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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_State_(1949%E2%80%931956)

Bhopal State (1949–1956)

["1 History","1.1 Disestablishment","2 Geography","3 Government","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 23°15′N 77°24′E / 23.250°N 77.400°E / 23.250; 77.400This article is about the state of independent India. For the princely state, see Bhopal State. Former State in Central India, IndiaBhopal StateFormer State1949–1956 Etymology: from Bhojpal or Bhoj's damLocation of Bhopal State in IndiaCountry IndiaRegionCentral IndiaBefore wasBhopal StateFormation1 June 1949Admission to union1 June 1949Dissolution1956 (by States Reorganisation Act, 1956) Capitaland largest cityBhopalGovernment • Chief minister• 20 March 1952 – 31 October 1956 Shankar Dayal Sharma (First and Last) Area • Total17,801 km2 (6,873 sq mi)Population (1931) • Total7,300,000Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST) Preceded by Succeeded by Bhopal State Madhya Pradesh Bhopal was a state of India, which existed from 1949 to 1956. The state evolved out of the princely state of Bhopal, and was merged with neighbouring states to form Madhya Pradesh in 1956. Shankar Dayal Sharma of the Indian National Congress served as chief minister of Bhopal state from 1952 to 1956. History Before the independence of India the princely state of Bhopal was ruled by the hereditary Nawabs. As a result of the Indian Independence Act 1947, the princely states were released from their treaty obligations to the British and were left to decide whether to join one of the new dominions of India and Pakistan. In March 1948, the last Nawab expressed his wish to rule Bhopal as an independent state. However, agitations against his rule broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders including Shankar Dayal Sharma. On 23 January 1949, Sharma was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment for violating restrictions on public meetings; some other satyagrahis were also arrested. Later, the political detainees were released and on 30 April 1949 the Nawab signed an Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India. The state of Bhopal was taken over by the Union Government of India on 1 June 1949 and was declared a "Part C" state, to be governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the President of India. Disestablishment According to the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Bhopal state was integrated into the state of Madhya Pradesh, and Bhopal was declared as the capital of the newly formed state. Geography The Bhopal state included the present-day districts of Bhopal, Raisen, and Sehore. Government The Indian National Congress won the first elections for Legislative Assembly and Parliament, held in 1952. The composition of the 30-member Bhopal State Assembly was: 25 – Indian National Congress 1 – Hindu Mahasabha 4 – Independent Shankar Dayal Sharma (19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999) was sworn in as the first (and the only) Chief Minister of the state on 20 March 1952. He was the youngest Chief Minister in India at the time. See also Political integration of India States Reorganisation Act References ^ "History of Bhopal | District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India". Retrieved 24 April 2023. ^ S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan (2007). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 360. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Bhopal" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 13 October 2014. ^ Raj Bhavan, Bhopal: Commissioner Period Archived 2 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine vteCity of BhopalHistory Paramara dynasty Bhopal State Battle of Bhopal Bhopal Agency Bhopal State (1949–56) Bhopal disaster Bhopal Conference Geography Bhoj Wetland Bhojtal Lower Lake Van Vihar National Park Administration Bhopal division Bhopal district Bhopal Municipal Corporation Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency) Major tourist attractions Bharat Bhavan Bhimbetka rock shelters(45 kms. away) Bhoj Wetland Ramsar Site(Ecotourism) Bhojeshwar Temple, Bhojpur Bhojtal (Upper Lake) Islamnagar Fort Kamla Park and Kamlapati Palace Manuabhan ki Tekri Museum of Mankind (Manav Sangrahalaya) Sair Sapata Sanchi Stupas(47 kms. away), Satdhara Stupas (39 kms. away, en route to Sanchi) and Sonari Stupas (near Satdhara) State Museum, Bhopal Taj-ul-Masajid Tribal Museum Bhopal Van Vihar National Park and Zoo Other landmarks Bhadbhada Dam Raj Bhavan Regional Science Centre Remember Bhopal Museum Taj Mahal palace Transport Raja Bhoj Airport Bhoj Metro Inter State Bus Terminal West Central Railway zone Bhopal Junction Habibganj station Bairagarh station Nishatpura station Bhopal Bus Rapid Transit System N12 N86 Education Atal Bihari Vajpayee Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Barkatullah University Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University AIIMS Delhi Public School, Bhopal Gandhi Medical College Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Forest Management School of Planning and Architecture National Law Institute University National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition National Institute of Fashion Technology Other educational institutions Sports Aishbagh Stadium Barkatullah University Stadium (proposed) Tatya Tope Nagar Sports Complex Bhopal Badshahs Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd Sports Complex Suburbs Arera Colony Barkheda Berasia BHEL Township Brindavan Nagar Govindpura Habibganj Indrapuri Indus town Mandideep Misrod Piplani Saket Nagar Kalpana Nagar Sonagiri Economy Bharat Heavy Electricals Madhya Pradesh Agriculture Corporation RBI Bhopal New Market Other DB City Mall Hamidia Hospital Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre Bhopal Tablighi Ijtema Organisations based in Bhopal Notable people vteStates of India on 26 January 1950Part A States Assam Bihar Bombay East Punjab Madras Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Part B States Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Bharat Mysore Patiala and East Punjab States Union Rajasthan Saurashtra Travancore–Cochin Part C States Ajmer Bhopal Bilaspur Coorg Delhi Himachal Pradesh Kutch Manipur Tripura Vindhya Pradesh Part D States Andaman and Nicobar Islands 23°15′N 77°24′E / 23.250°N 77.400°E / 23.250; 77.400

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The composition of the 30-member Bhopal State Assembly was:[3]25 – Indian National Congress\n1 – Hindu Mahasabha\n4 – IndependentShankar Dayal Sharma (19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999) was sworn in as the first (and the only) Chief Minister of the state on 20 March 1952. He was the youngest Chief Minister in India at the time.[4]","title":"Government"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economics_and_Industrial_Engineering

Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering

["1 History","2 References"]

Institute of Economics and Industrial EngineeringEstablished1958AddressLavrentyev Prospekt, 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, RussiaLocationNovosibirsk, RussiaWebsitewww.ieie.su Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS (Russian: Институт экономики и организации промышленного производства СО РАН) is a scientific organization in Sovetsky District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1958. History In 1957, the Institute of Economics and Statistics established. In 1958, it was renamed the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering. The founder of the organization was G. A. Prudensky. In early 2002, the institute employed 329 people, including 3 members of the RAS, 27 doctors of sciences, 89 candidates of sciences. References ^ a b Ламин В. А. (2003). Энциклопедия. Новосибирск. Новосибирск: Новосибирское книжное издательство. p. 381. ISBN 5-7620-0968-8. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Academics CiNii Other IdRef This article about an economics organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tecualoya

Battle of Tecualoya

["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Bibliography"]

Battle of TecualoyaPart of the Mexican War of IndependenceA portrait of General Hermenegildo Galeana who commanded the Mexican insurgents in the battle.Date17–20 January 1812LocationTecualoya, State of Mexico, MexicoResult Spanish Royalist victoryBelligerents Mexican Rebels Spanish EmpireCommanders and leaders Hermenegildo Galeana Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta vteMexican War of Independence Organizational phase (1811–1815) Puerto de Piñones Zacatecas El Veladero El Maguey Llanos de Santa Juana Huauchinango Zitácuaro Tecualoya Tenancingo Cuautla Izúcar Huajuapan de León Tenango del Valle Escamela Zitlala Texas Rosillo Creek Alazan Creek Medina Orizaba Oaxaca Acapulco La Chincúa Lomas de Santa María Puruarán Temalaca Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian The New Spain Spanish-Aztec War Viceroyalty of New Spain War of Independence First Empire First Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican–American War Second Federal Republic La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864–1928 Second Mexican Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern Maximato (1928–1934) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Mexican Dirty War Mexican Movement of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican drug war Coronavirus pandemic Timeline Mexico portalvte The Battle of Tecualoya was a military action of the Mexican War of Independence fought between 17–20 January 1812 in the canyons of Tecualoya, Mexico. The battle was fought between the royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown and the Mexican rebels fighting for independence from the Spanish Empire. The Mexican insurgents were commanded by General Hermenegildo Galeana and the Spanish by Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta. The battle resulted in a humiliating defeat for Galeana and his army. The Mexican insurgents lost all their artillery, though they would later recover these field pieces at the Battle of Tenancingo where General José María Oviedo would be killed in action. See also Mexican War of Independence References ^ Zárate, 1880; 275-277 Bibliography Bustamante, Carlos María de (1846). Cuadro histórico de la revolución mexicana, comenzada en 15 de septiembre de 1810 por el ciudadano Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Cura del pueblo de los Dolores (in Spanish). México DF: Impr. de JM Lara. Zárate, Julio (1880). "La Guerra de Independencia". In Vicente Riva Palacio (ed.). México a través de los siglos (in Spanish). Vol. III. México: Ballescá y compañía. Retrieved 5 May 2010. This article about a battle in Mexican history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a battle in Spanish history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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The battle was fought between the royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown and the Mexican rebels fighting for independence from the Spanish Empire. The Mexican insurgents were commanded by General Hermenegildo Galeana and the Spanish by Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta. The battle resulted in a humiliating defeat for Galeana and his army. The Mexican insurgents lost all their artillery, though they would later recover these field pieces at the Battle of Tenancingo where General José María Oviedo would be killed in action.[1]","title":"Battle of Tecualoya"}]

[]

[{"title":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_World_Figure_Skating_Championships

1952 World Figure Skating Championships

["1 Medal table","2 Results","2.1 Men","2.2 Ladies","2.3 Pairs","2.4 Ice dance","3 Sources"]

Annual figure skating competition held in 1952 This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1952 World Figure Skating ChampionshipsType:ISU ChampionshipDate:February 27 – March 1Season:1952Location: Paris, FranceChampionsMen's singles: Richard ButtonLadies' singles: Jacqueline du BiefPairs: Ria Baran / Paul FalkIce dance: Jean Westwood / Lawrence DemmyNavigationPrevious: 1951 World ChampionshipsNext: 1953 World Championships The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion. The 1952 competitions for men, ladies, pair skating, and ice dancing took place from February 27 to March 1 in Paris, France. The World Championships in ice dancing were the first of its kind. Medal table   *   Host nation (France)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States13372 Great Britain11133 France*1001 West Germany1001Totals (4 entries)44412 Results Men Rank Name Places 1 Dick Button 7 2 James Grogan 19 3 Hayes Jenkins 21 4 Helmut Seibt 25 5 Dudley Richards 34 6 Carlo Fassi 44 7 Peter Firstbrook 46 8 Alain Giletti 57 9 Martin Felsenreich 66 10 Adrian Swan 67 11 François Pache 76 Judges: Jakob Biedermann Ercole Cattaneo Donald Gilchrist Oskar Madl Gérard Rodrigues-Henriques Harold G. Storke J. Wilson Ladies Rank Name Places 1 Jacqueline du Bief 9 2 Sonya Klopfer 21 3 Virginia Baxter 24 4 Suzanne Morrow 43 5 Barbara Wyatt 55 6 Gundi Busch 59 7 Marlene Smith 64 8 Valda Osborn 65 9 Erica Batchelor 82 10 Vera Smith 90 11 Helga Dudzinski 96 12 Patricia Devries 110 13 Eva Weidler 123 14 Annelies Schilhan 132 15 Nancy Hallam-Burley 129 16 Ghislaine Kopf 124 17 Lidy Stoppelman 158 18 Yolande Jobin 161 19 Gweneth Molony 170 20 Doris Zerbe 175 21 Liliane de Becker 192 22 Nicole Vanderberghe 195 WD Tenley Albright DNS Judges: Ercole Cattaneo Norman V. S. Gregory V. P. Gross Eugen Kirchhofer Alex Krupy Mollie Phillips Gérard Rodrigues-Henriques A. Voordeckers Franz Wojtanowskyj Pairs Rank Name Places 1 Ria Baran / Paul Falk 9 2 Karol Kennedy / Peter Kennedy 23.5 3 Jennifer Nicks / John Nicks 29 4 Frances Dafoe / Norris Bowden 31.5 5 Janet Gerhauser / John Nightingale 48.5 6 Silvia Grandjean / Michel Grandjean 49.5 7 Sissy Schwarz / Kurt Oppelt 68 8 Caryl Johns / Jack Jost 72 9 Jacqueline Mason / Mervyn Bower 81 10 Peri Horne / Raymond Lockwood 83 Judges: J. Biedermann Ercole Cattaneo Pamela Davis Donald Gilchrist V. P. Gross A. W. Knetemann Alex Krupy Hans Meixner Gérard Rodrigues-Henriques Ice dance Rank Name Places 1 Jean Westwood / Lawrence Demmy 7 2 Joan Dewhirst / John Slater 14 3 Carol Peters / Daniel Ryan 23 4 Carmel Bodel / Edward Bodel 26 5 Lydia Boon / Aadrian van Dam 35 6 Ilse Reitmayer / Hans Kutschera 44 7 Catharina Odink / Jacobus Odink 54 8 Albertina Brown / Nigel Brown 54 9 Paulin Haffner / Herbert Huber 58 Judges: Norman V. S. Gregory Eugen Kirchhofer Hans Meixner Henri Meudec Mollie Phillips R. Sackett A. Voordeckers Sources Result List provided by the ISU vteWorld Figure Skating ChampionshipsFigure skating at the Olympic Games1890s 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920s 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2021 2022 2023 2024 World Junior Figure Skating Championships vteISU Figure Skating Championships World Championships World Junior Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Synchronized Skating Championships World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships

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Junior Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ISU_Championships_Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ISU_Championships_Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISU_Championships_Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"ISU Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Synchronized Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_World_Synchronized_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_World_Junior_Synchronized_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Result List provided by the ISUvteWorld Figure Skating ChampionshipsFigure skating at the Olympic Games1890s\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900s\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910s\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1920s\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930s\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940s\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950s\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960s\n1960\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970s\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980s\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990s\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000s\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010s\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020s\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nWorld Junior Figure Skating ChampionshipsvteISU Figure Skating Championships\nWorld Championships\nWorld Junior Championships\nEuropean Championships\nFour Continents Championships\nWorld Synchronized Skating Championships\nWorld Junior Synchronized Skating Championships","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorasbora

Pseudorasbora

["1 Species","2 References"]

Genus of fishes Pseudorasbora Stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Gobioninae Genus: PseudorasboraBleeker, 1860 Type species Pseudorasbora parvaTemminck & Schlegel, 1846 Pseudorasbora is a genus of small freshwater fish native to eastern Asia, including China, Korea, Japan and Siberia. P. parva, has been introduced to regions outside its native range and is considered invasive. Species There are currently 5 recognized species in this genus: Pseudorasbora elongata H. W. Wu, 1939 Pseudorasbora interrupta Z. Xiao, Z. H. Lan & X. L. Chen, 2007 Pseudorasbora parva Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 (Stone moroko, topmouth gudgeon) Pseudorasbora pugnax Kawase & Hosoya, 2015 Pseudorasbora pumila Miyadi, 1930 (Moroco) References ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Pseudorasbora". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Pseudorasbora in FishBase. December 2019 version. ^ a b Kawase, S.; Hosoya, K. (2015). "Pseudorasbora pugnax, a new species of minnow from Japan, and redescription of P. pumila (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 25 (4): 289–298. ^ Huckstorf, V. (2012). "Pseudorasbora parva". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T166136A1114203. Retrieved 27 April 2020. Taxon identifiersPseudorasbora Wikidata: Q747990 Wikispecies: Pseudorasbora BOLD: 71185 CoL: 73BT EoL: 26107 EPPO: 1QRASG Fauna Europaea: 304514 Fauna Europaea (new): 0e42e81e-3f5f-4525-aee2-46c0fbd536a9 GBIF: 2362864 iNaturalist: 91499 IRMNG: 1020972 ITIS: 687603 NBN: NHMSYS0000544729 NCBI: 38758 Open Tree of Life: 881583 WoRMS: 270615 This article relating to Gobioninae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley

