008
- LARP Program Mgmt - T. Markiewicz
- Slide n° / 17
- U. Wienands
- Areas of collaboration
****** ****May be too large for LARP**
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- FNAL interest, E. Prebys
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- LBNL interest (LBL)s
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- (main US effort currently at SNS,
- S. Danilov)
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
**Task: PS2 studies ****(U. Wienands, SLAC)**
- BNL interest (R. de Maria)
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
- Luminescence monitor in RHIC
## Task: PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)
- Funding in FY2009 only $100k, some contributions from labs,only enough for work preparation, travel
- U. Wienands would like to see increase to $500k to $600k inFY2010 and FY2011 (plus some support from labs),would be about 4 FTEs
- Without lab support, effort would be about 2 FTEs
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n°
## Summary – LARP Accelerator Physics
- Currently 4 tasks, all are exploring larger activities later
- Electron cloud studies (M. Pivi, SLAC)specify SPS damping system for e-cloud driven instability[next step would be construction of damper]
- Beam-beam (A. Valishev, FNAL)finish RHIC wire experiments, Tevatron experiments with Gaussian TEL, evaluate electron lens benefits in simulations[next step would be electron lenses in RHIC, further simulations for LHC]
- Crab cavities (R. Calaga, BNL)already sizable activity, may grow larger [ see presentation by R. Calaga]
- PS2 studies (U. Wienands, SLAC)define scope for LARP in PS2 design[next step would be to do some of the proposed work]
- LARP CM11 – 27-28 October 2008
- LARP Accelerator Physics - W. Fischer
- Slide n° | en |
all-txt-docs | 364791 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 98-55
Statement of SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt
National Summit on Retirement Savings Delegate
Washington D.C., June 4, 1998 -- "I am proud to serve
as a delegate to the first-ever National Summit on
Retirement Savings. This summit presents an exciting
opportunity to raise public awareness about saving for
retirement, and to identify ways to encourage it. For the
next two days, retirement security will be front page news.
Wall Street has certainly had its share of headlines
lately. One can hardly pick up a newspaper or magazine
without seeing yet another story prompted by the greatest
bull market in history. The Dow has smashed one record
after another. More Americans are invested than ever
before. Mutual fund assets, at $5 trillion, are at an all
time high.
But there's a troubling story with grave consequences
that's not making headlines. For every American household
invested in the markets, another family has saved nothing at
all.
At a time America's economic ship is steaming toward
the next century, millions are stranded at the dock, waving
good-bye to the American dream.
According to the latest Retirement Confidence Survey,
nearly one-third of all working Americans are not yet saving
for retirement. Millions more, meanwhile, have unrealistic
market expectations. For example, one recent survey found
that mutual fund investors anticipate returns of more than
20 percent a year for the next decade.
We are in the midst of a financial literacy crisis, and
many will pay a high price for their lack of financial
knowledge.
It doesn't have to be that way.
This Spring, the SEC and a national coalition of
federal and state government agencies, securities industry
associations, business groups, and consumer organizations
launched the Facts on Saving and Investing Campaign. Our
goal is to motivate Americans to get the facts they need to
achieve financial security, and to give them the tools they
need to succeed.
We created a Financial Facts Tool Kit, which the public
can order for free by calling 1-800-732-0330. You can also
call that number to receive a free copy of the Ballpark
Estimate, a one-page worksheet developed by the American
Savings Education Council to help people calculate their
retirement savings needs. The campaign also has a website:
<www.investoreducation.org>.
We recently hosted a forum of the nation's leading
financial experts, seeking bold and imaginative ideas to
encourage saving and investing. Suggestions included
reduced or waived fees for first time investors, increased
access to paycheck withholding for personal savings plans,
expanded minority outreach, and greater emphasis on
financial education in schools.
Nothing outweighs the benefits of financial education,
especially when started early. We need to reach young
minds, and introduce them to the financial facts of life--
the importance of saving, the high cost of debt, and the
miracle of compound interest. Good financial habits,
learned early, will last a lifetime.
Fortunately, excellent educational programs already
exist. The Securities Industry Association's Stock Market
Game, for example, teaches students how to research real
companies and make investment decisions. State securities
regulators recently launched Financial Literacy 2001, a
program to teach the financial fundamentals to graduating
high school seniors and their teachers.
Investor education has been and will remain a priority
at the SEC. I am convinced that educated investors are more
likely to achieve financial security, and better able to
protect themselves in the marketplace. Earlier this week,
in Bloomington, Minnestota, the SEC hosted its 26th
Investors' Town Meeting. More than 800 residents took time
from their busy schedules to attend.
Much has been done, but much more remains to be
accomplished. Too often, our collective efforts are
piecemeal at best. We need a sustained, permanent effort.
I hope this summit will create a blueprint for action,
outlining specific steps we can take to make the American
dream a reality for every American. I am particularly
interested in programs in two areas--the schools and the
workplace, especially small business.
I look forward to the next two days of discussions, and
the ideas that will emerge. Together we can ensure safe
passage for every American to a future of retirement
security."
# # #
| en |
converted_docs | 720225 | [\<\< Back to Summary]{.underline}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Write any
comments or
questions
you have
about food
labeling or
allergen
advisory
labels:**
----------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- -- --
**\#** **Response Date** **Response Text**
1\. 9/11/2008 4:39:00 i think the labeling needs to be sorted out and made official by the FDA. as it
PM stands now the may contain feels haphazard and more for the protection of the
company/manufacturer than the consumer.
2\. 9/11/2008 5:31:00 I feel it is imperative that I know if the food I feed my peanut allergic child is
PM processed on equipment that processes peanuts or tree nuts. That information
alerts us to the possibility of cross-contact. When I cannot find such information
on the label, I telephone or email the manufacturer.
3\. 9/11/2008 6:00:00 I believe that statements that call attention to possible allergens in a food
PM product are very necessary. I and my 7 year old daughter are both allergic to tree
nuts, and while she has been taught to read the entire ingredients list of every
prepared food that she consumes (she even double checks behind me when I read
labels at the store), if she sees that added warning, she knows automatically that
that food is out. I also believe that any skin/hair product/soaps should have
these labels as well. So often exfoliating products have ground almond or walnut
shells in them, or makeup and lipstick have coconut oil or another nut oil in
them. Again, we read all the labels completely (and if there isn\'t a complete
ingredient list, we put it right back on the shelf), but not every one does.
4\. 9/11/2008 6:38:00 Always say if the product was made at a factory that also processes allergens
PM
5\. 9/11/2008 6:42:00 I think the best allerguy warning I have seen is on 365 Everyday products (I
PM believe that is Whole Foods owned), which says "Good Manufacturing used to
segregate ingredients in a facility that also processes \[allergens\]." I
also appreciate is when companies bold the allergens in the ingredient list of
their products.
6\. 9/11/2008 7:03:00 Often times I read a label that has an Allergen advisory label in bold at the
PM bottom, and my particular allergens are not listed. I made the mistake once of
buying a product like this, only to get home and read the ingredient list and find
my allergen LISTED IN THE INGREDIENTS. Why would you put that a food contains
\'such and such\' allergens, but not list all of them? Food companies are
deceitful.
7\. 9/11/2008 7:10:00 I find the "May contain\..." or "Processed in a plant that also
PM processes\..." warnings very annoying. I feel that too many companies are
using them simply to sheild themselves from liability in case something slips in
by accident. What I want to know from the warnings is if I can eat something or
not - telling me that I may or may not be able to does not help. My ideal
situation would be that food producers ensure that their machinery is properly
cleaned and only label products that actually contain the allergen.
8\. 9/11/2008 7:47:00 I often wonder if companies add a "may contain trace amounts\..." label
PM to cover themselves when the chances of contamination is low.
9\. 9/11/2008 8:52:00 Food allergy advisory labels should be as specific as possible. I want to konw
PM exactly what\'s going on in the facility that is processing my food. If there is a
possibility of peanut traces floating in the air, I want to know. If they have
previously used the machinery to process milk, but use good manufacturing
practices, and batch test for trace amount of allergens, I want to know that too.
The more info on the label, the better. Having too little information on the label
is something that must be avoided. Also, blank statements that simply cover
companies\' liability are not helpful. Food manufacturers should be required to
provide accurate information about what is in their food and what other foods that
food has been exposed to. This should be a requirement for the support of public
health, specifically those with special (food) needs.
10\. 9/11/2008 9:00:00 Warning labels should be put on OTC drugs as well
PM
11\. 9/11/2008 9:16:00 I would rather the product just list any "may contains" as an ingredient
PM to lessen the confusion by consumers and eliminate judgment calls. Studies show a
high likelihood that a product that "may contains" actually WILL contain
the allergen, so make it simple and just list it as a "contains" in
compliance with FALCPA.
12\. 9/11/2008 9:32:00 I think many of the labels are "CYA" type \-- "may contain every
PM known allergen to man" rather than really useful. I think many times I am
forced to forego food that probably are okay for me to eat because of such labels.
But how am I to judge which are foods made on assembly lines covered in flour,
versus which are actually produced in good circumstances? It frustrates me, and I
think manufacturers should be more accountable.
13\. 9/11/2008 10:10:00 I think warnings should be widened to include chemicals/foods people have
PM sensitivities too, such as MSG.
14\. 9/11/2008 11:51:00 The allergen advisory labeling is helpful to me as a first step in determining
PM whether or not the product is suitable for me or my child. If the product appears
to be OK, I then investigate the ingredient list further to confirm. The one item
on many ingredient lists that I find most frustrating is "spices."
Manufacturers are able to broadly indicate that "spices" are in the
product but aren\'t required to indicate which spices in particular. And there are
a lot of products out there with "spices" on their ingredient list. This
is difficult for those suffering from allergies to substances like mustard/mustard
seed (like my son) because you don\'t know if it\'s included in the product or
not. It makes it difficult for me to feel confident that I product I purchase will
not cause my son to have an allergic reaction.
15\. 9/12/2008 12:24:00 I have many allergies that are not on the list of the "Top Eight". I
AM think EVERY ingredient should be listed. "May contain" doesn\'t help me
at all. I do not buy it. And what are "natural flavors"? What is citric
acid from?(I am very allergic to lemons).
16\. 9/12/2008 12:46:00 More information is always better!
AM
17\. 9/12/2008 2:34:00 I have an allergy to soy, which can be very difficult to identify in food labels.
AM Ingredients such as soy lechitin and natural flavoring and/or maltodextrin may or
may not contain soy, depending upon the source and production. It is inconvenient
to call the customer service phone numbers (and they are not always very helpful
in answering my questions), so I stay away from foods that include those
particular labels. Labeling food with "may contain" is NOT helpful to
those of us who are highly allergic to a particular ingredient. I do not like to
take chances with my health and so do not buy products that suggest it may include
a particular allergen. It would be a great help to those of us with allergies to
have CLEAR food ingredient labels that we can confidently depend on to guide our
food choices.
18\. 9/12/2008 2:49:00 I would love a standard label that included all allergen information, including
AM may contain or processed in.
19\. 9/12/2008 10:09:00 This is a really important topic. I have direct lines to the allergen product
AM directors at both Whole Foods corporate offices and Trader Joes Corporate offices
for this exact task. While it\'s come a long way, there is still no uniformity of
labeling which creates at times, ambiguity. In my daughters case - an 8 year old
who is a category 6 for peanuts, there is no margin for error. When you\'re
dealing with life or death, one must be certain. What I would find most helpful -
is the a label that addresses the ingredient listing or cross contamination
situation completely, without any ambiguity, so an additional phone call for
further clarification is un necessary. I would purchase more (new and different)
products if this were the case. However, given the length of time required to
purchase new items, track down authority figures, get correct information - which
can take days and often weeks - just for one food item - adopting new food
products doesn\'t happen as much as it might. We stick primarily to a fresh, whole
foods, freshly prepared diet and some very familiar brands for packaged foods.
Here would be my suggestion for a successful label: Contains: here manufacture
would list all ingredients. Any ambiguous ingredient such as "natural
flavors" would list the exact ingredients to that in parenthesis immediately
following those words. Words like "hydrolized vegetable protein" here
again, ambiguous. Should be required to follow with paranthesis containing actual
food source (soy, example). It\'s the food source, the protein source, that we
need to be certain of after all. Then, after the ingredients list, a Manufacturing
Note. Here\'s the tricky part - some corporations list the manufacturing
information these days and some do not. Those that do not, require the constant
calls. And even those that do. Safeway for instance, I bought organic chocolate
chips this week. Label said: produced on the same equipment that also produces
milk containing products. Since Safeway labeling has been inconsistent, I felt I
had to call and check on what the peanut/tree nut manufacturing story was where
these chocolate chips were made. The "manufacturing label" that should
follow an ingredients label, needs to say both what it MIGHT have, but also what
it definitely DOES NOT HAVE. This is really critical to get \-- we buyers of these
products need to know both. One or the other piece, still leaves a piece missing.
An example on the Safeway chips label of how that could work better: Produced on
the same equipment that also produces milk containing products. If there were a
law, that said they had to state any other allergens produced on that equipment,
we\'d be fine. But as there is not, it should go on to say: No other allergens (of
the main allergens) on same equipment. What about the facility? Is the facility
producing peanut butter on the other side of it? "Made in a facility that
proccesses items containing nuts and/or tree nuts"\... The facility piece is
also very helpful for consumers like me. We would not take the chance and buy
those items. Edward and Sons, does a great job of updated and posting a pdf on
their site for consumers to obtain which clearly delineates whether the allergen
in question is either "in product" and also "in plant".
http://www.edwardandsons.com/Peanuts-Tree-Nuts.htm That is what the consumer needs
to know - answer to both, completely and clearly, with absolutely no ambiguity.
20\. 9/12/2008 2:25:00 Ingredient labels need to include information about gluten. The voluntary labeling
PM under consideration by the FDA is insufficient.
21\. 9/12/2008 2:44:00 I\'m gluten-intolerant and many companies making gluten-free food now state that
PM they ELISA test for gluten in the finished product. I\'d like this to be the
standard for any food listing itself as "free" of any allergen.
22\. 9/12/2008 3:30:00 Advisory lable needs to be clearly instead produced in a facilties that produces
PM milk. Is the milk anywhere near the product that I want to buy or is it in the
plant and it\'s just a liability issue for the compnay to protect themselves?
23\. 9/12/2008 3:54:00 We need, "contains" statements, and we need to know what was processed
PM in the facility, if their is any chance for cross contamination.
24\. 9/12/2008 5:43:00 It is very confusing to know if my children are safe or not. I don\'t wish to go
PM crazy having to decifer what the labels are implying but I would like to make the
best informed decision.
25\. 9/12/2008 5:49:00 I find some companies (ie. Stew Leonards in CT) will put a label on everything and
PM list that all the major allergens are used in their facility. I find this
extremely unhelpful as I feel they are just issuing this generic warning to
protect themselves as a blanket statement is of little help to the allergic
consumer.
26\. 9/12/2008 6:04:00 Although food labeling has become easier to read, it is still difficult to
PM understand whether or not the product is produced on a machine that has also had
an allergen on it. When I call the companies to verify this, they either do not
know the answer or they tell me yes\...it is processed on the same machine, yet
the labeling does not tell me this. It can become very frustrating and causes me
to fear processed foods. On the contrary, if companies are using "may contain
traces, or produced on a machine with (allergen)\..." just to simply cover
themselves from a legal aspect, then this becomes confusing as well. I am certain
there are some foods I can eat, but will not eat because of this labeling. It all
becomes very confusing.
27\. 9/12/2008 6:07:00 It is disappointing to hear that there is even a question that this is a
PM controversial issue. The seriousness of food allergies is clearly proven by the
medical community and the fact that a person\'s life is at risk from a trace
amount of the allergen being ingested should be enough to mandate a consistent,
clear warning that we can all trust.
28\. 9/12/2008 6:16:00 I have a hard time making judgment calls when it says "made in the same
PM facility as." I will usually take the risk if this is the statement. However,
if it says "made on the same equipment as" I do not buy the product. But
do these statements have the same meanings to different companies? Does one
company just slap the "made in the same facility as" statement on a
product when it is also made on the same equipment? Technically their statement
may not be inaccurate, but are they disclosing the full extent of the possible
cross-contamination? Also, if made on the same equipment and it has been
thoroughly sterilized, I would feel safe with that. But most companies don\'t tell
you about their safe practices on the allergen statement. You have to call and
spend a day on hold to ask someone at a company who may or may not have the
authority to give you a solid answer. This becomes time consuming and
overwhelming.
29\. 9/12/2008 8:25:00 "May contain" labeling is WORTHLESS if it is voluntary (you never know
PM who is opting in, or when they change their policy), and if it is allowed when
there is no chance that a product really may contain the allergen.
30\. 9/13/2008 2:36:00 SESAME should be added! It is everywhere and is highly anaphylactic and easily and
AM often cross-contaminated. We cannot believe it is not one of the eight common
allergens required on the label. Our life would be so much easier if it was
treated the same as peanuts, etc. Please AAFA - do what you can on our behalf! The
labels have been WONDERFUL in helping parents (and others) avoid foods, but the
labels could be better and more consistent. Still, we don\'t know what we would
have done with our 3 year old before these labels.
31\. 9/13/2008 6:53:00 I think that allergen labeling is all over the map still. As we try to educate our
AM friends, help our children go to school and educate their peers, it is hard to
tell people what to look for because nothing is the same. We need MORE labeling so
it is CLEAR what foods/allergens we are dealing with.
32\. 9/13/2008 11:26:00 I generally find that domestic manufacturers are good about adding an allergen
AM advisory label to their packaging. Foods that are imported are not always labeled
as well. Separately, my only concern with the allergen advisory labeling system is
that consumers (especially secondary care providers/teachers/etc) will rely solely
on that labeling system, which is not necessarily all inclusive. For example,
soy-derived Vitamin E is added to many foods, but is not always listed as an
actual ingredient nor does the packaging have an allergen advisory (maybe because
it\'s so minimal, I\'m not sure). My son, and I\'m assuming others, will react to
even this minute amount. Maybe this is not necessarily an allergen advisory
problem as much as a problem of what is required to be listed as an ingredient in
regards to addivitives. Thanks for your support.
33\. 9/13/2008 1:30:00 A lack of a consistent policy makes its so confusing to have anyone other than me
PM (teachers, grandparents, neighbors, babysitters) care for my child. They are so
overwhelmed by all the different labels that they don\'t know what any of it
means.
34\. 9/13/2008 7:40:00 Allergy info on food labels is inconsistent. The BIGGEST problem is the phrase
PM "natural flavorings" or similar variations. My son is on the GFCF diet,
and I have to be an expert on every possible ingredient. For example, most pancake
syrups contain trace amounts of milk (part of the natural flavorings" but
nothing is on the label). Wheat is another problem. Wheat is used to make many
vinegars, so for example, there are only certain Ketchup brands you can buy that
certify they use a non-wheat originated vinegar. Frequently you have to hunt down
the manufacturer and call them directly. Perhaps the real issue is the threshold
amount of an allergen that is considered "exempt" (so many ppm) in this
country is too high. This is not an issue in Europe.
35\. 9/14/2008 12:03:00 May contains/processed in a facility would be very helpful, although I\'m unsure
AM of how feasible it truly is. I do hope that a solution that benefits everyone can
be found.
36\. 9/14/2008 1:32:00 "May contained \...." is not at all helpful. Oftentimes, it appears that
AM a company uses this warning to limited their liability \-- and it is not really
the case. I also understand, per my conversation with Haines Celestial, that
certain labelling is only voluntary? As a result, my 2 year old had a
life-threatening reaction with a (safe) food that was contaminated by an allergen
in Haines\' plant. Their spokesperson said that the allergen was used in the plant
but they chose not to include a warning on the (safe) food\'s packaging.
37\. 9/15/2008 12:23:00 Those manufacturers who label for ingredients, cross-contamination possibilities,
AM etc.. are those companies that I am loyal to and purchase from most often.
38\. 9/15/2008 12:16:00 It is very frustrating when a company puts warnings on some of their products
PM because they contain an allergen, but does not put a warning on products that
don\'t contain the allergen, but have been processed in the same plant on the same
equipment.
39\. 9/15/2008 4:00:00 Consistency and reliability of allergenic ingredients (trace or otherwise) is the
PM key to getting information!
40\. 9/15/2008 5:20:00 The Kraft Company needs to improve their label information; a lot of their
PM products do not list the allergen warning labels.
41\. 9/15/2008 11:03:00 My opinion is to include a statement including the highest level of contact ie: if
PM it containss the allergen, then have a bold warning. If it does not contain but
has been made on the same equipment, then write that it was processed on the same
equipment. If it does not contain the allergen and has not been processed on the
same equipment, but is in the same factory, then it should be labelled that it was
made in a facility that processes that allergen. This gives the consumer enough
information to make their own decision based on their individual reactions. I
boycotted Nabisco products because of their lack of labelling policies - I am very
pleased to see that they are changing their practices :-) That is how important I
feel about the labelling process.
42\. 9/15/2008 11:54:00 having one standard will greatly improve my ability to keep my allergic daughter
PM safe. I currently have to call EACH company and request their policy before
deciding if I will use there products and consider them safe. If all companies are
held to the same standard I will no longer be required to research each
manufacturer and inquire about possible cross contamination.
43\. 9/16/2008 12:13:00 Sometimes I think companies label products to protect themselves from liability
AM and this is not helpful.
44\. 9/16/2008 12:59:00 Most nut allergic people can react to a very, very small amount of the allergen.
AM Because of this it is extremely important that consumers know what is in (or what
may be in) the products they purchase and consume. The danger for a severely
allergic person is becoming exposed to the allergen. This may occur if the
allergen is, (1) an ingredient in the product, (2) is in the product in trace
amounts due to the manufacturing environment, or (3) in a non-food product such as
lotion or makeup. All of these exposures are life threatening to the severely
allergic person. Being able to accurately assess the risk of exposure is vital.
Inaccurate or incomplete labels are a life threatening risk. It is also important
to make it convenient for non-allergic consumers to comply with nut-free policies
in schools. The easier we make it for people to conform to these safety policies,
the lower the risk of exposure to the allergic individual. Thank you for your
consideration of this very important issue!
45\. 9/16/2008 1:15:00 "May contain" is a ridiculous statement !!!
AM
46\. 9/16/2008 1:48:00 using simple language is key for children, care givers, and parents to keep the
AM person w/ the allergy safe. I particularly dislike when a label says may contain
trace amounts or manufactured on equipment that may contain \...\...\.....
47\. 9/16/2008 2:40:00 I wish there was one consistent way for foods to be labeled. I also wish it would
AM cleary be written, on EVERY food, which (if any) of the main allergens are
included. In clear English, in bold, i.e. "Contains wheat, soy, and milk
products." I feel that with all the inconsistancies on how the labeling is
done I have to read all ingredients regardless of any allergen message included.
48\. 9/16/2008 2:45:00 Manufacturers need to do a better job of eliminating the chance of cross
AM contamination of allergens through cleaning procedures and/or dedicated equipment
instead of using "may contain" statements.
49\. 9/16/2008 2:46:00 We strictly avoid all possible trace contaminents of several allergens. For
AM safety\'s sake, we are forced to assume a May Contain statement is true. If a
product is manufactured by any company smaller than, say, Kraft, we call, even if
we must diall 411 for their phone number. Sometimes we even call FAAN to get their
opinion. SILK choc milk recall is a perfect example of the danger of cross contact
without labeling! However, if a product is using that statement to dodge possible
liabilities though there is no cross contact, it puts a huge burden on the parents
of other children who attempt to help us keep our child safe in school. So many
schools now restrict or ban nut traces that surely this is an economic issue as
well as a medical one.
50\. 9/16/2008 11:35:00 Vague "may contain" or "processed on shared equipment" or
AM "processed in the same plant with" statements are frustrating since
there is no way of knowing what the actual risk of cross-contamination is, so we
just completely avoid the product. Also, when a product just mentions
"nuts", this is too vague and even though a peanut is not a true nut, we
don\'t know if they are including peanuts in that group (my son is ONLY allergic
to peanuts). If a food specifies "tree nuts" or specific nuts
(hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts, etc), that tells me that the manufacturer knows that
peanuts are not tree nuts and I am more confident that peanuts are not present.
51\. 9/16/2008 11:43:00 Vague "may contain" or "processed on shared equipment" or
AM "processed in the same plant with" statements are frustrating since
there is no way of knowing what the actual risk of cross-contamination is, so we
just completely avoid the product. Also, when a product just mentions
"nuts", this is too vague and even though a peanut is not a true nut, we
don\'t know if they are including peanuts in that group (my son is ONLY allergic
to peanuts). If a food specifies "tree nuts" or specific nuts
(hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts, etc), that tells me that the manufacturer knows that
peanuts are not tree nuts and I am more confident that peanuts are not present.
52\. 9/16/2008 1:15:00 It seems like more and more foods now say "May contain" or
PM "processed in/on". Even the deli counter at our local grocery store has
warnings posted now. It seems like it\'s easier for companies to claim this to
avoid liability, even if the food is safe.
53\. 9/16/2008 1:58:00 I just wish the system was uniform and consistent. I\'ll buy a product for a long
PM time and then one day out of nowhere, there is an allergen alert. I don\'t know
whether the formulary has changed or they were just negligent in listing the
allergen in the past. It\'s very scary when you realize that you\'re trusting the
life of your child to an inconsistent system. It makes you want to lock yourself
up at home and never buy anything processed.
54\. 9/16/2008 2:10:00 I find that the "may contain" advisories are overinclusive and would
PM preclude me from eating many things that would not trigger my peanut allergy, so I
often ignore them.
55\. 9/16/2008 2:14:00 Too many manufacturers take the easy way out with "may contain"
PM language. If the label says "may contain" or is "processed on
machinery" with a major allergen, we avoid the food. These broad statements
can eliminate a lot of foods.
56\. 9/16/2008 2:18:00 I don\'t like the \'processed in facility\' labels. It\'s hard to know if there is
PM any risk of cross contamination with those labels. We avoid foods with that label
but I feel like I am avoiding foods unnecessarily.
57\. 9/16/2008 2:20:00 saying that a product is processed in a facility that has allergens is not very
PM effective.
58\. 9/16/2008 2:22:00 There is too much inconsistency with allergen advisory labels. Some companies use
PM them, others don\'t. It leaves me with a false sense of re-assurance. Also, the
cosmetics industry ( soaps, sunscreen, etc) needs to adopt similar labeling laws.
As an example, I purchased a bottle of "hypoallergenic sunscreen" this
summer and when I got home noticed one ingredient was macadamia nut glycerin. How
can that be hypo-allergenic?
59\. 9/16/2008 2:25:00 Some people do not read the ingredients, I as a parent do. But a teacher or parent
PM at a party has said to me " well it does not have peanuts in it" but it
does have traces which is enough to send my child to the ER. It needs to be very
explicit that is has an allergen in big print, for all the allergic ignorant out
there.
60\. 9/16/2008 2:26:00 The more specific manufacturers can be stating allergen ingredients and allergy
PM policies the safer for all consumers. This could save lives.
61\. 9/16/2008 2:28:00 With 21 million Americans with food allergies, you would think the food companies
PM would be more concerned with their ingredients.
62\. 9/16/2008 2:30:00 While acknowledging that I tend toward the conservative when reading food labels,
PM if the allergen "may" be present in any product, whether directly or
through cross-contamination on machinery, I would not purchase that item. Any
rewording of the warning would not cause me to alter this in any way.
63\. 9/16/2008 2:33:00 I believe that many companies such as Trader Joes, place labels on their products
PM regardless of whether or not that allergy threat exists. This is to cover
themselves in case there\'s a problem.
64\. 9/16/2008 2:36:00 2 Daughters with Celiac
PM
65\. 9/16/2008 2:37:00 I have a gluten allergy, and current labeling only mentions wheat, but rye,
PM barley, and oats also contain gluten. Also, items like "modified food
starch" are frustrating for people like me because you have no idea if that
means that it is gluten or nongluten based.
66\. 9/16/2008 2:38:00 Our daugther is allergic to 8 foods and labeling is very helpful. However, I
PM believe manufacturers are using advisory labeling to cover themselves when not
needed. For example "may contain, produced in a facility\..." leaves
things very open for questioning. I am now finding it diffuclt to find pasta
without a "may contain" advisory. Although my dauther has never had a
reaction to say "Mueller Pasta", she can no longer eat it because of the
"may contain", we won\'t take the risk. My question to this maufacturer
is have they changed their processing policy or procedure to all of a sudden
require this labeling? This same concern comes up often with other manufacturers
and as consumers we are left to "take a chance" or "avoid" the
product. We choose the latter and avoid the product which brings us to new
challenges as our daughter is allergic to so many foods. She does not understand
why she can no longer eat these foods.
67\. 9/16/2008 2:39:00 It certainly is helpful and saves me time if the allergen advisory is labeled,
PM however, having all the product\'s indgredients listed is absolutely essential.
68\. 9/16/2008 2:40:00 I feel that some advisory labels are created by lawyers of large companies that
PM want to protect themselves (which I understand). We still do not take a chance
given that such a small amount of a peanut can trigger anaphalixis.
69\. 9/16/2008 2:45:00 The more information a manufacturer can give their allergic customers on their
PM labels, the less phone calls they will receive, the less phone calls
"we" need to make. Armed with current and correct allergen information
allows "us" to make informed decisions about the food we consume based
on "our" personal needs, not based on what the manufacturer thinks is
"good enough" for "everyone".
70\. 9/16/2008 2:59:00 Fix the loophole in the labeling law - Pepperidge Farms Verona cookies contain
PM pecans. Because they list the common name in the list of ingredients, they do not
declare allergy information at the end!
71\. 9/16/2008 3:14:00 I have a soy llergy and I always read the lable because soy is very big trouble
PM for my gut!
72\. 9/16/2008 3:14:00 The language "may contain" or "was processed\...." is not
PM helpful. I creates doubt about the product. It is time consuming in the grocery
aisle (with kids in tow) to read all listings of a food label. So, I appreciate
and continue to purchase clearly marked products that say in bold "contains:
xxx, xxx, etc" or "allergy information: \...." These labels are
most helpful for me and my family.
73\. 9/16/2008 3:15:00 My son attends a day care with a child that is deathly allergic to peanuts and
PM shellfish. The labels help me to make choice that will not affect the little girl
so she does not have a reaction or if I send snacks to the school that they are
safe for all of the kids to have.
74\. 9/16/2008 3:17:00 Although I will always read through complete list of ingredients, others may not.
PM So if I send my kids to someone else\'s house, (I feel) that parent will be much
more likley to read the \'allergen label\' to see if a snack contains specific
food/ingredient versus going through each ingredient.
75\. 9/16/2008 3:18:00 I have learned just to read all labeling and ingredients on packaging! It would be
PM nice if there were "contains" lables on stuff!
76\. 9/16/2008 3:20:00 It would be helpful to have allergen advisory labels as well as whether the food
PM could be contamined with the allergen in the processing. If a product does not
contain an allergen, I might still have to call the manufacturer to see if there
is any cross-contamination. To not have to do that would be great. But every
manufacturer probably has different cleaning procedures so that may be difficult.
77\. 9/16/2008 3:20:00 These companies should only know how greatful I am for these labels! I can make
PM informed decisions. We always try new foods with an epi-pen handy, but the labels
REALLY help me not have to use it!!! THANK YOU COMPANIES for helping me proctect
my child!
78\. 9/16/2008 3:20:00 a better labeling of allergans of food ingrediants is needed cause not all
PM products are labeled correctly.
79\. 9/16/2008 3:23:00 People buy food to make recipes for others. Even though I am label-savvy, my
PM friends and relatives are not and they need as many advisories as possible. Also,
liquid soaps/shampoos w/ almond ext. can be real problems.
80\. 9/16/2008 3:24:00 I recently avoided buying Quaker rice cakes because they "may contain trace
PM amounts of peanuts". Huh? How much is a trace amount? I have the distinct
impression that manufacturers use the labels as liability protection rather than
to genuinely help consumers. Hooray for companies that use "good
manufacturing practices" to segregate allergenic ingredients and whose labels
are accurate.
81\. 9/16/2008 3:26:00 Either the product has the allergen or not. I don\'t understand how it MAY have
PM it. MAY it have metal scraps? or glass? or antifreeze? These are all things found
in the factories that could hurt someone if consumed but manage to not end up in
the product.
82\. 9/16/2008 3:30:00 I don\'t think it would be necessary to have all the advisory labeling, it they
PM wouldn\'t call an allergen by 10 different names!!! I don\'t like when you have to
know 5 different names to look for when checking for an allergen. It\'s already
time consuming to read the label, but then you have to have a reference sheet to
cross-reference names. If they would label ingredients so the public could
understand, that would be a great help!
83\. 9/16/2008 3:32:00 America is woefully trailing behind Europe in terms of labeling what is in our
PM foods. I have an allergy to dairy - the kind that puts me in the hospital - so
even small amounts in a processed food are critical to my health. There are whole
food companies out there that I no longer purchase because either the label is
wrong or inadequate. I simple system that everyone adheres to - this product
CONTAINS xxxx and this product was manufactured in a facility that also proccesses
xxxx would be helpful. It would be worthwhile to educate food companies on safer
alternatives - lactose is rarely needed in soup yet it\'s often used as a filler -
educating the food companies on alternatives to process food with fewer allergens
would make it all easier as well as being cost effective for them. For istance -
soy cheese in this country is nearly always made with casein - a dairy product -
so the folks with an allergy can\'t eat it - only the prissy vegetarians (but not
the vegans). Really it makes no sense.
84\. 9/16/2008 3:33:00 The allergen advisory label is very helpful, although with 2 children affected I
PM always double check the ingredients. I think everything should have a label. I
have found some skin lotions and soap that contain milk.
85\. 9/16/2008 3:34:00 Products that have no risk of cross-contamination should also be labeled as
PM "produced in a nut-free facility" or "safe for individuals with
peanut allergies"
86\. 9/16/2008 3:37:00 UK
PM
87\. 9/16/2008 3:38:00 Gluten should be included. I think the "may contain\..." or
PM "produced on equipment that may\..." labels are a way for distributers
to protect themselves. If they\'re producing an allergy free product, it should be
produced in a dedicated facility or on cleaned equipment. I appreciated the
"Good manufacturing practices had been followed to ensure this product was
not contaminated\...." label.
88\. 9/16/2008 3:41:00 Consumers need to be able to discern whether or not a product has a risk and the
PM degree of that risk. The standard should be well defined, clearly and consistently
communicated on packaging, and monitored and enforced by the government.
89\. 9/16/2008 3:41:00 I also think it is very helpful to have allergy items bolded when listed in
PM ingredient list
90\. 9/16/2008 3:42:00 16\. The "no" answer would only be if they had an allergen control plan.
PM
91\. 9/16/2008 3:43:00 I am a nurse and from experience know that MOST people need simple warnings or
PM labels
92\. 9/16/2008 3:44:00 The labeling is still confusing to parents, school staff and caregivers
PM
93\. 9/16/2008 3:44:00 the more concise and readable (easy to understand) the information is the more
PM useful.
94\. 9/16/2008 3:52:00 if a label even hints that it may have, been close to, manufactured on smae
PM eqi=uipment etc, I avoid buying/comsuming it. my issues is peanut/nut allergy so
if it is even possible contaminated, I don\'t buy. If I could trust the label I
would buy more items.
95\. 9/16/2008 3:53:00 It is incredible how many products state that they may contain traces of nuts, it
PM has eliminated dozens of foods from our household
96\. 9/16/2008 3:54:00 I am allergic to many things and many, many foods I never knew about the allergin
PM warnings, I suffer a lot from my food allergies, it keeps me awake all night, I
have trouble breathing and my throat closes up at night and my mouth gets really
dry. What about filters in the water in the refrigerater does any one monitor what
if any allergins are in those. I have noticed that I have more trouble lately then
ever in the past and it has been bad in the past. I need help but my insurance
does not cover the shots and one doctor told me it would be too dangerous to give
me the shots because of all the bad allergies I suffer from. Where do I go what do
I do, I really need some advice thats for sure or it is going to kill me.
97\. 9/16/2008 4:01:00 It is my opinion that manufactures should BOLD and clearly disclose which allergen
PM is in product. it should be easy enough for children to read, and busy parent to
see. it should not just be in the ingredient list. with a big list of ingredients,
its easier to miss. I, personally, have done it several times. purchasing the item
and then rereading it when I get home\... sure enough, it contains an allergen.
Mothers dont always get lots of time to do shopping. most of the time our children
are with us and lets face it, not always cooperative while shopping. sometimes we
skim the items\... making missing an allergen more likely. example\-\-- CONTAINS:
MILK, EGG, PEANUTS. another idea would be to show little pictures of the
allergens\... that way children can take responsibility for their allergies at
even an earlier age. little icons that show the allergens might be helpful for
children that cant read, or children who cant speak English. it should also label
other allergens\... such as corn and garlic. 2 of which are on the rise in food
allergies.
98\. 9/16/2008 4:01:00 So many manufacturer\'s are relabeling their products as "may contain"
PM after my son has been successfully eating that product for years. It is so
frustrating that they are putting a "blanket" statment on their products
now for fear of being sued. For instance. the food store "Stew
Leonard\'s" in CT has a label stating their products "may contain every
allergen known to man" (okay, I exaggerate, but it\'s pretty close to that),
because they are terrified of being sued. This is discriminating against people
with food allergies. Manufacturer\'s should have clear guidelines so there is no
confusion and so a manufacturer can\'t get away with blanket statements.
99\. 9/16/2008 4:07:00 It would be great to see an Allergy lable on everything we buy, that either
PM contains, may contain or processed in the same facility as the allergen.
100\. 9/16/2008 4:11:00 Labeling should contain information on where the food was processed (i.e. product
PM was processed on machinery that is used with other allergens although that
allergen may not be an ingredient in the food). The public should be aware of
possible cross-contamination.
101\. 9/16/2008 4:14:00 I am consistently shocked by the amount of manufacturer\'s that do no state that
PM their product was processed on/in an allergen containing location!
102\. 9/16/2008 4:14:00 I think that the "processed in or on the same plant/ line\..." is more
PM of a CYA tactic than a true danger to allergy suffers. I have eaten many product
with this lable and have suffered no ill effects. Most plants are so large that
one product in made on one line only.
103\. 9/16/2008 4:17:00 Should include more allergens - Sesame for example
PM
104\. 9/16/2008 4:17:00 i think that a manufacturer should know what is in their product, so "may
PM contain" is somewhat unacceptable to me \-- is it in there, or not? I think
that equipment should be thoroughly cleaned in between batches/runs of food types
so that there is certainty of the ingredients in a product. I think that many
manufacturers are now just listing "may contain" when there\'s no real
chance that it\'s in there, as a legal disclaimer. I am so sensitive that I know
when my allergen is in a food and yet I am forced to buy items that claim
"may contain" because if it didn\'t, I would miss out on many foods that
I enjoy. These items definitely do not contain the allergen (peanut). I do not
necessarily feel that allergens need to be listed outside the ingredient list, BUT
I appreciate that they are called out clearly. All capitals nicely contrast lower
case letters and make it easy to see the allergens, or bold letters in the event
that ingredients must be all listed in all caps (which is ridiculous because it\'s
easier to read lower case for the bulk of the list).
105\. 9/16/2008 4:19:00 None of my food allergies are life-threatening, so the way I react to allergen
PM warnings may be very different from the way others react to those same warnings.
106\. 9/16/2008 4:19:00 I have severe food allergies and some allergens like wheat or peanuts there must
PM be NO trace.
107\. 9/16/2008 4:20:00 It is often difficult to decipher what many words on ingredients list mean. People
PM with food allergies DEPEND on that information and it should be clearly and simply
stated on EVERY product that contains an allergen. It is not fair to my 2 year old
daughter to have to find out a product contains an allergen because it makes her
sick, when it could have been clearly labeled.
108\. 9/16/2008 4:21:00 Some allergic reactions can take place with even the smallest amount of the
PM offending ingredient. To avoid a bad reaction you need to be fully aware of what
you are putting into your body and onto your skin. More information is always
better.
109\. 9/16/2008 4:24:00 here in arab country mostly not labeling about allergen in their products
PM
110\. 9/16/2008 4:28:00 I think that it is great that allergens are being listed seperately, ecspecially
PM for children who might not be able to read through an entire ingredients list, or
for people who are unfamiliar with allergens. However, I think that these labels
need to be better checked for accuracy - I can not count the number of times I
have seen an allergy warning for Milk Products and then double checked the
ingredient list and had found no source of dairy; hence why I rely more on
ingredient lists then allergen advisories. In addition, I think the different
warnings (i.e. may contain vs. made on machinery vs. made in a facility) are
important, because some companies put advisories to cover themselves and not
because of an actual allergen threat. For example, one manufactorer uses seperate
machinery and is very allergen friendly; however they put the warning "Made
in the same facility as\..." to just cover all their bases. If all advisories
became uniformed to say "Contains" or "May Contain" it might
prevent people from buying products that they would be fine with just becuase of
the restrictiveness of labeling protocol. I think labeling is a good pre-caution
but in the end people need to be able to use their own judgment and as long as
companies are accurate in their labeling ("In a facility" is really just
in the same facility and not actually on the same machinery, etc.) that should be
able to occur. Basically, my main point is that I think the accuracy of
manufactorers allergen advisory labeling should be monitored more closely.
111\. 9/16/2008 4:29:00 Sometimes confused with "contains" "may contain" etc. then the
PM ingredient section is inconsistent, e.g. says "contains" but not in
ingredients or says "may contain" but is in ingredients, etc.
112\. 9/16/2008 4:33:00 As a grandmothr and provider labeling is important as there is a potential for
PM reaction even to trace amounts. The majority of my (educated) patients read labels
carefully and still miss information. Even more potential for undereducated or
English as second language persons.
113\. 9/16/2008 4:35:00 I think the "contains" label is the most useful b/c it is the most
PM definitive statement they can make. I often feel like the other labels are more of
an "out" for food manufacturers to cover their butts. It\'s frustrating,
b/c the statement is so wishy washy, it\'s better for me to avoid purchasing the
item even though the risk is probably minimal. Wouldn\'t it be of greater benefit
to require better food handling practices that would help those with allergies
purchase items more confidently?
114\. 9/16/2008 4:36:00 I think manufacturers should prepare allergen free food in a way that reduces the
PM risk of containing an allergen to near zero.
115\. 9/16/2008 4:38:00 I think the "May contain" and the "Processed in facility"
PM labels are the worst. I need to know the likelihood that is DOES contain the
allergen. Shared equipment to me is a pretty good sign it likely contains the
allergen. "Processed in a facility" is way too vague\...how big is the
"facility" and how close are the allergens to the product I am looking
at? Since it is so vague, I just have to avoid it. The bottom line is that a
consumer should be able to know if a product is "safe" for them or not.
I think too many products have a "may contain" or "processed in a
facility" warning to cover the manufacturer and let them avoid real
responsibility. The manufacturer should know whether or not their products contain
or have come into contact with allergens and just say so plainly.
116\. 9/16/2008 4:39:00 Although the top eight allergens must be labeled, sometimes it\'ll say milk in the
PM ingredients list but on the advisory label it won\' t be listed. Not good.
117\. 9/16/2008 4:39:00 The "warnings are in fine print, usually at the bottom of the text.. A
PM standared visible label would be best
118\. 9/16/2008 4:41:00 i am not the only shopper in the house.. therefore the others need to see right on
PM the box that the allergen may be contained even though not in the ingredient
list\... This could have drastic effects when not listed for those who are not
used to reading labels!
119\. 9/16/2008 4:45:00 Some companies do a much better job than others when it comes to labeling. If I
PM knew what companies made the best effort at labeling then I would purchase their
product. I just do not have time to stand in the supermarket and read several
labels.Some are obvious, and with some you have to read the fine print.
120\. 9/16/2008 4:47:00 This needs to be very clear and straight forward. People other than parents with
PM allergic children buy food for schools. They need to know, clearly, if it is safe
for an allergic child.
121\. 9/16/2008 4:49:00 Nearly every manufactured food product on the shelves lists shared machinery. This
PM seems to be the product of litigation fears, and so I cannot believe that
everything on the shelves may in fact contain allergens. My family has not had an
anaphylactic reaction to a food allergen, so I am able to ignore these warnings,
but for families with more serious allergies, it is frustrating. Also, Pepperidge
Farm does not highlight allergens on their packages and I do not know why.
122\. 9/16/2008 4:50:00 I\'m allergic to eggs and there are many items that have contain eggs. But this is
PM an allergy that many people do not think about. Better labeling would make my life
much easier.
123\. 9/16/2008 4:50:00 A consistent placement of the warning - not either in the list or after would be
PM helpful - even allergic individuals are looking for quick information. Also, if a
product is made in a place with one or more of the top 8, it should be required to
be labeled as such.
124\. 9/16/2008 4:51:00 I would like to see gluten listed, instead of wheat because gluten is in other
PM things besides wheat.
125\. 9/16/2008 4:52:00 I think that may contain allergen should be printed under the ingredients in bold
PM type. Not on the other side of the label like Oh Soy yogert.
126\. 9/16/2008 4:55:00 I think there needs to be more consistent wording acrosss all labels.
PM
127\. 9/16/2008 4:55:00 Restuarants need allergen listing on their menus themselves. Many make you call a
PM phone number and even then they don\'t know.
128\. 9/16/2008 4:57:00 This survey seem geared more toward people with common allergies. I have serious
PM allergies to non-common allergens such as honey. I would appreciate wider
considertion of what needs to be identified as potential allergens.
129\. 9/16/2008 4:57:00 I think all companies should have clear advisory labels.
PM
130\. 9/16/2008 4:59:00 I purchased bread that said 100% whole wheat, but then in reading the label, the
PM ingredients list said rye flakes (my allergen) \-- 100% should mean 100%, not
other grains
131\. 9/16/2008 5:00:00 I need labels to be very specific and the "processed in a plant" is
PM helpful but confusing. "May contain" is even more confusing. Either the
product contains it or it doesn\'t, it needs to be very clear.
132\. 9/16/2008 5:01:00 Having the allergen advisory added to non-foods allergens is helpful as my little
PM one has reactions to his allergens through skin contact was well as ingesting.
133\. 9/16/2008 5:09:00 We have a soy allergy in our family but soy lechitin is safe for us. Too often the
PM label says "contains SOY" but it\'s difficult to know if it is just the
soy lechitin listed in the ingredients or some other hidden soy (like natural
flavoring, etc, etc). Labeling with asteriks (\*) would be helpful. For example,
this product contains milk\* and soy\*\*, then in the ingredient list, have \* by
milk ingredients and \*\* by soy ingredients, so that families can make more
informed decisions.
134\. 9/16/2008 5:09:00 The more specific information listed on the allergen advisory label the better,
PM for example on Ben & Jerry\'s ice cream label they will say something like
"the fish candy in this ice cream was processed in a facility that also
processes pecans." I know I can trust other Ben and Jerry ice cream that does
not contain an allergen warning because their other products are so specific.
135\. 9/16/2008 5:09:00 If the product "contains nuts" I do not purchase it. If the product
PM "may contain" or was "processed in a plant that processess
nuts", I only purchase it if it is a name brand such as Hershey. I never
purchase these products from no-names or less known brands. I guess I assume
better QA for brand products (as silly as that sounds). We have to eat something
and almost everything has a disclaimer. The label should either contain it or not
and companies should increase their QA to ensure that it does or does not contain.
No in-betweens!
136\. 9/16/2008 5:10:00 I really do not understand ?7,8 My son has a tree nut allergy, what frustrates me
PM is the basic label , may contain or may be manufactured on because it is such a
blanket statement and eliminates most food products and I think companies put that
label on just to cover themselves when it may not even be true, it seems very over
used and generic. I still will not purchase these items. Trader Joes and Costco
bakery two of the worst for this.
137\. 9/16/2008 5:10:00 Every food sold in America should be labeled for possible allergens
PM
138\. 9/16/2008 5:10:00 Labeling MUST be consistent. Labels that say "May contain milk" make me
PM wonder why they don\'t know what their product contains. Labels that say,
"Processed on equipment that also processes dairy" tells me what the
risk is and allows me to make an informed choice in purchasing the product. As far
as non-food items\...many non-food items such as lotions contain allergens and
those allergens are absorbed through the skin and could potentially cause a
reaction so they absolutely need to be labeled. Honestly, why a manufacturer would
not choose to err on the side of caution when lives are at stake is beyond me.
139\. 9/16/2008 5:10:00 Ingredient lists still need to be clearer - "Spices" is not helpful when
PM there is an allergy to a particular spice. Putting "May Contain" only to
avoid legal issues is not helpful (it just limits what my son can eat). "May
Contain" should only be used when there really is a possibility.
140\. 9/16/2008 5:11:00 Labels need to be CLEAR, easy to read, comprehensive, and reliable. "may
PM contain\..." should be REQUIRED. I have had reactions to "may
contain" in the past.
141\. 9/16/2008 5:11:00 As I have so many allergies to varying degrees, I always read the lables and go by
PM my own specific allergies and reactions.
142\. 9/16/2008 5:12:00 It\'s very frustrating to see manufacturers taking the "easy way out"
PM and labeling absolutely everything with any possible allergens. Some
cross-contaminations are more severe than others, and the threat of a lawsuit
forces these companies to over-label everything, keeping many of us from enjoying
the foods we ate for years before those labels came out. Instead of requiring
labels, food manufacturing plants should be held to a higher standard and isolate
allergens altogether from products that are all together allergen-free (Hershey,
for one, does this)
143\. 9/16/2008 5:14:00 While I do not feel like we need to get super crazy with laws about allergy info,
PM I rely on the package to tell me if a food is safe for me to eat or if I should
avoid it. A normalized system would be helpful as this would save me time and
minimize any missed info that I may not have otherwise noticed.
144\. 9/16/2008 5:16:00 Food labeling is so important to me personally as I suffer horrendous
PM consequences(anaphalaxis shock) if unknowingly I ingest any form of peanuts or
nuts of all kinds.
145\. 9/16/2008 5:18:00 The ambiguous ingredients like "Natural flavoring" need to be outlawed.
PM Every single ingredient needs to be on food labels for people who are allergic or
who choose not to eat certain food items.
146\. 9/16/2008 5:21:00 I never eat a food that contains explicitly an ingredient that I\'m allergic to.
PM However, I ignore the labels that advise that a food that I\'m allergic to is
manufactured on the same plants, etc\... because for my allergy (nuts), any type
of candy, baked good, processed food normally has this and it would severly limit
what I can eat.
147\. 9/16/2008 5:21:00 There are so many allergens out there. It is smportant to know which ones are
PM where. Labeling the food and beauty products does help a lot. The manufacturers
are not the ones who suffer the allergic reactions and should be helpful to those
who do.
148\. 9/16/2008 5:27:00 I do NOT understand WHY they cant make let say" Macadamia nut cookies, I
PM persoanly am DEATHLY allergic to PEANUTS, NOT macadamia nuts, HOWEVER, most if not
ALL plants , process the macadamia nuts in the same factory and usually ON the
same equipment as they do the, lets say, peanuts! its frusterating, I cant even be
on Jenny Craig weight loss program, the bars have peanuts, the beef chow mein is
made with SHRIMP paste, the sirloin steak has MUSHROOMS in it, a LOT of the food
has lactose in it, I mean serioulsy, alot of the vegys dishes have peas in it! Im
allergic to: Peanuts Peas Mushrooms Shellfish and am severly lactose intolerant :(
life pretty much sucks, even having say chicken strips out in a resturant can kill
me, if they cooked them in the same oil as the fried shrimp\.....it is a complete
nightmare trying to BUY groceries and its even worse dining out. It is effecting
my level of happiness. I cant eat at friends BBQ\'s I cant dine out, unless I eat
something like salad and pester the wait staff to make sure the grilled chicken
wasnt cooked anywhere NEAR my list of allergies PLEASE make the lables more clear.
PLEASE
149\. 9/16/2008 5:33:00 labeling is only good of people READ them. Most don\'t.
PM
150\. 9/16/2008 5:34:00 How I wish packging would be able to say, "This product is 100% safe for
PM those with X allergy." But I know that\'s not possible. (I\'m allergic to
hazelnuts.)
151\. 9/16/2008 5:34:00 my husband is allergic to sage and thyme - these are not covered by these labels.
PM Usually labewls just say "spices" or other "natural
ingredients" - thereby avoidance of whole classes of food are what we do.
152\. 9/16/2008 5:37:00 i think that the laws are helping, but labels need to be more standardized
PM
153\. 9/16/2008 5:39:00 Did you know that some people are very allergic to CORN?
PM
154\. 9/16/2008 5:40:00 I would like the most specific label possible, for example, "processed on
PM machinery that also processes allergens" is more specific than just "may
contain".
155\. 9/16/2008 5:40:00 Companies should all have to follow the same guidelines in reporting this
PM information, and allergy control proceedures should be accessible.
156\. 9/16/2008 5:40:00 My son is allergic to many food ingredients used also in non-food products. I\'d
PM like to know when they are present in those products. I\'d appreciate having some
information more precise than "may contain" as some of my son\'s
allergies do not come with anaphylaxis. An information like "produced in a
facility processing those allergens(soy or an other one) but not on the same
machinery."
157\. 9/16/2008 5:41:00 I am deathly allergic to peanuts and soy. Current allergen labeling is
PM appreciated, but rarely specific enough to ensure I will not die from consuming a
product. Very seldom, if ever, do I see allergy warnings on consumer products
(i.e. shampoos) and someone like me desperately needs this information in order to
survive, literally.
158\. 9/16/2008 5:41:00 unfortunatly no label lists MSG as an allergen so advisory labels at this time are
PM of no use to me and we also stay away from High Fructose Corn Syrup because of my
son.
159\. 9/16/2008 5:42:00 I am allergic to paprika and my throat closes. Spices are not required to be
PM broken out so I have to avoid all processed foods. Please require paprika to be
noted on foods.
160\. 9/16/2008 5:43:00 Would it be acceptable for foods to be labeled "May contain deadly
PM poison"? It seems that the current advisory system allows manufacturers to
play it safe and not be liable if their product that "may have shared
equipment with peanuts" sends my kid to the emergency room. Any allergen that
can produce anaphylaxis must be taken extremely seriously and better controls/more
information are definitely needed. I would cheerfully pay twice the normal price
of a product, were it to be "guaranteed" peanut free.
161\. 9/16/2008 5:46:00 Uniform labels for allergens should be mandatory
PM
162\. 9/16/2008 5:47:00 Allergen labels cut down time at the grocery store. I also like when ingredient
PM lists have common allergens bolded\--makes for easier identification as some lists
like certain multigrain breads have nut flours and because of the long list of
ingredients you may miss this\--happened to me once\--not pleasant for my son!
163\. 9/16/2008 5:47:00 Anything that could be done to help standardize allergen labels would be helpful.
PM Often, I feel that trying new foods is a trial-and-error process. There are times
when I have accidentally eaten foods with "traces" of an allergen, but I
didn\'t have a reaction. Other times, I have eaten foods that have no warnings,
but have made me sick anyways. I\'ve just had to learn what I can and cannot eat
through my own testing, which is very frustrating.
164\. 9/16/2008 5:48:00 My daughter had a severe allergic reaction (rash and respiratory distress when a
PM bar sap containing buttermilk powder was used on her in a bath. The Burt\'s Bee\'s
bar soap had NO INGREDIENT INFORMATION on the label \-- I found it online.
Cosmetics need to have allergen information on the label, too. It is very
difficult to determine whether or not a food product could be a problem when the
label states that the product "may contain trace amounts" of an allergen
or if it is processed in a facility that also processes allergens. That labeling
is too vague. It would help if there was some sort of certifiable, regulated
allergen handling process in food factories. Until that can happen, more specific
labeling will help. My daughter is allergic to dairy and eggs, but we have been
advised to avoid fish, shellfish, peanuts and tree nuts as well. She has consumed
products that were processed in facilities that also process peanuts without a
problem so far, but I completely avoid foods processed with or near any of the
other foods that are known allergens for her or that we have been told to avoid.
Clear labels with specific allergen callouts would also be helpful in deciphering
chemical names for derivatives of allergens.
165\. 9/16/2008 5:49:00 As it is now I DO NOT trust any warning listed as they are not all inclusive or
PM standardized. I have read the ingredients which hard to do because of small print
and confusing labeling. For example one product list no peanuts in the ingredients
but said in another area the product was made with peanuts. What do I then?? Or
what if I only read the ingredients and not the other warning. Consistency and
obvious labeling is needed.
166\. 9/16/2008 5:52:00 answers to #7 question weren\'t quite applicable\...
PM
167\. 9/16/2008 5:52:00 Thank you for the survey - it was very informative and helpful. I would like to
PM share my son\'s story. MULTIPLE ALLERGIC AND CAN\'T GO TO SCHOOL My 5-year-old
son, Jelani Thiam, just walked in his first FAAN walk-a-thon reaching his goal of
raising \$250.00 for research to find a cure for food allergies. After such a
victorious and fun weekend walk experience, Jelani returned home to once again
face the continual challenge of being denied access into educational settings
because educational facilities (regular daycare, medical daycare, private K-12)
could not accomodate safe environments for his multiple allergies. Today, Jelani
is still at home with me, since his first day of school began without him on
September 3, 2008. Jelani went to school excited to be escorted by Mommy and
Daddy, only to be denied access into school having to escorted back home on the
first day of school, this time, denied access into his Kindergarten class. He was
registered since April 4, 2008 with H.R. Swift Elementary School here in our
residence of Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, who is still refusing to comply with
Jelani\'s doctors\' written allergy safety recommendations while he is in school.
Jelani is "MULTIPLE ALLERGIC" to all of the top 8 allergen foods, along
with environmental allergy-induced asthma, oral allergy (raw fruits &
vegetables) and eczema. Today, almost all foods contain SOY, which he is allergic
to. Please include in FDA\'s labeling laws for manufacturers to state on their
labels "(MAY OR CONTAINS SOY OR USES FACILITY AND MACHINERY THAT PROCESSES
SOY INGREDIENTS." Thank You, Mishell Thiam (Jelani\'s Mom)
168\. 9/16/2008 5:54:00 I think the lettering should also be printed larger and brighter so it is more
PM noticable.
169\. 9/16/2008 5:55:00 "Manufactured on the same equipment as\..." Is Helpful\--in knowing what
PM NOT to buy. It\'s scary to me that manufacturers can apparently claim their
products are "Dairy Free" even if one or more of the ingredients are
made in a facility containing dairy (according to the small print on their Web
site, if you read between the lines). Is this really safe (enough)? I would also
prefer NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL FLAVORings be specifically mentioned (fat chance).
Related to this, requiring Just the Top 8 allergens to be listed does Not go far
enough. What about #9\...? Maybe it should be the Top 20? Ideally, ingredient
labels (including skin care products, vitamins, and medications), would list ALL
ingredients And ANY potential cross-contamination issues. (Be careful what you
wish for?) Also, "Not made in an allergen-free facility" is NOT helpful.
It Needs to be much More Specific than that, regarding what allergens might be an
issue! Thank you!
170\. 9/16/2008 5:56:00 I find it annoying that almost all processed foods have the disclaimer that it
PM "may contain traces" or "manufactured in a facilitity that also
produces xx". Often times, i believe that companies put these labels on foods
to avoid getting sued. In turn, this makes it even harder to find foods I can eat.
I think those disclaimers are necessary but they should only be able to put that
disclaimer if it is actually true.
171\. 9/16/2008 5:56:00 Consistency is a major factor when looking at products. I would rather see that
PM the product may contain something (due to trace amounts, machine processing or
otherwise) than have to sift through a lot of smaller information. I have severe
allergies and mild allergies so knowing that it may contain traces of something is
enough for me, I can usually tell right then if I want to eat it or not. Knowing
that it was processed on a machine as other products is fine, but it may contain
traces of \_\_\_ is a bit more helpful.
172\. 9/16/2008 5:59:00 a clear advisory label is always appreciated especially since products tend to
PM change ingredients sometimes add allergens.
173\. 9/16/2008 6:00:00 Reactions, and need for labeling, probably depends on the severity of the allergy
PM to a food/etc. If you have very strong allergies to small amounts, then it is
really necessary to have as much notice as possible.
174\. 9/16/2008 6:00:00 Cosmetics have been one of the most difficult things for me to watch\--they don\'t
PM seem to have any allergen advisory information at all, and can cause serious
reactions.
175\. 9/16/2008 6:01:00 Most companies don\'t put everything that is an ingredient nor what allergens
PM might be on the equipment which is a HUGE factor in our case. I find anything that
states it is an ingredient, might be an ingredient, may contain or is processed on
equipment is what needs to be on anything edible. For my daughter with peanut,
milk, dairy and egg allergies it is essential. Numerous times we have bought
simple products that have 3-4 ingredients yet she will break out into hives
immediately. Obviuosly something is there effecting her which is very frustrating
and imagine ALL the money we have spent along the way.
176\. 9/16/2008 6:02:00 Companies need to fully disclose ingredients and warn of allergins specifically as
PM well as any "potential" for their presence. There are a lot of products
I do not purchase, because of the use of the equivocating phrases, "may
contain\..." or "processed in\...". Full and accurate disclosure
should be the rule, as this is a matter of life and death and compliance should be
mandated.
177\. 9/16/2008 6:03:00 Including Gluten (not wheat) would be very helpful.
PM
178\. 9/16/2008 6:05:00 Your question #13 can\'t really be answered well because the options are not
PM exclusive. For example, if they have an allergy plan that is really solid and
abides by standards, then I would want to know that. "Contains" and
"may contain" are two entirely different. I want to know both. (I assume
may contain means it could be produced in a plant or on shared equipment or have
some other likelihood of cross contamination.) And I do like when the information
is in bold and starts with "Allergen information" or "Allergen
warning."
179\. 9/16/2008 6:05:00 "May contain" often seems like it is put on products with no risk of
PM contamination just to legally protect the manufacturer. This makes the term
practically meaningless - and I worry that it minimizes the effectiveness of other
warning labels.
180\. 9/16/2008 6:05:00 Some products that I used to buy now have "processed in a plant"
PM warnings. I never had reactions to the products before, but knowing there is a
risk has prevented me from purchasing those products. Specific information about
manufacturing should be required\-- especially if those companies would like to
regain my business.
181\. 9/16/2008 6:05:00 I always call about food because I want to know if the allregen in present in the
PM factory, on the same line ect. Many companies will tell you something is safe
because of their allergen wash. We do not purchase food even if there is an
allergen wash\--too risky. I just want honest labeling so that I can make a safe
choice for my child.
182\. 9/16/2008 6:07:00 It seems as if companies are adding labels to protect themselves from lawsuits,
PM not to keep people safe. There needs to be a way to keep all allergens out of
foods that don\'t actually contain them. For example, plain M&Ms should be
made peanut free, not on the same equipment as peanut M&Ms.
183\. 9/16/2008 6:10:00 The food labels are not explicit enough. "This item may contain\..." is
PM really vague. Are we expected to believe that each and every item labeled
"may contain.." really does contain that ingredient? Due to the critical
nature of my allergies, I have have to give up many foods which are likely safe,
but due to this vagueness and lack of standards in the industry, I have no other
option but to forgo these foods.
184\. 9/16/2008 6:11:00 They should not allow the either/or ingredients. How do I know which one it is?
PM Ingredients more specific, no general terms.
185\. 9/16/2008 6:11:00 Labeling makes managing my son\'s allergy easier not only for myself but for
PM parents of children in his class.
186\. 9/16/2008 6:12:00 Some people have such severe allergies that even trace amounts of an allergen can
PM be fatal. This is why labeling is important. They already let manufacturers twist
the words on nutritian labeling, don\'t let it happen with allergens where it can
have dire consequences.
187\. 9/16/2008 6:13:00 I am allergic to some of the commonly allergic items, but others also. It is
PM necessary for me to have a complete list of ingredients. Reading every label
entirely takes a tremendous amount of time, so having the abbreviated version does
make it easier to quickly eliminate some products. I really pray that restaurants
will be required to list ingredients on the menus SOON!
188\. 9/16/2008 6:13:00 I feel like everything now says "May contain X, Y, and Z"\--meaning that
PM if I\'m allergic to X, Y, or Z, I end up avoiding basically every packaged food
out there. I don\'t understand why people can\'t just say \'produced on machinery
that also processes \[allergens\]\' or \'contains \[allergens\]\'. I get that
they\'re trying to cover their asses, but it ends up with consumers who aren\'t
sure of the value of labels. For example, Hershey bars don\'t have nuts. I\'ve
never had a reaction to one, either, not even from trace contamination. But every
Hershey bar says \'may contain nuts\'. So do I avoid every Hershey bar, or is that
on there because they\'re trying to cover their ass that someone may have
accidentally dropped a peanut into the mixer at one point? It\'s incredibly
frustrating. I want to know what\'s in my food, and I want to know what else is
processed on the same machinery. I don\'t want vague labels that say that things
may or may not have been processed next to something to which I\'m allergic.
189\. 9/16/2008 6:17:00 My above answers relate strictly to my child\'s food allergies and how I handle
PM them. Due to inconsistency with allergen advisory labels, I choose to avoid all
products that state \'may contain\' or \'processed in.\' My husband does not do
this for handling his own food allergies in that he will consume products that
state \'may contain,\' \'processed in a facility with\'\--his logic is he has
eaten these products his whole life with no problem. He does feel more comfortable
buying products with labels stating they have strict allergen protocols. For our
family, having a law requiring allergen advisory labels that are consistent across
the board would be great because then we would know the risk of what we were
eating and/or avoiding.
190\. 9/16/2008 6:17:00 For the safety of my children, I put great trust and value into the manufacturers
PM labeling. I highly rely on their information to inform me of any items that may be
of concern with cross contamination or any form of "may contain". I
would rather know up-front if there are any concerns with even handling or
conctact with the product. The labels should be as clear as possible\...stating
the allergen and then the potential for a may contains statement. Thank you for
doing this survey.
191\. 9/16/2008 6:20:00 1\. I feel that eventually companies will use the "May contain\..."
PM statement as a way of protecting themselves from liability even if the exposure or
possible exposure isn\'t present. 2. The consumer needs to be made aware of
possible contact with an allergen so having the "May contain.." or
"Made on the same equipment as\..." is really important information for
those with severe allergies although I sometimes wonder how much of a concern it
actually is. 3. I like the "good practices" comments, I will usually
take my chance on products containing those type of statements (but I wonder if
that is a smart decision). It\'s all very confusing.
192\. 9/16/2008 6:20:00 I do think that it should be listed if the product because of some people\'s
PM allergin severity. I also think the allergens should be listed as products as
well.
193\. 9/16/2008 6:21:00 Given the severity of the reaction of many patients to some allergens (peanuts)
PM any products that contain known allergens should be labeled.
194\. 9/16/2008 6:21:00 My son has an severe allergy to mustard. Currently mustard seed can be in a
PM product under the listing "spices". This is not a sufficient manner for
labeling products. ALL ingredients must be listed so the consumer can make an
educated choice.
195\. 9/16/2008 6:22:00 I am completely against the wording "may contain". The product either
PM does or does not. The same goes for the phrase "may have come in
contact\..." Either they sanitize their equipment properly or they do not. I
feel as though the manufacturers use this wording as a form of legal mumbo-jumbo
in an attempt to limit their liability.
196\. 9/16/2008 6:26:00 Our family is very dilligent about reading labels, and know that we can\'t trust
PM just the ingredient list, but it is our family members, child care workers, etc.
who have a hard time understanding the labels and that they need to look
everywhere on a package to find the warnings. They should put the warnings right
under the ingredients, ALWAYS and in bigger letters than the ingredients.
197\. 9/16/2008 6:26:00 What i think is if peanuts are in volved they should process the product on a
PM machine that is allergin free. after all these allergins can cost your life. My
son died by on nov 21 2005 from a severe asthma attack ,that actually pushed his
heart to the side of the lung.
198\. 9/16/2008 6:27:00 My daughter has a nut allergy.
PM
199\. 9/16/2008 6:28:00 I am an allergy nurse and I feel that better advisory labels would be beneficial
PM to the majority of our patients.
200\. 9/16/2008 6:29:00 These labels are a necessity for anyone with a severe allergy and have been
PM greatly beneficial in reducing stress when eating packaged foods and not having to
call manufacturers each time.
201\. 9/16/2008 6:30:00 I read ALL ingredients of everything we buy not just food. Warnings that an item
PM "may contain" and "Maunfactured on" and "contains"
have been a god send for us. We trust that if there are any allergens in any item
that the company has listed 1 of the above warnings to help us make a clear
decision\...it could mean life or death to our children
202\. 9/16/2008 6:30:00 I have many more allergies than the ones you quote. I would like to see full
PM disclosure on all products.
203\. 9/16/2008 6:31:00 I always read the entire ingredient list but I also must know if the product was
PM manufactured on equipment where it may have come in contact with peanuts. My
daughter is allergic to peanuts, soy protein, soy flour and legumes.
204\. 9/16/2008 6:31:00 so frustrating! food labels are designed by attorneys to protect the manufacturer
PM from lawsuits, not to protect consumers against allergies \-- which is awful for
people like us because I\'m not looking to sue anybody, I just need to know
what\'s in the food so my children don\'t go into anaphylactic shock after eating
it. "may contain" or "processed on equipment that also
processes" is just thrown in to release companies from any responsibility.
THIS DOES NOTHING to help me protect my children! it\'s also very frustrating for
other parents whose children do not have food allergies to know what to choose for
classroom use where there are children with allergies. both of my children have
severe food allergies, and even the grocery stores don\'t understand that their
huge bins of peanuts, overflowing onto the floor, can be deadly to some people.
airlines are even worse!!!! I\'ve been on flights with my kids where they serve
nuts \-- and it\'s a very restricted air and space environment, it\'s difficult to
remove my child from the allergen when the captain requires we remain in our
seats. very frustrating and scary for parents.
205\. 9/16/2008 6:31:00 I don\'t understand what "may contain" means. I have to call the
PM manufacturer and relay on their assurances for each product I chose to buy that
says "may contain". It\'s time consuming, but I don\'t know a way around
it.
206\. 9/16/2008 6:37:00 Sometimes the ingredients are listed in several ways, often scientific or
PM technical. Clear language understandable to the general public is needed. For
example, instead of Whey or Casein - just list it as Milk!
207\. 9/16/2008 6:39:00 I have found that "may contain" or "shared equipment"
PM statements do little to tell me what exactly the risk level is. Some companies
will put a "shared equipment" label on a product just in case one of
their employers has eaten peanuts on their break, and other companies do not put a
"shared equipment" label on foods that are processed on shared lines
that are not cleaned between different products.
208\. 9/16/2008 6:41:00 My daughter is allergic to corn and Cherries. The Natural Flavor label really gets
PM me. As well as all the names for corn, as it isn\'t listed in "normal"
language.
209\. 9/16/2008 6:42:00 My children are allergic to nuts (peanut and tree nut). The current labeling
PM procedures are inconsistent and dangerous for my children. Standardized labeling
would be much more helpful so all products (food or non-food, containing the
ingredient as a main or possible ingredient) will be appropriately labeled. It\'s
ridiculous that I have to stand in the grocery store or the drug store and call a
company about it\'s product from my cell phone before I buy it. The labels should
be clear.
210\. 9/16/2008 6:44:00 I\'m appreciative of the improvements I\'ve seen in my lifetype (I\'m almost 50);
PM but I still can\'t figure out why airlines stopped serving nuts on flights, but
continue to serve pretzels manufactured by a nut company!
211\. 9/16/2008 6:45:00 I have a severe milk allergy, and even if something was made on equipment that
PM made something with milk, I have a reaction - so it is important/helpful for me to
have these warnings. Otherwise, I\'ll eat a bite of it, have a reaction and double
and triple check the ingredients to make sure I\'m not going insane and there
really isn\'t any milk or milk byproducts listed.
212\. 9/16/2008 6:45:00 I see more and more "may contains" or "processed in a
PM facility" warnings now. I often wonder if this is just a way to save the
companies from being more proactive. I won\'t feed my kid "may contains"
but will if it says "made in a facility" because it is too limiting to
buying any food.
213\. 9/16/2008 6:47:00 I feel that in order to keep individuals safe from allergic reactions all foods
PM labels should contain information about any and all foods that may be contained in
the particular item.
214\. 9/16/2008 6:47:00 Particularly in non-food items, the allergens are not called by their
PM "usual" names so it is much, much more difficult to identify what
exactly is in that product. Labeling, in plain english, of what is in a product
would be very helpful. It would probably, as a side benefit, lead to a lot fewer
ingredients in products as people realize they don\'t really want to wash their
hair in food or wear shellfish on their lips, etc.
215\. 9/16/2008 6:49:00 Allergen advisory is really helpful. However sometimes they do get it wrong
PM (Subway had milk products and did not list milk in their advisory). So I don\'t
trust 100%. But if there is something written, I know I don\'t even need to look
for labels. The It may contain advisory is really annoying because it seems to
deprive the allergic person from a lot that maybe would not be needed. Seems to be
over done in some places (Trader Joes products eg)
216\. 9/16/2008 6:49:00 "May contain" is not good enough. Either it does or it doesn\'t. Foods
PM should not be cross-contaminated. For people who have severe food allergies,
special care should be taken to process foods on separate machines in separate
facilities. Doing this could also help create more jobs as well as keeping the
allergic people safer since food allergies have been on the rise.
217\. 9/16/2008 6:53:00 i also think that any company producing food and body products should adhere to
PM this policy, there are alot of small companies out there that do not have to. i
have to read everything, and often call to verify, since my toddler can not have
eggs, dairy, corn, chicken, food dye and preservatives.
218\. 9/16/2008 6:53:00 consistency is key. It is much easier to scan to the bottom to see if the
PM ingredients include the allergen than to read through every ingredient in the
package.
219\. 9/16/2008 6:55:00 When teaching my 4-year-old to read labels - it certainly helps to have it stated
PM simply on the package!
220\. 9/16/2008 6:59:00 There needs to be a uniform system in place.
PM
221\. 9/16/2008 7:01:00 it would be awesome if all manufacturers were to follow the same exact guidelines
PM
222\. 9/16/2008 7:02:00 When a company lists "may contain" advisories, is that just to cover all
PM their bases, or is it a true statement? There are so many foods that I won\'t
allow in my house because of this warning. Why can\'t companies make a point of
keeping the allergens (in this case nuts) separate from the the products that
don\'t contain nuts. For example, snack cakes. Some have nuts, some don\'t, all
are taboo in this house. I know it\'s asking a lot of the manufacturer, but with
the rise in food allergies, isn\'t it in their best interest to make the effort?
Thank you, Bonnie Hines
223\. 9/16/2008 7:03:00 Write the various forms of the allergen and state them on the label - ex. - wheat
PM is called or in various things and the forms should be listed. This is especially
true in shampoos and other cosmetic products
224\. 9/16/2008 7:04:00 As a mother of a child with severe, life-threatening multiple food allergies, I
PM wish that labeling was more consistent and reliable. Also, things such as
medication and cosmetics that have food proteins should need to be labeled!!
People get very sick from the ingestion of these proteins if they are allergic. It
makes no difference if it is a food or a medication.
225\. 9/16/2008 7:06:00 I will not take a chance if there is a possibility that the allergen is there. I
PM would like more of a uniform label to determine whether or not there really is a
chance that the allergen is present in said food, or other substance. If you have
gone into anaphylactic shock you will avoid EVERYTHING containing said allergen
and even the possiblity of said allergen. Help us keep our kids safe - and alive!
226\. 9/16/2008 7:10:00 US needs consistent and clear allergen labeling even in cross contamination
PM
227\. 9/16/2008 7:13:00 I don\'t think this should be limited to manufacturers\...restaurants need to make
PM allergen information available as well. I have had many reactions to meals with
unexpected allergens used in a sauce or ground into the recipe. I once was told
that a cookie contained no nuts only to have my tongue swell up moments later- the
dough contained walnuts that had been ground into a fine powder. Another
restaurant mistakenly put shrimp in my burrito. Eating in a restaurant can be so
dangerous for a person with food allergies, especially if the staff is
ill-informed and the ingredients are not disclosed.
228\. 9/16/2008 7:14:00 I am also very allergic to MSG and Sulfates\....very seldom mentioned other then
PM in the list of ingredients, which I read carefully
229\. 9/16/2008 7:14:00 Labels also help family members (who do not deal with the allergy every day)
PM determine if a food is safe for my child.
230\. 9/16/2008 7:16:00 I feel that other people have more serious reactions to food and I feel that every
PM ingredient should be listed as well as the labeling that the food may have been
processed on machinery where other major allergens were processed i.e. soy &
nut for example. Also every spice should be listed individually and not lumped
under just spices. I have many spice allergies too. In addition, I will not buy
from a company that will not reveal to me all of the ingredients to me on the
phone. I will always buy from companies who automatically list every ingredient
including each spice on the label because then I don\'t have to call the company
and make more work for myself because of all of my food allergies. Most of the
time I buy basic unprocessed food and make it myself because most companies do not
list each ingredient. Just listing every ingredient would make many peoples lives
with food allergies a lot easier and would increase revenue for the companies who
make the food also. I don\'t understand why this is so hard for the food companies
to understand. I hope this helps. Sincerely, Colleen Buskirk
231\. 9/16/2008 7:16:00 It would be extremely helpful to list if the product is gluten free. I am allergic
PM to wheat, oats, and barley. While wheat is in the top 8 list, oats and barley are
not, so I must read every ingredient list carefully. Even the ingredient lists are
not sufficient. I must avoid many products, not necessarily because I am allergic
to an ingredient, but because the label is not specific enough. For instance,
"modified food starch" can come from many sources (wheat, corn, etc.).
If the food starch is a wheat base, I cannot eat it; if is corn I can. If it is
not specifically labeled I must assume that it might be from a wheat source and
avoid it. A little more information on the labels would drastically increase my
options. Thank you.
232\. 9/16/2008 7:21:00 Unfortunately, we deal with allergens that are not in the "top 8" I
PM would like things like "Natural Flavoring" or "Spices" be 100%
specific of what those items contain.
233\. 9/16/2008 7:22:00 I\'m actually from Canada, but I think that all labels should clearly state all of
PM the ingredients the products contain (even potential ingredients). People with
allergies need to know exactly what they are ingesting (or applying on their
skin). It could be a matter of life and death.
234\. 9/16/2008 7:23:00 The " May Contain" is honestly the worst because \...I feel like I
PM can\'t eat anything\...."Processed on machinery that processes peanuts\...may
contain peanuts." They need to know exactly what is being put into their
product. In my teenage years i contracted the shellfish/shrimp allergy which is
honestly not hard..but just recently at 23 contract the nut allergy. Don\'t get me
wrong I\'ve lost some weight from having all these allergys\...but I would like to
enjoy food and know exactly what is in it. I also think the restaurants should be
approached on how their food is cooked. Everything fried in the same
oil..mmm..that sounds tasty right??