Richard van der Riet Woolley

["1 Biography","2 Views on the practicality of space flight","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]

"Richard Woolley" redirects here. For the filmmaker, see Richard Woolley (filmmaker). Sir Richard van der Riet WoolleyOBE FRSBorn(1906-04-24)24 April 1906Weymouth, Dorset, EnglandDied24 December 1986(1986-12-24) (aged 80)Somerset West, Cape Province, South AfricaAlma materUniversity of Cape Town (BSc, MSc)Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (MA (Cantab), PhD)Known forAstronomer RoyalAwardsFellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerFieldsAstronomy Sir Richard van der Riet Woolley OBE FRS (24 April 1906 – 24 December 1986) was an English astronomer who became the eleventh Astronomer Royal. His mother's maiden name was Van der Riet. Biography Woolley was born in Weymouth, Dorset and attended Allhallows College, then in Honiton, for about 18 months, but then moved with his parents to the Union of South Africa upon their retirement. There he attended and received his degree in Mathematics and Physics from the University of Cape Town. Woolley returned to the United Kingdom and studied for a further MA degree in Mathematics and, later, a PhD at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. After two years at Mount Wilson Observatory he again returned to the United Kingdom in 1931. From 1937 to 1939, he was Senior Assistant Observer and John Couch Adams Astronomer at the Cambridge Observatory. Woolley specialized in solar astronomy and in 1939 he was appointed director of the Commonwealth Solar Observatory in Canberra, Australia. He later returned to the United Kingdom to take up his appointment as Astronomer Royal from 1956 to 1971. Woolley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1953 and won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1971. From 1972 to 1976 he was director of the new South African Astronomical Observatory. He retired in the late 1970s and spent most of his retirement in South Africa. Woolley was appointed an OBE in 1953 and knighted in 1963. Views on the practicality of space flight Woolley is known for his initial disbelief in the practicalities of space flight, a notion he shared with Sir Harold Spencer Jones, his predecessor as Astronomer Royal. In a 1936 book review of P.E. Cleator's Rockets Through Space, Woolley wrote: "The whole procedure ...presents difficulties of so fundamental a nature, that we are forced to dismiss the notion as essentially impracticable, in spite of the author's insistent appeal to put aside prejudice and to recollect the supposed impossibility of heavier-than-air flight before it was actually accomplished" On appointment as Astronomer Royal, he reiterated his long-held view that "space travel is utter bilge". Speaking to Time in 1956, Woolley noted "It's utter bilge. I don't think anybody will ever put up enough money to do such a thing . . . What good would it do us? If we spent the same amount of money on preparing first-class astronomical equipment we would learn much more about the universe . . . It is all rather rot" Woolley's protestations came just one year prior to the launch of Sputnik 1, five years before the start of the Apollo Program, and thirteen years before the first human landing on the Moon. In a 1995 letter to New Scientist, J.A. Terry and John Rudge pointed out that the quotation ascribed to Woolley is actually a misquotation of what he actually said (as they had heard themselves on Radio Newsreel). Terry and Rudge report that Woolley's statement was: "All this talk about space travel is utter bilge, really." Woolley went on to say: "It would cost as much as a major war just to put a man on the moon." Terry and Rudge assert that Woolley's latter prediction turned out to be quite accurate, and state that the deletion of the first four words of the quotation by newspaper editors was in reaction to the fact that it was those self-same newspaper's hyperbolic articles, talking about space travel, that Woolley was criticising. "Anyone", said Terry and Rudge, "who had seen the flamboyant articles about space travel and the imminent colonisation of the moon and planets that were splashed all over the newspapers in 1956, with science fiction-style illustrations, must have been immediately aware of what the new Astronomer Royal was riled about." Publications The Outer Layers of a Star (1953) co-written with Prof Walter Stibbs. References ^ a b McCrea, W. (1988). "Richard van der Riet Woolley. 24 April 1906 – 24 December 1986". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 34: 922–926. Bibcode:1988BMFRS..34..922M. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1988.0028. JSTOR 770071. S2CID 62763424. ^ GRO Register of Births: JUN 1906 5a 296 WEYMOUTH - Richard Van der Riet Woolley ^ a b Lynden-Bell, Donald (1987). "Professor Sir Richard Woolley, OBE, ScD, FRS, 1906–86". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 546–551. Bibcode:1987QJRAS..28..546L. ^ Stickland, D. J. (1987). "Obituary: Sir Richard Woolley". The Observatory. 107 (1077): 99. Bibcode:1987Obs...107...99S. ^ Feast, M. W. (1987). "Sir Richard Woolley, An Appreciation". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. 46 (1): 4–6. Bibcode:1987MNSSA..46....4F. ^ Hyland, A. R.; Faulkner, D. J. (1989). "From the Sun to the Universe–The Woolley and Bok Directorships at Mount Stromlo". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 8 (2): 216–228. Bibcode:1989PASA....8..216H. doi:10.1017/S1323358000023353. S2CID 117182658. ^ Stratton, F.J.M. "The History of the Cambridge Observatories" Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge (1949) ^ Lovell, Bernard (1971). "The Gold Medal: Sir Richard Woolley". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 12 (2): 135–137. Bibcode:1971QJRAS..12..135L. ^ WOOLLEY, Sir Richard (van der Riet), Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 ^ Cleator, P.E. (1936). Rockets Through Space; or, The Dawn of Interplanetary Travel. London: G.Allen & Unwin, ltd. OCLC 123158265. ^ Woolley, Richard (1936). "Book Review: Rockets in Space, by P.E. Cleator". Nature. 137 (3463): 417–470. Bibcode:1936Natur.137..417.. doi:10.1038/137417a0. ^ Staff writers (16 January 1956). "Utter Bilge?". Time. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2008. ^ J.A. Terry & John Rudge (16 September 1995). "Current affairs". New Scientist. External links Australian Academy of Science Online catalogue of Woolley's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library) vteAstronomers Royal John Flamsteed (1675) Edmond Halley (1720) James Bradley (1742) Nathaniel Bliss (1762) Nevil Maskelyne (1765) John Pond (1811) George Biddell Airy (1835) William Christie (1881) Frank Watson Dyson (1910) Harold Spencer Jones (1933) Richard van der Riet Woolley (1956) Martin Ryle (1972) Francis Graham-Smith (1982) Arnold Wolfendale (1991) Martin Rees (1995) Category:Astronomers Royal Portal:Astronomy Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Netherlands Academics zbMATH People Australia Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Woolley (filmmaker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woolley_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Astronomer Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Royal"}],"text":"\"Richard Woolley\" redirects here. For the filmmaker, see Richard Woolley (filmmaker).Sir Richard van der Riet Woolley OBE FRS[1] (24 April 1906 – 24 December 1986)[2] was an English astronomer who became the eleventh Astronomer Royal. His mother's maiden name was Van der Riet.","title":"Richard van der Riet Woolley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Allhallows College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allhallows_College"},{"link_name":"Honiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honiton"},{"link_name":"Union of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Mount Wilson Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_qjras-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_obs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_mnassa-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_hyland_faulkner-6"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"solar astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Solar Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stromlo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Astronomer Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Royal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_qjras-3"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ras_gold_medal-8"},{"link_name":"South African Astronomical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Astronomical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Woolley was born in Weymouth, Dorset and attended Allhallows College, then in Honiton, for about 18 months, but then moved with his parents to the Union of South Africa upon their retirement. There he attended and received his degree in Mathematics and Physics from the University of Cape Town. Woolley returned to the United Kingdom and studied for a further MA degree in Mathematics and, later, a PhD at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. After two years at Mount Wilson Observatory he again returned to the United Kingdom in 1931.[3]\n[4]\n[5]\n[6]From 1937 to 1939, he was Senior Assistant Observer and John Couch Adams Astronomer at the Cambridge Observatory.[7]Woolley specialized in solar astronomy and in 1939 he was appointed director of the Commonwealth Solar Observatory in Canberra, Australia. He later returned to the United Kingdom to take up his appointment as Astronomer Royal from 1956 to 1971.[3]Woolley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1953 and won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society \nin 1971.[8] \nFrom 1972 to 1976 he was director of the new South African Astronomical Observatory. He retired in the late 1970s and spent most of his retirement in South Africa.Woolley was appointed an OBE in 1953 and knighted in 1963.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Harold Spencer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones"},{"link_name":"Astronomer Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Royal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sputnik 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1"},{"link_name":"Apollo Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Program"},{"link_name":"landing on the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing"},{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"},{"link_name":"Radio Newsreel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Newsreel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Woolley is known for his initial disbelief in the practicalities of space flight, a notion he shared with Sir Harold Spencer Jones, his predecessor as Astronomer Royal. In a 1936 book review of P.E. Cleator's Rockets Through Space,[10] Woolley wrote:\"The whole procedure [of shooting rockets into space]...presents difficulties of so fundamental a nature, that we are forced to dismiss the notion as essentially impracticable, in spite of the author's insistent appeal to put aside prejudice and to recollect the supposed impossibility of heavier-than-air flight before it was actually accomplished\" [11]On appointment as Astronomer Royal, he reiterated his long-held view that \"space travel is utter bilge\". Speaking to Time in 1956, Woolley noted\"It's utter bilge. I don't think anybody will ever put up enough money to do such a thing . . . What good would it do us? If we spent the same amount of money on preparing first-class astronomical equipment we would learn much more about the universe . . . It is all rather rot\" [12]Woolley's protestations came just one year prior to the launch of Sputnik 1, five years before the start of the Apollo Program, and thirteen years before the first human landing on the Moon.In a 1995 letter to New Scientist, J.A. Terry and John Rudge pointed out that the quotation ascribed to Woolley is actually a misquotation of what he actually said (as they had heard themselves on Radio Newsreel). Terry and Rudge report that Woolley's statement was: \"All this talk about space travel is utter bilge, really.\" Woolley went on to say: \"It would cost as much as a major war just to put a man on the moon.\" Terry and Rudge assert that Woolley's latter prediction turned out to be quite accurate, and state that the deletion of the first four words of the quotation by newspaper editors was in reaction to the fact that it was those self-same newspaper's hyperbolic articles, talking about space travel, that Woolley was criticising. \"Anyone\", said Terry and Rudge, \"who had seen the flamboyant articles about space travel and the imminent colonisation of the moon and planets that were splashed all over the newspapers in 1956, with science fiction-style illustrations, must have been immediately aware of what the new Astronomer Royal was riled about.\"[13]","title":"Views on the practicality of space flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Stibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Stibbs"}],"text":"The Outer Layers of a Star (1953) co-written with Prof Walter Stibbs.","title":"Publications"}]

[]

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Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 546–551. Bibcode:1987QJRAS..28..546L.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987QJRAS..28..546L","url_text":"1987QJRAS..28..546L"}]},{"reference":"Stickland, D. J. (1987). \"Obituary: Sir Richard Woolley\". The Observatory. 107 (1077): 99. Bibcode:1987Obs...107...99S.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Obs...107...99S","url_text":"1987Obs...107...99S"}]},{"reference":"Feast, M. W. (1987). \"Sir Richard Woolley, An Appreciation\". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. 46 (1): 4–6. Bibcode:1987MNSSA..46....4F.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987MNSSA..46....4F","url_text":"1987MNSSA..46....4F"}]},{"reference":"Hyland, A. R.; Faulkner, D. J. (1989). \"From the Sun to the Universe–The Woolley and Bok Directorships at Mount Stromlo\". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 8 (2): 216–228. Bibcode:1989PASA....8..216H. doi:10.1017/S1323358000023353. S2CID 117182658.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1323358000023353","url_text":"\"From the Sun to the Universe–The Woolley and Bok Directorships at Mount Stromlo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PASA....8..216H","url_text":"1989PASA....8..216H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1323358000023353","url_text":"10.1017/S1323358000023353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117182658","url_text":"117182658"}]},{"reference":"Lovell, Bernard (1971). \"The Gold Medal: Sir Richard Woolley\". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 12 (2): 135–137. Bibcode:1971QJRAS..12..135L.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971QJRAS..12..135L","url_text":"1971QJRAS..12..135L"}]},{"reference":"Cleator, P.E. (1936). Rockets Through Space; or, The Dawn of Interplanetary Travel. London: G.Allen & Unwin, ltd. OCLC 123158265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123158265","url_text":"123158265"}]},{"reference":"Woolley, Richard (1936). \"Book Review: Rockets in Space, by P.E. Cleator\". Nature. 137 (3463): 417–470. Bibcode:1936Natur.137..417.. doi:10.1038/137417a0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F137417a0","url_text":"\"Book Review: Rockets in Space, by P.E. 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New Scientist.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscientist.com/article/mg14719956.100","url_text":"\"Current affairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist","url_text":"New Scientist"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Acho