235\. 9/16/2008 7:26:00 I love the allergen listings & prefer products that tell me whether the
PM food/item is safe for my milk-allergic son, in no uncertain terms. I\'m not sure
if I think it should be required legally, though - or if it should be market
driven (i.e. companies want to do it because it\'s something their customers like
for them to do and will, therefore, continute to consume their product over
others)
236\. 9/16/2008 7:29:00 I think it is very helpful to include the allergen in the ingredient label AS WELL
PM as an advisory label. Some people are so sensitive to an allergan that it only
seems reasonable to also include the "may contain traces",
"manufactured on the same equipment","manufactured in the same
facility" warnings. I personally really respect a company that does include
these statements because it shows me that the company cares about food allergies.
Two great examples are Hershey and Keebler - both companies specifically state on
their website and in phone conversations that if there is EVER a concern with
contamination, it will be clearly listed on the label. I WILL buy from companies
such as these.
237\. 9/16/2008 7:29:00 I can only wish for people who make these decisions and rules to have a severely
PM allergic child. Only then will they realize the extend of our predicament!
238\. 9/16/2008 7:31:00 Product labeling is inconsistent and confusing. I always wonder if a warning is
PM missing or if it truly doesn\'t contain the allergen I\'m looking for. Does
"May contain x" mean the same as "Manufactured on the same line as
x"? Who knows!? Very frustrating for families, and especially children
learning to read labels for themselves!!!
239\. 9/16/2008 7:31:00 A clear, consistent labeling of allergens would be very helpful, saving us both
PM time and illness.
240\. 9/16/2008 7:32:00 Industry-wide "may contain" or "processed in\..." labeling
PM will help our family be better informed about products. Currently we have to phone
or e-mail companies to find out if there is a cross-contamination possibility. It
is a challenge with the inconsistent labeling to purchase products with confidence
without the phone call/e-mail. Having such a sensitive allergy, we do need to go
to that length: we do need to know if it was manufactured in the same facility.
241\. 9/16/2008 7:35:00 The key problem with the current practice of allergy advisory labels is lack of
PM consistency. Advisory labeling would be useful if it were either required and
defined, or, in the alternative, prohibited entirely. Currently, the lack of an
allergy advisory is no indication of safety, and often, the presence of an
advisory in no indication of risk. For example, a few years ago, advisory labels
showed up on a number of Trader Joe\'s products I had previously used without
incident. When I spoke with the company to find out what what exactly the labels
meant, I was told that the company had simply decided to put advisory labels on
all of its products to "cover their bases." When the same "may
contain" advisory is used to refer to such a practice as is used by a company
that cleans thoroughly and batch tests for allergens, the advisory is meaningless.
Upon confronting such a warning, the consumer is left in the same position as in
the pre-FALCPA days: either call the company in an attempt to assess the risk
involved in consuming the product, or avoid the product altogether.
242\. 9/16/2008 7:40:00 Also on medications, I just found out the pill form of Zyrtec contains Lactose
PM Monohydrate, which has been making my milk allergic child sick(we recently
swtiched him from the syrup to the pill)\....I wish I would have know it was a
derivative of milk, we could have avoided many weeks of unecessary GI pain he
experienced.
243\. 9/16/2008 7:42:00 I\'m a mother of a 6 1/2 year old boy with severe tree nut allergy. He reads
PM labels too! He remembers his reaction (to a sliver of pecan at age 4) and the trip
to the emergency room (in particular the IV\'s and stuff), so he\'s very vigilant,
along with his Dad and I. I like that the labels make it easier for him to spot
foods to avoid.
244\. 9/16/2008 7:46:00 More specific labeling of non-food items (lotions, cleansers, etc.) would be very
PM welcome!
245\. 9/16/2008 7:47:00 A required consistant message should be used on all products. Food allergies are
PM life threatening, and as such, we as consumers have the right to know if there is
the slightest possibility of cross contamination.
246\. 9/16/2008 7:49:00 I also wish there was labeling for MSG which I react very strongly to. (and pure
PM MSG not the by-products with similar characteristics)
247\. 9/16/2008 7:49:00 I am allergic to lactose and really cannot shop at Trader Joes anymore. I get sick
PM from things processed in facilities with lactose. I mainly order poached eggs and
tuna salad with no bread in restaurants. Sometimes they put cheese on a salad and
then try to pick it off and get angry when I return it. I am a good cook however
and really don\'t like eating out any longer. I go hungry at company events and
meeting lunches.
248\. 9/16/2008 7:51:00 Is there a standard for manufacturers regarding the statements "manufactured
PM in a plant that processes peanuts" or "processed on equipment that may
contain peanuts" or "may contain trace amount of peanuts". Do these
statements accurately represent the manufacturing process? I would allow my
daughter to eat something if it were manufactured in the same facility but not if
it was processed on equipment. That implies something different to me. Are the
statements acurate representation of the facts or just what the lawyer thought
sound good?
249\. 9/16/2008 7:52:00 Companies should be entirely accountable to the buying public for their produce
PM and process regarding the food they manufacture. The choices we make should be
empowered by the knowledge they provide. Any company not willing to provide this
information, should be pressured to do so.
250\. 9/16/2008 7:54:00 We don\'t take chances with traces. That being said, if good manufacturing
PM practices are in place to keep out cross-contamination, then I would hope that the
label wouldn\'t needlessly turn us away with a unnecessary warning. Also, we would
like SESAME to be added to the top allergen list. Sesame is on the rise, and small
amount can cause serious reactions.
251\. 9/16/2008 7:54:00 Living with food allergies for more than 10 years and knowing people that have had
PM them there are degrees of severity for individuals and there cannot be a blanket
statement as some people have to consume the product while others are affected by
the residue that can be spread on the equipment. I think the labeling of products
has been better but the area of most concern are in restaurant menus with all the
ingredients and oils that are used. The biggest the deterrent for me to
buy/consume a product is when the label explicitly says "Contains"
allergen.
252\. 9/16/2008 7:56:00 I am a peanut, tree-nut and soy allergy sufferer. I have gotten to the point where
PM I couldn\'t eat any packaged foods because of the "this product was processed
in a facilty\..." labels\....so have since gone directly to the ingredient
list to determine if I would consume the product. Many times if its not in the
ingredient list, I will give it a shot knowing that there is a slight risk. With
soy products, it\'s the protein (not the lecthin) that I\'m allergic to, so I
always have to go to the ingredients to get more specifics.
253\. 9/16/2008 7:59:00 I do think that listing the allergens is easier that having to search the
PM ingredients for the allergens.
254\. 9/16/2008 8:02:00 It would be nice to have more consistent nomenclature.
PM
255\. 9/16/2008 8:03:00 It\'s not just about how I interpret labels for my child but how other extended
PM family members, school staff and anyone else who cares for my child interprets
these labels. The general public assumes manufacturers are providing ALL the
necessary allergen information and if there is not a warning on it, it\'s safe to
eat. I would almost rather have the complicated wording of different foods than
have some stuff labeled with a warning and some stuff not labeled. Because of the
labels I have now had to completely stop people from determining safe food for my
child. She\'s almost 8 years old and it\'s so confusing she can read the labels
herself now but she can\'t determine a foods safety.
256\. 9/16/2008 8:03:00 Grocery stores should be required to keep allergen free products in an area of the
PM store away from other products that contain allergens. ie. Fred Meyer puts the soy
nut butter right under the machines where you can grind your own peanut butter.
Pointless!
257\. 9/16/2008 8:04:00 The current labeling practices are too broad and allow the companies to be lazy
PM and use a catch-all "may contain" or "processed in\..." to
avoid having to be more careful. When a consumer is managing multiple food
allergies and possibly already has a limited diet, this labeling catch-all
eliminates foods that quite possibly are safe, and doesn\'t adequately warn about
foods that the manufacterer might know is not safe. It is more effective when a
manufacterer takes the time to say perhaps "processed in a factory that
contains X, however lines are cleaned between runs and tested" or
"processed in a factory that contains X, but in a separate room on dedicated
equipment" etc\...The laws should be very clear, should contain not only the
TOP EIGHT, but also common allergens like CORN and SESAME. The laws should also be
written to make it easier for a consumer to track down potential allergens when
calling a company for information. Currently companies can dodge responsibility by
claiming that the information is unknown or proprietary.
258\. 9/16/2008 8:06:00 I dislike this message "contains other natural products or flavorings"
PM
259\. 9/16/2008 8:07:00 A consistent, standardized method of allergen advisory labels would be fabulous.
PM
260\. 9/16/2008 8:07:00 Sometimes I feel that the processed in\_\_\_ or may contain labels are not taken
PM seiously enough. We do not buy them as my daughter is extremely allergic to
peanuts. We have friends with children with less severe allergies that buy these
products because they feel the warnings are put there to protect the company not
because there really is a chance of the allergen being present. A consistent
labeling system for food and beauty items would let one be more confisent in a
label and perhaps stop people from taking unwarrented risks.
261\. 9/16/2008 8:09:00 I would like to see stricter guidelines around the words, "natural
PM flavor"
262\. 9/16/2008 8:10:00 I am anaphylactic for nuts and shellfish and I always read ingredient labels. I do
PM not purchase items that contain labels which say that they "may contain"
foods I am allergic to, unless I have consumed the item routinely since a time
before the allergen warnings were put on the packaging.
263\. 9/16/2008 8:11:00 It would be so helpful to always have the allergen warning, even if it\'s in the
PM ingredient list. Also, it would be wonderful to have a warning like the one found
in question 13, that shows that they try to avoid cross-contamination. I would be
comfortable buying that product (but not if the label said processed in the same
facility as\...)
264\. 9/16/2008 8:15:00 my daughter reacts to trace amounts. I must know if a food is processed on shared
PM equipment with her allergens. Standardized allergen advisory labeling would save
me (and every parent in my situation) the trouble of calling every single company
before we buy package goods. And it would save the companies the grief of
answering all of us individually.
265\. 9/16/2008 8:15:00 Having manufactures CALL OUT allergens at the bottom of the ingredients list is
PM very helpful to grandparents, schoolmates, other family and friends of people who
have food allergies. They are not familiar with all of the different forms an
allergen can take (ie. milk/casein/whey) and this method clearly identifies that
for them. Therefore making it easier for them to care for and consider the person
with the allergen.
266\. 9/16/2008 8:16:00 I\'d like an explanation of risk for products that "may" contain
PM allergens or products that were processed on equipment that may contain allergens.
They should have to test samples of their products for these allergens and give me
a % of products that contain allergens.
267\. 9/16/2008 8:18:00 "May Contain" is an easy way for a manufacturer to avoid any liability
PM which is unfortunate. My daughter will never be able to try many processed foods
that are safe because a manufacturer does not want to certify that their product
is allergen free or produced in an allergen free facility.
268\. 9/16/2008 8:18:00 New labeling laws would be very helpful for my family in managing my son\'s
PM allergy.
269\. 9/16/2008 8:19:00 unless rigorous cleaning is done "same equipment" is a "no go for
PM us" However if it was really only "same facility" requiring aerosol
contamination we would probably feel comfortable trying
270\. 9/16/2008 8:21:00 I absolutely would beg for mandatory allergen advisories for any shared machinery
PM or facility. I would also strongly request the same for non food products.
Lipstick? Cosmetics? Cleaning substances?
271\. 9/16/2008 8:21:00 The lists of ingredients are too small. The allergen advisory is useful because it
PM is larger and easier to read.
272\. 9/16/2008 8:21:00 Some labels are two small to read.
PM
273\. 9/16/2008 8:24:00 Both of my children have severe food allergies (one is ana to milk and one goes
PM into shock after consuming soy), so I read EVERY label!!! Because my son\'s
condition is non-IGE mediated, there is not testing available, so we just have to
avoid trigger foods, which are not they typical top 8. Rice is one of the major
triggers. I feel like rice and sesame should also be included in the allergens
that must be listed.
274\. 9/16/2008 8:24:00 The labeling situation is now a disaster. I have no idea what I can or cannot eat
PM anymore. Telling me that something has been processed in the same plant as an
allergen gives me ABSOLUTELY NO IDEA whether there is any allergen contained in
what I am buying! You have to get them to state clearly whether there is a decent
chance the allergen is in there, or whether they are using GMP to separate the
ingredients.
275\. 9/16/2008 8:28:00 I am greatly frustrated by the idea that companies use "may contain"
PM labels just to cover themselves, but it is being used in a very sweeping
sense\...I think more specifics should be required.
276\. 9/16/2008 8:30:00 Many times companies put "processed on machinery used to process \_\_\_"
PM just to protect themselves. When calling the company, the risk is actually very
low. There needs to be some consistency and a definition of what is meant by the
advisory statement. There needs to be uniformity in what "processed on
machinery" means.
277\. 9/16/2008 8:30:00 Not every company uses the labels and the ones that do don\'t use the same labels.
PM
278\. 9/16/2008 8:32:00 I really wish they would make everything understandable. We have a lot of other
PM allergies in which are still hidden by the labeling because they aren\'t top 8.
279\. 9/16/2008 8:33:00 My oldest son was lactose intolerant for the first 5 years of his life. It was
PM very difficult to find products that didn\'t contain some form of dairy,
especially when he was eating baby food. I was surprised to find non-fat dry milk
in something as simple as strained peas! I would spend a lot of time reading
labels to protect my son from the pain his intolerance would cause him. I\'m
allergic to onions and bell peppers, so I have to be very careful about that.
Restaurants can be a nightmare for me if I\'m not careful about inspecting the
food before I ingest it. I don\'t eat at Mexican or Oriental types of restaurants
due to this. I\'ve had problems in the past and I opt to avoid it. My allergies
are among the deadliest type, anaphylaxis. It\'s a scary thing to go through, so I
have to be extremely careful about what I eat and what has touched my food.
280\. 9/16/2008 8:36:00 Need to add to the labels: Allergens: contains "fragrance". Fragrance is
PM very dangerous for many of us. We need labels that tell if something is in the
"Family of MSG"\...for example Natural Flavorings are in the family of
MSG. We thought \'organic\' protected us from MSG but it does not. This is another
product that is so bad for many of us. I have more ideas and would help if anyone
needs help. I was a teacher and chemicals in everyday products prevent me from
teaching at this time.
281\. 9/16/2008 8:38:00 I think that currently manufacturers use advisory labels as CYA statements and put
PM them on everything. As a result, they don\'t really mean anything. I usually end
up calling manufacturers to inquire about their cleaning and manufacturing
procedures if there is a product I really want to purchase for my daughter.
282\. 9/16/2008 8:39:00 I never buy anything unless there is specific allergy information, it really makes
PM buying certain things that arent labeled difficult, and in the long run, makes
companies lose my business
283\. 9/16/2008 8:39:00 We need to know exactly what manufacturor\'s mean - does may contain really mean
PM that. What is the difference between made in the same factory, made on the same
line. There needs to be consistent cleaning requirements and established
guidelines for testing (parts per million, etc)
284\. 9/16/2008 8:39:00 Even though corn, sesame, rye and barley are not on the list of the top 8
PM allergens, they are fairly common to people with food allergies. For those with
these particular allergies, most of the time are as sensitive as those allergic to
peanuts, and any trace amounts can be just as dangerous. I think that when
labeling food allergens, corn, sesame, rye and barley and should be included.
285\. 9/16/2008 8:43:00 We went to England last year, I was very impressed with their labeling!
PM
286\. 9/16/2008 8:43:00 I prefer allergen information to be in bold typeface on packaging.
PM
287\. 9/16/2008 8:46:00 Please don\'t put the warnings on if there is no chance that the allergen is in
PM the product!!! It makes the warnings so much less effective overall and increases
the risk of a severe reaction should the allergen really be there because
consumers often disregard them because of how often they are unjustly used
288\. 9/16/2008 8:52:00 Generally, if the food contains an allergen it should be sufficient to list it in
PM the ingredients. The reason the "may contain" or "processed
on" is important is because it gives me a feeling of the perceived risk of
inadvertent exposure to the allergen. I think all companies should provide this.
How about a rating 1-5 of how certain they are that there is no peanuts
what-so-ever in the product where 5=no way is there peanut, 3="could be"
and 1="we don\'t clean all that well, probably is some in there".
289\. 9/16/2008 8:53:00 It would be nice to have a standard for labeling foods with allergens, and for
PM segregating allergens on the equipment/manufactory
290\. 9/16/2008 8:53:00 It would also be nice if the pharmaceutical industry would supply information
PM about inactive ingredients. Many dairy products and gluten are used in products
coatings.
291\. 9/16/2008 8:54:00 Keep in mind most of us with allergic kids are also training grandparents,
PM caregivers, teachers who have never needed to read these labels - to suddenly read
them. Stop printing them so small and use consistent language!
292\. 9/16/2008 8:54:00 I have severe reactions to some foods that caused difficulty in breathing and loss
PM of conciousness, and the labels can mean the difference between life and death.
I\'m also highly allergic to some foods, including raisons, that are not routinely
covered in the "processing" labels. It would help save lives and lessen
suffering if the regulations were expanded and strengthened
293\. 9/16/2008 8:55:00 I differentiate between warnings: my daughter will eat nuts that have a facility
PM warning but never "made on same equipment" warning.
294\. 9/16/2008 9:02:00 Labels such as "may contain \..." or "processed in a facility with
PM \..." are critical for the safety of my food-allergic child (allergic to
milk, eggs, peanuts, and tree nuts). When there\'s not such a label, I worry that
the company just isn\'t telling me it\'s processed around these allergens, instead
of the absence of such a label meaning it isn\'t processed around the allergens. I
think it should be a law that if something "may contain" or "is
processed in the same facility with" and allergen, it is written on the
package. I also think allergy labels should be required for anything put on the
skin, because my daughter has contact reactions to her allergens.
295\. 9/16/2008 9:07:00 It should cover all products - food, cosmetics, meat, etc.
PM
296\. 9/16/2008 9:07:00 http://allergy.hyperboards.com/index.php?action=view_topic&topic_id=5869
PM
297\. 9/16/2008 9:12:00 Companies should be required to list everything that goes into a product, even in
PM trace amounts. They should be required to list everything that is processed in the
same plant, that could have contaminated the food. And anything that is used in
the manufacturing process but isn\'t considered an ingredient (ie, what do they
grease their cookie sheets with?). The big allergens \-- nuts, shellfish, milk,
etc \-- are well labeled currently, but there are MANY allergens that are less
well known, and people with sensitivity to those items deserve to be protected
too. For instance, I can\'t have sugar or corn syrup, but I can have honey and
maple syrup. Companies aren\'t required to state if the machinery was used to
process corn syrup as well, so often times I pass rather than take the risk. I can
have milk and butter but not margarine. Where\'s the label for me stating that
this highly toxic, plastic, invented "food" that will make me deathly
ill has been used in some part of the process? Disclosing \*all\* ingredients and
\*all\* possible contaminates is the only way to protect everyone. Let the
consumer make an EDUCATED choice about their food.
298\. 9/16/2008 9:13:00 Rather than scream that it is a "proprietary blend" at me each time I
PM call to ask off their "spice" or all "natural flavors" mention
in the ingredient list and tell me I need a doctor\'s note to disclose this info
(my son is allergic to garlic and mustard), I would like to see each ingredient
listed on an a label. I would like to spend more time with my family and less time
spent worrying have I called all of the manufacturers to verify ingredients,
shared lines, etc and that I have done everything within my power to keep my
children safe. I have one son who is allergic to wheat, barley, rye, oats, dairy,
eggs, peanuts and several tree nuts and my other son is allergic to egg, soy,
chicken, mustard, garlic, peanuts and several tree nuts. It\'s hard enough to plan
a meal in my house without beating your head over which manufacturer will share
with you their manufacturing processes, ingredients, etc.
299\. 9/16/2008 9:14:00 The primary difficulty is determining whether the product is safe. If the allergen
PM is included in the product, then it is not safe to consume. If the allergen
"may" be present, then it is not safe to consume. If the product was
manufactured on a machine that has an allergen, then what does this mean? Is it
safe to eat? It doesn\'t tell you anything. I\'ve had doctors disagree on this,
and frankly, I\'ve been inconsistent myself. Manufacturers know more about the
processes SO if manufacturing on the same line does in fact lead to the potential
for cross contamination, then the label should say "MAY CONTAIN" . If,
however, there is no way that there is cross contamination between shared
manufacturing lines because of diligent cleaning, etc, then there is no allergen
in the food.
300\. 9/16/2008 9:14:00 For people who had gluten or casein allergies, it can be incredibly difficult,
PM because many foods and drugs contain wheat or milk, but are not required to list
them if they are among "spices" or "natural flavors". A family
member has an anaphylactic reaction to gluten, which masquerades as all manner of
things in ingredient labels
301\. 9/16/2008 9:15:00 I feel that companies are including "may contain" too often. How can so
PM many products "maybe" contain so many allergens. I feel this is a way to
cover themselves and in turn is unfair if it is fact not true.
302\. 9/16/2008 9:15:00 I need to know for sure what is in the food or cosmetic. May contain prevents me
PM from buying products that may be safe.
303\. 9/16/2008 9:17:00 I think they should do away with "May contain.." This can lead to a
PM false sense of security for some. If they product might have an allergin than just
say it does.
304\. 9/16/2008 9:18:00 Allergens are potentially fatal. It should be mandantory for every product to list
PM any of the top eight allergens PLUS sesame, sunflower and mustard, which follow
closely behind. Letting consumers know if an allergen is present or how it might
possibly be present should help protect both the consumer and the manufacturer. (I
also think restaurants should have to have allergens listed on their menus.)
305\. 9/16/2008 9:19:00 It should be but and dry. If a food contains an allergen then it should say so. If
PM not, the allergen should have no way to be in that food and people with allergies
should feel safe eating those foods. Allergy warning labels should no longer be a
legal way for companies to escape if they mistakenly put out a product containing
an allergen.
306\. 9/16/2008 9:21:00 I would like to be informed about potential cross-contamination with allergens.
PM THe only products I currently buy with "processes on same equip", etc
warnings are products that we safely used prior to the labeling laws. We don\'t
trial any new products with warning statements. Clear labeling of lotions,
medications, etc would also be helpful. We have found numerous products containing
allergens (soap with milk, lotion with nut oils, decongestant with milk, etc) that
were not easy to identify on labels, and calls to manufacturers were lengthy &
time consuming.
307\. 9/16/2008 9:24:00 I also firmly believe that all aditives should be listed and how they are used.
PM Like I\'m allergic to preservatives and dyes and antibiotics and MSG should always
be listed in it\'s true name not hidden as something else. I also firmly believe
that GMO foods should be labeled. This country is taking all our choices away from
us . People are becoming more informed and will stop buying products if they
refuse to label.
308\. 9/16/2008 9:25:00 I would like to know by reading the label if equipment was in contact with our
PM allergens, and if they cleaned thoroughly in between, or if it is likely there is
residue of our allergens in the product.
309\. 9/16/2008 9:25:00 Question 14 was difficult because it depends on what the warning is for - if the
PM allergen is in the food, in the factory or in a product produced on the same
machinery. My son needs to know each one of these b/c he is so allergic but
someone else may not be and could purchase the product. Canada has awesome
labeling and Utz products also stand out as having very good labels.
310\. 9/16/2008 9:25:00 Every ingredient should be CLEARLY labeled once and for all. Including what is
PM used to package a product, such as corn starch dusted on the package. These are
VERY hazardous things that consumers NEED to know about. Labels should be changed
to list EVERYTHING once and for all, then everyone will be happy and most
importantly HEALTHY.
311\. 9/16/2008 9:33:00 I\'m concerned that the processed in a plant is over used
PM
312\. 9/16/2008 9:36:00 I think that products should say what ingredients are included in the food.
PM Natural flavors does not tell me if there is apple or grape in the product. Spices
is equally useless. It would also be nice if there was an additional warning at
the bottom of the ingredient list stating which of the top 8 allergens are
included in the product. i.e. Contains Milk when whey is in the ingredient list.
313\. 9/16/2008 9:36:00 I\'m allergic to milk - many things therein, not just the lactose. I tend to avoid
PM anything that says it contains milk, but the ones that say it may contain trace or
was used on the same machinery, I think that lets me know my risk. For me, it\'s
not life threatening so I try to weigh my options before trying those latter ones
out, but for others whose situations are do-or-die, a clear labelling of
"contains this\... or may contain" to a varying degree need to be
implemented.
314\. 9/16/2008 9:44:00 The labels are so confusing, and I have found that some products I will avoid
PM because I know that they are not labelled correctly. For example, brownie mixes-
if one is not labelled with allergen warnings but the same name brand has a mix
with walnuts in it, how can you be sure. I avoid them even if I suspect it.
315\. 9/16/2008 9:44:00 I think it\'s great that there is labeling on foods, it\'s helped on a lot of
PM thing I consume.
316\. 9/16/2008 9:44:00 labeling is self-insurance from liability. Testing is truth in labeling.
PM
317\. 9/16/2008 9:51:00 We STRICTLY avoid anything that actually contains our allergens. If it says
PM "Contains MILK" we avoid it even if I don\'t see milk in the ingredient
list. If it says "My contain milk" then we may or may not buy it
depending on what the alternatives are. Lucky or less sensitive, we\'ve never
reacted to "traces". \... What \*IS\* annoying is when a label says
"Contains peanuts" and then you read the ingredients & find out it
also includes other top 8 not mentioned in the allergy statement. "May
contain" statements without the "contains" statements also seem
less useful. We STRCITLY read every single word in the ingredients & allergy
statements to evaluate whether foods are safe for us. \[Your question #6 is a
little confusing because I consider "Contains" statements to be
completely different from "may contain" statements, even though they may
both be called allergy advisories. If it says CONTAINS, we avoid. If it says MAY
CONTAIN, I figure it\'s a "cover your \_\_\_" statement, and generally
ignore it unless it seems like a product that\'s likely easily contaminated. Or we
might email the manufacturer for more details on their cleaning processes, but I
haven\'t done that in a long time.
318\. 9/16/2008 9:52:00 I want the warnings to be true warnings, not just a legal warning to cover a
PM company. If it\'s there or could be there, say so. If not, then don\'t. Foods
available to my child are becoming scarce as almost everything
"contains" nowadays.
319\. 9/16/2008 9:53:00 Allergen advisory labeling is necessary! Reading long lists of ingredients has a
PM risk that we might overlook the ingredient we are allergic to. I need to know
which products are made on machinery that also processes nuts, as well.
Furthermore, I avoid many makeup products because I do not know if they contain
allergenic oils. I once had an experience with lip gloss that included almond oil.
Thankfully, my allergy to almonds is not as severe as my allergy to peanuts.
320\. 9/16/2008 9:57:00 I am highly allergic to dairy. I would like to see labels that include dairy
PM allergy warnings for foods if they contain any variation (for example, whey,
casein). I have been warned by my doctor that sometimes a food (such as tuna fish)
might contain dairy but it might only be listed as "proteins". I would
like a dairy warning for foods that contain ANY dairy. I shouldn\'t have to
contact the company myself to find out if the "proteins" are dairy, or
not.
321\. 9/16/2008 9:58:00 I feel like the "may contain" labels are CYA efforts on the part of the
PM companies. NOT an honest effort to identify allergens in their products. They are
often unreliable.
322\. 9/16/2008 10:00:00 The processed in a facility etc. should be required by law. I still always feel I
PM must call the manufacturer to see if they really understand. It seems some
manufacturers understand more than others. I don\'t see the point of rice milk
manufacturers making their product on equipment that also manufacturers dairy and
soy when obviously people that drink rice milk have big problems with dairy and
soy. I also hate how the rice milk cartons have recipes on the side that have
dairy in the recipe as if people drinking rice milk could have dairy. Also it
seems trendy right now to say gluten free etc. People with Celiacs are not
necessarily allergic to dairy and soy. I just wish their could be safe rice milk
out there made in their own facility.
323\. 9/16/2008 10:05:00 There are so many allergens out there, I don\'t see how a warning is more
PM effective than listing what is in any given product.
324\. 9/16/2008 10:11:00 Most people think I\'m crazy about stuff I have allergic reactions to. Anything
PM that is made can get allergens in the food, which can cause an allergic reaction
just by being near it. Food labeling is a good start but now let\'s get rolling on
medications and other products that suffers come into contact with every day. Too
many people have died & suffered because we don\'t know what mfg are putting
in our food & products. It\'s insane to think that it\'s such a burden for
companies to provide a few safety measures that can save lives & help people
live better/easier. The FDA has failed the citizens of this nation & mfg
should be held accountable for what they put into a product. Mfg should allow
consumers the right to know what the ingredients are. Consumers need to have the
right to contact the mfg directly without hassle by the mfg to get the needed
information. I have contacted too many mfg\'s only to be told my Dr has to call or
they can\'t say because they an ingredient from another mfg. I have every right to
know what\'s being put into & onto my body. Let\'s give the rights back to the
people & stop mfg bullying! Oh, one more thing, what\'s up with the names of
these ingredients - ENGLISH please!
325\. 9/16/2008 10:12:00 n/a
PM
326\. 9/16/2008 10:13:00 In addition to standardizing and clarifying the meaning of various allergen
PM warnings, I think that information about allergen warnings, allergens, and
labeling practices should be readily available on the FAA\'s website so that the
average consumer can find out what they need to know!!
327\. 9/16/2008 10:14:00 I think the labeling requirements are great! They help me and my family a TON!
PM
328\. 9/16/2008 10:15:00 Labeling should be consistant and mandatory. Leaving it as only an option for food
PM manufacters puts lives at risk.
329\. 9/16/2008 10:16:00 Eating out is the biggest struggle. While I always ask about my allergen, I\'m not
PM always confident in the answer or the host/waitstaff who seem to be completely
uneducated about the potential severity of food allergies.
330\. 9/16/2008 10:17:00 I know that there are several different names used for eggs. That is why I would
PM like the food labeling.
331\. 9/16/2008 10:19:00 Include sesame as an allergen
PM
332\. 9/16/2008 10:27:00 I personally wish the allergy labeling were more consistent and also included
PM Latex too. also Soy (which is one of my worst allergies) is also listed as other
substances like Vit.E, tocopherol, not everyone know this\...\.....more education
is necessary on the part of industry.
333\. 9/16/2008 10:27:00 My thoughts are that those with allergies know what they are and avoid foods with
PM those ingredients. If in doubt, don\'t eat it.
334\. 9/16/2008 10:28:00 It is incredibly confusing as most labeling now is not unified and is worded
PM differently every time. As someone with wheat and nickel food allergies (yes,
nickel!) it\'s incredibly important to my health whether or not I should REALLY
care if it\'s made in the same facility as something else\... etc. Right now I
sort of guess, depending on the wording. I only hope one day I don\'t guess
incorrectly. I can only imagine how a parent with a severely allergic child feels.
Please simplify and UNIFY this process for all of us. There are more of us than
you may realize.
335\. 9/16/2008 10:35:00 I unfortunately am not allergic to one of the six major allergens so the allergy
PM labeling doesn\'t often help me. I would like to see a complete list of spices
used when labels say just "spices".
336\. 9/16/2008 10:37:00 It would also be helpful if sesame was considered a top allergen and that all
PM manufacturers had to list for it, sesame is recognized as a top allergen in
Canada.
337\. 9/16/2008 10:43:00 almost all candy bars say they may contain nuts or are processed on machines with
PM them\...if i was to be truly safe with a tree nut allergy, that eliminates all
candy possibilities. isn\'t there a way of knowing that it\'s truly safe to
eat??!!
338\. 9/16/2008 10:43:00 My main problem with my food allergy is that it is a fruit and when you get a
PM fruit product or something made with fruit products the flavors or fruits are not
listed so I have to avoid them altogether. Any trace of the fruit I am allergic to
can and does trigger an allergic reaction.
339\. 9/16/2008 10:48:00 I almost purchased a scar removal product recnetly that was very costly. I just
PM happened to note that walnuts wre an active ingrediant. That is an item I am
highly allergic too. I have also had experience with packaged dressing mixes that
contained nuts but did not list it on the label.
340\. 9/16/2008 10:50:00 wording that is hard to understand or is unclar to the average consumer
PM
341\. 9/16/2008 11:05:00 I am allergic to Sunflower Seeds (and Oil) and would like to see this added as an
PM allergen. I would also like to see companies required to break down the
ingrediants of their vegetable oil used to cook products because this is often a
source of my allergin. I would also like to see these warnings on hygiene products
because I also run into this allergin in this place.
342\. 9/16/2008 11:06:00 I believe my children have both reacted to products due to cross-contamination
PM issues. In other words, their allergens were NOT part of the ingredients. It would
be very helpful if there was a way of knowing if things "May Contain"
343\. 9/16/2008 11:07:00 It is frustrating when it seems like companies are using advisory labeling as a
PM legal disclaimer for their products, even if there might not be a risk of
contamination. For example, I purchased a package of dried berries with a peanut
warning on it (Processed in a facility that uses peanuts). When I called the
company to determine what that meant, I was advised that they did not use peanuts
anywhere in their plant, but put that warning on just in case one of their
employees ate something containing peanuts in a separate break/eating room and
somehow got traces on their products. On the flip side, I appreciate when
companies include allergens in their advisory labels which are not in the top 8
major allergens, like sesame seeds.
344\. 9/16/2008 11:08:00 Please ban the term "natural flavorings"! It could be deadly to those of
PM us with corn allergies. I had to research high and low to determine that corn
products are in a large percentage of products claiming \'natural flavorings\'. It
is an ERRONEOUS (and false!) catch-all phrase that should NOT be allowed on any
packaging. All ingredients should be fully disclosed. Period. It is the least
companies can do - they are creating something for our consumption. If people
choose not to purchase it due to the ingredients, then the product probably
shouldn\'t be on the market, should it? Please give consumers the information they
need to make educated purchases. It\'s time for the FDA to start protecting the
public instead of big business. Thank you.
345\. 9/16/2008 11:08:00 Requirements for what needs to be on an advisory label needs to be consistent.
PM Some allergic individuals may react if a product is made on shared lines with the
allergen, even if it is washed/sanitized thoroughly. Most companies do not label
whether it is made on shared lines, and it is not a requirement to label if the
product is manufactured in a facility with the allergen. It should be REQUIRED.
346\. 9/16/2008 11:11:00 allergen advisory labeling is equally important to listing allergens as a main
PM ingredient\-- trace amounts can still cause an anaphylactic reaction
347\. 9/16/2008 11:13:00 Allergen lables should also be apply to household cleaners and disinfectants.
PM
348\. 9/16/2008 11:14:00 there needs to be some standard way of presenting ingredients. there are so many
PM names for the same thing, manufacturers need to be consistent in their naming so
that people with food allergies who take time to read labels aren\'t fooled into
believing the allergen isn\'t present when, in fact, it is just disguised by
another name.
349\. 9/16/2008 11:15:00 I would like to see all manufacturers label either in bold print of allergens or a
PM separate line of "allergen information." I am glad that everyone has to
state the allergen in the ingredients, but it would be so much faster if I could
look for the allergen info in one spot.
350\. 9/16/2008 11:17:00 It would be helpful if there was a standardized way that all companies labeled for
PM allergens.
351\. 9/16/2008 11:19:00 I feel it is important for all companies to be required by law to provide allergy
PM advisory labeling. For example, if a product was made on shared equipment with an
allergen, I would like to see that disclosed on the package, regardless of how
confident the company is of their cleaning procedures for getting rid of
allergens. I want to be able to check ingredient labels and know that if there is
no allergen advisory labeling, then that means that the product was not made on
shared equipment or in a shared facility with any of the top 8 allergens. As it is
now, the absence of an allergen advisory label can also mean that the company
simply chose not to provide such information. With this lack of standardization,
it is very challenging to assess the risk of cross-contamination of products, and
quite impossible to instruct those not dealing with food allergies on how to check
ingredients on our behalf.
352\. 9/16/2008 11:28:00 consistency in labeling would be helpful..consumers have no idea what "may
PM contain\' really means..that is far too ambiguous.
353\. 9/16/2008 11:31:00 Concise, accurate information in a user friendly format - it would help not only
PM those that live with food allergies, but family, friends, schools, businesses
etc\... help make good choices to keep all safe.
354\. 9/16/2008 11:31:00 I said I do not eat products that have allergen warnings. However, there is the
PM exception in products such as Turtle Mountain. If you haven\'t seen their labels
please look. They make it clear their products are on shared equip but they are
very allergy-aware and clean and test their products. That\'s \*awesome\*
labeling. Very helpful and not at all the same as a straight, \'made on the same
equip\' advisory label. I would hate to see a standard way of labeling mean the
end of such helpful labeling as Turtle Mountain\'s. That would be terrible,
actually.
355\. 9/16/2008 11:33:00 Corn seems to be the one ingredient NOT listed, IE,. toliet paper -they dust their
PM products with corn starch but do not list it as an ingredient.
356\. 9/16/2008 11:34:00 Since the ingredient list contains ingredients in decreasing order (larger to
PM smaller amounts); I rely more on this to determine how much beef is in the product
(for example: if it\'s a sausage with turkey-pork-chicken-beef (as the last meat
listed) I might be OK\...
357\. 9/16/2008 11:35:00 It is so important for people to understand what ingredients are in our food
PM supply. People have the right to know what\'s in their food, and if incidental
contact introduces new ingredients into a recipe, people have the right to know.
358\. 9/16/2008 11:38:00 Wish it would always mention onion/onion family
PM
359\. 9/16/2008 11:43:00 I\'m grateful for allergen advisory labeling for products that my daughter is NOT
PM allergic to. (she is allergic to peanuts/tree nuts.) when I see that, I know that
they are at least taking food allergies seriously. If it says "may contain
soy, wheat, etc." I\'m more apt to buy it since I know if peanuts was a
remote possibility, it would have been included, too!
360\. 9/16/2008 11:43:00 Please start labeling gluten as well as allergens and please start labeling other
PM items as well like shampoo and cosmetics.
361\. 9/16/2008 11:47:00 I am alergic to olive trees, olive oil and olives. Many food processing plants now
PM use olive oil in products and it may be included in butter and spreads. Sometimes
the label is healthy blend. This makes it difficult. I stop breathing and have
severe asthma exacerbations when I am incontact or consume even a small quantity
of the olive allergen. I carry an epipen and eat in places less than 15 miles from
a hospital. However the increased use of olive oil is a problem as many places and
packaging list healthy blend and only have olive oil listed in small print as a
after thought. This is very dangerous for me. The ingredients need to be larger on
the label and very specific. At this time I avoid any food products that list
healthy blend of oils to prevent an allergic response. Thank you for your
interest.
362\. 9/16/2008 11:48:00 Labels should indicate "Contains Soy" if the product contains soybean
PM oil or soy lechithin. Labels should be placed on ANY product (soap, cleaners,
lotion, etc.) containing ANY allergens. This should apply to gluten as well.
363\. 9/16/2008 11:50:00 Some foods may say flavoring, or seasoning, or candied fruit - general statements.
PM But I am allergic to sulfites, MSG, seafood. If label is not specific, I don\'t
buy.
364\. 9/16/2008 11:51:00 however too many manufacturers using label too easy. ideally nuts and peanuts
PM should be banned in kids foods, as it is as dangerous as smoking. And peanuts
should be banned from public spaces such as airplanes, trains, sportsfields etc.
It can be more lethal than passive smoking! We are petrofied each time we fly as
our son had an incident once in a Continental airplane. They served peanuts
although we notified them that he was allergic!
365\. 9/17/2008 12:03:00 I believe many companies write "may contain" in fear of lawsuits. I
AM would like MAY CONTAIN to mean just that. Phone numbers of the companies are
helpful if we have questions. Thanks.
366\. 9/17/2008 12:05:00 I want the labels to be standardized so that we know what is safe. The label is
AM not a CYA for companies, it is there to help save lives!
367\. 9/17/2008 12:07:00 My son is allergic to peanuts so we never purchase foods that contain peanuts,
AM "may contain peanuts", or are processed on the same equipment as
peanuts. If it was processed in a facility that processes peanuts, we may buy it.
My son has also been diagnosed with a sensitivity to yellow #5, some natural
yellow colors (annato and turmeric) and some "aspirin-related" foods -
we need to avoid about a handful of spices. This is much more challenging as
labels often read "natural flavoring", "natural coloring" or
spices. We have to call the manufacturer. Sometimes, they won\'t even tell us
what\'s in it because they claim it is "proprietary". This is very
frustrating.
368\. 9/17/2008 12:07:00 The "may contain" labels are not very useful. I see a slipperly slope
AM with these being put on nearly all foods in order to legally cover the ass of food
companies. This would effectively prevent allergic people from eating most foods.
If there is a significant possibility because the equipment is shared with an
allergen, that\'s a real risk and I want to know. But "may contain" is
too vague and could just become a lawyer thing instead of a helpful label. I
don\'t use the allergen advisory labels because my allergy is soy. Soy lecithin
actually does not contain any soy, but those allergen labels usually tag something
as "contains soy" when it\'s just lecithin. My food world would narrow
by another 40% if I relied on the allergen advisory labels. So I don\'t. They may
be more useful for other allergens, but I read every long disgusting list of
ingredients.
369\. 9/17/2008 12:10:00 listing the ingredients is sufficient for MY allergy, but not all allergys (eg
AM severe peanut allergys). I find the labels VERY useful - they make my trips to the
grocery store much faster since I dont have to read through every ingredient.
370\. 9/17/2008 12:10:00 We want our kids to be safe so please be clear with all ingredients in normal
AM language like not lactic acid but milk.
371\. 9/17/2008 12:11:00 Clear Allergy advisory labels along with the list of ingredients are important.
AM Ingredients like "spices" and flavorings" should not be allowed.
372\. 9/17/2008 12:13:00 I pay close attention, but I think many people do not and need a more sufficient
AM attention getter label or warning. Which would save some a lot of misery and even
possibly death. Allergies can be such a serious thing.
373\. 9/17/2008 12:18:00 I think if companies put these labels on ALL their products, people will become
AM desensitized to the info and stop paying attention to the labels. I also think the
warnings should stand out more on the packaging to really draw the consumer\'s
attention\... different type (font), color, larger letters, specific logo such as
a specific symbol that just by looking at it you would know that product had an
allergy warning.
374\. 9/17/2008 12:26:00 I call the manufactuer of any new product that I buy, and sometimes even the ones
AM that I have been buying to get enough information. I would probably still do this
even with different labeling.
375\. 9/17/2008 12:27:00 I think that in order to protect individuals who have life threatening food
AM allergies labeling of allergens as ingredients, may contains, processed on same
line/equipment/facility is ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY and should be made a requirement
(may contains, same lines/facilities) AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
376\. 9/17/2008 12:28:00 I have been living with food allergies for several years and have not seen
AM consistency in labeling of products. Often times the allergy information is hard
to read and other times is not on the packaging. Labels would also help on
non-food products that contain allergens, because most individuals would have a
contact dermatitis reaction.
377\. 9/17/2008 12:30:00 Medicine needs to have allergens listed. Milk is in alot of medicines.
AM
378\. 9/17/2008 12:32:00 First and foremost all manufactures should continue to list all ingredients in the
AM product (I think they are required to do this by law). Also, companies should
continue to include information about the facility where the product is
manufactured (ie what other foods are processed in the plant) so that the consumer
has all the information and can decide if the cross contamintion potential
warrants avoiding that food. I find packaging very helpful when allergens are
printed in bold in the ingredient section and when there is separate list of
allergens after the ingredient list. Thank you!
379\. 9/17/2008 12:36:00 usually they dont include egg as an allergen advisory
AM
380\. 9/17/2008 12:37:00 It is very Important to have food labeling and what kind of allergen is in that
AM product. Im allergic to peanuts, and soy, and numous other allergies with concerns
to food products. I am an allergic asthmic and could die after eating something
that had an allergen in it if that product was not labeled.
381\. 9/17/2008 12:38:00 The labels are not consistent and can be very confusing, especially for family
AM members or friends who are trying to determine if a food is safe for my child. The
semantics do matter. One friend thought that "processed in a facility that
also processes peanuts" was OK as opposed to "manufactured on equipment
that processes peanuts", whereas we avoid both.
382\. 9/17/2008 12:39:00 Cross-contamination is a major issue for food allergic people because trace
AM amounts of an allergen can cause a reaction, and right now there is absolutely no
consistency among manufacturers. It is a nightmare trying to keep up with all the
different labeling policies of different companies (sometimes labeling is not even
consistent across one brand\--for example Duncan Hines brownie mix does mention
"may contain" but their cake mix does not, even though it is "may
contain"; I called the company this week to confirm this). It is so confusing
and lulls people into a false sense of security, if they haven\'t done their
research.
383\. 9/17/2008 12:42:00 I do not like "May contain X" because it does not tell me if it was made
AM on machinery or if it was processed in the same facility, both of which are more
telling and important to me. THe latter information would make a difference
whether I purchase a product or not.
384\. 9/17/2008 12:43:00 Please make it mandatory for manufacturers to include allergens. If my son is
AM exposed to peanuts he could die
385\. 9/17/2008 12:47:00 Not only are allergen advisories helpful to the individual or parent, but are
AM helpful to other people who may be preparing food for the allergic person. Also,
the varying degrees of the allergen content is important for people to make their
decisions regarding consuming a particular food based on the severity of their
particular allergy.
386\. 9/17/2008 12:59:00 I fear that manufacturers are using advisory labels to protect themselves as many
AM products that we once had without occurrences we can no longer have due to the
risk. With a child having severe food allergies to 8 different foods it becomes
increasingly difficult to find products she can consume. It needs to be more black
and white, the product either contains or does not contain the allergen. The
consumer is left with the choice of "taking a risk" or
"avoidance", we choose the later.
387\. 9/17/2008 1:03:00 I think that you can design a very specific label for products that has different
AM allergens for example: orange for those with peanuts, green for those with wheat,
blue for those with milk, red for those with shellfish. Some products have tiny
letter specification, so it´s very difficult to read.
388\. 9/17/2008 1:03:00 I think it should be a law that EVERY product be labeled with potential allergens.
AM
389\. 9/17/2008 1:11:00 May contain and Made in a Facility is very confusing, Something universal needs to
AM be set for ALL manufacturers please!
390\. 9/17/2008 1:17:00 There have been too many times in my 42 years that a product said it did NOT
AM contain F D & C Yellow #5 only moments later, for me to realize that YES IT
DID, after I consumed it and had an allergic reaction. You need to understand HOW
LIFE-THREATENING allergies truly are and ALL products should be mandated by law to
carry EVERY ingredient it contains and that goes for food, drugs and
cosmetics\...and anything else I can\'t think of right now.
391\. 9/17/2008 1:21:00 There needs to be more public information about what each of the these statements
AM mean. I know parents of peanut allergic children who IGNORE any such statements
and use the product thus playing Russion Roulet \... it\'s scary.
392\. 9/17/2008 1:24:00 Why are some companies not required to comply (i.e. Edy\'s Ice Cream?)?
AM
393\. 9/17/2008 1:24:00 All products should indicate ANY presence or possible presence of allergen in any
AM form. Consumers, especially those with severe allergies, need this information to
make safe choices.
394\. 9/17/2008 1:25:00 I think that too many manufacturers are putting a blanket label on foods that are
AM probably safe just to cover themselves, but it causes many people to avoid them
because you would second guess the safety of a product.
395\. 9/17/2008 1:27:00 Question #16 Many products are made in plants where the presence of an allergen in
AM the facility would not be a concern although if processed on shared equipment, it
would. A larger problem is labeling that says "may contain\..." just to
protect to store or manufacturer when there is virtually no chance that the
product actually does pose any risk to the consumer.
396\. 9/17/2008 1:27:00 The allergy label needs to be consistent. This is very serious. Also, they never
AM list food coloring as an allergin and they never list trace amounts in
medications. For someone with anaphylactic allergic reactions, this is very
serious.
397\. 9/17/2008 1:27:00 It\'s important to be specific about production cross contamination, so the
AM consumer can judge how conservative they wish to be. "May contain\..."
without specifiers causes too many people to avoid too many products
unnecessarily.
398\. 9/17/2008 1:30:00 I think all products that utilize any organic ingredients (milk, egg, nuts, soy
AM etc0 should require the "allergin" notice. Many people only think of
food items when cosmetic or sanitary items pose an equally lethal effect.
399\. 9/17/2008 1:31:00 I do not buy products unless they have the "Allergy Information"
AM statement. My 3 year had an anaphylactic response to peanuts and also has a tree
nut allergy. Not taking any chances\...
400\. 9/17/2008 1:33:00 My son has a garlic allergy, and general labeling as "spices" should NOT
AM be allowed by FDA. Every ingredient contained in any food product should be
clearly indicated on the label. Just because an ingredient is not one of the
"top 6" most common allergens should not exempt a company from clearly
indicating everything contained in a product.
401\. 9/17/2008 1:34:00 All labels should reflect allergens, whether contained in a product, produced in a
AM facility with allergen present, or produced on the same equipment. We do not
purchase an item if it is produced on the same equipment or in the same facility
\-- there is still the possibility of the product containing the allergen. Risking
an anaphylatic reaction is not an option.
402\. 9/17/2008 1:35:00 My son is allergic to eggs, soy, all nuts, legumes/beans. I often find soy
AM lecithin/soybean oil in the ingredients, but no mention of "contains"
soy.
403\. 9/17/2008 1:35:00 all products food and non food should list allergens shared lines should always be
AM listed
404\. 9/17/2008 1:37:00 there should be a standardized lableing system and it should include skin care /
AM health& beauty aids and imported foods as well.
405\. 9/17/2008 1:37:00 I like the allergen advisory labeling, but I feel like we may be avoiding more
AM products than necessary because I feel like companies are covering themselves. If
the allergen is in the building but the chance of it being on or near the food I
am purchasing is minimal, I would like to know versus if the food was produced on
the same line as an allergen, but it doesn\'t contain it.
406\. 9/17/2008 1:37:00 I would like to see all ingredients for makeup. My daughter has chemical allergies
AM and it is difficult to get that information at times.
407\. 9/17/2008 1:39:00 allergen advisory labels would help with teaching young children about their
AM allergies and reading labels for themselves.
408\. 9/17/2008 1:39:00 many foods are still not labeled with allergens, therefore I cannot consider them
AM safe, limiting mi in my options. allergens should be labeled clearly, with bold,
red letters, easy enough to find even for a child (for example I saw a product
that had allergens listed on a different side than rest of the ingrediences)
409\. 9/17/2008 1:39:00 In my opinion, the product warning "may contain (allergen)" is not
AM specific enough for person with a food intolerance/allergy. A more specific label
would be beneficial. Also, cosmetic products, soaps, and lotions with \'arachis\'
or \'Prunus dulcis\' listed in the ingredients should carry a warning that a
certain type of nut is used in the product. As a peanut/nut allergy person, I have
acquired products with these in the ingredients, only to find out that \'prunus\'
was the scientific classification for certain trees (including almonds). Luckily,
the products were not used by me, but another allergy sufferer may not know that.
410\. 9/17/2008 1:40:00 We just recently found out that my son is allergic to peanuts. I am very concerned
AM about inadvertently exposing him, because of bad labeling. Strict labeling MUST be
enforced to avoid exposure!
411\. 9/17/2008 1:43:00 In foods without allergens, I would love for the label to say: Allergen
AM information: no common allergens.
412\. 9/17/2008 1:45:00 I would also like to see sesame added to the list of allergens.
AM
413\. 9/17/2008 1:49:00 Sulfite reporting is too lax. Many products, such as canned tuna have no
AM indication of sulfites although it clearly does. Fish sold at supermarket counters
have no labels. Corn allergies are not recognized and corn derivatives are not
labeled as such. Not to mention corn is typically wet-milled in a sulfite solution
before becoming one of thousands of derivatives.
414\. 9/17/2008 1:51:00 I have celiac disease and potentially deadly tree nut and peanut allergies. Gluten
AM isn\'t considered an "allergen" so it\'s a huge pain for me to figure
out if foods contain it. The FDA is being very cruel to people with celiac disease
by not considering gluten worth labeling. Celiac disease can be deadly. Thanks for
doing this survey.
415\. 9/17/2008 1:53:00 We absolutely need to change this situation and ensure that proper labelling is in
AM place. The allergen advisory labels are ambiguous, lead to a false sense of
confidence and, therefore, is dangerous! This is the difference between life and
death for many of us and, most importantly, our children.
416\. 9/17/2008 1:55:00 While current optional allergen labels are useful, mandatory labels (especially
AM those for non-food items, which often do not include such warnings) would help
many avoidable \'accidents\' of exposure to allergens.
417\. 9/17/2008 2:03:00 I don\'t like that everyone is listing "may contain" to cover their
AM butt. It limits what the kids can eat even more.
418\. 9/17/2008 2:19:00 sure would be great if companies would have nut free plants for products without
AM nuts! Definitely need ingredients for all products used on skin\...for example, I
have severe reaction to cherries & peaches, melons.
419\. 9/17/2008 2:26:00 Regarding the last few questions in this survey, I think that manufacturers should
AM obviously label the foods if they are in any kind of contact with allergens, but
it would be nice to see a label also when there is NO possible contact with
allergens (either containing the allergen or manufactured on equipment\...). I
have come across many foods that do not have allergens in their ingredient's list,
but fail to write if it might have been contaminated in any way with allergens. I
refuse to buy these foods and prefer not to put my child at risk. I think it would
be nice to have a label that specifically states "This food contains no allergens
and has been prepared on dedicated equipment". I have seen this kind of label only
once and it would be nice to see it on more foods, especially during the holidays
where candy is a big factor (Halloween, Valentines Day).
420\. 9/17/2008 2:26:00 My 3 yr old has a severe allergy to milk and the "processed in a
AM facility\..." addition to the labels are so helpful!
421\. 9/17/2008 2:29:00 The boldface allergen warnings "contains\..." is very useful. Labelling
AM about products that "might contain" or "processed in a plant which
also processes\..." is less useful \-- I don\'t know whether this food item
truly poses a risk to my daughter or whether this is just legal wording that the
manufacturer puts on its product to protect it from potential lawsuits.
422\. 9/17/2008 2:30:00 The labeling of contains and/or and then not listing it at the bottom as a bold
AM "contains" is frustrating.  Either the ingredient is in there or it
is not.  (i.e.  soybean and/or canola oil.)
423\. 9/17/2008 2:36:00 Need all ingredients. Need a universal statement that states a risk of cross
AM contamination in the manufacturing process. but don\'t want everything labeled
just because a lawyer wants to cover the companies bottom which seems like what
some companies are doing now.
424\. 9/17/2008 2:41:00 I cannot have gluten and it\'s one of the most frustrating allergies because of
AM the labeling. Obviously if it says it contains wheat, barley, or rye I avoid it,
but gluten is hidden in so many products that I can never know unless I contact
the company. That needs to be fixed! I, and the other millions of people with this
allergy, should not have to stand there debating if the caramel color in the
product is safe or not.
425\. 9/17/2008 2:43:00 Instead of using allergen advisories, companies should ensure that allergens do
AM not enter food unless it is a main ingredient. Companies should use separate
equipment and thoroughly clean equipment. It is very limiting to have to avoid not
only food that contains an allergen but also all these other foods that have
advisories.
426\. 9/17/2008 2:47:00 My child has reacted to "safe" products because of x-contamination with
AM soy. My other child has a life threatening allergy to a food that is not "the
Top 8", and finding info on non Top 8 allergens is difficult.
427\. 9/17/2008 2:49:00 I want to be advised when there is any chance that the product contains or could
AM be contaminated by the allergen.
428\. 9/17/2008 2:54:00 My son\'s allergist recommended that we not only avoid consumming food that
AM contains the allergen but also food that can come in contact with the allergen.
This then would include food processed in a plant that processes that allergen and
as a result may have food containing trace amounts of the allergen. Initially, it
would seem that a trace amount of an allergen would not be life-threatening, but
in fact, the allergist has stated that it is. I think many people are confused in
this area. Some think you have to have a "serious" allergy to take
precautions to that extent. They have the misconception that one would have to
consume a significant amount of the allergen. A "mild" allergy by their
definition would be one in which you simply avoid food that contains the allergen.
I know that my son could go into anaphalaxis shock if he consumes the
allergen\--that\'s about as serious as one can get. That being the case,
manufacturers SHOULD be required to have proper labeling. It is my concern that
the companies that do not mention anything about food that is processed in a plant
where the allergen is available create a false sense of security for the consumer.
The manufacturers do not list a possible danger when other companies have chosen
to do so. I would appreciate more standardized labeling so that I can make a more
informed decision when purchasing products.
429\. 9/17/2008 3:02:00 My family has a wheat allergy that is triggered even if the food was processed in
AM a building with wheat. We must know that it was made in a facility where wheat was
present otherwise our health is endangered.
430\. 9/17/2008 3:06:00 May contain is really not good enough, its almost as if to say ok eat but we are
AM not sure\... its only to protect the makers from being sued.
431\. 9/17/2008 3:08:00 Nut allergies are life threatening. Please fix the labels!
AM
432\. 9/17/2008 3:11:00 Labeling is helpful when spouses or friends are doing the shopping! I read the
AM ingredients. But "processed on\..." or "may contain\..." is
really just too vague, especially if the substance may just cause discomfort, not
anaphylaxsis.
433\. 9/17/2008 3:11:00 Sometimes it is like walking in a minefield, sometimes there are warnings,
AM sometimes there aren\'t..but just because there isn\'t a label for potential
x-contam, doesn\'t mean that there isn\'t an actual risk. I would also like to see
sesame included in the labeling laws - it is a widespread allergen & many
companies will not disclose its presence.
434\. 9/17/2008 3:12:00 It would be extremely helpful if gluten were counted as a major allergen for the
AM sake of those with celiac. Avoiding gluten is extremely difficult.
435\. 9/17/2008 3:13:00 I don\'t believe companies should use labels just to cover their tracks. The
AM should ue may contain to protect the consumer that is sensitiv enough (like my
son) to need an epipen if gets even a minute amount of one of his offending food
products.
436\. 9/17/2008 3:15:00 I have found that often soybean oil will be an ingredient, but not listed as an
AM allergen of soy.
437\. 9/17/2008 3:16:00 I would like to see the ingredient labels list EVERY ingredient and words such as
AM "flavoring", etc. replaced with the exact ingredient. I have two
children with peanut allergies (one life-threatening)and I have to check the label
of EVERY product I buy at the store, making shopping a two-hour ordeal every time.
I assumed that if the allergen wasn\'t listed then it would be safe for
consumption, but now I\'m not so sure. I think manufacturers should have to
identify a known allergen on the front of the packaging. I also think that all
allergens should be printed in BOLD lettering. I find it extremely helpful when
the manufacturer also notes at the bottom of the ingredient list "Allergen
Note: May contain\...." I would also like to see Federal Legislation
requiring restaurants to have TOTAL disclosure of ingredients to their patrons
with food allergies. I want to feel comfortable and safe feeding my child food
from grocery stores and also restaurants. My older child (age 13) with a severe
peanut allergy recently had anaphylaxis from a peanut exposure, and it is getting
harder and harder to keep her safe in public! There needs to be better guidelines
and restrictions in place to keep our children safe!!!
438\. 9/17/2008 3:20:00 Allergen labeling is crucial! Recently diagnosed with specific food allergies and
AM I shop exclusively by the allergen advisory labels.
439\. 9/17/2008 3:21:00 Having the heading "Allergy Information" is so much more helpful and
AM evident when reading the ingredients.
440\. 9/17/2008 3:26:00 For someone who is very allergic to a substance - any contamination needs to be
AM made known whether its directly in the food, processed on the equipment or in a
soap or other product. My daughter broke out in pretty serious hives last week for
two days to what we have narrowed down to a soap product that we thought was safe
but obviously isn\'t.
441\. 9/17/2008 3:26:00 I still look at every label and ingredient list. I would rather spend time reading
AM than time in the ER due to an anaphylactic reaction. My daughter will react from
simple cross contamination, and I appreciate when labels warn that the machinery
is shared.
442\. 9/17/2008 3:36:00 We can not eat anything that has peanuts or the potential to have peanut residue.
AM It is simple, is there a chance that peanut residue is in the facility or machine,
please label.
443\. 9/17/2008 3:41:00 There is no consistency. Please help. Also grocery prepared foods and restaurants
AM should also be required to label.
444\. 9/17/2008 3:52:00 When I realized my daughter was highly allergic to even trace amounts of dairy in
AM early 1999, there were no warnings on foods and I had to search the ingredient
lists for every "trick" dairy term there was. When the labels came out
it was much easier to choose foods. My daughter can now handle foods cooked with
dairy, so the labels are as necessary for my immediate family. Now my 4 year old
nephew has a severe peanut allergy, and I watch my sister carefully examine each
food package foir warning labels and ingredients. These warning labels not only
save time, they save lives!
445\. 9/17/2008 3:56:00 I like knowing the difference between manufacturered in a plant that also
AM processes allergen vs manufacturered on shared equipment with allergen. Makes the
world of difference in whether or not I would buy a product.
446\. 9/17/2008 4:07:00 This could be a matter of life and death for my children as well as many other
AM children around the country. Why take chances? Just effectively label packages to
ease the minds of yourselves and many worried parents. We all love our kids and
want to keep them as safe as possible. We are looking for good ways to maintain
their safety as well as their life.
447\. 9/17/2008 4:07:00 If an allergen is present then this should be on the list of ingredients. What
AM would be helpful for other potential listings is to provide a clear indication of
the extent of the product/s contamination by the potential allergen. For example,
my son is allergic to peanuts. I NEED to know if the product HAS peanuts in it, or
MAY have peanuts in it - then it is a definite avoidance. I then need to know if
there is another type of potential exposure, what exactly it is. If it is
manufactured on equipment that also manufactures peanuts, but with safe cleaning
practices, then that it helpful. Right now all the manufacturers put a blanket
clause to cover their liability and therefore this doesn\'t help me as the
consumer to judge the exposure risk. My son cannot ingest a peanut, but has safely
eaten food which has been used in a facility that has safe cleaning practices.
448\. 9/17/2008 4:23:00 "hidden" allergens such as nightshades (one of mine) are a big problem
AM for me - Nightshade Spices such as cayenne pepper, anything from the capsicum
family, paprika, etc, are simply lumped into the label "spices," and not
noted in any way on the advisories. Talk about a limited diet!
449\. 9/17/2008 4:25:00 The current process is much better than in the past, but consistency is key. All
AM companies should be held to the same standards and the same labeling procedures.
We need to know what is in or could be in what we eat and use. Personally, I only
use companies that I trust since labeling is not standardized.
450\. 9/17/2008 4:39:00 Understandable degrees of advisory labels would be so helpful. Currently,
AM determining the difference between machinery that is shared and not cleaned versus
made in a completely different area of a facility where products never cross is so
difficult to determine. Hershey\'s is probably the best example for a current
labeling practice. Schools do not understand when we state our children cannot eat
a product that we know is a may contains product, but there is no warning on the
packaging. PLEASE add non-food products - lotions, soaps, cleaners, medications,
etc. as so hard to determine and many don\'t list enough ingredients to even make
the determination.
451\. 9/17/2008 4:40:00 Food manufacturers need to step up to the plate and be specific and exact about
AM all of the allergens in their product. They also need to list all cross
contamination possibilities.
452\. 9/17/2008 4:49:00 For those of us with significant food allergies our food choices are very limited
AM if you count all of the contains, may contain or was processed in\...advisories.
It is difficult.
453\. 9/17/2008 5:14:00 It\'s confusing when it says may contain, especially when it\'s added after we\'ve
AM been eating the food with no reaction. I\'m not really sure what it means.
454\. 9/17/2008 5:27:00 I often find its a 50/50 chance of allergen info being a product. I wish it was on
AM ALL food products and that I could just glance at it on the same spot on food
packaging, Instead of searching or reading a list of ingredients.
455\. 9/17/2008 6:12:00 My son is allergic to corn, and so many ingredients are corn-derived, it\'s
AM impossible to avoid. It would be helpful to know what the ingredients are made
from. Example on the ingredient label: xantham gum (made from corn), rather than
just stating xantham gum. Rice Chex has vitamin E that\'s corn-derived. It would
have been nice to know that before I purchased the product, and without having to
call the company.
456\. 9/17/2008 6:18:00 Better labeling is NEEDED. My son reacted to cereal that stated on the box
AM \'produced in a facility that contains tree nuts, peanuts & soy\'. After
contacting the company, they informed me that the cereal was made on shared
equipment with tree nuts, peanuts, and soy!!! This is not what the package said! I
think that it should be mandatory to write on the packaging what it was made on
shared equipment with, and what else is manufactured in that facility (top 8
allergens).
457\. 9/17/2008 6:33:00 There are to many hidden ingredients added to our food that may contain a food
AM allergegen
458\. 9/17/2008 7:52:00 The ONLY "may contain" statement that doesn\'t prevent me from buying a
AM food product that lists one of our allergens is a "Good Manufacturing
Practices" one.
459\. 9/17/2008 8:23:00 I believe all packaged food should be consistently labeled, with any allergen
AM warnings included.
460\. 9/17/2008 8:58:00 It is important to differentiate on the label whether a product is
AM "manufactured on the same line as\..." or whether is is merely
manufactured in the same facility as\...(which could mean the next line or in a
completely separate building)\... it enables me to better evaluate the risk for my
eight year old peanut allergic daughter.
461\. 9/17/2008 10:20:00 if a facility can\'t protect against cross-contamination for the "processed
AM in a plant or on a machine that also processes allergens" how well do they
really clean their equipment and safeguard against other contaminants?
462\. 9/17/2008 10:43:00 I\'m allergic to tomatoes and shell fish ,lettuce and alot of other stuff, and
AM since there arent many people allergic to tomatoes I have to read the whole label.
But I do think that allergy labeling is so important and needs to list every
allerergen that the food has in it or may have come in contact with. Food
allergies are no joke and shouldnt be taken lightly.
463\. 9/17/2008 10:50:00 We need consistency in both message and placement of message.
AM
464\. 9/17/2008 10:51:00 I do wish that ALL ingredients would be listed in plain words\-\--we have food
AM allergies that are not in the "top 8" so reading ALL labels, ALL the
time, is a must. It is hard to know what\'s in "natural flavors"\....we
have to avoid these products even if they are safe because it is simply too risky
to consume.
465\. 9/17/2008 11:23:00 I am allergic to MSG. It is very difficult b/c it comes under many different
AM names, and is not a part of the allergen label. I also have to watch for casein
protien, which is not listed, even though it is an ingredient in milk. I do better
just reading the ingredient list and not trusting the alerts.
466\. 9/17/2008 11:25:00 any item ingested or applied to skin, teeth ect should be clearly labeled. also,
AM words like casien, need to be clarified as a dairy product. these words are not
known to the average person.
467\. 9/17/2008 11:37:00 The more info on ALL products, the safer people with food allergies would be- I
AM had trouble with shampoo, baby toothpaste and cereals when my daugher was first
diagnosed with multiple food allergies. I mostly cook from scratch and the few
processed foods we do eat, I make many phone calls to manufacturers. Thank you for
the survey!
468\. 9/17/2008 11:54:00 This is such an important topic. I think there should be a universal section that
AM labels all ingredients that may cause an allergic reaction. There are so many
different names for milk that it gets confusing to people with allergies.
469\. 9/17/2008 12:10:00 My daughter has a severe peanut allergy and an allergy to tree nuts. With the
PM advent of more labeling we often wonder if companies - such as Trader Joe\'s - are
just throwing up their hands and labeling things as "may contain" to
cover their behinds. Suddenly everything "may contain". I don\'t know
how to make the labeling better, but we can\'t take any chances and don\'t. It\'s
frustrating for her (and me) but what else can we do?
470\. 9/17/2008 12:13:00 I would like to see a standard Allergen statement, even when no allergens are
PM present. This way I know that the inclusion of allergens was considered and
reviewed.
471\. 9/17/2008 12:23:00 Label for sesame Label for ingredients in artificial flavors
PM
472\. 9/17/2008 12:26:00 Some products contain fish oils that are not listed ie wine.
PM
473\. 9/17/2008 12:31:00 We need consistency in labelling, and it should be mandatory.
PM
474\. 9/17/2008 12:37:00 Food allergies are so different for everyone, I believe as much labeling as can
PM fit is necessary
475\. 9/17/2008 12:38:00 I also want allergy labeling for medicines. It\'s incredibly difficult to make
PM sure they are safe when dealing w/multiple food allergies.
476\. 9/17/2008 12:40:00 I think it should be a consistent required form of labeling for all consumed
PM products or those applied to the skin/hair, etc. When only some products have
"may contain" labels, it may direct consumers to choose a different
product that does not have the "may contain" statement. However, just
because the label is not on the second item does not necessarily make it safer. As
much as I feel the "may contain" statements should be there (however
worded, I\'m just choosing that for brevity) I\'m also concerned that they will be
used by companies against those with allergies if we choose to eat those products:
"I warned you, so I\'m not liable." But I feel all food/cosmetic
products should be clearly and consistently labeled so we can make informed
decisions as consumers.
477\. 9/17/2008 12:40:00 My son recently took Zyrtec and Benadryl and both products contained milk. Milk
PM was not listed in the ingredients! The milk sugar was listed in the Zyrtec and
Benadryl. I think this is unacceptable and both companies told me to use their
other products and I don\'t think understood the gravity of not listing
"MILK" in their ingredients.
478\. 9/17/2008 12:53:00 My daughter has life threatening allergies to milk and peanuts. I continue to be
PM frustrated by the inconsistencies in food labeling. Also, as companies often
change ingredients, I would like to see some sort of advisory on the label if the
recipe/ingredients have changed.
479\. 9/17/2008 12:54:00 The fact that the labeling law only applies to certain allergens and not all is a
PM source of great frustration for me and my family. We have allergens not currently
covered by the law, and it\'s hard to make a decision to purchase foods with
"natural flavors" and other ambiguous ingredients.
480\. 9/17/2008 12:55:00 The ability to quickly glance at a product and read the allergen advisory label
PM makes it easier to shop. If the advisory label reads, "Contains WHEAT",
I can just move on. However, if the product says, "May contain WHEAT", I
read the entire label and often wonder how the product may contain wheat. I enjoy
the products that read, "Safe handling procedures practiced to avoid
contamination in a facility that also produces wheat". That way I know that
the machinery was cleaned or avoided when making the product I\'m buying.
481\. 9/17/2008 1:04:00 There are a few products that I had been giving my daughter with food allergies
PM before they listed "processed in a plant that also processes
\_\_\_\_\_". I still buy a few of these because I saw that she did not react
to them. Otherwise we stay away from allergens altogether, whether they are listed
as an ingredient or processed in a plant with. I find the bold typed allergens at
the end of ingredient list most helpful.
482\. 9/17/2008 1:07:00 I have found products that have a "This product contains:" statement for
PM allergies and doesn\'t list nuts, yet have peanut oil listed in the ingredients.
483\. 9/17/2008 1:27:00 Labeling of foods is the only way to keep my daughter safe. Her allergies are
PM potentially life threatening. I would very much like to see all products
(cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, lotions, etc) have allergy warnings on them since she
has had severe reactions to touch contact that required medical attention.
484\. 9/17/2008 1:28:00 I think the allergen labels need to be more specific. I am allergic to tree nuts -
PM is I stayed away from every food that said "was make in plant that processes
nuts", I couldn\'t eat a most cereals, energy/fruit bars, cookies, chips,
candy, crackers and some ice creams. This warning is just to generic for me and
doesn\'t really help much. Shouldn\'t manufacturers have to control the
possibility that allergens even get into food (even if only by being left on an
unthoroughly cleaned machine)?
485\. 9/17/2008 1:28:00 We have to avoid lotions with Shea Butter because it is a nut product. Bath &
PM Body Works should be held accountable.
486\. 9/17/2008 1:39:00 We have run into issues with nut oils in household cleaners and suntan lotions
PM too. What about, "careful practices used to separate in a factory that also
processes (allergen). Careful with the phrasing of your survey questions and use
of double negatives - may skew your results.
487\. 9/17/2008 1:55:00 1.If items contains any traces of allergens I never purchase. 2. If items are
PM process on equipment that is shared with the allergen. I only purchase if it
states they clean machines according to standards. If it does not state that and
they list a phone \# or email I contact company prior to consumption. If more
manufact. would state (only if its true of course) that they take proper steps to
clean machines throughly it would be less phone calls and more purchasing of
products.
488\. 9/17/2008 2:01:00 I do believe that reading a label to a product is the only sure way to protect
PM yourself from allergic reactions. This is why it is so important for these labels
to be used for providing the information for potential allergens so that the
consumer can protect themself.
489\. 9/17/2008 2:09:00 Consistent labeling is very important Notation of whether or not good
PM manufacturing process in place very helpful. PLEASE include ingredient info for
cosmetics/medicine. Some generic ibuprofens contain whey! This could be life
threatening to people with food allergies!
490\. 9/17/2008 2:10:00 In countries like Peru, most foodstuffs do not have these labels \....What can I
PM do?
491\. 9/17/2008 2:11:00 I think the current allergy labeling for the top 8 allergens is sufficient. A
PM consistent labeling procedure would be nice. I think that a law for "May
contains" or "Processed in a facility that also processes"
statements that deals with cross-contamination issue needs to be addressed. It is
hard enough to do it for yourself or your child. It is nearly impossible to expect
other caregivers to do it also.
492\. 9/17/2008 2:12:00 I feel that it is very important to advise consumers if a product may contain or
PM does contain an allergen, but it seems like it is now on everything! If there are
nuts in the facility, for example, but they are not near the production of a
certain food, the "may contain" label or "processed in a
facility" label should not be listed. If it is not in close proximity, the
likelihood is slim to none that cross contamination could have occured. The labels
are put on so may products, and there are a multitude of products that were safe
and now have the processed in a facility label on them. It is very frustrating and
one begins to question how accurate this warning label really is.
493\. 9/17/2008 2:24:00 As the parent of a child with SEVERE peanut allergies, I strobgly urge for more
PM clear and consistent labelling of produts. Thank you!!
494\. 9/17/2008 2:27:00 I\'ve reacted to foods with no allergen statements and nothing listed in
PM ingredients and been safe with some that say may contain\...A consistent labeling
system is necessary for people like me who need an inhaler (or more) if we
accidentally ingest something we shouldn\'t have.
495\. 9/17/2008 2:30:00 A common-identifiable symbol would make finding allergy information easier.
PM
496\. 9/17/2008 2:34:00 We have had many reactions to \*MEDICATIONS\* containing food/food derived
PM ingredients. I strongly feel that since the FDA also oversees medications, the
FALCPA rules should apply to those as well. It would also be great if the
mandatory labeling rules were extended to cover USDA products. To me, it\'s
important to know if foods were prepared on the same equipment as an allergen, vs.
just in the same facility. "Shared facility" warnings can be very broad
and mean "Really on same equipment," or "In the same building but
two floors away on dedicated free-of-\[allergen\] equipment." This vagueness
either limits a lot of potential purchases, OR puts a lot of extra work on the
consumer to contact the manufacturer and find out exactly what "Shared
facility" means to them.
497\. 9/17/2008 2:35:00 I hope that it improves and that all manufacturers use the "may contain"
PM or "was processed" on as a requirement
498\. 9/17/2008 2:37:00 I personally don\'t worry quite as much if the warning is "made in a facility
PM that also processes", but "made on equipment that also processes"
is critical. It would be easy for a piece of peanut for example to remain in the
equipment and end up in the other non-peanut item being processed. I worry that
mfr\'s will just start putting "may be processed" warnings on everything
though just to protect themselves in which case it won\'t be helpful at all.
499\. 9/17/2008 2:37:00 My daughters allergies are not sensitive enough that she reacts to foods that only
PM "may contain" or are "processed on equiptment with" so I
marked no for whether those were necessary or not. But I do see how they may be
useful for folks with more severe allergies than my daughters.
500\. 9/17/2008 2:40:00 It would be most helpful if all manufacturers used the same labeling. Some
PM separate out allergens at the end of the ingredients, some don\'t. Also, it would
be helpful for a lot of people if seeds were also listed as allergens. My son is
allergic to sunflower seeds, which are not a Top 8 allergen, so I always have to
read all the ingredients, even if the allergens are noted at the end.
501\. 9/17/2008 2:44:00 Q8. made no sense \-- more effective than what? Q13. we rely on all these labels
PM to convey different information, depending on the situation. I cannot choose a
single label because no single label covers the variety of situations accurately.
For example, we do not purchase or consume products that "contain",
"may contain", or are "processed on machinery". We will
consume products that say "processed in a facility" with no other
warning for our allergens. I would like to see a set list of labelling terms along
with definitions \-- available to consumers as well as manufacturers \-- for what
those different labels mean. e.g. \* Contains = allergen is a main ingredient \*
May Contain = allergen is a smaller ingredient, or cross-contamination is possible
from other nearby products \* Produced on same machinery = indicates no separate
machinery that is kept allergen-free. This matters for some people, less so for
others. \* Produced in the same facility = machinery is kept allergen free, but
allergen is in the same building or room. Indicates to me that an allergy plan is
in place and efforts are made to keep allergens separate, but risks still exist
for some people, depending on the nature of their exposure risk level. The above
are what I (in layman\'s terms) would like to have the definitions mean, and
pretty close to what we hope they mean now. I like the way they work now, if these
definitions are close. I would like manufacturers to all be required to include a
separate Allergen Information statement (in addition to ingredients list) if the
common allergens might be in the product and/or if it is produced on the same
machinery or in the same facility as the allergen. Q18. If they are following
something close to the definitions above, then yes, I think the current manner is
sufficient, but should be required for all manufacturers. If they are not close to
those definitions, then I do not think the current method is sufficient. We need
more information, not less. The manufacturer knows what they put into a product
and what they put into other nearby products. We need to know that too.
502\. 9/17/2008 2:49:00 The difficulty I have is when a food product like wheat or corn, etc. gets
PM processed and "buried" under other names, as for example "modified
food starch." Modified from what is my question. Another is "natural
flavor." I often avoid foods with that ingredient since I have no idea what
it consists of.
503\. 9/17/2008 2:57:00 If one of the top 8 allergens is listed as an ingredient, it would be helpful if
PM it was required to be included at the bottom with the wording Contains: Dairy,
etc. Just listing it in the ingredients, it may be overlooked by someone who is
not familiar with all of the associated terms.
504\. 9/17/2008 2:58:00 I say that the current manner of allergen advisory labeling is sufficient, but
PM then I often buy foods that seem safe that I then react too \... I suppose if it
was labelled correctly I could avoid that, and that would definitely make my
quality of life better (for I\'m allergic to sulfites).
505\. 9/17/2008 3:08:00 It would be very helpful if ALL ingredients had to be declared - ie instead of
PM "natural flavorings", say exactly what those flavors are.
506\. 9/17/2008 3:10:00 It is important for the consumer to see/read as much information as they can about
PM the ingredients used in the product they are purchasing. Unless you have really
studied the various terms used to list an ingredient (such as milk), a consumer
could miss the ingredient and consume the product. Having both a label listing out
the specific names of the ingredients along with the food allergy information
would lower the risk of consumers using a product that is dangerous.
507\. 9/17/2008 3:15:00 Question 16 should be split: I do not believe that it is necessary to say
PM something was processed in the same plant that processes allergens if there is no
possibility of contamination. I do believe it is important to say that the same
machinery was used that processed the allergens.
508\. 9/17/2008 3:17:00 My son just had an allergic reaction to a product that had "contains"
PM labeling that did not list products he was allergic to. He is allergic to peanuts,
treenuts, dairy and eggs and he ate the product and ended up in the ER. The
product contained no warning about processed inthe same facility, etc. and here\'s
the response from the company\-\-\-- Hi Mindi, Thank you so much for your interest
in our Rising Moon Butternut Squash and Roasted Veggie Ravioli products and for
taking the time to write. Your questions and concerns are very important to us and
I\'ll certainly help you as best I can. Please note, all of our Frozen Pastas are
processed on the same lines (which includes hazelnuts, pine nuts, eggs and dairy)
and there are sanitation procedures in place where all machinery is thoroughly
cleaned between production runs and shifts. I cannot apologize enough for your
sons reaction to the product. I hope you find this information useful and if
there\'s anything further I can do, please do not hesitate to be in touch. Kind
regards, Cori Is this consistent with the current laws? Are the laws voluntary???
Not working!
509\. 9/17/2008 3:22:00 We find the general "may contain" - or "produced in" a
PM facility that manufactures an ingredient VERY limiting\.....some foods (like
cereals that say "may" contain soy, we are more apt to buy\...because
otherwise we\'d have little to choose from. Other item - such as anything that
contains nuts or made in a plant with peanuts or nuts we avoid all together. We
love the labeling from Whole Foods which says something like good manufacturing
practices\...etc.- but dislike the labeling from Trader Joes as I believe they
just label basically everything with an allergy warning - even though the risk is
low. We hardly ever buy these products any more -although my Son ate many of them
before the labeling changes. I believe the manufacturers are just often taking the
easy way out to cover themselves, just in case when they list allergen warnings
and the food is not made on the same equipment or does not contain the allergen as
an ingredient. This label reading is especially difficult to discern given that we
are looking for multiple ingredients\....soy, peanut, milk, tree nuts, other
legumes.. I often call the manufacturer when I have a question or notice a change
in the way the label reads.
510\. 9/17/2008 3:22:00 There are foods that I suspect are made on shared equipment as ones with my
PM children\'s allergen, but there is no advisory labeling. When I called the
company, they said they were not obligated to tell me whether the food was made on
shared lines. I wish the law would change so I would know for sure if this food is
safe for my children.
511\. 9/17/2008 3:23:00 For people who are very sensitive, omission of trace amounts or lack of proper
PM warnings can be fatal. How many potential deaths or emergency room visits would
outweigh the cost of standardized regulation and industry commitment to consumer
protection?
512\. 9/17/2008 3:28:00 I wasn\'t sure about #13. What I want it to say is if it is processed in the same
PM facility as an allergen. If there is any chance that the allergen is even in the
same facility we do not buy it. The chance for cross-contamination is too great
and could cause death.
513\. 9/17/2008 3:33:00 The "May contain" label is grossly unhelpful to consumers with allergies
PM and very clearly a CYA measure by the manufacturer. I think there needs to be a
better way of assessing whether there is contamination or not. I like the label
suggested in this survey "Produced in a facility with (OR without) an allergy
control plan. The possibility of contact with allergenic ingredients has (OR has
not)been minimized. May still contain trace amounts of (allergen)" This is MUCH
more helpful.
514\. 9/17/2008 3:44:00 It needs to be clear and concise so EVERYONE understands what is in the food.
PM
515\. 9/17/2008 3:47:00 I would like to know what exactly labels like "may contain" or "
PM was processed in a facility\..." It just seems like the manufacturers are
trying to save themselves from a potential lawsuit rather than adequately warning
the consumer of the real danger.
516\. 9/17/2008 3:51:00 I think the current labeling is sufficient but needs to be improved int he near
PM future.
517\. 9/17/2008 3:52:00 I was a little confused about questions 9-11. We NEVER purchase foods that may
PM have been contaminated by the allergen; however, we ALWAYS frequent brands that
also state the risk of potential cross-contamination of other foods (therefore,
letting us know that it is safe b/c it has not touched the allergen).
518\. 9/17/2008 3:52:00 We had a situation occur where the label read: "Contains tree nuts" but
PM didn\'t mention dairy (which WAS listed in the ingredients but not WITH the nuts
as stated previous). And unfortunately gave to my daughter who then had a serious
anaphylaxis reaction.
519\. 9/17/2008 3:53:00 With any product, if there is potential for an allergic reaction to occur, whether
PM it be because of a main ingredient or because of cross-contamination with the
equipment, a warning should be clearly stated.
520\. 9/17/2008 3:53:00 I think it would be more helpful if the products that do not contain allergen
PM don\'t just say that it may contain it..For example, if you order cake from
Safeway, they have "it may contain label" , but the stuff will tell you
that they are approved by school system and its safe to buy it. I think it needs
to be clear.
521\. 9/17/2008 3:57:00 If there is no allergen, then please do not put label as "may contain
PM allergen" just to cover your butt! If you manufacture food, you should know
exactly how it is being made!
522\. 9/17/2008 4:00:00 Once used a facial scrub and broke out all over. It contained almond oil, and I am
PM allergic to almonds. Would have never thought to read the massive list of
ingredients in this scrub. A labeling would have spared me a week\'s worth of
humiliation.
523\. 9/17/2008 4:01:00 Would like may contain statements for food processed on the line not in the plant.
PM
524\. 9/17/2008 4:02:00 I personally want ingredients listed including ALL preservatives, et al. I don\'t
PM personally need the ALLERGEN LABEL - because I read labels carefully. BUT! I feel
that the general public DOES need the ALLERGEN LABEL.
525\. 9/17/2008 4:13:00 I think they need to be more specific and on everything, not just food products.
PM Many non-food products also contain allergens.
526\. 9/17/2008 4:23:00 The allergen listings are helpful (when present), but I check the ingredient
PM listing anyway. Also, I question the validity of the allergen warnings and wonder
how likely the product is to contain the allergen.
527\. 9/17/2008 4:25:00 My main food allergen, lemon juice, is not included in most of the warning
PM labelling, and I often have to read the (often tiny print) list of ingredients.
Also, it\'s often hidden in other ingredients, like mayonnaise, and not listed
separately. Another problem is that lemon juice seems to appear and disappear
regularly in common products, like A-1 Steak Sauce.
528\. 9/17/2008 4:38:00 We buy items made on shared equipment (with the exception being shared peanut
PM equipment) because I feel that 90% of the time the shared equipment label is used
as a CYA for the manufacturer, and not to actually give out accurate information.
529\. 9/17/2008 4:39:00 I wish foods could be processed in a way that so they are not contaminated with
PM foods that are not in the ingredient list - I am afraid many companies use the
advisory label even when if there hasn\'t been any contamination - for example it
is very hard to buy unsweetened chocolate that doesn\'t contain an advisory label
so even though my son is not allergic to chocolate he can\'t eat it because it is
processed in a way that it may contain milk or nuts.
530\. 9/17/2008 4:43:00 My child has a very serious food allergy; I read labels three times before he gets
PM a manufactured food. Because labels are not consistent my son has unfortunately
been given foods (after I have read the label three times) that contain his
allergens and had anaphylaxis. I am a very vigilant parent and I have daily
difficulties trying to read a whole label and the wording around a label. My son
has been fortunate that we have educated ourselves on product labeling but even we
have made mistakes because of confusing labels. Navigating life with a child who
has food allergies is very difficult; please fix this problem for our child\'s
sake. I don\'t want him to be another sad statistic.
531\. 9/17/2008 4:49:00 I would love to close loopholes like "processing agents"; and
PM "natural flavors" and "spices". Right now bread that obviously
has corn meal on the bottom does not have to list the corn meal and that\'s legal.
What about the processing agents I can\'t see? Next, "natural flavors"
can include soy oil (a problem for us). Also, for those avoiding non-top-8 foods
(garlic, mustard, chili) those mysterious "spices" are difficult.
Companies are not required to tell the consumer what the "spices" are,
so the consumer has no choice but to buy something else. (sorry so long, lots of
room for improvement)
532\. 9/17/2008 4:50:00 I would like CLEAR and CONSISTENT labelling procedures for all foods and non-food
PM products. In addition to clear labelling of the most common allergens, I would
like companies to be required to list ALL ingredients in their plain English
terms. For example, instead of "citric acid", I would like it to say
somewhere: "Corn." Any food can be an allergen, and clear labelling
would help everyone. If there is a chance a food contains one of my childrens\'
allergens, I do not buy it. But if it were clearly labelled so that I could know
for sure, I WOULD buy the foods that were safe, instead of deciding that they are
too big of a risk to take.
533\. 9/17/2008 4:51:00 It is hard to take the "may contains" warnings seriously when almost
PM every single chocolate product has it on there. I really like the bold allergy
warnings, which keep me from scanning ingredients and possibly missing something.
I have a very severe peanut allergy.
534\. 9/17/2008 4:54:00 I believe that common allergens such as dairy that have several aliases (casein,
PM whey) should have to be listed as such, for example: wheat, sugar, eggs, whey
(dairy source). People just starting out in their allergy journey have enough to
worry about without figuring out which ingredients are really dairy or soy under a
different name.
535\. 9/17/2008 4:57:00 Our family allergies are life threatening (nuts) and it is mandatory that we know
PM if food items and skin items are safe from company info.
536\. 9/17/2008 5:00:00 The current labels are inconsistent and confusing. Some manufacturers are much
PM better than others, but most are vague. It would also be really helpful for
cosmetics, soaps, hair products and medications to be labelled if they contain
common well-known allergens. (for me, these are more problematic than food
products)
537\. 9/17/2008 5:02:00 My daughter had an allergic reaction to a LOTION that contained nut oils. Allergy
PM warnings need to be put on cosmetics and lotions! Also, regarding foods, if a food
was manufactured on equipment that processed nuts, it needs to be stated on the
label. I don\'t care how well the factory thinks it cleans its equipment. If nuts
have touched it, it is contaminated!
538\. 9/17/2008 5:07:00 need to be stricter all around
PM
539\. 9/17/2008 5:08:00 Labeling is confusing as it stands right now. If there is a chance that the food
PM may contain an allergen, then it needs to be labeled. If the food is just in the
plant and doesn\'t come in contact with the food, then the "manufactured in a
plant" label isn\'t necessary. That labeling is confusing!
540\. 9/17/2008 5:18:00 The labeling laws are almost useless for people who have allergies other than the
PM top 8. My son is allergic to, among other foods, corn and garlic. Trying to
wrestle information out of companies for ingredient listings, such as
"natural flavors" and "spices" is extrememly frustrating. I
think companies should be required to list ALL ingredients and there shouldn\'t be
so many loopholes.
541\. 9/17/2008 5:23:00 it would be better if all ingredients have to be listed, not just \'spices"
PM or "flavorings," since many like my daughter are allergic to non-top 8
allergens. Really the best allergen labels would say things like
"manufactured on the same equipment as XY &Z with standard industry
cleaning practices" or "manufactured in the same 3000 square foot plant
as ABC but not on the same equipment" or "made in a dedicated plant but
packed in a plant with EFG" but I don\'t think we are going to get that.
542\. 9/17/2008 5:25:00 We need better labelss. My daughter has a peanut allergy and even traces of
PM peanuts could be fatal. Some ingredients can be misleading, she reacted to a
birthday cake even though i read the label. Turns out the icing had pralines as an
ingredient and was not listed.
543\. 9/17/2008 5:26:00 An allergen statement right below the list of ingredients on ALL packages would
PM really help, especially as printing gets smaller and my eyesight post-40 gets
worse. In long lists of ingredients it is really easy to have your eye pop right
over an allergen.
544\. 9/17/2008 5:29:00 Consistency would be nice so you would know for sure what the warning means. And
PM you would know that the warning was mandated not just a courtesy.
545\. 9/17/2008 5:30:00 Allergen Labels are severely lacking in OTC meds, lotions, soaps, shampoos, &
PM home cleaning products
546\. 9/17/2008 5:37:00 It\'s much easier to notice an advisory label than to scan through the entire
PM ingredients list. You can easily overlook the offending ingredient within the full
list, but the advisory warns you immediately.
547\. 9/17/2008 5:37:00 How can the company not know what is in their product? I hate the \'May contain\'
PM label more than anything, and have begun to boycott those companies that aren\'t
clean enough to know what is on their production line.
548\. 9/17/2008 5:39:00 also included should be contents of artificial and and natural flavorings as they
PM MAY contain a specific allergen. MAnufactures contact info should be on packaging
for ease.
549\. 9/17/2008 5:39:00 My granddaugher is highly allergic to eggs. When you have to search for other
PM words that mean that components of eggs are contained in the food or cosmetics or
whatever, it is very difficult to monitor what you are giving to an allergic
person.
550\. 9/17/2008 5:50:00 I believe there is way too much inconsistency with notifying a consumer about food
PM labels. As of now I will not take a chance\...I read both allergy warning labels
and ingredients list because sometimes the allergen is not listed in both. Also,
there should be something listing about being processed in a facility or on
machinery even if the machinery has been washed. My son has had reactions to
Hersheys chocolate chips and after researching I found that the product was
processed on equipment previously used for other chocolate containing tree nuts.
It was not noted on the package because it was considered safe after the equipment
was washed. Washing the equipment is not sufficient and should not be considered
safe!!
551\. 9/17/2008 5:52:00 Need to expand to include rye, barley & oats
PM
552\. 9/17/2008 6:03:00 There needs to be more CONSISTENCY in the labeling for ALL manufactures.
PM
553\. 9/17/2008 6:14:00 I feel that just listing the top food allergies isn\'t enough especially when you
PM have a child who is allergic to almost everything and most are not on the top
allergy list Such as Corn
554\. 9/17/2008 6:26:00 A single, consistent May Contain label would be very helpful. If manufacturing
PM don\'t also change though we may not be left with much to eat!
555\. 9/17/2008 6:28:00 Many products do not list all their ingredients. For example, we learned (through
PM an anaphylactic reaction) that a product may just list \'Natural Flavor\' as an
ingredient. But often Natural Flavor contains milk. If companies truly listed ALL
the products no matter how small, then maybe we could forgo the allergy warning. I
marked no to #18 because not all companies appear to provide the allergy
information.
556\. 9/17/2008 6:55:00 A label should be EXTREMELY specific and not state "artificial flavors"
PM but EXACTLY what those flavors are. My daughter has so many food allergies, it is
hard to find foods she is able to actually eat and because she is only two years
old, we must stay away from labels which are not clear on the allergy
contents-just in case. I also feel if a derivitive of a main allergy component is
listed-they need to specify it is a derivitive of "milk" for
instance-not just lactose\...whatever.
557\. 9/17/2008 6:56:00 There are more allergens than just the top 8! Labelling should include ANY cross
PM contamination with other foods.
558\. 9/17/2008 7:09:00 The allergen labels need to be CLEAR and CONSISTENT. I have two children with
PM multiple food allergies that are NOT limited to the top 8. I need to know if kiwi
is in a "natural ingredient," for example, or if sesame oil was used.
EACH FOOD ITEM should specifically be listed - don\'t just include "natural
ingredients" or "citric acid" - we crave specifics so we truly know
if a food is safe. I want to purchase products, so manufacturers should want to
comply to get more business. Also, I feel like sometimes the "may
contains" statements are listed when the actual threat of an allergen being
included does not exist. Do manufacturers do this to avoid the risk of being sued?
This is a common perception, and it could be harmful if it leads to people
ingesting food that could cause harm. Please add sesame, kiwi and all other foods
that are growing in risk to the requirements. It is a matter of life or death for
us.
559\. 9/17/2008 7:30:00 Accurate and consistent food labeling is crucial for my son\'s survival. Allergy
PM statements, including "may contain" statements have made it possible for
my family to try a wider variety of food products, which is good for the food
manufacturer.
560\. 9/17/2008 7:33:00 There are so many that have issues with foods other than the top eight, when will
PM the requirements be to list all the ingredients used instead of "spices"
or "natural flavors" If just listing ALL the ingredients was done, there
may be no need to worry about all the extra wording.
561\. 9/17/2008 8:16:00 I would like CLEAR and CONSISTENT labeling procedures for all food and non-food
PM products. In addition to clear labeling of the most common allergens, I would like
companies to be required to list ALL ingredients in their plain English terms. I
am most concerned when other people caring for my daughter with anaphalxsis to
peanuts are making quick glances at food labels and making judgements about
feeding her based on what they see. There is far too great a variety of labels
when it comes to allergies!
562\. 9/17/2008 8:29:00 I don\'t completely trust that the current allergen advisory labeling is accurate,
PM however, I do not take chances w/ my child\'s allergies so we avoid all foods that
make mention of her allergen in any way. I believe that many manufacturerers use
the labeling to cover their \-\-\--s in the event of a lawsuit and the actual
threat of cross-contamination is minimal at best. But again, I will not take
chances. It would be in their best interest to be more specific w/ their
information on the labeling as I may be more inclined to buy their product if I
can deem it to be safe. by just slapping a "may contain" statement on
the label, I\'m going to avoid it no matter what.
563\. 9/17/2008 8:33:00 I am highly allergic to Flax seeds/Flax, it seems like there needs to be strict
PM labels on every ingredient even if it isnt one of the main high allergy foods. ie.
nuts, wheat, etc.
564\. 9/17/2008 8:42:00 some manufacturers are very good at labeling and some are not as good
PM
565\. 9/17/2008 8:43:00 Many people are unsure about the "scientific names" for many allergens.
PM I think allergen warnings are a quick and easy way for people (especially those
with only a small amount of food allergies) to determine the safety of a product.
I really wished we could just have "nut free" processing plants for many
common food items. Especially candies and foods that appeal to younger children
who are not savvy enough to avoid allergens without supervision.
566\. 9/17/2008 8:48:00 Consistent labeling of ingredients and allergen advisory labeling on all foods
PM & non-food products. Also, use "Plain" English. For example, rather
than "Whey" use "Milk."
567\. 9/17/2008 8:58:00 I would like to see any cross contamination warnings, or processed in a facility
PM that processes\.... warnings on all packages. I wish it was mandatory instead of
optional.
568\. 9/17/2008 9:21:00 I feel the more information on the labeling the better. If not for us the parents
PM for the other people who are in contact with our children such as grandparents,
family members, friends, etc who need the info spelled out for them. These are the
people who cause the parents the most headaches because they don\'t always get the
fact that cross contamination is bad.
569\. 9/17/2008 9:22:00 I find that the most helpful labels state explicity the allergens that are in the
PM ingredients of the product in bold and then state whether or not the same
equipment was used to manufacture other items with potential allergens. My
daughter is allergic to eggs, tree nuts, and peanuts so I only buy items without
those allergens and those that state that good manufacturing processes were used
to avoid use of the same equipment to manufacture items containing those
allergens. The "may contain" labels are ok but I don\'t get a good sense
as to whether or not those allergens are actually present so I tend to avoid those
products altogether to be on the safe side. Also, I tend to buy many prodcuts at
Whole Foods since their vendors (esp the Whole Foods 360 brand) has good labeling.
I find that mainstream companies (ie Kraft, Nabisco, etc) are the worst at
labeling allergens.
570\. 9/17/2008 9:25:00 I like that the major allergens are called out in bold at the bottom of the
PM ingredient list, so that it is easier to identify if the product is a safe choice
or not.
571\. 9/17/2008 9:25:00 we need all ingredients listed example: my daughter is allergic to apple and
PM garlic, so anything written natural flavor or spice is a no for her. I wish
manufacturers would be required to list everything, instead of being general for
flavors and spice. Allergy advisory usually targets the big 8 and leaves out the
rest. We need all ingredients listed.
572\. 9/17/2008 9:29:00 I don\'t bring anything that contains tree nuts into the house. I very
PM occasionally buy items that say "may contain" or some variation but I
always tell my tree-nut allergic daughter that she can not eat the item. Now that
she is older (12) I feel a bit safer doing this. It can be very frustrating
sometimes - I\'d like to see any company above a certain size required to really
segregate items containing allergens (especially peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish and
fish - relatively easy to avoid and not as pervasive as other allergens), perhaps
even in different plants. In any event, consistent and honest (not just CYA)
labeling would be great.
573\. 9/17/2008 9:36:00 When your life is at risk you can never have enough information regarding
PM ingredients. Also, it would be helpful in non-food products since allergens can be
obsorbed through the skin or parts of the body and cause reactions.
574\. 9/17/2008 9:38:00 I believe that better labeling is necessary. I also believe every ingredient used
PM in the product should be labeled in plain English. There are more allergies that
just the Top 8 and trying to determine if a product has corn in it for example is
almost impossible and puts my daughters life at risk.
575\. 9/17/2008 9:59:00 The only reason I buy may contain trace or on same line is if it is something I
PM can\'t find a completly "safe" for and I trial it to see. But I trial it
everytime, evry pack can be different.
576\. 9/17/2008 10:00:00 I would like to know if the product is manufactured on the same equipment as the
PM allergen or contains it. "Processed in a facility with" the allergen is
frustrating and confusing because if it\'s not on the same equipment I don\'t feel
that there is much risk.
577\. 9/17/2008 10:05:00 Question 16 is not a yes or no question. A product may be produced in a plant with
PM an allergen but may still be safe depending on the mfg\'s processes. Even on the
same equipment (Breyers Ice Cream), again depending on the mfg\'s processes.
578\. 9/17/2008 10:19:00 Warnings regarding possible contamination or other produced items should have to
PM be within a certain distance of the ingredients- consistent location on label.
579\. 9/17/2008 10:22:00 specific, uniform wording is needed. Not just the cover my backside legal loophole
PM manufacturers seem to be using. Why aren\'t food manufacurers REQUIRED to take
RESPONSIBILITY for the food they produce? If it is not safe - make it obvious. If
it is safe - that should be obvious too and they should be proud of it!! Word will
get around and they\'ll be rewarded by sales.
580\. 9/17/2008 10:45:00 I figure if milk is listed in the ingredient list, it doesn\'t need to be listed
PM as an allergen. Read the ingredients and that should be fine. However, sometimes
the ingredient list is so long having it listed separately is helpful. Knowing
when food is made on shared equiptment with the Big8, corn and rice is huge! Rice
and corn are two that are growing in population in the allergy world and that
would be more helpful. I think you can go only so far and saying that citric acid
has corn isn\'t really needed as those with corn allergies know that already. If
they don\'t, they learn. Knowing what is in artificial and natural flavoring, that
would be a HUGE help! I don\'t like that so many foods can be hidden in that
catagory and foods are avoided for that alone when they may not need to be.
Propriatory protection, needs to be done with when we call a company to clarify
the above.
581\. 9/17/2008 10:59:00 The MOST confusing label is the one that says "processed in a plant that also
PM processes peanuts and tree nuts." What does that mean? It is not a helpful
advisory label because I can\'t assess the level of risk. I ALWAYS avoid foods
that have labels that say "contains peanuts and/or tree nuts," "may
contain trace amounts of peanuts and/or tree nuts," "processed on shared
equipment that processes peanuts and/or tree nuts" and labels like that. But
the "shared plant" label is too confusing. I do like the label used by
the Whole Foods house brand 365. They say something like "good manufacturing
processes used to segregate items in a factory that processes peanuts and/or tree
nuts." I feel comfortable with that label \-- maybe I shouldn\'t! \-- and
will buy products for my son with tha warning. I have sometimes taken that same
approach with labels that say "processed in a plant that also processes
peanuts and/or tree nuts." A good example is Orowheat 100% Whole Wheat bread.
It has that label, but I buy it anyway. Today, there was a story in our local
paper that there had been a mixup at the plant and that bread was replaced in the
packages with bread that contains nuts. ( I live in Colorado.) I hadn\'t been
buying that bread for awhile because I had a "bad vibe" about it. I\'d
rather have an accurate warning label \-- just what IS the level of risk \-- than
have to rely on my "vibes." It is so frustrating because my son has a
VERY deadly allergy to peanuts and all tree nuts. He came very close to dying
after eating a small amount of pistachio. And I live in perpetual fear that he
will accidentally eat a small amount of nuts and die this time. We NEED accurate
labels. Thank you.
582\. 9/17/2008 11:16:00 Clear warnings are IMPORTANT! Please set a standard for this.
PM
583\. 9/17/2008 11:18:00 I feel like a lot of companies just use the "May Contain Traces Of\..."
PM label just to cover themselves.
584\. 9/17/2008 11:20:00 I think they also need to address the issue when ingredients can be substituted.
PM
585\. 9/17/2008 11:32:00 I am not severely allergic to my allergen, just allergic enough to make me avoid
PM it in large amounts. Grocery shopping can be so frustrating because I read every
label and sometimes I make it home with products that contain my allergen if I
misread the label. Labels that say "This product contains (allergen)"
are the easiest because I don\'t have to waste time translating the ingredient
lists\...or being worried that I miss something if its a new product to my diet.
Consistent allergen advisory labels would make the grocery shopping part of my
life so much easier. Consistent allergen labeling in restaurants would also be a
dream. Its extremely embarrassing to have to leave the dinner table to go to the
rest room, take Benadryl and pray in the mirror that my face isn\'t swelling. It
would be so much easier if I could look at the menu and know exactly which dishes
had the highest concentration of soy before I order. Quite a few chains do post
the allergy information on their websites and I do my homework before I eat out.
But it would be wonderful if all restaurants were required to post the information
on their menus and/or educate their managers to show consumers which dishes are
the best choices for them.
586\. 9/18/2008 12:04:00 I am very frustrated by "may contain\..." labeling. I have no idea what
AM it means and whether I need to avoid the product. Is this another way of saying
"manufactured in a facility that also processes X" or does this mean
sometimes they include X in the recipe? This is an important distinction to me.
587\. 9/18/2008 12:20:00 The labeling should be cut and dry; not may contain or processed on equipment it
AM just leads to more confusion for those who do not have food allergies. Also
products seem to always change i.e we buy quaker individual packaged popcorn rice
cakes now some packages say may contain peanuts while others do not list at all!
Nothing is ever 100% full proof; it also seems to depend where it is distributed
from. Labels must always be read. We used to be able to eat Stauff\'s animal
crackers but now they say may contain trace peanuts. NO AIRLINES should still
serve peanuts or nuts!!! Delta & Southwest still do!!!
588\. 9/18/2008 12:21:00 The allergy alerts save me hours of time searching through longs ingrediant lists.
AM I am very thankful for them! I have seen several items that failed to note an
allergen at the end, that was listed in the ingrediants list and I almost gave it
to my son. For my family, the labeling is fine and has been very helpful in
avoiding exposure. I had trouble answering some of your questions because I have a
large family, with multiple allergies. These questions assumed there was just 1
person in the household with food allergies. (i.e. do I buy food that contain an
allergen. Sometimes I do, for another member of the family.) Thanks for
listening!!
589\. 9/18/2008 12:30:00 MAKE THEM REAL CLEAR AND A BRIGHT COLOR TO READ.
AM
590\. 9/18/2008 12:38:00 my daughter was intolerant of rice as an infant (try avoiding that in baby food!)
AM and is allergic to rye. labels aren\'t usually too helpful to us, in general, but
I have a friend whose son is allergic to milk, soy, wheat, and eggs. labelling is
extremely important for them - and us when they eat over at our house. I usually
cook from scratch to avoid the entire confusing, difficult mess.
591\. 9/18/2008 12:44:00 I often will not purchase trail mixes even though there is no "processed
AM in" or "may contain". Yet, I can see from the other varieties
available, that the manufacturer also offers trail mixes w/ nuts. There is no
"may contain" etc, on the non-nut product. It\'s truly not safe for my
child!
592\. 9/18/2008 12:50:00 The "may contain" and "produced in a facility" labels confuse
AM me.
593\. 9/18/2008 1:00:00 some well known companies are more consistent and accurate, but I still have to
AM call the 1-800 number to make sure. Uniform labeling would be helpful.
594\. 9/18/2008 1:04:00 I would like CLEAR and CONSISTENT labelling procedures for all foods and non-food
AM products. In addition to clear labelling of the most common allergens, I would
like companies to be required to list ALL ingredients in their plain English
terms. For example, instead of "citric acid", I would like it to say
somewhere: "Corn." Any food can be an allergen, and clear labelling
would help everyone. If there is a chance a food contains one of my childrens\'
allergens, I do not buy it. But if it were clearly labelled so that I could know
for sure, I WOULD buy the foods that were safe, instead of deciding that they are
too big of a risk to take.
595\. 9/18/2008 1:25:00 While I feel the Contains Statement is most valuable, all of the Statements are
AM necessary and should be required. I need to know if there is any possible chance
of cross contamination, etc.
596\. 9/18/2008 1:32:00 I do like the labels with the main allergens listed in bold type, at the bottom.
AM
597\. 9/18/2008 1:33:00 one of my ingredients is carmel coloring, which has a sub ingredient list but
AM manufactures dont include it in the ingredient list
598\. 9/18/2008 1:35:00 There wouldn\'t be people talking about "Hidden Milk" or "Hidden
AM wheat" or "Hidden Corn" if companies did a better job of listing
their ingredients and their base sources.
599\. 9/18/2008 1:46:00 Consistancy is lacking. Often there will be a main allergen in the ingredients
AM list, but it will not show in the allergen advisory, and will not be in bold. It
is easy to overlook these items if one is not used to shopping for allergen free
items. Also, some companies seem to be an advisory on more as a liability coverage
than out of practicality. Please, it does or does not contain it. It is made on
shared equipment or it is not.
600\. 9/18/2008 1:47:00 there is a definite need for a mandated standard for allergen advisory label
AM descriptions
601\. 9/18/2008 1:57:00 the allergen advisory label would make it much clearer than trying to sift thru
AM the ingredients that are usually a mile long
602\. 9/18/2008 1:58:00 Big, BOLD letters should be REQUIRED on every package (food or non-food) that may
AM contain an allergen. Stiff penalties should be given to violators. It should be
common knowledge for every person in the US to know that allergens are LIFE
THREATENING.
603\. 9/18/2008 2:15:00 I wish labeling was more consistant. It would be helpful if companies were
AM required to ALL label in the same manner so you know to look in the same place for
the same thing. It\'s annoying how some put allergens in bold, some put at the end
of the ingredients, some just list and others list allergens but then in tiny
print way below say "may contain\...."
604\. 9/18/2008 2:22:00 The more warnings the better for our family. Our children are highly sensitive.
AM The easier things are labeled, the more normal our boys can feel b/c their friend
mom\'s can safely chose foods for them as well. If foods are labeled properly,
they can eat snacks and birthday treats at school and parties w/o fearing for
their lives and complete embarrassment. Warnings make a challenging life simpler.
What kid wants a shot in his thigh and a serious risk of death if he doesn\'t have
to. Detailed Labeling saves lives!
605\. 9/18/2008 2:36:00 I would like to see the statement "Does not contain allergens" or
AM something similar. I never know if they either do not follow the labeling
requirements (there are still many manufactures that do not) or if they actual do
not contain any.
606\. 9/18/2008 2:37:00 Ingredient labels are important not because we want to steal their recipes, but
AM because we want to protect ourselves and our children from allergic reaction that
can be quite severe.
607\. 9/18/2008 2:38:00 The made in a facility advisory needs to be included for all eight allergens and
AM not just nuts. Any cross contamination risk is too great for someone with
anaphylactic reactions. Also, not everyone is putting the allergens separately or
bold. Even baby food with eggs doesn\'t label separately, you would expose a child
before they should have them.
608\. 9/18/2008 2:38:00 Three times I have missed an allergy warning on a food I bought and my daughter
AM (who is extremely allergic to nuts) almost ate them. In each case, the warning was
printed either under the seam in the packaging and could not be seen without
pulling the package apart (Welch\'s fruit snacks) or the allergy information was
printed in a separate area away from the ingredient list on the package (like on a
package of ice cream bars that she almost ate). It was very scary to me to know
that I almost missed these labels.
609\. 9/18/2008 2:41:00 I always check for "shared equipment labels" What does "good
AM manufacturing practices" mean? Saying we batch test w/ Elisa is much more
specific and mind resting.
610\. 9/18/2008 2:42:00 Questions are a little generic and if some cases confusing. Basically if there is
AM a chance that an allergen will be in a food or other substance such as lotions and
soaps that are applied to the skin, there should be a warning to indicate what
that substance is. It should be clear cut and across the board instead of the way
it currently is.
611\. 9/18/2008 2:50:00 I believe that at times companies put the allergen information on "just in
AM case" \-- there are many products I cannot buy that I believe actually do not
contain peanuts, but are listed as Made in a facility that uses peanuts.
612\. 9/18/2008 3:48:00 There needs to be better labeling for the possiblity of cross contamination. There
AM should also be standards for cleaning equipment between product runs and
statements on packaging about how the possibility for cross contamination has been
minimized.
613\. 9/18/2008 4:35:00 I always read every ingredient but an allergen warning is an important second
AM check. My son is severely allergic to numerous allergens (e.g., dairy) and each of
these has a multitude of ingredients that we need to educate ourselves about and
avoid (e.g. lactic acid starter culture). It is difficult enough for us but a real
danger to put any other caretaker in charge of feeding him. And it is hugely
time-consuming for me to call companies to try to confirm whether a certain brand
is safe or not. They\'re the ones who should know. I understand it\'s a potential
liability for them, so why don\'t they insure for that? By the way, we do
sometimes take chances on foods that have the "processed on the same
line" type language because there is almost nothing we buy in a regular
supermarket that wouldn\'t have that kind of language, and it would restrict my
son\'s diet even more, but it\'s always a difficult decision because we know it\'s
risky.
614\. 9/18/2008 4:55:00 I really, really dislike when companies cover themselves with the blanket phrase:
AM May contain Trace amounts of\... I want specifics. Same equipment? Same facility?
What?
615\. 9/18/2008 7:09:00 Everything should have all allergens listed\...even if it is just the chance of a
AM cross-contamination then we have that choice to take that risk\...but we must be
informed
616\. 9/18/2008 8:40:00 It would be \*\*very\*\* helpful to have several different (but standardized for
AM all companies) allergen advisory labels that manufacturers could choose from as it
applies to their product. I would recommend something like\... 1. Manufactured in
a facility that also processes allergen 2. Manufactured on equipment that also
process allergen 3. Produced in a facility with an allergy control plan. The
possibility of contact with allergenic ingredients has been minimized. May still
contain trace amounts of (allergen). 4. Produced on shared equipment in a facility
with an allergy control plan. The possibility of contact with allergenic
ingredients has been minimized. May still contain trace amounts of (allergen). I
would avoid the first two without question but would give the product with the
last two types of label a chance. I may call to find out their actual practices if
it were a food known to cause a severe allergic reaction or if it was a food known
to cause a minor reaction I would probably just try the food and see how things
went. Right now I suspect we are avoiding many foods that are safe for us just
because companies stick the "may contain" statement on their product in
an effort to protect themselves from liability. Living with severe food allergies
is limiting enough without having unnecessary advisory labels on possibly safe
foods. I would LOVE to see allergen warning labels on non-food items. Many, many
soaps, lotions and skin creams contain nuts oils. Since many people with food
allergies also suffer from eczema they are more likely to be the people seeking
out these products and do not always know what the actual ingredients are and if
it is safe for their allergies or not.
617\. 9/18/2008 8:49:00 As a celiac, I\'m intolerant rather than allergic so for me the may contain traces
AM of type of labels don\'t help (in fact, they\'re starting to drive me nuts :) I
think this is simply the safest "washing their hands of.." tactic for
manufacturers which makes their life easier and mine even harder. What I (and in
my opinion all celiacs) would need is labelling that clearly states whether a
product does or does not contain any gluten which could probably be carried out by
constant analysis only and I have a feeling that\'s impossible.
618\. 9/18/2008 10:54:00 I find it hard to explain to others how to read labels \-- like teachers \-- I
AM want something quick and easy so that no mistakes are made
619\. 9/18/2008 11:21:00 i fear that in hopes of avoiding any sort of fault food manufacturers might have
AM to label most everying "may contain" and then things that may very well
be safe to eat will not be purchased
620\. 9/18/2008 11:54:00 Would like to see labels that included a listing of additives and preservatives
AM since these are what I am allergic to in both food and cosmetics (e.g. EDTA)
621\. 9/18/2008 12:10:00 The labeling system right now is so confusing. But I do use the allergen advisory
PM label as my first "screening", then I read the rest of the label. Would
need a better way to determine what is really safe.
622\. 9/18/2008 12:17:00 Labels are so confusing! Since our allergies are so severe, we don\'t purchase
PM anything that has any allergen warning. But what do labels such as "packaged
in a factory that also processes (allergen)" really mean? I know people who
do eat these foods, despite the warning. I wonder sometimes if I am overly
cautious or if they are too lax. Companies like Whole Foods have warnings such as
"processed in a plant that also processes (Allergen) but care has been taken
.. . " Is this something I should buy, or not???
623\. 9/18/2008 12:39:00 I tend to trust products that include an allergy advisory label listing allergens
PM and may contains. Of course we do not buy the products that may contain our
allergens.
624\. 9/18/2008 1:07:00 It seems as though many manufacturers use the "may contain" label just
PM to cover themselves even if the risk is minimal to none that the product contains
the allergen. I avoid a lot of products that may be okay for my peanut/tree-nut
allergic son to consume because I don\'t want to take a chance of him having a
reaction. Also, the advisory labels should be required to be in a standard place
on the package (under the ingredient statement). I have to search the entire
package because sometimes the allergy advisory is hidden in small print on some
random place on the package.
625\. 9/18/2008 1:20:00 My son has a life-threatening peanut allergy, so the more information provided the
PM better.
626\. 9/18/2008 1:30:00 There should be consistent labeling. It should state "Allergies:\..."
PM and there should be several different choices to cover every scenario; "In a
facility that manufactures peanuts/tree nuts", "On machinery used to
manufacture peanuts/tree nuts", "May contain \...due to shared
preparation areas", and it should also list allergens in this section, even
if peanuts/tree nuts is a main ingredient - this is because at my kids school,
many parents aren\'t educated on food allergies and point to the "ALLERGEN
ALERT BOX", showing no nuts, but the cookies are Choc. Chip Walnut. I have
actually been noticing this quite a bit lately. It should state it, especially for
nuts and eggs- it seems to be taken for granted that consumers will read the
entire paragraph of ingredients. For soaps and cosmetics, this is very important.
Wit all the "spa" products, even chap stick has ALMOND OIL as the first
ingredient (Burt\'s Bees Wax Chapstick)\...my teenage neice came over and luckily
showed me her new chapstick and I looked before she kissed my young son!!!
627\. 9/18/2008 1:32:00 The \'may contain\' labels are worthless. They don\'t really convey any
PM information except absolving the company of any liability in case there is trace
amts of the offending food.
628\. 9/18/2008 1:59:00 I avoid any product that has an allergen advisory label unless the company states
PM that they use safe practices to ensure contamination is minimal.
629\. 9/18/2008 2:06:00 At Trader Joe\'s I have found bold print advisory labels at the bottom noting
PM "contains milk, egg, soy"\... however, when I read the individual
ingredients list, it also contains almonds or walnuts\.... the advisory as it
is\... can give a false sense of safety\...
630\. 9/18/2008 2:12:00 Many companies do a good job of labeling allergens (or potential allergens) in
PM their products, but there are a few holdouts who try to bury their milk or soy (or
whatever) derivatives with weird chemical names that most people won\'t catch.
That\'s the kind of thing that needs to be improved.
631\. 9/18/2008 2:18:00 It would be helpful if all manufacturers used the same wording.
PM
632\. 9/18/2008 2:36:00 I think the current labels are confusing and inconsistent. I am familiar enough
PM with the confusion and the inconsistencies so I rarely make mistakes, but for it
is very challenging for individuals not dealing with this on a daily basis
(caregivers, teachers, family, friends) to purchase items for those with
allergies. I also still see labels with the general phrasing of "natural
flavors" which I just avoid because it is not worth the hassle of the call.
633\. 9/18/2008 2:40:00 I am deathly allergic to all nuts (tree and ground)! I find it helpful when the
PM ingredients are listed clearly and an allergen box is present in cases where I
don\'t recognize an ingredient as an allergen (ie. Pesto sometimes = Pine Nuts).
The "may contain\..." labels, and the "processed in a facility
that\..." labels are frustrating because it indicates to me that the product
makers don\'t want to take the time to make sure that there isn\'t cross
contamination of their products. Which means that an emergency, food that I could
actually eat, i don\'t purchase because the ingredients are clear. This is why I
carry my own food when I can (airplanes and restaurants are tricky) and keep my
own food stashed for emergencies. I think these food manufacturers treat people
with food allergies like we just don\'t like a particular type of food\...instead
of respecting the fact that a particular type of food could possibly kill us.
634\. 9/18/2008 2:45:00 While we are used to reading labels carefully, parents that are new to allergies
PM should have clear info to avoid mistakes.
635\. 9/18/2008 2:48:00 I think it should be mandatory that companies spell out what is in their products.
PM It\'s hard to remember all the variants and derivatives of corn and milk. If
things like that are in a product there should be an allergy warning label stating
that corn is in a product if there is a corn derivative listed in the ingredients.
Honestly that has been the hardest thing for me. A product can claim to be milk
free and yet have a milk derivative in it, which still causes allergy problems. It
would be so much easier if the ingredients were in simple English instead of
listed as various chemicals!!!!
636\. 9/18/2008 2:49:00 I would like companies to be responsible and act accordingly with regard to the
PM products they produce. If it is in there make it easy to see on the packaging, but
don\'t put a advisory label on products that do not have the allergen. Seems that
some do it accross the board for liability reasons. Also, other consumers need to
read the lables as to which products they can use for their childdrens lunches so
it needs to be easy for those who don\'t have allergies to read the packages and
know what they are purchasing.
637\. 9/18/2008 2:52:00 I treat "may contain" as dangerous, and "good mfg practices used to
PM segregate" as pretty safe to eat. I am extremely concerned about cosmetics
and other external use products, though, with the rise of shea nut butter, ethyl
macadamiate, and other nuts being used pervasively.
638\. 9/18/2008 3:00:00 I don\'t like it when a label says "may contain the allergen". It should
PM be stated if 1) the allergen is an ingredient (even if it\'s an ingredient only
part of the time. 2) if the food is made on shared equipment with allergen, or 3)
if the food is made in the same facility/factory as the allegen. With this
information, I, as a parent can assess the risk to my child. With SO many foods
containing peanuts, and knowing my child\'s history, I would prefer foods not be
eliminated based on "may contain peanuts" when the food is made in the
same facility, but not same equipment as a peanut containing food. Also, SESAME
should be included in the list of allergens shown on labels.
639\. 9/18/2008 3:06:00 I think there is a big difference between using shared equipment and being
PM manufactured in a plant that also processes\...much higher risk of contamination.
I would never eat a product that shares equipment but might consider eating
something that was done in the same plant if I have eaten the product before and
not had a reaction.
640\. 9/18/2008 4:00:00 Careful labels make the lives or our children with deadly allergies manageable!
PM
641\. 9/18/2008 4:10:00 I buy imported Canadian products because I trust their labeling system more than
PM the U.S. system. No one has time to call the manufacturer every time they buy a
product, and ingredients (and products produced at the same plant) change all the
time.
642\. 9/18/2008 4:33:00 I just wish there were more cereals that did not contain any tree nuts or peanuts
PM and zero food dyes.
643\. 9/18/2008 4:42:00 We depend on accurate labeling to keep people with allergies safe. If there is the
PM risk of contamination by the allergen then there is the risk of death. We need to
know we are making safe choices.
644\. 9/18/2008 4:54:00 I am allergic to-wheat the most,then egg white,milk,soybean,& peanut. I don\'t
PM have a clue how to eat.Health care should provide each patient with a Nutritionist
for INDIVIDUAL EDUCATION on your INDIVIDUAL allergies! I don\'t understand how to
read labels or product ingredients I get overwhelmed due to lack of
EDUCATION,EDUCATION,EDUCATION! Just like reading lab results,I look at it and
don\'t understand what it all means. I am not a doctor! "Please Help"!
645\. 9/18/2008 5:50:00 In addition to labeling standards, the companies should be REQUIRED to
PM "highlight" on packaging that the product has altered its manufacturing
process alerting concumers that the change has occured and that
cross-contamination may result
646\. 9/18/2008 5:56:00 The "May contain traces\..." labeling is so confusing and I have a hard
PM time deciding whether or not to let my son eat those foods. Sometimes we let him,
sometimes we don\'t.
647\. 9/18/2008 6:21:00 It takes a great deal more time to read the entire ingredient list for a product
PM and even that won\'t always tell if an allergen might be present unintentionally.
Having the main allergens listed in bold underneath the ingredient list helps
minimize the risk that we might miss something while scanning the list.
648\. 9/18/2008 6:25:00 I am at a point of frustration with labeling. There are products that we have used
PM for years that all of the sudden are possibly contaminated. I feel that the food
companies are just saying that they may contain a certain allergen to save
themselves from lawsuits, when in fact, it may be just fine.
649\. 9/18/2008 6:30:00 if there is no information on the label about allergens i don\'t buy the product
PM as I assume it\'s not appropriate.
650\. 9/18/2008 7:00:00 Non-food items SHOULD be covered by FALCPA\--it is amazing how many allergens are
PM in cosmetics, shampoo, etc.
651\. 9/18/2008 7:14:00 Need more consistency with label. Also how & where label is located.
PM
652\. 9/18/2008 7:34:00 I have a 2 year old son who was diagnosed with a severe peanut/tree nut/sesame
PM allergy at 15 months (resulted in an anaphalactic reaction). I will not buy any
product that may put my son at any risk of exposure. At Whole Foods Market their
disclaimer is the most stressful and gives me pause in making purchases there. The
labeling reads due to good manuafaturing processes this was made seperately but I
read it as this was still manufactured in a plant with nuts and may pose a risk).
Because I am not certain if on the day the product was packaged a nut was lying
around. I will not chance the risk or purchase the product. The only time I will
buy a product is if the product doesn\'t have a disclaimer and the ingredient list
does not contain any of the possible allergens. (I assume it is safely
manufactured and doesn\'t pose risk to my son if the disclaimer is not included.
If a manufacturer provides the words "may contain" I steer clear! I also
find it challenging on non-food products. I recently purchased Mustella and then
realized it contained Almond oil even though the label indicated
"hypoallergenic"\....
653\. 9/18/2008 7:34:00 Wasn\'t sure how to answer questions 14 & 15. Basically I want to know exactly
PM what is in my food. Knowing about the processing plant & equipment is also
helpful, but there\'s big differences in cross-contamination control procedures
from one plant to another. If there was a standard for what "may
contain" meant, that would help!
654\. 9/18/2008 8:26:00 The way things are labeled is very confusing. And in regard to #19, many
PM manufacturers use a plethora of different names especially for peanuts. Having a
section that says in common language what allergens are in the product is a good
thing.
655\. 9/18/2008 8:31:00 I would like to see more uniformity in allergen advisory labeling to include both
PM the "may contain" and the "was processed on machinery"
messages. I would also like to see allergen information posted on non-food
products.
656\. 9/18/2008 9:32:00 Like so many other Americans I have a potentially fatal peanut allergy. My most
PM recent exposure came from a product that we had previously safely used with a
warning, "May contain traces of peanuts." After that incident (and its
subsequent trip to the E.R.) our household no longer uses any product that has an
allergy warning of any kind related to peanuts. These labels are badly in need of
clarification! What precisely is a "trace"? If a factory produces my
food on equipment that shares my allergen, is it cleaned in some way first (some
kind of allergen control plan) or is it just used regardless? Buying food is like
Russian Roulette, and I can say with certainty that there is nothing more
frightening than anaphylaxis. Food labels are in sore need of clarification!
657\. 9/18/2008 10:56:00 In cosmetics, there is no way to read the ingredients because the product starts
PM out small like lipstick or eye makeup and the ingredients listed has to fit onto
that product. With all the new natural products used like almond oil it is so
dangerous for people like myself who are allergic to nuts and nut products to buy
a cosmetic and not be able to read what is in it\.....Maybe their advertisements
should have some way of putting the allergens on the magazine pages.
658\. 9/18/2008 11:03:00 Currently, the allergen advisory labeling is extremely confusing because they all
PM mean different things to each manufacturer. It is very difficult to shop.
659\. 9/18/2008 11:57:00 Meats that contain Sodium Lactate, which is listed in the ingredients should be
PM required to have labeling that states Dairy is in this seemingly non-dairy
product.
660\. 9/19/2008 12:34:00 Question 19 is "iffy". I think listing the product is sufficient for me
AM to read - but for our family/friends/etc it would be easier if there as an
allergen advisory on every product. Unless it\'s spelled out they do not feel
comfortable making determinations on foods. It would make my grocery shopping much
faster if every food was REQUIRED to have a separate allergy alert.
661\. 9/19/2008 1:17:00 There are some fish products that are named things that I wouldn\'t recognize as
AM fish. I wish they were clearly labeled as being fish products.
662\. 9/19/2008 1:39:00 Food labeling has improved, but health and beauty products are as bad as ever. Who
AM would think some soaps contain corn? But they do. That is important knowledge for
a family with a corn-allergic child.
663\. 9/19/2008 2:07:00 Top 8 should be listed in bold separatly. It just wrong not to boldly identify
AM "PEANUT" when items like Strawberry Chex Cereal whcih hare made with
peanut flour\...this is a hidden item that could easily be missed by having to
read through every ingredient. FOr the most part when it comes to items that do
break out allergens we will buy it and not safe items that do not break out
allergens in bold.
664\. 9/19/2008 2:10:00 I feel that the "may contain" labeling will greatly reduce the allergic
AM reactions some children experience today. Just one spec of peanut protein can send
a child into anaphylaxis. It doesn\'t matter how much they cleaned a line,
sometimes peanuts can linger.
665\. 9/19/2008 3:16:00 My daughters have other allgeries, other than the ones required in allergy
AM statements (sesame seeds and green peas). I do check the allergy statement first,
to check for nuts\...if no nuts, then I read the ingredients list to check for the
other allergens. If it does have nuts, I can put it back on the shelf and stop
there.
666\. 9/19/2008 4:07:00 THe current food labeling law is very helpful but can be improved on to make
AM choices for food allergic people clearer.
667\. 9/19/2008 11:23:00 Everytime I buy a new product, I call the company prior to given it to my daughter
AM who is allergic to milk. The warning about being manufactured on lines with milk
are woefully poor. I have been suprised at the number of times I have been told,
yes that is on a line with milk, but we clean or we just stared using milk in the
machines (or a new co-packer) and well the package will be changing the the next
few months. Well I try to tell them my daughter and other like her can\'t wait a
few months for the label to change that it has to reflect was is in the product at
the moment. It take a lot of work to call every company, but at least after 2
years I have a good sense of who labels well and what brands not even to go near.
Some companies know so little about the food (esp if they co-pack in other
countries) it is quite scary to think about how many kids are getting food they
are allergic to dail.
668\. 9/19/2008 12:10:00 In question #13, these are all helpful depending on the situation: "contains
PM x" and "This product was processed on\..." and "Produced in a
facility\..." What if there is no allergy control plan? We need as much info
as possible, clear and consistent, to make safe choices. We also need more
separate food lines so there are fewer "may contain" scenarios!
669\. 9/19/2008 1:24:00 factory processing ought not be a voluntary choice
PM
670\. 9/19/2008 1:38:00 I still find products with no allergy label on them. I still have to call the
PM compnay because who knows if they are following the law?
671\. 9/19/2008 2:09:00 If the advisory labels were more consistant it would be easier for people to
PM understand. If you are not allergic but are responsible for providing food to
people that are (ie teachers, club leaders) it can be challenging for them to
understand the difference. It is also a challenge for myself (parent of an
allergic child) to explain the difference from may contain, and processed on etc.
672\. 9/19/2008 2:27:00 Some manufacturers highlight the 8 major allergens in Bold lettering. That is
PM extremely useful and is the first place I look. When there are 30 ingredients in a
product it is much easier to look here first. We never purchase soemthing that
states the product was produced on a machine that also produces a product with the
allergen in it, but i do sometimes take a chance if the product was only produced
in a facility that also processes the allergen on another machine, but not this
one. I would love to see the 8 major allergens listed on restaurant menus!!!
673\. 9/19/2008 2:28:00 Allergen advisory labels let others know at a quick glance. This is particularly
PM helpful for grandparents, teachers, parents of nonallergic children, and others
not familiar with reading more complicated ingredient labels, especially those
with unusual terminology.
674\. 9/19/2008 2:33:00 Advisory labels, saying that a product may contain an allergen, should be
PM required. Regardless of how it is worded, it is extemely important to me. I don\'t
understand how a manufacturer must label the allergens, but are not made to put an
advisory label on their products as well!!!
675\. 9/19/2008 2:50:00 We have had issues with the same products manufactured in different plants. ALL
PM products should be clearly labelled
676\. 9/19/2008 2:53:00 I (an almost 50 year old person) am allergic to peanuts. If I were answering these
PM questions about a child I would have said "never" in questions 9-11. I
have gotten very lax for myself, but would be extremly vigilant if I had an
allergic child.
677\. 9/19/2008 3:03:00 Companies should be more concerned about health risks than liability in their
PM labeling efforts.
678\. 9/19/2008 3:08:00 My baby was consistently getting sick in 2005 because her rice cereal was
PM contaminated with soy (at the very least). Labeling has helped but if a box lists
ingredients as rice and nothing else or there is a "may contain" that is
not helpful. It \*should\* say exactly what contaminants that rice comes in
contact with.
679\. 9/19/2008 3:17:00 I only responded no to 18 because while I think that labeling ingredients has come
PM a long way, I do not think that it is 100% yet. And I feel like "may
Contain" is pretty unhelpful.
680\. 9/19/2008 4:17:00 I would like labels to be more specific. My son is allergic to milk protein. Many
PM times there is a (filler) chemical that is actually a milk product that I or
someone else is not aware that it is actually a milk product.
681\. 9/19/2008 4:20:00 There needs to be a standard labeling method REQUIRED by law for all food
PM manufacturers to use. Currently, it is such a "gray" area that I am too
scared to eat many foods which only compounds the frustration of having a serious
food allergy.
682\. 9/19/2008 4:21:00 I have concerns that companies list possible allergens when they in fact are not
PM there. For example, Some food that would never be in contact with peanut, yet they
have a warning on it which prevents me from purchasing it (this always happens
with cakes and baked goods at Market Basket grocery stores). I would like to know
if these stores are accountable for false disclosures.
683\. 9/19/2008 5:12:00 I find the whole labelling very frusterating and would advocate 100% for
PM consistent and mandatory labelling for food items including such items as
toothpaste and soap. The word may is misleading. This should be an international
standard too.
684\. 9/19/2008 5:14:00 how do they expect to police this for manufacturers of ALL sizes? how will
PM "mom&pop" shops that manufacture in their kitchen, learn of these
rules? if there are allergen labels on ingredients, are those added to the
completed manufactured product label? i would just like to see consistent
labeling, better to label than not label. i\'m sure i can go on for days with
questions, but this is all i can think of for now.
685\. 9/19/2008 5:22:00 A lot of allergic people are children. My children have learned to read
PM advisories, which is VERY important for times when they are at school, a party or
a friends house. Bold allergy alerts at the base of the ingredients list works
best. Also, it\'s hard for children to understand that whey is milk and casien is
egg, so using the mainstream words would keep our children and adults who don\'t
know this safer.
686\. 9/19/2008 5:29:00 Would like all allergen info to stand out as much as possible on label
PM
687\. 9/19/2008 5:29:00 some manufacturers do not have anything nor do they tell you the equipment. So no
PM equipment - we do not buy. Touch, taste, smell can kill a peanut allergic person.
It is the worst and restaraunts need to provide the same info on their menus and
take outs.
688\. 9/19/2008 5:35:00 having the warning is helpful for youg children who read labels. If they are
PM reading the entire list they may miss something ( as the lists are long and
sometimes difficult to read) Having the warning draws your eye to it
689\. 9/19/2008 5:57:00 vague words should not be allowed :ie May, might, trace, natural flavorign,
PM spices\...\...they manufacture\'s need to let consumers know if it has an
ingredient or not
690\. 9/19/2008 6:06:00 My daughter has anyphylaxis to peanuts (airborne also), and has had a reaction to
PM Pizza Hut pizza. There are NO ingredients listed on their boxes of pizza, and we
ask the manager every time and are assured it was safe, and no ingredients had
"traces of etc. peanuts". We were directed to their web site (for the
first time!!!) while she was having her reaction to find out their pizza sauce had
been "manufactured in a facility with peanut products"! There needs to
be a lot more education to resaraunt staff about the allergens in their foods.
Another popular labling which they seem to do more of in Canada is declaring that
their product is made in a "peanut free facility". Bold letters of the
allergen in the ingredient list would be helpful also (we had a close call with a
Cambell\'s soup that had peanut oil, among about 20 other ingredients. I reread
the label before serving it to my daughter! If it had been in bold my Husband
would have easily spotted it!
691\. 9/19/2008 7:15:00 in reference to #18\-\--when the labeling includes allergen information and
PM warnings "processed w/\..." "may contain\...." etc, it is
sufficient. i also prefer the list of ingredients to highlight allergens and then
list a separate, highlighted "allergy warning:\..." to follow. i find
this to be most helpful and allows fewer misses. this said, unless this is
consistent and enforced, it will not work.
692\. 9/19/2008 7:47:00 Allergen labeling helps me to know I\'m making smart choices about my foods and am
PM not putting myself at risk of a reaction to an allergen for eating a particular
product. Often packaging or ingredients change, so what products might have been
"safe" earlier, are no longer. Allergen labeling helps\...although I am
not sure what the real risk is for eating products that say "processed in a
facility with" or "may contain traces \..." of the given allergy.
Clarification on these labels would help to broaden the foods that I can safely
consume.
693\. 9/19/2008 7:50:00 I believe it would be very helpful if the 2% rule would change when it comes to
PM ingredients such as spices. Mustard should always be listed (my 4 yr old daughter
had a severe reaction at 3.2 yrs of age. Mustard seed is one of the top 12 major
allergens in all the civilized countries of Europe .(ranking 4th in children
behind peanut (3rd). I have found it very challenging to study labels that do not
list this serious allergen. I have been extremely cautious about my daughter\'s
peanut and mustard allergy but I find the hidden allergen of mustard to be even
more of an issue. This is especially true due to the fact most Americans are
unaware of the allergen to begin with (except those who have either had a serious
reaction or had been forewarned to test for mustard seed (which isn\'t routinely
done in USA from what I understand. Some well known doctors (Hannaway) have made
references to the possibility that mustard seed could be responsible for many
unexplained anaphalaxis cases. I hope that both the testing and labeling will come
up to speed to the degree it is in all the other countries (i.e. England, Ireland,
Germany, France Italy etc\.... approx 15 at least have the knowlege to help their
citizens. I hope that we will get up to speed soon to save lives. I wrote to the
FDA about this 1-2 yrs ago. So far I haven\'t seen any changes..perhaps these
surveys will help . Thank-you for providing it. I am very happy that my daughter
had been given an epi pen jr. 2 mos. prior to that Dec 4th2006 evening iwas able
to halt hte anaphalixis (as her throat was closing) the epi pen jr. is a miriacle
and the paramedics said that I saved her life.. i hope other children who may have
this swift moving allergy will not have to find out like I did that it was present
If testing across the board could be done (by a blood sample at the hospital after
birth much heartache could be avoided) or within a reasonably early time Many have
seed alleries especially those with peanut and nut allergies .. Thank-you for this
forum.
694\. 9/19/2008 7:51:00 I would love for allergen info to be more specific when it comes to tree nuts. I
PM wish they listed exactly what tree nuts they are referring to.
695\. 9/19/2008 8:10:00 There is confusion re: "processed in a plant that processes allergen"
PM This does not give adequate info re: whether the allergen is in the product or
not. It seems to me that this is a liability statement to protect the
manufacturer, not a statement to help consumers make informed decisions as to
whether a product is safe or not. For example, many products that we had eaten
without reaction before the advisory labeling suddenly became products to avoid
because of this statement which did not clarify whether the product actually had
milk in it or not. Because of safety, we stopped buying the products. Maybe the
manufacturers need to know that they lose some customers because they are not
taking the measures to do best practices in processing by minimizing
cross-contamination.
696\. 9/19/2008 8:18:00 Some foods do not even mention allergen information\--positive or negative. I feel
PM reassured only when a product says that it does NOT contain peanuts or is NOT
processed on machines that process peanuts. I still find food packages that make
no mention of any allergen info, so I don\'t know whether to be reassured that an
allergen is not in it or to be afraid that the company just did not put the
allergen information on the package and it DOES contain it. I tend to avoid those
packages with no information at all.
697\. 9/19/2008 8:23:00 The statement: Contains (dairy, soy, wheat, sesame, egg, etc.) is very helpful.
PM Listing the standard 8 most allergenic ingredients should be a requirement for all
food manufacturers.
698\. 9/19/2008 8:32:00 I\'d like to see standardization on what to call ingredients. For example, milk is
PM called a number of things, including whey, casiein, etc. I\'d also like to see
yeast listed as an allergen. By the way, this is another ingredient with so many
alternative names that it\'s difficult to detect.
699\. 9/19/2008 10:27:00 When you have life threatening allergies you need to know if there is even a
PM possibility of the allergen.
700\. 9/19/2008 11:40:00 I have a nut allergy and I feel like there are foods I ate my whole life that now
PM all of a sudden say "may contain..", "made in factory that
produces\...". So I don\'t eat them anymore but part of me thinks they all
just say that so they won\'t be sued and I wonder if I really could eat these
foods. I feel like now that I am 30, i can\'t eat nearly as much as I did 15 years
ago because it seems like everything has or may have nuts.
701\. 9/19/2008 11:47:00 I wish allergens were only listed if an allergen was definately in the food, not
PM "this product may contain milk".
702\. 9/20/2008 12:26:00 Easy to find on the label
AM
703\. 9/20/2008 12:57:00 I have 3 daughters with food allergies. All are allergic to tree nuts, two are
AM allergic to peanuts, and one is allergic to everything (peanuts, tree nuts, milk,
eggs, soy, etc). I will not take a chance with \'may contain peanuts/tree nuts\'
or \'processed on equipment with peanuts/tree nuts\'. But I might take a chance on
a product that \'may contain traces of milk\' or \'processed on equipment with
milk/eggs\'\...but it depends on the product. I feel that these labels need to be
extremely honest; we rely on them heavily. I read the allergen advisory AND the
ingredients always! Products that say \'may contain soy\' are not always a problem
for us\...usually the ingredient is soy lecithin and my daughter can tolerate that
as well as soybean oil. I hope this helps! Thanks for asking!
704\. 9/20/2008 1:52:00 I wish there were a standard approach and wording for allergy warnings. I
AM appreciate when manufacturers put the top 8 allergens in bold in the ingredients
listings. I wish that all manufacturers used plain language for ingredients and
elaborated on what exactly "natural and artificial flavorings" are
included. I wish that all labels indicated if allergens are processed on the same
equipment or in the same facility as the food item, and also that manufacturers
would indicate if they take precautions against cross-contamination of allergens.
Fear of cross-contamination when labels are vague leads me not to buy the product.
(Ex. almost all ice cream is processed in plants with nuts - but not all labels
indicate a "same facility" warning. does this mean an unlabelled ice
cream is actually safe for a person with a nut allergy to eat? or just not
labelled as a possible cross-contam risk?)
705\. 9/20/2008 4:04:00 Allergen advisory labeling makes it possible for a person with fatal food
AM allergies to get through the supermarket in a reasonable amount of time. When they
don\'t have the Allergen Advisory labeling, it takes forever to complete a
shopping trip. You never know which products are going to change ingredients, and
no longer be safe.
706\. 9/20/2008 4:09:00 I am allergic to Oregeno. most labels say spices, then i have to call the
AM manufacturer, its a pain, it takes them forever to look up the spices, and
sometimes they tell you, i will have to get back to you on that, If it says
spices, they surely need to break down every single spice in the label. I never
buy anything that says spices, because i do not know what spices
707\. 9/20/2008 6:21:00 Please fix allergen labeling to be consistent, easy to find and read, and
AM accurate! Please look at allergen labeling in UK products for examples.
708\. 9/20/2008 11:34:00 Need to be uniformly defined. For example, "manufactured in a facility which
AM handles " is different than "manufactured on shared equipment".
709\. 9/20/2008 11:45:00 When a product states that the product is processed in a facility that processes
AM allergens,,they should be required to be more specific. Such as, if it is in the
same part of the building.
710\. 9/20/2008 11:54:00 The placement on labels of "processed on equipment that also processes
AM X" is NOT helpful when it is placed UNDER a seal flap on bagged products such
as candy. Parents & teacher who do not live with such allergies are not likely
to look under a flap before giving the candy to a child.
711\. 9/20/2008 11:57:00 I think advisory labels should be in bold print on all food and non-food items.
AM
712\. 9/20/2008 11:59:00 I LIKE THE LABELING WHERE THE COMMON FOOD ALLERGANS ARE LISTED AT THE BOTTOM OF
AM THE INGREDIENTS IN BOLD FACE LETTERS. NOT ALL THE PRODUCTS HAVE THAT AND AS A
CONSUMER YOU MUST PHYSICALLY GO THRU EVERY INGREDIENT TO CHECK TO SEE IF THE
ALLERGAN IS AN INGREDIENT.
713\. 9/20/2008 12:46:00 I answered qustion 13 as Contains because I think that my primary concern is what
PM is 100% in the product. Would have liked to be able to choose more than one answer
because I would have also selected a may contain and processed on shared
equipment.
714\. 9/20/2008 2:00:00 THe may contains labels are not on all products
PM
715\. 9/20/2008 3:20:00 I would like to see "seeds" listed on the allergen label. In addition to
PM nuts, I am allergic to all seeds and I have never seen this listed. Example -
Breadcrumbs contain sesame seeds (and sometimes poppy) and a few years ago the
brand I had been using ("Jason") changed their ingredients. I believe
when a company adds an allergen it should be noted on the FRONT of the packaging
as well because the day I used the new container of breadcrumbs I couldn\'t
understand why my throat was closing up since I had used them for years! I had an
older jar and compared the two - they had added seeds to it without stating
anything on the front. I never would have thought there was a change in
ingredients.
716\. 9/20/2008 3:43:00 If there is any chance of cross contamination, I would like to know without having
PM to contact the company. I would also like to see advisory labeling for
prescription medications. I\'ve found that neither doctors, nurses, nor
pharmacists know whether ingredients like dairy or soy are present in prescription
medications.
717\. 9/20/2008 5:07:00 I\'ve come across many products that use a contains label, but when calling the
PM manufacturer I\'m informed that the allergen I\'m concerned about may be contained
in the product and told not to use it. Rendering the label completely useless to
me.
718\. 9/20/2008 6:06:00 In the case of a food additive containing peanuts in the main ingredients, like:
PM Calcium stearate Calcium stearoyl lactylate Glycerine Lecithin Linoleic acid
Polysorbates Propylene glycol monostearate Sodium stearoyl fumarate Stearoyls
Tocopherol (alpha-Tocopherol, vitamin E) OR if the scientific name is used, like
Arachnis oil The product should have an advisory label that says, "contains
peanuts"
719\. 9/20/2008 6:59:00 Federal regulations making labeling mandatory and consistent for all food/health
PM care products is extermely important to our family!
720\. 9/20/2008 7:55:00 I have a severe allergy to GARLIC (with antibodies proved by serum RAST test) The
PM new labeling requirements that identify only the frequent allergens minimize the
manufacturer\'s emphasis on other food allergens which affect fewer patients but
are nevertheless critically important to those other patients. I hope for COMPLETE
labeling ( Not spices or spice extractives) as may be permitted by some states not
involved in interstate shipping..
721\. 9/20/2008 8:30:00 Would like to see any food available for sale to public be required to be
PM labelled. Currently only prepackaged food is required to be labelled.
722\. 9/20/2008 8:57:00 I live on an American Base in England and buy American products.
PM
723\. 9/20/2008 9:15:00 My kids are not very sensitive to their allergens, and have not had problems with
PM packaged products (bought after reading labels), so I am less concerned with
cross-contamination issues than others I know.
724\. 9/20/2008 11:24:00 I think all food ingredients should have to be listed, phrases like
PM "spices" is too vague. Especially when you have a serious allergy to
mustard, sesame etc. Also when you call a company they should by lwa be able to
tell you if a product is produced on the same shared line as any of your
allergens. "I don\'t have that kind of information" is not good enough.
725\. 9/21/2008 12:09:00 what allergens are in a product should be required on all products and should be
AM listed in a consistent manner
726\. 9/21/2008 12:37:00 I have severe allergies to all shellfish, fish, sensitivity to soy, and a very
AM severe reaction to sulfa. It is extremely necessary for me to read food labels,
cosmetics, soaps, hair products and medication lablels.
727\. 9/21/2008 1:17:00 I greatly appreciate products with allergen advisories on them.
AM
728\. 9/21/2008 1:27:00 Question 7 - confusing answers do not match the question. I would like the
AM manufacturers to be consistent with food labeling. My son is allergic to nuts and
we avoid anything that says processed in a factory that processes nuts just to be
safe. We do our best to avoid cross contamination. I appreciate when labels say
peanut free or tree nut free or processed in a nut free factory.
729\. 9/21/2008 1:39:00 I\'m not sure my answers reflect how important I feel allergen labels are. I am
AM personally allergic to SO many foods that I can\'t avoid them all the time and
have to just have them in small amounts and always have an epi pen with me. Thank
you for continueing to strive to make those of us with allergies more safe.
730\. 9/21/2008 2:48:00 When it comes to "may contain" or "could contain" statements I
AM am annoyed/confused. Either a product DOES contain \'x\' or it doesn\'t. If a
manufacturer doesn\'t clean equipment between product runs, then clearly what is
produced next WILL contain whatever was previously run on it and should be
labelled as such. There should be no ambiguity about labelling. Please give
consumers the full facts as to what is in a product. Or mandate that all
manufacturers clean their equipment so there is no chance of cross-contamination.
A list of actual ingredients would be extremely helpful for those who are not just
dealing with top 8 allergens. Stating "Natural flavors" just doesn\'t
cut it. My daughter is allergic to corn and sesame, 2 foods that are not included
under the current labelling laws. Quite often when you actually take the time to
talk to the manufacturer you find out the natural flavors do contain either of
those ingredients. It would save me a lot of time and hassle just to read that on
the products ingredient list than chasing up the phone number, then calling,
waiting on hold, then pulling teeth from the customer service representative to
get a straight answer! Can you please explain why only foods are subject to the
labelling laws? It is extremely frustrating that drugs are not included. My
daughters allergies are life-threatening and I want to know if that antibiotic
etc. contains her allergens. Again I should not have to be the one calling the
pharmaceutical company to confirm or deny that fact when I could just READ it on
the ingredient label. In regards to question 13. That is a difficult question to
answer with only one choice. Obviously "Contains (allergen)" is very helpful but
so is "May contain (allergen)" since my daughter has had serious reactions to a
"May contain (allergen)". Same goes for "Allergy Information: May contain
(allergen)". "This product was processed on machinery used to process (allergen)"
this statement is also extremely helpful as we will avoid this product due to
cross-contamination issues. "Produced in a facility with an allergy control plan.
The possibility of contact with allergenic ingredients has been minimized. May
still contain trace amounts of (allergen)" This statement irritates me. Do you
trust the product to be "safe" or not?? 17. In your opinion, do you
think that manufacturers should be required to include allergen advisory labels on
packaging for non-food products like cosmetics, soaps, hair products and
medications applied to the skin? ABSOLUTELY!! I have a daughter who will want to
use makeup and hair products someday. These products should be clearly labelled in
plain english with ALL of their ingredients. Latin or biological names for nuts
are not good enough. I want to know if there is almond oil or not in a product
without having to know its biological name.
731\. 9/21/2008 3:39:00 We need allergy advisory labels on non-food products too like soaps, lotions, hair
AM products etc..
732\. 9/21/2008 3:49:00 Q 16: I\'d answer yes for same equipment, no for same facility, different
AM equipment. It would be very helpful if medicines were subject to the same labeling
rules. I\'d also love if the USDA was required to list ingredients and allergens.
733\. 9/21/2008 4:35:00 It would be nice to avoid the broad bucket terms like "nuts", some folks
AM are not allergic to all nuts (even though they are often all packed in the same
facility) and don\'t avoid all nuts, same with "fish/shellfish".
734\. 9/21/2008 5:05:00 products used in processing an packaging (eg., citric acid, corn starch need to be
AM included on the label) at this time they are exempt. This is VERY DANGEROUS for
the corn allergic
735\. 9/21/2008 5:11:00 Because my sons food allergies are life threatening it is important to me to
AM clearly understand if there is an allergenic ingredient or potential for cross
contamination during manufacturing. Anything that shows potential for an allergen
to be present prevents me from buying it for him. The current allergy labeling is
an anything goes game where I have to contact each manufacturer before feeding
anything to my son. A set of rules of what a manufacture can or can\'t say would
do a lot to make food decisions easier for us.
736\. 9/21/2008 6:02:00 I am often confused why some major American brands do not contain any allergen
AM warnings - -I thought there\'s a law that says they should. If I recalll
correctly - it\'s Nabisco that puzzles me. And why is Canada so much more together
about these things than the USA? I would LOVE to have allergen info for
cosmetics/personal products and meds. Having a dairy and nut-allergic child - let
me tell you, it is hard finding a "natural" lotion (all the major ones
are filled with chemicals). Please make these better here for us. I am surprised
these companies are not scared of being sued for not making allergens known and
clear.
737\. 9/21/2008 7:45:00 It is very important to me to know what is in my lotins and food. I have multiple
AM allergies to many things.
738\. 9/21/2008 11:09:00 Any trace amount is something we need to know about with allergies involving small
AM amounts of allergen like peanuts. I appreciate manufacturers with good labeling
and am more likely to buy their other products if I feel more secure that they use
complete allergen advisory labels.
739\. 9/21/2008 1:01:00 Statements about being processed in a facility with or on equipment with are
PM confusing. We cannot tell if in the same facility means that it\'s the same room,
equipment, counter-top, or if it\'s the same building but a room way down the hall
from the room that processes allergens. These statements don\'t adequately
describe risk. Contain or may contain should be all that is used and may contain
should not be used as overall CYA move - i.e. I don\'t ALL products to say may
contain just because manufacturers are too lazy to really determine risk.
Medications and foods covered by USDA (meats) should ALSO follow the labeling
laws. It\'s very distressing to as a parent to have to pick up antibiotics for a
sick child and not be able to find out if the antibiotic contains milk or some
other allergen that your child could react to. Meat products fall, I think, under
the USDA, and as such don\'t have to list allergens. Yet many companies add
tenderizers or broths to their meat products so a chicken is not always a plain
chicken. Consumers need to know what is in their food and medications and other
products. This can be a life and death situtation.
740\. 9/21/2008 2:03:00 Consistentcy is needed here.
PM
741\. 9/21/2008 2:28:00 My 3 year old is allergic to all the top 8 common food allergens and sesame.
PM Having some products listed as \'processed in a facility that also processes
XYZ\..." without given me a definitive answer of weather the allergen is in
the product has forced me to limit his diet even more by excluding all of these
products\...
742\. 9/21/2008 3:05:00 needs consistency and regulation as to exactly what the warnings entails.
PM
743\. 9/21/2008 4:36:00 my son has life threatening allergies to dairy, soy and peanuts. i would like
PM clear concise allery labeling on all products so i dont have to gamble with my
sons life on a daliy basis.
744\. 9/21/2008 6:04:00 We need more informative allergen warning labels.
PM
745\. 9/21/2008 6:14:00 I don\'t like the phrasing of Q. 13 - it doesn\'t seem like one question. The
PM \'may contain\' phrasing seems too general. I\'d like to know more specifically
what steps the company takes to minimize the risk to make an informed decision.
746\. 9/21/2008 6:19:00 I like the idea of the advisory label containing "produced in a facility with
PM an allergen control plan," but wonder exactly what this would mean and how it
would be enforced and monitored.
747\. 9/21/2008 6:57:00 It should be required to state if there is even a minute trace or possibility of a
PM trace in the product. We don\'t want to jeapordize our lives or lives of our
children if there is possible cross-contamination, which does happen! Every label
must also state if it was processed on the same machinery or facility as the
allergen. Also, it should state what the spices or natural flavorings are. With so
many severe allergies, we should not play Russian Roulette with our lives. We
should know what we are eating and they shouldn\'t keep us in the dark. It would
be nice if there were more peanut free manufacturing practices. I\'m sure it would
increase their sales since we wouldn\'t avoid so many of their products.
748\. 9/21/2008 8:06:00 Some people with soy allergies react to soy oil, too. I have seen packages with
PM allergen listings that don\'t include soy, but the food has soy oil listed in the
ingredients. This should be banned.
749\. 9/21/2008 8:40:00 I think companies are doing a much better job now than a few years ago, but I wish
PM it were even more clear, and there was a standard for issues like "may
contain" or "made in a facility with" \-- it should either have the
allergen or be free of it, with no "maybe maybe not." I also believe all
non edible products should have any allergen listed, too (such as shampoo,
medicine, etc.)
750\. 9/21/2008 8:44:00 consistent labeling would increase the safety of my family whether the ingredient
PM is contained or may be present. consistency would also save me hours of time when
reading food and health and beauty labels!
751\. 9/21/2008 10:28:00 I feel as is the "may contain" has become a catch phrase to cover a
PM company\'s liability and is not really about what a food may contain.
752\. 9/21/2008 11:11:00 Need to also identify barley and rye, so to include the large number of
PM individuals with gluten intolerance.
753\. 9/21/2008 11:29:00 it is better than it was 10 years ago.
PM
754\. 9/22/2008 12:54:00 I do appreciate labels that say " they use proper care" for food
AM allegies, such as the VANS Waffles\...
755\. 9/22/2008 2:05:00 I think allergy labeling is much better than in the past. I do not buy products
AM that say process/may contain or peanut facility. I take the side of caution. I do
think manufacturers claim more than is probably true but I\'m not taking any
chances with my daughters allergy to peanuts. Labels should be clear - either they
contain the allergen/ or they are processed in a facility. I don\'t think there is
any in between.
756\. 9/22/2008 2:22:00 The biggest ambiguity for me is the difference between "may contain" and
AM "may have traces of" and "processed on the same machinery as".
The level of trace elements in these different phrases needs to be established.
757\. 9/22/2008 3:48:00 I think if the labeling was consistent with all manufacturers it would be alot
AM less confusing for us that have to read every label, every time. When I see an
allergen listed in bold, even if it is in bold in the ingredients list, I can
easily move on knowing it is not safe. It is when I have to read and concentrate
on what each ingredient really means, that it is frustrating and time consuming.
Manufacturers should realize it is someone\'s life that depends on that label, and
the accuracy of it.
758\. 9/22/2008 3:57:00 Consistency & accuracy are crucial. The worst offense is when the ingredients
AM listing is wrong. I\'m appalled every time I receive an email on a food being
recalled because of undeclared allergens.
759\. 9/22/2008 4:13:00 For those with a life threatening food allergy, even a trace amount of the
AM allergen that they are allergic to can cause a life threatening reaction. If a
food item may contain a trace amount of an allergen (due to shared equipment, etc.
), manufacturers should have a duty to disclose this to the public by means of
clear labeling on the product.
760\. 9/22/2008 4:20:00 Besides the allergy advisory label the top 8 should be listed in bold type at end
AM of the entire list. All the forms of the top 8 can be listed in the entire list
but MUST be listed at end in bold, large type. It will save tons of time.