Plaza de toros de Acho

["1 History","2 Acho today","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 12°02′29″S 77°01′24″W / 12.0414°S 77.0233°W / -12.0414; -77.0233Bull ring and cultural heritage site in Peru Plaza de toros de AchoExterior view of the Plaza de AchoLocationRímac District, Lima, PeruOwnerCharity of LimaCapacity14,000ConstructionOpened30 January 1766Renovated1944ArchitectFrancisco Graña Garland The Plaza de Toros de Acho is the premier bullring in Lima, Peru. Located beside the historical center of the Rímac District, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza in Spain (not counting the Roman Empire-era Arles Amphitheatre in France). It opened on 30 January 1766. Of the 56 official bullrings in Peru, the Plaza de Acho ranks most prominently. It has a seating capacity of 13,700 and was constructed of adobe and wood, both traditional materials. History In 1765, Agustín Hipólito de Landaburu sought permission to construct what he called "a fixed plaza for the corridas de toros" that would take place in Lima during the city's celebration of Carnival. The plaza would be constructed in the Rímac district on a site that had been used for several temporary bullrings since 1754. The site was called “el Hacho,” a Quechua word meaning “elevated place with view of the sea.” Construction on the plaza officially began on 30 January 1766.: 72  Plaza de Acho The inaugural run took place on 30 January 1766, and showcased the bullfighters Pisí, Maestro de España, and Gallipavo. The first bull to be killed in the plaza was a white animal called "El Albañil," meaning The Mason.: 73  Throughout its existence, revenues from the Plaza de Acho have been designated for the organizers of different corridas. An exception to this was during the war for independence from Spain: between the years of 1821 and 1826 all proceeds from the plaza were directed to the liberating army.: 87  The plaza was remodeled once, in 1944, due to deteriorated conditions.: 218–219  Although the work was generally considered successful in retaining the plaza's beloved characteristics, at least one writer bemoaned the "fall" of the old plaza: "Solemn, silent and decrepit--like those old actresses burdened with years-old glories and fames--the old Plaza de Toros de Lima has fallen.": 219  Since its opening, the Plaza de Acho has hosted many famous bullfighters or toreros, including Juan Belmonte, Manuel Rodríguez 'Manolete', Luis Miguel Domínguez 'Dominguín', and Manuel Benítez 'El Cordobés'. In September 19 of 1987 Plaza de Acho was the site of Los Prisioneros most famous concert in Peru. Acho today Sebastian Castella at Acho, 2008 The bullfighting fair held in honor of the annual Señor de los Milagros festival takes place at the plaza on Sundays through October and November. During the fair, Lima brings in some of the world's most lauded talent (the bill for 2019 included Andrés Roca Rey, Sebastian Castella, and Jose Mari Manzanares) The best bullfighter of the year is awarded the Escapulario de Oro (Golden Scapular), while the " Escapulario de Plata" Silver Scapular goes to the provider of the best bull. Sometimes either or both scapulars may go not awarded. Parade References ^ "Red Iberoamericana de Ciudades Taurinas - ciudadestaurinas.net". ^ a b c d e f López Martínez, Héctor (2005), Plaza de Acho: Historia y Tradición, Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú, ISBN 9972-890-90-2 ^ Velásquez C., Luis, "Los 241 años de la Plaza de Acho." La República. September, 2007. ^ Contreras, Marcelo (7 February 2022). "Los Prisioneros / Soda Stereo: Eres precioso porque eres diferente". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ Carlín Gereda, Ernesto (8 December 2021). "La voz de los 80". El Peruano (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ Mijail, Palacios (12 December 2019). "Movida21: Cristóbal González, escritor chileno: "Perú fue el país donde quizá más quisieron a Los Prisioneros"". Perú.21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Aficion - Tauromaquia". External links (in Spanish) Torosperu.com (in Spanish) Puiggrós, Bartolomé, "¿Y la Plaza de Hacho?" El Comercio. June, 2009. (in Spanish) Afición Perú 12°02′29″S 77°01′24″W / 12.0414°S 77.0233°W / -12.0414; -77.0233 vteLima landmarksPre-Columbian buildings Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Pucllana Huaca Santa Catalina Pachacamac Puruchuco Colonial buildings Balconies of Lima Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced Monument Plazoleta Basilica and Convent of San Francisco Catacombs Basilica and Convent of San Pedro Basilica of Santo Domingo Plazuela Casa de Aliaga Casa de Divorciadas Casa de Osambela Casa de Pilatos Casa del Oidor Casa Goyeneche Casa Hacienda Punchauca Casa Matusita Casa O'Higgins Casa Riva-Agüero Casona of the National University of San Marcos Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Museum of Art Theatre Cathedral Basilica of Lima Sanctuary Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro Cripta de los Héroes Church of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph Church of Saint Catherine of Siena Church of Saint Lazarus Church of the Good Death Church of the Holy Christ of Wonders Church of the Orphans Church of Our Lady of Copacabana Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church of Our Lady of Patronage Church of Saint Anne Church of Saint Augustine Church of Saint Liberata Church of Saint Mary Magdalene Convent of Our Lady of the Angels Cuartel Barbones Fort of Santa Catalina Iglesia de la Recoleta Mogrovejo Hospital Monastery of Saint Rose of Lima National Mint of Peru Palacio de la Magdalena Palacio de Torre Tagle Panteón de los Próceres Plaza de toros de Acho Real Felipe Fortress Royal College of the University of San Marcos Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima Seminario de Lima St. Clare's Monastery Mill St. Sebastian's Church Trinitarian Church Walls of Lima Other touristic buildings Archbishop's Palace Association of Amateur Artists Atlas Building Bar Cordano BBVA Building Begonias Tower Casa Arenas Loayza Casa de Correos y Telégrafos Casa de las Trece Monedas Casa del Pueblo Casa Fernandini, Lima Casa Fernandini, Santa María del Mar Casa Roosevelt Casa Rusa Casa Sal y Rosas Casa Suárez Chinatown Arch Chocavento Tower Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Club de la Unión Club Nacional Country Club Lima Hotel Cristo del Pacífico Delfines Hotel & Convention Center Desamparados station Diez de Octubre School Eduardo Dibos Colosseum El Ángel Cemetery Gamarra Government Palace Obelisk Gran Hotel Bolívar Gran Hotel Maury Guadalupe College Hermitage of Barranco Hospital Civil de la Misericordia Hotel Crillón Immaculate Heart of Mary Church Monument Institute of Hygiene Interbank Building Javier Alzamora Valdez Building La Atarjea La Colmena Building La Rosa Náutica Larcomar Teatro La Plaza Library of Congress Lima Civic Center Legislative Palace Lima Convention Center Lima Stock Exchange Building Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium Mesa Redonda Monumental Stadium Morro Solar War Monument Mosque of Lima National Geographic Institute National Library of Peru National Maternal Perinatal Institute National Stadium of Peru Palacio de la Exposición Palacio de Miraflores Palacio Municipal Palace of Justice Petroperú Building Public Ministry of Peru Quinta Heeren Quinta Leuro Quinta Presa Rospigliosi Castle Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus Church Sheraton Lima Historic Center Stone of Taulichusco The Westin Lima Hotel & Convention Center Torre Banco de la Nación Museums and theatres Aeronautical Museum Bodega y Quadra Museum Canout Theatre Casa Grau Naval Museum Combatants of the Morro de Arica Museum DIRCOTE Museum Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World Gran Teatro Nacional José Carlos Mariátegui Museum Larco Museum Lima Art Museum Metropolitan Museum Morro Solar Planetarium Municipal Theatre Museum Museum of Congress and the Inquisition Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of the Brain Museum of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru Museum of Elections and Democracy Museum of Italian Art Museum of Natural History National Afro-Peruvian Museum National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History National Museum National Museum of Peruvian Culture Naval Museum Pinacotheca of Lima Teatro Colón Teatro Municipal Teatro Peruano Japonés Teatro Segura Squares and promenades Cinco esquinas Jirón de la Unión Pasaje Olaya Monument Paseo de los Héroes Navales Las llamas La yunta Paseo Colón Columbus Statue Pizza Blvd. Plaza de la Bandera Plaza Bolívar Plaza Bolognesi Plaza de la Democracia Plaza Dos de Mayo Plaza Francia Statue of Liberty Plaza Grau Monument Plaza Italia Plaza Manco Cápac Monument Plaza Mayor Fountain Plaza Perú Plaza Ramón Castilla Monument Plaza San Martín Lamp of the Three Graces Plazuela de las Artes Plazuela del Teatro Monument Parks and zoos Alameda Chabuca Granda Alameda de los Descalzos Museum Bridge of Sighs Campo de Marte Monument Costa Verde Pan-American Complex El Olivar Friendship Park Cultural Centre Museum Heroes of Independence Park Huachipa Zoo Malecón de Miraflores Love Park Villena Bridge Medicinal Botanical Garden Kennedy Park Lachay National Reserve Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge Parque de la Exposición Fountain Parque de La Muralla Pizarro statue Parque de la Reserva Parque de las Leyendas Paseo de Aguas Plazuela Chabuca Granda Monument Reducto № 2 Museum University Park Clock Education Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University Cayetano Heredia University Federico Villarreal National University National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts Cultural Centre National University of Engineering National University of San Marcos Officers' School of the National Police of Peru Peruvian University of Applied Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute Ricardo Palma University Technological University of Peru University of Engineering and Technology Campus University of Lima Health Archbishop Loayza National Hospital Dos de Mayo National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital San Bartolomé National Hospital Víctor Larco Herrera Hospital Nearby areas with beaches Ancón Callao Base Port Chancay Chorrillos La Herradura Miraflores La Pampilla Pucusana Former Banco Comercial Barranco Lake Barranco Zoo Cabildo of Lima Casa Alcántara Casa Marcionelli Casa Oechsle Casa Tenaud Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Cine Tauro El Sexto Prison Gate of Lima Giacoletti Building Great Clock of Lima Hipódromo de San Felipe Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz Lima Penitentiary Limatambo Airport Limatambo Building Marsano Palace Moorish Arch Museo de la Nación National Stadium San Jorge Prison San Martín barracks Venetian Palace Saint Paul's College Viceregal Palace Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic Structurae

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The plaza would be constructed in the Rímac district on a site that had been used for several temporary bullrings since 1754.[2] The site was called “el Hacho,” a Quechua word meaning “elevated place with view of the sea.” Construction on the plaza officially began on 30 January 1766.[2]: 72Plaza de AchoThe inaugural run took place on 30 January 1766, and showcased the bullfighters Pisí, Maestro de España, and Gallipavo. The first bull to be killed in the plaza was a white animal called \"El Albañil,\" meaning The Mason.[2]: 73Throughout its existence, revenues from the Plaza de Acho have been designated for the organizers of different corridas. An exception to this was during the war for independence from Spain: between the years of 1821 and 1826 all proceeds from the plaza were directed to the liberating army.[2]: 87The plaza was remodeled once, in 1944, due to deteriorated conditions.[2]: 218–219  Although the work was generally considered successful in retaining the plaza's beloved characteristics, at least one writer bemoaned the \"fall\" of the old plaza: \"Solemn, silent and decrepit--like those old actresses burdened with years-old glories and fames--the old Plaza de Toros de Lima has fallen.\"[2]: 219Since its opening, the Plaza de Acho has hosted many famous bullfighters or toreros, including Juan Belmonte, Manuel Rodríguez 'Manolete', Luis Miguel Domínguez 'Dominguín', and Manuel Benítez 'El Cordobés'.[3]In September 19 of 1987 Plaza de Acho was the site of Los Prisioneros most famous concert in Peru.[4][5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebastian_Castella_At_Acho_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"bullfighting fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feria_del_Se%C3%B1or_de_los_Milagros"},{"link_name":"Señor de los Milagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or_de_los_Milagros_(Lima)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paseillo_Acho.jpg"}],"text":"Sebastian Castella at Acho, 2008The bullfighting fair held in honor of the annual Señor de los Milagros festival takes place at the plaza on Sundays through October and November. During the fair, Lima brings in some of the world's most lauded talent (the bill for 2019 included Andrés Roca Rey, Sebastian Castella, and Jose Mari Manzanares)[7] The best bullfighter of the year is awarded the Escapulario de Oro (Golden Scapular), while the \" Escapulario de Plata\" Silver Scapular goes to the provider of the best bull. Sometimes either or both scapulars may go not awarded.Parade","title":"Acho today"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunna_Sowell

Shaunna Sowell

["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Awards","5 References"]

American engineer Shaunna SowellNationalityAmericanKnown forFormer Vice President & Manager of Worldwide Semiconductor Facilities, Texas InstrumentsScientific careerFieldsEngineering Shaunna F. Sowell is an engineer who was Vice President and Manager of DFAB water fabrication facilities for Texas Instruments. Education Sowell was awarded a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from New Mexico State University. She also received a Bachelor of Science in education from the University of Texas at Austin. Career In 1985, Sowell began work as a project engineer for Texas Instruments, in the defense division. She went on to support water fabrication construction in 1987 before becoming the manager for Worldwide Environmental Safety and Health in 1994. In 1998, Sowell was promoted to Manager of Worldwide Semiconductor Facilities, heading the construction chain for semiconductors in the company across the globe. In 2000, she became the first woman to manage the DFAB facilities. She spearheaded efforts to improve environmental and safety consciousness. Personal life Sowell resides in Richardson, Texas and has three children. Awards Sowell was inducted into Women in Technology International's Women in Science and Technology Hall of Fame in 1997. References ^ a b c d "(WITI) Shaunna Sowell". witi.com. Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ "U.S. Can Still Compete with Rest of World in Semiconductor Manufacturing and R&D, Texas Instruments Executive to Tell at Upcoming ISMI Symposium | Semiconductor Digest". Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2006-01-18). "Opinion | A Green Dream in Texas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ Rozen, Miriam (1997-10-16). "Damage control". Dallas Observer. Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ "Design for Environment Training Leads to Lean and Green". Training Magazine. August 22, 2013. Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ Enterprise, I. D. G. (1997-07-28). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. This article about a United States engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abruzzi

Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi

["1 Early years","2 Arctic expedition","3 Later years","3.1 In the Italian Navy","3.2 Italian Somaliland","4 Personal life","5 Scientific works","6 Animal named in honor","7 Honours","8 Ancestry","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