761\. 9/22/2008 7:12:00 I would like to see allergens listed in non-food products\....chapstick, lotions,
AM etc. I prefer the "may contain" statement rather than the
"contains" statement because I would like to know of the
"possible" cross contamination that might occur. "May contain"
now is used in various ways by manufacturers\...some use that statement if it is
processed on the same equipment while others will use it if it is manufactured in
the same plant. I would like to see better consistency or even information as to
how it "may contain" the allergen. I would also LOVE to see the nut-free
symbol that they use in Canada to signal that the facility where a product is made
is nut-free. This is very helpful!!
762\. 9/22/2008 7:41:00 We have truly life-threatening peanut/tree nut allergies in our family and rely on
AM food labels to make choices on what we can safely eat. One child is somewhat less
allergic (hasn\'t experienced anaphylaxis\--just hives, etc.) and we\'d like to
know (from a more specific label) if the risk of eating a certain food is
minimal\--then we might choose to purchase something we otherwise might not for
her. But my son is SO allergic to peanuts that it would be extremely dangerous if
we couldn\'t read food labels for him. We can\'t take any risks\--he is the type
that has had anaphylactic reactions from "trace" amounts of peanut\--so
careful, honest labeling is critical for him. Thanks!
763\. 9/22/2008 2:01:00 I have spent a lot of time contacting manufacturers to find out if a product has a
PM chance of cross contamination with peanuts/tree nuts. A change in labeling is more
than helpful, but essential
764\. 9/22/2008 2:30:00 I\'d like to see EVERYTHING stated in the ingredient list and also information if
PM it was processed on the same machinery as allergens. If there are any traces of
anything, that should be stated as "may contain\..."
765\. 9/22/2008 3:07:00 Being that my child is highly allergic to milk and milk proteins. Their should be
PM simple lable that says caintains the allergin and or made in a plant and or mode
on shared equipment it should be that simple
766\. 9/22/2008 3:47:00 I was part of the lobbying effort to get FALCPA passed. It is a good first step,
PM but needs to be more consistent and thorough.
767\. 9/22/2008 5:47:00 My three year old daughter is allergic to milk and peanuts. The peanut allergy is
PM very severe. Trying to keep her safe is so overwhelming. I see a product that has
no peanut warnings on the label and right next to it is a peanut version of the
same product. Were they made on the same equipment? It is a very confusing and
challenging process and the stakes are high\... my daughter\'s life.
768\. 9/22/2008 5:50:00 I don\'t feel the allergen advisory labels should be optional. I think the public
PM should be given as much information as possible in order to make an informed
decision.
769\. 9/22/2008 7:18:00 As parents we know what to look for, but our friends and extended family NEED to
PM have the labeling information so our children can attend parties, sleepovers, etc.
Also, parents of non-allergy kids need to be able to make lunches that are safe
for everyone so they can all eat together in school and at park district programs.
770\. 9/22/2008 8:04:00 Labels need to be more apparent at restaurants.
PM
771\. 9/22/2008 8:19:00 Given the extreme reaction that may happen with contact or ingesting, consistent,
PM standardized labeling is necessary to keep people safe.
772\. 9/22/2008 9:27:00 As much information they can tell us the better.
PM
773\. 9/22/2008 10:18:00 consistency in labeling would be very helpful
PM
774\. 9/22/2008 10:39:00 I had a shellfish reaction and have since been allergic to all fish. I did not
PM know that Cesar dressing contained anchovies and had a reaction. It is very
important to list any type of allergen on anything I may use and I need to read
all labels to make sure.
775\. 9/22/2008 10:59:00 1\. INCLUDE SESAME SEEDS IN LIST. 2. MANDATE INCLUSION OF DETAILED LISTING OF WHAT
PM SPICE IS "SPICES" 3. ALLOW COMPANIES TO INDICATE WHETHER GOOD
MANUFACTURING PRACTICES ARE USED TO SEGREGATE ALLERGENS FROM THE FINAL PRODUCT IF
THEY ARE PRESENT IN THE PLANT/ON THE MACHINERY/ON THE SAME LINE, ETC. 4. OFFER
INCENTIVES (MARKETING, ADVERTISING, ETC) TO THOSE COMPANIES THAT COMPLY. 5.
CREATE/STRICKEN PENALTIES/FINES FOR THOSE COMPANIES THAT DO NOT COMPLY. 6. REQUIRE
COMPANIES TO INCLUDE ALL ALLERGEN INFO. IE; MAY CONTAIN IF PRESENT IN THE
MACHINERY/SHARED LINE 7. ENCOURAGE COMPANIES TO BE AS ACCURATE AS POSSIBLE
776\. 9/22/2008 11:45:00 There needs to be a consistent labeling procedure. "Processed in a
PM plant" does that mean on the machinery or 5 buildings over? May
contain\...does that mean same machinery or you don\'t wash you equipment or what?
Too vague of labeling. Either it contains the allergen or it doesn\'t. There needs
to be better control and cleaniness in the plants. There needs to be cut and dry
wording. The ones that state "shared equipment or contains" are right
on. I really appreciate the companies that state they have dedicated equipment for
certain items and no allergens touch that equipment. That is great knowledge of
what the allergens can/could do. Companies that are vague or give the
"blanket" statement "may contain or trace amounts" I feel are
just trying to cover their behinds in case someone has a reaction. In the end,
education is key. I have found that too many people don\'t fully grasp what can
happen if the food allergen is ingested. In a perfedct world, the food companies
would actually be concerned over their consumers well-being and not just the
bottom line and lawsuits. It will get their someday! :)
777\. 9/23/2008 12:53:00 I am highly allergic or sensitive to cleaning agents, including laundry detergents
AM and leather couch cleaners. If you have any information, please advise me how to
"lift" irritants, leather couch cleaners off a leather couch, or advise
if I\'ll simply have to buy a new couch (it\'s hard to find soft leather, brown).
My throat gets irritated from the cleaners. Food allergies are also a concern.
Labelling has to be correct.
778\. 9/23/2008 12:55:00 Anything to make it more clear. People who are not versed in food allergies have
AM no idea that sodium casinate is a "code word" for milk. i alway worry
when we go out to eat\... I have had an issue with people not knowing that butter
= milk!
779\. 9/23/2008 1:01:00 An allergy alert should also be labeled if Latex gloves or machines with natural
AM rubber latex are used in making a food product.
780\. 9/23/2008 1:38:00 My son could die from contact with peanuts or tree nuts. Product labeling is
AM imperative for us and also makes his life and mine a little easier. Thank you to
all the manufacturers who are cooperating.
781\. 9/23/2008 2:30:00 The fact that current labels do not indicate the presence of gluten (one of the
AM two substances to which I am allergic, the other being shellfish) makes them
entirely useless sometimes.
782\. 9/23/2008 2:35:00 Some brands have come a long way with allergen labeling and are very clear about
AM it. Others need a lot of work. A universal allergen advisory labeling system would
be optimal!
783\. 9/23/2008 2:48:00 I would like to know if a product really \'may contain\' peanuts. I feel that
AM products are over-labelled now, because of legal reasons, and it is a little silly
sometimes. However, with the severity of our allergy, if there is a chance of
peanut dust, I want to know that. Also, the allergy warning is really needed for
teachers, relatives and friends - I think I am the only one with the patience to
read the whole lable.
784\. 9/23/2008 3:15:00 I believe there should be several different advisory statements. 1) If the product
AM contains the allergen, it should be in the list of ingredients and also in the
advisory statement. 2) If the food was manufactured on the same line as an
allergen, that should be a separate statement. 3) If the food was manufactured in
a facility that processes the allergen, but not on the same line, that should be
stated. I will purchase products made in the same facility as an allergen, as long
as they\'re not run on the same line.
785\. 9/23/2008 3:32:00 I see "contains" and "may contain" as very different. We have
AM not had any problems with trace amounts and therefore do not avoid foods that
"may contain" or were "processed in a facility\..." The one
exception is we choose a store brand of cereal over the similar name brand because
the name brand has a "may contain trace amounts" warning on it.
Otherwise if an allergen is not listed as an ingredient, I think of the warning
labels as essentially useless. I think companies who use good separation
practices\--and what those are should be regulated\-- should say/get to say that
on their labels and those who don\'t should have a strong warning such as
"Processed in a facility that DOES NOT MEET Federal guidelines for
cross-contamination by peanuts, wheat, soy\... (all the main 8 that are present in
that facility)." I think this would encourage better handling practices, and
that would be of the most benefit.
786\. 9/23/2008 4:09:00 I would like CLEAR and CONSISTENT labeling procedures for all foods >> and
AM non-food products. In addition to clear labeling of the most >> common
allergens, I would like companies to be required to list ALL >> ingredients
in their plain English terms. For example, instead of "albumin", I would
like it to say somewhere: "Egg." All foods can be an allergen. A clear
labeling system would help everyone. If there is a chance a food contains one of
my childrens\' allergens, I do not buy it. But if it were clearly labeled so that
I could know for sure, I WOULD buy the foods that were safe, instead of deciding
that they are too big of a risk to take.
787\. 9/23/2008 4:34:00 I wished they would have to label corn or corn dirivatives, as my daughter is very
AM allergic to it. Corn can be hidden in many ways and many words most people would
never think of. WE HAVE TO THINK OF ALL THE TIME. Corn is not a common allergen
but there are enough people allergic to it to demand some sort of advisory labe.
788\. 9/23/2008 4:54:00 Im teaching my daughter to read ingredients. It is so much easier for her to see
AM her allergen in bold letters, and its also very importent to us to see if it was
processed on equipment containing her allergen. I have called many companies
asking that question. It would be so much easier just to read it on a lable. Kids
and adults find words like whey and casien very confusing. I also wonder why there
arent any peanut/nut free factories. Canada has many of these factories. Is this
something companies are thinking of here yet? I also find it confusing when a
lable says made in the same building as an allergen. Does that mean its made on
shared machinery? Thanks for listening to my concerns.
789\. 9/23/2008 9:46:00 If the label states "may contain" certian allergens - we do not by the
AM product. "May" equals "Probably does contain" in our world. I
think that it is really a catch all to save the company - not helpful at all!
790\. 9/23/2008 12:01:00 I think the government should place a mandate on food and product (soaps, etc)
PM manufacturers that REQUIRE a consistent label (it may be confusing otherwise and
result in people buying something that is not safe simply because it DOES NOT have
an advisory label on it!)
791\. 9/23/2008 12:07:00 The labels are not consistent and it is difficult to locate where allergan
PM information is listed. Sometime made in a facility is listed separately from the
ingredients list. This makes it difficult to teach an 8 year old how to read for
herself to give her the independence she desires.
792\. 9/23/2008 12:07:00 Soy allergies are a problem - since most people with soy allergies are allergic to
PM the protein but can still have products with soybean oil and/or soy lecithin, it
is confusing if it says conatins soy - but it is only the lecithin not soy
protein.
793\. 9/23/2008 12:11:00 They need to be specific. If an allergen is even remotely around, please say it.
PM
794\. 9/23/2008 12:11:00 I fine current food labeling very helpful, however would like to see this on
PM lotions and body products as well.
795\. 9/23/2008 12:13:00 Having the allergy information in bold at the end of the list of ingredients is
PM helpful, so I\'m not spending a huge amount of time reading all of the ingredients
while grocery shopping.
796\. 9/23/2008 12:17:00 I have changed my buying habits of products with "processed in a
PM facility" or other such warnings, after learning from studies and allergy
sites that these products more time than not have the food allergen in them. Prior
to that time, we were only avoiding "may contain" labels. I want food
manufacturers to use ingredients lists and additional product labeling to
accurately report the actual or potential presence of the food allergen. I do not
want it to be used in a carte blanche fashion to just "cover all the
bases". I want transparency and the reality of the risks to my child if she
were to consume their product.
797\. 9/23/2008 12:18:00 I think that if any of the 8 common allergens are used in any product then it
PM needs to be listed in bold print along with an ingredient list.
798\. 9/23/2008 12:19:00 There are so many different names for some ingredients and that makes it hard for
PM me to properly manage my son\'s allergies. As a person without allergies caring
for someone with them, I need the allergen warning to be clear. I also think that
would make it easier for others to care for my child.
799\. 9/23/2008 12:20:00 I would prefer consistency in the labeling of may contains, made on the same
PM equipment and made in a facility. Clear definitions would be helpful as it\'s
possible we would eat something made in the same facility, but not on the same
equipment.
800\. 9/23/2008 12:20:00 May contain traces. Drives me wacko. Does it or not. This comment just covers
PM their butts and is not helpful at all when you have mult.allergies and can\'t eat
anything
801\. 9/23/2008 12:21:00 The Bold Allergy alerts are most helpful!
PM
802\. 9/23/2008 12:22:00 We truly rely on the labeling and find the \'May contains\' information very
PM important. My child had a near fatal anaphylactic reaction to a candy that did NOT
have peanuts as an ingredient but was manufactured on the same equipment as other
candy with peanuts. That trace amount caused a life-threatening reaction \-- so it
is critical for us to know about trace possibilities. And we really rely on the
labeling because that is all we have to go by.
803\. 9/23/2008 12:22:00 we have peanut and nut allergies (among others), and we have been told that
PM "natural flavoring" can include nut products - that is not stated on the
labels and poses a serious danger to us.
804\. 9/23/2008 12:23:00 They need to be required for foods and health care products. Thus they should be
PM consistent.
805\. 9/23/2008 12:23:00 I may buy a product that contains the "may contain" type labeling but
PM that should be MY decision as it could be a life and death situation. The current
bold face, simple language is waaay better than trying to read the entire ingred.
list for the one allergen amongst multiple long names and trying to interpret that
pine nuts might be flavored peanuts, for example. We are human and can be in a
hurry or miss an allergen on a list-please keep it easy for us:) I would
appreciate knowing that the company has an allergy control plan but may contain an
allergen. I\'ve never seen that. Also, it would be nice to have the top allergens
on cosmetics and meds, too. Number 13-if I had to pic only one any that tells me
if it actually DOES contain or MAY contain in cross-contamination AND it must be
BOLD print Thanks!!
806\. 9/23/2008 12:24:00 Sesame and gluten should be required disclosures in plain English (i.e. same as
PM other 8 under FALCPA)
807\. 9/23/2008 12:25:00 Sometimes the allergen advisory is not printed near the ingredients list. This
PM makes it hard to find and often takes 2 of us reading the package before seeing
the advisory.
808\. 9/23/2008 12:28:00 It is so important to have absolutely as much information as possible before
PM eating the food. If there is no allergy information listed, we always phone the
company and ask them. We should have the right to know if there are hidden dangers
in the foods we are consuming, such as if they were created on shared equipment
with allergens. I am so glad that companies have to label when their products
contain an allergen, however, it is just as important to know if the food could
have been contaminated in production as well. May contains, produced in a facility
with, shared equipment labels should be mandatory!!!!
809\. 9/23/2008 12:28:00 Information is key. No parent wants to be in the ER with their child near death,
PM we HAVE to have the information in order to make an informed decision and
purchase. In addition, food labeling is very helpful for those who don\'t spend
every day with an allergic person, but still want to provide safe foods, ex
grandma. It is much easier for them to read the advisory, than to have to decifer
ingredients.
810\. 9/23/2008 12:29:00 There is a DEFINITE and IMMEDIATE need for labeling on nonprescription AND
PM prescription medications. We have had several reactions where a medication
contained "lactose". I call the manufacturer and they often cannont tell
you. Soaps, hair products, etc. should have to contain allergy warnings. I also
think no label should be able to say "natural ingredients". We need to
know what those natural ingredients are.
811\. 9/23/2008 12:32:00 Since my child has 9 anaphylactic food allergies we are limited in what prepared
PM foods we can buy. Because of this we often need to buy foods with the may contain,
processessed in a plant\..., etc. labeling or we would be making all of our food
from scratch. I am not comfortable with this and would prefer that companies are
straight forward with what ingredients are in their product and the REAL risk of
cross contamination, not just a statement that prevents them from being sued in
case of a reaction.l
812\. 9/23/2008 12:33:00 I don\'t find it helpful when the label says: processed in a plant that has
PM "food allergen"\....this makes it confusing, because you don\'t know if
that provides a risk of contamination, or they are just covering themselves. There
have been products that we\'ve used safely, and then they added that label. In
some cases, we have continued to use that product, as there had been no change in
the processing of the product
813\. 9/23/2008 12:38:00 i thought it was law. there are still mfg. co. that do not label their
PM products!!!! that has to change!!!!
814\. 9/23/2008 12:41:00 There needs to be some uniform way to inform people without ALARMING consumers.
PM Currently, we have to avoud so mnay products that are probably safe for us to
enjoy merely because the labeling is being done to limit liability. There needs to
be some sort of reconsiliation between these 2 competing aspects (the need to eat
and liability issues!). Wholefoods has a label that states "Good
Manufacturing Practices are \....segregate\....." This leads me to believe
they understand the severity, the food itself has no allergen in the ingredients
but they are using santizing techniques that are appropriate to minimize
cross-contamination. A "May Contain" statement could mean the allergen
is in the next buidling. A "produced in a facility" could mean the
allergen is on the same line, or perhaps again, in another room. PLEASE HELP US
815\. 9/23/2008 12:41:00 I love the "Contains" statement. My son is allergic to Milk and there
PM are many ingredients that mean milk.
816\. 9/23/2008 12:43:00 Companies should be required to include the allergen information for components of
PM the product that are made by an outside vendor. For example, an ice cream
distributor of ice cream sandwiches should report the allergen information for the
cookie portion of the product which is made by someone else and purchased by the
ice cream company.
817\. 9/23/2008 12:45:00 The labeling is inconsistent, confusing, and frustrating!!
PM
818\. 9/23/2008 12:48:00 A parent may know what to look for when reading a label but for other people who
PM may care for your child, school, grandparent, etc., allergen labeling is very
important!
819\. 9/23/2008 12:51:00 First of all, I am thrilled that the top food allergens are now listed (although I
PM called a company last week who had "butter" listed as an ingredient and
did not have MILK in the contains statement - Taquitos from Sam\'s Club - turns
out, they DO have milk AND wheat in them when the contains statement only says
SOY.) You just can\'t trust any label yet. I only really trust the advisory labels
when it says "Every effort has been made to prevent cross contamination from
a facility that also produces\....". It makes me feel as if they really
"get" it. I STILL call almost every manufacturer on most things, and it
bothers me when they don\'t have an allergen advisory label at all. Take PUFFINS
cereal for example\....made from a small company\....and Puffins has an Original
and a Peanut Butter variety but there is NO advisory label on the packaging. I
would almost bet this company does not outsource their peanut butter version. I
bet it is made right there on the same equipment as the others - yet the others
are "free" of most food allergens. I could talk all day about this so
please contact me if you need any more info. My son is allergic to 6 of the top 7
food allergens so we read a lot of labels. Now, I don\'t have as many options to
purchase with the limitations I have \...whereas someone with just a peanut
allergy can avoid a cookie "made in a facility with peanuts"\....I
don\'t have the luxury of finding another cookie option sometimes so I am a little
more lenient than most, under my circumstances\....and for my son\'s quality of
life.
820\. 9/23/2008 12:54:00 thank you for doing this survey. I would like to see the labeling of allergens
PM more consistent
821\. 9/23/2008 12:55:00 I think that it is confusing that foods regulated by the USDA do not need to
PM follow the labeling laws.
822\. 9/23/2008 12:56:00 Question #16 may be misleading. It is possible, through good manufacturing
PM methods, to have allergens present in a facility (or line) WITHOUT cross
contamination risk. You don\'t hear of your highly addictive pain killer mixing
with your antacids right? Simply being in the same plant does not mean the
\'safe\' product is at risk for trace amounts. If a manufacturer is using GMPs and
is confident their product is nut-free, for example, there is no need for a
"processed in a plant\..." or like label. Those "may contains"
should be reserved for cases where the manufacturer is unable to ensure their
products are free of trace levels of a particular allergen for whatever reason.
Today, I take "processed in\..." labels to mean cross contam. is a risk.
If that\'s not the case, adding it to the label is misleading and may limit what
is often already a severely limited set of choices for allergic individuals.
Labels should be clear and they should be accurate. . . without instilling
unnecessary fear and distrust.
823\. 9/23/2008 12:56:00 The more clear a manufacturer can be, the better. A universal standard would be
PM nice.
824\. 9/23/2008 12:57:00 Packaging of two similar products- one allergenic and one not, should be obviously
PM different- as in soy milk and dairy milk of the same company- not always are the
buyers us hyper-aware moms
825\. 9/23/2008 1:01:00 As a parent of a child with allergies, and a health care professional, I think the
PM current labeling laws are very confusing for the average consumer. I feel that
seperate allergy advisories should be required for ALL packaging.
826\. 9/23/2008 1:01:00 Sometimes the label is very small or on a crease in the wrapper.
PM
827\. 9/23/2008 1:04:00 Uniformity in labeling is a must! Currently coffee is not required to label with
PM allergen information (nut exposures). It is intended for consumption and should be
labeled as a food product!
828\. 9/23/2008 1:06:00 may contain or processed on is too confusing: WHAT\'S THE REAL RISK?? Have good
PM clean manufacturing standards in place. Stop stamping meaningless attorney-driven
warnings on everything!!!!!!!!!!!
829\. 9/23/2008 1:09:00 Even trace amounts are harmful. Also for cosmetic type items.
PM
830\. 9/23/2008 1:14:00 Having a child with multiple food allergies, I believe you should have it clearly
PM marked so everyone can see the allergens that would be in the ingredients.
831\. 9/23/2008 1:15:00 I think the top 8 allergens need to be listed in plain terms on every label.
PM
832\. 9/23/2008 1:15:00 Over use of allergy warning when precautions are taken reduce the foods available.
PM However, I will purchase products that say that good manufacturing practices are
used to segregate allergens.
833\. 9/23/2008 1:23:00 There are times when I look at the allergy label and milk is not listed, however,
PM when I read the ingredients it contains milk or a milk product, which are still
considered milk when an allergy is present. I would like to see restuarants place
the same "contains allergen" in their menus. It is very frustrating to
take an allergic child out to eat.
834\. 9/23/2008 1:24:00 We need allergen information on ALL products. THIS IS SERIOUS! My daughter once
PM drank some bathtub water after her sister and her were playing with soap(making
bubbles) she had a severe reaction and thank God she threw it all up, but we
almost ended up in the ER. I cannot buy anything without reading the label first.
I get so scared that this is not being taken serious enough.
835\. 9/23/2008 1:28:00 I think all products, food and non-food, should have allergen advisory labels. My
PM daughter is allergic to milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish and
environmental allergies. If milk touches her skin she has a reaction. Many soaps
contain milk and some hair products contain nuts. We have one certain soap and
shampoo and stick to that. She would love to be able to try something different,
but it is too dangerous.
836\. 9/23/2008 1:29:00 Companies should be required to keep the public safe. Until you have a child with
PM these issues you just don\'t know how important it really is.
837\. 9/23/2008 1:29:00 I would like to see standardized "warning" statements, ie. the "may
PM contain" and "same equipment" statements should be standardized to
indicate if a measurable, pre-determined quantity of an allergen is present.
838\. 9/23/2008 1:29:00 Food labels help not only parents of kids with allergies, but clear labels help
PM other parents who bring food into classes, to sports events, birthday parties,
etc. #17 is important because many non-food items have allergens. Many soaps, lip
balms, creams have shea butter or almond extract which is very dangerous!
839\. 9/23/2008 1:30:00 re #10 and #13 I call the company first before purchasing. Also if the allergy
PM advisory is for an allergen that my son will not have an anaphalatic reaction to
or if he has been consuming it with no reaction and the allergen advisory is new
only to protect the commpany from liability I may purchase after understanding
their routine for cleaning their machines/facility. I have strong opinions on this
issue and I am an avid label reader and shopper. Please feel free to contact me
regarding further questions or if you are interested in my thoughts.
840\. 9/23/2008 1:33:00 We ignore the "may contain" and "processed on" warnings
PM because we have never had a reaction to these types of foods. We realize that many
families need to be diligent with these warnings, however.
841\. 9/23/2008 1:37:00 First and foremost, I think that in addition to allergens being identified in
PM plain english in the ingredient statement, there should always be a
"Contains" statement with ingredients listed in plain english. This is
very beneficial to young people learning to manage allergies on their own. I have
seen cases where there is a "contains" statement that does not list all
the allergens included in the ingredient statement. My understanding is that this
is legal, although misleading. Additionally, I think there should be advisory
labeling which is defined consistently across the food industry. I would like to
see a statement by companies that have strong allergen control practices in place.
842\. 9/23/2008 1:39:00 I call the company and ask if it is a new food we are buying and I don\'t know
PM WHAT their allergen statement REALLY means! I think the labels should be one of
maybe FOUR choices. 1. Contains: milk, soy, peanuts, etc. \-- whatever is in the
ingredient list that is an allergen. 2. Produced in the same facility as other
products containing: peanuts. (However lines were thoroughly cleaned.) 3. May
contain soy due to farmers/gathering methods. This stmt would be helpful on cereal
and breads. Anything standardized labeling would be GREAT! I make a lot of phone
calls and I am sure the companies would appreciate fewer phone calls - if they
would just label CLEARLY!! Thank you for tackling this issue! Brenda
843\. 9/23/2008 1:41:00 My daughter has multiple food allergies, including sesame. It would be helpful if
PM sesame was included with the other major allergens for the purposes of food
labeling. I believe that sesame is included in other countries. Also, a few years
ago, my daughter reacted to a non-dairy sorbet that included a "may contain a
trace of milk" warning on it. Since then, we take these warnings very
seriously and do not allow her to eat items with such warnings. However, when the
new food labeling law went into effect, those labels appeared on so many products.
It would be nice to know if it really is a risk in every case, or if companies are
just including them to cover themselves. Because we now take those warnings so
seriously, it really limits that products available to us.
844\. 9/23/2008 1:41:00 I think that the labelling needs to be consistent and also needs to be located in
PM the same place ALWAYS - for example, listed after the ingredients list. We have
had problems where we don\'t notice a "may contain" or
"manufactured in" statement because it is not printed anywhere
obvious/logical to us at the time.
845\. 9/23/2008 1:44:00 My daughter is anaphylactic to tree nuts. I recently went to bath & body
PM works. The labels were small & hard to read, but I found almond & walnut
ingredients in many of the products! We need to label more than just food! Also,
what about corn & citrus? Why aren\'t they required to label those?
846\. 9/23/2008 1:48:00 We desparately need allergy labeling on non-food items like make-up, lotions,
PM conditioner.
847\. 9/23/2008 1:48:00 I appreciate all labeling on manufactured food. I would like to see smaller
PM manufactures use labeling as well. Consistentency would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you for asking.
848\. 9/23/2008 1:50:00 The current labeling practices are all over the place and need some
PM standardization. "may contains" sometimes hids behind poor GMP\'s, no
protect the company. As an allergic consumer I want to know-1. the ingredients of
the products, 2. the facility and equipment information..i.e. shared facility or
shared equipment\...and then I want to choose for myself if I should purchase the
product
849\. 9/23/2008 1:51:00 I think that there needs to be consistency among the food manufacturers, which
PM will help eliminate some of the confusion.
850\. 9/23/2008 1:52:00 I have a 4 year old with milk, peanut, and tree nut allergies. It is imperative
PM that I know exactly what is in each product before I purchase it. Manufacturers
who do not label their products with "may contain" or "processed on
equipment/in a facility" are putting the lives of allergic children and
adults at risk. I count on the honesty of these companies to keep my daughter
safe. Her allergy is a contact allergy, so every bit of information I can get is
extremely important. Life is hard enough when dealing with a food allergy; surely
manufacturers can make things a bit easier for us.
851\. 9/23/2008 1:54:00 "may contain" is not sufficient information, and is more confusing and
PM limiting than nothing. The advisory labeling needs to be very specific about the
"why" - shared equipment or shared manufacturing space or whatever. And
it needs to be mandated to be consistent.
852\. 9/23/2008 2:01:00 IT SHOULD ALSO BE ON PET FOODS SUCH AS FOOD FOR A RABBIT OR GUINEA PIG WHICH OFTEN
PM HAS NUTS IN IT.
853\. 9/23/2008 2:08:00 I would really appreciate a standardized labeling system. It is hard to know the
PM amount of risk, if any, by the current standard. Some have it, some don\'t, some
include a lot of specific information on their allergy avoidance process. I also
would appreciate better labeling on meat. But I know that is a whole different
story. :)
854\. 9/23/2008 2:12:00 In my opinion, if a product contains or has possible cross contamination through
PM manufacturing processes, then it should have the warning label of "Product
contains". If there is even a remote chance of causing someone to have an
allergic reaction, then the warning should be there.
855\. 9/23/2008 2:19:00 Labeling is obviously much easier than it was in years past but since many people
PM can have reactions to tiny amounts, I think a "may contains" statement
should be required by manufacturers.
856\. 9/23/2008 2:22:00 Allergy labels should be mandatory and should be the same.
PM
857\. 9/23/2008 2:27:00 Need consistent information about food being processed on shared lines from all
PM manufacturers. We see reactions from the most trace amounts and depend on this
info. We often have to call manufacturers to find this out.
858\. 9/23/2008 2:28:00 I call or e mail all companies that do not state whether or not a product is
PM manufacturered in the same plant or equipment as peanuts. For example I know
Keebler is ok because the products that are made on the same equipment as peanuts
are clearly labeled. Nabisco does not indicate which products are "safe\' so
I do not buy Nabisco products. I buy alot of Canadian products because they have
more strict labeling laws than the USA.
859\. 9/23/2008 2:29:00 I think manufacturers need to list each and every ingredient contained in an item
PM no matter how small the amount. I waste so much time calling companies to find out
if their natural flavors or spices contain Sesame. Even after calling there are
many companies that won\'t tell me or claim they don\'t know.
860\. 9/23/2008 2:30:00 Let\'s make things clear! Even if there\'s a small possibility of containing an
PM allergen, it\'s still a possibility none-the-less! List all allergens and possible
allergens. Why be unclear when people\'s lives are endangered?!
861\. 9/23/2008 2:32:00 Cross contanimination is a BIG problem. I really need equipment and manufacturing
PM labels to be mandatory to keep my child safe. If a product doesn\'t have that
label I don\'t buy it.
862\. 9/23/2008 2:33:00 soy lecithin and soy protein should be 2 seperate allergens. Some people that are
PM allergic to soy can have the lecithin but not the protein. If someone sees soy in
the allergen they may skip the product even though it may be safe for them to eat.
863\. 9/23/2008 2:36:00 I would like to know if products being imported from other countries must follow
PM the same allergen labeling guidelines. I would love to have manufacturers include
a statement "allergen free" if it does not contain the top 8.
864\. 9/23/2008 2:36:00 Manufacturers and stores need to stop using allergy warnings indiscrimately and
PM use some good food handling practices instead. While I would always err on the
side of having a warning label, I can\'t understand why a wedge of Gouda cheese at
Whole Foods has a peanut contamination warning on the label. This don\'t-sue-us,
really-please-don\'t-eat-anything-here-we-can\'t-guarantee-your-safety attitude on
the part of stores, restaurants and manufacturers is dangerous for people with
allergies because they do have to eat and can\'t always tell what is a real risk.
We need warning labels that clearly identify risk, not boiler-plate legalese
that\'s slapped on everything. I like the ones on Amy\'s natural food products
that say items are manufactured in a facility that uses tree nuts, etc. but adds
Amy\'s does not use peanuts or shellfish.
865\. 9/23/2008 2:38:00 I am continually frustrated by the lack of manufacturing information on products
PM \-- since that information is not mandatory, but rather voluntary. It confuses
relatives and friends, as they assume a product would be safe for my son if they
don\'t see anything on a label suggesting a "may contain" statement.
Also, personal care products, alcoholic drinks and school materials pose REAL
risks and yet they are not covered by any form of labeling requirement. I find
this to be very frustrating and time consuming as I have to constantly investigate
these product categories for relatives, school and home.
866\. 9/23/2008 2:51:00 Because cross contamination is such a big deal, especially with nut allergies, I
PM feel that I have a right to know what other food products the ones I purchase may
have come in contact with. My son reacted to a cookie that did not contain nuts
because my sister used the same spoon for both batches and the other contained
nuts.
867\. 9/23/2008 2:53:00 My biggest concern with new laws is that now every company will start saying
PM "processed with peanuts" on their packages just to avoid problems and we
won\'t be able to eat anything. However, since studies have shown that many of
these products do actually contain peanut residue then we need to know that. This
is a very complicated problem but the current situation is crazy - we have been
eating certain products for a long time only then to have the company add a
"processed with" label and have to give that product up - even though it
is the same product we have been eating for months. From an overall perspective it
really makes no sense why so many items are processed with peanuts in the first
place - no wonder we have peanut allergies - perhaps that is one of the problems
we should start addressing!
868\. 9/23/2008 2:59:00 Non-food product allergen labeling needs to be greatly improved. We\'ve had quite
PM a few reactions (usually from family or friends using their own soaps or lotions).
Over time, I have ignored "processed in a plant that also processes\..."
labels because my VERY sensitive son (milk) has never reacted to those products
but he\'ll react to a product that does have milk within 5 seconds (literally).
Despite my personal experience, it seems fair to require companies to include this
information ("processed in a plant\...") because the risk of
cross-contamination is present and cannot be ignored.
869\. 9/23/2008 3:02:00 It would also help to include "corn" on advisory label, especially since
PM everything from glycerin to vitamins is derived from it. My son is sensitive to
even the derivatives to corn and I have to call every manufacturer to find out
more about the ingredients.
870\. 9/23/2008 3:03:00 The manufacturers need to step up and say yes or no on the contents. It appears
PM that if they say may contain that their quality controls in the factories are not
sufficient to determiine the true contebts of an item. Basically if one
manufacturer has a warning on one product I avoid all their products.
871\. 9/23/2008 3:11:00 My son has had anaphalatic, potentially life-threatening, reactions to foods in
PM which there was no label. The companies stood behind the legislation that does not
require them to label if a product was made on equipment that contains an
allergen. In both cases it was found that there WAS trace amounts of the allergen
in the food. This is aprehensible. How many children (and adults) are going to
have life-threatening reactions before the government makes food safe for people
with food allergies? If some major companies, such as General Mills, can label for
potential cross contamination, then other like Kraft can do the same.
872\. 9/23/2008 3:12:00 We have been dealing with food allergies for more than a decade. The labeling of
PM allergens has definitely helped when shopping, however, we are now finding that
MANY manufacturers are including the \'may contain\' label on most items. We are
finding it more challenging to find food that is truly safe - it\'s all becoming
quite confusing and frustrating. We often wonder if the labels are truly accurate,
or are a group of corporate lawyers simply ordering that the label be put on
everything.
873\. 9/23/2008 3:22:00 I have read that products with "manufactured on" or "same
PM facility" statements often contain actual allergens. I think that this really
needs to be regulated more if this is true. I believe that there were studies done
supporting this. This is really disturbing to me. "Processed in same
facility" to me means that they were not run on the same lines as an
allergen. If this is not true, I would like to know!!! Also, I would like
regulations requireing companies to mention items run on same lines. I had a bad
experience with a product and I suspect tree nuts were run on the same lines, but
the company would not say that cross contamination was possible because of how
they clean their lines. They would not tell me if tree nuts were run on the same
lines. I want to be the one who makes a judgment on whether I should give a
product to my son or not. I do not want to rely on a company\'s opinion on whether
there is cross contamination or not. I want to know if allergens are run on the
same line \-- not that there is no cross contamination because the company cleans
the lines. Their idea of cleaning the lines might just be blowing them with air
and that will not do anything to get rid of the food proteins. Also, it is really
important for parents and allergic people to know that if they are sick, they have
safe medications to use. It would also be wonderful to know ingredients of
toothpastes and things like that. It is terrible not knowing if the medications
are safe to give my child. If you ask, they will tell you that they cannot tell
you because it is proprietary information. Right now, we need to rely on the
experiences of others and what precious little information the companies give us
and take our chances. I don\'t like taking chances with my child.
874\. 9/23/2008 3:23:00 There are so many different names or bi-products for certain allergens and it
PM makes someone "new to allergies" have a hard time getting the correct
information. In addition, my daughter is allergic to other things besides the top
8, reading labels for corn is very hard cause its in everything. Everything (food
and soap etc) should have allergen labels on them and have them be clear.
875\. 9/23/2008 3:24:00 It is very frustrating as a parent to not have universal statements about allergy
PM warnings.
876\. 9/23/2008 3:25:00 I am unsure as to how much labeling, currently, is voluntary or required - it
PM would be easier to know exactly what is required - and have websites with a page
dedicated to ingredient/allergy information
877\. 9/23/2008 3:26:00 It would be better if they tested the food and we knew for certain if the food
PM contained the allergen.
878\. 9/23/2008 3:27:00 As a vigilant parent who always reads labels I have mistakenly given my son a
PM product (chips) that had his allergen listed in the ingredients and not under the
Allergen listing at the end of the label. consistent labeling across the board
would be helpful not only for those of us dealing with the allergy on a daily
basis, but would help others like teachers, friends, relatives to understand how
to label read. Those companies who are reverting to a "may contain"
label when the allergen is not present in an attempt to cover any and all
liability have lost my business. True labeling would be heavenly.
879\. 9/23/2008 3:30:00 The labeling is confusing. Is there a way to know if an allergen is present or are
PM manufacturers just covering their \^%&
880\. 9/23/2008 3:33:00 No matter what the label says, I still call the manufacturer to verify the
PM ingredients and equipment cleaning processes because the allergen labeling is only
recommended.
881\. 9/23/2008 3:46:00 It really helps to have a CONTAINS: x, y z label on a food package. If my allergen
PM is not listed, I will still read the ingredients. But, if it says CONTAINS MILK, I
put it back on the shelf quickly. It is really bad when a warning like, MAY
CONTAIN PEANUTS is there, but then there are other common allergens in the
ingredients that are not pointed out. The labeling is getting better, but still
needs improvements.
882\. 9/23/2008 3:47:00 Allergen labelling needs to improve. "May contain" for example, tells me
PM nothing (other than avoid yet another product). So, I think companies need to do
better than covering their bottom line and instead direct their labelling to the
consumer. So, instead of saying "may contain" they need to know that if
it does or does not contain the item. Pretty soon everyone will be labelling
"may contain" on everything just to cover their liability. I think they
need to be held to a higher and stricter standard to indicate exactly what is in
the product. If the manufacturer does not know what is in the product, then it
should not be on the shelf.
883\. 9/23/2008 3:49:00 All ingredients need to be labeled in clear english terms. For example, lactic
PM acid should indicate what food it is from (beets or whatever). Use plain english
so we can determine food sources!!! CORN and ALL CORN DERIVATIVES need to be
clearly labeled!!!!!
884\. 9/23/2008 3:51:00 The part that is not helpful is the "may contain" or the "processed
PM on equipment that also processes" because the companies should all have safe
and clean practices and should know what is and is not in their product if they
put them on the market.
885\. 9/23/2008 3:57:00 I\'d rather see some "gold standard" about safe manufacturing
PM procedures, that is monitored and product given the seal of approval. There are
many cookies, ice creams etc that WE KNOW are made in facilities and on equipment
but the companies stop production, sanitize etc and we safely eat those
products\....IF all had to be labeled with vague statements I could no longer eat
them\... There are also products to test for allergen presence, why not do that?
Currenlty all the labeling just seems to be done in fear of lawsuits. I am seeing
some that say made in a "peanut free" facility.. Check out UTZ\...LOVE
them\...loyal to them. The way it is now is dangerous.
886\. 9/23/2008 3:58:00 I think the statements should be consistent. Not different wording. I also believe
PM that cross contamination should be disclosed.
887\. 9/23/2008 4:00:00 I think it\'s awful how often I have to read labels since they change all the
PM time! I have found products that my son has eaten and enjoyed and now can\'t have
because they\'ve added "manufactured in a facility that processes tree nuts
and peanuts" or other allergens. It\'s frustrating as a parent of a child
with food allergies!
888\. 9/23/2008 4:02:00 With allergens being so prominent in our society, it\'s time to take action and
PM get ingredients labeled on EVERYTHING!
889\. 9/23/2008 4:07:00 I have found that sometimes the only reason an allergen is brought to my attention
PM is because of the Allergen Advisory. Many times, the ingredient is labled in a way
so that I don\'t recognize the allegen until I see the Advisiry at the bottom.
Thanks
890\. 9/23/2008 4:11:00 I have to call manufacturers frequently, because labeling is inconsistent and I
PM can never be sure. Frito Lay is a company I\'m very impressed with\--they have a
great quality control program for their chips, and even though usually we cannot
buy products on shared equipment, I\'ve learned to trust them after hearing their
process. They went through FAAN training, and even took additional steps of their
own. But without calling them, I\'d never know. Candy is one of the worst
labelers. Until labeling is universal, I call, call, call. Bread is a huge
challenge (milk is our allergen). Breadmakers need to improve their labeling, and
while traveling in the midwest I couldn\'t even get straight answers when I called
companies.
891\. 9/23/2008 4:19:00 It\'s helpful to have a better understanding of the risk of a food containing a
PM specific allergen (ie. if it\'s manufactured on the equipment vs. in the same
facility). Many people with food allergies have varying levels of sensitivity to
those allergens.
892\. 9/23/2008 4:25:00 In my opinion, current allergen labeling is not ideal but is sufficient for an
PM adult who is accustomed to looking for allergens on a label. My biggest concern,
however, is for my child when he is in the care of someone who is not accustomed
to scanning a label for allergens - or even for a child that might be put in the
terrible position of having to decide for himself if the food is safe. If all food
labels could make potential allergens very obvious and very clear in a consistent
manner, I think more inadvertent exposures could be avoided.
893\. 9/23/2008 4:27:00 I would like to see more complete food allergen / ingredient labeling that goes
PM beyond the "top eight" allergens. My 2 year old son is severely allergic
to sesame, which is identified in food labels in Canada and Europe, but not in the
U.S.
894\. 9/23/2008 4:40:00 As a parent of a child who\'s life is in jepordy anytime he\'s exposed to peanuts
PM the grocery store is a ticking time bomb. All mfg. should be required to use the
same labeling to ensure the safety of our children.
895\. 9/23/2008 4:44:00 I appreciate labels that state "good manufacturing processes used in a
PM facility that also produces allergen X" - I will buy those products. Or if
they say the product is batch tested to avoid contaimination with a given
allergen; I will also buy that product. If a product does NOT state whether it was
produced in a facility that processes stated allergens I sometimes will not buy it
b/c the hassle to call the company and check is time consuming. Finally, when a
label says a product is produced on machinary also used for a given allergen,
should I assume that the machinary is washed completely in between?
896\. 9/23/2008 4:44:00 One of my son\'s allergens is NEVER listed in the \'Allergy advisory\' or \'may
PM contain\' portion of labels, but it is one of his most harmful allergens. I
believe CORN should be listed in all advisory and ingredient labels (including
when starches or sweetners are derived from it).
897\. 9/23/2008 4:49:00 I don\'t like the "may contain". If it\'s an ingredient, it\'s a
PM "contains\..." What does may contain mean, that someone accidentally
dumped a handful of pnuts in the batter? There should be no may contains. The
other labels cover things such as produced in same facility, made on same line,
etc. I would love some consistancy though!
898\. 9/23/2008 4:55:00 Food companies should have more accurate labeling. "May contain" is way
PM too vague. I really like Whole Foods 365 brand labeling. They say that they use
"safe practices to segregate" ingredients that are also manufactured in
the plant. I feel safe using these products. They warn me that the allergens are
present but they keep them separate. "May contain" really means nothing
to me other than I won\'t buy that product because who knows what\'s in it. Also,
I don\'t feel that manufacturers should be allowed to list an ingredient as
"natural flavor". What is that? Is it soy-based (which my daughter is
allergic to)? Is it wheat-based? Who knows. That is way too vague.
899\. 9/23/2008 5:01:00 All manufacturer\'s should include ingredients and allergen advisory labeling in
PM all foods and non-food products.
900\. 9/23/2008 5:03:00 The more specific the label, the more confident I am in purchasing the product. I
PM never buy a product or use a product without first calling the manufacturer if
they do not use the bold allergen advisory label. If I call, and the person on the
other end is unaware of an allergen policy, I immediately throw the product away
and will not use them again. Life threatening allergies are like poison\--It is
the manufacturer\'s responsibility to list any potential harmful ingredients or
contact with those ingredients.
901\. 9/23/2008 5:04:00 Make more specific.
PM
902\. 9/23/2008 5:05:00 Some labels list all ingredients and then below the listing include another line
PM highlighting allergens, evn though they are listed in the ingredients list. I find
this second line very helpful so that I don\'t have to scroll through 7 or 8 lines
of long ingredient names.
903\. 9/23/2008 5:20:00 It is very frustrating that manufacturers are not required to label if a product
PM "may contain" an allergen. I spend a lot of time calling manufacturers
to ask if products are safe and worry that I am taking risks with the health and
safety of my children.
904\. 9/23/2008 5:23:00 Would be helpful to have phone# or e-mail with allergen statement. Often I call a
PM company if I have questions about "may contain\..." Non-food items are a
problem. Once bought hypoallergenic sunscreen that had nuts in it! Hate when
companies just use "may contain\..." or "processed on equipment/in
facility\..." just to cover themselves without explaining the likelihood of
contamination (do they test? do they clean? same building or same room?). And
"flavors" or "caramel color" without detail should be illegal!
905\. 9/23/2008 5:23:00 Too many allergens can be hidden if the consumer does not know the ingredients of
PM the ingredients. This is particularly difficult as I have a nursing infant
sensitive to any part of corn or corn derived ingredients that I may eat. Corn is
not a common allergen listed and too many ingredients are derived from corn but
say nothing about corn in their name.
906\. 9/23/2008 5:24:00 I think the \'may contain\' statement is an easy way for companies to reduce their
PM liability without truly creating a safe/non-safe ingredient list.
907\. 9/23/2008 5:29:00 We need consistency in ingredient labeling and it will only be acquired through a
PM mandatory requirement of all manufacturers to disclouse all ingredients without
consideration for the quantity used in production.
908\. 9/23/2008 5:29:00 My DD has a corn allergy. It is nearly impossible to identify safe food for her.
PM Allergens in packaging can still cause reactions to it is absolutely necessary to
include that information. Medication is an a nightmare with a corn allergy. It
should also have allergy statements for inactive, active ingredients and
packaging.
909\. 9/23/2008 5:38:00 It is soooooo important to have the "may contain" statements. My
PM daughter had an accidental exposure to an item at school that had the "may
contain" therefore we know that this is a very high risk. It\'s so
troublesome to call all companies to make sure if it\'s safe. Also, even with
"good manufacturing practices" still never sure how good it really is.
910\. 9/23/2008 5:52:00 Consistancy is more important to me than the specific details of any plan.
PM
911\. 9/23/2008 5:53:00 I would like there to be some specific consistancy between brands. "May
PM contain" isn\'t good enough, I want to know \*why\* it may contain - same
facility, same line, same line but allergen wash, etc.
912\. 9/23/2008 5:53:00 There is no consistency or any regulations for may contains or produced on
PM equipment issues. I will not purchase products from companies that do not use
cross-contamination labelling. I need these labels to keep my peanut and treenut
child safe and alive!
913\. 9/23/2008 5:55:00 If there is no allergen advisory label, I always read all the ingredients. Having
PM the labels is extremely helpful. It is especially helpful as a reminder to
babysitters/caretakers who aren\'t accustomed to reading all of the ingredients.
914\. 9/23/2008 6:01:00 Can be interpreted in many ways. No consistency across the board with
PM manufacturers.
915\. 9/23/2008 6:02:00 It is criminal that manufacturers are not required to label items (food or
PM cosmetic/health) that contain allergens which are potentially fatal to consumers.
If there is even a trace amount of allergen in a product, it needs to be labeled
so allergic individuals can protect themselves. If not, it is as if poison is
contained in the product for those people with life-threatening allergies.
916\. 9/23/2008 6:03:00 Every product should include at a minimum a list of ingredients and a notice if it
PM was manufactured on equipment which also processes the big 8 allergens. Cosmetics,
soaps, lotions and other similar products should also, at a minimum, contain
ingredient listings.
917\. 9/23/2008 6:08:00 I get frustrated when I see \'may contain\' labels because I think some companies
PM use them as a copout but I feel it is still necessary for those advisories to be
listed.
918\. 9/23/2008 6:10:00 I think it should be mandatory to list all allergens in a uniform manner that
PM makes it easy for consumers to decide whether or not a product is safe to consume.
Food allergies are dangerous and becoming more common. It is the responsibility of
companies who manufacture food to provide this information to consumers.
919\. 9/23/2008 6:10:00 Manufacturers should not be allowed to use precautionary labeling if there is no
PM real chance of the allergen being in the product. Every manufacturer doing this
simply in order to protect themselves further limits the products that food
allergic people can consume.
920\. 9/23/2008 6:14:00 I think labels too often indicate possible traces of allergen when there are none
PM in reality. Allergy labels are particulariy useful if you want to trust someone
else to buy food for your child (so far: you cannot)
921\. 9/23/2008 6:19:00 I am not familiar with all the other names that allergens go by; they should be
PM listed as an egg or nut derivative next to this other name.
922\. 9/23/2008 6:32:00 still too many "mistakes" of allergens making it into food products and
PM not listed or cross contamination.
923\. 9/23/2008 6:35:00 STRICTER labeling needs to be done! EVERY product should give detailed
PM information. The life of me/my child is MORE IMPORTANT than the cost of placing
this type of label on products!
924\. 9/23/2008 6:41:00 The general public just does not "get it" regarding the dangers of
PM food/chemical allergens. This is a life/death issue for many and the government
needs to join with the medical profession to step forward and promote awareness
through more media ad campaigns.
925\. 9/23/2008 6:42:00 Not only will enhanced labeling (significantly) help consumers with food allergies
PM (and those trying to determine the cause of their reactions!) but it should help
manufacturers, who receive calls every day from concerned parents, inquiring about
manufacturing practices.
926\. 9/23/2008 6:44:00 The fact that the allergen warning is voluntary makes it inconsistent and
PM confusing for some people, especially those who are not the parents or the
individual with allergy. I have realized that many people believe that if the
allergen is an ingredient, it will automatically contain a warning. But it is not
the case.
927\. 9/23/2008 6:52:00 "May contain" is confusing.
PM
928\. 9/23/2008 7:04:00 It would be great if the May contain label gave a truer idea if it may contain it.
PM
929\. 9/23/2008 7:07:00 I think labeling laws should list HOW MUCH of an allergen is present, such as 1/18
PM etc. Eventually, tests will show just how much of an allergen is a trigger for an
allergic individual.
930\. 9/23/2008 7:12:00 I would like main ingred. allergy info and may contain (because of processing in
PM same facility) made mandatory by law
931\. 9/23/2008 7:26:00 I wish that ALL ingredients had to be disclosed. My son is anaphylactic to
PM sunflower seeds as well as some of the top 8, but sunflower seeds can be hidden in
"natural flavoring." Who knows what "natural flavoring" is,
and I am left having to call or e-mail companies so that we can decide whether or
not a food is safe. If all of the ingredient were labeled, I could determine the
product\'s safety just by reading the label.
932\. 9/23/2008 7:31:00 What we need is one consistent wording for allergen alerts, and one consistent way
PM for people with life threatening allergies to get the information that they must
have.
933\. 9/23/2008 7:42:00 Currently the fact that the "may contains" statement is voluntary is
PM great for those companies but leaves us with a false sense of confidence for other
items. We are very sensitive to cross-containmination and would reduce our number
of reactions if ALL companies would label.
934\. 9/23/2008 7:48:00 As a parent of children with extreme allergies to the most common of foods (milk,
PM soy, wheat, etc.) it is critical that all foods and restaurnts have food warnings.
935\. 9/23/2008 7:48:00 When a product is manufactured on a line that manufactures something that has a
PM allergen people still could have a reaction. Everything that contains one of the 8
major allergens should be labled even if they are not a produce that you eat.
936\. 9/23/2008 7:57:00 There are many companies that do not have allergens listed at all but they are
PM some of the main ingredients. There should be one law across the board that is in
plain writing. Allergy information: This product contains xyz AND may contain xyz
937\. 9/23/2008 7:58:00 The whole "may contain" is the biggest pain in the butt! Does it or
PM doesn\'t it? I think it\'s a silly cop out on the part of the manufactuerers!!
938\. 9/23/2008 8:00:00 I wish that food labels were made more clear, I am really good about reading them,
PM but I tend to have trouble getting through to parents, teacher\'s that my child is
with. My child has a severe peanut and treenut allergy, and has reacted badly
several times. I have gotten to the point where I just send snacks with her if she
goes somewhere and forbid her to eat anything else. I also wish that restaraunts
would make it more clear as to what their food is cooked in, or the risks of cross
contamination.
939\. 9/23/2008 8:02:00 would like it if the advisory labels were required
PM
940\. 9/23/2008 8:07:00 I am glad for the labeling that is in place, but it is not sufficient. We have had
PM reactions to several foods that contained an ingredient derived from an allergen
or was part of the "natural and artificial flavor". It has been very
difficult to find cosmetic products that are safe because of the difference in
labeling.
941\. 9/23/2008 8:10:00 I get the strong impression that manufacturers are using the "may
PM contain" label to cover themselves and are labeling it that way to avoid
having to be careful and comletely honest.
942\. 9/23/2008 8:12:00 I would like all information possible on a product label both food and non-food.
PM
943\. 9/23/2008 8:20:00 labeling of topical skin products would be wonderful. also, standardized allergen
PM language and requirements would be amazing to have. thank you!
944\. 9/23/2008 8:26:00 Labeling should be on all products in bold stating allergy info. Not just parents
PM are purchasing food for their children. Classmates are also not allowed to bring
this food to school. If the labeling isn\'t clear for someone who isn\'t diligent
about saving a child like a parent, it will likely be missed and put a child in
danger!
945\. 9/23/2008 8:28:00 Labels need to have "standard" wording and be more accurate as in
PM "May contain (allergen)"- does it or does it not?
946\. 9/23/2008 8:30:00 I definitely think that if there is any chance, great or small, that any of our
PM allergens could be present in an item it should be information made available on
the package
947\. 9/23/2008 9:02:00 \- "May contain\..." or "processed in a facility\..." is not
PM adequate for consuming a product and minimizing an allergic response. - #17 should
be "medications consumed internally or applied to skin"
948\. 9/23/2008 9:06:00 I appreciate all the companies who choose to label foods that are processed on
PM equipment shared with allergens or processed in the same facility. Although I do
not purchase those products that may have come in contact with allergens, I look
for other products I can purchase from those same companies.
949\. 9/23/2008 9:07:00 1\) I would like to have a better understanding of the level of risk involved with
PM foods that are "processed on the same equipment." 2) I would like it if
the warnings could also include some allergens that are not in the top 8. For
example, many people are allergic to some seeds, etc. (My daughter is allergic to
sunflower seeds in addition to nuts, so I need to read the ingredients even when
there is an allergen advisory.)
950\. 9/23/2008 9:34:00 I believe there should be common naming rules for certain foods - milk vs. whey
PM etc. so there is consistency. Also, listing the specific nut exposure such as
"pistachios" or "almonds" vs. just tree nuts or peanuts.
951\. 9/23/2008 9:34:00 People with severe allergies to something like nuts it could be a matter of life
PM or death or maybe to not have to make a trip to the emergency room or even if mild
allergy to product they might not be sick all night long
952\. 9/23/2008 9:48:00 Allergen advisory labeling is particularly helpful for people who are trying
PM provide food for an allergic child (i.e. classroom parent, caregiver, teacher,
etc.). They are not as experienced at reading labels and it easier when it is
summarized at the bottom.
953\. 9/23/2008 9:51:00 As a mom of two food allergic children I have found that current labeling
PM guidelines present us with small nightmare. It is very hard to discern what is and
isn\'t safe. It is not especially helpful when companies put this on the label,
"May be processed in a facility that may contain \_\_\_\_ (fill in the
blank)." That is a total cop-out and doesn\'t help anyone. We go without a
lot of foods and I end up baking most of our desserts and muffins etc from
scratch.
954\. 9/23/2008 9:58:00 Allergens should be clearly listed, near ingredient list, in Bold letters.
PM Companies that do not process in a facility with peanuts, nuts, etc. should
clearly mark that on the package as well. It helps to make better dicisions in
regard to which products to buy.
955\. 9/23/2008 10:00:00 Answer to \# 6 varies with allergen. For soy, I must read the ingrediants since
PM soybean oil and soy lecithing are ok. For all other allergens, I avoid the product
if the allergen advisory mentions them without reading the ingrediants.
956\. 9/23/2008 10:20:00 It gets very difficult to search for hidden words that may indicate an allergy
PM (ie, "cassein" for milk). We\'re used to it, but it is impossible for
our school/daycare - they need simple and easy to understand and a YES/NO if it\'s
safe.
957\. 9/23/2008 10:27:00 Labels need to be very specific as to what is in or may be in the product (cross
PM contamination). Food allergies are life-threatening!
958\. 9/23/2008 10:30:00 labeling is so\...important. For those of us with a life-threatening allergy, it
PM literally could be a matter of life and death.
959\. 9/23/2008 10:51:00 stating that taht a product was processed in a facility contains an allergen gives
PM the consumer the information and then they can make the decision to consume it or
not. It is the not knowing that is challenging and then calling all these
companies. knowing upfront will help wh
960\. 9/23/2008 10:55:00 Of course listing all ingredients is very important. But if there is a chance
PM things could contain a trace of nuts, I would NOT buy the product for my son who
has a life threatening nut allergy.
961\. 9/23/2008 11:05:00 Clear labeling is needed for common allergies. My son has severe food allergies
PM and other parents, teachers, caretakers and relatives need to be able to easily
read labels to make sure the food is safe for my son and others with allergies.
Also, the new labels stating "contains" are very helpful, however the
other warnings regarding equipment and facilites can be confusing.
962\. 9/23/2008 11:10:00 Manufacturers are labeling products with "may contain\..." \-- but I
PM want more information. HOW and WHY may it contain it???
963\. 9/23/2008 11:13:00 There needs to be uniform labeling regualtion that clearly indicates the allergens
PM present in foods, personal care products and children\'s products, art supplies
and all products that contain the major allergens.
964\. 9/23/2008 11:47:00 It is confusing to read "may contain" when that ingredient is not listed
PM as part of the ingredients. I would prefer to see that the product I am
considering purchasing has been manufactured in a factory with or on a machine
that processed an allergen I need to avoid for my son. Then I at least know the
risk of cross-contamination is there and I can make the decision. When I see
"may contain" I wonder why, since the ingredient isn\'t in the actual
ingredient list.
965\. 9/23/2008 11:52:00 I don\'t trust the "may contain" statements or "processed in a
PM facility"\....These are misleading to me as a consumer.
966\. 9/23/2008 11:53:00 The relatively new requirement that any of the 8 top allergens be listed in the
PM ingredients in plain language is an excellent starting place. We also protect our
child as much as possible from cross-contamination, and thus wish to see two types
of changes to labeling regulations. (1) if there is any risk of
cross-contamination, we want to know about it. Newman\'s Own, White Wave and
Thomas\' English Muffins are all major brands that have told us on the phone that
their products may be cross-contaminated inadvertently with tree nuts and/or
peanuts despite careful cleaning, yet this small but apparently real risk is not
marked on the labels of products distributed by these brands. We\'d like to see
all food products required to make it clear if any risk of cross-contamination is
present. 2. it would be helpful to have enforceable industry standards to define
"may contain" or "produced on shared equipment with" or
"made in a facility that also processes." we treat these as one and the
same never-buy message, but as our daughter grows older, if we could count on some
sense of extremely low risk in a regulated labeling pattern, she might be able to
safely consume more products.
967\. 9/23/2008 11:59:00 I treat all the current nut warnings as meaning this has peanuts. It is
PM frustrating however, not to be able to buy products that are unlikely or don\'t
have traces of allergens but if their is a warnings, I don\'t buy it. Clear and
precise warnings would be better than the current warnings. And maybe better
production practices if possible.
968\. 9/24/2008 12:03:00 We have a wheat allergy. What I find MOST disappointing is being unable to
AM purchase a gluten free product because it was manufactured in a facility with
other allergens.
969\. 9/24/2008 12:12:00 The food industry does a relatively good job. However, "may contain trace
AM amounts" and "processed on machinery that produced\...." messages
are confusing. Is one worse than the other? Is one acceptable? In addition to
allergen advisory labels on non-food products, restaurants should also be held to
the same standard. If a menu item has a food allergen it should state "may
contain" or "contains". Some restaurant managers are very
knowledgeable, many are not. And chain restaurants don\'t usually have a
"chef", nor are most of the restaurant personnel educated on the the
severity of food allergy.
970\. 9/24/2008 12:24:00 I am concerned that manufacturers are using these labels as a CYA advisory. In
AM general they are not very informative, except for those that say something along
the lines of "good manufacturing practices used in a facility that also
processes\...". In general, it also depends on the allergen if I will chose
that product or not, and also the other products that they sell (e.g., I will not
give my son any granola bars because they also sell peanut varieties, but I will
give him bread that has a "facility that also processes peanut"
warning).
971\. 9/24/2008 12:42:00 It is unclear if an allergen ingredient is likely to be present or if the
AM manufacturer is just trying to cover themselves. Is it a blanket statement just to
CYA or is there really a hazard?
972\. 9/24/2008 12:44:00 I feel that many manufacturers put ambiguous labels on foods so that they won\'t
AM be held legally responsible in the event of an allergic reaction. I sometimes see
them as sweeping disclaimers across product lines. Unfortunately, if a label
states that the product "may contain" or "is processed on shared
equipment" with an allergen, I must avoid it for safety sake, even if I feel
it is highly unlikely that the product contains the allergen.
973\. 9/24/2008 12:49:00 I think all things food and non food items should have allergen warnings
AM
974\. 9/24/2008 12:54:00 consistency with advisory labels is needed and they should reflect the accurate
AM risk and not to cover the manufacturer for liability issues
975\. 9/24/2008 12:56:00 I would really like to have a better handle on the actual differences between the
AM labels \-- some standardization of the phrasing. If something is made in a
facility with the allergen, but not on the same equipment, I would probably feel
ok to buy it, but I don\'t actually know what any of the statements mean.
976\. 9/24/2008 1:05:00 I think it should be law that they label "May contain" or processed on
AM machinery.
977\. 9/24/2008 1:11:00 If there were a more consistent plan it would be helpful. Depending on the
AM allergen, we may be able to give our kids something made in the same facility of
one of their allergens. I call every company we buy something from to find out
their exact policies. It is helpful to know things like, "This product is
made on the same line as other products that contain milk and soy. It is also made
in the same facility as products that contain nuts, but in a separate area."
Knowing exact procedures are helpful also (how lines are cleaned, if the nuts are
in a completely separate area/room). What is very frustrating is how many products
we avoid b/c of blanket statements that say, "this product may be made on the
same line as milk, egg, nuts, peanuts, soy, wheat\.....
978\. 9/24/2008 1:33:00 Ultimately, I am much more comfortable with products manufactured in Canada which
AM has a stricter labeling law.
979\. 9/24/2008 1:51:00 Some companies specify that "potassium lactate" and other similar
AM ingredients are not from milk. That\'s really useful. I wish all companies would
specify from milk or not from milk.
980\. 9/24/2008 2:01:00 The array of posted information if confusing at best. I initially was not as
AM vigilant about ensuring we didn\'t feed our allergic daughter foods with "may
be\...." labels. After reading research about the real risk we stopped
feeding her anything with even a "may" label.
981\. 9/24/2008 2:09:00 be specific,be consistent, put by ingredients -not on other part of package, use
AM common terminology
982\. 9/24/2008 2:14:00 I am not the only one that buys food for my child. Therefore I think that the
AM allergen label should be as basic yet informative as possible. "May
contain" or "processed on machinery" may not be as alarming to
others as it is to me.
983\. 9/24/2008 2:16:00 The issue is when a plant processes an allergen and then a product that does not
AM contain the allergen is manufactured in the plant or on the equipment. Some plants
are extremely careful about avoiding cross contaminationa and others aren\'t. If
the plant is using good manufacturing processes, then I think that should be noted
and the allergens impacted should be noted. If good manufacturing processes are
not used, then the product should be labeled as possibly containing traces of the
allergen.
984\. 9/24/2008 2:20:00 I feel that the advisory MUST list any allergens that are included in the product.
AM I have seen labels that list them in the ingredients but not on the advisory. Can
we call all milk products milk\...or do we need to list all the unheard of
terms\...whey, casein, etc. It makes it that much harder when my child is in
someone else\'s care
985\. 9/24/2008 2:32:00 On #13, they are all helpful, compared to labels that put no advisory any of them
AM is great. I believe that they should specify exactly which circumstance best
relates to their risk. I think May contain is direct and to the point.
986\. 9/24/2008 2:39:00 if a manufacturer processes something with the allergen ingredient, if the allergy
AM ingredient is in the same facility or used on the same equipment it should
definately be without a doubt on the label in big bold letters for those of us who
have a SEVERE allergy. i also think that all haircare/skincare products should
also be included in the labelings. My son has severe food allergies and many of my
skincare products i USED to use contained nut/tree nut ingredients, needless to
say one day i just went through all my stuff and threw out a lot due to this fact.
anything and everything should be labeled.
987\. 9/24/2008 2:43:00 1\. Allergen advisory labels should be universal (like Windows icons) 2. Allergen
AM advisory labels should be short and "consumer-friendly" (not
"manufacturer-friendly") : without confusing "a plant or on a
machine \[facility or equipment\] that also processes allergens". It should
be simply: " May contain" or doesn\'t contain.
988\. 9/24/2008 2:58:00 I would like the manufacturers to be even more specific. It is sad that my child
AM cannot consume some products that may be safe for her, but the manufacturer would
prefer not to deal with lawsuits, therefore printing out "may
contain\..." just to cover themselves. I would like to know if an allergen is
processed in a plant, whether that means in the same room or a different room, and
how careful the employees are about cross-contamination of ingredients between two
rooms.
989\. 9/24/2008 3:29:00 I really like when an allergen is listed in BOLD in the ingredient list. So many
AM products have many ingredients and it is easy to miss something. The only thing I
get concerned about with the "main contain" is that I worry that
manufacturers will put it just to "cover" themselves and then we will be
even more limited as to what my son can eat. I do read every label every time
because so many companies change ingredients withour notice.
990\. 9/24/2008 3:31:00 they need to be standardized and required, with consequences for
AM noncompliance\--it\'s a matter of life and death
991\. 9/24/2008 3:35:00 It should be a standardized process, and each labeling means something specific.
AM Not subject to the manufactor defintion. Too vague.
992\. 9/24/2008 4:16:00 It would be helpful is label was in bold in print.
AM
993\. 9/24/2008 4:17:00 When it comes to the life of my child, knowing that something contains, may
AM contain, or is processed on the same machines is vital.
994\. 9/24/2008 5:00:00 Thank you for doing this study. I think the results will help all the mothers of
AM food allergic children who tend to rush through the ingredients when shopping with
an active allergic toddler. Having a mandatory "may contain" label will
effectively cut that ingredient reading time in half and make this moms\' life a
bit easier. We do not serve "may contains" to our multiple food allergic
child.
995\. 9/24/2008 6:05:00 The U.S. food and non-food items applied to skin NEED TO have an allergen advisory
AM label like Canada. It\'s a nightmare grocery shopping and educating the school
about my son\'s nut allergy on what he can have and cannot have. Not to mention
the companies I call when the labelling is vague give me attitude. We\'re talking
about life and death here, allergen advisory should be LAW. For example, Hersheys
chocolates are a big offender of NOT labelling.
996\. 9/24/2008 7:24:00 "manufactured in a facility\..." labels just seem like a disclaimer. If
AM we limited my son to foods that didn\'t have this warning he would only eat about
10% of the foods that we purchase. I just need to know what it contains but I
realize others with a nut allergy may be more sensitive so I think it\'s important
to keep this labeling.
997\. 9/24/2008 11:26:00 We need all the information possible in order to make SAFE choices as some
AM allergies are air-borne as well as touch or ingested!!
998\. 9/24/2008 12:50:00 It is all very confusing right now. I err on the side of caution and avoid
PM ANYTHING with any type of label involving my allergies. I DEFINITELY think it
should be mandatory that health and beauty products be labeled. I basicaly avoid
everything for fear of a reaction. I have asked companies about their products and
either don\'t get a reply at all, or a very confusing one. Cosmetics are the
worst!!!!
999\. 9/24/2008 1:02:00 There needs to somehow be a distinction between the trutha bout the warning labels
PM and what companies are saying just to avoid any potential law suits. There are so
many foods that my children have safely eaten that now contain warning labels and
it feels as though the company was just trying to cover all bases. ALL the labels
like "manufactured in a plant that may contain\...." are hard to
understand. If in the same plant, but a mile away, they are making peanut products
and then they are making gumballs in another part of the plant\....that warning
label is ridiculous.
1000\. 9/24/2008 1:05:00 There is rarely any info. that a product contains, "Thyme, Oregano, Mustard
PM (or by product of it)" it just states spices. This is a concern considering
the serverity of our allergies. I would like to see a listing of spices. They do
well with listing "malt" but more still needs to be done. Labels are
better for peanuts and milk and eggs then for our allergies and we do appreciate
those labels because we have friends with peanut allergies and we do not purchase
those foods.
1001\. 9/24/2008 1:40:00 I think ALL manufacturers of ALL food and skin products should be REQUIRED to warn
PM you if there is a chance that that product may have a even a trace of an allergen
in it. Since I am used to reading the labels, I am not particular in how the
warning is worded - just warn me! It is really helpful that some companies have
chosen to print the allergen advisory in big bold print. I think all should do
this. One strange thing I\'ve noticed is that an actual allergen can be omitted
from the allergy warning at the bottom. For example, something might have the word
"peanuts" in the middle of the ingredient list but then at the bottom in
bold it may say "may contain egg and soy". I guess they didn\'t feel it
was necessary to repeat the warning about the peanuts since it was up there in the
big long list, but I feel it would be especially important to list that
"peanut" in that allergy statement as well as in the ingredients because
I know there are a lot of people that just glance at that "bottom line"
statement only. Even though I make it a point to try to read every word of every
warning all of the time, there would be just less chance of an oversight if it
could be listed with the other allergens as well. Others who just read the bottom
line may be dangerously fooled into assuming all the allergens are mentioned in
that section. I have a real issue with trusting anyone other than myself &
husband to feed my son and much of it has to do with the fact that it can be so
tricky to figure out which foods are a potential hazard. If there is anything you
can do to make the allergen advisory label become mandatory for all products -
there are a lot of people that would be truly grateful. Thank you.
1002\. 9/24/2008 1:48:00 It is really fustrating when the allergy warning says "contains peanuts and
PM tree nuts" Then when you read the ingredients there is dairy and wheat
1003\. 9/24/2008 1:54:00 With a child allergic to 40 foods, I have to read the complete ingredient label
PM even if an allergen label exists. However, the processing equipment provides
frequent cross contamination, so it is imperative that this info. be included in
an allergy statement. In personal care products, it is easy to mistake allergens
when the scientific names are used instead of the common names, such as Helianthus
instead of sunflower oil. I am aware of scientific names, however in the long list
of ingredients written very small, I have read the ingredients and bought items,
only to get them home, re-read the ingredients, and find that I missed something.
My child\'s needs are not adequately addressed with allergen labels because he has
so many allergies, but I think allergen labels are helpful and are very important
for the majority of food allergic people.
1004\. 9/24/2008 2:03:00 Definately need more percise labeling. In bold print accross the board on all
PM products.
1005\. 9/24/2008 2:16:00 Different forms of warning (ie: may contain, made in a facility or same equipment
PM etc) leads me to wonder if there is different levels of risk. The example I use
when explaining this is (and for the record we never purchase any product when ANY
type of warning is stated to the allergan, in our case all nut products)\...Food
facilities can be 1000\'s square feet, if the peanut/nut product is in one area
only of the facility and on their own line/equipment, I feel that is as safe as
going to a relatives house that may have a jar of peanut butter in their cabinet.
However, I am NOT comfortable with shared equipment, lines etc that is why I
question how things are labeled (and I understand the risk of liability etc)
1006\. 9/24/2008 2:18:00 I don\'t know what we\'d do if there weren\'t any allergen labels. The more
PM information, the better!
1007\. 9/24/2008 2:22:00 It is amazing how many seemingly benign foods contain allergen or are processed on
PM machinary with allergens there are. We with allergies and with allergic children
must be vigilant in keeping harmful food out of reach.
1008\. 9/24/2008 2:42:00 Because our son is in the care of so many people who are not as knowledgeable
PM about food allergies as I am (his mom), I like the advisory labels because they
are easier for "non-allergic" people to understand.
1009\. 9/24/2008 3:19:00 It would be helpful if some of the chemical names had the food it was derived from
PM on labels, such as dextrose (corn or other)
1010\. 9/24/2008 4:07:00 Since the advisory of "may contain" or "processed on equipment with
PM peanuts" is not legally required, I have to be careful re cross contamination
& do not buy certain brands who refuse to provide this info voluntarily.
1011\. 9/24/2008 4:45:00 I think that labelling needs to go even further, to not have hidden ingredients in
PM \'natural flavoring\' or \'spices\'. I think ALL products should have advisories.
My child\'s life can depend on it.
1012\. 9/24/2008 4:47:00 We need a consistent format for food allergen labeling. There is too much broad
PM placement of food allergen warnings. They should be factual and accurate and not
placed just for manufacturers to legally protect themselves.
1013\. 9/24/2008 4:55:00 I want information that is easier to read/understand. If it was made in a facility
PM that also processes does that mean the same machinery/equipment? Not clear enough
and I always end up calling the company to be on the safe side.
1014\. 9/24/2008 5:23:00 I wish sesame (and other seeds) were included in allergen advisory labels. This is
PM required in Canada. As a parent of a sesame allergic child, it is very hard to
know what foods are safe.
1015\. 9/24/2008 5:33:00 Can\'t wait to see a change made - preferably something that madates the same
PM listing for all manufacturers
1016\. 9/24/2008 5:34:00 "May contain traces" and "Processed on same equipment"
PM warnings should be mandatory
1017\. 9/24/2008 5:41:00 With the number of children with food allergies skyrocketing, more and more
PM schools, restaurants, etc need a clear way to read a label to ensure that our
children are safe. A uniform label would be so much easier and eliminate thousands
of phone calls to manufacturers. I don\'t buy lots of products if it has any
"may contain" statement. If the company puts that on every product so
they won\'t be sued, they are losing out on a lot of sales.
1018\. 9/24/2008 5:44:00 A lot of people I know are confused about the labeling law. They think that
PM manufacturers are required to put a "may contain nuts" warning on the
labels of foods made on shared lines, and assume that if a food doesn\'t have a
warning, it\'s safe for allergic kids. I have to keep telling them that "may
contain" warnings are NOT required, and that many manufacturers do not put
warnings on foods made on shared lines. Some do; some don\'t. (We are MUCH more
likely to buy products made by manufacturers like General Mills who do put
"may contain" warnings on labels.) It would help if the laws were
changed so that manufacturers would label things very clearly: If a food has a
hidden allergen ("natural flavorings" that include nut ingredients) or
is made on a shared line with an allergen, it should have a warning on the label.
1019\. 9/24/2008 5:47:00 I think it should be manditory to label a food if it is made in a facility that
PM also processes the allergen. Too often we are accidentally exposed to a food that
contains traces of the allergen because it was made on the line next to another
food that has the allergen. Peanut dust travels. It really helps to know if
something that has peanuts was processed in the room.
1020\. 9/24/2008 6:08:00 May contain statements verses made in a facility statements are confusing, which
PM is better or worse? I want to know does it contain the allergen or not, a simple
statement would be better rather than gray area.
1021\. 9/24/2008 6:12:00 Mhusband and I know how to read labels. Our parents and friends do NOT know how to
PM read the labels. We ask that the companies make it a no-brainer so our child is
not at risk when visiting friends and families. WE NEED YOUR HELP. Thanks.
1022\. 9/24/2008 6:26:00 The current warnings are MUCH better than in the past. They could be improved
PM somewhat.
1023\. 9/24/2008 6:40:00 I have a sesame seed allergy and that is not one of the top 8 and have had
PM allergic reactions to food I thought was safe - had read labels in the store but
did not re-read once at home.
1024\. 9/24/2008 6:49:00 I strongly urge the govt to recommend manufacturers advise us if something was
PM processed in the same plant, equip, etc. I also REALLY need to know what allergens
are in products, like #17 above. I have been having a very difficult time with
that the last few months. Especially helpful would be better labeling for RX drugs
and also supplements (like what the capsule is really made out of, etc). They
always give me a hard time if I call them, but it\'s better than a trip to the
E.R.
1025\. 9/24/2008 6:57:00 Strawberries are the worst-there is no labling for them and we have to watch all
PM lables with "natural & artificial" fruit flavors and calling these
companies is not helpful (Trix Yogurt was especially not helpful.) My child also
uses lotion for dry skin. Almond oil in lotions, lip gloss, and other cosmetic
products (including soap!) really need to be labled. and in larger print than you
need to use a magnifying glass to read.
1026\. 9/24/2008 7:07:00 Question 8. I\'m confused by your interpretation of "consistent". I like
PM the differences of "may contain xxxx", and "processed on equipment
\..." because I choose differently in these cases. But I would like all
manufacturers to give more info such as these advisory labels. It is extremely
helpful. I am not real clear on the "may contain" however, if it\'s not
in the ingredients. Does that mean it may be there due to mfg. processes, or they
may just put it in the ingredients on that day?!
1027\. 9/24/2008 7:46:00 I immediately go to the advisory info. If it\'s not there, then I read the
PM ingredients. If a product has no contamination with an allergen, that doesn\'t
bother me. But, if it\'s on the same line that there is potential for the allergen
to get in the food, then yes I want to know that. The easiest foods are the ones
that have CONTAINS: MILK, SOY at the end in big bold letters. If I can\'t
determine there is an allergen, for example a loaf of bread should say wheat, but
doesn\'t, then I don\'t even bother buying it.
1028\. 9/24/2008 7:48:00 most of the warnings appear intended to protect manufacturers from liability
PM rather than warn consumers. Need to specify allergens contained in a product due
to different naming conventions.
1029\. 9/24/2008 7:51:00 Many manufacturers use legal jargon to get around the FDA labeling requirements.
PM They will say that a food may contain allergens even if that allergen is never
present in the food just to get around liability that the allergen could
accidentally get in the food or to avoide the expense of performing actual
allergen testing. They are more interested in their legal liabilities than telling
consumers which allergens are actually in their products. Customer service is
often unhelpful, as the service agents have been given a canned speech carefully
worded by the company\'s lawyers.
1030\. 9/24/2008 7:51:00 All foods should be labeled. People have a right to know what they are consuming
PM whether or not you have an allergy. It is helpful to have the proposed allergy
noted in bold so I can quickly go to that. If it does not mention nuts (in our
case), I still have to read the entire ingredient list because A. I have no idea
if the manufacturer simply did not put the allergens in bold or feel it is legally
sufficient to simply list the ingredients, and B. my daugther also has a sesame
allergy which is often not mentioned in bold when declaring potential allergens in
a product. Also, mango is part of the cashew family and therefore, my daugther
cannot have it. Mango would never be listed as an allergen, so I must read
everything - even cosmetics as they often have mango, coconut oil, etc. in their
products.