Italian mountaineer and explorer (1873–1933) Prince Luigi AmedeoDuke of the AbruzziBorn(1873-01-29)29 January 1873Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid, SpainDied18 March 1933(1933-03-18) (aged 60)Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, Italian SomalilandBurialRiverbank of the Shebelle RiverNamesLuigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco di SavoiaHouseSavoyFatherAmadeo I of SpainMotherMaria Vittoria dal Pozzo Photo of K2 taken by the Duke Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, (29 January 1873 – 18 March 1933) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, briefly Infante of Spain as son of Amadeo I of Spain, member of the royal House of Savoy and cousin of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III. He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to Mount Saint Elias and K2. He also served as an Italian admiral during World War I. He created Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi in Italian Somalia during his last years of life. Early years He was born in Madrid, Spain as the third oldest son of Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta and his first wife Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy. He was born during his father's brief reign as King Amadeo of Spain. His siblings are Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Prince Vittorio Emanuele, and Prince Umberto. Shortly after his birth, his father, who had reigned in Spain since 1870, abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a member of the House of Savoy, well known in Europe since the 12th century. His uncle became King Umberto I of Italy in 1878, and his cousin became King Vittorio Emanuele III in 1900. The title Duke of the Abruzzi (Italian: Duca degli Abruzzi) was created by King Umberto I in 1890 for Luigi Amedeo, who was a son of the abdicating King of Spain Amadeus and initially was given the title of Infante of Spain. His ducal title referred to the central Italian region of Abruzzo. From 1893 to 1896, Luigi Amedeo traveled around the world, including Eritrea, then an Italian possession, and Vancouver. In September 1893, he traveled to Italian Somaliland to quell the unrest and stayed for a month to guard the port of Mogadishu, giving him his first contact with a land to which he would later devote the last years of his life and in which he would choose to die. He had begun to train as a mountaineer in 1892 on Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa (Italian Alps): in 1897 he made the first ascent of Mount Saint Elias (Canada/U.S., 5,489 m). There the expedition searched for a mirage, known as the Silent City of Alaska, that natives and prospectors claimed to see over a glacier. C. W. Thornton, a member of the expedition, wrote: "It required no effort of the imagination to liken it to a city, but was so distinct that it required, instead, faith to believe that it was not in reality a city." Arctic expedition In 1898, Prince Luigi Amedeo organized an expedition towards the North Pole and consulted the famous polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen that had sailed the furthest north with the Colin Archer-built polar ship Fram (ship) in 1893–1896. In 1899 Amedeo acquired Jason, a steam whaler of 570 tons. He renamed her Stella Polare and took her to Colin Archer's shipyard in Larvik, Norway. The interior was stripped out and beams, diagonals and knees heavily strengthened the ship. In the spring of 1899 he arrived in the Norwegian capital Christiania with ten companions and Stella Polare ("Pole Star") took the expedition through the frozen sea. On 12 June they headed for Archangel (Arkhangelsk). Stella Polare was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling. On 30 June Stella Polare dropped anchor in the docks of Arkhangelsk and the duke was solemnly received by Governor Engelhardt. The same day, Prince Luigi Amedeo was invited to meet the local authorities and the present foreign diplomats. On 7 July, a local newspaper wrote: The city theatre arranged an extraordinary spectacle in the presence of the Duke of the Abruzzi. The drama The princess of Baghdad, consisting of three acts, was performed. Before the curtain was raised the orchestra had played the Italian royal anthem... Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangelsk: "Our departure was set for July 12. Early in the morning the church was open to us and we, although being Catholic, were allowed to join the mass. In the afternoon all the dogs were brought back on board to their kennels. In the evening the Stella Polare put out and was escorted by two steamers down the Dvina. I still remained on shore, as well as Doctor Cavalli, in order to spend the evening together with our Italian friends. Next evening we left Arkhangel’sk. During the whole journey we saw flags being hoisted to welcome us..." Twenty men took part in the expedition, among them Captain Umberto Cagni, Lieutenant F. Querini and Doctor A. Cavalli Molinelli. They planned to go to Franz Joseph Land, in the Arctic wilderness, to establish a camp in which to stay during winter time and, afterwards, to reach the North Pole by dogsled across the frozen sea. Prince Luigi Amedeo established the winter camp on Rudolf Island. The expedition was to start at the end of the Arctic night. The duke lost two fingers during winter because of the cold, which made it impossible for him to join the trip by sledge. He left the command over the pole expedition to Captain Cagni. On 11 March 1900, Cagni left the camp and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 kilometres (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp on 23 June. On 16 August Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. During the expedition, the northern coast of Rudolf Island and two other islands were explored and measured. Later years In 1906, inspired by Henry Morton Stanley's last wishes, the Duke led an expedition to the Ruwenzori Range (5,125 m), in Uganda. He scaled sixteen summits in the range, including the six principal peaks. One of them, Mount Luigi di Savoia, bears his name. The highest peak was reached on 18 June 1906. The Duke and his guides climbing an icefall on Chogolisa in 1909. His next great expedition, in 1909, aimed to climb K2 in Karakoram. A team led by Prince Luigi Amedeo reached a height of 6,250 m on the ridge. The standard route up the mountain (formerly known as K2's East Ridge) climbs today on the Abruzzi Spur. In an attempt on Chogolisa he and his companions again failed to reach the summit, but set a world altitude record, a height of approximately 7,500 m (24,600 ft) before turning around just 150 m below the summit due to bad weather. In the Italian Navy A vice-admiral in the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), he was Inspector of Torpedo Craft from 1911 to 1912. During World War I, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Fleet (1914–1917) based in Taranto, his flagship being the Italian battleship Conte di Cavour. Under the duke, the Regia Marina was responsible for saving the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia. In February 1917, he was replaced by Paolo Thaon di Revel, under pressure from the British and French allies. In February 1918, he was promoted to admiral, but played no further role of importance. The Explorers Club in New York elected the duke to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1912. The duke assisted Italian dictator Benito Mussolini with the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928. He traveled to Addis Ababa with gifts. One gift, a Fiat 3000 tank, ended up playing a role in crushing the abortive coup d'état of 1928. In 1932, the duke was briefly the president of the newly merged Italian Line of steamships. In 1931, combining all of Italy's transatlantic carriers into the Italian Line was one of Mussolini's biggest business deals. However, the duke resigned soon after SS Rex broke down at Gibraltar. According to him, "My reason is that I have been unable to achieve harmony among executives who formerly headed competing lines." Italian Somaliland In 1918, the Duke returned to Italian Somaliland. In 1920, he founded the "Village of the Duke of Abruzzi" (Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi or Villabruzzi) some ninety kilometres north of Mogadishu. It was an agricultural settlement experimenting with new cultivation techniques. By 1926, the colony comprised 16 villages, with 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian (Italian Somalis) inhabitants. Abruzzi raised funds for a number of development projects in the town, including roads, dams, schools, hospitals, a church and a mosque. He died in the village on 18 March 1933. In the late 1930s, the village area was one of the most socio-economically developed in eastern Africa. The area around the "Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi" was the most agriculturally developed of Somalia before World War II and had some important food industries. After Italian Somaliland was officially dissolved in 1947, the town was later renamed to Jowhar. Personal life Past headlines and a photo from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of October 18, 1908, concerning the Amedeo-Elkins romance, with three drawings by journalist Marguerite Martyn In the early years of the twentieth century, the Abruzzi was in a relationship with Katherine Hallie "Kitty" Elkins, daughter of the wealthy American senator Stephen Benton Elkins, but the Abruzzi's cousin King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy refused to grant him permission to marry a commoner. His brother, Emanuele Filiberto, to whom Luigi was very close, persuaded him to give up the relationship. His brother later approved of young Antoinette "Amber" Brizzi, the daughter of Quinto Brizzi, one of the largest vineyard owners in Northern Italy. Despite this, Abruzzi was never officially married; however, in the later years of his life, Abruzzi had a relationship and deep romantic partnership with Faduma Ali, a young Somali woman who stayed by his side even while he was on his deathbed. Scientific works La Stella Polare nel Mare Artico 1899-1900 (1902) On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea (1903) by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queux, 2 vols. Osservazioni scientifiche, eseguite durante la spedizione polare di S.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia (1903, with Umberto Cagni and Cavalli-Molinelli) Animal named in honor A species of African lizard, Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae, is named in honor of Prince Luigi Amedeo. Honours Styles ofPrince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the AbruzziReference styleHis Royal HighnessSpoken styleYour Royal Highness  Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 2 May 1893 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 2 May 1893 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 2 May 1893 Commander of the Military Order of Savoy, 16 March 1913; Grand Officer, 29 December 1916; Grand Cross, 7 February 1924 Knight of the Civil Order of Savoy  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Military Order of Malta  Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 19 June 1895  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 21 November 1899 Founder's Medal, 1901  Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 11 September 1900 United States: Cullum Geographical Medal, 1903 Siam: Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 2 January 1904  Albania: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Black Eagle, 1914  Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III, with Collar, 1928 Ancestry Ancestors of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 8. Charles Albert of Sardinia 4. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 9. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 2. Amadeo I of Spain 10. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria 5. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria 11. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 1. Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 12. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna 6. Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna 13. Maria Anna Balbo Bertone dei Conti di Sambuy 3. Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Princess of Cisterna 14. Count Werner de Mérode-Westerloo 7. Countess Louise de Mérode-Westerloo 15. Countess Victoire van Spangen d'Uyternesse See also Picco Luigi Amedeo, a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the Val d'Aosta, Italy Savoia Peak, a peak at the northeast end of Sierra DuFief Luigi Island, an island in Franz Joseph Land Al Abraq, Libya, called by the Italians as Luigi di Savoia Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat, a species of bat Abruzzi Secondary School, Shigar, Gilgit Baltistan Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi, an Italian cruiser Notes ^ "Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer". ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 5 ^ Tenderini & Shandrick (1997:25) ^ Fanshawe, Andy; Venables, Stephen (1995). Himalaya Alpine-Style. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-64931-3. ^ Salkeld, Audrey, ed. (1998). World Mountaineering. Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2502-2. ^ a b Time Magazine, Milestones ^ Time Magazine, Fascist New Year ^ Time Magazine, Smooth Show ^ Time Magazine, Royal Resignation ^ Villabruzzi (in Italian) ^ "Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco". Ultimate Italy. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013. ^ Aosta very ill ^ A Prince of Climbers ^ "Review of On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols". The Athenaeum (3945): 723–724. June 6, 1903. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi", p. 6). ^ a b c Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1900). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. pp. 53, 55, 67. ^ Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato. ^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 70. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 426 ^ Sveriges Statskalender. Liberförlag. 1905. p. 441. ^ American Geographical Society ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (22 January 1904). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1930, p. 221, archived from the original on 20 June 2018, retrieved 4 March 2019 References Bridges, Peter, "A Prince of Climbers", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 2000 Tenderini, Mirella; Shandrick, Michael (1997). The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-895-6. Further reading De Filippi, La spedizione di S.A.R. il principe Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, al Monte Sant’Elia (Alaska) 1897 (1900) Louis Amédée de Savoie (Duc des Abruzzes), Expédition de l’Étoile Polaire dans la Mer Arctique 1899–1900, Paris, coll. Polaires, Économica, 2004 (Préface de Giulia Bogliolo Bruna) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi. "Fascist New Year". Time Magazine. November 5, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010. "Royal Resignation". Time Magazine. October 24, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010. "Milestones". Time Magazine. March 27, 1933. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2010. "Smooth Show". Time Magazine. January 21, 1935. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010. "THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI". Rwenzori Abruzzi. Retrieved November 11, 2013. "Abruzzi, Duke of" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914. "Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Works by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi at Internet Archive Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi House of SavoyBorn: 29 January 1873 Died: 18 March 1933 Italian nobility New title Duke of the Abruzzi 1st creation1890 – 1933 VacantNever bestowed upon tillTitle next held byPrince Amedeo Michele vtePrinces of Savoy1st generation None 2nd generation Louis, Duke of Savoy Philip I, Prince of Piedmont 3rd generation Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy Louis, Count of Geneva Philip II, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Count of Romont 4th generation Philibert I, Duke of Savoy Charles I, Duke of Savoy Philibert II, Duke of Savoy Charles III, Duke of Savoy Philip, Duke of Nemours Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 5th generation Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Duke of Nemours 6th generation Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours Henri, Duke of Nemours Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano Prince Maurice Prince Emmanuel Filibert 7th generation Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons Louis I, Duke of Nemours Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours Henri II, Duke of Nemours 8th generation Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons Prince Eugene 9th generation Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Count of Villafranca Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan 10th generation Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Prince Emanuele Filiberto Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta Benedetto, Duke of Chablais Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons 11th generation Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat Charles Felix I of Sardinia Giuseppe, Count of Asti Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 12th generation Charles Albert I of Sardinia 13th generation Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 14th generation Umberto I of Italy Amadeo I of Spain Oddone, Duke of Montferrat Tommaso, Duke of Genoa** 15th generation Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta*** Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin*** Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi*** Umberto, Count of Salemi*** Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa** Filiberto, Duke of Genoa** Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo** Eugenio, Duke of Genoa** 16th generation Umberto II of Italy Amedeo, Duke of Aosta*** Aimone, Duke of Aosta*** 17th generation Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Amedeo, Duke of Aosta*** 18th generation Prince Emanuele Filiberto Prince Aimone*** *member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy** Prince of Savoy-Genoa*** Prince of Savoy-Aosta vtePolar explorationArctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest NorthNorth Pole Barentsz Heemskerck Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North magnetic pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris expedition Polaris C. F. Hall Bessels British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard Nansen's Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo Andrée's balloon expedition S. A. Andrée F. Cook SS Roosevelt Peary Henson Sedov Byrd Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen Ellsworth Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov Drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 Georgiy Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov IcelandGreenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Garðar Ingólfr Norse colonization of North America Gunnbjörn Snæbjörn galti Erik the Red Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest PassageNorthern Canada Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East PassageRussian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Heemskerck Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenshtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander Jeannette expedition USS Jeannette De Long Melville Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov expedition Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers Lenin Arktika-class icebreaker Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Antarctic/Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross Abernethy) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen "Heroic Age" Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest IPY · IGYModern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest SouthSouth Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South magnetic pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Cherry-Garrard Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility research station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner vteItalian SomalilandMain authorities King & Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III Prime Minister Benito Mussolini List of governors-general of Italian East Africa Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi Governors Italian Governors of Somalia Main Colonial governors: Vincenzo Filonardi; Giacomo De Martino; Cesare Maria De Vecchi; Maurizio Rava; Rodolfo Graziani; Carlo De Simone General history Italian Somaliland Oltre Giuba Second Italo-Ethiopian War Somalia Governorate Italian invasion of British Somaliland Italian tentative to occupy French Somaliland East African Campaign Italian guerrilla war in A.O.I. (1941–1943) Trust Territory of Somaliland Italy–Somalia relations Infrastructure Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway Railway stations in Italian Somaliland Linea dell'Impero Petrella Airport Villa Somalia Governor's Palace of Mogadishu Porto di Mogadiscio Museo della Garesa Stadio Coni Mogadiscio Saline Dante Lido Beach Related articles Italian Somalis Mogadishu under Italian rule Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi Genale Vittorio Port of Merca Dam of Genale Doria Banaadir Mogadiscio circuit Associazione Calcio Mogadiscio Faro Guardafui/F. Crispi Imperial Italy Italian East Africa Italian East African lira Italian Somaliland lira Italian Somaliland rupia Somalo Banca per l'Africa Orientale Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba Catholic Church in Somalia Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu Mogadishu Cathedral Italian language in Somalia Sentinels of Bronze Royal Banana Monopoly Colonial troops Royal Corps of Colonial Troops Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102) Dubats Italian African Police Bands Zaptié Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican 2 Artists Musée d'Orsay People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20plancheXX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Infante of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Amadeo I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Italian Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somalia"}],"text":"Photo of K2 taken by the DukePrince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, (29 January 1873 – 18 March 1933) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, briefly Infante of Spain as son of Amadeo I of Spain, member of the royal House of Savoy and cousin of the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III.[1] He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to Mount Saint Elias and K2. He also served as an Italian admiral during World War I.[2] He created Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi in Italian Somalia during his last years of life.","title":"Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo"},{"link_name":"King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"King Amadeo of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Prince Emanuele Filiberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1869%E2%80%931931)"},{"link_name":"Prince Vittorio Emanuele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vittorio_Emanuele,_Count_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Prince Umberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Umberto,_Count_of_Salemi"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"King Umberto I of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"King Vittorio Emanuele III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Italian Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael-3"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Monte Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Italian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He was born in Madrid, Spain as the third oldest son of Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta and his first wife Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy. He was born during his father's brief reign as King Amadeo of Spain. His siblings are Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Prince Vittorio Emanuele, and Prince Umberto. Shortly after his birth, his father, who had reigned in Spain since 1870, abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a member of the House of Savoy, well known in Europe since the 12th century. His uncle became King Umberto I of Italy in 1878, and his cousin became King Vittorio Emanuele III in 1900.The title Duke of the Abruzzi (Italian: Duca degli Abruzzi) was created by King Umberto I in 1890 for Luigi Amedeo, who was a son of the abdicating King of Spain Amadeus and initially was given the title of Infante of Spain. His ducal title referred to the central Italian region of Abruzzo.From 1893 to 1896, Luigi Amedeo traveled around the world, including Eritrea, then an Italian possession, and Vancouver. In September 1893, he traveled to Italian Somaliland to quell the unrest and stayed for a month to guard the port of Mogadishu, giving him his first contact with a land to which he would later devote the last years of his life and in which he would choose to die.[3] He had begun to train as a mountaineer in 1892 on Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa (Italian Alps): in 1897 he made the first ascent of Mount Saint Elias (Canada/U.S., 5,489 m). There the expedition searched for a mirage, known as the Silent City of Alaska, that natives and prospectors claimed to see over a glacier. C. W. Thornton, a member of the expedition, wrote: \"It required no effort of the imagination to liken it to a city, but was so distinct that it required, instead, faith to believe that it was not in reality a city.\"[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Colin Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Archer"},{"link_name":"Fram (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)"},{"link_name":"whaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling_ship"},{"link_name":"Larvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvik"},{"link_name":"Christiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Pole Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris"},{"link_name":"Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stella_Polare_1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dvina"},{"link_name":"Umberto Cagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Cagni"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land#Places_of_significance"},{"link_name":"a new record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthest_North"}],"text":"In 1898, Prince Luigi Amedeo organized an expedition towards the North Pole and consulted the famous polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen that had sailed the furthest north with the Colin Archer-built polar ship Fram (ship) in 1893–1896. In 1899 Amedeo acquired Jason, a steam whaler of 570 tons. He renamed her Stella Polare and took her to Colin Archer's shipyard in Larvik, Norway. The interior was stripped out and beams, diagonals and knees heavily strengthened the ship.In the spring of 1899 he arrived in the Norwegian capital Christiania with ten companions and Stella Polare (\"Pole Star\") took the expedition through the frozen sea. On 12 June they headed for Archangel (Arkhangelsk).Stella Polare was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling.On 30 June Stella Polare dropped anchor in the docks of Arkhangelsk and the duke was solemnly received by Governor Engelhardt. The same day, Prince Luigi Amedeo was invited to meet the local authorities and the present foreign diplomats.On 7 July, a local newspaper wrote:The city theatre arranged an extraordinary spectacle in the presence of the Duke of the Abruzzi. The drama The princess of Baghdad, consisting of three acts, was performed. Before the curtain was raised the orchestra had played the Italian royal anthem...Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangelsk: \"Our departure was set for July 12. Early in the morning the church was open to us and we, although being Catholic, were allowed to join the mass. In the afternoon all the dogs were brought back on board to their kennels. In the evening the Stella Polare put out and was escorted by two steamers down the Dvina. I still remained on shore, as well as Doctor Cavalli, in order to spend the evening together with our Italian friends. Next evening we left Arkhangel’sk. During the whole journey we saw flags being hoisted to welcome us...\"Twenty men took part in the expedition, among them Captain Umberto Cagni, Lieutenant F. Querini and Doctor A. Cavalli Molinelli. They planned to go to Franz Joseph Land, in the Arctic wilderness, to establish a camp in which to stay during winter time and, afterwards, to reach the North Pole by dogsled across the frozen sea.Prince Luigi Amedeo established the winter camp on Rudolf Island. The expedition was to start at the end of the Arctic night. The duke lost two fingers during winter because of the cold, which made it impossible for him to join the trip by sledge. He left the command over the pole expedition to Captain Cagni. On 11 March 1900, Cagni left the camp and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 kilometres (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp on 23 June. On 16 August Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. During the expedition, the northern coast of Rudolf Island and two other islands were explored and measured.","title":"Arctic expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Morton Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Ruwenzori Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwenzori_Range"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Mount Luigi di Savoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Luigi_di_Savoia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg"},{"link_name":"icefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefall"},{"link_name":"Chogolisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogolisa"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Abruzzi Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-him_alpine_style-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world_mountaineering-5"},{"link_name":"Chogolisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogolisa"},{"link_name":"world altitude record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1906, inspired by Henry Morton Stanley's last wishes, the Duke led an expedition to the Ruwenzori Range (5,125 m), in Uganda. He scaled sixteen summits in the range, including the six principal peaks. One of them, Mount Luigi di Savoia, bears his name. The highest peak was reached on 18 June 1906.The Duke and his guides climbing an icefall on Chogolisa in 1909.His next great expedition, in 1909, aimed to climb K2 in Karakoram. A team led by Prince Luigi Amedeo reached a height of 6,250 m on the ridge. The standard route up the mountain (formerly known as K2's East Ridge) climbs today on the Abruzzi Spur.[4][5]In an attempt on Chogolisa he and his companions again failed to reach the summit, but set a world altitude record, a height of approximately 7,500 m (24,600 ft) before turning around just 150 m below the summit due to bad weather.[citation needed]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Italian battleship Conte di Cavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_Magazine,_Milestones-6"},{"link_name":"Paolo Thaon di Revel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel"},{"link_name":"The Explorers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Explorers_Club"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1928"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fiat 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_3000"},{"link_name":"coup d'état of 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1928"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Italian Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_Magazine,_Milestones-6"},{"link_name":"SS Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Rex"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"In the Italian Navy","text":"A vice-admiral in the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), he was Inspector of Torpedo Craft from 1911 to 1912. During World War I, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Fleet (1914–1917) based in Taranto, his flagship being the Italian battleship Conte di Cavour. Under the duke, the Regia Marina was responsible for saving the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia.[6] In February 1917, he was replaced by Paolo Thaon di Revel, under pressure from the British and French allies. In February 1918, he was promoted to admiral, but played no further role of importance.The Explorers Club in New York elected the duke to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1912.[citation needed]The duke assisted Italian dictator Benito Mussolini with the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928. He traveled to Addis Ababa with gifts.[7] One gift, a Fiat 3000 tank, ended up playing a role in crushing the abortive coup d'état of 1928.[8]In 1932, the duke was briefly the president of the newly merged Italian Line of steamships.[6] In 1931, combining all of Italy's transatlantic carriers into the Italian Line was one of Mussolini's biggest business deals. However, the duke resigned soon after SS Rex broke down at Gibraltar. According to him, \"My reason is that I have been unable to achieve harmony among executives who formerly headed competing lines.\"[9]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaggio_Duca_degli_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Italian Somalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somalis"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jowhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowhar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagmff-11"}],"sub_title":"Italian Somaliland","text":"In 1918, the Duke returned to Italian Somaliland. In 1920, he founded the \"Village of the Duke of Abruzzi\" (Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi or Villabruzzi) some ninety kilometres north of Mogadishu. It was an agricultural settlement experimenting with new cultivation techniques.By 1926, the colony comprised 16 villages, with 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian (Italian Somalis) inhabitants. Abruzzi raised funds for a number of development projects in the town, including roads, dams, schools, hospitals, a church and a mosque.He died in the village on 18 March 1933.In the late 1930s, the village area was one of the most socio-economically developed in eastern Africa. The area around the \"Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi\" was the most agriculturally developed of Somalia before World War II and had some important food industries.[10]After Italian Somaliland was officially dissolved in 1947, the town was later renamed to Jowhar.[11]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn"},{"link_name":"Stephen Benton Elkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Benton_Elkins"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"Emanuele Filiberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Past headlines and a photo from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of October 18, 1908, concerning the Amedeo-Elkins romance, with three drawings by journalist Marguerite MartynIn the early years of the twentieth century, the Abruzzi was in a relationship with Katherine Hallie \"Kitty\" Elkins, daughter of the wealthy American senator Stephen Benton Elkins, but the Abruzzi's cousin King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy refused to grant him permission to marry a commoner. His brother, Emanuele Filiberto, to whom Luigi was very close, persuaded him to give up the relationship.[12] His brother later approved of young Antoinette \"Amber\" Brizzi, the daughter of Quinto Brizzi, one of the largest vineyard owners in Northern Italy. Despite this, Abruzzi was never officially married; however, in the later years of his life, Abruzzi had a relationship and deep romantic partnership with Faduma Ali, a young Somali woman who stayed by his side even while he was on his deathbed.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Le Queux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Le_Queux"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Umberto Cagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Cagni"}],"text":"La Stella Polare nel Mare Artico 1899-1900 (1902)\nOn the \"Pole Star\" in the Arctic Sea (1903) by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queux, 2 vols.[14]\nOsservazioni scientifiche, eseguite durante la spedizione polare di S.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia (1903, with Umberto Cagni and Cavalli-Molinelli)","title":"Scientific works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosiaphos_aloysiisabaudiae"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A species of African lizard, Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae, is named in honor of Prince Luigi Amedeo.[15]","title":"Animal named in honor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"},{"link_name":"Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dell'interno1900-16"},{"link_name":"Military Order of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quirinale-17"},{"link_name":"Civil Order of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dell'interno1920-18"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cullum Geographical Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Order of the Royal House of Chakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Kingdom of Italy:\nKnight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 2 May 1893[16]\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 2 May 1893[16]\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 2 May 1893[16]\nCommander of the Military Order of Savoy, 16 March 1913; Grand Officer, 29 December 1916; Grand Cross, 7 February 1924[17]\nKnight of the Civil Order of Savoy[18]\n Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Military Order of Malta\n Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 19 June 1895[19]\n United Kingdom:\nHonorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 21 November 1899[20]\nFounder's Medal, 1901\n Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 11 September 1900[21]\n United States: Cullum Geographical Medal, 1903[22]\n Siam: Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 2 January 1904[23]\n Albania: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Black Eagle, 1914\n Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III, with Collar, 1928[24]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Albert of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Amadeo I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Adelaide of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Emmanuele_dal_Pozzo,_5th_Prince_of_Cisterna"},{"link_name":"Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo"},{"link_name":"Countess Louise de Mérode-Westerloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_de_M%C3%A9rode"}],"text":"Ancestors of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 8. Charles Albert of Sardinia 4. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 9. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 2. Amadeo I of Spain 10. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria 5. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria 11. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 1. Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 12. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna 6. Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna 13. Maria Anna Balbo Bertone dei Conti di Sambuy 3. Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Princess of Cisterna 14. Count Werner de Mérode-Westerloo 7. Countess Louise de Mérode-Westerloo 15. Countess Victoire van Spangen d'Uyternesse","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Amedeo-Giuseppe-Maria-Ferdinando-Francesco-duca-dAbruzzi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Chambers Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-550-18022-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Michael_3-0"},{"link_name":"Tenderini & Shandrick (1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTenderiniShandrick1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-him_alpine_style_4-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-340-64931-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-64931-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-world_mountaineering_5-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8212-2502-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2502-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Time_Magazine,_Milestones_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Time Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Villabruzzi (in Italian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-melecaducaabbruzzi.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lagmff_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120722150256/http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Aosta very ill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/15/101755670.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"A Prince of Climbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/winter/bridges-prince-climbers/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Review of On the \"Pole Star\" in the Arctic Sea by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA723"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4214-0135-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dell'interno1900_16-2"},{"link_name":"Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PR3"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA55"},{"link_name":"67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-quirinale_17-0"},{"link_name":"Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=3469"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dell'interno1920_18-0"},{"link_name":"Calendario generale del regno d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3"},{"link_name":"70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA70"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211125152605/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"明治時代の勲章外交儀礼","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"p. 426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n517/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Statskalender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0465.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"American Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/cullum-geographical-medal/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Government Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette"},{"link_name":"\"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304221944/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180620102002/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es"}],"text":"^ \"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer\".\n\n^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 5\n\n^ Tenderini & Shandrick (1997:25)\n\n^ Fanshawe, Andy; Venables, Stephen (1995). Himalaya Alpine-Style. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-64931-3.\n\n^ Salkeld, Audrey, ed. (1998). World Mountaineering. Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2502-2.\n\n^ a b Time Magazine, Milestones\n\n^ Time Magazine, Fascist New Year\n\n^ Time Magazine, Smooth Show\n\n^ Time Magazine, Royal Resignation\n\n^ Villabruzzi (in Italian)\n\n^ \"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco\". Ultimate Italy. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.\n\n^ Aosta very ill\n\n^ A Prince of Climbers\n\n^ \"Review of On the \"Pole Star\" in the Arctic Sea by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols\". The Athenaeum (3945): 723–724. June 6, 1903.\n\n^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (\"Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi\", p. 6).\n\n^ a b c Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1900). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. pp. 53, 55, 67.\n\n^ Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.\n\n^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 70. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.\n\n^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.\n\n^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 426\n\n^ Sveriges Statskalender. Liberförlag. 1905. p. 441.\n\n^ American Geographical Society\n\n^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (22 January 1904). \"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์\" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ \"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1930, p. 221, archived from the original on 20 June 2018, retrieved 4 March 2019","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"De Filippi, La spedizione di S.A.R. il principe Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, al Monte Sant’Elia (Alaska) 1897 (1900)\nLouis Amédée de Savoie (Duc des Abruzzes), Expédition de l’Étoile Polaire dans la Mer Arctique 1899–1900, Paris, coll. Polaires, Économica, 2004 (Préface de Giulia Bogliolo Bruna)","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Photo of K2 taken by the Duke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/20plancheXX.jpg/220px-20plancheXX.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stella Polare was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stella_Polare_1899.jpg/220px-Stella_Polare_1899.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duke and his guides climbing an icefall on Chogolisa in 1909.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg/220px-Abruzzi_on_Chogolisa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Past headlines and a photo from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of October 18, 1908, concerning the Amedeo-Elkins romance, with three drawings by journalist Marguerite Martyn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg/220px-Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Picco Luigi Amedeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picco_Luigi_Amedeo"},{"title":"Mont Blanc massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif"},{"title":"Val d'Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_d%27Aosta"},{"title":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"title":"Savoia Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoia_Peak"},{"title":"Sierra DuFief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_DuFief"},{"title":"Luigi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Island"},{"title":"Franz Joseph Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land"},{"title":"Al Abraq, Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Abraq,_Libya"},{"title":"Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abruzzi%27s_Free-tailed_Bat"},{"title":"bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"title":"Abruzzi Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abruzzi_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Luigi_di_Savoia_Duca_degli_Abruzzi"}]

[{"reference":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Amedeo-Giuseppe-Maria-Ferdinando-Francesco-duca-dAbruzzi","url_text":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi | Spanish mountaineer\""}]},{"reference":"Fanshawe, Andy; Venables, Stephen (1995). Himalaya Alpine-Style. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-64931-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-64931-3","url_text":"0-340-64931-3"}]},{"reference":"Salkeld, Audrey, ed. (1998). World Mountaineering. Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2502-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2502-2","url_text":"0-8212-2502-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco\". Ultimate Italy. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722150256/http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html","url_text":"\"Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco\""},{"url":"http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of On the \"Pole Star\" in the Arctic Sea by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols\". The Athenaeum (3945): 723–724. June 6, 1903.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA723","url_text":"\"Review of On the \"Pole Star\" in the Arctic Sea by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols\""}]},{"reference":"Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1900). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. pp. 53, 55, 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PR3","url_text":"Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA53","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA67","url_text":"67"}]},{"reference":"Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 70. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3","url_text":"Calendario generale del regno d'Italia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA70","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152605/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf","url_text":"明治時代の勲章外交儀礼"}]},{"reference":"Sveriges Statskalender. Liberförlag. 1905. p. 441.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0465.html","url_text":"Sveriges Statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Royal Thai Government Gazette (22 January 1904). \"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์\" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Royal Thai Government Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221944/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF","url_text":"\"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์\""},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1930, p. 221, archived from the original on 20 June 2018, retrieved 4 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es","url_text":"\"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102002/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Tenderini, Mirella; Shandrick, Michael (1997). The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer's Life. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-895-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-895-6","url_text":"978-1-59485-895-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Fascist New Year\". Time Magazine. November 5, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121023021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html","url_text":"\"Fascist New Year\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Resignation\". Time Magazine. October 24, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027071252/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html","url_text":"\"Royal Resignation\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones\". Time Magazine. March 27, 1933. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604060020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Smooth Show\". Time Magazine. January 21, 1935. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104155000/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html","url_text":"\"Smooth Show\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI\". Rwenzori Abruzzi. Retrieved November 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rwenzoriabruzzi.com/the-duke-of-abruzzi","url_text":"\"THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abruzzi, Duke of\" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Abruzzi,_Duke_of","url_text":"\"Abruzzi, Duke of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work","url_text":"The New Student's Reference Work"}]},{"reference":"\"Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of\" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abruzzi,_Prince_Luigi_Amadeo_of_Savoy-Aosta,_Duke_of","url_text":"\"Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Collier's New Encyclopedia"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_These_Walls_Could_Talk_2