1031\. 9/24/2008 7:51:00 please get allergy information and cross contamination information of food labels
PM ASAP
1032\. 9/24/2008 8:09:00 Some companies put an allergen advisory on their product even if the food with the
PM allergen is in the same building but nowhere near the said product. I think the
warning should only be on items that are at risk for cross contamination.
1033\. 9/24/2008 8:13:00 Standard labelling would be good. Depending on the manufacturer it is sometimes
PM difficult to find allergen information. Certain manufacturers are much better than
others in clearly disclosing the allegens or potential allergens in their
products.
1034\. 9/24/2008 8:14:00 I know what to look for in reading a label. Friends and other family members do
PM not need to be as careful, therefore I feel for purposes of clarity, as well as in
the ingredients, the statement: "Allergy Information:" greatly reduces
the risk of exposure to allergens for those with life-threatening allergies.
1035\. 9/24/2008 8:34:00 I find the made in a facility that processes paenuts, etc. is the most confusing
PM because it restricts my diet even though it may not have that allergen.
1036\. 9/24/2008 8:49:00 As the parent of a child with a life-threatening food allergy, I would LOVE to see
PM an allergen advisory label requirement law in place. I don\'t care how they word
it - "May contain\...", "Processed in a facility/on machinery that
also processes\..." or whatever (I don\'t buy the "allergy control
plan"- if there\'s any way it\'s in there, it\'s life-threatening to my
child! Would the manufacturer give it to their child if their child had a
life-threatening allergy - just to make a few more dollars?!) The one bright side
of my child\'s food allergy is that we live in this country where at least some
labeling is required- the more the better, because it\'s that much safer I can
keep my child! Thank you for your efforts, and if there\'s any way I can help,
feel free to contact me!
1037\. 9/24/2008 8:54:00 Advisory labeling ought to add something to the information we are already
PM receiving. "may contain" labels with no further information don\'t
really do that as well as "processed on lines that also process" and
"processed in a facility that also processes". As well, adding advisory
labeling that advises of an actual ingredient is just duplicative - we already
have the ingredient list.
1038\. 9/24/2008 9:25:00 A general "may contain" statement is useless, especially since the
PM wording of the warnings isn\'t regulated and I\'ve seen so many different types of
warnings. I\'ve also seen warnings appear on foods I\'ve eaten for years without a
problem. I will eat food that says "same plant" but not "same
equipment." I\'m frustrated that the manufacturer concern is more about
liability than about accurately reflecting what\'s going on in its plants.
1039\. 9/24/2008 9:43:00 It will be great if some products are made exclusively free of the allergen so
PM that there is no contamination especially mainstream most popular products such as
cereals, icecream, cereal bars so our children can also enjoy the joy of eating
foods without the contamination of allergens such as nuts and eggs.
1040\. 9/24/2008 9:58:00 I would love to see allergen info on menus at restaurants, and on non food items.
PM
1041\. 9/24/2008 10:07:00 I am appalled that the companies and the government do not take this subject more
PM seriously. In many instances we are talking about life or death situations, not
just "an upset tummy".
1042\. 9/24/2008 10:35:00 what may contain or made in same factory means as far as risk of contaminate is
PM very unclear, especially for foods that seem like they wouldn\'t come in contact
with the ingredient (like spaghetti sauce and nuts). It means I have to avoid all
products without knowing if I really need to be concerned
1043\. 9/24/2008 10:51:00 The labels which say "contains milk" for example are a clearer way to
PM determine if there is an allergen in that product. This is especially helpful to
family members, friends and school personnel that are a bit removed from the
immediate family with the allergy. The most disturbing issue for us has been when
the laws of labeling have changed and we have found out that a product that we
thought was safe is actually carrying a risk or possibility of containing an
allergen. While we have not had any known reactions to these products, the allergy
itself has actually worsened over time (as measured by the allergist), which may
be due in part to accidental exposure that we are unaware of.
1044\. 9/24/2008 10:53:00 I feel with peanut allergy being so deadly all products should state peanuts on
PM front of product with product name. I ran into a situation with a candy bar made
by Nesles that had crushed peanuts in the milk chocolate between wafers and it was
only listed with all other ingredients on back nothing in name on front or stating
with peanuts. I had to call them and found out it was finely ground in the
chocolate.
1045\. 9/24/2008 10:56:00 I think the more information the better. HOWEVER, selfishly speaking I\'d prefer
PM total transparency on ALL possible cross contamination as my son\'s life
threatening allergies are not only within the top 8. For example the term
vegetable oil is too broad for a person who has sunflower seed and flax seed
allergy. And even once the label is more detailed I still only know if the
equipment has been shared with nuts, peanuts and the top 8 allergens in general.
My son has 9 allergies.
1046\. 9/24/2008 11:20:00 It is confusing when a label says that a food "was processed in the same
PM facility as (allergen)". However, if this was mandatory I\'d be afraid that
everything would be labeled as maybe containing allergens. It should only be
listed if there is a REAL RISK, such as a trace of the allergen being in the
product. It would also help to have allergens listed on cosmetics. Also, the most
confusing allergen of all is SOY. Most people allergic to soy safely eat soy
lecithin. I have spent so much time on the phone calling food companies where it
says "contains soy" because I need to make sure that the soy in the
product is just the soy lecithin, and not soy in a natural flavoring (or any other
source). Clarification with soy allergy would be beneficial.
1047\. 9/24/2008 11:26:00 THE FOOD ALLERGEN LABELLING ALLOWS FOR A QUICK SCAN OF PRODUCTS.
PM
1048\. 9/24/2008 11:53:00 When we travel abroad how can we know their laws on food labelling. I know that
PM Canada and the USA are the best but what if we want to travel to Argentina, Italy,
etc
1049\. 9/25/2008 12:01:00 I think if a product is made in the same facility or even on the same
AM lines/machinery as allergens, more information should be added regarding how well
they clean the lines or how physically close the product might be to the actual
allergen so the consumer can make a better judgement and not necessarily avoid so
many products that may actually be safe.
1050\. 9/25/2008 12:14:00 I believe that all products should have all the contents on the labels. All
AM manufactures should be required to also state may contain or processed on machines
that processed allergens
1051\. 9/25/2008 12:37:00 one of the allergies is mango. I would love to see this included in the list of
AM allergens, or at least always on the label. I am sometime worried when items say
they contain natural or artificial flavors since I don\'t know if that is, and if
it might include mango (when I have called companies they sometimes say they
won\'t tell since it is proprietary).
1052\. 9/25/2008 12:38:00 Not only should manufacturers disclose allergen ingredients, exposures in plants
AM to allergen ingredients but also the terminology needs to be uniform. Our son has
a severe peanut and tree nut allergy. When we purchase any product we not only
have to look for the obvious ingredients but also the hidden ingredients. For
example palm kernal oil. If a preservative or additive is related to a known
allergen it should also be included in the allergy section. It would also be nice
that the same guidelines and procedures be carried over into restaurants. They are
not always aware nor have clearly labeled products and procedures.
1053\. 9/25/2008 12:48:00 I thought it was great that you asked about allergens in non-food items. I just
AM learned that some cosmetics use peanut oil! That\'s not something of which I was
checking the ingredients.
1054\. 9/25/2008 12:59:00 I think the current requirements are good, but lack of consistency with the
AM "may contains," etc. statements makes it difficult to trust them.
1055\. 9/25/2008 12:59:00 I also think that they should not be able to list items under different names that
AM people do not understand what they mean. Also the should not be able to label
sesame seeds under spices or natural flavors they need to spell it out.
1056\. 9/25/2008 1:00:00 Too many inconsistencies among manufacturers. They all use different terms which
AM may or may not mean the same thing
1057\. 9/25/2008 1:20:00 I think it needs to be required that all food and cosmetics, lotions, etc. have
AM allergen labels. People could die. Lets not take chances.
1058\. 9/25/2008 1:24:00 It\'s a life or death issue. This information should not be a proprietary secret.
AM It should be clear and required.
1059\. 9/25/2008 1:36:00 1\) I think more useful labeling would be to be to give consumers an idea of how
AM much contamination is likely. Maybe list a range for how many ppm a consumer might
find. The problem with forcing manufacturers to use a more traditional allergen
advisory label is that some manufacturers do a much better job cleaning their
equipment, etc., than others. I typically call manufacturers for everything
(whether or not I see an allergen advisory label). That way I get a better sense
of how risky the food is. 2) Sesame should be added to the list of top allergens
that must be specified explicitly on packaging. 3) Also manufacturers should not
be allowed to hide ingredients by using terms like "spices" or
"natural flavoring". Many people have allergies to foods that are not
among the top eight allergens. If this were done #2 above wouldn\'t really be
necessary.
1060\. 9/25/2008 2:02:00 Manufacturers should not put a warning on every product just to avoid liability.
AM It should only be on products that actually pose a risk to the allergic
individual. It\'s gotten so we can\'t eat any processed foods, they all say \'may
contain\' or \'processed in a facility\...\'
1061\. 9/25/2008 2:29:00 We\'ve had experiences with CANDY companies whose labels do NOT have the advisory
AM label. The ingredient may be listed as "natural ingredients". DD had a
reaction. Upon contacting the company, they refuse to tell us WHAT that natural
ingredient was. Therefore, using vague language such as "natural
ingredients" is insufficient and should not be allowed.
1062\. 9/25/2008 2:44:00 Labels need to be more descriptive. Several family members have life threatening
AM food allergies. We have had two (mild) events caused by foods with "procssed
in a facility that uses" labels, out of the thousands of foods we\'ve
consumed with such labels. It is much too restrictive to avoid labels like this,
so systems should be in place that ensure that the labels accurately reflect the
chances of ingesting allergens. New foods are adding these types of labels as
liability coverage without wieghing the effect on the food allergic consumer.
1063\. 9/25/2008 4:35:00 I wish non-food items would highlight allergens in their products, like
AM "almond oil, shay nut etc." I have had to return items after coming home
& reading it in their TINY ingredient labels, especially cosmetics &
lotions.
1064\. 9/25/2008 5:03:00 #13 is a unclear, bad survey question.
AM
1065\. 9/25/2008 9:34:00 All food, beverages, drugs, vitamins, herbs (anything ingested or injected) or
AM that can expose the body in other ways ie. ear or eye drops, mouth washes,
lotions, shampoo, conditioner, sun block, cosmetics, soaps etc. should be required
to list the allergen as an ingredient (if it is one) AND have an allergen advisory
statement (not one or the other). Also, ALL of these products that may IN ANY WAY
contain an allergen (ie. processed in the same facility, etc.), but where the
allergen is not an actual ingredient, should be REQUIRED to have an allergen
advisory statement only. This should not be optional. In addition, I personally
like to know when it is an actual ingredient rather than just a potential
contamination via the difference in the label: "contains" versus
"may contain": however, I recently had to switch pre-schools because
while the school did not serve snacks that "contained nuts", they did
serve snacks that "may contain nuts". I asked them to stop, but they
would not, so I switched schools. Unfortunately, this is an example where the
non-nut-allergic public is using the difference in the allergen advisory labeling
to their advantage and our disadvantage. So, although I like to know when
something "contains" versus "may contain", it may be necessary
to require "contains" labeling even if the allergen is only a potential
contaminant and not an ingredient. This may also encourage manufacturers to
eliminate nuts completely from their processes. Please think this one over
carefully though. This is all very new to me. It occurs to me that this
requirement might also encourage manufacturers to lie, so as not to have to label
their product with a "contains" when it only "may contain" an
allergen. If there is a solution to this, please consider it. Personally, I think
the labeling should be completely accurate ("may contain" when this is
the case), but that the laws should REQUIRE a complete peanut and tree nut ban in
all schools \-- including a ban on "may contain items". Yes, I know you
can\'t guarantee any place to be nut free, and I\'ve heard the ridiculous argument
that this may create a inaccurate feeling of safety when it can not be truly
guaranteed, but when my child is walking across a mine field daily (schools with
nut containing products), I prefer to remove as many mines as I can (complete nut
ban in schools), to reduce the ACTUAL risk and let people be responsible for their
choice of "PERCEIVED risk"! Please help me to get this point across to
those who claim kids are safer in schools that do not ban nuts \-- unfortunately,
including many allergists and FAAN. The laws ban illicit drugs in schools, and yet
this hasn\'t led anyone to believe that no illicit drug could ever make its way
into a school \-- it just likely reduces the level and creates consequences for
noncompliance that encourage people to comply.
1066\. 9/25/2008 12:09:00 our daughter has multiple food allergies - the easier it is for us and her
PM caregivers/teachers/relatives to assess the safety of her food.
1067\. 9/25/2008 12:59:00 the "may contain" allergen is not that helpful. What does it mean? Is it
PM highly unlikely (b/c they are very careful), but "may" contain allergen
or very likely (because they don\'t watch out for cross contamination) that it
"may" contain allergen.
1068\. 9/25/2008 1:10:00 I check all labels, it would save time for me if I didn\'t have to read
PM everything, but I do it. My concern is when other people who are caring for my
child read the label and don\'t know all the words for that allergen and give it
the food to my child. Or they say they read it, but they just skim it. It has
happened before. It would just be nice if it was there in bold print for them to
know that it is not a safe food for my child. I will probably still read all of
the ingredients though. It is a trust thing I guess.
1069\. 9/25/2008 1:36:00 Due to my child haveing a severe peanut allergy, i do not purchase anything that
PM has anything to do with peanuts. However, she also has milk and egg allergy. I
still purchase pasta that was made in a facility that uses egg since her egg
allergy is not as severe. I feel that all manufactures should be required to place
the advisories on their labels and let the consurmers make the call to buy them or
not. It should not be voluntary.
1070\. 9/25/2008 2:04:00 I think the labeling should be clear and visible.
PM
1071\. 9/25/2008 2:20:00 Item wirh May conatin or shared equip. labeling" Seem to be very overused .
PM It is unsure if it is used to cover potential liabilities or if it is truly a
danger and the company does not use safe manufacturing processes to provide
againts cross contamination.
1072\. 9/25/2008 3:09:00 It is difficult when your child has an allergy that is not in the "top
PM eight". Companies are frequently unhelpful with disclosing what is included
in "natural flavors" or other cryptic terms. It sometimes seems taht
certain companies will list just about everything as possibility of cross
comtamination, which makes one wonder if some companies are simply trying to avoid
liability.
1073\. 9/25/2008 4:13:00 It disturbs me that an allergen could be contained in foods that I purchase
PM without me knowing it. I do not think it should be optional for manufacturers to
provide "may contain" statements - if there is any possiblilty that an
allergen could be in a food, it is a matter of life and death for the consumer to
know in some cases.
1074\. 9/25/2008 5:23:00 Really appreciate the allergen listings. Some food companies are great about it.
PM
1075\. 9/25/2008 5:45:00 I think all foods containing allergens should be required to have a allergen
PM advisory label. However, I wish that there was more consistency among
manufacturers. For example, is there a difference between "May contain
peanuts" and "Manufactured on equipment used to process peanuts."
Also, aren\'t food companies cleaning their manufacturing lines to ensure that
there isn\'t cross contamination? Sometimes I feel that the "Manufactured in
a facility" label is just a cop out. These companies should be cleaning their
manufacturing lines. They probably are already, but just want to cover themselves
if there is an error. It seems like an increasing number of products thes days are
using advisory labels. My son is allergic to 7 of the 8 major allergens, so we are
finding it increasingly difficult to find processed food for him that doesn\'t
have a "manufactured in a facility" or "may contain" label.
1076\. 9/25/2008 5:59:00 It is difficult to know which manufacturers take allergies seriously without
PM consistent labeling guidelines. For instance, if I pick out a product without an
advisory, I am unsure as to whether it is "safe" because there are no
allergens to worry about or it is potentially contaminated, but the manufacturer
doesn\'t label correctly.
1077\. 9/25/2008 6:11:00 why when food is manufactured out of this country does it not have to have to
PM follow the proper US labeling procedure?
1078\. 9/25/2008 9:08:00 There should be 3 different levels of allergy labels: Contains (allergy), Trace
PM allergens, cross contamination possiblilty.
1079\. 9/25/2008 10:02:00 My son has multiple food allergies, two of which are mustard and sesame. Both of
PM these are fast becoming high-allergenic foods worldwide and are included as part
of allergen labelling requirements in Europe and Canada. I hope that the U.S. will
eventually include sesame and mustard in their top allergen list for packaging, as
these allergens can be just as deadly as peanuts and nuts. Thanks!
1080\. 9/25/2008 10:28:00 Cosmetics need to be labelled; this is lacking in the current system especially
PM when the "chemical" terminology is used; if a factory makes something
with a known allergen and labels it, but is made on different machinery, it should
be stated; if there are peanuts in a different building it has very different
implications than peanuts made on the same equipment
1081\. 9/25/2008 11:52:00 Labeling is critical. The frustration is with cross-contamination and/or with the
PM lack of truly safe options. It seems that the major manufacturers are doing their
best to add products that contain allergens (so many new products in the past few
years now contain peanut butter) but do little to assist with the smaller allergy
community.
1082\. 9/26/2008 12:06:00 The statement, "May contain (allergen)" is so ambiguous that it becomes
AM frustrating. I would like to see more detailed information about -why- it may
contain an allergen (shared equipment, etc.)
1083\. 9/26/2008 12:10:00 Universal terminology would be very helpful and include the seed category.
AM questions 17 yes would be very helpful. We just want to avoid inadvertent exposure
as condition is life threatening in several categories.
1084\. 9/26/2008 1:23:00 More consistency between manufacturers would be helpful. I think that Allergy
AM information and bolded allergens is a good way to notify consumers. Currently I
avoid food with the label that indicates "the item was processed on
machinery"; however I have started purchasing food that indicates an item
"was produced in a facility" because the latter seems to imply less
risk.
1085\. 9/26/2008 1:33:00 Question #7 doesn\'t make sense.
AM
1086\. 9/26/2008 1:56:00 I feel that only the ingrediants in the product should be listed if the equipment
AM is cleaned properly after each type of item.
1087\. 9/26/2008 2:14:00 Sesame seeds should be included as an allergen when present in foods. There are
AM significant risks to contact with sesame seeds and they should be treated as such.
1088\. 9/26/2008 2:20:00 I feel like manufacturers just slap an allergen advisory label on their products
AM just to reduce their liability. The "may contain" label is on everything
these days, and is very difficult to translate - does it or doesn\'t it contain
the allergen? We avoid purchasing any product that has a "may contain"
or "processed on equipment" label. A stricter guideline in labeling
would help keep those with food allergies safe.
1089\. 9/26/2008 2:38:00 Soy goes by MANY names. Glycerine can contain soy. Many products are not listing
AM primary ingredients.
1090\. 9/26/2008 3:16:00 I find that the products that are the most effective in letting me know about an
AM allergen are the ones that contain a bold section near but not part of the
ingredients that says, "Contain: (allergen)" or "May Contain:
(allergen). The labels that are dislike are the ones list all the ingredients
together because you have to hunt through all the ingredients to find the one you
or in my case my child is allergic too.
1091\. 9/26/2008 9:10:00 1\) Question #13 above was written incorrectly. Survey suggests a "hope"
AM mixed in with "helpful to (me)" labeling. It would be my hope that every
food manufacturerer would be responsible and have a STANDARDIZED food allergy
control plan (Standardized is vital\-\--otherwise what\'s the point?) But the
truth is that if there is any chance, even remote, that an allergen has
contaminated that food product then there is a chance that my child can die\... so
there should be a clearly visible Allergy Alert on the ingredients page of the
food packaging. 2) That bakery companies, in particular, keep re-using pans/baking
molds, etc. without cleaning them in-between is a disgrace. It\'s a \'thumbing the
nose\' at those with allergies. I\'d suggest a regulation that either those pans
be sanitized between uses, or foods with allergens be baked/cooked only on certain
days of the week and equipment cleaned thoroughly after each use. To have to deny
my "peanut child" 99% of his Halloween bag is a shame.
1092\. 9/26/2008 11:16:00 need more consistency in labeling. some mfg make absolutely no mention of
AM allergens, ie Hershey\'s candies, so are you to assume it\'s allergen free? have
had to call the mfg to confirm what the lack of a label meant.
1093\. 9/26/2008 11:21:00 Best labeling for us specifically declares at the bottom of the ingredients, in
AM bold print, "Contains milk, egg, and nuts. Processed in a factory that
processes fish." We don\'t usually mind if it is processed in the same
factory. For peanuts, we don\'t want it processed on the same equipment, though.
We are more lenient with milk and eggs\--will still use foods processed on the
same equipment with milk and eggs. Every person has different degrees of
sensitivity, so the more information, the better.
1094\. 9/26/2008 11:51:00 I would like to see more seed allergens listed. Also, bigger print and bold for
AM teenage children to be able to read. These children depend on themselves when
their at school etc.
1095\. 9/26/2008 12:43:00 I feel most confident buying products that have a detailed allergen labeling, such
PM as \'was processed in a facility that also processes x, y and z allergens.\' If my
allergen, peanuts, isn\'t listed but others are, for example milk, soy and egg, I
feel VERY safe buying the product. Otherwise, I feel I must call the manufacturer
to ask about their manufacturing processes. I end up avoiding many products
without allergy labeling because it\'s too much work.
1096\. 9/26/2008 1:07:00 Great Value (Walmart Brand) has done a marvelous job with allergen advisory
PM labels. I wish all companies were required to be as specific as they are.
Unfortunately even large companies are still not completely complying with the
Food Allergy Labeling Act (such as Kraft) even though they say they are.
1097\. 9/26/2008 3:17:00 Most of my family members have food and chemical allergies/intolerances. It is
PM very frustrating trying to identify which products may contain allergens even if
they are in trace amounts. Strict regulations need to be implemented in order to
protect consumers from potential allergens. I have switched to an almost
vegan/macrobiotic diet and begun purchasing organic products that have natural
ingredients.
1098\. 9/26/2008 3:27:00 The allergen advisory label should be required, not voluntary.
PM
1099\. 9/26/2008 4:22:00 Allergens listed in Bold type are most helpful. Also ingredient lists should be
PM LARGE ENOUGH TO READ without the need of a magnifying glass.
1100\. 9/26/2008 4:38:00 I think that it is very important to avoid accidental ingestion. I am an avid
PM label reader but have made mistakes. One product stated (a granola bar) "may
contain tree nuts " in its allergen statement. I purchased the product
because our allergen is peanuts. Peanuts however was one of the main ingredients.
It was listed in the label, but for speed sake I only looked at the bold print.
Many companies list the allergens "contains wheat," This is very helpful
for safely choosing products. Luckily it was obvious that the product contained
peanuts and my child was old enough to know to avoid eating the bar. Because I
read labels I may read up to 10-20 labels per shopping trip. The easier this
process is made the better.
1101\. 9/26/2008 6:11:00 With the current labeling, I still have to contact manufacturers when it says May
PM contain or Made in same facility. The more information they can give on the label
the better. It would be great for companies to go the extra mile and make sure
there are more products without cross-contamination issues.
1102\. 9/26/2008 7:59:00 Need to use same standards on all packages including non food items so those w/
PM allergies will know for sure yes or no for that product
1103\. 9/26/2008 8:28:00 I find that many people do not know that the may contains or contains statement at
PM the end of the ingredient list is voluntary. Therefore, too many people,
especially those buying for food allergic people scan a product for the contains
statement and if they don\'t see it, assume the product is safe. They don\'t know
that it only has to be in the ingredient lines. Also, I am frustrated with the
fact that a major allergen like sesame does not have to be listed. Food allergies
are too serious to take chances.
1104\. 9/26/2008 9:29:00 I believe that including the allergens in the labeling is helpful, but still find
PM that I have to call the manufacturers to clarify the level of risk. For example,
is equipment washed between, is there testing for allergens before labeling, is it
in the plant, but not on the line, etc.
1105\. 9/26/2008 11:11:00 It is so hard to read ingredients every day, on every thing\...then to still have
PM to wonder if there is a "may contain" risk that is not listed but that
could harm my child. I would ask whoever is contemplating this decision to read
ingredients on everything they eat for a week. They will then appreciate why
allergens should not only be listed, but listed in BOLD PRINT. Why an ADDITIONAL
"contains or may contain" statement at the end of the ingredients is so
incredibly helpful. There are young kids and teens that are dealing with
life-threatening allergies; we should be making it EASY for them to look at a
package and see if they can safely eat it! As a side note, I can say that I most
appreciate the very small minority of companies who put on their label: "This
product does NOT contain nut, egg, etc". This type of warning is popular in
Canada, and we are behind the ball here! For example, in Canada Nestle and Hershey
put "peanut free" or "manufactured in a peanut free facility"
on many of their candies, but they do not do that here in the U.S. Manufacturers
will only be as responsible as we require them to be. For example, see these
websites:
http://www.nestle.ca/en/products/grouping/peanut_free/index?subGroup=Chocolates
http://www.hersheycanada.com/en/products/details/twizzlers/index.asp?name=peanut
1106\. 9/27/2008 12:17:00 My 6 yr old son is allergic to peanuts. I like the label to be simple and easy for
AM a child to understand.
1107\. 9/27/2008 1:01:00 Despite the allergy warnings, I call manufacturers regularly to confirm the
AM allergy warning and to check for cross-contamination. I don\'t think the labeling
laws are strong enough and encompassing enough. We, as consumers, need more
information! The manufacturer has this information. The law needs to make them
provide it! It is a matter of life and death!
1108\. 9/27/2008 1:21:00 It would be nice to have a clearinghouse of food ingredients by brand that could
AM answer a question like, "what are all the brands of ice cream that contain no
soy?"
1109\. 9/27/2008 2:57:00 some labeling is just too vague. They need to be more specific, because there may
AM be things that people could potentially eat, but because of the label they don\'t
dare. The best way for me if I am not sure is to call the manufacturer.
1110\. 9/27/2008 3:13:00 The biggest problem I have with food labels is that various chemicals could be
AM made from different things. Citric acid, for example, could come from fruit, but
it could also come from corn- which my son is allergic to, but which is not
required to be on allergen advisory labels. The labels for other allergens are
sufficient, I think. My son is also allergic to milk, but if something "may
contain traces of milk" or "is made on equipment that processes
milk", he can usually eat it, though if the item "contains milk",
he will usually react to it.
1111\. 9/27/2008 4:25:00 There needs to be a clear, consistant, country wide labeling law so that all food
AM manufacturing businesses can be consistant. The may contain and process in a
factory are helpful to indentify possible cross contamination but when the
allergen is hidden in the actual list of ingrediants by a different name (eg milk
= cassein) it is difficult to decipher.
1112\. 9/27/2008 5:04:00 Would prefer a labeling system that quantitates the risk of an allergen being
AM present in certain quantities\....not if it were manufactured in a plant that also
handles peanuts, but "the risk of this product containing peanuts in excess
of x mcg is y%"
1113\. 9/27/2008 12:19:00 I believe they should put everything down from contains to may contain or
PM processed in a plant that processes\.... My son is allergic to may things-milk,
casein, eggs, tree nuts, peanuts, shell fish and latex. I only purchase food that
has the allergy information. I don\'t take chances with my 6 year old\'s life! I
wish everything had allergy labels. I have actually read ingredients in soaps and
shampoo- containing some sort of milk product.
1114\. 9/27/2008 2:12:00 It needs to be simple and consistent in the content of the label.
PM
1115\. 9/27/2008 2:14:00 I have a life-threatening onion/leek alergy. I believe listing ALL the ingredients
PM on the label should be a mandatory requirement. My life depends on it.
1116\. 9/27/2008 2:18:00 I hate that spices are listed as spices. I\'m allergic to red pepper but not
PM black, I\'m allergic to clove but garlic is okay. Listing spices is insufficient.
I am allergic to pine. Figuring what has pine in it is WAY to hard.
1117\. 9/27/2008 3:16:00 Cross contamination is extremely important, the company should always state if the
PM product is produced in the same facility as or on the same machinery as allergens.
Also, VERY IMPORTANT are the vagueness of ingredients that list "natural
flavors" or "spices". We need to know what the ingredients of the
natural flavors and spices are. At this point, we do not purchase ANY foods with
these ingredients because we do not know if they contain my son\'s allergens (ex.
soy, gluten, msg ). And lastly, while it is nice that many products now list if a
product contains wheat, a large majority of people who cannot tolerate wheat also
cannot tolerate other gluten containing grains (barley, oats, and rye). There are
millions of people with Celiac Disease that cannot consume any of these grains and
just because a product says it does not contain wheat or does not list wheat as an
allergen, the product can still contain, for example, barley or barley malt. It is
so very important to regulate these labels and get clear, authentic information
out there to the American people. The number of children with allergies is
skyrocketing and it is our responsibility as nation to protect and look out for
our youngest members of society. Our children, our future, are the ones that are
suffering the most without our help.
1118\. 9/27/2008 7:15:00 The font used on ingredient lists are so small, having bold allergen information
PM under it is very helpful. I recently read a label that had the bold allergen
statement stating the food contained wheat and milk, but if you read the
ingredients it listed soy. Unfortunately you cannot always rely on the allergen
statement.
1119\. 9/27/2008 8:34:00 It is so frustrating to be avoiding foods that may be safe for my son, but since
PM it says "may contain" we can\'t buy it. I know that some companies are
including this statement on their product just to cover their butts. Then on the
other hand there are companies that DON\'T include the warning label when they
SHOULD. It is so confusing.
1120\. 9/27/2008 9:17:00 I would like all products to be consistently labeled for both ingredients, shared
PM equipment and facilities, by law.
1121\. 9/28/2008 12:03:00 I would love to see better labeling. It is hard to even get company\'s to give the
AM information that I need to know even if I call.
1122\. 9/28/2008 12:23:00 I get confused with "processed in a plant that processes\..." or
AM "packaged in a plant \.... " Is there much risk here?
1123\. 9/28/2008 1:01:00 I find it VERY helpful when an advisory label is provided in addition to the
AM ingredients. There may be a huge list of ingredients and to have to read carefully
through all of them is sometimes difficult. After all, it\'s a matter of life and
death for some people to avoid the particular ingredient. I definitely think that
manufacturers should be required to put an allergen advisory label on all foods!!!
1124\. 9/28/2008 3:32:00 Dealing with my daughter\'s food allergies is difficult enough, especially now
AM that she\'s started attending school. Having labels that clearly state the
allergens it contains make things much, much easier. Thank you.
1125\. 9/28/2008 2:15:00 I have 2 children with allergies. My son is 5 and has outgrown most of his
PM allergies, but I know what it\'s like to have to avoid foods that say "may
contain" or "processed on equipment with\...". My daughter has
eczema and large amounts of certain foods cause outbreaks, but she\'s OK with
foods that "may contain" or "processed on equipment".
1126\. 9/28/2008 5:36:00 I still call maufacturers, to determine what their labeling policy is, I would
PM like the USDA to make a determination of the threshhold of cross contamination
that could trigger an allergic reaction, then require a simple, standard allergy
label, at least for the top 8 allergies.
1127\. 9/28/2008 7:13:00 Manufacturers are going to complain if it is mandatory to list
PM "contains" but I want the most convenient way of determining if the
product contains or does not contain what I need to avoid.
1128\. 9/28/2008 10:51:00 As an adult with anaphalactic reaction to all nuts, and as the parent of three now
PM adult children with allergies, the current allergen advisory labels are better,
but still not great. Canada does a great job with it\'s labels. Often, I still
find a product that causes problems here in the US, even though I\'ve checked the
label.
1129\. 9/29/2008 11:37:00 I read the label on moisturizers and they contained an allergen with no warning,
AM had a bad reaction from this
1130\. 9/29/2008 1:27:00 Drugs should be labeled. ex milk products are inactive incredient in many drugs.
PM Lactose, etc. prior to picking up medication I will contact the internent to learn
if safe to give to my son.
1131\. 9/29/2008 5:10:00 it is the inconsistency in labeling language that is most frustrating\...how is
PM "may contain" different from "produced in a facility that also
produces"?
1132\. 9/29/2008 7:27:00 The majority of ingredients found on any given label are not easily identifiable,
PM let alone easy to pronounce. IMO, a standerdized system is needed desperately. I
believe that a label should at the very least state something similar to
"this product may contain allergens" therefore alerting the consumer
that they may need to investigate further, if they have any allergies, to see if
they are allergic to any ingredient in that particular product. I wouldn\'t mind
doing the extra legwork, if I could be sure of which products I need to double
check before using.
1133\. 9/30/2008 12:40:00 When a food label says "may contain", "processed on
AM equipment", "may contain trace amounts", "processed in a
facility that also processes\..." these labels are not helpful. We need to
definitively know if a food has the allergen or not. The current allergy law is
wonderful, but needs to be further descriptive. I have a child (under 3) with
several food allergies (including wheat, eggs, nuts and milk). Also, we need to
further understand and be made aware of what food allergens are in the secret
labels (such as "Modified Food Starch"). Thank you for your research on
this topic.
1134\. 9/30/2008 12:46:00 2008 better than before but think it should also affect menu(s)at all functions
AM
1135\. 9/30/2008 5:50:00 The new law is MUCH better than the old, if only for the standardization of
AM language (e.g., "Milk," not just "Casein"). Because we
haven\'t had known reactions from cross contamination, we ignore the "made on
machines." That\'s very different, however, from "May contain,"
which is just limbo land - could be any amount, even INTENTIONALLY added?? Totally
unclear on this one. I suspect that the lawyers are trying to CYA for the
companies, but it is a royal pain to read behind their labels \-- I feel nervous
serving up "may contain" but when the allergen doesn\'t even make the
ingredient list, it seems absurd (and is often inconvenient) to avoid the products
given our low cross-contamination threshold.
1136\. 9/30/2008 12:54:00 The only thing I fear is that liability issues will make it so ALL foods end up
PM with these "may contain" or "equipment" labels, thus negating
the effect of the labeling.
1137\. 9/30/2008 1:30:00 I have a child with severe food allergies, all products should have labels
PM including medication, cosmetics and art supplies. This could potentially kill an
allergic person.
1138\. 9/30/2008 3:55:00 I\'m concerned that the may contain/manufactured with labeling is used just to
PM provide legal protection to the manufacturer/company when there may not be a real
issue.
1139\. 9/30/2008 4:34:00 Some chemical names make it difficult to see if item contains something I\'m
PM allergeric to.
1140\. 9/30/2008 4:40:00 May contain is the least meaningful labelling. In fact, it gives me the feeling
PM that it may not contain the allergen but they\'re just trying to cover their
bases. I am frustrated that my child may have more choices out there but is
limited by the "may contain" sloppy labelling. Cross contamination is
important, so how the product may contain the allergen, such as shared equipment,
is more informative.
1141\. 9/30/2008 4:42:00 When a food product says it has been manufactured in a plant that has that
PM allergen, I do not feel that is sufficient. I want to know what exactly that
means. Is it on the same machine? Is it in the same room?
1142\. 9/30/2008 5:07:00 The lack of consistency among food ingredient labels and potential allergens is
PM confusing and frustrating. Some manufacturers include it plainly, and some do not.
Frankly, I just stop purchasing products that make me have to search for the
ingredients and potential allergens. It\'s not worth it.
1143\. 9/30/2008 5:09:00 The more information (correct information) that is provided to the consumer, the
PM better. The labels/warnings makes it much easier to shop for foods.
1144\. 9/30/2008 5:52:00 Thank you for doing this survey! I\'m particularly concerned about the current
PM lack of labeling in pharmaceutical products (e/g toothpaste, flouride rinses) and
toiletries (soap, shampoo), as well as non-food products (e.g. peanuts in ant
traps).
1145\. 9/30/2008 7:25:00 "processed in a plant that processes nuts" it not helpful at all. We
PM need more details on our food labels. I\'m looking for the plant that only
processes food without nuts. Not sure it exists!
1146\. 10/1/2008 3:37:00 For those of us who suffer from allergies of all kinds, the effects range from
AM rashes to anaphylaxis, discomfort to death. We need all the help we can get. Clear
and concise labeling is a MUST !!!!!!!
1147\. 10/1/2008 5:37:00 My daughter and son are both Deathly allergic to peanuts: sometimes I see as a
AM main ingredient may contain one of the following: "peanut oil, safflower oil,
olive oil, ect" I need to know FOR SURE if there is peanut oil in products
that I give to my children
1148\. 10/1/2008 6:16:00 For myself and my children, our allergies are not life-threatening (lactose and
AM strawberries for myself, lactose for one of my girls). However, they both have
friends with Peanut allergies and even trace amounts can be life threatening. When
we know the friends will be over we look specifically for the warnings and avoid
snacks that could contain allergens. Better labeling than just "may
contain" is much more helpful.
1149\. 10/1/2008 9:31:00 I want - NEED - to know as much information about the product as possible to keep
PM my son safe and alive.
1150\. 10/2/2008 12:43:00 Labels on non-food items would be a great improvement!
AM
1151\. 10/2/2008 2:45:00 It would be nice if all companies adhered to a consistent labeling warning, easier
AM to find and read, especially for caretakers giving food other than the parents of
allergy child, etc..
1152\. 10/2/2008 3:37:00 Although we read EVERY ingredient label EVERY time, we know many people who do not
AM read labels consistently or who rely solely on the advisory labeling. We also know
people who claim theadvisory labeling is merely a company\'s easy way to cover
themselves and choose to disregard it, despite a family member\'s allergy to said
ingredient.
1153\. 10/2/2008 5:17:00 It confuses me when the label states "may contain (allergen)", or
AM "processed in a facility\...or on machinery that may contain\....(etc.)"
because I would hate to have my children have to give up that food for life if it
turned out that it was perfectly fine, and did NOT in fact contain our allergen
(wheat).
1154\. 10/2/2008 11:45:00 The labeling has helped, but since it is inconsistent you need to still read the
AM ingredients often to make sure. Also, since every Product is labeled differently
you need to double check. It would be better if things were standardized a bit
more.
1155\. 10/2/2008 12:54:00 Needs to be easy to read, and easy to find on packaging
PM
1156\. 10/2/2008 1:07:00 I was shocked to find things such as egg whites in stage 2 baby food, but no
PM advisory. It could be easily missed.
1157\. 10/2/2008 3:57:00 Labels need to list the various forms of the allergens on the labels - ex.- wheat
PM allergen may be listed but whey should also be listed too as a form of allergen.
Shampoos, meds, cosmetics, etc should have the labeling on them with the name of
the allergen it contains (ex - hydrolized protein is usually wheat protein).
1158\. 10/2/2008 8:10:00 IMy child has 30+ food allergies, most of which are well controlled as long as her
PM primary 3 are- peanuts, peas and corn. We had been avoiding peanuts for a long
time, but eating corn regularly, and her antihistamine, and primary allery med was
based in corn starch. Only making her worse! Once we changed her meds, and cut
down on the corn intake, including the high fructose corn syrup she starting doing
better. It tok multiple doctors fo figure that out. The pharmacists didn\'t even
knowthat the zyrtec was based in corn starch.
1159\. 10/2/2008 8:40:00 My allergens aren\'t the "top 8", so allergen advisory labels don\'t
PM effect me. If ingredient lists were 100% complete and accurate, we wouldn\'t need
advisory labeling. For those of us who read labels, having an ingredient list can
be the difference between remaining healthy or battling an asthma episode or
allergic reaction. What frustrates me is when a company can be allowed to list
"may contain one or more of the following\...". Another concern is
"natural flavors". I recently called a company to inquire about their
\'natural flavors\' and found that they wouldn\'t give me any specifics other than
it was a fruit, vegetable or a spice that concocted their \'natural flavors\'. One
of my allergens is maple (trees, syrup, flavoring); it is considered a \'natural
flavoring\' and I avoid the term "natural flavoring" at all costs. I
really think that accurate food labeling would help all of us
(manufacturers,consumers, etc). Companies would sell more product because
consumers would know exactly what they were getting in a specific product.
1160\. 10/2/2008 11:43:00 Manufacturers often refuse to divulge more than what is required when we call. For
PM ex. they will not divulge if the product is made in a factory that processes
peanuts; or on equipment that does. They will just refer us to the ingredients
label and say to go by that. For example Ritz crackers when you call will not tell
you if there is milk in the product or on the equipment. This is very frustrating
and scary. My child has had reactions to products that did not have ANY of her
allergens listed in in the ingredients; it had to be made on equipment with her
allergens, and we needed that info beforehand. We try and call every manufacturer
before we eat anything because the labels vary so much.
1161\. 10/3/2008 1:28:00 I really wish that labeling was clearer for all ingredients, not just the top 8
AM allergens. In particular (1) My family has several people with celiac disease, so
we can\'t eat wheat, rye, oats and barley. Wheat is a top 8 allergen, so it is
shown on labels. But rye, oats, and barley aren\'t always labeled so clearly. (2)
My son is sensitive to corn in his diet, and that is hidden in ingredients with a
zillion different names. I really wish \*every\* ingredient on the label listed
what its source was, for example "citric acid (from corn)." Thanks for
doing this survey!
1162\. 10/3/2008 1:43:00 I am deathly allergic to the chemicals used to create fragrances and scents.
AM Paper, plastic and fabric readily absorb the voc\'s and I have been poisoned a
number of times just purchasing medicine and foods. I believe that there needs to
be a warning about voc\'s on every product containing them and that regulations
need to be established for the people who handle food and medicine prohibiting the
wearing of scent while at work. I am unable to leave my home because of voc\'s. A
trip to my doctor or to buy groceries results in nearly two weeks of excruciating
pain. It also causes asthma attacks and lung infections. I am deathly allergic to
mellon and yet I never see anything that tells if there is mellon in products.
1163\. 10/3/2008 1:47:00 \- need to include "gluten" warnings, not just wheat - gluten free needs
AM to mean no gluten ingredients or cross-contamination, not just "tests below
30 ppm" or whatever - corn needs to be added to the list of "must
label" foods - generic ingredients such as "spices" or
"natural flavours" need to be eliminated. They need to disclose what is
actually in the product
1164\. 10/3/2008 2:36:00 It is confusing to me when some foods list allergens and others don\'t. Does this
AM mean the allergen is so obvious in the ingredient, there need not be a specific
warning?
1165\. 10/3/2008 2:48:00 I think when something lists vegetable oil which could be frome peanuts, corn,
AM etc. that they should have to put what oil was used in the product.
1166\. 10/3/2008 3:16:00 Need info on active and inactive ingredients; excipients; sealers; conditions for
AM production; need to err on the conservative side rather than being so liberal.
Companies that provide accurrate and helpful information for the consumer should
be rewarded. \[allergies, toxicities, long-term reactions to unknown and
non-identified ingredients\--even less that 4 parts per million are a major health
problem for many of us that appears not to be understood or perhaps not including
as a health concern within the food and drug industries\],
1167\. 10/3/2008 12:16:00 I am not able to answer #13, as I really do not know the level of risk attached to
PM each of the statements. Consistent food labelling practices are necessary for
people to self protect. As a mother, I am more diligent and informed about how
food is labelled, and how to interpret information. My peanut/nut allergic son is
now 16. No longer am I the only person who purchases his food. We require
consistent standards that allow informed decisions to be made. Thank you for this
survey, and allowing me to provide feedback.
1168\. 10/3/2008 12:34:00 It would be helpful if gluten was listed, not just wheat.
PM
1169\. 10/3/2008 1:03:00 I wonder why gluten is not classified as an allergin. I a product cotains wheat,
PM the label will say that, but what about malt flavorings and other derivitives that
contain gluten?
1170\. 10/3/2008 1:22:00 I think that the list of allergens should be expanded to include the same
PM allergens that the EU dictates its members use.
1171\. 10/3/2008 1:31:00 Many products have a list of ingredients that includes the word
PM "spices." My daughter is allergic to several spices, so I don\'t buy
those products. I need to know every single ingredient in a product.
1172\. 10/3/2008 1:49:00 My family has Celiac Disease. My concern is the idea that so many PPM (parts per
PM million) of gluten is ok. With Celiac Diesease ANY gluten is a problem. I want to
be able to trust the lableling is acurate and true, not some business persons idea
of what is ok - take McDonalds fries for example. They insisted that their fries
were gluten free until the government created the law for labeling wheat when it
is present. All of a sudden the fries were no longer gluten free. Having wheat
listed on products has been a tremendous help, but gluten is found in many other
products and I have to vigilant all the time. Please include 100 % gluten free in
your labeling law. Thanks for giving us this opportunity to speak.
1173\. 10/3/2008 2:00:00 Gluten should be considered one of the ingredients that should be included in
PM allergen labelling.
1174\. 10/3/2008 2:05:00 I do buy products that were mfg. in a facility\....etc. I think all lable should
PM have "Contains (allergens" printed seperately and bolding on the
package, including hair, soaps, etc.
1175\. 10/3/2008 2:09:00 There needs to be a "May contain GLUTEN" label. Wheat is not a
PM sufficient indicator for gluten as many products may contain barley, oats, rye,
etc.
1176\. 10/3/2008 2:15:00 I don\'t think the current labeling helps us because we don\'t have any trust in
PM it, we feel like the companies are just doing it to cover themselves. And each
phrase can mean so many things, the phrases need to be more clearly defined to
help us and the manufacturers convey and understand the same information.
1177\. 10/3/2008 4:06:00 I feel every ingredient in a food needs to be listed on a food package.
PM Additionally, companies need to thoroughly clean and santize equipment when
changing product line. Companies that do not appropriate clean and santize
machinery feel they are safe by saying the product was produced in an area that
allergens may be present. I feel this is not only a food safty issue for allergies
but a true food safty issue and quality assurance issue. there needs to be strick
enforcement of food safty quality assurance. As an added note-public awareness of
the fact that a minimal amount of allergen can cause severe reaction and medical
consequence. During the hurricanes anyone on a special diet, better have there on
food supply, mir and other foods supplied by different agencies are not
necessarily labeled.
1178\. 10/3/2008 6:24:00 I am wondering why certain ingredients are not listed. For instance, in many
PM products it simply says chicken broth (or beef, vegetable). I am also yeast
intolerant and many broths have yeast in them. I do not understand why the
ingredients of listed broth is not in ( ) so consumers know what is in that
ingredient. I also think gluten should be considered other than just wheat. Gluten
comes from barley, rye and oat too, not just wheat. It has been helpful to have
wheat listed, but I am not confident unless it actually says gluten free because
there can be other sources of gluten. Thanks so much for taking the time to do
this survey. I hope it helps imporve the labeling system. This will make shopping
so much easier for all who have food allergies.
1179\. 10/3/2008 7:01:00 Both of my children have celiac disease, which means they can\'t have any gluten.
PM If I see a product that says "gluten free," then it makes my life so
much easier. I don\'t have to read through all the ingredients or contact the
company if there are any questionable ingredients (which happens way too often,
and this is very difficult for me as a deaf person, but that\'s a whole other
story). Yesterday at the grocery store, when looking for hummus, I was looking at
several different brands when I realized one had a brand new "Gluten
free!" label on it. I immediately purchased that brand and will only buy that
one from now on. Such labeling would also make our lives easier in terms of other
people \-- like if my children are at a friend\'s house, where the parent isn\'t
as knowledgeable about gluten as we are. A simple "gluten free" would do
the job. We shouldn\'t have to do all the legwork; the companies should let US
know what they put in their products or how the products are made.
1180\. 10/3/2008 9:31:00 Right now, I skip anything that says "manufactured in a facility
PM that\..."\--and I feel like I\'m sometimes penalizing vendors who are being
conscientious about allergy labeling, and favoring those who aren\'t disclosing. I
might be willing to purchase things that are made in a facility\... but have a
solid allergy plan\--I\'d like to see more of that kind of label.
1181\. 10/3/2008 9:40:00 I wish that \*every\* ingredient had its source listed. I am sensitive to corn (in
PM addition to 4 other top-8 allergens), but corn isn\'t a top-8 allergen. However,
it is in a zillion foods under a zillion different names. I\'d appreciate it if
all ingredients were labeled with their source the way the top-8 allergens now
are, like for example "citric acid (from corn)." Thank you.
1182\. 10/3/2008 10:00:00 My son is allergic to so many things even trace amounts of allergens can cause a
PM hive reaction which is very bad for severly eczematics,its just not anaphalaxis
which is a main concern this is too
1183\. 10/4/2008 12:07:00 -Manufacturers should be required to label whether or not a product contains
AM gluten. -Q. 13 - I like that companies are creating allergy control plans, but
without knowing how good that plan is, I\'m no more likely to trust a product
whose packaging says "this product was produced in a plant with an allergen
control plan," etc. than one that says "this product may contain these
allergens." -Q 17 - \*especially\* for medications
1184\. 10/4/2008 3:10:00 Should be standard labelling. It seems like a lot of manufacturers are using words
AM that covers all bases so that they will not be sued.
1185\. 10/4/2008 3:32:00 Food labeling & allergen advisory labels should be in simple language &
AM consistent. Allergy advisory labels should be in bold & directly under the
ingredients so they are easily seen. Without a doubt, these labels should be on
non-food items such as cosmetics, shampoos, etc. These products often have many
ingredients of which most of us would not know the source.
1186\. 10/4/2008 4:18:00 My son has Celiac Disease. Current labeling for wheat is very helpful, but those
AM with Celiac Disease (and others following a gluten free diet) need to know if the
product contains barley, rye or oats in addition to the wheat. Another concern is
exactly what does "gluten free" mean? Is it 20ppm or 200ppm? For some,
200ppm might not cause a problem and it would be sad if the product was labeled as
containing gluten. On the other hand, for those who are so severely effected by
even 20ppm, labeling the product "gluten free" could be very
detrimental. Since there has not been an agreement on the "safe" amount,
if any, it would be ideal if the ppm were known to include it on the label. Thank
you for providing this survey. It is great to feel "heard".
1187\. 10/4/2008 12:18:00 I think all labels should have contains statement. I also think there should be a
PM standard statement used for produced on same line, produced in same facility. I am
not sure how I would standardize it, but it is very confusing now. I almost call
every company. Cosmetics and non food items should absolutely have a contain
label. It is extremely difficult to get this info. Many times I call a company,
and the can\'t even answer me as to what is in their product. I end up NOT using
tons of products.
1188\. 10/4/2008 5:03:00 I think many companies are using general "may contain" warnings as a
PM method of reducing their liablity when the product might not actually be unsafe
for someone with an allergy. Consistent labeling should be used.
1189\. 10/5/2008 12:20:00 All ingredients should be listed on the label. For example many products just list
AM "natural flavors." What exactly is that? I have a serious soy allergy
and have learned the hard way that "natural flavors" can be code for
soy. Manufacturers should have to say exactly what is in a food and not be able
get away with things like "natural flavors" and others like
"spices."
1190\. 10/5/2008 1:23:00 Our family has allergies to nuts/peanuts, melon, lobster, and gluten. While
AM "contains wheat" is helpful in identifying some gluten-containing food,
it does not address the gluten found in rye, barley, or possible wheat
contamination of oats. It\'s helpful to know the source of ingredients - for
example, modified food starch. While defining "gluten-free" as <20ppm
is helpful for manufacturers, it is not helpful for consumers because ANY amount
of gluten can cause symptoms and intestinal damage. If gluten-containing
ingredients are used in processing the food, the end product cannot be considered
"gluten-free," even if the assay results are <20ppm.
1191\. 10/5/2008 1:30:00 My son has a peanut allergy. I have answered all questions with this in mind. I
AM don\'t know how serious allergic reactions can be to other allergens (soy, dairy,
eggs, etc.). Peanut reactions can be so serious that I think the most precautions
possible are warranted. I always look at labels and frequently put things back on
the shelves because of them. I have been surprised how many items are possibly
cross-contaminated by peanuts (like tofu, pasta, olive oil).
1192\. 10/5/2008 1:35:00 If allergens are listed in the product\'s ingredients it would be easier if it was
AM in BOLD. It is very difficult when shopping to know how accurate a label is. A
bakery, I once called, told me that nuts/traces of them may be in their donuts
depending on which plant made them so I had to check the box for the plant number.
The rep told me that the plant that made those donuts with a certain \# was
nut-free. However, I realized they were only labelling for allergens that all the
plants shared (soy and milk) but not nuts. Until I get a clear statement about a
company\'s allergen policy (especially if there is nothing much listed on the
packing and I suspect there could be nuts or soy in the product), I will not try
that new product for my family.
1193\. 10/5/2008 11:52:00 I feel that in order to protect themselves, manufacturers are labeling anything,
AM just to be safe. I think there is a difference between "made on the same
equipment" and "made in the same facility". I don\'t feel confident
that I can trust that the proper labels are being put on things.
1194\. 10/5/2008 8:17:00 The "common allergens" needs to be expanded to include more allergens.
PM
1195\. 10/6/2008 1:07:00 Labeling standards should be uniform and consistent across the board. Items that
AM say "May contain \[allergen\]" should be more specific regarding how
allergen may have been introduced to food product if it is not an ingredient.
1196\. 10/6/2008 2:04:00 It is difficult bc to really know what is in a product you have to contact the
AM manufacturer directly and some give you more info than others. Also one
manufacturer has a blurb about their GMP Good Manufacturing Practices separate
this product from others in a facility with x, y and z. It is tough to know
exactly what this all means. Also one manufacturer told me until it is required by
the FDA they don\'t have to tell me anything that is voluntary like about cross
contamination.
1197\. 10/6/2008 4:18:00 The list of allergens should be expanded to include sesame and garbanzo beans. I
AM know many people besides myself who are severely allergic to these ingredients.
1198\. 10/6/2008 6:21:00 I think lables with allergy labels need to be more clear about whether or not
AM there is a valid risk of a product that does contain an allergy becoming
contaminating also I think the ingredients need to be more clear modified food
starch for example is too vauge I need to know the source. I also wish companies
that practice safe handling practices would make that know then I would feel more
comfortable feeding that product to my child.
1199\. 10/6/2008 2:12:00 It is frustrating when companies aren\'t completely disclosing the manufacturing
PM process even though they are adding an advisory warning. I have had products say
"contains wheat" also to find out upon calling it may contain tree nuts.
I have had products saying they have strict policies to keep ingredients seperate,
and have had cross contamination allergic reaction. I have had advisory warnings
saying product is made in a facility, when it was actually shared equiptment.
There is no way for a consumer to know at this time whether there is a risk
(especially if there is no warning), and what the risk is since the statements
don\'t necessarily mean what they say. Also, if practices change, we don\'t know.
It is nearly impossible to call a company every time you buy a product. Even if I
do call, I frequently get a very generic "we are careful and take allergies
seriously" script. When you ask for further information about production
practices, they don\'t know. Very frustrating.
1200\. 10/6/2008 6:28:00 There are far too many hidden allergens with misleading names that the average
PM person would not be able to avoid if just looking at the ingredients listing.
1201\. 10/6/2008 9:46:00 I tend to call manufacturers that do not note allergens and whether items are made
PM on mixed use lines. Would save me a lot of time to get that information off the
label rather than having to call the company or avoid items that simply do not
provide enough information. Consumers are entitled to have appropriate information
to make their own decisions about whether an item is safe for their own
consumption.
1202\. 10/6/2008 10:05:00 I think a lot of manufacturers do not have the money for seperate processing
PM plants. However they do have cleaning processes involved as well as production on
different days. At times I feel like every label says "may conatin nuts"
just so companies can protect themseleves. It really makes it difficult to buy
packaged foods.
1203\. 10/6/2008 10:11:00 Please require "contains" when there is a "may contains", and
PM use "may contains" for any cross-contamination risk, and require
"may contains".
1204\. 10/6/2008 10:37:00 Consistency is the key. I appreciate the intent of companies who say things like
PM "we use good practices to clean the machines of allergens" but have not
felt comforatbale actually having my allergic child eat them.
1205\. 10/7/2008 12:08:00 I haven\'t thought of a better system of labeling\... perhaps %\'s listed
AM
1206\. 10/7/2008 12:13:00 As my answers above may be confusing, my daughter is allergic to eggs, but others
AM in the house eat egg products. We read every label carefully, and often. It always
easier when the ingredients end with an allergen alert. Non-food products should
be labeled if possible!
1207\. 10/7/2008 12:37:00 My concern is that companies just automatically put the "may contain"
AM warning on their products even though they probably don\'t contain allergens.
1208\. 10/7/2008 12:51:00 I would like to see more research on how often trace amounts are likely to be
AM present in foods, or how often trace amounts appear in food made on shared
equipment, for example. To say "there might be a risk" is not sufficient
enough information to make a good decision and probably limits FA individuals
unnecessarily. My daughter has a soy protein allergy which is further complicated
by the labeling for soy such as soy oil or soy lecithin. So I never know what to
believe when a package says "may contain soy" unless it specifies soy
PROTEIN. Few individuals are allergic to soy oil or lecithin so labeling for soy
PROTEIN would be much more helpful.
1209\. 10/7/2008 2:00:00 I love the way Trader Joe\'s does it. I am likely to buy something there with a
AM may contain since I know that they label for mfg. line. I think that "trace
of" and "may contain" mean nothing since they have no consistency.
1210\. 10/7/2008 2:17:00 To me "may contain" means the main ingredients are in there but\...
AM these others may have slipped in. Automatically unsafe in my opinion.
1211\. 10/7/2008 3:21:00 "May contain" labels would not be tolerated in the pharmaceutical
AM industry! Can you imagine a medication saying "MAY CONTAIN SUGAR" for
diabetics?! Labels MUST have REAL information - either the food HAS or DOES NOT
HAVE the allergen. Consumers need accurate information in order to know what is
truly safe to eat. If food is processed on machinery that also processes with
allergens, than it must say so ACCURATELY.
1212\. 10/7/2008 12:10:00 would be helpful if all manufacturers added the allergen tag after the
PM ingredients, as well as may contain, processed in a plant etc.
1213\. 10/7/2008 2:27:00 "May contain" or "manufactured on" labels are important to us
PM because our child\'s doctor has informed us that her level of sensitivity is high
enough and her reactions severe enough that she cannot eat anything processed on
shared equipment. It would be helpful if companies were required to provide this
information rather than self judging their cleaning processes. As it is, we call
any company that doesn\'t appear to use these labels or avoid their products.
Although we don\'t rely only on the allergy advisory labels, they are a good
backup for us since label print is so small and are very helpful to grandparents
and caregivers without our practice reading labels. It would also be helpful if
these labels were on bulk packaging used for commercial (restaurant) purchases so
they were more easily able to advise us. Finally, we have an awful time buying
soap, shampoo and lotion because the labels are so hard to read and the contents
and derivatives not in plain english. We would buy more from more manufacturers if
we didn\'t have to parse Latin, and we worry about our daughtertrying to buy for
herself later. Thank you for addressing these issues!!!
1214\. 10/7/2008 3:21:00 The current labeling is a significant improvement over what existed previously and
PM it seems to be getting better all the time. My one concern is the possibility that
manufacturers are over labeling their products with "may contain
(allergen)\..." just to cover themselves when in fact the product may be
completely safe. Those with allergies are already are severely limited in their
choices of certain products so it would be helpful if any changes to the labeling
regulations were to tighten up the requirements around each labeling category so
that arbitrary labeling (to the extent that it exists) is diminished. For those
with severe allergies, such as my daughter, I cannot risk purchasing any products
that indicates an allergen may be present or that it was processed in the same
facility as her allergen. I NEVER purchase products labeled as such.
1215\. 10/7/2008 3:53:00 The presense of common allergins in non food products, like personal care
PM producst, toothpaste, soaps and over the counter medications is very dangerous and
needs to be included in any and all labling practices.
1216\. 10/7/2008 4:10:00 I have an allergy to corn. So any of the labeling is not sufficient. There are
PM more and more of us out there but we are treated like second class step children.
There needs to be more focus on all allergens and not just the top 8 that FAAN
identifies. Sources for the various ingredients needs to be available, not
necessarily on the labels, but some where easily accessible by those who need it.
(i.e. citric acid is usually sourced from corn)
1217\. 10/7/2008 4:59:00 1\) need requirement for allergens and possible allergens in any food be listed.
PM 2) need a consistent labelling policy between manufacturers regarding labelling
for possible cross contamination with allergens\...should always be listed.
1218\. 10/7/2008 6:27:00 In my case, I\'m more concerned with cosmetics & products with fragrance. My
PM son is more concerned with certain ingredients in foods.
1219\. 10/8/2008 1:33:00 There needs to be a consistent labeling - especially with those labels that one
AM day say "made on equipment that may contain eggs or milk". I would also
like to know that this is a label that is placed on the product because it is
true - not because the company wants to avoid being sued. -This is very upsetting
because products that we used to buy will one day have the above information on it
and we don\'t buy the product again for fear that it may be true (or their
ingredients changed). I would like to see a label say that the company is
conscious of allergies and does its best to avoid cross contamination.
1220\. 10/8/2008 1:33:00 There needs to be a consistent labeling - especially with those labels that one
AM day say "made on equipment that may contain eggs or milk". I would also
like to know that this is a label that is placed on the product because it is
true - not because the company wants to avoid being sued. -This is very upsetting
because products that we used to buy will one day have the above information on it
and we don\'t buy the product again for fear that it may be true (or their
ingredients changed). I would like to see a label say that the company is
conscious of allergies and does its best to avoid cross contamination.
1221\. 10/8/2008 1:35:00 The Allergy Advisory is critical in making safe choices for people with food
AM allergies and it does not pose a large burden on manufacturers to do so. It is
still largely up the consumer to read the information and make the choice to
purchase and consume but manufacturers do bear some responsibility to their
customers to inform them of exactly what they are eating (including traces of non
ingredients from processing contamination)
1222\. 10/8/2008 2:48:00 My allergic reaction is to corn starch, which I rarely see as a warned-of
AM allergen.
1223\. 10/8/2008 5:23:00 It should also be apprised by the allergen advisory lebeling that the product or
AM ingredients are not useful for those who are suffering with the abdominal problem
or likewise some other problems like spondylities or cirvical etc etc in the case
of non-eatable products.
1224\. 10/8/2008 10:24:00 The hardest thing I find now is - if x is not in ingredients, but may have been in
AM the plant - does one avoid it? For our allergies it may not be necessary and if it
is new to the label and has been eaten before we still eat it. If a new item, we
avoid the food. I also wonder if "x" cookie also produces a similara one
with peanut butter, and there is no warning, is it really safe? The difference
between same plant and same machine is significant and would be helpful.
1225\. 10/8/2008 1:16:00 Some of the ingredients listed need to be simplified so a "new allergy
PM parent" knows what they\'re really buying
1226\. 10/8/2008 2:01:00 My answers would be different if my daughter\'s allergies were life threatening.
PM They only cause mild problems at this point.
1227\. 10/8/2008 2:27:00 Labeling needs to be more specific. There should be no exceptions for ingredients
PM derived from refined products like soybean oil (In other words, list the source of
lecithin and vitamin E). Alcohol needs to be labeled, as well, even though it
falls under the ATF. "May contain" seems to be a useless CYA statement.
1228\. 10/8/2008 2:45:00 cross-contamination is a huge factor \-- that is all about the machinery and the
PM facility \-- therefore I feel more comfortable when a label lets me know if shared
equipment is used \-- for me that is the same as if the products contains that
ingredient \-- same facility as is too vague
1229\. 10/8/2008 2:50:00 I have food intolerances, and it is useful for me to know specific product
PM information. For example, Lay\'s Potato Chips used to be made with sunflower oil
(OK for me), but now are labelled as made with "sunflower oil and/or corn
oil" (corn oil is not OK). This is ridiculous and should be illegal - how can
they NOT know what they used in making the product?
1230\. 10/8/2008 3:00:00 sometimes the writing is so small and there are so many ingredients or derivatives
PM that you can miss a potential allergen
1231\. 10/8/2008 3:13:00 My dream: That a law would be passed that EVERY ingredient must be listed on food,
PM bevarages, skincare, haircare and cosmetics, and that the phrases "Natural
flavors" and "Natural Flavorings" would be outlawed. Would YOU like
to have an allergic reaction to jellybeans b/c you had no idea there was banana
juice in them? How about trying to explain to a non-native US doctor what
Hershey\'s syrup is, b/c you had it in your milk and are now covered in hives? Or
getting "botanical" bug spray thinking it would be safer than all the
chemicals, and breaking into a head-to-toe rash? Try living a life full of
uncertainty and the feeling that you are playing Russian Roulette w/your life,
just by EATING(!) or trying to take care of yourself. It\'s hell most of the time.
I don\'t care about competitive advantage, manufacturers should have to disclose
every damn ingredient. And don\'t get me started about restaurants! I had to stop
going to them competely. (Ex. of why\--Uno\'s couldn\'t tell us the ingredients in
anything "b/c they are locked up in the corporate safe in Chicago").
Imagine the effect on one\'s daily life and social life if you could never dine
out again\...
1232\. 10/8/2008 3:15:00 In addition to food that you purchase, I would also like to see more information
PM provided by (child-friendly) restaurants. We have encountered a FEW restaurants
that have a food allergy menu and we find it supremely helpful. It takes the onus
off the waitstaff to know what ingredients are in the food or to have to go back
and ask the kitchen. We frequent these restaurants just for this reason. I think
more should adopt the policy!!
1233\. 10/8/2008 3:40:00 I am a parent of a peanut allergic child. It should be mandatory for all
PM manufactures of any product to list allergen ingredients under "allergery
information". It is not a hardship for the manufacture. Not everyone is as
careful as the parent of an allergic child. This labeling would help others who
have to come into contact with the allergic individual.
1234\. 10/8/2008 4:22:00 Improve laws to include enforcements and penalties among manufacturers not
PM adhering to requirements! Tofutti almost killed my child because milk was included
in the product. Tested by University of Nebraska.
1235\. 10/8/2008 4:24:00 re: cosmetics - my daughter is highly allergic to milk and its derivatives (as in
PM anaphlaxis), and if a cosmetic product contains milk derivatives, she has had
allergic reactions from contact with it.
1236\. 10/8/2008 4:47:00 Allergy information is inconsistent and confusing. Because I am unable to dermine
PM whether or not a label such as \'may contain trace peanuts\' is a real concern or
not, we avoid anything and all things that state this or a variation. I have also
heard many times that some companies put warnings on their products even though it
is not truthful but more to \'cover themselves\' or not deal with it. There needs
to be a standard around how things are handled and processed. Finally, bakeries,
ice cream stands and restaurants also do not have a process or consistent
warnings. This also needs to change.
1237\. 10/8/2008 4:53:00 It is frustrating that manufacturers are seemingly just trying to cover their butt
PM and putting \'may contain\' on EVERYTHING!!! The laws need to be strict and
followed the same across the board\... 1 labeling system for all!
1238\. 10/8/2008 4:58:00 I hate it when flavoring is listed because it is too vague. All ingredients, as
PM commonly known, should be listed. The many derivatives that a common allergen goes
by are too confusing to the public. We need to be able to quickly and effectiently
read a label while shopping without getting out a medical dictionary. Parents are
way too busy to spend that much time shopping for the basics. But we don\'t want
to put our children\'s lives at stake, not to , with the current label system.
1239\. 10/8/2008 5:08:00 I will buy products if there is notice that good manufacturing proccess are used
PM to eliminate contamination.
1240\. 10/8/2008 5:08:00 Im sick of having to call companies all the time to get more info. I usually dont
PM purchase items that I feel I have to call about.
1241\. 10/8/2008 5:14:00 We need a universal labeling system that includes, may contain and/ processed on
PM shared equipment.
1242\. 10/8/2008 5:28:00 allergen labels are not always accurate. often times it will not listed an
PM allergen in the ingredients (i.e. wheat), but it will be in the ingredients.
1243\. 10/8/2008 5:59:00 labeling should also apply to medicine & the source of ingredients like
PM "sodium lactate" should be indicated - i.e. is "sodium
lactate" from beets or corn
1244\. 10/8/2008 6:07:00 The more info provided on labels, the better! I read EVERYTHING when purchasing
PM prepackaged food of any kind, even if I have purchased the same item previously,
and although it can be tedious to \'weed through\' the info on labels, it keeps my
3yo son safe and I would not do any less. That said, CONSISTENT and CLEARLY WORDED
allergen labelling on all packaged food would allow consumers to read and process
package info more quickly. It is the year 2008 and I believe that EVERYONE should
be on board with food allergies and keeping little (and big!) people safe. There
is too much at risk to settle for anything less than 100% participation from all
parties involved, from manufacturing to packaging of products.
1245\. 10/8/2008 6:37:00 I am very concerned about the lack of labeling of items like tea (which can
PM include a wide variety of substances in blending.) I think it is very difficult
for consumers to know whether "processed in a facility with\..." is
dangerous. In some companies there is absolutely no overlap while in other
companies there may be a great deal of crossing between these parts of the
facility. Impossible for me to know if it something to avoid or not, so we always
avoid.
1246\. 10/8/2008 6:41:00 When more information is provided, it is more helpful in deciding whether to
PM eat/use a product. I would really appreciate it if skin care products/medical
products included a warning too.
1247\. 10/8/2008 6:43:00 It is helpful when an allergen is bolded in the ingredient label. Some people are
PM so highly allergic that they must know if there is any risk of an allergen being
present in the food or chance of cross contamination.
1248\. 10/8/2008 6:51:00 A "may contains" statement to me means they do not do anything special
PM (cleaning etc.) when making their products. So there is a risk for cross
contamination. I will not buy products that have this statement. If it is
processed in the same plant , but not on the same line I may be more likely to
purchase that item, but I call the company first. I am frustrated that the
"may contains" statement is voluntary and varies in meanings and
sometimes may be put on there to reduce risk of liability from the company. I do
not feel comfortable with someone else (teachers,family, friends etc.) buying food
items/non food items for my daughter because unless you have talked with the
company and know what questions to ask you cannot rely on the label you are
reading. It certainly would be nice to pick up a product and know if there really
is a risk or not. I can\'t tell you how many times I have been in a store and I
find a item/Brand name I am not familiar with and I call while I am in the store
if there is a phone number because I do not know what there policy is. Many times
there is not a phone number so I write the brand name and product down and search
for a contact online. Probably 8 times out of 10 I forget about it and never
purchase the product. Phone numbers are a big help. I have to call on many food
items that are provided to the school for lunches. Bulk packaging is different. I
just recently went into an Aldi's store and found I wasn't sure if I could trust
the brands there so I searched online and the products came up under Aldi's
website and their contact info is mailing only. No phone number. So I could send a
letter wait awhile and then maybe go shopping there. Very frustrating!!!!! If
reading labels were easier, consistent and reliable we would probably buy more
products. Non food items are horrible. My daughter will want to wear makeup in a
couple of years and I have no idea what is in the product. My only fear is if they
make it mandatory for companies to put a "may contains" statement there will not
be much of a selection for us to buy because companies will put it on there in
fear of being sued.
1249\. 10/8/2008 7:27:00 All the contains of the product should be listed an preservetive and the machines,
PM which may have traces of peanuts.
1250\. 10/8/2008 8:12:00 With so many foods already containing my son\'s allergens (peanuts and tree nuts),
PM I am concerned that companies will slap "may contain peanuts or nuts" on
all products for liability concerns. This has already shut-out foods that are
really safe (but how can I know?). We need to be careful not to ask SOOOOOO much
that manufacturers go to extremes to cover themselves rather than providing
information that allows parents/person to assess the risk of the product. Sesame
should be on the list. Thanks for asking!
1251\. 10/8/2008 8:17:00 "May contains" is still optional and not effective because some
PM companies choose not to use them (i.e. Kraft/Nabisco if they think their cleaning
methods are "good enough"). Also, when I call manufacturers, they will
say there is a risk, shared lines, may contain, etc., but the label does not
indicate any risk (ice cream manufacturers is the best example). My daughter had a
reaction to food that was labeled as safe (no advisory warning, no listing of
peanut, tree nuts)\...I now call.
1252\. 10/8/2008 8:29:00 Need consistent wording for labeling for "may contain". It needs to be
PM mandatory that a facility notify consumers on the label if the item "may
contain" the allergen. Facilities should more and more establish procedures
to ensure the top 8 allergens are handled in a way that avoids cross-contamination
of foods that are not in the ingredients.
1253\. 10/8/2008 8:43:00 It would be helpful, VERY helpful, if by looking at a standardized label you could
PM tell if a product has an allergen as an ingredient, if an trace amounts of an
allergen could be present, if it was manufactured on shared equipment and if
allergen was used as part of "natural or artificial" flavoring. These
are the areas that people with a serious food allergy HAVE to know the answer to
before they can consume a product. If it is not obvious they have to call the
manufacture. Requiring a contact phone number to the company would also be
helpful. Often it is just a message or a link to a website that doesn\'t lead to
answers. Some companies, such as Breyers, use shared equipment but they also
follow strict guidelines to cleaning equipment thoroughly between runs. Because I
know this I\'m willing to buy from them. Other companies that can\'t stand behind
their cleaning processes, like Dreyers, we avoid. If there was a way to tell from
the label it would be freeing.Thank you tremendously for your work in improving
labels. It makes a HUGE difference to those that need to know absolutes. Thank
you. PS We have been to restaurants that have zero clue what ingredients are in
their food. Hopefully addressing this will be next???
1254\. 10/8/2008 8:53:00 I would like to know when good manufacturing processes are used to separate the
PM product from the allergen. I am deathly allergic to tree nuts and do not eat
products that are marked as "may contain traces" or "made on shared
equipment." This is the only safe policy for me, but limits what I can eat
dramatically. When I know that the producer has been careful to separate
ingredients, I take the risk.
1255\. 10/8/2008 9:26:00 For #18 and 19, my answer is not a yes or no. It\'s somewhere in between.
PM
1256\. 10/8/2008 9:51:00 Would like to see clear allergen alerts, as well as, clear info whether cross
PM contamination is likely (processed on same lines etc) for all labels.
1257\. 10/8/2008 9:59:00 I think consumers have the right to be informed about all ingredients in all the
PM products they purchase.
1258\. 10/8/2008 10:06:00 I am relatively comfortable for food product labeling but it can still be better.
PM I would like to see allergens listed on non food products such as soaps, lotions,
toothpaste, etc.
1259\. 10/8/2008 11:35:00 I think that the "processed in a facility that also processes XYZ"
PM should be more specific, like if there is a SLIM chance of cross-contamination, it
should state so- or if there is a GOOD change, then it should state it. It\'s hard
to know if the "Risk" in eating an otherwise OK product was really in
contact with the allergen or hardly a chance, it would allow me to eat more
products that I have eliminated because of other products that were processed in
the same plant.
1260\. 10/9/2008 12:25:00 Especially with nut allergies where even trace amounts can lead to serious,
AM life-threatening emergencies I think that advisory labels are very important.
1261\. 10/9/2008 3:10:00 My child has multiple food allergies, some more serious than others. With nuts for
AM instance, we avoid all products that state "May contain nuts". Often
allergens are not stated clearly (e.g. grandparents or friends may not realize
that casein is from milk), which can be confusing. Broad disclaimers, such as
"May contain nuts" are not always helpful, because the product may be
made on a different machine or a different part of the factory, or could actually
be made on the same machine. It seems like some companies do that just to cover
themselves. Another problem is with generic products. We can\'t buy many products
sold under our supermarket\'s name, because they do not list allergens, or even
ingredients clearly on their packaging. Often when I compare ingredients on the
supermarket label with the label from the brand-name product, there are
ingredients missing (i.e. natural flavorings derived from milk, etc). In the past,
I\'ve actually called some companies to ask if products are made on the same
machine, is the machine sanitized between batches, etc. Larger companies sometimes
are very well organized with product databases and detailed computer lists of
ingredients, or can suggest the products that would be suitable for my child, but
this is rare. As gross as the food is, our family often eats at McDonald\'s when
we travel, solely based on the fact that their menu ingredient list (which you
have to ask for) is so thorough and accurate.
1262\. 10/9/2008 11:49:00 We have Celiac Disease in the family (as well as food allergies), so I would like
AM to see "gluten" listed as well. And a clearer explanation of items such
as "food starch," it\'s important for us to know if the starch is corn-
or wheat-based.
1263\. 10/9/2008 1:57:00 Packages need to be labeled "gluten-free" or "not gluten-free"
PM
1264\. 10/9/2008 2:10:00 I have a wheat allergy and Celiac Disease, I\'m tired of playing detective when
PM reading labels. I want it spelled out, wheat contained, made in a facility that
also process wheat.
1265\. 10/9/2008 3:35:00 It is always such a relief to see gluten free listed on an ingredient label. It is
PM difficult to find and so shopping is very time consuming.
1266\. 10/9/2008 5:19:00 For young readers (and adults with bad vision) the allergen advisory label is
PM particularly helpful because it is very difficult for them to read a long list of
ingredients and understand what they are or be able to see the list clearly. Bold
and obvious at the bottom of the list is most effective. I would like a consistent
warning: Does "may contain traces" mean it is more or less likely to be
dangerous then "packed in a plant that also processes" or "made on
equipment that also pocesses\..."
1267\. 10/9/2008 6:52:00 I would like consistent labeling for food products (processed in a plant that may
PM contain\...) and for non-food items (shampoos and lotions).
1268\. 10/9/2008 8:07:00 I worked 9 years in a grocery store and saw how often parents (Mainly mothers)
PM would shop. It often times became a hassel for them (with their kids) and very
time consuming. It becomes routine for the main shopper to check labels and look
just for products where things are labeled well (contains, may contain,
manufactured, etc.) When products aren\'t labeled as specified in the sentence
above, it becomes long and tedious in the store for the shopper, especially if
they have children. It would also benefit other shoppers because they wouldn\'t
have to listen to the parent say "hold on I have to read or could you be
patient, etc." Having a food allergic family myself, it would take time,
stresses and trust in food companies if things were labeled as I stated above. We
have missed family holidays because we cannot trust the fact that we have to ask
each familhy member read every label on every product, when they don\'t know
exactly what to look for (our family is 69 people). TLabels aren\'t that much of a
change for the companies. They already put things that most of the nation cannot
understand (sodium acid pyrophosphate), why not add what people can understand
(contains or may contain: mild, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, etc.)
1269\. 10/9/2008 8:58:00 Consistently placed and worded allergen advisories are crucial when training our
PM food-allergic children to read labels and learn to function in a world in which a
simple food ingredient can take their life in a matter of minutes.
1270\. 10/10/2008 12:27:00 we desperately need allergen advisory lables!
AM
1271\. 10/10/2008 1:04:00 Allergen advisory labeling is critical to people with food allergies. Especially
AM those that say "manufactured in a facility\..." or "shares
equipment\..." Food allergies can be life threatening and trace amounts can
cause a deadly reaction. Without such a warning a person would not see the
potential risk of exposure by reading an ingredients list alone.
1272\. 10/10/2008 11:22:00 It would be very helpful if all manufacturers listed the allergens or potential
AM allergens in the same way and same location.
1273\. 10/10/2008 6:42:00 This is a matter of life and death for a lot of people. For labeling to allow me
PM to avoid foods that could have a life-threatening impact on my 2 1/2 year-old,
peanut-allergic daughter takes so much stress off of me as a parent. The more
information parents have when choosing foods, the better.