If These Walls Could Talk 2

["1 Plot","1.1 1961","1.2 1972","1.3 2000","2 Cast","2.1 1961","2.2 1972","2.3 2000","3 Awards and nominations","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

2000 American TV series or program If These Walls Could Talk 2DVD coverWritten byJane AndersonSylvia SichelAlex SichelAnne HecheDirected byJane AndersonMartha CoolidgeAnne HecheStarringVanessa RedgraveChloë SevignyMichelle WilliamsSharon StoneEllen DeGeneresMusic byBasil PoledourisCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerMary KaneCinematographyPaul ElliottRobbie GreenbergPeter DemingEditorMargaret GoodspeedRunning time96 minutesProduction companyHBO FilmsOriginal releaseReleaseMarch 5, 2000 (2000-03-05)Related If These Walls Could Talk If These Walls Could Talk 2 is a 2000 television film in the United States, broadcast on HBO. It is a sequel to the 1996 HBO film If These Walls Could Talk, and like the earlier film is a female-centered anthology film, with three separate segments all set in the same house within three different decades in the 20th century. Unlike the earlier film, in which all the stories related to abortion, in this film all the storylines deal with lesbian couples. The three segments, "1961", "1972" and "2000", were directed by Jane Anderson, Martha Coolidge, and Anne Heche, respectively. Plot 1961 An elderly couple, Edith (Vanessa Redgrave) and Abby (Marian Seldes) sit in a cinema watching a lesbian-themed film The Children's Hour. A couple walks out of the theater in disgust at the film, and a group of kids laugh when they see Edith and Abby holding hands. Later, at the home they have shared for 30 years, Abby falls from a ladder. At the hospital, the doctors tell Edith that Abby may have suffered a stroke. Edith asks to see Abby but is not permitted as she is not a family member. Instead she spends the night in the waiting room and in the morning she learns from a more sympathetic nurse that Abby died alone during the night, and none of the hospital workers informed her after it had happened. Edith telephones Abby's nephew, Ted (Paul Giamatti), her only living relative, to tell him the news. Before Ted and his family come for the funeral, Edith removes all traces that they were a couple. She makes it look like they had separate bedrooms and removes photographs of the two of them together. At the house afterwards, Ted and Edith talk about the fact that the house was in Abby's name. Although Edith contributed equally to the mortgage, she legally owns no part of it. As Ted’s wife Alice packs up Abby's belongings, Ted tells Edith that he would consider letting Edith stay in the house and pay him rent. Edith tells him that Abby would have wanted her to stay in the house, as that was what they always talked about. Ted eventually tells her that it would be better if he sells the house and she finds a place of her own although he says that he'll wait until she finds a new place before putting the house on the market. The family leaves, with Ted telling Edith that he will be in touch in a couple of weeks to discuss what she is going to do. 1972 Linda (Michelle Williams), a young student, now shares the house with three friends, all lesbians. They face conflict with the feminist group they are part of when the other women do not want to include lesbian issues despite the fact that Linda and her friends helped to found the group and fought for free contraception on campus with their straight friends. At a lesbian bar they have not been to before, they are surprised and disappointed to see women apparently fulfilling traditional butch and femme roles. They laugh at Amy (Chloë Sevigny), a young butch woman who is wearing a tie. Amy asks Linda to dance but she refuses while her friends are still there. The others soon leave and Linda stays behind and dances with Amy. Later, Amy gives Linda a ride home on her motorcycle and they kiss. Linda invites Amy to return the next day. The next day Linda and the others are arguing with a woman from the feminist group when Amy arrives. Linda is embarrassed and is short with Amy who quickly leaves. Linda's friends tease her about Amy and question how they can be taken seriously as feminists if they associate with people like Amy. They cannot understand why a woman would dress like a man when they have fought so hard to escape such stereotypical roles. Linda goes to Amy's house and apologizes. They sleep together. The next morning Linda sees a picture of Amy as a child, dressed like a boy. She asks Amy if Amy is supposed to be the man and Linda the woman. Amy says no and accuses Linda of being afraid that people will know what she is if she is seen with Amy. Amy goes to Linda's house for dinner. Linda urges her friends to give Amy a chance but an awkward evening deteriorates when Linda's friends criticize Amy and try to make her change her clothes. Amy leaves, upset. Linda follows her home and tells her that she was never ashamed of Amy, but only of herself. They reconcile. 2000 The house is now inhabited by Fran (Sharon Stone) and Kal (Ellen DeGeneres), a couple hoping to have a baby together. They hope to get a sperm donation from Tom (George Newbern) and Arnold (Mitchell Anderson), a gay couple, but when the men are reluctant to agree to stay out of the baby's life, the women decide not to go ahead. Later, Kal tells Fran that she does not want to know the father of the baby and they agree to use an anonymous donor. They look for donors on the internet and find a company to use. Going through endless profiles of potential donors, Kal gets upset that she herself cannot get Fran pregnant. When they discover that Fran is ovulating, Kal hurries to the donor company to get the sperm. She inseminates Fran, but with no success. After visiting the local elementary school a few times, they share their worries for their child. Fran and Kal know that their baby will face discrimination because of society's views on lesbian families, but hope that their love for each other and their child will be enough. After three attempts to get pregnant, they go to a doctor to help them conceive. Shortly afterwards they discover that Fran is pregnant. Cast 1961 Vanessa Redgrave as Edith Tree Marian Seldes as Abby Hedley Paul Giamatti as Ted Hedley Elizabeth Perkins as Alice Hedley Jenny O'Hara as Marge Carpenter Marley McClean as Maggie Hedley 1972 Michelle Williams as Linda Chloë Sevigny as Amy Nia Long as Karen Natasha Lyonne as Jeanne Heather McComb as Diane Amy Carlson as Michelle Lee Garlington as Georgette 2000 Sharon Stone as Fran Ellen DeGeneres as Kal Regina King as Allie Kathy Najimy as Doctor Mitchell Anderson as Arnold George Newbern as Tom Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. 2000 Artios Awards Best Casting for TV Movie of the Week John Papsidera Nominated Columbus International Film & Animation Festival Bronze Plaque Award (Social Issues) Won Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Vanessa Redgrave Nominated Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival Best Film (Audience Award) Jane Anderson, Martha Coolidge, and Anne Heche Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Made for Television Movie Suzanne Todd, Jennifer Todd, Ellen DeGeneres, and Mary Kane Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Vanessa Redgrave Won Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special Jane Anderson (for "1961") Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special John Papsidera Nominated Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards Lucy Award Won 2001 Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television or Miniseries Martha Coolidge (for "1972") Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding TV Movie Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Vanessa Redgrave Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Nia Long Nominated Outfest Screen Idol Award – Female Vanessa Redgrave Won Producers Guild of America Awards David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television Vanessa Redgrave Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Won See also List of LGBT-related films directed by women Notes ^ To the Creators and Cast of If These Walls Could Talk and If These Walls Could Talk 2. In recognition of excellence and innovation in a creative work that has enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. References ^ "2000 Artios Awards". www.castingsociety.com. Retrieved 2020-06-28. ^ "4th Annual Television Awards (1999-2000)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ "If These Walls Could Talk 2". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved June 26, 2023. ^ "2000 Women in Film Lucy Award Retrospective". womeninfilm.org. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "53rd DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved June 26, 2023. ^ "GLAAD Announces Nominees for 12th Annual Media Awards". GLAAD. January 16, 2001. Archived from the original on April 9, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2022. ^ "If These Walls Could Talk 2 – Golden Globes". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved June 26, 2023. ^ "2001 NAACP Image Awards: Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special". IMDb. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ McNary, Dave (January 10, 2001). "PGA Golden Laurel noms come of age". Variety. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017. ^ "International Press Academy website – 2001 5th Annual SATELLITE Awards". Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. ^ "The 7th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2016. External links If These Walls Could Talk 2 at IMDb If These Walls Could Talk 2 at AllMovie vteWorks by Jane AndersonDirected The Baby Dance (1998) If These Walls Could Talk 2 (2000) When Billie Beat Bobby (2001) Normal (2003) The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio (2005) Written only The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom (1993) It Could Happen to You (1994) How to Make an American Quilt (1995) Olive Kitteridge (2014) Packed in a Trunk: The Lost Art of Edith Lake Wilkinson (2015) The Wife (2017) vteGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology SeriesTV Movie or Limited Series (1990–2019) The Women of Brewster Place (1990) Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1991) And the Band Played On (1994) Tales of the City (1995) Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story (1996) Two Mothers for Zachary (1997) Any Mother's Son (1998) More Tales of the City (1999) Execution of Justice (2000) If These Walls Could Talk 2 (2001) What Makes a Family (2002) The Laramie Project (2003) Angels in America (2004) Jack (2005) The Long Firm (2006) A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2007) The DL Chronicles (2008) East Side Story (2009) Prayers for Bobby (2010) Cinema Verite (2012) American Horror Story: Asylum (2013) Behind the Candelabra (2014) The Normal Heart (2015) Bessie (2016) Eyewitness (2017) When We Rise (2018) The Assassination of Gianni Versace (2019) TV Movie (2020–2022) Transparent: Musical Finale (2020) Uncle Frank (2021) Single All the Way (2022) Limited Series (2020–2022) Tales of the City (2020) I May Destroy You (2021) It's a Sin (2022) Limited or Anthology Series (2023–present) The White Lotus (2023) Fellow Travelers (2024)

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[]

[{"title":"List of LGBT-related films directed by women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_directed_by_women"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juttah

Juttah

["1 Biblical relevance","1.1 Hebrew Bible","1.2 Christianity","2 See also","3 References"]

Juttah (Hebrew: יוטה) was a biblical town in ancient Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, the town was made a priestly city. It is identified with modern-day Yattah, which is located on a hill about 10 km south of Hebron on the West Bank, Palestine. Biblical relevance Hebrew Bible Juttah and its territorial periphery is listed as one of the 13 priestly, or Kohanic cities, part of the 48 Levitical cities, from the mountains or hill-country of Judah (Joshua 15:55; 21:16). Joshua places it in the neighborhood of Maon, Carmel, and Ziph. Christianity According to one tradition based on a verse from the Gospels (Luke 1:39), this was believed to have been the home of the parents of John the Baptist, Zechariah and Elizabeth, and therefore the birthplace of John the Baptist himself, prompting annual visits to Yatta by thousands of Greek Orthodox pilgrims at the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, German cleric and biblical archaeologist, de:Andreas Evaristus Mader, also supported this identification. See also Ein Karem, another town identified since the Crusades as the birthplace of John the Baptist References ^ a b Juttah. Retrieved 23 February 2021 – via Christianity.com. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Juttah. Retrieved 23 February 2021 – via Christianity.com. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Moxom, Philip S., 'The Boyhood of John the Baptist', The Biblical World, 10.6 (1897), 454-461, p. 456 ^ List of Christians in the Holy Land, Documenta Catholica Omnia, accessed Feb 2021

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[]

[{"title":"Ein Karem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Karem"},{"title":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9F%AA%96

M1 helmet

["1 History","1.1 Development","1.2 Service","2 Design","2.1 Shell","2.2 Liner","3 Accessories","4 Users","4.1 Current","4.2 Former","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Books","6.2 Journals","7 External links"]