1274\. 10/10/2008 7:26:00 I like seeing the allergen advisory labeling, so that I know whether to take a
PM second look at the ingredient listing. I would like to also see mandatory allergen
advisory labels on non-food products as well.
1275\. 10/10/2008 9:07:00 All ingredients should be listed by name and not hidden by terms like spices,
PM flavoring or vegetable protein.
1276\. 10/10/2008 11:54:00 My biggest problem is with "natural flavors" and "spices"
PM These two categories include a lot of things that my children are allergic to. ex.
garlic, lemon. I\'m very knowledgeable about food allergies ingredients are
usually sufficient for me. I do want to know if a product could reasonably contain
a common allergen that is not an ingredient. If something is processed in the same
plan as an allergen that doesn\'t tell me anything. If something is processed on
the same equipment as an allergen that is a little more helpful. Basically, I just
need to know what exactly is in the food that I am buying. All the maybe it is but
maybe it isn\'t labels don\'t help me a bit.
1277\. 10/11/2008 1:51:00 I just recently found out that if a product says may contain the allergen vs. was
AM process in a plant with peanuts and treenut means all the same. ( there is only a
possibility that the product might have a trace by accident.
1278\. 10/11/2008 1:51:00 I just recently found out that if a product says may contain the allergen vs. was
AM process in a plant with peanuts and treenut means all the same. ( there is only a
possibility that the product might have a trace by accident.
1279\. 10/11/2008 1:51:00 I just recently found out that if a product says may contain the allergen vs. was
AM process in a plant with peanuts and treenut means all the same. ( there is only a
possibility that the product might have a trace by accident.
1280\. 10/11/2008 4:39:00 I found the allergen advisory "Contains (allergen) " very useful, esp.
AM when the ingredients list is long and written in very small print. It reduces the
risk of overlooking some allergens included in the product.
1281\. 10/11/2008 3:03:00 In my opinion, the more information, the better: knowledge is power!
PM
1282\. 10/11/2008 5:25:00 We feel that many companies are playing it safe, and covering themselves legally
PM by saying things like "processed on the same equipment as peanuts" when
that may not be the case. For example: Trader Joe\'s apricot jam may have nuts and
fish because of shared equipment?? "Same facility/shared equipment with a
plan that minimizes contact" \-- this type of statement is much better. Kids
with allergies are missing out on so much. Let\'s make it easier for all of us.
Thanks!
1283\. 10/11/2008 6:22:00 We need more specific and comprehensive allergy labeling and it needs to cover
PM cosmetics and medicines. It is extremely difficult if not impossible to find safe
cosmetics. Most of the time, makers od medicines will not reveal all their
ingredients and when they do they normally say "may contain" or we cn
not verify that the medications are gluten/peanut/nut free. I have run into this
problem numerous times with Motrin and Tylenol.
1284\. 10/11/2008 11:08:00 Food labels MUST be very explicit. The only way to prevent a reaction is avoiding
PM the allergen. This can not be done if food labels are incorrect or incomplete.
1285\. 10/12/2008 1:04:00 I would like better clarification for certain ingredients. For example, when
PM "chocolate" is listed. I would like more information on what is in the
chocolate and how it was processed. A product example would be Kraft/Nabisco/Oreo.
I would also like labeling that says this products does not contain "one of
the 8 allergens.". When I don\'t see an ingredient listed or an allergen
warning I am concerned about whether or not the manufacturer is not listing the
allergen because it\'s not there or because they are not being careful.
1286\. 10/12/2008 1:48:00 There is too much left to interpretation about labeling. Wrongly, some people
PM assume "made in a facility" is less worrisome than "shared
equipment." I think if there is any risk of cross-contamination, the consumer
should know but I\'m afraid of more manufacturers just using that phrase as a cop
out instead of using good cleaning and sanitizing practices. Shared equipment
isn\'t necessarily a dangerous thing if the equipment is cleaned and tested. There
isn\'t enough education. Some manufacturers are fantastic about labeling \-\--
General Mills for example \-\-- others are just awful.
1287\. 10/12/2008 8:55:00 They need to be detailed and more specific. If it is made on shared equiptment, I
PM will not buy it. If it is made in the same plant, but (often) on a different
floor, I will purchase it. We need to know exactly what the chances of
contamination might be so that we do not have to call the manufacturer each time
for a detailed explanation.
1288\. 10/12/2008 9:48:00 Consistent labeling (contains, may contain, processed on shared equipment, etc.)
PM would be ideal. Why would someone take a chance on consuming a product if there is
a chance this product may contain an allergen that could prove fatal to them?
Would also be very helpful on lotions, soaps, etc.
1289\. 10/13/2008 2:25:00 they should specify any thing containing nickle i have a 6 year grandson with a
AM nickle allergy it,s really bad case. and also astma.
1290\. 10/13/2008 5:22:00 Make the writing a standard font size Make the warning at the begining of the
AM ingredient list.
1291\. 10/13/2008 1:28:00 Allergies change with time, so I feel it\'s always important to list them. That
PM way if you come down with a reaction to something, you\'re able to see what a
possible allergen is to prevent it from happening again.
1292\. 10/13/2008 3:04:00 I think that all products that have articificial sweetners in them should be label
PM as such. Not just if they contain no sugar. I am deathly allergic to all
artificial sweetners and have to check every label before consuming it, including
medicines and dental products.
1293\. 10/13/2008 3:24:00 while time consuming i think that as much information as possible enables me to
PM make an informed choice about a product. eg, if label states may contain nuts i
would allow my child to try it in the home with supervision and medication
readibly available but would not allow him to take the food from the house eg to
school. allergy advice should be put on shampoo etc as ingredients often in latin.
1294\. 10/13/2008 5:00:00 Food labels that list "natural flavorings," "natural and artificial
PM flavours," etc are not helpful in knowing what is in the natural flavoring.
Labels that list things as Dairy-free or lactose-free can be misleading for people
who allergic to casein.
1295\. 10/13/2008 6:22:00 i\'ve never seen produced\....has been minimized but may still contain trace\...;
PM it doesn\'t help at all to know items are produced in a facility that uses XYZ -
we need to know if there are dedicated lines with strict washing procedures.
Bottom line, people with these invisible disabilities need information
accommodations and providing this information will not interfere with the goods
they provide. It\'s just a hassle to them, too bad!
1296\. 10/13/2008 8:51:00 allergen advisoryn labels are much simpler to read than the fine print in a full
PM food label. More needs to be done to warn people of allergens in
restaurants\....i.e. frying food in peanut oil
1297\. 10/13/2008 10:10:00 Consitency and completeness is important. I appreciate the allergy warning labels
PM but read ingredients anyway.
1298\. 10/15/2008 1:33:00 Please add corn as an allergen on labels.
AM
1299\. 10/15/2008 2:13:00 I also think modified foods should show how or what they were modified with as
PM they may contain allergen in the modification unknown to me with an allergy!
1300\. 10/15/2008 2:14:00 My son just had an allergic reaction to a product that did not have it as a main
PM ingredient but I know it was definitely contaminated with wheat somehow. If the
package said it may contain it, I never would have given it to him.
1301\. 10/15/2008 2:16:00 We need better, more consistent definitions of the hidden food allergy sources-
PM like natural flavoring, mono-diglycerides, modified - any food source.
1302\. 10/15/2008 2:29:00 I get tired of having to read every product before purchasing to see if it
PM contains one of the many things I am allergic to.
1303\. 10/15/2008 2:46:00 My 2 year old son is down from 6 to 5 food allergens. Feeding him is difficult. My
PM husband and I avoid all foods with labels stating "May contain" or
"This product was processed on\...". Many people don\'t understand the
risk of having an allergic reaction from even a minimal amount of cross
contamination a food allergen. Some people/children die from having a cross
contamination food allergic reaction. Currently, labeling for food allergens is
gray. We need labels stating "This product has cross contamination with the
following:" and not "May contain". When the label says "may
contain", it\'s like saying maybe it does and maybe it doesn\'t. Hopefully
the labels will become more cut and dry with their labeling. People might think
this is a hassel, but, for us, this will save our sons\' life.
1304\. 10/15/2008 2:52:00 I\'d like to see specific warning labels. For example, "Processed on the same
PM machinery" is a different level of risk than "Processing in the same
facility" but not on the same equipment.
1305\. 10/15/2008 2:54:00 Our allergies are mild in nature to milk , banas and pepper. We would not have an
PM allergic reaction as anaphylaxis, just bad stomache aches.Others in family can eat
the foods that we are allergic to.
1306\. 10/15/2008 3:16:00 If a product is produced in the same facility (building), so what? Do they mean it
PM may contain traces or not? I have no idea. If it may contain them, please say so.
If a product is produced on the same equipment, a "may contain" warning
should be manditory. If the machine has been washed and inspected, please tell us.
It makes a difference for those who are not that allergic. Get to the point!!!!
The only warning that makes sense is "contains or may contain." Why say
things like \... "on the same equipment" etc\... The whole point is that
it "may contain traces" so just say so. Thanks!!!
1307\. 10/15/2008 3:23:00 We try to stay away from foods with Milk, MSG, and High Frutose Corn Syrup
PM
1308\. 10/15/2008 3:25:00 I have celiac so cannot have wheat, rye or barley. I would like to see rye and
PM barley added to the list of ingredients that are "flagged" as allergens.
1309\. 10/15/2008 3:38:00 The clearer the information the more helpful it is to others that do not deal with
PM people with food allergies on a day to day basis such as those that occasionally
provide food for friends/family with food allergies
1310\. 10/15/2008 4:00:00 Advisories need to be printed in a manner where even people with problems such as
PM poor eyesight, having trouble differentiating colors, etc. can read them!
1311\. 10/15/2008 5:22:00 My daughter is allergic to milk. What we have been disappointed with is that the
PM listing of ingredients doesn\'t always say milk, even when there is milk present.
(ie. dairy in artificial or natural flavoring). Not all ingredients in the
flavorings are listed. Also, there is a "D" on some packages to alert us
to dairy being present, but it can also mean that it was processed in a plant that
had dairy. Those are 2 different things for my daughter. I would love to see alll
of the packages having a "D" when dairy is in it, and a "DE"
when it is equipment only.
1312\. 10/15/2008 5:39:00 I think all products should have a COMPLETE list of ingredients and if it was
PM processed around or in the same building as the product. I\'m also allergic to
antibiotics and preservatives. And they have made me sick in the past. I think
they should be listed on medications on food and in all soaps, lotions, and body
care products. If it is a GMO product I think it should unequivocally be listed on
ALL of these products.
1313\. 10/15/2008 5:54:00 I believe that it is extremely important and necessary for manufacturers to always
PM include allergen advisory labels on all products all of the time!!!
1314\. 10/15/2008 5:59:00 i am an irish mother of a son who is allegic to some foods there should be alot
PM more info on packets .. even a simple colour code would work well ie. yellow dot
for peanuts blue dot for soy etc it wont cost that much and it could save lives .
1315\. 10/15/2008 6:28:00 it would be helpful to list an allergen that is a main ingredient in the warning
PM label as well
1316\. 10/15/2008 8:42:00 It is important to know if there could be traces of allergens in food. It is also
PM important to know if it was produced in a plant where cross contamination could
occur. Some people are sensitive to the slightest amount of allergens and should
be aware before they purchase potential life threatening foods. If the
manufacturer knows that an allergen is present but doesn\'t label it on the
package they are risking the lives of the people they sell their products to.
1317\. 10/15/2008 9:52:00 For #19, I would prefer that ALL ingredients (every single one, including
PM incidentals) appeared on ingredient labels. Then the "may contains"
wouldn\'t be necessary.
1318\. 10/15/2008 10:18:00 I always read the entire ingredient label and rarely look at the allergen advisory
PM label.
1319\. 10/15/2008 10:22:00 In short, Make it simple, easily understood and consistant
PM
1320\. 10/15/2008 11:20:00 I discovered my son had a peanut allergy when we shared a Twix Bar that had a
PM warning label that read: "May contain peanuts." I take these warnings
very seriously.
1321\. 10/15/2008 11:36:00 I\'d like to see the use of vague terms eliminated eg "natural flavors",
PM "spices", etc. What specific natural flavor or spice was used? Every
individual ingredient should be plainly labeled and stated.
1322\. 10/15/2008 11:57:00 I\'m allergic to a main ingredient that is used in almost every processed foods
PM "CORN" and "RICE", it is very difficult to find anything that
does not contain either but especially CORN. I would like to see more foods that
do not use corn based products in their manufacturing. And labels should show all
ingredients, even trace amounts.
1323\. 10/16/2008 4:04:00 All food should have an allergy label, just like the medicines have the black box
AM warning label.
1324\. 10/16/2008 4:16:00 I think it is important to include allergen information on pet food. Allergists
AM will tell you that many children have had allergic reactions due to being
contaminated by there pet\'s food for example when the pet licks them, when they
handle the pet food to feed the pet, or just through handling the pet that has
eaten the food since it may have food residue on its body or saliva. I don\'t know
if pet food manufacturers are currently required to list the top allergens, but I
have come across some pet foods that contain nuts and don\'t list them. One
example of this is hermit crab food. PLEASE stop this before a child dies due to
this easily solvable problem. Also, in addition to all pharmaceuticals mentioned
above that go on the skin (including those mentioned as well as lotions and
sunblock, nail polish, bath oils), anything that goes in the mouth, eyes, nose,
ears, vagina, or rectum like toothpaste, mouth wash, eye drops, or nose drops,
herbs, vitamins, suppositories, etc. should all require labeling. Any product that
could cause a direct reaction or cross contamination reaction to a person in any
way should require labeling of the top allergens. Let\'s broaden the number of
products required to label, and thus reduce the unknowns that we presently live
with.
1325\. 10/16/2008 4:16:00 I think it is important to include allergen information on pet food. Allergists
AM will tell you that many children have had allergic reactions due to being
contaminated by there pet\'s food for example when the pet licks them, when they
handle the pet food to feed the pet, or just through handling the pet that has
eaten the food since it may have food residue on its body or saliva. I don\'t know
if pet food manufacturers are currently required to list the top allergens, but I
have come across some pet foods that contain nuts and don\'t list them. One
example of this is hermit crab food. PLEASE stop this before a child dies due to
this easily solvable problem. Also, in addition to all pharmaceuticals mentioned
above that go on the skin (including those mentioned as well as lotions and
sunblock, nail polish, bath oils), anything that goes in the mouth, eyes, nose,
ears, vagina, or rectum like toothpaste, mouth wash, eye drops, or nose drops,
herbs, vitamins, suppositories, etc. should all require labeling. Any product that
could cause a direct reaction or cross contamination reaction to a person in any
way should require labeling of the top allergens. Let\'s broaden the number of
products required to label, and thus reduce the unknowns that we presently live
with.
1326\. 10/16/2008 8:06:00 I don\'t know if it is possible to include on 1 label all of the myriad of
AM components that people are allergic to. Also quite often the ingrediants in
similar products, ie: sausages containing onions, are more concentrated in some
brands, more than others. I think it is a very difficult problem to resolve.
Companies often mention nuts, but I am allergic to oinions, and onions are most
often considered in the "may contain" category.
1327\. 10/16/2008 1:05:00 I think allergy labeling should be consistent regardless of the manufacturer and
PM labels should also be on non-food items such as soaps, shampoos as I\'ve had more
than 1 accidental exposure to an allergen that way.
1328\. 10/16/2008 1:12:00 I do not trust the labeling system at all. The explanations are very vague, so it
PM is confusing at times (especially to new allergy patients). A consistent allergen
advisory label used by every manufacturer NEEDS to be mandated!
1329\. 10/16/2008 3:10:00 While I consistantly check the ingredients and warnings and understand where to
PM look and what to look for, it seems to be a confusing task for other who are not
as familiar with the labeling requirements but who may be preparing food for our
children. If all labels clearly called out "This product contains\..."
and "Processed in a plant\..." it would make our children much safer.
Companies that clearly label their ingredients and manufacturing processes get my
business more often, because I can trust that the products that are not labeled
with warnings are safe.
1330\. 10/16/2008 3:14:00 It\'s about risk to the consumer. If the product is manufactured in a facility
PM that produces the allergen but not on the same line then it\'s probably ok, but
how do you know that? Or, if it\'s produced on the same line, but the entire line
is sanitized therefore mitigating cross contamination risk, then it\'s probably
ok. When I shop, I am looking for as many foods as I CAN buy, to expand the
choices for my son. That being said, even a small risk of an allergen can threaten
his life. I am guessing that there are foods with a "produced in" label
that he really could\'ve had but I didn\'t buy because of the small risk that the
product could be contaminated with an allergen. It\'s gotta be standardized and
it\'s gotta be accurate. It\'s a lot of work to keep a kid with food allergies
safe and any help is appreciated.
1331\. 10/16/2008 3:16:00 This is an enormous issue for our family
PM
1332\. 10/16/2008 4:21:00 I think some of your questions are poorly worded as I read the label if the
PM allergy statement does not list foods that my daughter is allergic to but if it
says peanuts I just put it back. I alos feel there is a big difference between
items manufactured in the same facility and done on the same line. I may call the
manufactureer for more information. Thus some of your questions I did not think i
could fairly answer.
1333\. 10/16/2008 4:44:00 Something I wish for on a daily basis is for manufacturers to disclose \*which\*
PM tree nuts a product contains or may contains. Now that the FDA is lumping 19
botanicals, many unrelated to each other, in that vast category, it seems
\*everything\* has a "tree nut" warning on it. But many of us have
allergies to only a few of those and know which nuts we can and cannot be exposed
to. I have to call manufacturers all the time to find out if we can eat things
that say "may contain tree nuts" or some variation. My other option, of
course, is to not buy the product. But with our multiple food allergies, that is
one more limitation on top of several others. Why is it so hard for them to write,
"may contain traces of almonds, walnuts, or hazelnuts"?
1334\. 10/16/2008 4:57:00 I struggle the most with consistency in labeling, there are brands I trust and
PM brands I don\'t. It is a long road to get to that point and consistency would
help. I am also worried about companies that put a \'may contain\' statement just
to cover themselves even when there is no presence of that allergen in the
product, it eliminates yet another option for my child when we already have so few
options. That makes me want to break down in the isle of the grocery store.
1335\. 10/16/2008 5:19:00 I think it\'s really hard to know whether or not to avoid something that was
PM processed in the same plant as an allergen \... it often seems like companies are
just trying to protect themselves.
1336\. 10/16/2008 5:22:00 I would like to see a consistent label displayed for food allergens, which would
PM make it easier to identify and track information. Thank you for your service!
1337\. 10/16/2008 5:33:00 concerned friends haven\'t always made the right choices for my son\'s food
PM because they didn\'t know that an allergen can be listed in either place (advisory
or ingredient list) and isn\'t necessarily in both places AND because they assume
the warning about "manufactured in a plant that also processeses eggs"
means something much different (that it is in fact safer0 than food that says
"may contain eggs"
1338\. 10/16/2008 5:55:00 My daughter is anaphylactic to soy. The main problem with the allergy advisories
PM is that it seems as if the "contains statement" is put on every product
whether the allergen is truly there or not so I am more inclined to go by the
ingredients rather than the contains statement. I realize this could potentially
be a problem, but if I were to go by the contains statement, my daughter would be
eliminating 95% of foods that she could safely consume. There needs to be
consistency in what exactly the soy allergen. For example, many manufacturers will
have the contains soy statement on a product that contains soy oil, which is not
an allergen!
1339\. 10/16/2008 6:30:00 I also think that listing tree nuts is too broad. Some have specific tree nut
PM allergies and grouping them all together will cause people to avoid possibly safe
foods.
1340\. 10/16/2008 6:31:00 My two year old has a life-threatening allergy to MILK. Milk has many different
PM "names". I would like the allergy labels to CLEARLY state the names of
each allergen in "layman\'s terms" so the average person would know it
would contain milk or milk by products.
1341\. 10/16/2008 7:33:00 Allergen labeling that is consistent across brands / products would be extremely
PM helpful for my family - especially my son who is just learning to read
1342\. 10/16/2008 8:21:00 A national guideline of labeling to be used by all or most manufacturers would be
PM helpful. Labels are so different and can be confusing. Also listing allergens in
bold type face in the ingredient list would be nice. Also, listing CONTAINS and
MAY CONTAIN would also be helpful as some companies have allergens in a product
(ie peanuts) and list it only in the ingredient list not the cmay contain line. It
can be misleading for people who aren\'t daily label readers (ie. teachers, other
parents)
1343\. 10/16/2008 11:41:00 I find the label, processed in a plant, but used good practices to be very
PM confusing. I do not buy these products.
1344\. 10/17/2008 12:03:00 Allergen Advisory Labels are very important for those people who do not have a
AM child in their home, and who might not take the time to read all the ingredients.
It\'s easier for everyone to have the advisory at the bottom of the ingredients in
bold.
1345\. 10/17/2008 12:04:00 buying food is very frightning!!!! I would feel much safer and buy more products
AM if I knew for sure they were safe!!! This is not a matter of just getting sick or
a rash. This is a matter of life and death!!!! Something drastic needs to be done
for the public.Thankyou for conducting this survey. I hope that it leads to much
better education for consumers!!!!
1346\. 10/17/2008 1:43:00 Please stop the "processed in a plant". Too confusing. If they say that,
AM we may avoid the product.
1347\. 10/17/2008 4:07:00 FLAXSEED OMEGA 3 NEEDS TO BE ADDED
AM
1348\. 10/17/2008 4:55:00 Thank you for trying to help my battle the myriad of information out there! The
PM labeling is helpful and not fool proof. I still receive emails from FAAN for
mislabled food all the time. The Government needs to be far more restrictive as it
is a life or death situation. Why the Governmnet does not get this is beyond me!
Please make the labeling laws stricter! My life and my Child\'s life depends on
it! We need to eat to live!
1349\. 10/17/2008 7:32:00 It is very hard to know if there is no warning whether or not other products were
PM made on the same line. Each manufacturer is different and feels dangerous to try
new products.
1350\. 10/17/2008 8:13:00 Would also be helpful to have \'does not contain\...\' as in a product such as an
PM oreo-type cookie which looks as if it would contain dairy, although it\'s not
listed on the label. Would save me from having to call the company every time, or
before purchasing.
1351\. 10/17/2008 10:16:00 I find the labels "May contain trace amounts of xxx" and "Processed
PM on equipment that also processes xxx" to be confusing. Does one imply greater
risk? If a product says it "May contain peanuts" then I always avoid it
for my daughter\...if it says "Processed in a plant that also processes
peanuts" then I try to avoid it, but I am not as stringent about it. How much
risk am I assuming with that? I don\'t have a clear understanding. It would be
nice if the ingredient list and allergy labeling were printed in a bigger font.
Most packages could accommodate this. It is very hard for us 40+ parents to read
that tiny print in the grocery store on all those boxes. Also, I think if a
product\'s ingredient list changes\...such as it now includes one of the big
allergens like peanuts or eggs or dairy, then the company should be required to
put that on the box in large print where the consumer can easily recognize that
there has been a change and verify that the food is still safe to be consumed.
Additionally, more help in restaurants with labeling what is in food is REALLY
needed.
1352\. 10/18/2008 2:31:00 Need standard definitions for "small" and "trace" amounts,
AM verified by occasional product testing and backed by tests of allergic consumers
to quantify how small a "trace" should be before most \[90%?\]allergic
consumers can safely be exposed. Need food allergy risk awareness program for food
handlers in factories (e.g., failing to wash hands after handling allergens may
kill a child). Need better education of manufacturers (e.g. a NW regional brand of
potato chips fried in peanut oil does not list peanuts as an ingredient).
1353\. 10/18/2008 4:03:00 I don\'t think advisory labels should be relied upon for a few reasons. Since
AM people are allergic to so many things, the list of allergens could potentially be
so long that it would take as much time to wade through as an ingredient list. And
if only the "top" allergens were listed, then people with less common
allergies would need to be educated not to rely on the list, and we would remain
in the same place as before. Also, I\'m not sure I would ever completely trust a
list. It would be nice to have it as an accurate "second catch" backup
check, but I would much prefer if the focus were on getting manufacturers to FULLY
list allergen-containing ingredients within products, such as what is in
"natural flavors," or telling whether lactic acid starter culture is
milk derived, etc. Some products list the allergen in parenthesis after the
ingredient, such as "whey (milk)," which is very helpful. But it would
be SO WONDERFUL if I knew that all manufacturers were listing all ingredients (and
everything contained in each ingredient), so that I didn\'t have to tie up their
phone lines asking questions about what are the actual ingredients in some of the
ingredients! I feel very strongly that it is important to keep the focus on
reading ingredient lists, and to make sure that those lists are comprehensive in
describing what is contained. That said, it doesn\'t solve the problem of
cross-contamination. I do think the "manufactured on equipment" warning
might be helpful to some people to warn about possible cross-contamination, but
we\'ve always purchased such products, on our allergist\'s advice, and haven\'t
seen any reactions. The problem with advisory labels is that they\'re the safe
option for a manufacturer to avoid liability, and I totally get that, but the
effect is that they reduce the number of brands that some allergic people can eat,
even if the risk is in fact small or nonexistent. If we had to avoid all brands
that had an allergen advisory label, my son would have almost no processed foods
he could eat since he\'s allergic to so many things. And each brand that he can
eat is a HUGE deal to us, because he is so limited. So it is a shame that allergic
people have to eliminate brands they could safely eat. Instead of avoiding
liability by suggesting that a food might contain an allergen when it doesn\'t,
instead it would be helpful if manufacturers were monitored and graded on the
cleanliness of their equipment and processes, that is, if cross-contamination
warnings were actually based on real risk. That would likely be more expensive,
but not if the cost of such graders/inspectors were split amongst a large group of
manufacturers, or sponsored by an industry group, etc. That seems to be the only
way to get accurate information and make a calculated decision about likelihood of
cross-contamination. Right now, it\'s just an uneducated gamble whenever you
purchase a product. Thanks for the opportunity to give my take!
1354\. 10/18/2008 4:26:00 I appreciate those labels that print separarte at the bottom in bold the allergens
PM that are in their product. Also I would like it required to have it on a label if
euiptment is shared \...because a trace amount of peanut protein will cause my
12yr old a reaction. Labeling re allergens should be big bold and easy enough for
a child to read too. I also appreciate those doods that put on the front of their
packaging lin a bubble "made in a Peanut free facility" Thank you for
your survey and all your work. I wish you had a Floriday Chapter. My daughter and
I have been very involved for years in trying to help keep children with allergies
in school safer) (Kelsey Ryan Act 2005) it is nice to not to feel so alone as I
did 8 years ago\...like a pioneer in a lonely wagon looking for someone to
understand and know what direction to go down the uncharted path\...today I feel a
caravan of families traveling along with us. We are no longer alone and more join
everyday(parents,freinds,administrators,teachers,physicians and
nurses,legislatures,Governors even President Bush!\...but the path still has a
long way to go but I am confident that in my child\'s lifetime there will be an
end to this journey and with more research,education and awareness answers and
cures will come. Thank you again for all you do at AAFA!
1355\. 10/18/2008 7:47:00 I understand a manufacturer\'s difficulties to accommodate a broad range of food
PM sources to remain a viable business, but the use of "may contain\..."
remains a maddening gray area for those of us with food sensitivities.
1356\. 10/18/2008 10:55:00 My daughter must avoid soy. Many products contain soy, but do not always list it
PM in the allergy warning, like milk and wheat, when the product is made with soy
oil. (We have had reactions to products with soy oil).
1357\. 10/19/2008 10:09:00 I usually choose not to purchase food items with out the warnings because you
PM never know if an allergen is in the "additional flavoring or coloring".
I rather know for sure if an item contains my allergen.
1358\. 10/20/2008 2:36:00 I would like some standardization and regulation of the labeling. I called one
AM company and was told there was no milk (my daugther\'s allergy) on the line or
equipment, but the company decided it had milk in other areas of the plant and
therefore put it on the label. (basically covering themseleves legally) I called
another company (no warning label) but I check everything and they have run milk
on several of their processing lines, don\'t know which ones or when and they
don\'t really clean after!! They told me they will be labeling soon. Which would
have been to late if my daugther had the product. It seems there is no one
watching if the labeling law is actually being used at or if it is being
implimently properly.
1359\. 10/20/2008 2:07:00 We need more warning about dairy products & NSAID\'s in products for our
PM family.
1360\. 10/20/2008 3:03:00 \- It would help, if every manufacturer used the same AAL. Right now, because
PM it\'s voluntarily, every AAL with our allergens on the box means to me: conains =
don\'t buy. Even if our allergens are not in the AAL, I still call the company,
because it happend several times, that they were present in the facility and on
the lines\.... - It might help to know the batch number, so I can tell, if my
product was run right after an allergen run. - When I call companies with no AAL I
ask for same facility, same line, and if and how often lines are chemically tested
for our allergens residue. If the lines are tested "often" and I feel
good about it, I buy the product. - allergy control plans should all be the same
and they should inlcude testing after every product.
1361\. 10/20/2008 4:49:00 1\) The categories above should have included "Sometimes" in addition to
PM "Always, Often, Rarely, Never". I checked off Often, but Often or Never
were not accurate. 2) For products whose MAJOR ingredient is the allergen (ie: ice
cream, milk, cheese), use: Allergy Alert: Contains (allergen). For products whose
LESSER ingredient is the allergen (ie: soup or bread with milk as ingredient)
and/or when the product is made on SHARED equipment/facilities, use: Allergy
Alert: May contain (allergen). 3) In this day of food
additives/enrichments/supplementation/preservation, allergens hide under many
names and most of the public aren\'t familiar with these terms. It is imperative
that allergy labeling continue and be succinctly accurate.
1362\. 10/21/2008 4:44:00 I don\'t buy anything with the "processed on machinary used to process
AM xyz.." until I have contacted the company to see what that means. I would
also like to see more vague terms like "caramel color" or "natural
flavor" state if these would contain allergens, as some are dairy based.
1363\. 10/21/2008 6:58:00 Allergen advisory labels are imperative for individuals who have life threatening
PM food allergies.
1364\. 10/22/2008 11:18:00 It would be great if all manufacturers labelled things the same way. Sometimes you
AM have to read the entire label to find an allergen and sometimes it is listed
plainly at the bottom. I think the list of allergens should be listed at the
bottom. This would make it easier when someone who is unfamiliar with the
specifics (ie. when the label says casein, it indicates \'milk\') is trying to buy
a food to feed your child when you are not present.
1365\. 10/22/2008 5:00:00 Guidelines MUST be changed, awareness increased and continuity of labeling is
PM ESSENTIAL to the well-being of our children. Their lives literally depend on these
labels being informative and accurate. There should be a "black box
warning" on each and every label of food and non-food products. Our children
are counting on us as parents to dilligently read these labels, but we are
counting on the industry to accurately inform us.
1366\. 10/22/2008 7:03:00 It is so much easier when the company spells it out below the list of ingredients
PM in bold print. Contains: Milk, Egg, Ect\...
1367\. 10/23/2008 4:30:00 There are a lot of products that does not list ingredients (at least what they
AM consider minor ingredients let alone allergens). Which makes it a game of Russian
Roulette
1368\. 10/23/2008 1:15:00 It is bothersome when manufacturer\'s list "may contain XXXX," just to
PM "cover themselves." Either it does contain the allergen or it doesn\'t
\...SO PICK ONE!!! Only the manufacturer knows. If it lists may contain xxxx, we
completely avoid the product b/c my son has VERY HIGH sensitivities to milk and
eggs.
1369\. 10/23/2008 3:03:00 I\'m alergic to MSG. Often, labels say flavorings. They should be required to be
PM very specific about everything they put into our foods. How else can we protect
ourselves? thanks.
1370\. 10/23/2008 10:21:00 I have come across products with no advisory labelling because it was not a main
PM ingredient in the product but after calling found out the product was manufactured
in a facility that had nuts in their plant!
1371\. 10/23/2008 11:26:00 Everything should be labeled. It is difficult to purchase items without reading
PM the very small fine print. My 3 year old grandson is allergic to tree nuts. It
seems as though tree nuts are related to everything. Larger labels would also be
helpful.
1372\. 10/24/2008 7:48:00 It is most important to me that a realistic idea be given as to whether a food
AM allergen (or cosmetic allergen) is present. As a consumer it is very difficult to
try to understand the type of environment that a product is produced in.
Truthfully, Any type of consistency would in labeling would help me separate the
safe vs. the unsafe for my son.
1373\. 10/24/2008 4:40:00 Medications also need allergen advisory labels!
PM
1374\. 10/24/2008 4:47:00 I strongly feel that all products should contain a statement detailing what type
PM of shared lines or facility the product is coming from. I also strongly support
adding sesame and other seeds to be clearly stated in ingredient statements.
1375\. 10/24/2008 5:20:00 The most helpful thing I have found on labels is to print the allergen in bold or
PM all Capital letters. It makes the word stand out better for those of us with
failing eyesight. I would prefer the labels be printed in no less than 5 pt.
size\....
1376\. 10/24/2008 5:43:00 The "may contains" aspect of labeling has done a huge disservice for the
PM allergic community because mfgrs have put it on all sorts of products to cover
themselves legally. The consumer then has to spend far too much time calling firms
to ask questions about their manufacturing practices. These labels were meant to
make things easier for allergic people- in some ways they have, in many ways they
have not. Other non-edible products ABSOLUTELY should be labeled.
1377\. 10/24/2008 5:57:00 We always check the ingredients listed, as well as an advisory, but it is much
PM easier for others, such as caregivers or relatives to see quickly whether or not a
product is safe when they read the warning statement.
1378\. 10/24/2008 5:58:00 It would be helpful to include all seed allergies for warning labels. And if poor
PM cleaning practices are used, the company should be required to label the food as
though it DOES contain the allergen even if it isn\'t a main ingredient.
1379\. 10/24/2008 6:10:00 We need a label for latex-containing products for people with latex allergies.
PM
1380\. 10/24/2008 6:47:00 That they are more consistent : easier that way to teach a child how to read for
PM his/her allergy
1381\. 10/24/2008 7:13:00 Having a child with a potentially life-threatening allergy is already difficult.
PM If warnings were mandatory related to ANY potential contact/cross-contamination of
any of the 8 common allergens, it would certainly aide in making feeding a less
stressful and more enjoyable event.
1382\. 10/24/2008 8:41:00 There should be stricter restrictions for soy, in particular. It\'s in almost
PM every single processed food there is, and the allergen warning rarely contains
soy, if the product contains partially hydrogenated soybean oil, or soy lecithin.
Those are still allergens, while tolerated by many with a soy allergy, they are
not tolerated by everyone with a soy allergy and should be treated as an equal
allergen.
1383\. 10/24/2008 8:48:00 "May Contains" needs to be accurate, not just a blanket statement to
PM keep them from having to print more than one package - if one plant has peanuts
for another product and another one doesn\'t they both shouldn\'t say "may
contain". We don\'t have time/resources to call every manufacturer every time
it \'may contain\'. If it does say \'may contain\' it needs to be more specific:
may contain due to shared equipment, may contain due to no control over supplier
of an ingredient, etc.
1384\. 10/24/2008 11:28:00 USDA meats and products should also be mandated to follow the same food labeling
PM laws as the FDA.
1385\. 10/24/2008 11:40:00 the current labels are confusing to people that aren\'t used to reading them, such
PM as teachers trying to avoid an allergic food for the classroom.
1386\. 10/24/2008 11:49:00 I like the allergen advisory listing at the end of the ingredients list. It is
PM especially helpful to grandparents and caretakers that are not parents. I think
that sometimes the "produced on facility that also manufactures XXX" is
a bit overused. Was it on the same line? Was it in the same mixers? Or was it
somewhere else in the plant? I wish there were some regulations on that.
1387\. 10/25/2008 1:42:00 Contents of medications requires better labelling.
AM
1388\. 10/25/2008 2:16:00 Im new to the allergy atmosphere so anytime that it has the allergy info shown
AM clearly it\'s very helpful.
1389\. 10/25/2008 5:52:00 I wish that it was mandatory to label malt flavoring separately instead of being
AM allowed to hide it behind the "natural flavorings" label. It is a pain
to have to call every single company and ask.
1390\. 10/25/2008 7:39:00 Changing and improving label information for consumers will save lives!
AM
1391\. 10/25/2008 12:57:00 Most important is to clearly list allergans at the bottom of the ingredient list
PM (e.g. Contains milk, soy). Thai should include ALL allergens and
derivatives\--sometimes something containing milkfat or whey will not be listed as
containing milk, for instance. Also, corn should be added to the list of allergens
thaat hace to be reported.
1392\. 10/25/2008 1:58:00 Allergens should be listed in the ingredients(if an ingredient),and listed in the
PM allergen statement according to how it has come into contact with that product.
There should be a standardized protocol for all the manufacturers to follow. All
non food items such as personal hygiene, cleaning, crafts(glue,crayons,finger
paints,etc),medicines should also be labeled as well. And seeds should be included
in addition to the current top 8.
1393\. 10/25/2008 2:08:00 I get very confused about labels that say "processed in a plant that
PM processes peanuts" I would like to know if it is on the same line, etc. There
have been so many products that we can no longer purchase that we once used. I
feel that either the labeling was wrong to begin with, or that some manufacturers
place a label on everything just to cover their behinds\...\...
1394\. 10/25/2008 3:03:00 We have problems with flavorings (such as vanillin) and colors (caramel coloring,
PM yellow #5, red #40). \'Blanket\' ingredients such as \'artificial flavorings\' and
\'artificial colors\' are problematic for us. We also have problems with things
like cotton candy where the labeling covers ALL possible flavors/colors of cotton
candy and NOT the specific flavor/color in the bag. If they could at least tell us
which flavor/color was in the bag at the point of sale that would help, but so
often they just don\'t know.
1395\. 10/25/2008 4:35:00 My child has anaphylactic reactions to minute amounts some of my food allergens
PM (egg albumen and nuts) so I specifically avoid anything that states that there are
or might be any of either in the product. He is also allergic to milk, soy, and
other proteins, without anaphylactic reactions but with other symptoms\--GI, skin,
etc, so if the item \'may contain\' minute amounts, I may not be as careful,
depending on how much he wants to eat the product and \'suffer the consequences\'
(he is a teenager now and can make his own decisions on that front). So, my use of
labels differs depending on the severity of the specific allergic reaction and the
protein involved. My son has to live in the real world on his own someday, so food
labels help him to decide when it is life threatening and when it isn\'t.
1396\. 10/25/2008 4:40:00 I think it\'s too confusing the way it currently is handled especially for
PM children & adults trying to be mindful of you or your child\'s medical needs,
because they don\'t deal with it everyday. These need to be based upon facts, not
liability concerns. So any risk should be noted, this may encourage these
factories to reconsider making their foods more safe for those that can\'t afford
the risk of death.
1397\. 10/25/2008 5:54:00 You cannot understand the importance of this until it effects someone you love.
PM
1398\. 10/25/2008 7:46:00 As a parent we are charged with taking care of and protecting our children. Not
PM knowing if a product contains Peanuts or Tree Nuts is very stressful, since we do
not have all the information needed to make the decision if a food is safe. If all
companies labeled for may contains, etc. it would relieve a lot of the worries we
have about what foods are safe to feed our children with peanut and tree nut
allergies.
1399\. 10/25/2008 8:07:00 I think that if a food has a "may contain" warning, then legally it MUST
PM ACTUALLY "may contain" whatever they are warning against. We don\'t buy
a LOT of foods because companies use it as a blanket liability statement when
there is no cross contamination in the product. With food allergies exploding
across the nation, it\'s unbelievable that so many food manufacturers are cutting
out large groups of people - better practices would mean more profit for them!
1400\. 10/26/2008 8:27:00 may contain and processed on is confusing. i just want to know if it has the
AM allergen or not
1401\. 10/26/2008 1:27:00 I hate the blanketed "may contain" used just to protect the mfgr when
PM there was probably no chance the allergen was present.
1402\. 10/26/2008 2:31:00 My four year old son was diagnosed with a peanut allergy one and a half years ago.
PM Going shopping for food each week in the beginnng was incredibly confusing and I
now know I made many mistakes. I can\'t allow anyone to feed him or bring food to
our home because I don\'t know if they will understand the rules we follow (there
are many) and remember them. Life would be much less stressful if we knew that
packages had to be labelled if the food was cross contaminated with his allergen.
1403\. 10/26/2008 3:24:00 it seems like everything has a may contain notice - this is concerning if it is
PM really safe or not.
1404\. 10/26/2008 4:46:00 in our case of a son with several food allergies, we find the advisory label
PM extremely helpful. We then concentrate on ingredient order and make decisions
based upon the information. While I can determine any allergy ingredients with out
an allergen advisory, i do find it very helpful. I am undecided as to requiring
allergen advisory labels on non-food products which is why it is left blank.
1405\. 10/26/2008 5:47:00 I would appreiciate more consistent labeling of products in order to more easily
PM indentify if an allergen is contained. I want to know if the allergen is/could be
in the product, what else is made on the equipment and what else is made in the
plant. The more clear information I have, the better I can keep my son safe.
1406\. 10/27/2008 12:14:00 I hate that companies don\'t have to label if products are produced in a plant or
AM on the same equipment as my allergen. I spend a lot of time calling manufacturers
and they must spend a lot of money on customer service employees to answer these
allergy questions. Companies that I know label voluntarily always get my business
because I know I don\'t have to call about each and every product. It is their
policy to label if it \'may contain\'.
1407\. 10/27/2008 12:22:00 current sysytem is difficult. need standard labeling for all products - food,
AM shampoo, lotions
1408\. 10/27/2008 3:32:00 Products which list ingredients followed by a separate list of those ingredients
AM which may cause an allergic reaction are best. The disclaimer that refers to the
product being manufactured in a plant that processes allergens, while helpful, I
consider to be a "soft" warning - let the buyer beware, and if you want
to try it, go ahead. There are many products with this label which I decided to
buy anyway because exposure has not resulted in a reaction. This labeling causes
problems when other people (such as parents of classmates) are not sure whether
the product is safe. It is very confusing for people who personally have no
concerns about allergens, but need to be aware due to others who do have
allergens. So while this "soft" is helpful in some instances, in others
it can be a source of confusion.
1409\. 10/27/2008 12:16:00 I would like to see this become more inclusive of other allergins. I would also
PM like to see stricter laws requiring all ingredients to be on the label including
things that may be mixed into another ingredient for example Contains Vegetable
Oil (list the types of oils in the vegetable oil)
1410\. 10/27/2008 3:26:00 Allergen Advisory Labels are needed for all medications too; whether dispensed via
PM pharmacy or over the counter. My daughter has an allergic respiratory reaction
(asthma attack) / anaphylaxis to all dairy products. Many medications contain
lactose but aren\'t always labeled and often requires the pharmacist or myself to
contact the manufacturer.
1411\. 10/28/2008 6:14:00 With celiac disease, I am concerned with how certain ingredients (soy sauce or
PM natural flavorings, for example) are constituted. Listing a compound as an
ingredient is not useful. It is best if the product summarized risk by stating
"may contain xxx" where xxx may be in any of the components used in the
product. Regarding questions on purchase of products containing allergens, they
are purchased for other members of the household who are not affected by these
allergens.
1412\. 10/29/2008 3:08:00 There needs to be stricter rules regarding when a manufacturer needs to put
AM "may contains" or "made on same line/plant" etc. It seems that
alot of companies may just start putting these warnings on just to cover
themselves even if the chance of there being an allergen in the product is very
remote.
1413\. 10/30/2008 1:14:00 Labels on non-food items are LONG overdue. Consistent and clear labeling is
PM critical when teachers, grandparents and anyone other than a parent (who is used
to the process) is trying to decide if a food is safe for a person with allergies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| en |
converted_docs | 396253 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [SafetyGram]{.smallcaps} |
| |
| [USDA -- US Forest Service]{.smallcaps} |
| |
| [Coronado National Forest]{.smallcaps} |
| |
| ### Volume III, Issue 01 Tucson, Arizona January, 2006 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
[Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac]{.underline}
{width="1.7416666666666667in"
height="1.6680555555555556in"}
As our Coronado Firefighters battle blazes during the height of this
summer\'s wildfire season, few know that an equal danger lurks
underfoot.
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are the most common cause of
allergic reactions in the United States, noting that each year 10
million to 50 million Americans develop an allergic rash after contact
with these poisonous plants. Burning branches or logs that carry even a
small amount of urushiol, the toxin carried in poison ivy, oak, and
sumac plants, can cause people to suffer from systemic reactions and/or
respiratory attacks. The inhalation of the toxic urushiol can enter the
lungs and/or blood stream and cause internal blistering and other
related health risks. Firefighters are especially susceptible as they
battle blazes in wooded areas with a high density of poison ivy, oak,
and sumac.
Poison ivy, oak, and sumac reactions are triggered by the body\'s
allergic response to urushiol, whereby the immune system attacks the
skin containing the oil, producing symptoms such as rashes, oozing
blisters, itching, and swelling. The allergic response occurs anywhere
from 12 to 48 hours after exposure to the oil and can take as long as 10
days to several weeks to heal.
Reactions to poison ivy, oak, and sumac are one of the causes of
disability and lost work time for firefighters. It is important to
become educated about how to recognize these plants and do everything
possible to minimize the chances of inhaling the toxic urushiol vapors.
Here are some tips to firefighters to avoid exposure to these toxic
plants and to treat the outbreak if it does occur:
- Suit-Up: As you head outdoors, wear protective clothing to prevent
the poisonous oils from touching your skin.
- Wear Gloves: Wear thick leather gloves when handling equipment.
Urushiol can bind to rubber hoses, tools and most pieces of
equipment.
- Watch Where Animals Wander: Animals do not react to poison ivy, oak,
and sumac toxin, but rescued animals can easily carry urushiol and
can contaminate you and your team.
- Wear a dry bandana around your mouth to help prevent inhaling
urushiol particles. Even though smoke may not be visibly present,
urushiol can be carried on tiny particles of ash and dust and may
remain in the air from a recent fire.
If You Think You Have Been Exposed to Poison Ivy, Oak, or Sumac
- Cleanse: Wash your hands immediately after touching areas
[suspect]{.underline} of being contaminated. Be conscience of where
and what you touch after exposure. Immediately cleanse the area with
plain soap and water. Urushiol will bind to the skin anywhere from
five minutes to two hours after exposure.
- Decontaminate: Remove and wash all gloves, clothes, shoes, and
equipment that may have come in contact with the toxic plants. Don't
forget shoelaces! The urushiol can easily transfer from the laces to
your hands and to elsewhere after tying.
- Don\'t Scratch! While scratching does not spread the outbreak, it
may cause infection because it allows bacteria from dirt on the
hands to enter the skin.
- Get Medical Attention: Firefighters who suspect they have been
exposed to smoke containing poison ivy, oak, or sumac, or those
whose topical symptoms persist and/or for whom the rash has spread
to the mouth or eyes - get medical attention immediately.
- Inform your supervisor and fill out the appropriate documentation
(CA-1) for a medical problem or exposure.
Other Tips:
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, tucked into boots.
- Apply barrier creams to exposed skin.
- Educate yourself on the identification of poison ivy, oak, and sumac
plants.
- Educate yourself on signs and symptoms of contact with poisonous
ivy, oak, and sumac.
Please be safe out there.
For more information about poisonous plants:
Contact your supervisor, the FMO, and/or the
Forest Safety Manager
\(520\) 388-8487
| en |
converted_docs | 347036 | **Advisory Committee on Biotechnology and 21^st^ Century Agriculture
(AC21)**
**Fourteenth Plenary Meeting**
# December 14-15, 2006
Room 107A, USDA Jamie L. Whitten Building
**Washington, D.C.**
# Draft Meeting Summary
On December 14-15, 2006, the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) convened the fourteenth plenary meeting of the Advisory Committee
on Biotechnology and 21^st^ Century Agriculture (AC21). The meeting
objectives were:
- To further work on the coexistence topic framed around the following
draft statement of work developed during the last session:
- "In an increasingly complex marketplace, what issues should USDA
consider regarding coexistence among increasingly diverse
agricultural systems?"
- Consider outside presentations on topics suggested during the
previous meeting, including transportation, legal issues, and seed
supply and availability.
- Develop a statement of work and a work plan to address current and
future relevant factors.
The AC21 includes representatives of industry, state and federal
government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia. The following
AC21 members were in attendance: Dr. Patricia Layton, Mr. Leon Corzine,
Dr. Carole Cramer, Dr. Michael Dykes, Ms. Carol Tucker Foreman, Ms.
Sarah Geisert, Mr. Duane Grant, Dr. Gregory Jaffe, Dr. Nicholas
Kalaitzandonakes, Mr. Russell Kremer, Dr. Margaret Mellon, Dr. Steven
Pueppke, Dr. Bradley Shurdut, Mr. Jerome Slocum, Dr. Alison Van
Eenennaam, Ms. Lisa Zannoni, and a new member, Ms. Nancy Bryson. Dr.
Patricia Layton chaired the meeting. *Ex officio* members Marcia Holden,
a research biologist at the National Institute for Standards and
Technology, Dr. Kathleen Jones, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dr.
Elizabeth Milewski, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Adrian
Polansky, Secretary of Agriculture for the State of Kansas, and Sharon
Wiener, Senior Advisor for Agricultural Biotechnology at the Department
of State, also attended. Dr. Michael Schechtman attended as Executive
Secretary and Designated Federal Official for the AC21. Ms. Cynthia
Sulton of HW&W and Ms. Abby Dilley and Ms. Kathy Grant of RESOLVE
facilitated the meeting.
A full transcript of the proceedings was prepared and will be available
on the USDA website [www.usda.gov](http://www.usda.gov/) by clicking
"Agriculture" on the option bar at the left, then "Biotechnology" on the
option bar at the right, then on the committee name and this particular
meeting.
Below is a summary of the proceedings.
**I. Welcome and Introduction of New Committee Members**
Dr. Michael Schechtman opened the proceedings at 8:30 a.m. by welcoming
all the members, including one new member of the Committee, Ms. Nancy
Bryson, and the public in attendance at the fourteenth meeting of the
AC21. He briefly introduced facilitators Ms. Cynthia Sulton of the
consulting firm HW&W, and Ms. Abby Dilley and Ms. Kathy Grant of the
consulting firm Resolve.
Dr. Schechtman noted that the Committee had completed a significant
piece of work entitled, "Opportunities and Challenges for Agricultural
Biotechnology: The Decade Ahead." He noted that the Committee would
continue work on its next project, addressing the impact of coexistence
considerations for agriculture, after hearing presentations on relevant
topics from a series of outside presenters. Dr. Schechtman pointed out
that several background documents, previously distributed to AC21
members and subject to discussion or reference during the course of the
Committee's deliberations, were available to the public, including:
- The official AC21 Committee Charter
- The AC21 Bylaws and Operating Procedures
- A package of biographical sketches of all of the current AC21
members, including new members
- The draft meeting summary prepared from the thirteenth AC21 meeting,
held on August 29-30, 2006
- Three Committee reports that were adopted by consensus in 2005 and
2006.
- Two press releases issued November 25, 2006 concerning USDA actions
relative to the detection of unapproved transgenic rice in
commercial long grain rice supplies.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- The provisional agenda for this meeting
- A preliminary outline of potential topics for inclusion in the
report on coexistence
- A preliminary concept paper for the report prepared by Nick
Kalaitzandonakes
Dr. Schechtman announced that the Committee charter is currently being
renewed, as it has to be every two years. He noted that USDA put out the
annual request for nominations for the Committee in November, was now
sorting through all the applications received, and is likely to make two
sets of appointments over the next few months.
Upon Dr. Schechtman's invitation, new AC21 member Nancy Bryson
introduced herself as an attorney for the Venable law firm, where she
has a number of clients interested in a variety of agricultural issues.
Before that, Ms. Bryson served as General Counsel at USDA from
2002-2005. She also participated in the Pew dialogue on peaceful
coexistence.
Dr. Layton welcomed the Committee and reminded them of their work at the
last plenary to develop an outline for discussions on coexistence. She
pointed out that the Committee would have a total of three meetings to
complete its report on this topic.
Dr. Schechtman introduced Bruce Knight, USDA Under Secretary for
Marketing and Regulatory Programs, and Jeremy Stump, Senior Advisor to
the Secretary for International and Homeland Security Affairs, and
invited them to provide a follow-up on the issue of the detection of
unauthorized transgenic rice in commercial long grain rice supplies.
Under Secretary Knight began by telling the Committee that federal
advisory committees play an extraordinarily valuable role in discerning
the right policy, because they bring together people with very divergent
opinions and provide them with a forum in which everyone grows to value
one another's perspective.
With regard to the detection of unauthorized transgenic rice, Under
Secretary Knight stated that the investigation was proceeding and would
come to a conclusion in the near future. He noted that USDA has
indicated to the public that 2003 Cheniere was the only foundation seed
testing positive for genetically engineered LLRICE601. He also stated
that, although LLRICE601 has been cleared for deregulation, there is a
lot of work to be done in order for its presence to be accepted on the
world market.
In answer to questions from the Committee, Under Secretary Knight stated
that the USDA has a team working to keep the European market open and
has had an excellent dialogue about protocols with the European
Community. He noted that there has been good understanding and
acceptance of underlying testing, but that there were still some
differences about sample size and how far to go with testing. Under
Secretary Knight also stated that he was personally committed to
transparency and would look at which parts of the investigation could be
made public. He invited one Committee member who expressed some concern
to talk with him about proactive steps USDA could take to prevent and
respond to similar events in the future. The Under Secretary also stated
that work on adventitious presence policies was an ongoing priority for
the EPA, FDA, and USDA.
**II. Review of August Meeting Minutes and Agenda Outline**
Ms. Sulton reviewed the draft meeting summary of the thirteenth AC21
meeting held on August 29-30, 2006. Committee members suggested several
changes to the summary. She asked that any additional comments be
provided within one week, so that the meeting summary could be finalized
and posted on the USDA AC21 website.
Ms. Dilley reviewed the agenda and reminded the Committee of its work at
the last plenary both to define what it means by coexistence and to
determine the scope of the report. She reiterated that the Committee
seemed most comfortable with the concept of coexistence as fostering
choice for producers, customers, and consumers. She also noted the
Committee's decision to focus its report on pressures or market
imperfections, both current and future, that have the potential to
affect these choices. Ms. Dilley further noted that the Committee had
developed a list of topics for consideration in its analysis of market
pressures.
**III. Discussion of Committee Charge**
(Note: The AC21 members discussed their charge on coexistence during
sessions on both the first and second days of their deliberations. All
of those discussions are presented in this portion of the summary.)
Dr. Schechtman reminded the Committee that the Secretary asked the
Committee to consider coexistence issues among different types of
agricultural production and how they might be minimized in the future.
Since the USDA would like to receive the report in late spring or early
summer, he emphasized the need for a short, succinct report that lays
out relevant considerations. He noted that the Committee might have to
make some hard choices to focus on what can be accomplished in that
time. He also stated once again that the Department is not specifically
requesting to receive consensus recommendations.
Dr. Schechtman made several points about the work before the Committee.
He noted that at least one member had expressed concerns about specific
language in the draft statement of the charge. He suggested the
Committee decide how it wants to use the draft concept paper created by
Nick Kalaitzandonakes and determine whether the paper includes all the
themes the Committee thinks important. He also reminded the Committee
that it had agreed to review coexistence-related topics already
discussed in previous reports to determine if there is an additional
dimension to any of them that should be addressed in the new report.
Dr. Schechtman further noted that the Committee had three issues to
consider regarding the scope of issues for the report: 1) whether and
how to include or refer to potential products in food crops intended for
non-food uses; 2) how to frame the discussions in a format that the USDA
will find useful; and 3) how to address an uncertain future that is very
likely to include an increasing range of new crops for bioenergy uses.
The Committee discussed several issues related to the charge on
coexistence. With regard to the specific language in the charge, the
Committee generally agreed to remove "increasingly" from in front of
"complex marketplace," and will consider adding the concept of a
dynamic, evolving, or rapidly changing marketplace. The Committee also
will try to further define what is meant by "diverse agricultural
systems."
The Committee reaffirmed that the scope of the charge will include
coexistence from the perspective of producers, customers, and consumers,
and that the main focus will be on domestic markets. They agreed to
clearly define what they mean by coexistence and to ensure that issues
discussed are clearly related to the topic. Some Committee members noted
that earlier reports spoke to coexistence solely from the supply chain
perspective. They suggested more discussion about coexistence in terms
of consumer preferences and the farmers' point of view. One member
suggested that the Committee determine whether the focus should be on
protecting the ability of markets to emerge or on the ability of
producers to respond to whatever emerges in the marketplace.
The Committee recognized that adventitious presence (AP) is critical to
coexistence and presents a challenge along the whole food supply chain.
However, they also acknowledged that AP was addressed in previous
reports and, therefore, agreed that it will be important to analyze
whether or not there is anything further that should be addressed in the
new report. One member expressed concern that although the Committee has
discussed AP in other reports, it has not really confronted the issue
nor made any recommendations to USDA on the topic.
Some Committee members requested that the Committee focus on
data-supported as opposed to theoretical risk. Another member pointed
out that the Committee, whose members bring different perspectives to
the table and who represent constituencies, had not worked in the past
as a data-gathering committee. Dr. Schectmann offered that they are a
Committee of experts.
The Committee also discussed possible approaches to fulfilling their
charge. One member suggested developing a bulleted list of issues under
each of the "diverse agricultural systems." Several others discussed
framing the discussion in terms of how and why coexistence is working in
the United States in contrast to other parts of the world and how that
could change in the future. In this context, the Committee noted that in
order for the United States to be the largest producer of biotech crops,
the largest producer of organic crops, and the largest exporter of
non-biotech crops, there has to be considerable flexibility in the
system. To date, the system has been able to figure out how to deal with
specialty crops in different markets in a cost-effective way that meets
farmer, producer, and consumer interests. Committee members further
noted that the U.S. system may now be reaching the point where it will
lose some of that flexibility. With this as the backdrop, the Committee
suggested several potential questions to address in the report,
including:
- What is happening with coexistence today? What are the drivers?
- What things are working?
- Why are they working? What gives the U.S. system its flexibility?
- What is going to change in the next 5-10 years?
- Where are the potential "pinch points" or barriers?
- What are the issues that may need policy intervention because
neither the market nor the legal system is addressing them?
- What are possible solutions, opportunities, and/or potential policy
options?
**IV. Presentations on Coexistence**
(Note: The AC21 members heard and discussed presentations on coexistence
during sessions on the first day and second day of their deliberations.
All of those discussions are presented in this portion of the summary.)
In preparation for further discussion of coexistence, the Committee
heard three presentations. All of the PowerPoint presentations are
available on the USDA website [www.usda.gov](http://www.usda.gov/) by
clicking on "Agriculture" on the option bar at the left, then
"Biotechnology" on the option bar at the right, then on the Committee
name and this particular meeting.
**A.** [Drew Kershen, Earl Sneed Centennial Professor of Law, University
of Oklahoma College of Law: "Legal Mechanisms Relevant to Coexistence
Issues]{.underline}
Mr. Kershen began by noting that coexistence and adventitious presence
have been well-known in agriculture for a long time and that the issues
are not unique to biotechnology. He stated that he sees three themes in
coexistence: good husbandry, neighborly cooperation, and farmer choice
to grow conventional, organic and/or transgenic crops. .
Mr. Kershen then provided a summary of non-biotech coexistence
complaints and lawsuits. He gave as an example a study by the American
Association of Pesticide Control Officials, which deals with pesticides
from all sources including agricultural. Over a three year period, the
study found an average of 2800 complaints about pesticide spray drift
per year, 800 of which led to some type of administrative action. He
also noted that since 1946, his own research had found a total of 71
neighbor-to-neighbor lawsuits (1.18 per year) filed seeking some sort of
damages due to spray drift. Mr. Kershen stated that, currently, there
are two active non-transgenic coexistence disputes; one involves seeded
and seedless mandarin groves in California and the other is between
brassica seed and canola oilseed growers in Oregon. He also pointed to a
current legal case in Minnesota involving foraging bees and timberland.
With regard to transgenic crops and pollen drift, Mr. Kershen offered
the view that there has been high farmer compliance with the
requirements of management programs. He said he knew of only one
farmer-to-farmer lawsuit. In that case, an organic farmer lost a lawsuit
challenging a neighboring farmer's right to participate in transgenic
field tests. Mr. Kershen also noted three cases against seed developers:
a successful lawsuit involving StarLink corn (a product that entered the
food supply but was never registered by EPA as a plant-incorporated
protectant for food use), an unsuccessful StarLink case (Sample v.
Monsanto), and a case involving a class action by organic farmers which
is on appeal in Canada (Hoffman v. Monsanto). He drew the following
conclusions with regard to coexistence: 1) zero tolerance is not
achievable without a ban on chemical or transgenic agriculture; 2)
coexistence is possible if reasonable agronomic practices are followed;
and 3) if there are stricter standards, they should be part of voluntary
contractual obligations.
Mr. Kershen then discussed legal liability, particularly in connection
with market and export issues arising out of the presence in commercial
long grain rice supplies of Bayer Crop Science's transgenic LLRice601 .
He referred to two class actions, the Gerridge Farm and the Kenneth Bell
cases, which were brought because of loss due to market fluctuation and
loss of the export market. According to Mr. Kershen, the law sees such
instances as pure economic loss as opposed to compensable loss, such as
that resulting from physical damage. He also stated that these cases
differ significantly from the StarLink case because LLRice601 was not
approved at the time of the incident.
Mr. Kershen went on to discuss legal issues connected to organic
certification, involving spray drift, pollen drift, and biotech crops.
With regard to spray drift, he noted that it is the responsibility of
the certifying agent to pay the costs of tests if there is a concern
about contact with pesticides. The current maximum level for pesticide
residue is 5% of EPA tolerance. With regard to pollen drift,
adventitious presence does not affect organic certification for either
farm or product as long as the farm has not used excluded methods and
has taken reasonable steps to avoid contact with excluded methods. For
biotech crops, a recent survey by the Organic Farming Research
Foundation showed that 92% of organic farmers had no direct costs
related to transgenics; 4% had costs for testing; and 4% claimed some
kind of market loss.
Mr. Kershen reviewed legal theories and the likelihood of recovery in
cases involving biotech crops. His analysis made the following points
with respect to particular issues and the application of legal
approaches potentially relevant to future lawsuits:
- [Adventitious presence]{.underline}: most likely not a compensable
claim on its own since there must be some kind of significant damage
and an identifiable responsible party
- [Strict liability]{.underline}: courts are highly unlikely to use
since there must be an ultra-hazardous activity
- [Negligence]{.underline}: since most states use this standard for
spray drift cases, it is possible it could also be used for cases
involving transgenic plants
- [Trespass]{.underline}: while it may be possible to establish
trespass, the damages would be small and not worth a lawsuit
- [Nuisance]{.underline}: an unlikely legal vehicle for suits since
courts will require reasonable accommodation and will not protect
"unique sensitivities"
Mr. Kershen concluded with a discussion of legal obligations under
contract specifications. He stated that, since farmers voluntarily enter
into contracts, they have to bear the costs of failure to meet contract
specifications. He noted the International Federation of Organic
Agricultural Movements' statement that "\[o\]rganic certification shall
not imply it is a 'GE-free' certification." He also noted that
traditional legal rules put the burden of cost on the party seeking the
higher premium. He acknowledged that in the European debate on
coexistence, they are tending to put the burden on transgenic farmers.
In response to the Committee's questions, Mr. Kershen made the following
additional points:
- Although there is established precedent for handling spray drift
cases, as the use of new types of transgenic crops (e.g., bio-fuels
and pharmaceuticals) expands, it is likely that courts will treat at
least some of them differently. Pharmaceutical crops could be
classified as ultra-hazardous and, therefore, considered as a strict
liability situation.
- With regard to the Bayer LLRice601 situation, there are additional
allegations, such as negligence, which if proven would likely
involve issues related to liability and damages .
- Legal and liability issues will not change as a result of local
ordinances setting up growing districts that prevent the planting of
transgenic crops.
- Although the Organic Farming survey showed only 8% had direct costs
related to transgenic crops, there is significant discomfort and
concern among organic farmers about transgenics. There are non-legal
avenues, such as mediation or the establishment and use ofvoluntary
guidelines, for addressing these concerns.
- The losses a food company suffers as a result of people no longer
buying a brand of food they thought was contaminated is an economic,
not a compensable, loss.
- Since the statutes federal agencies use to regulate biotechnology do
not let private parties sue to enforce regulatory requirements (as
is the case for other environmental statutes), it is possible that
state courts could put more emphasis on negligence (building off of
the federal regulation), creating an avenue for a private cause of
action.
- The successful StarLink case referenced in the presentation differs
from the Bayer LLRice601 cases in that the court focused in on the
fact that StarLink was not approved for food use, making it an
adulterated product per FDA. On the other hand, LLRice601 has been
approved by FDA as safe to eat.
A Committee member clarified and corrected the last point by noting that
EPA is responsible for approving food additives and as such sets a
tolerance for pesticides. StarLink was a pesticide, but since a
tolerance was not set for foods, it was not allowed for human
consumption. Liberty Link is not a pesticide, so it was not approved as
safe to eat by the EPA. The USDA deregulation of LLRice601 means only
that it can be legally planted without getting a permit.
Dr. Jones from FDA noted that FDA did issue a statement that it did not
see a safety issue associated with the consumption of LLRice601.
**B.** Dr. Bernice Slutsky, Vice President, American Seed Trade
Association (ASTA): "Ensuring a Diverse Seed Supply; plus Committee
discussion"
Dr. Slutsky began by explaining that there are \$34 billion in seed
sales worldwide, 21 percent of which are by the U.S. seed industry.
Currently the highest percent of seeds sold are grain and horticultural,
followed by oil and vegetable seeds. Vegetable and maize seed have the
highest export value. The forecast is for a significant increase in
worldwide seed sales by 2010, with the U.S. percentage remaining fairly
steady. Most of the projected growth is for horticultural seeds.
Dr. Slutsky then gave an overview of preliminary data about where the
seed industry is putting its research dollars. Most of the investment in
new technology is going into two areas: 1) basic germplasm research
(into maintaining diversity, using molecular markers, forward breeding,
and trait delivery methods) and 2) trait research (agronomic, quality,
and pharmaceutical). With regard to particular crops, most of the
investment dollars are going to corn and feed grains, vegetables, and
forage and turf grasses. She also noted that the industry sees a lot of
opportunity in the area of biofuels.
Dr. Slutsky concluded by mentioning some of the challenges and
opportunities facing the seed industry, including niche markets,
geographically specialized seed, biofuels, biotechnology, organics, an
array of distribution channels, and the need for diverse packaging.
In response to the Committee's questions, Dr. Slutsky made the following
points:
- ASTA members provide the type of seed their customers want. They
have not received complaints from producers that they cannot find
the hybrids that they want. The Association has no position on the
consolidation of the seed industry.
- The seed industry is addressing adventitious presence through two
avenues: 1) The International Seed Federation has formed a working
group to look at low-level presence of biotech events approved in
the country of production or export but not in the country of
import. They are looking at taking a safety assessment, not a
threshold, approach. 2) ASTA has a stewardship committee focusing on
the handling of seed. In following up on the last point, a Committee
member mentioned other efforts with regard to adventitious presence,
including looking at how to sample for unapproved events in seed
stock, foundation stock, and breeder stock.
- Some sectors of the seed industry, such as corn, are moving faster
than others towards ISO 9000 standards. ASTA is likely in the future
to have a set of best practices for handling different types of
seed.
- There is a role for the public sector to fill the gaps in terms of
seed availability when there is not enough of a return for the
private sector.
- There are a number of associations, such as the American Association
of Seed Certifying Agents and the Seed Certification and Testing
Institute, that have developed performance standards for seed
testing.
- The seed industry has not seen any shift in its ability to sell to
foreign markets in the eleven years since transgenic crops were
first commercialized. Phytosanitary and intellectual property issues
have had far more impact.
- To foster coexistence and, in particular, the ability to supply
diverse clients in every market, the best recommendation the
Committee could make to the USDA would be to put more resources
towards maintaining the most diverse germplasm, for the whole range
of seeds.
**C.** Mr. James Stitzlein, Manager, Market Development, Consolidated
Grain and Barge (CGB): "Transportation and Infrastructure for Addressing
Coexistence Needs"
Mr. Stitzlein began by explaining that CGB is a Japanese-owned
river-based enterprise and that much of the grain they originate feeds
to the export market out of the Gulf of Mexico. They buy a large portion
of their grain directly from individual growers and are therefore able
to be involved in identity preserved (IdP) grains from an early stage.
Once they know what their customer wants, they see if their growers are
both capable and willing to manage their operation to comply with these
parameters. The driver for all of their IdP and other program activity
is having non-GMO product.
Mr. Stitzlein went on to compare a commodity-based system of trade to an
identity preserved system. In the commodity-based system, grain is
produced, handled, and shipped as if every lot is the same, so it is
easy to replace or substitute shipments. The downside to this type of
system is that it seldom sends any signals to improve, since average
quality is good enough.
In the IdP system, Mr. Stitzlein explained, grain is produced,
collected, merchandized, and shipped based on the end user definition.
This two-way conversation sends signals about improving, so producers
can be rewarded for doing a superior job. The system depends on
certification and verification. The downside to this system is that
there is less total supply, less ability to substitute, and the storage
logistics are increasingly complex to manage. All of this requires more
communication and coordination than in a commodity-based system.
Mr. Stitzlein described CGB's validation testing and certification
methods. Their validation methods include on-site testing (physical
tests, near infrared instruments, lateral flow strips), retaining grower
samples, and barge testing (using Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR
tests, tests for chemical residues, and other methods). CGB has adopted
an ISO certification program, which it has completed at the 19 major
river terminals that handle its premium grain.
Mr. Stitzlein continued with a description of infrastructure and storage
challenges, including timing shipments to meet user needs, demurrage
costs of up to \$55,000 per day for keeping a barge or vessel from being
loaded or moving on, risk of product deterioration, and more expensive
shipping, rail, trucking, and barge rates.
Mr. Stitzlein then discussed the effects on his business of the
unintended releases of LLRice601, Bt 10 corn, and Liberty Link corn. In
these instances, he explained, buyers look to other markets, where there
are always substitute ingredients or a substitute supplier, and there is
deterioration in the relationship of trust with your client. He showed a
number of charts reflecting the fluctuations in the market connected to
these releases. Mr. Stitzlein also raised a concern about the cost to
growers of asynchronous approvals using the release of Herculex RW corn
as an example. He then offered possible solutions to these issues,
including:
- Do a full review of an event in a food crop before any field trials
and require a food safety evaluation to determine risk.
- Provide executive branch leadership and coordination among the three
agencies involved in these events in the regulatory process.
- Address weaknesses in the ASTA grain handler database.
- Share information about events that are unapproved or yet to be
approved in foreign countries.
- De-emphasize testing; use confirming samples or another test.
Looking to the future, Mr. Stitzlein noted several issues that could
affect the market structure and drive up costs for IdP systems,
including:
- Changes in non-biotech supplies and seed availability as growers
experience greater yield with biotech seed, particularly when
growing conditions are bad.
- Increased competition from rail shippers and ethanol plants.
- The challenge of getting non-biotech end users to communicate today
about what they will need three years from now, so there will
continue to be the five to ten percent of seed produced and crops
grown to satisfy these export markets.
In response to the Committee's questions, Mr. Stitzlein made the
following points:
- "Low levels" of particular biotech events detected in testing are
beginning to trend upward due in part to the increase in stacked
traits.
- PCR tests are developed by testing companies; there is not a USDA
certified protocol.
- Currently there are enough storage bins, barges, trucks, farmers
(although all will become increasing more expensive). However,
without knowing if the demand will remain for non-biotech crops, it
is hard to know if there will be enough in years to come.
- It is important to invest in infrastructure (such as locks and
dams), because U.S. competitiveness as a supplier is driven by an
infrastructure that allows us to deliver on time and compete in
volumes and cost.
- Having uniform standards is good for efficiency of bulk and
multi-participant supply chains. It would be best if standards were
wide and reasonable, so companies could still differentiate
themselves. The problem with regulatory standards is that they may
not be based on what is really achievable.
- The U.S. should provide leadership to help other countries
understand our regulatory review process and why we do it the way we
do. This would be particularly helpful for those developing
countries that do not have the resources to do a lot of evaluations
on their own.
- The market has been responsive to end user demands for different
standards of performance. Information is being communicated
effectively from both growers and end users.
- Rescinding the statement issued by USDA's Grain Inspection Packers
and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA), which stated that there are
no transgenic rice varieties for sale or in commercial production in
the United States at this time, after the detection of transgenic
events in shipments of U.S. long grain rice, caused problems because
it made the issue with LLRice601 seem bigger than it really was. It
is possible that GIPSA statements are perceived by the end user to
mean the U.S. has a zero tolerance policy.
- The export market for non-biotech corn is in the neighborhood of 160
million bushels.
- The market, from farmers to customers, has worked quite well up to
this point. Looking forward, it will be important to have accurate,
realistic, and reasonable tests, and the ability to share
information about these tests with end users.
**V. Review of Draft Concept Paper on Potential Topics for Inclusion in
the Report on Coexistence**
(Note: The AC21 members discussed the concept paper during sessions on
the first and second days of their deliberations. All of those
discussions are presented in this portion of the summary.)
The Committee discussed several topics relevant to coexistence that were
identified at the August 2006 plenary and expanded on in the concept
paper drafted by Committee member Nick Kalaitzandonakes. Under each
topic, the Committee focused on potential "pinch points" or market
failures that are not being addressed by either the market or the legal
system and could lend themselves to policy intervention.
[Market Infrastructure]{.underline}: The Committee discussed the impact
on infrastructure from growth at the national, global, and local level.
One member pointed out that it is possible that the U.S. will be
producing 15 billion bushels of corn per year - three and a half billion
more than today - in just a few years. With much of the infrastructure
filled up with commodity corn, the prices for specialty products will
have to be incredibly high in order to compete in the marketplace.
Members also noted that the transportation and infrastructure system was
built up in anticipation of a one percent per year increase in yield.
However, a better understanding of genetics has led to a more rapid
acceleration of yield per acre. (One member has seen a five percent per
year increase in yield for sugar beets over the last ten years.)
At the local level, some Committee members thought it was possible that
an increasing interest in sustainable agriculture and a concern about
rising energy prices could result in the organic and other specialty
markets moving to local rather than national sourcing. Some members
foresaw local production going direct to restaurants and retailers, not
through a collection processing center for inspection and oversight, and
a possible rebirth in the cooperative movement.
The Committee also acknowledged that the export market, which is mostly
supplied in the United States through river transport, is not going to
go away. Some members described the U.S. river system, which was built
in the 1930s, as old and losing reliability -- particularly barges,
locks, and dams. They noted that it is unlikely that new dams and locks
will be built because of the cost to taxpayers and environmental
concerns.
The Committee discussed the impact of growth on a domestic
transportation system that is already operating at capacity. Some
members noted that it is unlikely that the United States will create a
dual transportation system just for specialty crops. The Committee
pointed in particular to the tremendous burden ethanol plants will place
on the system. At this point in time, nobody in the transportation
business is building more trucks, rail cars, tanker cars, or open top
cars to haul ethanol in response to the economic gains from the current
demand. The barge industry, which had not been very prosperous the last
few years, is only building barges to replace old ones they want to get
out of the system. There also is no incentive for grain companies to
build their own rail cars, because it costs them the same to use rail
company cars.
The Committee also discussed the impact on storage from anticipated
growth at the national and local level. They noted that the grain
handling structure is set up for handling, not storing, grain. Some
members stated that private industry is responding to the need for more
storage, because they know the ethanol industry is going to demand it.
Bin builders have been building more bins in the last two years than
they ever have before. Other members suggested that growth at the local
level will require more small containers to accommodate smaller lots of
products.
The Committee then discussed the policy implications for transport and
storage infrastructure. They emphasized the importance of ensuring a
strong transportation system\--including waterways, rail, and
highways---that is accessible, flexible, and predictable. Some members
pointed out that USDA does not have authority over many of the
environmental issues that would need to be taken into consideration in
order to update infrastructure. They noted, however, that USDA could
play a role in streamlining the processes that would allow building,
repair, or expansion of necessary infrastructure.
Some Committee members suggested that if there is an increase in local
sourcing, the USDA might need to consider the following: changes in
GIPSA activities, changes in farm cooperatives, rural development loans
for refrigeration units, providing incentives for smaller entities (for
example through government agency purchases), overcoming barriers such
as access to credit, and supporting the development of new technologies
that, through testing and measuring, add value to specialty crops.
[Uniform Standards, Compliance, and Stewardship]{.underline}: The
Committee discussed the importance of quality testing for traits in
order to ensure the development of a segmented market. Members
emphasized the need for predictable and reproducible testing. Some noted
that the lower the levels of a trait, the harder it is to reproduce
results. Some members focused on the need for a standardized test;
others preferred a focus on standardized techniques, test materials
(with both a uniform positive and a uniform negative), and protocols for
interpretation of the results.
Some Committee members also noted the importance of the involvement of
an independent third-party to validate and, if there are no standardized
testing and interpretation protocols, spot-check results. The Committee
also discussed the need for harmonization in testing when moving into
markets with different specifications.
Ms. Holden explained why it is very difficult to get good
reproducibility when measuring low levels of materials. She stated that
the PCR test is not a direct analytical measurement of the amount of a
trait. It is instead a measurement that relies on amplification or a
copying of DNA in order to detect the trait. The copying is done with an
enzyme, which can be inhibited by other components of the reaction.
Another member pointed out that one of the largest contributors to the
variability in testing results is the sample itself: testing for very
low levels requires a larger sampling size, resulting in the need to
sacrifice more product.
The Committee also discussed policy implications of uniform standards.
Some members suggested that policies that would reduce testing
uncertainty would enable both people with little power (farmers) and
people with a lot of power (large retailers) to participate effectively
in the marketplace. Others offered the view that policy should only set
minimum standards and allow individual companies to set higher
standards. Some members suggested that the USDA do an inventory of
tests. They also suggested that USDA could work with trading partners to
ensure harmonization of both the testing methodology (reference
material, performance) and the interpretation of the tests.
[Market Information and Transparency]{.underline}: Some Committee
members suggested that there is a need for more information and data,
because segmented markets are not as transparent, visible, or
well-reported as larger commodity markets. With improvements in this
area, producers would have a better understanding of the structures in
place that make a segmented market work. They would also have the data
and analysis they need to make planting decisions and respond
effectively to the market. Other members did not see improvements in
market information and transparency as a coexistence issue for consumers
or farmers. They questioned whether more information would really help
farmers coexist with their neighbors, or help consumers better
understand the different products in the segmented market.
[Market Structure and Access]{.underline}: Some Committee members
suggested that forward contracting may become increasingly important to
ensure there will continue to be enough seed to meet the demand of the
non-biotech market. They noted that USDA could take steps to preserve
the availability of non-biotech seed, particularly as the demand for
energy and export crops increases. One member reiterated that access to
credit is a barrier for community-based and farmer-owned operations.
**VI. Public Comment**
There were no comments from members of the public.
**VII. Discussion of Work Plan and Next Steps**
The AC21 discussed and agreed to the following next steps:
1) The Committee will develop some of the components of a preliminary
draft on coexistence. The following is a list of drafting groups
and assignments:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a) [Overall Framing]{.underline}: Sarah Geisert (leader), Mardi Mellon,
Nick Kalaitzandonakes, Greg Jaffe
- The United States as the largest biotech and organic crop producer
AND largest non-biotech exporter in the world
- Some things are working (and maybe why they're working)
- What may not be working?
- Looking to the future: describing the idea of potential "pinch
points" that may arise
b) [Infrastructure \"Pinch Points\"]{.underline}: Pat Layton (leader),
Jerry Slocum, Leon Corzine
> Transportation: flexibility, accessibility and predictability
c) [Market Structure & Access Pinch points]{.underline}: Brad Shurdut
(leader), Russ Kremer, Nick Kalaitzandonakes
- Access to capital
- Seed availability
- Global competition
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
c) [Regulatory Standards, Compliance & Stewardship Pinch
Points]{.underline}:
> Randy Giroux (leader), Duane Grant, Nancy Bryson
- Reference previous reports for the provision of industry/supply
chain perspectives as much as possible
- Provide any needed additional information, particularly new (grower
and consumer) perspectives on these coexistence-related issues (some
of this material may be added to upon provision of additional
consumer information at or before the next plenary session)
> Each drafting group will be responsible for finding an appropriate
> procedure for developing texts provided to Michael Schechtman and
> facilitators [by January 30, 2007]{.underline}. Dr. Schechtman will
> try to be available to participate in any conference calls if the
> drafting groups would find it to be useful.
3) Facilitators and Michael Schechtman will assemble and do basic
editing of the submitted components and get a compiled draft back to
Committee for review by February 6, 2007.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
3) Facilitators and Michael Schechtman will try to assemble a round of
comments before the next plenary, depending on how quickly the
Committee comments on the draft sent to them and whether all other
deadlines are met.
4) Michael Schechtman will work with facilitators and AC21 members to
determine how best to provide information in the following areas to
the Committee:
a. Consumer expectations
b. EU perspective on coexistence
c. Organic perspective (one for whom coexistence is not working).
**VIII. Conclusion**
Dr. Layton thanked Committee members for their work during the meeting
and adjourned the meeting at 3:30 p.m.
| en |
converted_docs | 291596 | 114 FERC ¶ 61,257
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
Before Commissioners: Joseph T. Kelliher, Chairman;
Nora Mead Brownell, and Suedeen G. Kelly.
Midwestern Gas Transmission Company Docket No. CP05-372-000
Order Issuing Certificate
(Issued March 10, 2006)
1. On June 6, 2005, Midwestern Gas Transmission Company (Midwestern)
filed an application under section 7(c) of the Natural Gas Act (NGA)
and Part 157 of the Commission=s regulations for a certificate of
public convenience and necessity to construct and operate
approximately 30 miles of pipeline and related facilities, known as
the Eastern Extension Project, in Sumner and Trousdale Counties,
Tennessee to transport 120,000 Dth per day of natural gas to
Piedmont Natural Gas (Piedmont). As discussed below, the Commission
finds that Midwestern's proposed project is required by the public
convenience and necessity and, therefore, grants the requested
authorizations, subject to conditions.
**I. [Background and Proposal]{.underline}**
2. Midwestern, a natural gas company within the meaning of the NGA,
operates an existing pipeline system consisting of a 30-inch
diameter pipeline and appurtenant facilities extending from an
interconnection with ANR Pipeline Company located near Joliet,
Illinois to a point of interconnection with Tennessee Gas Pipeline
Company (Tennessee Gas) near Portland, Tennessee. Midwestern\'s
existing pipeline system connects with multiple interstate pipeline
systems and has the capability to provide bi-directional
transportation service to markets in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois,
and Tennessee, as well as to the Chicago Hub.
**A. [New Facilities]{.underline}**
3. Midwestern proposes to construct and operate approximately 30.9
miles of 16-inch diameter pipeline commencing at Midwestern\'s
existing Compressor Station No. 2101 located near the City of
Portland in Sumner County, Tennessee (Portland
Compressor Station) and traversing southeasterly to two separate
proposed new interconnections with Columbia Gulf Transmission
Company (Columbia Gulf) and East Tennessee Natural Gas, LLC (East
Tennessee) located near the City of Hartsville in Trousdale County,
Tennessee. Midwestern also proposes to modify existing station
piping at the Portland Compressor Station to accommodate the tie-in
of the proposed facilities and enable bi-directional flow capability
at the compressor station. In addition, Midwestern proposes to
construct various pressure control valves and pipeline block valves,
as well as data acquisition control and meter enclosures to house
measurement and flow equipment at the two proposed pipeline
interconnections.
4. The proposed Eastern Extension Project is designed to receive and
transport up to 120,000 Dth of natural gas per day. Midwestern
estimates that the proposed project will cost approximately \$26.3
million to construct and install. Midwestern proposes to place the
facilities into service on November 1, 2006.
**B. [Market and Service]{.underline}**
5. Midwestern states that in response to market inquiries, it conducted
an open season from April 23 through May 28, 2004, to solicit
interest in extending its pipeline system. Midwestern solicited bids
for firm transportation under either of two route options, both
routes originating at the Portland Compressor Station. Route A
consisted of a 30-mile extension southeasterly to potential
interconnections in Trousdale County, Tennessee with Columbia Gulf,
East Tennessee, and Texas Eastern Transmission Company (Texas
Eastern). Route B consisted of a 40-mile extension in an easterly
direction to potential interconnects with Columbia Gulf and Texas
Eastern in Monroe County, Kentucky. Midwestern received a single bid
from Piedmont for the transportation of 120,000 Dth per day of
natural gas capacity on Route A with deliveries to Columbia Gulf and
East Tennessee. No bids were received for Route B or to the Texas
Eastern interconnect on Route A.
6. Based on the open season, Midwestern executed a precedent agreement
with Piedmont for 120,000 Dth per day, the full capacity of the
proposed 30-mile pipeline extension from the Portland Compressor
Station.[^1] The precedent agreement provides
for Midwestern and Piedmont to enter into a firm transportation
agreement under a proposed new incremental rate schedule, Rate
Schedule FT-B, for a term of fifteen years, subject to certain
conditions and the receipt of the necessary regulatory approvals,
and sets forth a fixed, incremental negotiated rate for the service
to Piedmont.
7. Specifically, Midwestern will deliver 100,000 Dth per day into the
Columbia Gulf pipeline system near Hartsville, Tennessee. Piedmont
plans to make this natural gas available to its subsidiary,
Nashville Gas Company (Nashville Gas), which serves residential,
commercial and industrial customers in Cheatham, Davidson, Dickson,
Robertson, Rutherford, Sumner, Trousdale, Williamson, and Wilson
Counties, Tennessee. The remaining 20,000 Dth per day will be
delivered into the East Tennessee pipeline system for ultimate
delivery to Piedmont\'s distribution systems in North and South
Carolina.
8. Midwestern states that the proposed Eastern Extension Project serves
Piedmont's needs by providing: (1) the infrastructure to transport
additional natural gas volumes necessary to meet growing natural gas
demand in the Nashville, Tennessee area and in North and South
Carolina; (2) increased supply diversity, supply reliability, and
price competition resulting from access to natural gas supplies
originating from the Chicago Hub, i.e., the Canadian, Rocky
Mountain, Mid-Continent, Permian and, in the future, Alaskan and
MacKenzie Delta natural gas supply regions; and (3) increased
reliability and flexibility in the natural gas transportation grid
resulting from an additional transportation alternative and new
interconnects between interstate pipeline systems.
**C. [Rates]{.underline}**
9. Midwestern states that firm transportation service for Piedmont on
the Eastern Extension Project will be provided under an incremental
negotiated rate under the proposed new firm transportation rate
schedule, Rate Schedule FT-B, which will become a part of
Midwestern\'s FERC Gas Tariff Third Revised Volume No. 1. According
to Midwestern, the executed precedent agreement between Midwestern
and Piedmont establishes a fixed negotiated rate of \$0.0804 per
Dth, which is subject to adjustment based upon the actual
construction costs.
10. Midwestern proposes a firm maximum monthly reservation recourse rate
for transportation service under Rate Schedule FT-B of \$3.2854 per
Dth, which equates to a daily reservation recourse rate of \$.1080
per Dth. Midwestern proposes a zero commodity rate under Rate
Schedule FT-B since it expects no variable costs attributable to the
new incremental service. Midwestern proposes to establish an
incremental rate for interruptible transportation service on the
Eastern Extension Project and proposes to provide service under the
terms and conditions of Midwestern's existing Rate Schedule IT.
Midwestern states that the recourse rate for interruptible
transportation service on the
Eastern Extension Project will be \$.1080 per Dth, based upon a 100
percent load factor derivative of the proposed Rate Schedule FT-B
recourse rate.
11. Further, Midwestern states that the FERC Annual Charge Adjustment
Surcharge (ACA Surcharge) set forth in Midwestern's FERC Gas Tariff
will apply to firm and interruptible deliveries on the Eastern
Extension Project under proposed Rate Schedule FT-B and existing
Rate Schedule IT, respectively. In addition, Midwestern proposes to
assess all firm and interruptible shippers transporting gas on the
proposed Eastern Extension Project the fuel retention and loss
quantity charge set forth on its summary of rates and charges,[^2]
since such service will require mainline compression to deliver the
gas to the downstream delivery points on the Eastern Extension
Project.
**II. [Notice, Interventions, and Protests]{.underline}**
12. Public notice of Midwestern's application was published in the
*Federal Register* on June 22, 2005 (70 Fed. Reg. 36134). Ten
parties filed timely, unopposed motions to intervene.[^3] Some of
the intervenors filed comments and/or protests to Midwestern's
application.[^4] Additionally, a number of landowners,
organizations, and public officials or entities filed comments
voicing strong opposition to the application.[^5] Midwestern filed
an answer to the comments and protests on July 20, 2005. Under Rule
213(a)(2) of the Commission's regulations, answers to protests are
not permitted unless otherwise ordered by the decisional
authority.[^6] We will accept Midwestern's answer because it has
provided us with information that has assisted us in our
decision-making process. Protests are addressed below. Comments are
addressed in the Environmental Assessment (EA) and below.
**III. [Discussion]{.underline}**
13. Since the proposed facilities will be used to transport natural gas
in interstate commerce, subject to the jurisdiction of the
Commission, the construction, acquisition, and operation of the
facilities are subject to the requirements of subsections (c)
and (e) of section 7 of the NGA.
**A. [Application of the Certificate Policy Statement]{.underline}**
14. The Commission's September 15, 1999 Certificate Policy Statement
provides guidance as to how it will evaluate proposals for
certificating new construction.[^7] The Certificate Policy Statement
established criteria for determining whether there is a need for a
proposed project and whether the proposed project will serve the
public interest. The Certificate Policy Statement explains that in
deciding whether to authorize the construction of major new pipeline
facilities, the Commission balances the public benefits against the
potential adverse consequences. Our goal is to give appropriate
consideration to the enhancement of competitive transportation
alternatives, the possibility of overbuilding, subsidization by
existing customers, the applicant's responsibility for unsubscribed
capacity, and the avoidance of the unnecessary exercise of eminent
domain or other disruptions of the environment.
15. Under this policy, the threshold requirement for pipelines proposing
new projects is that the pipeline must be prepared to financially
support the project without relying on subsidization from its
existing customers. The next step is to determine whether the
applicant has made efforts to eliminate or minimize any adverse
effects the project might have on the applicant's existing
customers, existing pipelines in the market and their captive
customers, or landowners and communities affected by the route of
the new pipeline. If residual adverse effects on these interest
groups are identified after efforts have been made to minimize them,
we will evaluate the project by balancing the evidence of public
benefits to be achieved against the residual adverse effects. This
is essentially an economic test. Only when the benefits outweigh the
adverse effects on economic interests will we proceed to complete
the environmental analysis where other interests are considered.
**1. [Subsidization and Impact on Existing Customers]{.underline}**
16. The proposed Eastern Extension Project is designed to provide
incremental service to Piedmont at incremental rates; therefore, the
Eastern Extension Project satisfies the threshold requirement since
it will not rely on financial subsidies from existing shippers. The
proposed negotiated rate between Midwestern and Piedmontwill allow
Midwestern to recover the costs associated with the Eastern
Extension Project. Additionally, projections submitted by Midwestern
for the first three years of service for the project show that the
estimated incremental revenues from the Eastern Extension Project
will exceed the incremental costs.[^8] Accordingly, Midwestern's
existing shippers will not assume any cost responsibility for the
proposed project. Neither will they suffer any degradation in
service as a result of the project.
**2. [Impact on Existing Pipelines and Their
Customers]{.underline}**
17. The proposed Eastern Extension Project will have no adverse impact
on existing pipelines or their captive customers. Since the service
for Piedmont represents a new market, service on other pipelines
will not be displaced. Columbia Gulf had contended that it had the
facilities and available capacity which could be used to transport
natural gas for Piedmont. However, as previously noted, Columbia
Gulf withdrew its comments based on its agreement with the finding
in the EA that the Columbia Gulf system does not have access to the
supply sources at the Chicago Hub and, therefore, cannot satisfy
Piedmont's specific requirements and criteria.[^9]
**3. [Impact on Landowners]{.underline}**
18. The Eastern Extension Project primarily will be located along new
pipeline rights-of-way, which will require that Midwestern negotiate
easements with the affected landowners. Over 99 percent of the
proposed route is located in open land, forest, or agricultural
areas and less than one percent is located in residential areas. As
of the time Midwestern filed its application, Midwestern had
acquired only 32 percent of the necessary rights-of-way by voluntary
agreement because of substantial landowner opposition. Only 59
percent of the landowners had granted Midwestern permission to
survey their land.[^10] Numerous individual landowners, as well as
Sumner Trousdale Opposing Pipeline (STOP), the City of Portland
(Portland), and the Sumner County Farm Bureau and the Tennessee Farm
Bureau Federation (jointly, Tennessee Farm Bureau) argue that they
will be adversely impacted by the Eastern Extension Project.
19. STOP, the Tennessee Farm Bureau, and many of the individual
landowners argue that they object to a large, private company using
eminent domain to take farmland and property for the purpose of
earning large corporate profits. For example, the Tennessee Farm
Bureau states that it objects to the use of eminent domain,
especially by a private entity, for the taking of prime agricultural
and forest lands when other alternatives may be available. Many
landowners indicate that their land affected by the pipeline is not
simply where they live, but that it is where they earn their
livelihood and that, in some cases, the land was purchased for
investment purposes. Other landowners state that they do not wish to
lose land that their families have owned for generations. STOP, the
Tennessee Farm Bureau, and other landowners also argue that the
existence of a pipeline will have a detrimental effect on the value
of the property directed impacted by, or near, the pipeline.
20. Before issuing a certificate of public convenience and necessity to
a natural gas company, the Commission must find, as required by NGA
section 7(c), that the project will benefit the public or be in the
public interest. Under NGA section 7(h), the certificate of public
convenience and necessity carries with it the right to obtain
rights-of-way through the use of eminent domain, if they cannot be
obtained through private negotiation.[^11]
21. Under the Certificate Policy Statement, the Commission will not
authorize the construction of a project, with the concomitant right
to obtain the necessary rights-of-way through either negotiation or
the eminent domain process, unless it first finds that the overall
public (not private) benefits of the project will outweigh the
potential adverse consequences.[^12] As we discuss in the next
section below, we find that the project provides numerous benefits
that accrue to local distribution companies, Piedmont and Nashville
Gas, to natural gas customers in the Nashville, Tennessee area and
in North and South Carolina, and to the national natural gas
transportation grid.
22. The Commission is satisfied that Midwestern has designed the
proposed route to minimize the impact on landowners. Prior to filing
the proposed pipeline route in its application, Midwestern evaluated
eight route alternatives.[^13] Midwestern chose the proposed route,
in part, because it had the least number of affected residences
compared to the other routes examined. In addition, the route
traverses farmland and agricultural land, rather than residential
areas. Midwestern also attempted to keep the route as short as
possible. Moreover, Midwestern indicates that it agreed to extensive
modifications to the proposed route to minimize impacts to
landowners in response to requests of approximately 23 landowners;
however, Midwestern notes that the adjustment of the pipeline route
resulted in an increase of 1.9 miles to the proposed pipeline
route.[^14]
23. The Tennessee Farm Bureau and landowners are concerned that the
pipeline will affect the future use of their land. The Tennessee
Farm Bureau asserts that the proposed pipeline will deprive farmers
of the economic use of their land and that the disturbance of the
land from the installation of the pipeline will decrease crop yields
for years and negatively impact agricultural production. It argues
that a permanent 50-foot wide right-of-way, plus an additional 25 to
50-foot workspace next to the permanent right-of-way during
construction, is a sizeable disruption of farmland. The Tennessee
Farm Bureau also raises many questions regarding the use of the
right-of-way easement by both the landowners and by the easement
holders. In addition, several other commenters raised similar
concerns and questions regarding future surface activities along the
right-of-way.
24. Midwestern has responded that a landowner may continue to use the
surface of the permanent 50-foot easement for normal tillage and
agricultural purposes, such as plowing, planting and combining. This
would include traversing the pipeline right-of-way with heavy
equipment, such as a bulldozer, and other implements necessary for
such activities. In addition to growing crops, a landowner would
continue to be able to pasture livestock on the easement. Midwestern
advises, though, that a landowner may not impound water, change the
ground elevation of the easement, or construct or permit to be
constructed any building, structure or other improvement upon the
easement that would interfere with its access to the easement and
the safe operation of the pipeline. Thus, to some extent, a
landowner will be restrained from altering the land of the easement
for farming or other activities. However, Midwestern has stated that
if landowners have specialized farming operations that regularly
impact the sub-soil horizons, they should so advise Midwestern so
that it can be considered in the negotiation of the easement.
25. The Tennessee Farm Bureau is concerned that Midwestern's mowing
activities in maintaining the right-of-way will affect farming
activities within the right-of-way. Midwestern states that according
to the Commission's Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation and
Maintenance Plan, vegetative maintenance is not normally required in
active agricultural or grazing areas, hence, there will be minimal
impact to farming activities within the right-of way.
26. The Tennessee Farm Bureau also inquires whether a nursery could be
located on the right-of-way. Midwestern responds that it has not
identified any nursery or tree farm operations that would be crossed
by the pipeline route. However, Midwestern states that it is
possible that easement terms might be negotiated with landowners to
allow limited nursery operations, except that trees or shrubs with
deep root systems could damage the pipeline and would, therefore, be
prohibited.
27. Additionally, Tennessee Farm Bureau states concern about the depth
of cover over the pipeline and the circumstances in which a
landowner must call before digging in the vicinity of the pipeline.
Midwestern states that as provided in Section 1.61 of Resource
Report No. 1, there will be at least four feet of soil over the
pipeline, except in bedrock areas, where there will be two feet of
cover. Midwestern adds that surface farming activities, such as
plowing, planting, and combining are excluded from the Tennessee
One-Call system. On the other hand, Midwestern, suggests that
landowners who anticipate farming operations involving sub-soil
activities raise this subject with Midwestern in easement
negotiations.
28. A few commenters stated that the route of the proposed pipeline
would cross or be near planned and/or potential future home sites.
As discussed in the EA, Midwestern has made several minor route
variations to accommodate such concerns and would continue to
carefully consider possible future private residential construction
plans as identified by property owners.[^15] Property owners can
request property-specific routing and mitigation, including
compensation for lost development potential, during the right-of-way
acquisition process.
29. The Commission notes that condemning private property is not in the
pipeline's best interest. Generally, the condemnation process is a
prolonged and expensive process that could delay construction of the
pipeline and add significant costs to the project. Therefore,
Midwestern has the incentive to negotiate agreements with landowners
to avoid the condemnation process. In negotiations for an easement
agreement, there is some flexibility to achieve minor shifts in
alignment to accommodate individual landowner needs on their
property. Such realignments typically do not require further
Commission approval.
**4. [Balancing of Public Benefits Against Adverse Effects of
Project]{.underline}**
30. The proposed Eastern Extension Project will provide growing markets
in the Nashville, Tennessee area and in the states of North and
South Carolina with additional access to new sources of supply, and
will assist in providing supply stability in the face of growing
demand for natural gas. As stated, the Eastern Extension Project
will allow Midwestern to deliver to Piedmont approximately 100,000
Dth per day of natural gas into the Columbia Gulf pipeline system
near Hartsville, Tennessee, which Piedmont plans to deliver to
Nashville Gas Company to meet the demand growth on the east side of
Nashville's distribution system. The remaining 20,000 Dth per day of
natural gas will be delivered into the East Tennessee system for
delivery to Piedmont\'s distribution systems located in North
Carolina and South Carolina.
31. The improved infrastructure associated with the project will provide
supply diversity, reliability, and price competition to a region
which, for years, has been largely dependent on natural gas supplies
from the Gulf Coast by providing access to a new source of supply.
Specifically, the Eastern Extension Project will transport through
the Chicago Hub natural gas originating from multiple supply sources
including Canada, the Rocky Mountains, the Permian Basin, the
Mid-Continent region and, potentially, from future Alaskan and
MacKenzie Delta sources, fostering new competitive alternatives
among supply sources and competitive transportation options for
shippers. To the extent any of the Eastern Extension Project
capacity is not being used by Piedmont, it can be used by existing
shippers on an interruptible or secondary firm basis.
32. Several commenters argue that the proposed project is not needed
because the projected demand for natural gas in Nashville, Tennessee
upon which Midwestern relies is overstated. STOP retained a
consultant that found, among other things, that: (1) the Energy
Information Administration's (EIA) forecast of natural gas demand
growth in metro Nashville is small -- only 25,000 Dth per day higher
by 2025; (2) the demand forecast linked to Nashville's growth rate,
while larger -- 36,000 Dth per day -- is still too small to drive
the 120,000 Dth per day; and (3) gas usage in the northeast
Nashville metro counties (Sumner, Trousdale, Wilson) is estimated to
grow by less than 9,000 Dth per day by 2025.[^16] The report
concludes that the proposed project is not needed to meet natural
gas demand growth in metro Nashville or the northeast counties.
33. One landowner, Nikki Wallace, further concludes that given that the
projected need for Sumner and Trousdale Counties and surrounding
areas will be only 36,000 Dth per day at the highest, 80 percent of
the gas Piedmont will be transporting through the proposed
facilities will be used to benefit North and South Carolina.[^17] In
light of the discrepancies between the amount of capacity for which
Piedmont has contracted and the demand growth projections of STOP's
consultant, other commenters specifically request that Midwestern or
Piedmont be required to produce validation of Piedmont's demand
growth data and proof of the demand increases claimed.[^18]
Tennessee Senator Diane Black asserts that an independent review is
required of the demand data supplied as evidence of the need for
this project.[^19]
34. Under the Certificate Policy Statement, contracts and precedent
agreements, while not required to demonstrate that a project is
required by the public convenience and necessity, are still
important evidence of demand for a project.[^20] Moreover, the
Commission does not look behind the contracts to determine whether
the customer commitments represent genuine growth in market
demand.[^21] Accordingly, we find that the Piedmont precedent
agreement for 100 percent of the proposed capacity sufficiently
demonstrates market demand and need for the project and that further
investigation to determine Piedmont's specific future requirements
is not warranted.
35. Second, the parties assert that the Eastern Extension Project is not
needed because existing pipelines can meet Piedmont's natural gas
needs. STOP, through its consultant, Mr. William W. Wade, argues
that the natural gas needed by Piedmont could be supplied either by
Columbia Gulf's existing system, or by backhaul arrangements using
the existing systems of Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company (Tennessee)
and/or East Tennessee.
36. While Piedmont may have other supply and transportation options for
serving its customers in Tennessee and the Carolina's,[^22] it has
made a business decision to purchase long-term transportation
service on Midwestern because it believes access to additional,
competitively priced supply sources will provide it with increased
supply reliability and increased transportation reliability and
flexibility, and because it values these benefits. In contracting
for the subject capacity, Piedmont seeks access to natural gas
supply sources connecting to the Chicago Hub not simply to have
enough transportation capacity or supply to meet its growth
projections, or merely to secure lower-priced gas supplies than it
already has available, but to add additional sources of natural gas
supply to increase supply reliability and an additional
transportation alternative to increase its reliability and
flexibility as a service provider. The alternatives using existing
systems do not provide access to natural gas from the Chicago Hub,
and therefore cannot provide Piedmont with the added supply
reliability and system flexibility that the Eastern Extension
Project will provide.
37. Finally, some of the affected landowners oppose the project because
they will not directly benefit from the project. However, under the
NGA, the Commission is charged with furthering the public interest
in authorizing the construction and operation of interstate natural
gas pipelines. This mission includes, among other things, the
assurance of adequate supplies of natural gas to consumers, and the
assurance of adequate competition among suppliers to cut costs and
improve market conditions for the benefits of consumers. We find
that the proposed Eastern Extension Project will foster competitive
alternatives among supply sources and service providers and enhance
reliability and flexibility in the national natural gas
transportation grid to the benefit of all natural gas consumers.
**5. [Certificate Policy Statement Conclusion]{.underline}**
38. As stated, Midwestern's project can proceed without subsidies and
will not adversely affect or degrade service to its existing
shippers. Further, the Commission finds that Midwestern's project
will provide benefits that outweigh any adverse impacts arising from
the lack of negotiated easements. Notably, the Midwestern's project
will fill an immediate market need as evidenced by the long-term
precedent agreements for 100 percent of its design capacity.
39. Moreover, the Midwestern's project will increase the reliability and
flexibility of the interstate pipeline grid by offering more direct
access to existing and new gas supply sources and increased
availability of gas from the Chicago Hub. This should also result in
more price competition, potentially lowering natural gas prices, as
well. Therefore, consistent with the Policy Statement and NGA
section 7, we find approval of Midwestern's proposal to be in the
public convenience and necessity. We will require Midwestern to
execute a contract for the level of service and for the terms of
service represented in Piedmont's precedent agreement prior to
commencing construction.
**B. [Rate, Contract, and Tariff Issues]{.underline}**
40. Midwestern requests authority to implement: (1) a new Rate Schedule
FT-B for firm transportation service on the proposed Eastern
Extension Project, and the related pro forma service agreement; (2)
incremental firm and interruptible recourse rates; and (3) various
tariff revisions to accommodate the new Rate Schedule FT-B service.
Midwestern also requests Commission acceptance of Piedmont's Rate
Schedule FT-B Precedent Agreement which contains non-conforming
creditworthiness provisions. We find that Midwestern's pro forma
tariff sheets containing the new Rate Schedule FT-B service and
recourse rates are reasonable subject to the conditions discussed
below. We also approve the non-conforming provisions contained in
the Piedmont Rate Schedule FT-B Agreement.
**1. [Incremental Recourse Rates ]{.underline}**
41. Midwestern proposes new incremental firm and interruptible recourse
rates based on the cost-of-service for the new Eastern Extension.
For firm incremental service under new Rate Schedule FT-B,
Midwestern proposes a recourse rate that is a \$3.2854 per Dth
monthly reservation charge. Midwestern proposes a zero commodity
rate, since it expects no variable costs attributable to the new
incremental service. Midwestern also proposes to establish an
incremental rate for interruptible transportation service under the
terms and conditions of its existing Rate Schedule IT. Midwestern
proposes a \$0.1080 per Dth recourse rate based on a 100 percent
load factor derivative of the proposed \$3.2854 monthly reservation
rate.[^23]
42. Midwestern calculates the proposed incremental rates based on a
\$4,730,000 cost-of-service and annual design volumes of 43,800,000
Dth (or 120,000 Dth per day). The components underlying Midwestern's
proposed incremental recourse rates include: (1) \$26,272,000 in
plant costs; (2) a 5 percent depreciation rate; and (3) a 9.38
percent overall rate of return.
43. In addition, Midwestern will assess the fuel retention and loss
quantity charge currently set forth on Seventh Revised Sheet No. 5
for service on the Eastern Extension Project because it asserts that
such service will require mainline compression to deliver the gas to
the Eastern Extension. The currently effective in-kind fuel
reimbursement is 1.00 percent of all transported volumes. Further,
the ACA Surcharge, discussed below, will apply to all deliveries on
the Eastern Expansion Projects' facilities.
44. Midwestern indicates that the other transportation rates under Rate
Schedules FT-A, FT-GS, and IT will be additive to the proposed
incremental rates for service on its new Eastern Extension Project
for transactions involving the transportation of gas across
Midwestern's existing certificated mainline system and the proposed
Eastern Extension Project.
45. The Commission has reviewed the proposed cost of service and
proposed initial recourse rates for the Eastern Extension Project
and finds them reasonable. We direct Midwestern to maintain records
that separately identify the costs associated with the Eastern
Extension to comply with the requirements under section 154.309 of
the Commission's regulations.[^24] Further, if Midwestern implements
any other rate or tariff changes not specifically authorized by this
order or a subsequent order prior to placing the Eastern Extension
facilities into service, Midwestern must file an amendment to its
application under NGA section 7(c). In that filing, Midwestern must
provide cost data and required exhibits supporting any revised
rates. After placing the Eastern Extension facilities in service,
Midwestern must submit an NGA section 4 filing to change its
recourse rates to reflect any revised construction or operating
costs.
> **2. [Precedent Agreement, Negotiated Rates and Non-Conforming Service
> Agreement]{.underline}**
46. As discussed above, Midwestern executed a precedent agreement with
Piedmont, the initial shipper, for the full capacity of the Eastern
Extension Project. The precedent agreement reflects a negotiated
rate of \$.0804/Dth, which is fixed for the term of the agreement.
Piedmont elected to pay a \$0.0804/Dth fixed negotiated rate under
proposed
Rate Schedule FT-B[^25] subject to adjustment based upon the actual
costs associated with constructing the project. Under the Precedent
Agreement, if the actual cost of the Eastern Extension Project
exceeds the estimated project cost, then Midwestern will increase
Piedmont's negotiated rate to recover an amount equal to 50 percent
of the difference between the actual cost and the estimated cost
reflected in the levelized rate calculation under the precedent
agreement. Conversely, if the estimated cost of the Eastern
Extension Project exceeds the actual project cost, then Midwestern
will reduce Piedmont's rate to reflect an amount equal to 50 percent
of the difference between the estimated cost and the lower actual
cost.
47. The Precedent Agreement includes an Exhibit A, the Firm
Transportation Service Agreement that Midwestern states Piedmont
will execute (Piedmont FT-B Agreement) prior to Midwestern's
acceptance of the certificate in this proceeding. The Precedent
Agreement provides for Midwestern and Piedmont to enter into a firm
transportation agreement for a term of fifteen years commencing on
the in-service date of the Eastern Extension Project, conditioned on
the receipt of certain conditions precedent, including the receipt
of necessary regulatory approvals. Midwestern also states that the
Piedmont FT-B Agreement contains non-conforming language in Article
16 relating to creditworthiness requirements and financial
assurances. Midwestern states these provisions are required of
Piedmont to enable Midwestern to recover the cost of the Eastern
Extension Project if Piedmont's Rate Schedule FT-B Agreement
terminates due to non-payment or Piedmont fails to maintain
creditworthiness. Article 16 provides, among other things, that the
parties have agreed that the amount of damages caused to Midwestern
in the event of a default would be no less than shipper's
proportionate share of the cost of constructing the facilities
subject to certain mitigation.
48. Midwestern states it will file, not less than 30 days prior to
commencement of service: (1) an executed copy of the Piedmont FT-B
Agreement; (2) a revised tariff sheet that identifies the Piedmont
FT-B Agreement as a non-conforming agreement, and (3) a revised
Statement of Negotiated Rates tariff sheet providing specifics of
the negotiated
rate in the Piedmont FT-B Agreement[^26] (as well as in the Piedmont
FT-A Agreement) including the name of the shipper, contract number,
contract quantity, demand rate, commodity rate, primary receipt
point, and primary delivery point. Midwestern also proposes to
maintain separate and identifiable accounts for any quantities
transported, the billing determinants, rate components, and
surcharges related to its negotiated rate agreements, in sufficient
detail such that negotiated rate revenues can be separately
identified in any future NGA section 4 rate case. In addition,
Midwestern requests that the Commission accept the Piedmont FT-B
Agreement which contains the non-conforming language and negotiated
rate information.
49. We find that Midwestern's proposal generally satisfies the
guidelines for the filing and accounting requirements mandated in
the Commission\'s Alternative Rate Policy Statement[^27]and section
154.112(b) of the Commission's regulations regarding non-conforming
service agreements. However, Midwestern's tariff filing must also
state for each shipper, the applicable rate schedule for the
service, the contract term beginning and ending dates, and a
statement affirming that the service agreement does not deviate in
any significant aspect from the related pro forma service
agreement.[^28] In addition, Midwestern must disclose any other
agreement, understanding, negotiation, or consideration associated
with the negotiated agreements.
50. We will also approve the non-conforming provisions contained in the
Piedmont FT-B Agreement which will provide Midwestern with the
ability to recover the cost of constructing the facilities if
Piedmont defaults. The Commission has previously recognized that for
new construction projects, pipelines need sufficient financial
assurances from initial shippers to ensure, prior to the investment
of significant resources in the project, that it can protect the
financial commitment to the project.[^29] We have accepted
deviations from the pipeline's form of service agreement that
reflect the unique circumstance involved with the construction of
new infrastructure and provide the needed security to ensure that
project is built.[^30] The Commission has also found that it should
determine issues related to financial assurances for construction
projects at the certificate stage, and that such issues should not
ordinarily be addressed in the pipeline's tariff.[^31] We find that
our approval of the proposed non-conforming provisions in the
Piedmont FT-B Agreement here is consistent with these policies.
However, Midwestern must still file, at least 30 days before the
in-service date of the proposed facilities, an executed copy of the
Piedmont Rate Schedule FT-B agreement and a revised tariff sheet to
identify the Piedmont Rate Schedule FT-B Agreement as a
non-conforming agreement, as it has agreed to do.
**4. [Pro Forma Tariff Changes]{.underline}**
51. Midwestern proposes pro forma tariff provisions primarily to include
the new Rate Schedule FT-B for firm service on the Eastern
Extension, a related FT-B pro forma service agreement, and numerous
edits to its remaining transportation rate schedules and the General
Terms and Conditions (GT&C) to accommodate the new FT-B service. The
pro forma Rate Schedule FT-B and related form of service agreement
track the provisions under Midwestern's Rate Schedule FT-A for firm
service on its existing system. The remaining pro forma tariff
sheets reflect changes to various other rate schedules and GT&C to
accommodate the new FT-B service. Such changes affect Rate Schedules
IT and LMS-MA (for balancing service), service requests, credit
evaluation, contract execution, gas quality monitoring, scheduling,
point rights, segmentation rights, capacity releases, and nomination
procedures.
52. We find that Midwestern's pro forma tariff changes generally comply
with Part 284 of the Commission\'s regulations and current
Commission policy, with two exceptions. First, Midwestern must
revise the preliminary statement of its tariff to include the
Eastern Extension Project.[^32] Second, Pro Forma Sheet No. 5
reflects a \$0.0019 per Dth FERC Annual Charge Adjustment (ACA).
Since filing its application, the Commission approved Midwestern's
filing in Docket No. RP05-562-000 to decrease its ACA from \$0.0019
to \$0.0018 per Dth for the current fiscal year beginning October
1, 2005. Accordingly, Midwestern must reflect this decrease when it
files its actual tariff sheets. In addition, Midwestern must make a
corresponding change to footnote No. 5 of Pro Forma Sheet No. 5
stating the maximum volumetric firm rate for capacity release, which
includes the ACA charge. Midwestern must make these changes when it
files its actual tariff sheets at least 30 days, but no more than 60
days, prior to commencing service on its new Eastern Extension.
**C. [Environmental Analysis ]{.underline}**
53. Midwestern used the Commission's National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969 (NEPA) Pre-Filing Process for its expansion project.[^33]
The purpose of using the Pre-Filing Process is to involve interested
stakeholders early in the project planning and to identify and
resolve issues prior to filing the certificate application. This
allowed more than seven months of stakeholder input prior to
Midwestern's filing its application on June 6, 2005.
54. On January 21, 2005, the Commission issued its Notice of Intent to
Prepare an Environmental Assessment for the Proposed MGT Eastern
Extension Project, Request for Comments on Environmental Issues, and
Notice of Public Scoping Meeting (NOI). In addition, Commission
staff held a public scoping meeting and a public site visit for the
project, on February 24, 2005 and April 26, 2005, respectively.
55. Approximately 60 comments were received during the scoping period,
including comments made at the public scoping meeting and the filed
written comments. The complete record of the pre-filing Docket No.
PF05-2-000 has been received into and integrated with the record of
this docket. An additional 31 comments were received in Docket No.
CP05-372-000 from property owners and STOP.
56. On October 20, 2005, the Commission issued the EA for Midwestern's
proposed project, with comments due on November 21, 2005. The EA
addressed geology and soils, water resources, wetlands, vegetation
and wildlife, threatened and endangered species, land use, cultural
resources, socioeconomics, air quality and noise, safety and
reliability, and alternatives. The EA also addressed all substantive
comments received in
response to the NOI and the comments related to the environmental
aspect of the proposed project filed in Docket No. CP05-372-000.
57. Comments to the EA were filed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(FWS), the Tennessee Historical Commission (Tennessee SHPO), the
Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (WRA), Portland, STOP, eleven
affected property owners, Barry Sulkin, and Gregory Buppert.[^34]
Based on the discussion in the EA, the Commission concludes that if
constructed in accordance with Midwestern\'s application and
supplements, and in accordance with the mitigation measures listed
in Appendix B, approval of the proposed project would not constitute
a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the
human environment.
**1. [Environmental Impact Statement ]{.underline}**
58. Several commenters contend that the proposed project is a major
federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human
environment and requires a comprehensive environmental impact
statement (EIS). Mr. Sulkin asserts that from his work with the
local residents it is clear that the proposed project is highly
controversial, far from insignificant, and requires the more
in-depth EIS as required by NEPA. Mr. Buppert argues, in addition to
the highly controversial nature of this project, an EIS is needed to
address the unique characteristics of the karstic[^35] nature of the
area in which the proposed pipeline is located.
59. An EA is a concise public document for which a federal agency is
responsible that serves to provide sufficient evidence and analysis
for determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement
or a finding of no significant impact.[^36] As stated, the EA
addressed geology and soils, water resources, wetlands, vegetation
and wildlife, threatened and endangered species, land use, cultural
resources, socioeconomics, air quality and noise, safety and
reliability, and alternatives. The EA also specifically addressed
numerous issues related to potential for karst development,
including issues related to potential impacts from blasting,
sinkholes, caves, and springs, which are also addressed below.
60. While the existence of a public controversy over the effect of an
agency action is one factor in determining whether the agency should
prepare an EIS,[^37] a federal action "is controversial if a
substantial dispute exists as to \[its\] size, nature or effect. The
existence of opposition to a use, however, does not render an action
controversial."[^38] A substantial portion of the objections raised
are to the project itself, and not the environmental impacts. As
discussed in the EA and below, the Commission has determined that
the impacts associated with this project can be sufficiently
mitigated to support a finding of no significant impact.
**2. [Incomplete Environmental Review]{.underline}**
61. In opposing the proposed project, many property owners have been
unwilling to provide Midwestern with information regarding their
properties or have limited or denied Midwestern access to their
properties. The EA noted that "due to the lack of access to parcels
along the pipeline route, \[Midwestern\] has not completed the civil
and environmental surveys of the entire route."[^39] As a result,
several commenters question how the Commission could issue an EA
when Midwestern has only had access to survey approximately half of
the pipeline right-of-way.
62. Landowners cannot deny access to their property and then use this as
a basis for claiming that the Commission's NEPA analysis is
insufficient because all studies have not been completed. The EA
analyzes the impact the proposed project will have on the
environment and develops mitigation measures to address areas of
concern, such as, among other things, the impact construction and
blasting will have on the karst terrain. However, where access to
property has been denied, the EA is not the end of the analysis of
the proposed project. In such circumstances, as in this case, the
Commission will require additional field investigations, surveys,
studies, and plans. For example, Environmental Condition 12 of this
order requires that Midwestern complete karst field surveys on all
parcels crossed by the project that were previously inaccessible,
while Environmental Condition 16 requires Midwestern to conduct
surveys for federally listed species along those segments of the
route that were previously inaccessible. In addition,
Midwestern has stated that it will complete all civil and
environmental surveys, including its karst field survey, prior to
construction.[^40]
63. Once Midwestern completes all the necessary studies, the Commission
reviews this information before issuing authorization to commence
construction. If any of the final surveys raise issues that warrant
additional environmental review, the Commission's staff will conduct
that review before Midwestern is granted clearance to commence
construction. Further, these post-certificate activities typically
result in additional site-specific mitigation measures to further
reduce the impact of the proposed project.
**3. [Karst Terrain]{.underline}**
64. The proposed route passes over terrain underlain, in part, by
carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite). Carbonate rocks are the
basis for karst terrain which is characterized by sinkholes, caves,
and conduit-flow springs.[^41] The EA discusses the karst terrain
and its potential impact on the proposed project.[^42] Karst
development can potentially impact local wells and springs along the
proposed pipeline route. The EA also analyzes the impact
construction of the proposed pipeline on local wells and
springs.[^43]
65. Mr. Buppert contends the unique characteristics of the karst
landscape create unknown risks that require that the Commission
prepare an EIS for the proposed project. Other commenters contend
that the EA does not adequately identify and address all potential
caves and other issues related to the karst landscape because all
the land was not surveyed. Mr. Sulkin contends that the EA is
incomplete because there is little mention of the documentation and
maps that he has provided with the location of wells and springs on
individual properties. He argues that the potential impacts to
individual wells and springs has been dismissed as a minor issue not
worthy of an EIS, based on incomplete inventory and a provision that
Midwestern will conduct pre- and post- construction well monitoring.
He states that an EIS is needed to fully evaluate all area well and
spring locations to more accurately assess potential impacts and
alternative routing needs. The City of Portland is concerned that
the pipeline may impact the city's water supply. STOP and several
landowners raise similar issues.
66. Midwestern engaged P.E. LaMoreaux & Associates Inc. (PELA) to
investigate and assess the karstic nature of the pipeline route and
to propose appropriate Best Management Practices (BMP's) for
construction to minimize environmental impacts.[^44] The study
reviewed the relevant features identified on topographic and
geologic quadrangle maps located within a twomilewide corridor
centered on the pipeline.[^45] PELA then conducted a review of The
Tennessee Cave Survey files for known caves in the area, their size,
and areal extent. No caves were previously recorded along the
proposed pipeline corridor. PELA also conducted a reconnaissance of
the proposed route by helicopter, road, and on foot where access to
property was available. Although scoping comments identified that
certain properties contain caves, survey permission has not been
granted to those properties and these caves were not evaluated on
the ground. To evaluate the potential impacts the proposed project
would have on wells and springs, PELA obtained well data from the
Tennessee DEC Water Quality Division for a four mile wide corridor.
67. PELA developed a karst hazard assessment which evaluated all of the
components of the investigation. The sensitivity of any local
aquifers to groundwater impacts due to their karstic characteristics
was divided into three levels: high, moderate, and low depending on
the degree of karst development and the potential for project impact
on the karst and the groundwater in a given area. The PELA study of
the proposed route indicated that about 21.8 miles (70.6 percent) of
the corridor has no or few karstic features. These sections have
been determined to have low sensitivity to karst and groundwater
problems, and construction impacts would be unlikely. The remaining
9.1 miles (29.4 percent) were classified as moderately sensitive to
construction impacts. There were no areas along the proposed
pipeline route that PELA determined to have a high potential for
impact.
68. Based on the available information, the report concludes, on a
segment-by-segment analysis of the pipeline route, that none of the
segments were judged to have a high susceptibility to impact.
However, as noted, due to current landowner restriction, PELA
personnel could not view portions of the route from the ground, and
arrived at its conclusion based on an aerial assessment of those
areas.
69. Based on the completed surveys, the analysis in the EA, and the
recommended Karst BMP's related to pipeline construction,[^46] we
conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support a finding that
the proposed project will have no significant impact on the
environment. However, Midwestern's certificate authorization
requires that Midwestern complete the karst field surveys on all
lands that were previously inaccessible and file the results of the
surveys for approval prior to construction.[^47]
70. If a landowner or Mr. Sulkin has specific information concerning
individual properties that should be considered during these
surveys, they should make that information available to Midwestern.
If the Commission determines that further environmental review is
warranted as a result of the additional surveys, it will conduct
that review prior to authorizing construction of the proposed
pipeline. Midwestern is also required to have a qualified geologist
on call during construction to plan and review construction methods
and to provide technical support to mitigate or to avoid any
potential sinkhole locations and karst-related issues that may arise
during construction.
71. In response to Portland's concerns about the potential impact the
proposed project would have on its water treatment plant, Midwestern
states that it will coordinate with the Tennessee Division of Water
Supply's Field Office Manager and Portland during its planning and
construction to ensure that drinking water is not affected during
construction of the pipeline. Accordingly, we will require
Midwestern to consult with Portland and its consultants to develop a
site-specific construction plan for project activity near Portland's
water treatment facilities for review before it commences
construction.[^48]
**4. [Blasting]{.underline}**
72. The EA states that blasting may be necessary in the areas of shallow
bedrock along the proposed pipeline route.[^49] Due to lack of
access to many properties along the pipeline route, Midwestern used
the National Cooperative Soil Survey to estimate the locations where
blasting may be necessary. If bedrock is encountered, Midwestern
would determine the technique for removal depending on the strength
and hardness of the rock. Attempts would be made to use mechanical
rippers or other mechanical means to remove bedrock encountered in
the trench. If blasting is required, Midwestern would conduct it in
accordance with established guidelines designed to control energy
propagation and to protect persons and property in the area. The EA
also determines that with the use of appropriate blasting
techniques, rock fracturing should only occur on the right-of-way,
and, therefore, it is unlikely that groundwater systems located
outside the construction right-of-way would be adversely
affected.[^50]
73. Many commenters are concerned with the potential impacts of blasting
in the vicinity of wells and springs and would prefer that a
technique such as a rock trencher be used. They also inquire about
the specialized construction techniques that would be implemented to
minimize impacts on groundwater resources in areas where blasting
may be required. Veit Spero notes that the EA recommends that
groundwater resources be monitored within 150 feet of the proposed
pipeline during construction, but believes that monitoring should be
expanded to at least 0.5 mile. Mr. Sulkin is concerned that stream
flow will be lost due to blasting. Other commenters request that the
Commission explain what would happen if monitoring determines that
the blasting has impacted the water supply.
74. As stated, Midwestern will primarily use mechanical rippers or other
mechanical means to remove bedrock encountered in the trench.
However, if blasting is necessary, it may increase the fracturing
within bedrock in the vicinity of the trench but would not be
expected to alter the general fracture patterns or extent of
fracturing within the aquifer system.[^51] Moreover, because the
trench excavation would be relatively shallow and Midwestern would
use low-velocity charges, the properly placed and sized charges
would not be expected to create disturbances beyond about 10 feet
laterally from or several feet below the blast site.[^52]
75. The use of proposed mitigation measures, including the use of
minimum or delayed charges, blasting mats, and other mitigation
techniques to prevent rock fragments from damaging surface areas or
blocking streams, would minimize the overall impact of blasting on
wells and springs and would be temporary and minor. Environmental
Condition 15 requires that Midwestern prepare construction and
mitigation plans that would identify the streambed rock type, state
whether or not blasting would be required, and describe the measures
Midwestern would implement to ensure its construction does not cause
a loss of stream hydrology. The Commission will review Midwestern's
plan prior to granting permission to construct the facilities. If
further surveys and studies warrant further environmental analysis,
the Commission will also conduct that analysis prior to granting
permission to construct the facilities.
76. To further reduce impacts, Environmental Conditions 13 and 14
require that Midwestern conduct pre- and post-construction
monitoring of yield and water quality for wells and springs within
150 feet of the construction work areas, and to file a report
discussing whether any complaints were received regarding yield or
water quality. If post-construction monitoring determines that
construction has impacted yield and water quality of the wells and
springs, Midwestern will be required to mitigate the impact.
77. Finally, based on studies that indicate that specific blasting
techniques can control fracturing in rock, such that significant
impacts to not occur beyond 10 to 20 feet from the blast site, and
previous experience on previous pipeline projects in similar
geographic areas[^53], the Commission believes monitoring within 150
feet of the construction work areas is sufficient.
**5. [Streams and Wetlands]{.underline}**
78. The EA states that Midwestern's project would cross 94 surface
waterbodies, which are identified as perennial, intermittent, and as
wet weather conveyances based on U.S. Geological Survey (USGA)
mapping.[^54] Wetland areas were determined by field delineation
surveys using the United States Army Crops of Engineers' (COE) 1987
Wetland Delineation Manual and through review of National Inventory
Maps for restricted access areas. Midwestern's proposed action
includes use of the Commission's "Wetland and Waterbody Construction
and Mitigation Procedures" (Procedures) to ensure adequate
protection of the resources during and after construction.
79. STOP indicates that wetland mapping used in the EA may be decades
old, and that up-to-date information must be used in making such an
important decision as allowing Midwestern to proceed with the
project. Tennessee WRA states that the COE and the Tennessee
Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) should be consulted
for wetland determinations when access is obtained in the
non-surveyed areas since they have the legal authority to make these
delineations. Also, the Tennessee WRA states that there is no
mention of compensatory mitigation for wetland impacts as required
by the State of Tennessee. Tennessee WRA also requests a 50-foot
vegetated buffer on the right-of-way easement at all stream
crossings instead of the minimum 25-foot vegetated buffer required
by the Commission.
80. Mr. Sulkin questions the list of required permits in the EA.
Specifically, he states that the Tennessee DEC would issue the
permit for the Clean Water Act and if construction is permitted, the
storm water permit should be issued as an individual permit with
site-specific requirements, rather than the weak general permit
usually allowed. Mr. Sulkin also states Tennessee has chosen to
ignore the preventive aspects of section 303(d) of the Clean Water
Act that requires individual states to develop a list of surface
waters that do not meet state water quality standards or do not
support their designated uses. He contends that the Commission
should assure that all waters correctly covered by the provisions of
303(d) are given protection and prevented from becoming degraded.
81. Prior to construction, Midwestern will conduct field delineations of
all streams and wetlands along the pipeline route in consultation
and accordance with the Tennessee DEC and COE requirements. It also
needs to comply with and secure all the necessary permits from those
agencies, including Clean Water Act compliance and permits. Both the
Tennessee DEC and the COE, through their respective permitting
authorities, can require more stringent mitigation measures, or
compensatory mitigation, as necessary. While final engineering and
alignment survey will more accurately delineate the boundaries of
each waterbody and wetland that is crossed, they will not change the
project-related aspects of the project described in the EA.
82. While Midwestern is required to comply with state and local
permitting, we note, however, any state or local permits issued with
respect to the jurisdictional facilities authorized herein must be
consistent with the conditions of this certificate. The Commission
encourages cooperation between interstate pipelines and local
authorities. However, this does not mean that state and local
agencies, through application of state or local laws, may prohibit
or unreasonably delay the construction or operation of facilities
approved by this Commission.[^55] Moreover, issues concerning state
and local permits are outside of the Commission jurisdiction. Mr.
Sulkin should raise his concern about the storm water permit with
the Tennessee DEC.
**6. [Alternatives]{.underline}**
83. The EA evaluated three system alternatives and seven major route
alternatives.[^56] The system alternatives included capacity on
Columbia Gulf and backhaul arrangements on Tennessee Gas and East
Tennessee. The major route alternatives included three alternate
routes analyzed to specifically address public comments. The EA
concluded that Piedmont's specific project objectives could not
reasonably be attained by use of existing pipeline facilities and
that none of the major route alternatives had a significant
environmental advantage over the proposed project.
84. Mr. Buppert contends that the EA's alternatives analysis was cursory
and inadequate to carefully evaluate the costs and benefits of other
pipeline alternatives. Specifically, Mr. Buppert states that the
Commission did not explore complex technical questions regarding
existing pipeline capacity and improperly relied on the stated
objective of Piedmont to increase the reliability and flexibility in
the pipeline grid. The EA's criteria for evaluating alternatives
were: (1) technical and economic feasibility and practicality; (2)
significant environmental advantage over the proposed project;
and (3) achievement of the project objectives of providing a
capacity of 120,000 Dth per day for Piedmont to meet its growth
projections and providing access to gas sourced from the Chicago
Hub.
85. The EA concluded that the specific objectives of Midwestern\'s
proposed project to provide service for Piedmont cannot reasonably
be attained by use of existing pipeline facilities.[^57] When
Piedmont and Midwestern were in negotiations, transportation on
Columbia Gulf was not an option because it did not have the capacity
available to transport the additional volumes of gas for Piedmont.
Nor does the Columbia Gulf system have access to the Chicago Hub and
the supply sources there.[^58] The other system alternatives would
require expansion of either East Tennessee\'s or Tennessee Gas\'
system to accommodate the incremental volumes required by
Piedmont.[^59] In view of these considerations, there was no basis
to support a finding that any of the three system alternatives were
technically or economically feasible and practical. Therefore, we do
not agree with Mr. Buppert that the EA's alternatives analysis was
inadequate. Further, the EA explained that, even assuming that
expansion of either the East Tennessee or Tennessee Gas system would
be feasible, expansion of those systems would not secure the benefit
of an increase in reliability and flexibility in the natural gas
transportation grid resulting from an additional transportation
alternative and associated interconnects, a key Piedmont
objective.[^60] The EA further explained that the Tennessee Gas
alternative also would not meet the objective for the incremental
volumes of natural gas to reach Piedmont\'s distribution systems in
North and South Carolina.[^61] While Mr. Buppert asserts that the EA
improperly relied on Midwestern\'s and Piedmont\'s objectives, the
courts have upheld federal agencies\' use of applicants\' identified
objectives as the basis for evaluating alternatives.[^62]
86. The EA also concluded that Midwestern\'s proposed route was
environmentally preferable to five of the seven route alternatives
that were studied.[^63] In addition, the EA found that two other
alternative routes which would require use of Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) powerline easements had no apparent environmental
advantage over Midwestern\'s proposed route.[^64] Mr. Spero states
that the Commission should reevaluate these alternative routes and
work with the TVA and use the existing unused TVA right-of-way
easement that crosses Sumner County. As discussed in the EA, the
alternatives using the existing TVA rights-of-way will generally be
longer and result in more environmental impacts than the proposed
project.[^65] More importantly, the TVA advised Midwestern it would
be acquiring its easements subject to the existing rights of the TVA
and that Midwestern would have no permanent right to a location on
the powerline easement. That is, if the TVA determined that the
pipeline interfered in any way with its existing or future
facilities, Midwestern would be required to relocate the pipeline on
the TVA powerline easement or move all or part of the pipeline off
the TVA easement, resulting in future disruption and impact to
landowners. Thus, a reevaluation of these alternatives is not
warranted.
**7. [Soil, Restoration, and Maintenance Issues]{.underline}**
87. Pipeline construction could affect soils within the proposed
construction right-of-way in several ways, including erosion,
compaction, loss of productivity, establishment of noxious weeds,
and contamination of leaking equipment. The EA discusses each of
these issues and determines that for the most part, these impacts
are short-term and are limited primarily to the construction phase
of the project.[^66]
88. Several commenters reiterate concerns about the impact of the
pipeline's construction affecting soils, including erosion,
compaction, loss of productivity, establishment of noxious weeds,
contamination from leaking equipment, and restoration. Commenters
express concern that the pipeline would destroy farmland or prevent
continued farming of the land. Mr. Spero asks that Commission
require Midwestern to mow the right-of-way three times per year in
agricultural areas to control the proliferation of weeds and to
consult with the landowner for the appropriate seed mixes and soils
to restore disturbed areas.
89. Midwestern will restore and revegetate all disturbed areas by
following the Commission's Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation, and
Maintenance Plan. As more fully discussed in the EA,[^67] Midwestern
will segregate top soil and restore it following construction to
minimize impacts to agricultural land and/or prime farmland soils.
Cultivated fields and pastures would be allowed to continue over the
permanent right-of-way. This will minimize impact on soils to the
maximum extent possible.
90. After construction, no restrictions would be placed on the temporary
right-of-way or extra workspaces. Property owners will be able to
access the property and cross over the pipeline at any location
along their property. Operation of heavy farm equipment over the
pipeline for the purpose of normal cultivation could continue.
During easement negotiations, property owners can request that
specific mitigation and restoration measures be implemented based on
their particular concerns for their properties.
91. Pipeline rights-of-way in croplands that are actively cultivated are
not routinely maintained and mowed by the pipeline. However,
Midwestern would be responsible for monitoring the revegetation
success in agricultural areas, including crop yields.[^68]
Revegetation is considered successful if crop yields are similar to
adjacent undisturbed portions of the field. If property owners have
concerns with the proliferation of weeds, Midwestern will monitor
these areas and mitigate as necessary.
**8. [Endangered Species]{.underline}**
92. The FWS, Tennessee Field Office states that "upon review of the
\[EA\] submitted on October 25, 2005, we concur that the proposed
Eastern Extension Project is not likely to adversely affect the
leafy prairie clover, provided that the project is implanted in
accordance with the protective measures contained in the
assessment." In addition, the FWS recommends that Midwestern provide
copies of all surveys conducted for the leafy prairie clover, a
federally-listed species, to the Tennessee Field Office for its
review when access is granted to Midwestern.
93. As stated, *supra*, Environmental Condition 16 of this order
requires Midwestern to complete its surveys for federally listed
species on properties that were previously inaccessible. Midwestern
must coordinate with the FWS biologists to ensure that the survey
methodology and timings are adequate, and submit the survey results
to the appropriate FWS office. Midwestern would not be allowed to
begin construction of the project until: (1) comments from the FWS
are filed regarding the proposed action; (2) the Commission staff
completes any required informal or formal consultation with the FWS;
and (3) Midwestern has received written notification from the
Director of the Office of Energy Projects that construction may
proceed.
**9. [Timber/Brush Disposal]{.underline}**
94. The EA states that timber cut from the right-of-way would be
disposed of by: (a) stacking along the edge of the right-of-way with
landowner approval; (b) chipping slash or brush and leaving the
chips on the right-of-way; (c) burying, except in wetlands or
agricultural areas; (d) burning, unless specifically prohibited in
the area; and/or (e) offsite disposal in an approved area. Several
commenters raised concern about burning brush and timber disposal.
Midwestern is required to follow all local ordinances in disposing
of brush and timber. If particular landowneshave a preference
regarding how the brush and timber on their property is disposed of,
they should request that method during easement negotiations.
**10. [Environmental Inspectors]{.underline}**
95. Environmental Condition 7 requires that Midwestern employ at lease
one environmental inspector per construction spread. Ronnie Briley
requests information concerning who employs the environmental
inspector. The Commission requires that Midwestern hire full-time
environmental inspectors to monitor construction and to ensure
compliance with all mitigation measures. The environmental
inspectors are responsible for independently evaluating the
construction contractor's implementation of the environmental
mitigation measures.
96. Environmental inspectors have the authority to stop activities that
violate the environmental conditions of a certificate, state and
federal permit conditions, or landowner requirements. The inspectors
identify, document and oversee corrective actions, as necessary to
bring an activity back into compliance. Commission staff also
conducts periodic field inspections during construction and
restoration of the pipeline right-of-way to ensure compliance with
the Commission's order. Midwestern will be held accountable for any
violations.
**11. [Right-of-Way Issues]{.underline}**
97. The EA states that construction access to the project generally
would occur via the construction right-of-way and existing public
and private road network.[^69] One commenter requests clarification
that heavy equipment should be restricted to the right-of-way. All
construction activities will occur in the right-of-way and approved
work areas. Project-related equipment is restricted to approved
access roads and the right-of-way.
**12. [Cattle]{.underline}**
98. A large portion of the proposed facilities will go through active
agricultural areas, fallow fields, and pasture. Several commenters
have expressed concern that cattle could fall into the pipeline
trench during construction, and that construction would prevent
cattle from moving to drink water. Also, several commenters are
concerned that construction activities will impact the spring from
which they water their cattle and that the noise from construction
activities could adversely affect cattle and calves.
99. Midwestern will install temporary fencing along the construction
right-of-way to keep cattle out of the trench area and construct
temporary bridges, or earthen plugs in the trench to allow cattle to
cross the right-of-way during construction. While noise levels vary
at any given location as construction progresses along the
right-of-way, temporary fenced areas may be used to mitigate impact
of construction noise on cattle. Moreover, Midwestern has an
obligation to compensate property owners for damages caused by the
construction of the pipeline, which may include damages to cattle.
Midwestern will coordinate with property owners during easement
negotiations to identify areas actively used for grazing, drinking,
or actively accessed by cattle and implement mutually acceptable
means to accommodate the cattle during construction.
**13. [Forest Fragmentation]{.underline}**
100. The EA states that forest fragmentation can contribute to an
overall decline in the suitability of the habitat to provide good
foraging and nesting for certain bird and mammal species.[^70] STOP
states that one registered forest consists of 29 acres and is
surrounded on three sides by more forest. It requests a definition
of forest fragmentation. Forest fragmentation is the process
whereby a large patch of forest is broken down into smaller patches
of forest, usually due to development of the land. The EA indicates
that that forest in the project area is already highly fragmented
due to development and agriculture and concludes that operation of
the project would have relatively little effect on wildlife.
**14. [Trespass and Emotional Distress]{.underline}**
101. Several commenters raise issues concerning Midwestern's agents
trespassing on their property. Matters of trespass are mainly of
local concern; if Midwestern's representatives are trespassing on
property without permission, the affected persons should notify
their local authorities.[^71]
102. In addition, a few commenters were concerned that the human aspects
of the property owners affected by the project, including fear,
stress, and mental anguish were not addressed in the EA. The U.S.
Supreme Court has determined that \"if a harm does not have a
sufficiently close connection to the physical environment, NEPA
does not apply.\"[^72] In part, the Court based its decision on the
difficulty in determining \"the differences between someone who
dislikes a government decision so much that he suffers anxiety and
stress, someone who fears the effects of that decision so much that
he suffers similar anxiety and stress, and someone who suffers
anxiety and stress that \'flow directly\' . . . from the risks
associated with the same decision.\"[^73] Accordingly, the Court
found agencies are not obliged to undertake such an inquiry.[^74]
**15. [Environmental Conclusion]{.underline}**
103. As stated, based on the discussion in the EA and above the
Commission has determined that if constructed in accordance with
Midwestern\'s application and supplements, and in accordance with
the mitigation measures listed in the Appendix B, approval of the
proposed project would not constitute a major federal action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
104. Midwestern shall notify the Commission\'s environmental staff by
telephone or facsimile of any environmental noncompliance
identified by other Federal, state, or local agencies on the same
day that such agency notifies Midwestern. Midwestern shall file
written confirmation of such notification with the Secretary of the
Commission within 24 hours.
**D. [Conclusion]{.underline}**
105. For the reasons set forth herein we find, subject to the conditions
discussed in the body of this order and listed below, that the
public convenience and necessity requires issuance of a certificate
under NGA section 7(c) for Midwestern\'s proposed pipeline
facilities. Thus, we grant the requested authorization to
Midwestern.
106. The Commission on its own motion, received and made a part of the
record all evidence, including the application, amendment, and
exhibits thereto, submitted in this proceeding, and upon
consideration of the record,
[The Commission orders]{.underline}:
\(A\) A certificate of public convenience and necessity is issued to
Midwestern in Docket No. CP05-372-000 authorizing it to construct and
operate the Eastern Extension Project, as described and conditioned
herein, and as more fully described in the application.
\(B\) The authorization in Ordering Paragraph (A) is conditioned on
Midwestern's compliance with all applicable Commission regulations under
the Natural
Gas Act, particularly Part 154 and paragraphs (a), (c), (e), and (f) of
section 157.20 of the Commission\'s regulations.
\(C\) The certificate issued in Ordering Paragraph (A) is conditioned
upon Midwestern's compliance with the environmental conditions set forth
in Appendix B of this order.
\(D\) Midwestern shall complete the authorized construction within one
year of the final order in this proceeding.
\(E\) Midwestern must file an executed copy of the Piedmont FT-B
Agreement and a revised tariff sheet to reflect the non-conforming
agreement not less than 30 days prior to commencement of service on the
new Eastern Extension Project.
\(F\) Midwestern must file actual tariff sheets at least 30 days, but no
more than 60 days, prior to placing the Eastern Extension Project
facilities in service, with the revisions specified in the body of this
order.
\(G\) After placing the Eastern Extension Project into service,
Midwestern must make an NGA section 4 filing to change its rates to
reflect any revised construction costs or operating costs.
\(H\) Midwestern shall maintain separate books, accounts, and records
for transportation provided at negotiated rates and for transportation
provided at cost-based rates under Rate Schedule FT-B.
\(I\) Midwestern's answer is accepted into the record.
\(J\) Midwestern shall notify the Commission\'s environmental staff by
telephone and/or facsimile of any environmental noncompliance identified
by other federal, state, or local agencies on the same day that such
agency notifies Midwestern. Midwestern shall file written confirmation
of such notification with the Secretary of the Commission within 24
hours.
By the Commission.
( S E A L )
Magalie R. Salas,
Secretary.
**Appendix A**
**Interventions** **Comments**
Columbia Gulf Transmission Co. Anderson, Paul
East Tennessee Group Ashe, Joseph R.
Hodges, Billie Baker, Jean
Hodges, Harold Steven Bass, Frank A. and Mary A.
Marcum, Lorrie Black, Diane, State Senator, 18^th^ District
Nicor Gas Bredesen, Phil, Governor, Tennessee
Portland, Tennessee, City of Briley, Ronnie
Piedmont Natural Gas Co., Inc. Bullock, Fly, and Hornsby
ProLiance Energy Carr, Sue
Sumner-Trousdale Oppose Pipeline Carter, Charles
Deshler, Martha A.
> Deshler, Charles A.
>
> Dye, James W
>
> Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
>
> Fenimore, Martha Jo Law
>
> Fowler, David
>
> Georgiades, Wayne (Doc)
>
> Hodges, Billie
>
> Hodges, Harold S.
>
> Kirkham, Calvin and Wanda
>
> Law, Robert
>
> Marcum, Lorrie
>
> Mitchell, Jodi
>
> Palmer, Jean
>
> Perry, Bonita J.
>
> Roddy, Linda
>
> Roddy, Ronald
>
> Savely, Harlan
>
> Spero, Veit
>
> Stephenson, James E.
>
> Tennessee Farm Bureau Federation
>
> Tennessee Historical Commission
>
> Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
>
> Wallace, Alexis
>
> Wallace, Nikki
>
> Ward, Jackie
>
> Webster, Linda
>
> Whitman, Arlin
>
> Woodward, Bill
>
> **Appendix B**
>
> As recommended in the EA, this authorization includes the following
> conditions:
1. Midwestern shall follow the construction procedures and mitigation
measures described in its application and supplements (including
responses to a staff data request) and as identified in the
environmental assessment (EA), unless modified by this Order.
Midwestern must:
a. request any modification to these procedures, measures, or
conditions in a filing with the Secretary of the Commission
(Secretary);
b. justify each modification relative to site-specific conditions;
c. explain how that modification provides an equal or greater level
of environmental protection than the original measure; and
d. receive approval in writing from the Director of the Office of
Energy Projects (OEP) **before using that modification**.
2. The Director of OEP has delegation authority to take whatever steps
are necessary to ensure the protection of all environmental
resources during construction and operation of the project. This
authority shall allow:
a. the modification of conditions of this Order; and
b. the design and implementation of any additional measures deemed
necessary (including stop work authority) to assure continued
compliance with the intent of the environmental conditions as well
as the avoidance or mitigation of adverse environmental impact
resulting from project construction and operation.
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```
3. **Prior to any construction**, Midwestern shall file an affirmative
statement with the Secretary, certified by a senior company
official, that all company personnel, environmental inspectors, and
contractor personnel will be informed of the environmental
inspector\'s authority and have been or will be trained on the
implementation of the environmental mitigation measures appropriate
to their jobs **before** becoming involved with construction and
restoration activities.
4. The authorized facility locations shall be as shown in the EA, as
supplemented by filed alignment sheets. **As soon as they are
available, and before the start of construction**, Midwestern shall
file with the Secretary any revised detailed survey alignment
maps/sheets at a scale not smaller than 1:6,000 with station
positions for all facilities approved by this Order. All requests
for modifications of environmental conditions of this Order or
site-specific clearances must be written and must reference
locations designated on these alignment maps/sheets.
> Midwestern's exercise of eminent domain authority granted under
> Natural Gas Act (NGA) section 7(h) in any condemnation proceedings
> related to this Order must be consistent with these authorized
> facilities and locations. Midwestern's right of eminent domain granted
> under NGA section 7(h) does not authorize it to increase the size of
> its natural gas pipeline to accommodate future needs or to acquire a
> right-of-way for a pipeline to transport a commodity other than
> natural gas.
5. Midwestern shall file with the Secretary detailed alignment
maps/sheets and aerial photographs at a scale not smaller than
1:6,000 identifying all route realignments or facility relocations,
and staging areas, pipe storage yards, new access roads, and other
areas that would be used or disturbed and have not been previously
identified in filings with the Secretary. Approval for each of these
areas must be explicitly requested in writing. For each area, the
request must include a description of the existing land use/cover
type, and documentation of landowner approval, whether any cultural
resources or federally listed threatened or endangered species would
be affected, and whether any other environmentally sensitive areas
are within or abutting the area. All areas shall be clearly
identified on the maps/sheets/aerial photographs. Each area must be
approved in writing by the Director of OEP **before construction in
or near that area**.
> This requirement does not apply to extra workspace allowed by the
> Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Plan, minor
> fieldrealignments per property owner needs and requirements which do
> not affect other property owners or sensitive environmental areas such
> as wetlands.
>
> Examples of alterations requiring approval include all route
> realignments and facility location changes resulting from:
a. implementation of cultural resources mitigation measures;
b. implementation of endangered, threatened, or special concern species
mitigation measures;
c. recommendations by state regulatory authorities; and
d. agreements with individual landowners that affect other landowners
or could affect sensitive environmental areas.
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```
6. **Within 60 days of the acceptance of this certificate and before
construction** begins, Midwestern shall file an initial
Implementation Plan with the Secretary for review and written
approval by the Director of OEP describing how Midwestern will
implement the mitigation measures required by this Order. Midwestern
must file revisions to the plan as schedules change. The plan shall
identify:
a. how Midwestern will incorporate these requirements into the
contract bid documents, construction contracts (especially
penalty clauses and specifications), and construction drawings
so that the mitigation required at each site is clear to onsite
construction and inspection personnel;
b. the number of environmental inspectors assigned per spread, and
how the company will ensure that sufficient personnel are
available to implement the environmental mitigation;
c. company personnel, including environmental inspectors and
contractors, who will receive copies of the appropriate
material;
d. the training and instructions Midwestern will give to all
personnel involved with construction and restoration (initial
and refresher training as the project progresses and personnel
change);
e. the company personnel (if known) and specific portion of
Midwestern organization having responsibility for compliance;
f. the procedures (including use of contract penalties) Midwestern
will follow if noncompliance occurs; and
g. for each discrete facility, a Gantt or PERT chart (or similar
project scheduling diagram), and dates for:
1. the completion of all required surveys and reports;
2. the mitigation training of onsite personnel;
3. the start of construction; and
4. the start and completion of restoration.
7. Midwestern shall employ at least one environmental inspector per
construction spread. The environmental inspector shall be:
a. responsible for monitoring and ensuring compliance with all
mitigation measures required by this Order and other grants,
permits, certificates, or other authorizing documents;
b. responsible for evaluating the construction contractor\'s
implementation of the environmental mitigation measures required
in the contract (see condition 6 above) and any other
authorizing document;
c. empowered to order correction of acts that violate the
environmental conditions of this Order, and any other
authorizing document;
d. a full-time position, separate from all other activity
inspectors;
e. responsible for documenting compliance with the environmental
conditions of this Order, as well as any environmental
conditions/permit requirements imposed by other federal, state,
or local agencies; and
f. responsible for maintaining status reports.
8. Midwestern shall file updated status reports prepared by the head
environmental inspector with the Secretary on a **weekly** basis
**until all construction and restoration activities are complete**.
On request, these status reports will also be provided to other
federal and state agencies with permitting responsibilities. Status
reports shall include:
a. the current construction status of the project, work planned for
the following reporting period, and any schedule changes for
stream crossings or work in other environmentally sensitive
areas;
b. a listing of all problems encountered and each instance of
noncompliance observed by the environmental inspector(s) during
the reporting period (both for the conditions imposed by the
Commission and any environmental conditions/permit requirements
imposed by other federal, state, or local agencies);
c. corrective actions implemented in response to all instances of
noncompliance, and their cost;
d. the effectiveness of all corrective actions implemented;
e. a description of any landowner/resident complaints which may
relate to compliance with the requirements of this Order, and
the measures taken to satisfy their concerns; and
f. copies of any correspondence received by Midwestern from other
federal, state or local permitting agencies concerning instances
of noncompliance, and Midwestern's response.
9. Midwestern must receive written authorization from the Director of
OEP **before** **commencing** **service** from the project. Such
authorization will only be granted following a determination that
rehabilitation and restoration ofthe right-of-way and other areas
affected by the project are proceeding satisfactorily.
10. **Within 30 days of placing the certificated facilities in
service**, Midwestern shall file an affirmative statement with the
Secretary, certified by a senior company official:
a. that the facilities have been constructed and installed in
compliance with all applicable conditions, and that continuing
activities will be consistent with all applicable conditions; or
b. identifying which of the certificate conditions Midwestern has
complied with or will comply with. This statement shall also
identify any areas affected by the project where compliance
measures were not properly implemented, if not previously
identified in filed status reports, and the reason for
noncompliance.
11. Midwestern shall have a qualified geologist on call during all
pipeline construction to plan and review construction methods and
provide technical support to mitigate and/or avoid potential
sinkhole locations along the pipeline. The geologist shall confirm
that any reroutes are located far enough from the sinkholes to avoid
affecting pipeline operations.
12. Midwestern shall complete karst field surveys on all parcels crossed
by the project that were previously inaccessible. If any caves are
identified which have a known subsurface extent beneath the pipeline
route, Midwestern shall identify whether it would be affected by
construction activities and provide technical support demonstrating
how Midwestern would mitigate and/or avoid potential impacts on
these caves. The survey reports and findings shall be filed with the
Secretary for review and written approval by the Director of OEP
**prior to construction**.
[]{.mark}
13. Midwestern shall locate and field inventory all water well and
spring locations identified for domestic and livestock water supply
use within 150 feet of all construction work areas. Midwestern shall
develop site-specific mitigation measures for construction
activities in these locations and shall, with the landowner's
permission, conduct pre- and post-construction monitoring of yield
and water quality for these wells and springs. Midwestern shall file
a report regarding these water well and spring measures with the
Secretary for review and written approval by the Director of OEP
**prior to construction**.
14. **Within 30 days of placing the facilities in service**, Midwestern
shall file a report with the Secretary discussing whether any
complaints were received concerning yield or water quality and how
each was resolved, and describing any damages resulting from
construction and how the damages were repaired.
15. Midwestern shall prepare and file site-specific construction and
mitigation plans for the crossing of each hard-bottom stream for the
review and written approval of the Director of OEP **prior to
construction.** These plans should identify the streambed rock type,
state whether or not blasting would be required, and describe the
measures Midwestern would implement to ensure its construction does
not cause a loss of stream hydrology.
16. Midwestern shall conduct surveys for federally listed species along
those segments of the route that were previously inaccessible.
**Prior to initiation of surveys**, Midwestern shall consult with
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) for appropriate survey
methods and timing windows. Midwestern's completed survey report and
any FWS comments on the surveys shall be filed with the Secretary,
and contain the following information:
a. name(s) and qualifications of the person(s) conducting the
survey;
b. method(s) used to conduct the survey;
c. date(s) of the survey;
d. area surveyed (include the mileposts surveyed); and
e. proposed mitigation that would substantially minimize or avoid
the potential impacts.
> Midwestern shall **not begin construction activities until:**
a. we receive comments from the FWS regarding the proposed action;
b. we complete any required informal or formal consultation with the
FWS; and
c. Midwestern has received written notification from the Director of
OEP that construction or use of mitigation may begin.
```{=html}
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```
17. Midwestern shall develop and implement an environmental complaint
resolution procedure that remains active for at least 3 years
following the completion of construction. The procedure shall
provide landowners with clear and simple directions for identifying
and resolving their environmental mitigation problems/concerns
during construction of the project and restoration of the
right-of-way. **Prior to construction,** Midwestern shall mail the
complaint resolution procedures to each landowner whose property
would be crossed by the project.
a. In its letter to affected landowners, Midwestern shall:
i. provide a local contact and telephone number that the
landowners should call first with their concerns; the letter
> should indicate how soon a landowner should expect a response;
ii. instruct the landowners that, if they are not satisfied with the
response, they should call Midwestern\'s Hotline; the letter should
indicate how soon to expect a response; and
iii. instruct the landowners that, if they are still not satisfied with
the response from Midwestern\'s Hotline, they should contact the
Commission\'s Enforcement Hotline at (888) 889-8030 or at
hotline@ferc.gov.
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```
b. In addition, Midwestern shall include a table in its **weekly**
status report containing the following information for each
problem/concern:
i. the identity of the caller and the date of the call;
ii. the identification number from the certificated alignment
sheet(s) of the affected property and location by milepost;
iii. a description of the problem/concern; and
iv. an explanation of how and when the problem was resolved, will be
resolved, or why it has not been resolved.
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```
18. Midwestern shall **defer construction and use** of facilities and
staging, storage, and temporary work areas and new or to-be-improved
access roads **until**:
a. Midwestern files the Tennessee State Historic Preservation
Office's (SHPO) comments on the architectural report;
b. Midwestern files archaeological and architectural survey reports
for the denied access areas and any additional areas remaining
to be surveyed, and the Tennessee SHPO's comments on the
reports;
c. Midwestner files any required Phase II evaluation report, and
the Tennessee SHPO's comments on the report;
d. Midwestern files any required treatment plans, and the Tennessee
SHPO's comments on the plans;
e. the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation is afforded an
opportunity to comment, if historic properties would be
adversely affected; and
f. the Director of OEP reviews and approves all reports and plans
and notifies Midwestern in writing that it may proceed with
treatment or construction.
> All material filed with the Commission containing **location,
> character, and ownership information** about cultural resources shall
> have the cover and any relevant pages therein clearly labeled in bold
> lettering: **"CONTAINS PRIVILEGED INFORMATION---DO NOT RELEASE."**
19. **Prior to construction,** Midwestern shall file for review and
written approval of the Director of OEP, its final site-specific
plan for construction activities in the vicinity of the City of
Portland's water treatment facilities. Midwestern shall provide any
mitigation measures that it would implement to ensure that public
drinking water supplies are not affected during construction.
[^1]: Midwestern also held an open season in June 2004, for available
existing capacity from Joliet, Illinois to Portland, Tennessee. As a
result of that open season, Midwestern executed a firm
transportation agreement with Piedmont under its existing Rate
Schedule FT-A for 120,000 Dth of natural gas per day on Midwestern's
existing mainline from the existing interconnection on Midwestern's
system referred to as "Joliet" to an existing delivery point on
Midwestern's system referred to as "Portland."