Combat helmet This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2023) M1 helmet View of an M1 helmet shellTypeCombat helmetPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1941–1985 (US)Used bySee Users for detailsWarsWorld War IIChinese Civil WarKorean WarHukbalahap RebellionCivil conflict in the PhilippinesIndonesian National RevolutionFirst Indochina WarVietnam WarFootball WarCambodian Civil WarLaotian Civil WarSino-Vietnamese WarInternal conflict in MyanmarCuban RevolutionPortuguese Colonial WarCongo CrisisNigerian Civil WarSouth African Border WarSomali Civil WarEthiopian Civil WarOgaden WarEritrean War of IndependenceWestern Sahara WarAlgerian WarSuez CrisisSix-Day WarWar of AttritionYom Kippur WarBlack September1982 Lebanon WarLebanese Civil WarIran-Iraq WarIndo-Pakistani War of 1965Indo-Pakistani War of 1971Turkish invasion of CyprusDominican Civil WarGuatemalan Civil WarSalvadoran Civil WarNicaraguan RevolutionColombian conflictInternal conflict in PeruFalklands WarUnited States invasion of GrenadaUnited States invasion of PanamaGulf WarCroatian War of IndependenceBosnian WarInsurgency in Khyber PakhtunkhwaProduction historyDesignerMajor Harold G. SydenhamManufacturerMcCord Radiator and Manufacturing Company and Schlueter Manufacturing CompanyUlbrichts WitweNo. produced22 million (1945) The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the U.S. military from World War II until 1985, when it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the US military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world. History Development The Helmet Model Number 5, intended to replace the M1917 but not adopted At the entry of the United States into World War I, the US military was without a combat helmet; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mkl helmets, and those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets. The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the M1917, producing some 2,700,000 by the end of hostilities. At that point, the shortcomings of the M1917, which lacked balance and protection of the head from lateral fire, resulted in a project to produce a better helmet which would also have a distinctively American appearance. Between 1919 and 1920, a number of new designs of helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M1917 and helmets of other armies. One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study. This was an improved version of the Helmet Number 5, developed in 1917 and 1918 by Bashford Dean, the curator of arms and armor at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which had been rejected during the war because of its supposed resemblance to the German stahlhelm. Eventually, tests held at Fort Benning between 1924 and 1926 showed that although the 5A offered better side protection than the M1917, it was more easily penetrated from above and in some circumstances the shape of the helmet could interfere with properly holding and firing a rifle. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M1917 in 1934, which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the M1917A1 or "Kelly" helmet. In 1940, with World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown that the M1917, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield. The board reported: Research indicates that the ideal shaped helmet is one with a dome-shaped top and generally following the contour of the head, allowing sufficient uniform headspace for indentations, extending down in the front to cover the forehead without impairing necessary vision, extending down on the sides as far as possible without interfering with the use of the rifle or other weapons, extending down the back of the head as far as possible without permitting the back of the neck to push the helmet forward on the head when the wearer assumes the prone position, to have the frontal plate visor and to have the sides and rear slightly flanged outward to cause rain to clear the collar opening. Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges, took the M1917 shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head. Rejecting the conventional systems of cradles, the new helmet was given a Riddell type liner and suspension system, based on the contemporary style of football helmet, with an adjustable strap for the nape of the neck to prevent the helmet from rocking. The resulting prototype was designated the TS-3, and the McCord Radiator Company manufactured the first examples from Hadfield steel. In tests, they were found to be able to resist a .45 ACP pistol bullet fired at point-blank range, exceeding the initial specification. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, 1941 and was designated "Helmet, Steel, M1". Full scale production commenced almost immediately. Service Total production per year during the period 1941-45 : Year Number made 1941 323,510 1942 5,001,384 1943 7,648,880 1944 5,703,520 1945 3,685,721 Over 22 million U.S. M1 steel helmets were manufactured through September 1945. Production was done by McCord Radiator and Manufacturing Company and Schlueter Manufacturing Company; the former developed a method to create an almost eighteen-centimeter deep bowl in a single pressing, which was an engineering milestone at the time. In 1944, the stainless steel helmet rim with a seam at the front was replaced by a manganese steel rim with a rear seam, as well as the helmet bails being changed from a fixed, welded version to a swivel model in 1942, along with slight alterations to the shaping of the side brim. Further M1 helmets were manufactured for the Korean War. Production continued during the Cold War era with periodic improvements; in 1955 a grommet in the front of the liner was deleted, in 1964 the liner construction was changed to laminated nylon and a new chinstrap design was introduced in 1975. The final contract for US M1 helmets was placed in 1976. The M1 was phased out of US service during the 1980s in favor of the PASGT helmet, which offered increased ergonomics and ballistic protection. Following World War II, the M1 helmet was widely adopted or copied by numerous other countries and its distinctive shape was adopted as the NATO standard. Postwar analysis of wartime casualty figures by the US Army Operations Research Office found that 54 percent of hits to the M1 helmet failed to penetrate, and estimated that 70,000 men had been saved from death or injury by wearing it. Design US soldier wearing a helmet with camouflage cover and additional natural camouflage added on the slots in the helmet's cover while firing an M60 machine gun The M1 is a combination of two "one-size-fits-all" helmets—an outer metal shell, sometimes called the "steel pot", and a hard hat–type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner. The outer shell should not be worn by itself. The liner can be worn by itself, providing protection similar to a hard hat, and was often worn in such fashion by military policemen, Assistant Drill Instructors (known as AIs), and rifle/machine gun/pistol range staff, although they were supposed to wear steel at the range. The liner is sometimes worn in U.S. military ceremonies and parades, painted white or chromed. The depth of the helmet is 7 inches (180 mm), the width is 9.5 inches (240 mm), and length is 11 inches (280 mm), the steel shell thickness is 0.044" (1.12 mm), The weight of a World War II–era M1 is approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg), including the liner and chinstrap. Shell US soldiers in 1972 wearing M1 helmets The non-magnetic Hadfield manganese steel for M1 helmet shells was smelted at the Carnegie Steel Company or the Sharon Steel Company of Pennsylvania. After being poured into fifteen-ton ingots (also called "heats"), the steel was divided into 216-inch by 36-inch by 4-inch blocks, known as "lifts," which were then cut into three equal 72-inch pieces to make them easier to handle. The cut lifts were sent to the Gary Works in Gary, Indiana for further processing, after which they were each reduced into 250 68-inch by 36-inch by 0.044-inch sheets, which were cut into 16.5-inch circles. The helmet discs were oiled and banded into lots of 400 for delivery by rail to McCord or Schlueter for pressing and final assembly. Each "heat" of steel was assigned a unique number by the smelter, as was each of its "lifts." When each new heat was unloaded at McCord or Schlueter, it was assigned a sequential number, and each lift within the heat was assigned a letter of the alphabet (for example, the third lift unloaded of the forty-ninth heat received by McCord would be 49C). This unique "lot and lift" number was stamped onto each helmet produced from the discs of a particular lift, and allowed for traceability in case the helmets exhibited defects. The "lot and lift" number is in reference to the time when the fabricator received the helmet discs, not when they were made into finished helmets. Lifts of heats were not loaded onto or unloaded from railcars in any particular order, and were often warehoused (also in no particular order) before being finished. The helmet discs were drawn to a depth of seven inches to create the rough helmet shape, or "shell," and the edges were trimmed. The edge of the shell has a crimped metal rim running around it, which provides a smooth edge. This is usually known as the "rim". The rim has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in November 1944 At this time, the rim also went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel. On each side of the shell, there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. Early World War II production shells had fixed, rectangular loops, and mid-war to 1960s helmets feature movable rectangular loops. This feature was adopted in 1943 to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the fixed loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early shells for paratrooper helmets feature fixed, D-shaped loops. The shells were then painted with flat Olive Drab shade 319 (1941-1966) or Munsell Y10 green paint (1966 onward), with the paint on the outside of the shell sprinkled with either finely ground cork (World War II era) or silica sand (postwar). An M1 Helmet with camouflage cover, worn by a corporal of the Netherlands Marine Corps in 1945 World War II-production helmets feature sewn-on cotton web olive drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced gradually throughout 1943 and 1944 with olive drab shade 7 chinstraps. 1950s and later production chinstraps are made of olive drab webbing attached to the loops with removable metal clips. Nylon chinstraps were introduced in the U.S. military in 1975. These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle. Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together. This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur. In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head. The design of the bowl-like shell led to some novel uses: When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching tool, a hammer, washbasin, bucket, bowl, and as a seat. The shell was also used as a cooking pot, but the practice was discouraged as it would make the metal alloy brittle. Liner The interior of a M1 Helmet liner The liner is a hard hat-like support for the suspension, and is designed to fit snugly inside the steel shell. The first liners were produced in June 1941 and designed by Hawley Products Company. The suspension was initially made from strips of silver rayon webbing stretched around and across the inside of the liner. A sweatband is clipped onto these, and is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. Three triangular bands of rayon meet at the top of the helmet, where they were adjusted by a shoestring to fit the height and shape of the wearer's head. A snap-on nape strap cushioned the liner against the back of the wearer's neck and stops it from falling off. As the rayon had a tendency to stretch and not recover its shape, the suspension material was later changed to olive drab number 3, and then olive drab number 7, herringbone twill cotton webbing. World War II and Korean War-era liners have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap does not have loops like the shell; it was either riveted directly to the inside of the liner (early examples) or snapped onto studs. It can still swivel inside the liner. The chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell, and helps to keep it in place when its own chinstraps are not in use. Early liners were made from a mix of compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resin, with olive drab cotton twill fabric stretched over the outside. They were discontinued in November 1942 because they degraded quickly in high heat and high humidity environments. They were replaced by evolving plastic liners, using a process developed by the Inland Division of General Motors. These liners were made of strips of cotton cloth bathed in phenolic resin and draped in a star shape over a liner-shaped mold, where they were subjected to pressure to form a liner. The initial "low pressure" process was deemed unacceptable by the Army, but accepted out of need. These liners were made by St. Clair Manufacturing and Hood Rubber Company. Hawley, Hood, and St. Clair's contracts were cancelled by early 1944, when a "high pressure" process which produced better-quality liners became commercially viable. Companies which produced "high pressure" liners during World War II included Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, CAPAC Manufacturing, Inland (whose molds were acquired by Firestone after their contract was cancelled), Mine Safety Appliances Company, Seaman Paper Company, and International Molded Plastics, Inc. Liners essentially identical in construction to "high pressure" World War II examples were produced between 1951 and 1954 during the Korean War by the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing. In the 1960s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, eliminating the leather chinstrap, nape strap, and changing the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier cotton herringbone twill. In the early 1970s, suspension materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim. Later changes included a move to a yellow and green material for liner construction. M1 helmet liners intended for use by paratroopers had a different construction. The short piece of webbing which held the nape strap at the back of the wearer's neck was extended around the sides of the liner, and terminated on each side in A-shaped yokes which hung down below the rim of the liner and had buckles for an adjustable chin cup made of molded leather. Two female snaps on the inside of the liner above the "A" yokes accepted male snaps on each of the steel shell's chinstraps, and helped to keep the liner inside the steel shell during abrupt or violent movements. Accessories Camouflage-patterned helmet covers of USMC during the Battle of Incheon during the Korean War in 1950 A soldier of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army wearing an M1 helmet and a gas mask in the trenches during the Iran-Iraq War. Next to him is a MG 3 machine gun In late 1942, the United States Marine Corps used a cloth helmet cover with a camouflage pattern for its helmets. The cover was made from cotton herringbone twill fabric. It had a "forest green" pattern on one side and a "brown coral island" pattern on the other. The United States Army often used nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes. Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the "Net, Helmet, with Band" that included an elastic neoprene band to keep it in place. After World War II, no new covers were issued and at the start of the Korean War, many soldiers had to improvise covers from burlap sandbags or parachute fabric. A consignment of 100,000 olive drab covers was dispatched to the theater, but the ship carrying them, SS Jacob Luckenbach, sank in a collision en route and they were all lost. In 1963, the Army and Marine Corps adopted a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchel Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange and brown cloud pattern on the other. This type was nearly omnipresent in Vietnam, where, for the first time, the Army wore the cloth camouflage as general issue. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost. Helmet covers in the (European) woodland camouflage, were designed for fighting in the European Theater of Operations (NATO), and became the post-Vietnam (jungle pattern) camouflage cover used by the US military from the late 1970s onward. The (European) Woodland pattern was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape. They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place. Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods. In the Dutch Army, for example, it was common practice to use a square piece of burlap as a helmet cover on M1 helmets, usually secured by a net and a wide rubber band. During the Battle of the Bulge and Korean War, soldiers made white helmet covers as camouflage in snowy areas. They were not issued to soldiers, so many soldiers simply made them from a white cloth from a shirt or tablecloth. Users Current A member of the Turkish Air Force wearing a M1 liner stands at attention during the Ataturk Memorial Day Ceremony at Anıtkabir Bangladesh Army infantry wearing M1 helmets in Victory Day Parade 2011  Colombia: Some M1s still in service by Military Police and ceremonial units.  Dominican Republic: Only used by Dominican military honor guard forces.  India: Made locally and are still in service.  Iran: Uses the West German-made M1s.  Guatemala: Used only in the Guatemalan Army and Navy.  Japan: Uses the Type 66 helmet, modeled after the M1 helmet that was supplied to the JSDF. Currently used in non-combat operations. Formerly used M1s supplied by the US to the JSDF before the adoption of the Type 66.  Panama: Formerly used by former Panamanian military, now in use by Panamanian Public Forces.  Turkey: Used by the Turkish military, most made locally. Still used as ceremonial helmet  Uruguay: Used US M1 for 1944 to present received by the EDA (Excess Defense Article) 1942 – 1945, FMS (Foreign Military Sales) and MAP (Military Aid Program) with some still in use.  Vietnam: Some M1s used by the Vietnamese military.  Philippines: In limited use as a training helmet Former Chinese National Revolutionary Army soldiers with M1 helmets during the Second Sino-Japanese War West German army Panzergrenadier in 1968, with M56 Stahlhelm adapted from the American M1 helmets Argentine Army conscripts wearing M1 helmets in the trenches during the Falklands War  Argentina: Used by the Argentine military before they were replaced.  Australia: Australian Defence Force previously used Australian and American-made M1s from the 1960s to the 1990s. Replaced by the Australian-made M91 PASGT helmet in the 1990s.  Austria: Used by the Austrian Army after it was reformed in 1955 with 30,000 M1s supplied by the US. Copies made in 1958 known as Stahlhelm 2 (M.58) with another made in the 1970s with a German-made helmet suspension, all made by Ulbrichts Witwe.  Belgium: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.  Brazil: Formerly used US and Brazilian-made M1s for its military.  Bolivia: Used US and Brazilian-made M1s before being removed from service.  Canada: Used until the 1990s, when it was replaced by the CG634 helmet.  Chile: Formerly used by the Chilean military with liners made by Baselli Hnos.  China, Republic of: Used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War. Used by Taiwan until the 1990s.  Costa Rica: Formerly used US-made M1 helmets.  Croatia: Used from Croatian War of Independence until 2000s.  Cuba: Used in Cuban military until Bastista was deposed, replaced by Warsaw Pact-made helmets.  Denmark: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets under the designation of Staalhjelm model 48 (m/48).  Ecuador: Formerly in use by the Ecuadorian military.  El Salvador: Provided by the US in the 1970s as part of military aid, now replaced by PASGT.  Greece: Adopted by the Greek Army in 1952.  Haiti: Used by former Haitian military.  Honduras: Formerly used by Honduran military after signing the Rio Treaty.  Indonesia  Iran: Formerly used by the Imperial Iranian Army. Used by the Islamic Republic of Iran's army, until retirement, however it occasionally still sees some limited use.  Israel: Formerly used by the Israeli military, supplied by the UK, France, and the United States. Some M1s used have a combination of US and Israeli parts.  Lebanon: Formerly in use by Lebanese Armed Forces. Replaced by PASGT helmets.  Liberia: Used by Armed Forces of Liberia until 2000s.  Luxembourg: Formerly used by Luxembourg Armed Forces during Cold War.  Malaysia: Used locally made M1 helmets throughout the 1970s and 1980s.  Mexico: Formerly used by the Mexican military.  New Zealand: Used by the New Zealand Army from the 1960s all the way to 2000s, mostly using US made M1s.  Netherlands: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.  Nicaragua: The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used M1 helmets supplied by the United States 1954-1979.  Nigeria: Formerly used by Nigerian Armed Forces.  Norway: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.  Paraguay: Adopted the M1 after signing the Rio Treaty.  Peru: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied by the US. Some obtained from Israel and West Germany.  Philippines: Formerly used M1 helmet in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is using helmet with M81 Woodland Camouflage, externally supplied.  Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia: HVO is using helmet with M81 Woodland Camouflage, externally supplied.  Saudi Arabia: Taiwan produced copy used during Persian Gulf War.  Singapore: Formerly used by the Singaporean military from the late 1950s with inner liners made locally. Used up until the mid-1980s, when they began to be gradually replaced, and finally phased out, by a similar helmet to the US PASGT helmet, in the 1990s.  Spain: Used M1s made from America and Europe, modified for marine and paratrooper forces.  South Korea: Used in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Replaced by Bangtan Helmet.  South Vietnam: Used by ARVN until 1975.  United States: Formerly used by the United States Air Force as the M3 and later, the M5, helmet for flak protection. Formerly used by the US military from the 1940s to the 80s, replaced by the PASGT.  Venezuela: Used by the Venezuelan military, now replaced. Majority made in the US and South Korea.  West Germany: Formerly used by the West German army, helmets made by F. W. Quist Company. The West German M-62 Stahlhelm was a direct copy of the U.S. M1 helmet. It was properly called "zweiteiliger Stahlhelm" (two-piece steel helmet). In 1958 the helmet was made as a one-piece helmet and renamed Stahlhelm M1A1. The M1A1 came in three sizes: 66, 68, and 71. This helmet was used until 1981 when a modified version was released and renamed the Helm1A1. Modifications included a 3-point chin strap with the third point connecting at the nape, extra large sizes, and a further adjustable liner. See also M1C helmet Modèle 1951 helmet Iraqi M80 helmet References ^ "M-1 Steel Helmet". ^ a b c COMBAT-HELMETS. "Schlueter Vs McCord". nuke.combat-helmets.com. ^ Brayley 2008, p. 112 ^ a b Studler 1941, p. 931 ^ "American Helmet Model No. 5". www.metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 18 September 2020. ^ Dean 1920, p. 216 ^ Brayley 2008, p. 114 ^ "M1917 A1 Helmets". US Militaria Forum. Retrieved July 12, 2016. ^ Studler 1941, p. 933 ^ Cleland 1954, p. 25 ^ Studler 1941, pp. 933–934 ^ Brayley 2008, pp. 117–118 ^ Studler 1941, p. 934 ^ "The US M1 Helmet Guide". Militaria-Deal. ^ Stanton, Shelby L., U.S. Army Uniforms of World War II, Stackpole Books, 1995, ISBN 0-8117-2595-2, url:, pp. 57–58 ^ Tenner, Edward (2003), Our own devices: The past and future of body technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 252. ISBN 978-0375407222 ^ a b c Brayley 2008, p. 123 ^ Hartzog, William W. (2014), American Military Heritage, Washington DC: Military History Office, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. p. 224. ISBN 978-1505496604 ^ Brayley 2008, p. 11 ^ Giles, Marc (2018). "M1 Helmet Lot Numbers". Military Collector and Historian. 70 (3): 258. ^ Giles, Marc (2018). "M1 Helmet Lot Numbers". Military Collector and Historian. 70 (3): 260. ^ "Dating the M1 Steel Helmet". www.hardscrabblefarm.com. Retrieved 2019-05-05. ^ Tagliavini, Michele. "STAGE AND SCREEN In all those Hollywood war films, and in quite a few newsreels, the GIs wear helmets but never fasten the straps. Is this bravado, bad discipline or artistic licence?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ Pike, John. "M1 Steel Combat Helmet and Liner". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ a b c Giard, Regis (2008). Helmets of ETO: A Historical and Technical Guide. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9782352500629. ^ "The Shipwreck Jacob Luckenbach". National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. ^ Brayley 2008, p. 124 ^ "Colombia". ^ "Dominican Republic". ^ "India M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Iran M62". ^ "Guatemala". ^ Ministry of Defense (Japan) (2014-04-23). "Ministry of Defense specification sheet, LINER, GROUND TROOPS' HELMET" (PDF) (in Japanese). ^ Ministry of Defense (Japan) (2014-03-28). "Ground Self-Defense Forces Dress Manual" (PDF) (in Japanese). ^ 66式 鉄帽. rightwing.sakura.ne.jp (in Japanese). ^ "Panama". ^ "Turkey M1 Airborne". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Military Collection of Peter Suciu". nyc-techwriters.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015. ^ "Uruguay". ^ "Tìm hiểu các loại mũ sắt, mũ chống đạn của QĐNDVN". ^ "Argentina". ^ "US Camouflaged Helmet Cover : South Vietnam". Australian War Memorial. ^ a b c d e f g ""Euroclones" - An essentiel collector's guide". OCAD Militaria Collectors Resources. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-11. ^ "Brazil". ^ "Bolivia". ^ "Canadian Forces Helmets". ^ "Chile M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Taiwan M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Costa Rica". ^ "Cuba". ^ "Ecuador". ^ "El Salvador". ^ "Greek M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Haiti". ^ "Honduras". ^ a b "WWII weapons in the Ayatollah's Iran". 16 October 2016. ^ "Israel M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Israeli M1 steel helmet Yom Kippur War 1973 - Collectors Weekly". www.collectorsweekly.com. ^ "M53 Troops helmet". Dutchhelmets.nl. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "Mexico M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "New Zealand M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Nicaragua". ^ "Paraguay". ^ "Peru M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Peru". ^ "Phil. Marines PASGT helmet". www.oocities.org. ^ "Saudi Imported M1 Helmet Copy". Middle East Militaria. Retrieved 2023-09-04. ^ "Singapore M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "alliedflightgear.com". ^ Webster, Donovan. "How the Military Helmet Evolved From a Hazard to a Bullet Shield". ^ "Venezuela M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ "Venezuela". ^ "West Germany M1". Brendon's Helmets. ^ Lucy, Roger (January 2015). ""Euroclones": An essential guide to postwar steel helmets". OCAD Militaria Collectors Resource. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016. Books Armold, Chris (1997). Steel pots: the history of America's steel combat helmets (1st ed.). San Jose, Calif: R.James Bender Pub. ISBN 091213870X. Brayley, Martin J. (2008). Tin Hats to Composite Helmets: A Collector's Guide. Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-024-4. Dean, Bashford (1920). Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Oosterman, Pieter (2010). The M-1 helmet of the World War II GI: a reference based on the M-1Helmet.com collection. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780764336638. Giard, Régis; Blais, Frederic (2007). Helmets of ETO: a historical and technical guide. Paris, France : Histoire & Collections. ISBN 9782352500629. Reynosa, Mark A. (1996). The M-1 helmet: a history of the U.S. M-1 helmet in World War II. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0764300741. Reynosa, Mark A. (1999). Post- World War II M-1 helmets: an illustrated study. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 076431033X. Journals Studler, Rene R (May–June 1942). "The New Combat Helmet". Army Ordnance. XXI (132): 931–934. Retrieved September 17, 2020. Cleland, John R. D. (January 1954). "What About The Helmet?". United States Army Combat Forces Journal. 4 (6): 24–25. Retrieved September 17, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to M1 helmets. "steel helmet, pattern M1, with liner, US Army". Ukniwm.org.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2017. "Steel Helmet, 'Talker' MKII: US Navy". Ukniwm.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017. Are Navy Helmets Bulletproof? Battleship New Jersey, Youtube - Show and tell video of M1 helmet and US Navy Mk II talker helmet vteHelmetsIndividualhistoricalhelmets Agighiol Agris Benty Grange Broe Canterbury Ciumeşti Coppergate Coțofenești Coventry Sallet Crosby Garrett Emesa Gevninge Gjermundbu Guilden Morden Guisborough Hallaton Hellvi Henry VIII's Horned Horncastle Iron Gates Lokrume Meyrick Nemiya Newstead Nijmegen Peretu Pioneer Ribchester Shorwell Staffordshire Sutton Hoo Tjele Veksø Venetian Waterloo Witcham Gravel Yarm CombatAncient Attic Boar's tusk Boeotian Chalcidian Coolus Corinthian Galea Illyrian Imperial Kegelhelm Konos Late Roman ridge Montefortino Negau Phrygian Pilos Shmarjet Medieval andEarly Modern Armet Aventail Barbute Bascinet Burgonet Cervelliere Close Dragoon Enclosed Falling buffe Frog-mouth Germanic boar Great Hounskull Jingasa Kabuto Katapu Kettle Kulah khud Lamellenhelm Lobster-tailed pot Mempo Morion Nasal Paseki Pickelhaube Sallet Secrete Spangenhelm Takula tofao Turban Viking Late Modern Dragoon Pickelhaube Pith helmet Tarleton helmet 1914–1945 Adrian Brodie M36 (Bulgaria) M32 (Czechoslovakia) M1923 (Denmark) Stahlhelm (Germany) M1934/39 (Greece) Helmet Steel Airborne Troop M33 (Italy) M42 Duperite M1 M1C Mk II talker helmet Mk III Netherlands M34 Hełm wz. 31 M1940 (Portugal) RAC SSh-36 SSh-39 and SSh-40 M1921 (Spain) M1926 (Spain) M1934 (Spain) M1942 Modelo Z SSK 90 M1926 (Sweden) M1937 (Sweden) L'Eplattenier M1918 (Switzerland) Type 92 Tetsubo 1945–1980 Bangtan Helmet CABAL II Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet GK80 Hungarian M70 Romanian M73 helmet JK 96 Mº 44 E.T.A. M59/85 Hełm wz. 50 Hełm wz. 63 Hełm wz. 67 M63 M76 Para Mk IV Mk 6 Modèle 1951 Modèle 1978 MPC-1 OR-201 Paratrooper SSh-60 SSh-68 Swiss M71 Type 66 1980–2000 CG634 M92 GOLFO M90 (Iraq) M59/85 M87 PASGT Hełm wz. 93 Hełm wz. 2000 Sfera SPECTRA 6B7 2001–present A2 Helmet Advanced Combat Helmet BK-3 helmet QGF03 ECH (Australia) ECH (US) FAST 6B47 Hełm wz. 2005 IHPS KH-B2000 Lightweight Helmet MICH Mk 7 Athletic Batting Coolflo Boxing / Martial Arts Bicycle Cricket Equestrian Gridiron football Eyeshield Revolution Hockey Lacrosse Motorcycle Racing Scrum cap Ski Work Custodian Diving Firefighter's Hard hat Riot protection Welding Other Flight Helmet cover Mitznefet Heraldic use Horned Mahiole Tarnhelm Pith American fiber Winged Zuckerman vteUniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard UniformsCombat Army Combat Uniform (ACU) (2005–present) Garrison Army Blue Service Uniform (1937–present) Army Green Service Uniform (2020–present) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Physical Fitness Uniform (APFU) (2014–present) Special Flight RetireduniformsCombat M1943 uniform (1943–1953) OG-107 (1952–1989) Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) (1981–2008) Desert Battle Dress Uniform (DBDU) (1981–1992) Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) (1993–2008) Garrison Pinks and greens (1937–1958) Tan Service Uniform (1937–1985) Green Class A Uniform (1954–2015) White Dress Uniform (1954–2014) Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform (IPFU) (2000–2017) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Jeep cap Patrol cap Service cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Insignia Rank  Officer  Warrant Officer  Enlisted  Branch insignia  Infantry Shoulder Cord  Medals and ribbons  Badges  Shoulder sleeve insignia  Distinctive unit insignia  Service stripe  Overseas Service Bar  Tabs  Beret flash  Dog tag Helmets MICH Helmet (2001–present) ACH helmet (2004–present) ECH helmet (2011–present) IHPS helmet (2019–present) Retired: M1917 Helmet (1917–1942) (WWI Era) M1 helmet (1942–1983) M1C helmet (WWII era) PASGT helmet (1983–2004) Armor IBA w/ IOTV (2007–present) MBAV (2009–present) SPCS (2009–present) MSV (2018–present) Retired: M-1952 Flak Jacket (1952-?) PASGT Vest (1983–2003) Ranger Body Armor (1993–2003) IBA w/ OTV (2000–2020) Equipmentcarrier Load-Bearing Vest (LBV) Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) Retired: Load-Bearing Equipment (LBE) Load-Carrying Equipment (LCE) Modern Load-Carrying Equipment (MLCE) Category Commons