[^2]: *See* Seventh Revised Sheet No. 5. The currently effective in-kind
fuel reimbursement charge is one percent of all transported volumes
on Midwestern's system.
[^3]: Timely, unopposed motions to intervene are granted by operation of
Rule 214 of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure. *See*
18 C.F.R. § 385.214(a)(3) (2005).
[^4]: Columbia Gulf initially protested Midwestern's proposed Eastern
Extension Project on the basis that the existing Columbia Gulf
pipeline system has the capacity available to transport the 120,000
Dth per day of natural gas to serve Piedmont's needs. However, on
January 4, 2006, Columbia Gulf filed a motion to withdraw its
protest, acknowledging that, unlike the proposed project, its system
does not have access to supply sources at the Chicago Hub. Under
Rule 216 of the Commission\'s regulations, motions to withdraw**,**
if not opposed with 15 days, are granted by operation of law. No
opposition to Columbia Gulf's motion to withdraw its protest was
filed.
[^5]: A complete list of intervenors and commenters is listed in
Appendix A.
[^6]: 18 C.F.R. § 385.213(a)(2) (2005).
[^7]: Certification of New Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Facilities,
88 FERC ¶ 61,227 (1999), order on clarification, 90 FERC ¶ 61,128,
order on clarification, 92 FERC ¶ 61,094 (2000) (Certificate Policy
Statement).
[^8]: *See* Exhibit N to Midwestern's June 6, 2005 Application.
[^9]: *See supra* note 4.
[^10]: Midwestern states that many of the landowners are waiting until
final Commission certification of project before entering into
rights-of-way negotiations. Midwestern's June 6, 2005 Application at
16, note 7.
[^11]: The courts have specifically held that the Commission may not
deny the right of eminent domain to a certificate holder. *See FPC
v. Tuscarora Indian Nation,* 362 U.S. 99 (1960); *Columbia Gas
Transmission Corp. v. Exclusive Natural Gas Storage Easement,* 776
F.2d 125 at 129, note 1 (6^th^ Cir. 1985).
[^12]: Certificate Policy Statement, 88 FERC at 61,748-50.
[^13]: *See* Resource Report No. 10 of Midwestern's June 6, 2005
Application.
[^14]: Midwestern's June 6, 2005 Application at 15-16.
[^15]: For example, Midwestern states that it has negotiated clauses in
easements to accommodate landowner's plans to install driveways
across the easement. Midwestern's July 20, 2005 Answer at 10.
[^16]: *See* "Alternatives to MGT's Eastern Extension Project" filed in
Docket No. PF05-02.
[^17]: *See* letter from Nikki Wallace dated December 14, 2005 and filed
on January 5, 2006.
[^18]: *See, e.g.,* November 16, 2005 email from intervenor Lorrie
Marcum to the Commission; November 17, 2005 email from STOP
Coalition members to the Commission; and January 13, 2006 letter
from intervenor Lorrie Marcum to the Commission.
[^19]: *See* January 10, 2006 letter of Senator Diane Black requesting
environmental impact study.
[^20]: See Certificate Policy Statement, 88 FERC at 61,748.
[^21]: *Id.* at 61,744. *See also NE Hub Partners, L.P.,* 90 FERC ¶
61,142 (2000).
[^22]: In fact, Piedmont states that the Midwestern service complements
agreements it has for firm service on Columbia Gas Transmission
Company, Columbia Gulf, East Tennessee, Dominion Transmission, Hardy
Storage, Tennessee, and Texas Eastern. Motion to Intervene of
Piedmont at 3.
[^23]: Midwestern's currently effective firm and interruptible
transportation rates on its mainline system are: \$2.06 per Dth
monthly reservation charge and \$0.0009 per Dth commodity rate, and
\$0.0687 maximum and \$0.0009 minimum IT rates.
[^24]: See, e.g., Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., 106 FERC ¶
61,299 at P 191 (2004).
[^25]: Midwestern's proposed Rate Schedule FT-B provides for negotiated
rates in accordance with its negotiated rate authority granted in
Docket No. RP97-14-000 on October 31, 1996. *Midwestern Gas
Transmission Co.*, 77 FERC ¶ 61,096 (1996); *order on compliance*,
78 FERC ¶ 61,042 (1997). Specifically, Section 5.8 of Rate Schedule
FT-B provides Midwestern's customers the option to pay the recourse
rates or a negotiated rate which may be less than, equal to, or
greater than the cost-based maximum recourse rate.
[^26]: Midwestern explains that it will subsequently further revise such
tariff sheet to reflect the adjusted negotiated rate based upon the
actual costs associated with constructing the project, and that it
will file the tariff sheet six months after the in-service date of
the project. *See* Midwestern's June 6, 2005 Application at 10, n.4.
[^27]: Alternatives to Traditional Cost-of-Service Ratemaking for
Natural Gas Pipelines and Regulation of Negotiated Transportation
Services of Natural Gas Pipelines (Alternative Rate Policy
Statement), 74 FERC ¶ 61,076 (1996), reh'g and clarification denied,
75 FERC ¶ 61,024 (1996), reh'g denied, 75 FERC ¶ 61,066 (1996);
petition for review denied, Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co. v.
FERC, 172 F.3d (D.C. Cir. 1998); Modification of Negotiated Rate
Policy, 104 FERC ¶ 61,134 (2003), order on reh'g and clarification,
114 FERC ¶ 61,042 (1996).
[^28]: Alternative Rate Policy Statement, 74 FERC at 61,241. See also
NorAm Gas Transmission Co., 77 FERC ¶ 61,011 (1996).
[^29]: See, e.g., PG&E Gas Transmission, Northwest Corp., 105 FERC ¶
61,382 at P 23 (2003); Policy Statement on Creditworthiness for
Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines and Order Withdrawing Rulemaking
Proceeding (Policy Statement on Creditworthiness), FERC Stats. and
Regs. ¶ 31,191at P17 (June 30, 2005).
[^30]: CenterPoint Energy Gas Transmission Co., 102 FERC ¶ 61,222
(2003).
[^31]: See, e.g., North Baja Pipeline, LLC, 102 FERC ¶ 61,234 at P 15
(2003); Policy Statement on Creditworthiness at P 18.
[^32]: *See* 18 C.F.R. §154.105 (2005).
[^33]: Docket No. PR05-2-000 was established on October 27, 2004 for
Midwestern's pre-filing proceeding.
[^34]: Mr. Sulkin's and Mr. Buppert's comments were filed by Bullock,
Fly and Hornsby, attorneys representing STOP.
[^35]: Karst is an area of irregular limestone in which erosion has
produced fissures, sinkholes, underground streams, and caverns.
[^36]: *See* 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9 (2005).
[^37]: 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b)(4) (2005).
[^38]: *Wetlands Action Network v. United States Army Corps of Eng\'rs*,
222 F.3d 1105, 1121 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). *See also,
LaFlamme v. FERC,* 852 F2d. 389, 400-401 (9th Cir. 1988).
[^39]: EA at 16.
[^40]: Midwestern's December 6, 2005 Supplemental Comments to the EA at
2-3.
[^41]: A conduit-flow spring is a subsurface passage that fills with
water under hydrostatic pressure and eventually breaks the surface
forming a spring.
[^42]: EA at 13-17.
[^43]: *Id.* at 20-24.
[^44]: PELA states that it is nationally and internationally recognized
as a karst specialist that performs investigations and evaluations
for sinkhole risk assessments, source water delineation for karsts
pings and wells, karst hydrology and geology.
[^45]: The report states that if the review indicated that there were
potentially larger karst groundwater basins extending beyond two
miles, it would have increased the area under review. However, the
review of maps did not indicate a need to expand the area of review.
[^46]: *See* PELA report at 10-11.
[^47]: Environmental Conditions 12 and 13.
[^48]: Environmental Condition 19.
[^49]: EA at 16-17.
[^50]: *Id*. at 22.
[^51]: *See* Siskind, David E., and Robert R. Fumanti, *Blast-Produced
Fractures in Lithonia Granite*, (International Society of Explosive
Engineers, Technical Document RI 7901, 1979).
[^52]: Studies indicates that specific blasting techniques can control
fracturing in rock such that significant impacts to not occur beyond
10 to 20 feet from the blast site. *See* Oriard, L.L., *Vibration
and Ground Rupture Criteria for Buried Pipelines,* (International
Society of Explosive Engineers, 1994 General Proceedings P 243).
[^53]: Id.
[^54]: EA at 24. Steams identified by field assessment and USGA mapping
and aerial photos for restricted access areas.
[^55]: See, e.g., Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co., 485 U.S. 293 (1988);
National Fuel Gas Supply v. Public Service Commission, 894 F.2d 571
(2d Cir. 1990); and Iroquois Gas Transmission System, L.P., 52 FERC
¶ 61,091 (1990) and 59 FERC ¶ 61,094 (1992).
[^56]: EA at 64-74.
[^57]: The three system alternatives analyzed by the EA were (1) the
delivery of gas by Columbia Gulf from its sources in the Gulf of
Mexico to Nashville Gas Company and to Columbia Gulf\'s interconnect
with East Tennessee Gas near Hartsville, Tennessee; (2) delivery of
gas at Portland, Tennessee by Midwestern to Tennessee Gas, which
would deliver an equivalent volumes to East Tennessee at an existing
interconnect near Ridgetop, Tennessee for transport to the
Hartsville area and/or an existing Lobelville interconnect, and (3)
delivery of gas at Portland by Midwestern to Tennessee Gas, which
would deliver equivalent volumes to Nashville Gas at an existing
interconnect near Nashville.
[^58]: EA at 65.
[^59]: EA at 66-67.
[^60]: EA at 66-67.
[^61]: EA at 67.
[^62]: See, e.g., City of Grapevine, Texas v. DOT, 17 F.3d 1502, 1506
(D.C. Cir. 1993), citing Citizens Against Burlington, Inc. v. Busey,
938 F.2d 190, 197-98 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
[^63]: EA at 67-73.
[^64]: EA at 73-74.
[^65]: EA at 73-74.
[^66]: EA at 17-19.
[^67]: *Id*.
[^68]: *See* Commission's Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation and
Maintenance Plan, Post-Construction Activities, Monitoring and
Maintenance, section VII.A.2.
[^69]: EA at 9.
[^70]: *Id.* at 35.
[^71]: See Guardian Pipeline, LLC, 94 FERC ¶ 61,269 (2001); East
Tennessee Natural Gas Company, 102 FERC ¶ 61,225 (2003).
[^72]: Metropolitan Edison v. People Against Nuclear Energy, 460 U.S.
766 at 779 (1983).
[^73]: *Id*. at 777-778.
[^74]: *Id*. at 778.
| en |
converted_docs | 808182 | **NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION**
**FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT REPORT**
**FOR OCTOBER 1, 1998 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1999**
**[I. BASIC INFORMATION]{.underline}:**
**A. Point of Contact:**
Leslie Crawford, NSF FOIA Officer
Rm 1265
4201 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22230
\(703\) 306-1060
**B. Electronic Address for report:** The FY1999 FOIA Report for the
National Science Foundation will be available as one of the choices
under the *References* section of the FOIA/Privacy entry on the
Foundation's home page, at \<www.nsf.gov/home/pubinfo/ foia.htm\>.
**C. Paper Copies of report:** Paper copies can be requested from the
person/address listed above.
**[II. HOW TO MAKE A FOIA REQUEST]{.underline}:**
NSF policy is to make the fullest possible disclosure of information and
records to any requester, without unnecessary expenses or delay. NSF's
"Public Information Handbook" is available electronically as one of the
choices under the *References* section of the FOIA/Privacy entry on the
Foundation's home page, at \<www.nsf.gov/ home/pubinfo/foia.htm\>.
There are four basic agency requirements for making a FOIA request:
\(1\) request must be in writing (mailed correspondence, fax, or email)
and include the requester's mailing address;
\(2\) the envelope and letter content must identify the request as a
FOIA request;
\(3\) the request must provide enough detail to allow identification of
the requested records; and
\(4\) the request must include agreement to pay fees chargeable under
NSF's fee schedule.
**A. Agency Components:**
Requests for records of the agency should be sent to the NSF FOIA
Officer, Rm 1265, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230. Phone:
703-306-1060, Fax: 703-306-0149. Email: foia@nsf.gov
Requests for documents maintained by the Office of the Inspector General
should be addressed directly to the OIG, FOIA, Rm 1135, 4201 Wilson
Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230. Phone: 703-306-2001. Email: oig@nsf.gov
**B. NSF response-time ranges:**
The agency generally manages to respond to FOIA requests within three to
four weeks for records that can be found at the agency (allowing for
time to contact submitters of potentially proprietary information).
Response times over 20 working days are generally the result of
difficulty in contacting the submitter for clearance, need to track and
retrieve documents from off-site storage at the Federal Records Center,
voluminous number of potentially responsive records, or need to consult
among agency components.
**C. Why some requests are not granted:**
Requests for records may not be granted if the documents have been
transferred to the ownership of the National Archives and Records
Administration; if the requested records contain predecisional
information that if released would cause harm to NSF decision- making
processes; or for portions of records that contain personal and/or
proprietary information; for records containing information compiled for
law enforcement purposes; or if the requester asked for information
specifically prohibited from disclosure by other statutes.
**[III. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THE
REPORT]{.underline}:**
**A. Agency-specific terms and acronyms:**
There are no agency-specific terms or acronyms used in this report.
**B. Basic terms:**
The basic terms used in this report are the same in meaning as explained
in Department of Justice guidance.
**[IV. EXEMPTION 3 STATUTES:]{.underline}**
**A. Exemption 3 statutes relied on by NSF during current fiscal year:**
During Fiscal Year 1998 NSF used Exemption b(3) once to withhold
contractor proposal information not set forth or incorporated by
reference into the final contract, in accordance with the changes made
to 41 U.S.C. 253b, section 303B, by the National Defense Authorization
Act of 1997 (Public Law 104-201).
**[V. INITIAL FOIA/PA ACCESS REQUESTS]{.underline}:**
**A. Numbers of initial requests:**
1\. Number of requests pending as of end of preceding fiscal year:
[14]{.underline}
2\. Number of requests received during current fiscal year:
[158]{.underline}
3\. Number of requests processed during current fiscal year:
[169]{.underline}
4\. Number of requests pending as of end of current fiscal year:
[3]{.underline}
**B. Disposition of initial requests:**
1\. Number of total grants (records released in full): [46]{.underline}
2\. Number of partial grants (records released in part):
[76]{.underline}
3\. Number of denials (total withholding of records): [4]{.underline}
a\. Number of times each FOIA exemption was used:
Exemption 2 [1]{.underline}
Exemption 3 [1]{.underline}
Exemption 4 [10]{.underline}
Exemption 5 [18]{.underline}
Exemption 6 [69]{.underline}
Exemption 7(A) [2]{.underline}
Exemption 7(C) [15]{.underline}
Exemption 7(D) [1]{.underline}
Exemption 7(E) [1]{.underline}
4\. Other reasons for nondisclosure (total): [40]{.underline}
a\. No records [25]{.underline}
b\. Referrals [4]{.underline}
c\. Request withdrawn [6]{.underline}
d\. Fee-related reason [2]{.underline}
e\. Records not reasonably described [2]{.underline}
f\. Duplicate request [1]{.underline}
**[VI. APPEALS OF INITIAL DENIALS OF FOIA/PA REQUESTS]{.underline}**
**A. Numbers of appeals**
1\. Number of appeals received during fiscal year [4]{.underline}
2\. Number of appeals processed during fiscal year [4]{.underline}
**B. Disposition of appeals**
1\. Number completely upheld [1]{.underline}
2\. Number partially reversed [2]{.underline}
3\. Number completely reversed [0]{.underline}
a\. Number of times each FOIA exemption used:
Exemption 5 [1]{.underline}
Exemption 7e [1]{.underline}
4\. Other reasons for nondisclosure (total): [2]{.underline}
No records [1]{.underline}
Appeal withdrawn [1]{.underline}
**[VII. COMPLIANCE WITH TIME LIMITS/STATUS OF PENDING
REQUESTS]{.underline}**
**A. Median processing time for requests processed during the year:**
NOTE: NSF uses a single first-in, first-out method of processing
requests. The agency received no requests for expedited access during
fiscal year 1998.
1\. Number of requests processed [169]{.underline}
2\. Median number of days to process [12]{.underline}
**B. Status of pending requests:**
1\. Number of requests pending as of end of current fiscal year (see
V.A.4) [3]{.underline}
2\. Median number of days that such requests were pending as of that
date [3]{.underline}
**[VIII. COSTS/FOIA STAFFING]{.underline}**
**A. Staffing levels:**
1\. Number of full-time FOIA personnel - None
2\. Number of personnel with part-time or occasional FOIA duties -
approx 40
3\. Total number of personnel (in work years) = 1.8
**B. Total costs (including staff and all resources)**
1\. FOIA processing (including appeals) \$ 139,465.00
2\. Litigation-related activities (estimated) No litigation in FY99
3\. Total costs \$ 139,465.00
**[X. FEES]{.underline}**
**A. Total amount of fees collected by agency for processing requests**
\$ 6,461.55
**B. Percentage of total costs** 4.6%
**[XI. FOIA REGULATIONS (INCLUDING FEE SCHEDULE)]{.underline}**
NSF FOIA regulations are published at 45 C.F.R. 612, available
electronically at
\<http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html\>.
| en |
all-txt-docs | 521041 | ~..
Reminiscences ~ (Charlie Harvey)
~:
Page 2 248
house now owned arid lived in by ~.H. Gist. The Cross Roads were made by the Fish Darn Perry Road arid the old Ninety.-.Six Road. They tell me that the old Ninety..~5ix Road v~as started as an Indian trail by the Oherokeelndians, way yonder before the Revolution. I have been told that a girl named ~mily Gei~e~ rode that ninety~six miles Z i~ri one day to carry a message to an ~&mericangeneral. The message kept the general and h1~ army from bein~g captured by the red~coats.
Near the Kay Jeter place jt~st belov the Ninetysix road there v~as a small drill ground. The place is now known as the Pitt~ man placeand is owned by thewife ofDr. J.T. Jeter of Santuc, I believe. Mr. Kay would send a slave ona ~horse or a mule to noti~ ~y the men to come arid drill there. Prom here they went on to Mulligans Pield some five or six miles away for the big drills. is I have told you, Mulligans Field was the bi~~fieid for all that countryside. They tell me that the same driliin~ tactics used then aridthere, are the same used right down yonder at Camp Jackson. ~
~Por about four of live years after the Confederate War, we had very little to eat. Vie had given everything we could to th soldiers. Afterthe ?May Surrender there came a bi~floodand ~ wa$hedeverythin~ away, and th~e crops were sopromising that August. ~8-7~ou know, that wa8 in 65.~Th&rairxs and the high water destroy~ ed everythiri~.~J do not believe that Broad RIver and the Porest and Tyger have ever been as ~ be~fore or since.
- On Hendersons Island they saved nolivstock at all. The~ just did~mana~e to 8ave themselve. ~hey had a hard. time getting the slavs to the mainland. Mrs. Saille Henderson, her step.~8on, ~ ~k and her son, Jim, and daughter . Lyde were in the Henderson house ehen the freshet darne down upon them. They had to ~o up on the second floor of their house but the water carne up there.
| en |
markdown | 474354 | # Presentation: 474354
## Rigging Hazard Awareness
- Between the trolley hook and the load is **RIGGING**
- Ropes, Slings, Chains
- Slings inspected daily
- Proper storage when not in use
- Suitable protection of rigging when in use (items with sharp corners, etc..)
## Rules for Rigging Safety
- Know the weight of the load
- Know the center of gravity of the load.
- Make load attachment above the center of gravity of the load.
- Select hitch that will hold and control.
- Know the rated capacity of slings and hardware.
## Rules for Rigging Safety
- Select sling best suited for load.
- Inspect all rigging before the lift.
- Protect sling from sharp surfaces
- Proper calculation of increased tension caused by sling angles (on all rigging components!).
## Rules for Rigging Safety
- Allow for D/d ratio on all wire rope slings.
- Calculate reductions when using choker hitch.
- Keep personnel clear from lift area.
- Lift load a few inches then check rigging
- Know limitations of all lifting devices used.
- Lift slowly and stop slowly
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Rigging equipment inspections (By a Competent Person)
- Prior to use on each shift
- As necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe
- Defective rigging equipment removed from service
- Not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials
- Marked to indicate the safe working loads
- Be proof-tested prior to use to 125 percent of their rated load
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Alloy steel chains
- Welded alloy steel chain slings
- Permanently affixed durable identification stating
- Size
- Grade
- Rated capacity
- Sling manufacturer
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Alloy steel chains
- Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or other such attachments, shall not be used
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Four grades:
- Grade 28 General Utility Chain
- Grade 43 High Test Chain
- Grade 70 Binding Chain
- Grade 80 Alloy Steel Chain: The _**only **_one used for overhead lifting
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Alloy steel chains
- Inspections
- Frequent
- Visual examination by the user
- Periodic
- Complete link by link inspection of the entire sling and all attachments.
- Documented
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Alloy steel chains
- CP inspections made & based on
- Frequency of sling use;
- Severity of service conditions;
- Nature of lifts being made; and
- Experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
- Such inspections at least once a year
- Documented & available
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Wire rope slings
- Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles covered or blunted
- Wire rope shall not be secured by knots
- Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Mechanical Splice
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Hand Tucked Eye Splice
## Rigging equipment for material handling
**Swaged Forged Eye**
## Rigging equipment for material handling
**Mechanical Splice**
**Illegal Pig Tail**
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Wire rope slings
- Shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
- Legs shall not be kinked
- Basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage
- Padded or protected from the sharp edges
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Wire rope
- Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load
- A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- D/d Ratio
*D* - is diameter around which sling is bent.
*d* - is diameter of the sling.
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- When U-bolt wire rope clips used to form eyes
- U-bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope
- “Never saddle a dead horse”
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).
- The employer shall have each synthetic web sling marked or coded to show
- Name or trademark of manufacturer
- Rated capacities for the type of hitch
- Type of material
- Rated capacity shall not be exceeded
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene)
- Remove from service immediately if:
- Acid or caustic burns
- Melting or charring of any
- part of the sling surface
- Snags, punctures, tears
- or cuts
- Broken or worn stitches
- Distortion of fittings
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Shackles and hooks
- Manufacturers’ identification
- Never weld on hooks or shackles
- Working safety latch on hooks
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Recommended
- Not Recommended
- Recommended
- Screw Pin Anchor Shackle
- Round Pin Anchor Shackle
- Bolt Type Anchor Shackle
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt.
- The load will bend the bolt.
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Bad
- Good
- Avoid eccentric loads.
- Good
- Bad
- Proper chocking of shackles.
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Check wear
- Check cracks, bending and twisting
- Check wear and straightness
- Pin always seated
- Check opening width
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Hooks are designed to apply the load at the bottom of the saddle.
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Check for Cracks and Twisting
- Check for Wear and Cracks
- Check for Wear and Deformation
- Signs of “Opening Up”
- Check that Hook is Not Twisted
- 15%
- 10o
## Rigging equipment for material handling
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Approximately 70%-80% of a straight pull
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- 90° basket hitch is approximately twice the capacity of a straight pull
## How horizontal angle affects slings capacity
- 90
- 60°
- 45°
- 30°
- How horizontal angle affects slings capacity
## Rigging equipment for material handling
- Calculating the load on sling legs
- Divide the total load by the number of sling legs
- This quotient is the load on each leg if vertical
- Measure the sling from the load attachment point, to the point where it connects with the hook or lifting device; this is ‘L’
- Measure the vertical height from the top of the load to the hook or lifting device; this is ‘H’
- Divide the length of the leg by the height of the sling
## LOAD
**LOAD**
**L**
**H**
**Load ******** Number of legs) X (L ******** H) = Load each sling leg**
## Example
- Load = 120,000 pounds
- 4 load legs ÷ 120,000 equals 30,000 pounds each leg if vertical hitch
- Sling legs are 20 feet
- Height from top of load to lifting device is 15 feet
- 20 ÷ 15 = 1.33
- Load on each leg is 1.33 x 30,000 = 40,000 pounds
**20'**
**15'**
**120,000 lb.**
## Center of Gravity
- A load is stable when:
- The hook is directly above the center of gravity of the load
- Estimate the center of gravity
- Lift the load just enough to clear the ground
- If the hook is not over the center of gravity the hook will travel to the center of gravity
- CG?
## Center of Gravity
- If necessary, set the load down and adjust the rigging
- If the load tips more than 3°, the rigging should be adjusted
- The longer the sling legs, the more stable the load will be
- The longer set of sling legs (B) will improve load stability
- B
- A
## Disposal of waste materials
- Materials are dropped more than 20 feet to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building
- enclosed chute
## Disposal of waste materials
## Disposal of waste materials
## Disposal of waste materials
- Debris dropped through holes in the floor without the use of chutes
- Completely enclosed with barricades not less than 42 inches high
- Not less than 6 feet back from the projected edge of the opening above
- Signs warning of falling materials shall be posted at each level
- Removal shall not be permitted in this lower area until debris handling ceases above
## Disposal of waste materials
- Scrap lumber, waste material, and rubbish
- Removed from the immediate work area as the work progresses.
- Disposal of waste material or debris by burning
- Comply with local fire regulations
- All solvent waste, oily rags, and flammable liquids
- Kept in fire resistant covered containers until removed from worksite
## Questions
| en |
markdown | 813175 | # Presentation: 813175
## Measures and Determinants of Smokeless Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation
- Mark Parascandola, PhD, MPH
- Tobacco Control Research Branch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
- National Cancer Institute
## Purpose of the RFA
- Understand the progression to ST use and its relationship to other tobacco use
- Identify and evaluate factors that mediate initiation and use of ST in high risk populations
- Develop and apply methods for characterizing the properties of a range of ST products and related behaviors
- Encourage new and experienced tobacco researchers to focus on ST
## Smokeless Tobacco Use (%) Among U.S. Adults and High School Students, 1992-2005
- 7.7 million ST users 12 years and over in the U.S**.**
**Source:** Adults: Current Population Survey - Tobacco Use Supplement, 1992/93, 1995/96, 1998-2000, 2001/02; NHIS 2005
- Youth: National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1995-2005
**Youth**
**Adult**
## Smokeless Tobacco: At Risk Populations
**Source:** Nelson et al. Trends in smokeless tobacco use among adults and adolescents in the U.S.. Am J Public Health 2006;96(5):897-905; Nelson et al. Trends in smokeless tobacco use among men in four states, 1988 through 1993. Am J Public Health 1996;86(9):1300-3.
**Midwestern and Southern States**
- 6.7% and 4.4% of Adults in South and Midwest
**Racial/Ethnic Groups**
- 9% of Native Americans
- 22% of Alaska Natives
**Young Males **
- 12.6% of 12th Grade Boys
- 15.1% of White 12th Grade Boys
**Military Personnel**
- 24% of White Active Military Men
## Prevalence of Current Smokeless Tobacco Use among Male Adolescents and Adults.
**Source:** Data from Nelson, D.E., et al., Trends in smokeless tobacco use among adults and adolescents in the U.S. Am J Public Health, 2006. 96(5): p. 897-905; Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students -U.S., 2002. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ, 2003. 52(45): p. 1096-1098.
- % Current ST Users
## Total ST Sales and Advertising & Promotional Expenditures as reported by FTC, 1985-2005
**Total ST Sales and Advertising & Promotional Expenditures as reported by FTC, 1985-2005**
- FTC. Smokeless Tobacco Report for the Years 2002–2005. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 2007. Available from: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/tobacco/02-05smokeless0623105.pdf. Accessed: July 2007
**2005: ****$251 m**
**2000: ****$225 m**
**2000: ****$2 b**
**2005: ****$2.6 b**
**1985: ****$731 m**
**1985: ****$80 m**
- $ InMillions
- $ InMillions
## New Smokeless Tobacco Products
**New Smokeless Tobacco Products**
- Cigarette brand extensions from major manufacturers
- Marlboro Snus
- Camel Snus
- Attractive flavorings
- Mint, spices
- Tobacco pouches that don’t require spitting
- Novel formulations
- Ariva tobacco lozenge
## Smokeless Tobacco Product Marketing
**Smokeless Tobacco Product Marketing**
## What We Know about Smokeless Tobacco
- Smokeless tobacco causes oral and pancreatic cancer in humans. Over 28 carcinogens identified in ST.
- ST use is higher among adolescents and may interact with initiation of cigarette smoking
- Limited evidence for the effectiveness of some behavioral counseling interventions for ST cessation
- However, pharmacotherapies have not been shown to be effective for ST use cessation
## What We Don’t Know about Smokeless Tobacco
- What is the overall public health impact of ST use
- What are the key determinants of initiation and use in high risk groups
- What are the best measures of smokeless tobacco use and behavior
- How does marketing of new products impact prevalence
- "The paucity of evidence about smokeless tobacco in the U.S. leaves many questions unanswered.“
- Smokeless tobacco use is associated with numerous health risks
- There are limited data about the effect of smokeless tobacco on public health
- New products and aggressive marketing may increase use of smokeless tobacco
- More research is needed to determine the overall effect of marketing and use of these products
- NIH SOS Conference Statement on Tobacco Use: Prevention, Cessation, and Control. NIH Consens State Sci Statements, 2006. 23(3): p. 1-26.; 1. Effective Strategies for Tobacco Cessation Underused, Panel Says NIH Press Release June 14, 2006 [cited 2007 July 5]; Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2006/od-14.htm.
## Potential Research Questions
- What are the best measures for smokeless tobacco use behavior and exposure?
- How do the characteristics of different smokeless tobacco products affect behavior?
- What key factors contribute to initiation and prevalence of use among high risk groups?
- How does ST use interact with other forms of tobacco use?
- To what extent does ST act as a gateway to cigarette smoking?
- How does marketing of new ST products impact prevalence of tobacco use?
## Evaluation
- Increase the number of new applications received focusing on smokeless tobacco and bring new researchers to the field.
- Identify at least four key determinants of smokeless tobacco use in high risk groups.
- Support at least one study to directly address whether smokeless tobacco acts as a gateway to smoking among youth and young adults.
- Develop at least two new measures of smokeless tobacco use and exposure.
## Scope of RFA Initiative
- This RFA will support 8-10 grants over four years
- Both R01 and R21 mechanisms
- The projected cost for this initiative is $2.5 million in FY2009, with a total investment over four years of $8-10 million | en |
markdown | 914540 | # Presentation: 914540
## Report on results of Discriminant Analysis experiment. 27 June 2002
**Norman F. Schneidewind, *****PhD ***** **
**Naval Postgraduate School **
**2822 Racoon Trail **
**Pebble Beach, California 93953 USA **
**Internet (email): nschneid@nps.navy.mil **
## Outline
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Objectives
- 3. Technical Approach
- 4. Risk Factors
- 5. Risk Factor Examples
- 6. Results
- 7. Conclusions
## 1.0 Introduction
- If measurement is to advance to a higher level:
- We must shift our attention to the front-end of the development process.
- It is during system conceptualization that errors in specifying requirements are inserted into the process.
## 1.1 Introduction
- A requirements change may induce ambiguity and uncertainty in the development process that cause errors in implementing the changes.
- These errors may result in significant risks associated with implementing the requirements.
- Faults and failures may be induced by changes in requirements due to lack of precision in requirements.
## 1.2 Introduction
- Our use of *risk* pertains to executing the software of a system where there is the chance of injury, damage, or loss of the mission, if a serious software failure occurs during the mission.
*Acronyms*
- CRs: Change Requests
- DRs: Discrepancy Reports
- MW: Man Weeks
- SLOC: Source Lines Of Code
## 1.3 Introduction
*Definitions*
- critical value: Discriminant that distinguishes high quality from low quality software.
- “issues”: Number of possible conflicts among requirements.
- “mods”: Number of modifications or iterations on the proposed change.
- “sloc”: Number of lines of code affected by the change.
- “space”: Amount of memory space required to implement the change.
## 2.0 Objectives
- Given the lack of emphasis in metrics research on the critical role that requirements play in determining reliability, we are motivated to investigate the following issues:
## 2.1 Objectives
- What is the relationship between requirements attributes and reliability?
- Are there requirements attributes that are strongly related to the occurrence of defects and failures in the software?
## 2.2 Objectives
- What is the relationship between requirements attributes and software attributes like complexity and size?
- Are there requirements attributes that are strongly related to the complexity and size of software?
## 2.3 Objectives
- Is it feasible to use requirements attributes as predictors of reliability?
- Can *static* requirements change attributes like the size of the change be used to predict reliability in *execution*?
- For example, time to next failure and number of failures.
## 2.4 Objectives
- Are there requirements attributes that can discriminate between high and low reliability?
- Thus qualifying these attributes as predictors of reliability.
- Which requirements attributes affect the risk to reliability the most?
## 2.5 Objectives
- Develop a process (shown in Figure 1) that is used for the following:
- 1) analyze the relationships between requirements changes, complexity, and reliability, and
- 2) assess and predict reliability risk as a function of requirements changes.
## Figure 1. Risk Analysis Process
## 3.0 Technical Approach
- By retrospectively analyzing the relationship between requirements and reliability and maintainability, we identified those risk factors that are associated with reliability and maintainability.
- We prioritized them based on the degree to which the relationship is s-significant.
## 3.1 Technical Approach
- In order to quantify the effect of a requirements change, we used various risk factors.
- These are defined as the attribute of a requirement change that can induce adverse effects on reliability and maintainability:
- Failure incidence, maintainability (e.g., size and complexity of the code) and project management (e.g. personnel resources).
## 3.2 Technical Approach
- Table 1 shows the Change Request Hierarchy of the Space Shuttle:
- change requests, discrepancy reports, and failures.
- We analyzed categories 1 versus 2.1 and 1 versus 2.2.3 with respect to risk factors as discriminants of the categories.
## Table 1: Change Request Hierarchy
- Change Requests (CRs)
- 1. No Discrepancy Reports (i.e., CRs with no DRs)
- 2. Discrepancy Reports
- 2.1 No failures (i.e., CRs with DRs only)
- 2.2 Failures
- 2.2.1 Pre-release failures
- 2.2.2 Post-release failures
- 2.2.3 Exclusive OR of 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 (i.e., CRs with failures)
## 3.3 Technical Approach
- Categorical Data Analysis
- Using the null hypothesis, Ho: A risk factor is* not* a discriminant of reliability and maintainability
- versus the alternate hypothesis H1: A risk factor is a discriminant of reliability and maintainability, we used categorical data analysis to test the hypothesis.
## 3.4 Technical Approach
- A similar hypothesis is used to assess whether risk factors can serve as discriminants of metrics characteristics.
- We used the requirements, requirements risk factors, reliability, and metrics data from the Space Shuttle “*Three Engine Out*” software. (abort sequence invoked when three engines are lost) to test our hypotheses.
- Samples of these data are shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4.
## Table 2: Example Failure Data
- Failure Found On Operational Increment: Q
- Days from Release When Failure Occurred: 75
- Discrepancy Report #: 1
- Severity: 2
- Failure Date: 05-19-97
- Release Date: 03-05-97
- Module in Error: 10
## Table 3:Example Risk Factors
- Change Request Number: A
- Source Lines of Code Changed: 1933
- Complexity Rating of Change: 4
- Criticality Of Change: 3
- Number of Principal Functions Affected: 27
- Number of Modifications Of Change Request: 7
- Number of Requirements Issues: 238
- Number of Inspections Required: 12
- Manpower Required to Make Change: 209.3 MW
## Table 4: Example Metrics Data
- Module: 10
- Operator Count: 3895
- Operand Count: 1957
- Statement Count: 606
- Path Count: 998
- Cycle Count: 4
- Discrepancy Report Count: 14
- Change Request Count: 16
## 3.5 Technical Approach
- Table 5 shows the definition of the Change Request samples that are used in the analysis.
- Sample sizes are small due to the high reliability of the Space Shuttle.
- However, sample size is one of the parameters accounted for in the statistical tests that produced s-significant results in certain cases.
## Table 5: Definition of Samples
**Sample **** **** **** **** **** **** ****Size**** **
- Total CRs 24
- Instances of CRs with no DRs 12
- Instances of CRs with DRs only 9
- Instances of CRs with failures 7
- Instances of CRs with modules that caused failures 7
- A given CR can have multiple instances of DRs, failures, and modules that caused failures.
- CR: Change Request. DR: Discrepancy Report.
## 3.6 Technical Approach
- To minimize the confounding effects of a large number of variables that interact in some cases, a statistical categorical data analysis was performed *incrementally*.
- We used only one category of risk factor at a time.
- Observe the effect of adding an additional risk factor on the ability to correctly classify change requests that have discrepancy reports or failures and those that do not.
## 3.7 Technical Approach
- The Mann-Whitney test for difference in medians between categories was used because no assumption need be made about s-statistical distribution.
- In addition, some risk factors are ordinal scale quantities (e.g., modification level).
- Rank correlation was used to check for risk factor dependencies.
## 4.0 Risk Factors
- One of the software maintenance problems of the NASA Space Shuttle Flight Software organization is to evaluate the risk of implementing requirements changes.
- These changes can affect the reliability and maintainability of the software.
- To assess the risk of change, the software development contractor uses a number of risk factors.
## 4.1 Risk Factors
- This formal process is called a risk assessment.
- No requirements change is approved by the change control board without an accompanying risk assessment.
- To date this *qualitative* risk assessment has proven useful for identifying possible risky requirements changes.
- Or conversely, providing assurance that there are no unacceptable risks in making a change.
## 4.2 Risk Factors
- However, there has been no *quantitative* evaluation to determine whether high risk factor software was really less reliable and maintainable than low risk factor software.
- In addition, there is no model for predicting the reliability and maintainability of the software, if the change is implemented.
- We addressed both of these issues.
## 5.0 Risk Factor Examples
- Complexity Factors
- Number of modifications or iterations on the proposed change
- How many times must the change be modified or presented to the change control board before it is approved?
- Size Factors
- Number of lines of code affected by the change
- How many lines of code must be changed to implement the change?
## 5.1 Risk Factor Examples
- Requirements Issues and Function Factors
- Possible conflicts among requirements changes (requirements issues)
- Will this change conflict with other requirements changes (e.g., lead to conflicting operational scenarios)?
- Performance Factors
- Amount of memory required to implement the change
- Will the change use memory to the extent that other functions will be not have sufficient memory to operate effectively**?**
## 6.0 Results
- We show the results of performing the statistical analyses (a, b, and c) in Tables 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
- This process is illustrated in Figure 2.
- Only those risk factors where there is sufficient data (i.e., data from seven or more CRs) and the results are s-significant are shown.
- Some quantitative risk factors (e.g., size of change, “sloc”) are s-significant;
- no non-quantitative risk factors (e.g., complexity) are s-significant.
## Slide 33
## 6.1 Results
- a. Categorical data analysis on the relationship between *CRs with no DRs* vs. *CRs with failures*, using the Mann-Whitney Test.
- Categorical data analysis on the relationship between *CRs with no DRs* vs. *CRs with DRs only*, using the Mann-Whitney Test.
## 6.2 Results
- b. Dependency check on risk factors, using rank correlation coefficients.
- c. Identification of modules that caused failures as a result of the CR, and their metric values.
## 6.3 Results
- a. Categorical Data Analysis
- Table 6 (Part 1) shows that there are s-significant results for *CRs with no DRs *vs. *CRs with failures* for the risk factors “mods”, “sloc”, “issues”, and “space”.
- There are also s-significant results for *CRs with no DRs* vs. *CRs with DRs only* for the risk factors “issues” and “space” (Part 2).
## Table 6: S-significant Results (alpha .05). CRs with no DRs vs. CRs. with failures. Mann-Whitney Test (Part 1)
## Table 6: S-significant Results (Part 2)
## 6.4 Results
- Since the value of alpha represents the level of s-significance of a risk factor in predicting reliability, we use it in Table 6 as a means to prioritize the use of risk factors, with low values meaning high priority.
- The priority order is: “space”, “issues”, “mods”, and “sloc”.
- The s-significant risk factors would be used to predict reliability and maintainability problems for *this set of data and this version of the software.*
## 6.5 Results
- b. Dependency Check on Risk Factors
- To check for possible dependencies among risk factors that could confound the results, rank correlation coefficients are computed in Table 7.
- Using an arbitrary threshold of .7, the results indicate s-significant dependencies between “issues” and “mod” and between “issues” and “sloc” for *CRs with no DRs*.
## Table 7: Rank Correlation Coefficients of Risk Factors
## 6.6 Results
- As the number of conflicting requirements increases in Table 7, the number of modifications and size of the change request increases.
- There is an s-significant dependency between “space” and “issues” for *CRs with failures*. That is, as the number of conflicting requirements increases, the memory space required to implement the change request increases.
## 6.7 Results
- c. Identification of Modules That Caused Failures
- Requirements change requests may occur on modules with metric values that exceed the critical values.
- In these cases, there is s-significant risk in making the change because such modules could fail.
## 6.8 Results
- Table 8 shows modules that caused failures, as the result of the CRs, had metric values that far exceed the critical values.
- A module with metric values exceeding the critical values is predicted to cause failures.
- For the Space Shuttle, modules with excessive size and complexity consistently lead to failures.
## Table 8: Selected Risk Factor Module Characteristics
## 7.0 Conclusions
- Risk factors that are s-significant can be used to make decisions about the risk of making changes.
- These changes impact the reliability and maintainability of the software.
## 7.1 Conclusions
- S-significant results were found for *CRs with no DRs* vs. *CRs with failures*;
- in addition, s-significant results were found for *CRs with no DRs* vs. *CRs with DRs only*.
- Module metrics should be considered in risk analysis because metric values that exceed the critical values are likely to result in unreliable and non-maintainable software.
- This *methodology* can be generalized to other risk assessment domains, but the specific risk factors, their numerical values, and statistical results may vary. | en |
converted_docs | 142370 | Productivity Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Developed in a
Commercial Environment
Thomas E. Potok
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Computer Science and Mathematics Division
Post Office Box 2008, Building 6010
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
<potokte@ornl.gov>
Phone: 423-483-7025
Fax: 423-241-6211
Mladen Vouk
North Carolina State University
College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science
Box 8206
Raleigh, NC 27695
Andy Rindos
International Business Machines Corporation
Dept. CE6A, Bldg. 664
P.O. BOX 12195
3039 Cornwallis Rd.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2195
**Introduction of object-oriented technology does not appear to hinder
overall productivity on new large commercial projects, but it neither
seems to improve it in the first two product generations. In practice,
the governing influence may be the business workflow and not the
methodology.**
Keywords: Object-Oriented, Software Development Productivity.
As software development cycles shorten, and software markets become more
competitive, improved software development productivity continues to be
a major concern in the software industry. Many believe that
object-oriented technology provides a breakthrough solution to this
problem, but there is little quantitative evidence to support this
belief. Furthermore, most studies related to object-oriented
productivity do not consider it in conjunction with the business
processes and culture under which the software is developed.
In this paper we present a comparison of empirical software productivity
data for a number of commercial software products developed in the same
organization and business model, using both \"classical\" procedural
methods and object-oriented methods. Our results indicate that although
the introduction of object-oriented technology does not appear to hinder
overall productivity on new large commercial projects, it does not seem
to improve it in a systematic way, at least not in the first two product
generations. Furthermore, examination of the data indicates that the
governing influence may not be the methodology, but the business model
imposed through schedule deadlines.
## Evidence
There is surprisingly little *quantitative* evidence that productivity
of object-oriented software development is indeed consistently better
than that of \"classical\" procedural software development in a
commercial environment. Published evidence appears to derive primarily
from productivity studies made in non-commercial environments under
non-commercial business models, and the scalability of the results to
commercial environments is not clear.
For example, Lewis et al. performed an experiment with undergraduate
software engineering students to study the effect of reuse.[^1] Based on
their productivity metrics, they concluded that the object-oriented
paradigm can improve productivity when reuse is present by about 50%
(about 1.5 times). However, they did not find any statistically
significant evidence that the object-oriented paradigm has a higher
productivity rate than procedural methods when reuse is not a factor.
Melo et al. also conducted an experiment with graduate students that
yielded seven projects ranging in size from 5000 - 25000 lines of
code.[^2] The projects were developed using the Waterfall process model,
object-oriented design, C++, and varying levels of reuse. Their results
support the conclusion that reuse rates can increase programmer
productivity by as much as two to three times. When reuse levels become
cost-effective is still an open question. Optimistic economic models[^3]
of reuse indicate that break-even reuse levels may be as low as 10-20%,
while pessimistic models[^4] contend that cost-effective levels of reuse
may be much higher as well as difficult to achieve. Fichman et al. and
Lee et al. report that there are significant barriers to the adoption of
reuse in organization.[^5]^,^[^6]
There is also evidence that other factors may confound the picture. For
example, different development methodologies may impact software
development productivity in ways other than through reuse. Boehm-Davis
et al. report on a comparison of Jackson's program design,
object-oriented design, and functional decomposition.[^7] They found
that Jackson's method and object-oriented methodologies produce more
complete solutions; require less time to design and code a problem; and
produce less complex designs than functional decomposition. However, a
quantitative comparison of productivities associated with different
methodologies was not given. Similarly, Zweben et al., again in an
experiment with graduate and undergraduate students, show that
language-based layering and encapsulation (an object-oriented trait) may
reduce software development effort.[^8] There are many other studies
concerned with the value of the object-oriented approach, but most are
not quantitative in nature.
Recent work by Hansen and Fichman et. al., correctly asserts that
software development must first be viewed as a business.[^9]^,^[^10] The
referenced productivity studies focus on the productivity effects of
object-oriented technology isolated from the effects of a typical
business workflow. Noticeably absent are convincing *quantitative*
studies that focus on productivity related to new object-oriented
software developed by professional programmers under commercial business
models. It is not difficult to understand that, although many industrial
organizations claim to practice object-oriented software development,
many practicing software engineers and managers are quite cautious on
the subject of object-oriented productivity. In fact, it would appear
that many organizations simply do not systematically measure software
reuse (and the associated productivity) and therefore may not have more
than anecdotal evidence for or against object-oriented productivity
gains.[^11]
## Productivity
Productivity can be measured in many ways. A traditional approach is to
use project size or amount of functionality, e.g., in lines of code
(LOC) or function-points, and divide that by the time or effort spent
developing the code. In an object-oriented environment, LOC may not be
an ideal metric for software size or functionality, but Tegarden et al.
report that traditional metrics, such as LOC, may be still appropriate
for measuring the complexity of object-oriented systems.[^12]
In fact, in a commercial situation there are many other factors besides
size that impact software costs and productivity. This is particularly
true if issues such as marketing, staff training, applied research,
long-term maintenance and customer support are taken into account. None
of these extra factors are reflected in traditional LOC metrics, but do
require expenditure of effort. Unfortunately, in practice, LOC is often
the only available metric. Therefore, we will define productivity in
terms of effective developed/changed LOC, but with an understanding that
the effort (or time) expended may include many non-coding activities
that are necessary in viable commercial products, see Equations (1) and
(2).
We define the average productivity of the software development team by
the following relationship:
$\text{Team Productivity=}\frac{\text{Project Size}}{\text{Team Effort}}$
(1)
Where team productivity is the measure of the team output for a given
unit of time or effort, e.g., thousands-of-lines-of-code (KLOC) per
month. The project size is the number of KLOC required to develop the
project, and the team effort is the number of person-months required to
develop the project. To derive the average productivity of an individual
programmer, we divided the team productivity by the average number of
programmers on the software development team. Finally, to find the
effort expended by individual programmers, we merely rearranged the
resulting equation, which gives:
$\text{Programmer Effort=}\frac{\text{Project Size}}{\text{Programmer Productivity}}$
(2)
These equations imply a linear relationship between the effort and size
of a project, which assumes that the profile of the work performed by
each product team is approximately the same, for example, each team
spends about 5% on training activities and about 3% on quality
initiatives. There is no data available to support this assumption,
however business guidelines tend to dictate the amount of time that team
members should spend on various activities. Clearly this varies from
organization to organization and person to person, but the assumption
that work profiles from team to team are consistent is an assumption
that we are comfortable with. Although this type of linear relationship
may be suitable for comparing team productivity on multiple products,
practice shows that the size and productivity of a software team often
varies over the duration of a project; and that average programmer
productivity is a non-linear function of a number of factors. Boehm
defines the effort required to develop a software project in terms of
size,
*Effort = α*(*Size*)*β*, (3)
other researchers used similar models.[^13]^,^[^14]^,15^ The parameters
*α* and *β* are constants that are typically determined using regression
on the loglinear version of this model, i.e.,
*ln*(*Effort*) *= ln*(*α*) *+ β ln*(*Size*)*.* (4)
The typical experience with this type of model is that *β*\>1, i.e.,
larger projects have lower productivity than smaller projects, however,
some researchers have reported *β * values less than one.[^15]
## Data[^16]
The empirical data discussed in this paper was collected at the IBM
Software Solutions Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
This laboratory employs about 650 people, with approximately 90% being
directly involved in software development. The laboratory was ISO 9000
Certified in 1994, and has consistently received high marks in internal
assessments against the Malcolm Baldrige Criteria. The lab was formed in
1984, and produces a wide range of software products, ranging from
mainframe end-user interface design tools, to workstation visual
builders.
We examined 19 commercially available software products developed at
this laboratory. The measurements collected are defined by a corporate
metrics council. This data is recorded by members of each product
development team, and used by lab management in managing and controlling
projects. Eleven of the nineteen products were developed using
object‑oriented methods, and eight using traditional procedural methods.
All object-oriented projects are either first or second generation,
while all procedural projects are second or higher generations. Four of
the object-oriented products were inter-platform software ports, where
the original software was developed using object-oriented methods, then
ported to work with another operating system. Five projects were
developed for mainframe use, and fourteen for workstation use. The
product development activity ranges in size from about 1 thousand (KLOC)
to about 1 million lines of new or modified code. There is a very wide
range of team productivity for the products, with the highest
productivity rate being nearly 50 times more productive than the lowest
productivity rate. Project development duration is recorded in calendar
months from the time when the project was officially funded to the first
customer ship date. The effort is reported in person-years, and includes
the effort of the programmers, testers, writers, planners, managers, and
vendors. In this number is also included a person-year equivalent for
purchased software. For example, if software was purchased for
\$300,000, and the average programmer cost is \$150,000 per year, then
this purchase would be equated to two person years of effort. Software
reuse data is listed as a collected metric, however, none of the
investigated products explicitly reported reusing any code. This is most
likely due to a mixture of process omissions and widely differing
application areas and platforms of the examined products.
## Business Model
The general business model that drives software development at this
laboratory recognizes two major software product sub-categories:
versions and releases. A new version is typically quite large, and
contains a significant product enhancement, or change in functionality.
A version is ordinarily followed by one or more maintenance releases
that are usually much smaller than a version, and contain fixes to
defects, and minor enhancements. The calendar-time duration for
development of both versions and releases is strongly driven by market
forces. Versions tend to take longer than releases, but are within an
18-24 month window common in the industry today. Release development
will normally not be shorter than 9-12 months. There are a number of
reasons for this, some of which are distribution costs, arrival rate of
release-type fixes and changes, and possibly the issue of user-perceived
quality (e.g., scheduling of a release very soon after a version can
give the impression of quality problems). While all new development must
be completed with a limited number of personnel, existing projects will
have an established team. Typically an effort is made to maintain or
even increase the size of the team because it may not be cost-effective
to dismantle the team between versions. Therefore, it is not unusual to
have a large version developed with tight resource and time constraints,
yet have a smaller follow-up maintenance release developed over a more
relaxed schedule using the same team.
The development of both versions and releases is subject to frequent
high-level reviews of their schedule status against key development
dates (or milestones) established at the beginning of the product cycle.
The progress towards these dates is reviewed regularly and in detail,
and schedule slips in any major milestones are strongly discouraged.
Detailed project schedules are required at the beginning of the product
development cycle, and they trigger business processes including
funding, planning, marketing, supporting, and certification of the
quality of a product.
The software development teams are formed according to the skill and
experience requirements of the project. The overall experience level
from team to team is typically about the same. The teams that develop
software using object-oriented technology are well skilled in the
discipline with numerous internal and external courses available.
Further, the lab employs several highly respected object-oriented
experts.
At the time this data was collected there was a program in place to
encourage software reuse by moderately rewarding contributions to
software reuse libraries, and highly rewarding authors of reused
components. This program has since been halted due to lack of
participation. Why this program did not succeed is an open question with
several possible explanations including: 1) the well documented
difficulties of reusing software, 2) the heterogeneous nature of the
products developed at the lab, or 3) possibly the lack of focus during
staff reductions.
{width="6.3in" height="3.292361111111111in"}
*Figure I A plot of effort vs. size for procedural, object-oriented, and
object-oriented port projects.*
## Empirical Productivity
In Figure I we plot for each of the 19 products the logarithm of the
product size versus the logarithm of the product effort. We further
categorize the products into three groups: those developed using
object-oriented methods, dark circles; those developed using procedural
methods, light circles; and those object-oriented projects that were
ported from one platform to another, dark squares. Based on the model
described in Equation (4), we see an apparently linear relationship
between the logarithm of product size and effort, i.e., as a product
gets larger, more effort is required. If there were a distinct
productivity difference between two groups, this would appear on the
graph in Figure I as two distinct groups of points, with the higher
productivity products being closer to the x-axis. From this plot, it
appears that 1) the ported products, as expected, have significantly
higher productivity than the non-ported projects, 2) there are no
obvious differences between the procedural and object-oriented products.
Porting software can be viewed as software development where most of the
design and significant parts of the code are reused, and, although it
should not be confused with reuse, it offers a hint of the effort
reduction that can be obtained through reuse. While ports are generally
less costly than new software development, and in itself the observed
difference between the ported and other categories is not unusual, it is
important to remember that the object‑oriented approach *inherently*
provides a mechanism for reuse not only when software is ported, but
also for enhancements and in development of future releases.[^17] Hence,
the productivity gains observed during the port of object-oriented
software may be a good reflection of the possible gains the technology
offers if reuse is the key productivity driver.
The second observation, that there appears to be no productivity
distinction between products developed using object-oriented and
procedural methodologies, runs counter to the limited study on
object-oriented productivity that has been performed to date, and to the
commonly held view that object-oriented methods improve productivity.
There are many possible explanations as to why this result has been
observed, for example, 1) the observation is not supported by
statistical analysis, 2) LOC is an inadequate metric for object-oriented
products, 3) the object-oriented methodology was not properly used, 4)
more generations of object-oriented projects are needed to see a
productivity gain, or 5) there is an underlying factor that is skewing
the result for object-oriented products.
## Analysis
To examine these issues further, we extend the loglinear model described
in Equation (4), so that procedural and object-oriented product data can
be compared statistically. This extension adds a methodology factor to
the model so that a significant difference between projects of different
methodologies can be tested. Equation (4) is extended to include a
methodology factor, and applied to only the non-ported data, as shown in
Equation (5):
*ln*(*PM*) *= α~1~ + (β~1~)ln*(*KLOC*) *+ (β~2~)Method +
(β~3~)ln*(*KLOC*) *Method + ε, *(5)
Where *α~1~, β~1~, β~2~, β~3~* are constants, *ln*(*PM*) is the
logarithm of effort recorded in Person-Months, *ln*(*KLOC*) is the
logarithm of the effective project size in KLOC, *Method* is a class
variable that indicates the development methodology, either
object-oriented or procedural, and *ε* is the regression error term.
This relationship provides a single regression model for the full data
and a means of testing whether the methodology is a significant factor
in this data.
This analysis was performed using the proposed regression model with the
results provided in the Appendix. This analysis confirms the observation
made in Figure I that for this data *there is no statistically
significant evidence that the productivity of object‑oriented software
development is different than that of procedural software development.*
As expected, a similar evaluation of the data on ported software versus
other software shows a significant difference between the two. It is
encouraging that the introduction of object-oriented technology does not
appear to carry excessive productivity penalties, a fear that some
managers may have. It is less welcome, but probably not so surprising,
that there is no obvious productivity gain in the first and second
generations of object-oriented projects.
This analysis reveals two interesting points, first there exists a very
strong economy of scale that can be seen in the parameters reported in
Table II of the Appendix which yield the model, Effort[^18] =
70.1(KLOC)^.43^. An economy of scale for software development is
unusual, however, cases have been reported.^15,^[^19]^,^[^20] The second
interesting point is the high R^2^ value recorded for the regression
model. A low R^2^ value would indicate that LOC is a poor representative
of project size, i.e. two projects may have similar LOC values, but
require vastly different amounts of effort. Another way to state this is
to argue that the LOC metric is skewed for object-oriented projects,
namely that more functionality can be created with an object-oriented
methodology and language than a comparable amount of code in a
procedural environment. A high R^2^ provides some support for the use of
the LOC metric as a reasonable predictor of project size/complexity for
procedural development as well as object-oriented development.
## Discussion
As stated above, there are several possible explanations as to why no
productivity gain was seen in this data. It appears that two can be
ruled out, 1) the observations reported about Figure I are statistically
valid, and 2) the LOC metric seems to be reasonable for this data.
Another possible explanation is that a procedural methodology (perhaps
mistakenly called object-oriented) was used in all of these projects,
but with some using an object-oriented language. After reviewing the
processes used by several of the object-oriented projects, and assessing
the skill level of several of the key object-oriented developers, we
believe there is little doubt that an object-oriented methodology was
being followed.
Another possible explanation is that only two generations of
object-oriented projects are analyzed, and that the productivity
enhancing effects of reuse may not be seen until later generations.
Although this may be the case, there appears to be no trend towards an
increase in the productivity from the first to the second-generation
object-oriented projects, see Figure II. If reuse was evident, one would
hope to see some indications that the second-generation products, the
hollow circles, are taking advantage of reuse, unfortunately, there is
no evidence of this in this data sample. Additionally, two of the
object-oriented productivity studies above seem to show that the
object-oriented methodology improves productivity by producing a simpler
design, not merely through reuse.^7,\ 8^ Improvements due to improved
designs would seem to be independent of product generation, yet do not
appear to be present in this data either.
{width="6.786111111111111in"
height="4.1090277777777775in"}Figure II A plot of the development effort
versus the size of the projects for first and second generation
object-oriented projects.
Moreover, it may be possible that weak teams were somehow assigned to
the object-oriented projects, while the stronger teams worked on the
procedural projects. Based on interviews and observations, it appears
that the development teams had roughly the same experience and skill
level throughout the organization. Furthermore, there was some
speculation among the lab's senior technical people that perhaps the
object-oriented teams are stronger than the procedural teams since new
technologies often attract higher performing people. In any case, it
appears unlikely that the make up of the teams caused a reduction of the
productivity rates for the object- oriented projects.
## Underlying Factors
There appears to be no obvious explanation for the lack of a
productivity gain from the object-oriented methodology in this data.
However, exploring the unusual economy of scale observed in the
statistical analysis may provide some further clues. We explore the
economy of scale issue by analyzing the project staffing and
productivity characteristics. This analysis shows some puzzling
relationships. For example, Figure III shows the logarithm of average
*programmer* productivity (LOC/Person-Month) versus the logarithm of
project size (changed or modified KLOC).
This plot shows clearly what was seen in the regression model developed
above, that counter-intuitively programmer productivity increases as the
project size increases. We see an equally puzzling plot, Figure IV, that
shows the logarithm of *team* productivity versus the logarithm of
project size. It can be seen that team productivity (expressed as
LOC/month) appears to significantly increase with project size.
Typically, one would expect to see a wide variance in this value, since
changes in programming team size should strongly influence the amount of
code the team produces. For example, one would expect a 20-person team
will have a much higher team productivity rate for a given project than
will a 5-person team on the same project. However, this plot shows a
remarkably strong relationship between team productivity and size.
{width="6.303472222222222in"
height="4.131944444444445in"}
Figure III A plot of the average programmer productivity
(LOC/Person-Month) as the project size (KLOC) increases.
Based on the reported productivity factors, again there is a variety of
possible explanations for the economy of scale seen in this data. One
explanation may be that there is a large but constant overhead
associated with all projects, or that smaller projects are, for some
reason, more complex. Unfortunately, there is no evidence to support
either of these assertions. However, based on interviews with the
process owners and a review of the project documentation, it appears
that the business model may have dictated the establishment of larger
teams for certain types of smaller projects. For example, small
intermediate product releases were required to preserve continuity of
skills and expertise between large versions of the product, that in turn
require large amounts of effort. While this may provide a partial
explanation for the first six small projects, it does not really explain
the productivity growth observed for larger projects.
{width="6.298611111111111in"
height="4.177777777777778in"}
Figure IV Team productivity vs. project size.
The question is whether this growth is the result of schedule
overestimation for smaller projects, or something else. Given the fact
that some of the larger projects exhibited productivity larger than the
\"nominal\" values that might be expected for the product based on, for
example, the classical COCOMO model, it appears that some schedule
compression may have taken place. This suggests that the gains in the
productivity of larger products may be a result of schedule pressure.
This prompted an examination of project schedule histories of several
projects in detail. Figure V illustrates the typical effects and trends
that were observed. The plot shows a comparison of the planned and
actual milestone completion durations for a second-generation
object-oriented project. The dark bars represent the planned task
duration, while the light bars represent the actual task durations. The
vertical axis is the calendar time unit for task completion, and the
horizontal axis represents the project milestones. For emphasis, the
graph shows all tasks starting times superimposed, i.e., as if they were
starting at the same time, which is obviously not the case in reality.
It appears that the actual completion of tasks follows quite closely the
planned completion for those same tasks. Similarly compliant tracking
patterns were observed for both procedural and object-oriented projects.
{width="6.302083333333333in"
height="3.6993055555555556in"}
Figure V Second generation object-oriented project. The actual (light
bars) and planned (dark bars) project duration vs. milestone number.
One possible explanation for Figure V is that the product planning
process is very accurate. However, given a very wide variation in the
average productivity over the examined projects it is unlikely that the
productivity rate of the associated programming teams was so well known
in advance. Another explanation could be that schedules were met because
software functionality was changed or testing time was reduced to meet
them. Examination of the project records show that no major functions
were added or deleted in these projects, and that time was not saved by
shortening testing cycles. For example, the project in Figure V shows
delays in Iteration 3 that occurred in coding milestones, and that the
schedules were brought back in line during this phase, not during
testing. The project also has delays in the testing phase; however, the
testing phases were entered and exited on schedule, indicating that the
testing effort may have been shifted, but not shortened.
Yet another possible explanation is that the actual schedule data has
been modified to match the planned expectations. In other words,
regardless of when a task actually completed, a date close to the
planned milestone was recorded. Unfortunately, this issue of potentially
altered data must be seriously addressed. We are confident that the data
used in this graph is accurate and reliable. First of all, the initial
schedule used to drive the software development process is generated
early in the software development life-cycle and used by the project
management as a means of tracking progress on the project and triggering
various business activities. The software development team typically
reports progress to management on a weekly basis, with detailed project
reviews held by the laboratory director each month. There are a
multitude of groups that rely on the output of the team in order to do
their jobs, i.e., technical writers, testers, support personnel,
marketing groups, distribution groups, language translation groups,
business partners to name a few. For a team to supply incorrect task
completion dates, they must provide false information to their
management chain running the very real risk that the dates will be
questioned if the output of the task has not been received by a
dependent group. Presenting false information in this manner can result
in dismissal from the company.
Secondly, project histories from four projects were examined in total.
These histories, of which, only one was shown, do report large delays
(up to 20 weeks) in meeting some non-critical milestones, however, the
final project completion milestone were consistently met in all four
projects. The reporting process makes it very difficult to present false
information, and there is evidence of large task completion delays. For
these reasons, we believe that this graph provides initial evidence that
dynamic schedule enforcement and compression took place, and may have
been a factor in achieving the milestone compliance.
The detailed project data along with an understanding of the controlling
business model seem to indicate that the business deadlines may strongly
influence the overall productivity of a software development project.
The characteristics we observed are: 1) a common programming team is
formed regardless of project size; 2) there is an established maximum
and minimum duration for the development cycle; 3) strong pressure
exists to meet key project deadlines; and 4) there are two classes of
development, large versions, and small releases. In this environment, it
appears that large versions are developed with a relatively small
programming team on a relatively short cycle, with strong pressure to
finish on schedule. This most likely results in an increase in apparent
productivity. Smaller releases have relatively large programming teams,
with a relatively lax schedule, and no incentive to finish early. For a
software release, therefore, it seems that the conditions allow for
lowering of the apparent productivity. This leads to the conjecture that
the business model may drive smaller releases to have low productivity,
and larger versions to have higher productivity. ^18^ Furthermore, it
may be possible that the business model exerts influence over the
productivity of object-oriented software development, and this influence
may offset potential gains in the methodology. A simulation study of
this phenomenon confirms that this may indeed be the governing
influence. [^21]
## Summary
Our results indicate that in a commercial environment there may not be a
consistent statistically significant difference in the productivity of
object-oriented and procedural software development, at least not for
the first couple of generations of an object-oriented product. The
reason may be low reuse level, but it could also be the underlying
business model. Investigation of 19 commercial products has shown an
unusual economy of scale for both object-oriented and procedural
software that is difficult to explain with traditional productivity
drivers. However, a review of the underlying business workflows has
suggested that business deadlines may strongly influence the overall
productivity. In an environment where a typical delivery cycle for
product versions or release is on the order of 12-24 months it may be
more economical to preserve development team skills and expertise by
keeping them together whether they operate under the new release or
maintenance schedules. This may produce aggressive schedules for new
releases, and lax schedules for maintenance releases. Our data appears
to indicate that business workflows can play a key role in realizing the
potential productivity benefits from a new technology such as
object-orientation. For example, funding, staffing, and scheduling an
object-oriented project in the same way that is done for a procedural
project appears to dictate the productivity of the team, regardless of
the potential benefit of a given methodology. The adoption of an
object-oriented methodology may necessitate changes beyond merely the
new technology. The estimation of project effort, the scheduling of
project tasks, and the tracking of task completions should all be
examined based on the characteristics of a new technology. Otherwise,
investments in technology that has the potential to increase
productivity may be lost unless the underlying business work flows are
adjusted to take advantage of the improved software development
capabilities.
# Appendix
### Regression Model Statistics
The regression statistics for Equation (4) are summarized in Table I
below. Originally there were 19 data points of which data from the four
ported projects was set aside, leaving 15 data points. The model fits
the data with an R^2^ value of .88.
Table I The regression statistics for the model with a factor for
methodology
-------- ------------------ --------------------- ---------- --------------
Coefficients Standard Error T Stat P-value
*α~1~* 4.37 0.23 18.64 1.14E-09
*β~1~* 0.49 0.07 6.90 2.6E-05
*β~2~* 0.56 0.36 1.57 0.14
*β~3~* -0.13 0.10 -1.34 0.21
-------- ------------------ --------------------- ---------- --------------
Note that the T-statistics in Table I only test for each individual
parameter, not a combination of parameters. By reducing the model of
both the methodology factor, and the interaction between methodology and
size, i.e., yielding the equation *ln*(*PM*) *= ln*(*α~1~*) *+
β~1~ ln*(*KLOC*) *+ ε*, (Equation (2)), a model irrespective of
methodology is produced. By comparing the full and reduced models, the
joint hypotheses that methodology is not a significant factor, H~0~:
*β~2~=β~3~*=0, can be tested. An F-test is used to evaluate the
differences between the two models. The reduced model has an R^2^ value
of .85, and the regression statistics summarized in Table II.
Table II The regression statistics for the model without a factor for
methodology
-------------- -------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------
Coefficients Standard Error T Stat P-value
*ln*(*α~1~*) 4.25 0.18 23.64 4.56E-12
*β~1~* 0.43 0.05 8.56 1.06E-06
-------------- -------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------
Comparing the two models yields an F statistic of 1.23 for F(2,11).[^22]
The tabulated value of F(2,11) at α=.05 is 3.98; therefore the null
hypothesis is not rejected at that level, indicating that there is no
statistical support for a methodology factor in modeling this data. To
ensure that the underlying assumptions of the regression model are
valid, the residuals of the full model are analyzed. Figure VI shows the
normal probability plot of the residuals, in order to detect
nonnormality. The residual values in the plot appear to be linear,
however, the trend-line through the data does not cross the origin.
Given the relatively small sample size of the data, the variance of the
data can easily cause this result.[^23]
{width="5.407638888888889in"
height="3.683333333333333in"}
Figure VI Normal probability plot of the residuals for the full model
Satisfied that the errors in the full regression model appear to be
normal and independently distributed, further analysis of the residuals,
and standardized residuals is done to identify potentially influential
points, see Table III. For the most part, the standardized residuals are
relatively close to zero, with the exception of observation 12, which is
roughly twice as large as the next largest residual value.
Table III A list of the residuals, and standard residuals for the full
model.
---------------- ---------------- ------------- ------------------------
Observation Predicted Y Residuals Standard Residuals
1 4.425392 -0.03838 -0.10349
2 4.643842 -0.21303 -0.57444
3 4.703311 0.215209 0.580328
4 5.175575 -0.32981 -0.88937
5 5.50018 0.242823 0.654792
6 5.564769 0.13484 0.363607
7 5.946235 -0.33896 -0.91404
8 6.218671 0.387742 1.045577
9 6.329106 -0.35073 -0.94576
10 6.289296 -0.15114 -0.40755
11 6.307668 0.077189 0.208147
12 6.353243 0.820256 **2.211883**
13 6.654392 -0.07734 -0.20854
14 6.965289 -0.37115 -1.00083
15 7.408761 -0.00753 -0.0203
---------------- ---------------- ------------- ------------------------
The project represented in observation 12 was a procedural project that
appeared to take an unusually large amount of effort to complete. After
further review of the data, the values reported are accurate, and there
is no reason to remove this point from the analysis.
# Acknowledgements
This research was funded by IBM. The document preparation was supported
by Lockheed Martin Energy Research.
# References
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the Object-Oriented Paradigm and Software Reuse', *Proceedings of
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Applications*, 184-196 (1991).
[^2]: W. L. Melo, L. C. Briand, and V. R. Basili, 'Measuring the Impact
of Reuse on Quality and Productivity in Object-Oriented Systems',
*Technical Report, University of Maryland, Dep. Of Computer
Science,* CS-TR-3395, (1995).
[^3]: B. Henderson-Sellers, 'The Economics of reusing Library Classes',
*Journal of Object Oriented Programming*, **6**, 43-50 (1993).
[^4]: D. Schimsky, 'Software Reuse Some Realities', *Vitro Technical
Journal*, **10**, 47-57 (1992).
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Implementation', *Sloan Management Review,* **40**, (1999).
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[^14]: J. W. Bailey and V. R. Basili, 'A Meta-Model for Software
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[^15]: B. W. Boehm, *Software Engineering Economics*, Prentice-Hall,
Inc. Englewook Cliffs, N.J., 1981.
[^16]: ^\*^ Data used by permission. The scales appearing on the axes of
all graphs, and any product and date-related information, has been
altered to provide discretion.
[^17]: M.A. Vouk, 'On the cost of mixed language programming', *ACM
SIGPLAN Notices*, **19**, 54‑60 (1984).
[^18]: Note that e^4.25^ = 70.1, where 4.25 is the regression
coefficient ln(α) from the equation (4).
[^19]: S. E. Elmaghraby, E. I. Baxter, and M. A. Vouk, 'An Approach to
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[^21]: T. E. Potok and M. A. Vouk, 'The Effects of the Business Model on
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[^22]: The F statistic is calculated from the equation F(γ~H~,γ~full~)
=\[(SSE~reduced~-SSE~full~)/γ~H~\]/MSE~full~, where SSE is the sum
of squares of error, and MSE is the mean squared error. γ~H~ d.f.
for H~0~, and γ~full~ for error under the full model. For this data,
SSE~reduced~=1.852, SSE~full~=1.513, and MSE~full~=.138 at γ~H~=2
and γ~full~=11 degrees of freedom. This produces an F-statistic of
1.228 at F(2,11).
[^23]: G. E. Box, W. G. Hunter and J. S. Hunter, *Statistics for
Experimenters,* John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, (1978).
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| en |
all-txt-docs | 067549 | Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
LA-1603-07-07-655
News Desk: 504-762-2477
Disaster News
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND PROJECT WORKSHEETS: THE PATH TO REBUILDING
NEW ORLEANS The Federal Emergency Management Agencys (FEMA) public assistance program
plays an integral role in a communitys disaster recovery process. In Louisiana, the program is one of
many key forces behind the recovery of state and local governments and certain private nonprofits.
The public assistance program awards grants to remove debris, demolish structures, carry out emergency
protective measures, and repair and replace damaged, eligible infrastructure. The most important step in
the program is project formulation, which includes preparing project worksheets (PW). The PW
describes the eligible work and scope of work and estimates the costs to repair the damage. In Louisiana,
35,941 PWs have been written for both hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
The PW undergoes a thorough review process before being approved and obligated. Once obligated, the
grant money is transferred to the state to administer and distribute after an applicant requests funding.
Although the public assistance program is a reimbursement program, the state may advance a portion of
the funding to help applicants move projects forward.
FEMA has obligated 34,660 PWs to the state of Louisiana, amounting to more than $4.8 billion of the
$8 billion gulf wide recently announced by FEMA's Gulf Coast Recovery Office. Louisiana has
disbursed $2.5 billion of these funds to applicants. The remaining monies are immediately available to
the parishes as soon as they request the funding and satisfy state requirements.
An obligated PW does not firmly establish the final amount an applicant will receive, but rather provides
an early estimate of costs. Throughout the rebuilding process, additional costs may be added to an
infrastructure project as the architecture and engineering plans take form or hidden damages are
identified during routine reassessments. Thus, the PW is an evolving document that acts as a historical
record detailing the life of the grant.
Recovery after any disaster is difficult, particularly after one of this magnitude, said Jim Stark, FEMA
director of the Louisiana Transitional Recovery Office. FEMAs public assistance program provides
supplemental funding to restore and rebuild communities to their pre-disaster function and capacity. We
will continue to work closely with the state and applicants to move the recovery process forward, and we
will not stop until all eligible damage is identified and the last dollar is obligated to rebuild Louisiana.
FEMA is doing everything possible to ensure that each applicant receives the maximum amount of
assistance they are entitled to under the law. In addition to retraining staff and establishing mentor
programs for newer public assistance staff, FEMA has also retained experts in various fields to refine
the needs and cost estimates of projects requested by the state and applicants. To combat applicant
staffing shortages, FEMA has co-located its staff with state and local counterparts whenever possible. In
addition, FEMA has a number of liaisons and experts working throughout the impacted areas to assist
applicants in developing their PW packages. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND PROJECT WORKSHEETS Page 2
After working with the parishes to identify high priority projects that are crucial to recovery, FEMA has
given those projects precedence for review and approval. These initiatives, along with Congress recent
waiver of the 10 percent match, have been successful as evidenced by the high percentage of PWs
completed to date. For the PWs that have not yet been written, FEMA is ready to engage as soon as the
applicants are ready and eligible damage is identified.
While difficulties have arisen, the success of the public assistance program should not be judged by the
number of problems encountered, but by the number of problems solved. FEMA remains committed to
Louisiana until all PWs are written and the last penny is obligated to rebuild the state.
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
of terror.
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Fact Sheet
Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, ORLEANS PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for Orleans Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $1.29 billion
Recovery School District - $56 million will provide classroom space for 7,200 students at the
beginning of the 2007-08 school year.
City Park - $11,578,898 in funding will aid the recovery of one of the countrys oldest parks.
New Orleans Museum of Art - $1,779,805 was obligated to restore this significant contributor
to the citys tourism industry and economic recovery.
# # #
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following Orleans Parish projects:
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
of terror.
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Fact Sheet
Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following city of New Orleans projects:
New Orleans Police Department Crime Lab Federal funding was used to build a temporary
facility at the University of New Orleans to process evidence within the state.
St. Marys Academy - $8.2 million was obligated to purchase and setup temporary facilities for
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, CITY OF NEW ORLEANS
Public Assistance Funding for City of New Orleans and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $321.3 million
750 students for the 2007-08 school year.
Mahalia Jackson Theater of Performing Arts - $7 million will go towards the home of the
New Orleans Opera Association and the site of many of the citys Mardi Gras festivities.
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
of terror.
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477 Fact Sheet
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following Jefferson Parish projects:
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, JEFFERSON PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for Jefferson Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $252.5 million
Emergency Work Almost all of the estimated funding for emergency work in Jefferson Parish
has been obligated. This includes debris removal and emergency protective measures.
Sidewalks - $922,000 was obligated to repair sidewalks damaged by toppled trees and debris
removal equipment.
Terrytown Gymnasium - $3,093,162 will fund the replacement of this key facility that supports
many community activities for youth and seniors.
# # #
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
of terror.
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477 Fact Sheet
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following St. Bernard Parish projects:
St. Bernard 911 Center - $1,141,000 will be used for a new state-of-the-art Emergency
Operations and 911 Center to help residents in time of an emergency.
St. Bernard Parish Government Complex - $1,378,093 was obligated to restore the parishs
seat of government.
Val Reiss Park - $3,848,489 in obligated funding for all of the parishs parks will be
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, ST. BERNARD PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for St. Bernard Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $733.3 million
consolidated and used to reopen Val Reiss Park.
of terror.
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477 Fact Sheet
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, PLAQUEMINES PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for Plaquemines Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $249.8 million
auditorium.
of terror.
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following Plaquemines Parish projects:
Plaquemines Medical Center - $755,000 will help Plaquemines Parish establish a temporary
medical facility to serve the entire community.
Belle Chasse Library - $467,703 in funding will help restore the parishs main public library.
Belle Chasse Auditorium - $79,849 was obligated to the parishs largest and primary
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477 Fact Sheet
St. Tammany Parish Government Public assistance monies will fund the repairs of this sixstory
structure that was inundated with water during Hurricane Katrina.
Debris - $218,678,000 has been obligated for debris removal throughout St. Tammany Parish.
East St. Tammany Events Center - The centers recovery efforts are well underway with
federal monies reimbursing repairs to the Katrina-damaged building, parking lot and driveways.
of terror.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, ST. TAMMANY PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for St. Tammany Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $329.1 million
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following St. Tammany Parish projects:
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. Joint Information Center, TRO
New Orleans, LA
July 9, 2007
FS-1603-07-07
News Desk: 504-762-2477 Fact Sheet
Some of this public assistance funding went into the following Calcasieu Parish projects:
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE STATUS, CALCASIEU PARISH
Public Assistance Funding for Calcasieu Parish and State Payout, July 6, 2007
Total federal funds obligated: $82.5 million
Debris and Demolition - The removal of debris and the demolition of unsafe structures due to
Hurricane Rita are complete in the city of Lake Charles, with 54 structures demolished and
dangerous debris removed from 416 private properties.
Public Works Public assistance funding was used to restore the citys wastewater treatment
capacity and to replace the public works administration building.
Lake Charles Civic Center - $43,508 was obligated to repair this important municipal resource
that plays host to numerous community, industry and sporting events throughout the year.
of terror.
FEMA coordinates the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of,
responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts
# # #
Editors: For more information on Louisiana disaster recovery, visit www.fema.gov. | en |