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combat helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_helmet"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"PASGT helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops#Helmet"}],"text":"The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the U.S. military from World War II until 1985, when it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the US military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world.","title":"M1 helmet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Helmet_Model_No._5_MET_DP701191.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"US military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"combat helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_helmet"},{"link_name":"British Mkl helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_helmet"},{"link_name":"Adrian helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_helmet"},{"link_name":"M1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_helmet#United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studler1941_p.931-4"},{"link_name":"Bashford Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashford_Dean"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stahlhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlhelm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Studler1941_p.931-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M1917_A1_Helmets-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Courtney Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Hodges"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group"},{"link_name":"football helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_helmet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hadfield steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadfield_steel"},{"link_name":".45 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_ACP"},{"link_name":"point-blank range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-blank_range"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The Helmet Model Number 5, intended to replace the M1917 but not adoptedAt the entry of the United States into World War I, the US military was without a combat helmet; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mkl helmets, and those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets. The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the M1917, producing some 2,700,000 by the end of hostilities.[3] At that point, the shortcomings of the M1917, which lacked balance and protection of the head from lateral fire, resulted in a project to produce a better helmet which would also have a distinctively American appearance. Between 1919 and 1920, a number of new designs of helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M1917 and helmets of other armies. One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study.[4] This was an improved version of the Helmet Number 5, developed in 1917 and 1918 by Bashford Dean, the curator of arms and armor at the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[5] which had been rejected during the war because of its supposed resemblance to the German stahlhelm.[6] Eventually, tests held at Fort Benning between 1924 and 1926 showed that although the 5A offered better side protection than the M1917, it was more easily penetrated from above and in some circumstances the shape of the helmet could interfere with properly holding and firing a rifle. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M1917 in 1934,[4] which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the M1917A1[7] or \"Kelly\" helmet.[8]In 1940, with World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown that the M1917, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield. The board reported:Research indicates that the ideal shaped helmet is one with a dome-shaped top and generally following the contour of the head, allowing sufficient uniform headspace for indentations, extending down in the front to cover the forehead without impairing necessary vision, extending down on the sides as far as possible without interfering with the use of the rifle or other weapons, extending down the back of the head as far as possible without permitting the back of the neck to push the helmet forward on the head when the wearer assumes the prone position, to have the frontal plate visor and to have the sides and rear slightly flanged outward to cause rain to clear the collar opening.[9]Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges,[10] took the M1917 shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head.[11] Rejecting the conventional systems of cradles, the new helmet was given a Riddell type liner and suspension system, based on the contemporary style of football helmet, with an adjustable strap for the nape of the neck to prevent the helmet from rocking.[12] The resulting prototype was designated the TS-3, and the McCord Radiator Company manufactured the first examples from Hadfield steel. In tests, they were found to be able to resist a .45 ACP pistol bullet fired at point-blank range, exceeding the initial specification. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, 1941 and was designated \"Helmet, Steel, M1\". Full scale production commenced almost immediately.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanton-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maker-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brayley2008_p.123-17"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brayley2008_p.123-17"},{"link_name":"PASGT helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ergonomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Service","text":"Over 22 million U.S. M1 steel helmets were manufactured through September 1945.[15] Production was done by McCord Radiator and Manufacturing Company and Schlueter Manufacturing Company;[2] the former developed a method to create an almost eighteen-centimeter deep bowl in a single pressing, which was an engineering milestone at the time.[16]In 1944, the stainless steel helmet rim with a seam at the front was replaced by a manganese steel rim with a rear seam, as well as the helmet bails being changed from a fixed, welded version to a swivel model in 1942, along with slight alterations to the shaping of the side brim. Further M1 helmets were manufactured for the Korean War.[17]Production continued during the Cold War era with periodic improvements; in 1955 a grommet in the front of the liner was deleted, in 1964 the liner construction was changed to laminated nylon and a new chinstrap design was introduced in 1975. The final contract for US M1 helmets was placed in 1976.[17] The M1 was phased out of US service during the 1980s in favor of the PASGT helmet,[18] which offered increased ergonomics and ballistic protection.Following World War II, the M1 helmet was widely adopted or copied by numerous other countries and its distinctive shape was adopted as the NATO standard. Postwar analysis of wartime casualty figures by the US Army Operations Research Office found that 54 percent of hits to the M1 helmet failed to penetrate, and estimated that 70,000 men had been saved from death or injury by wearing it.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M60_machine_gun_DA-ST-84-04992.jpg"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage"},{"link_name":"M60 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"hard hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_hat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"US soldier wearing a helmet with camouflage cover and additional natural camouflage added on the slots in the helmet's cover while firing an M60 machine gunThe M1 is a combination of two \"one-size-fits-all\" helmets—an outer metal shell, sometimes called the \"steel pot\", and a hard hat–type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner.The outer shell should not be worn by itself. The liner can be worn by itself, providing protection similar to a hard hat, and was often worn in such fashion by military policemen, Assistant Drill Instructors (known as AIs), and rifle/machine gun/pistol range staff, although they were supposed to wear steel at the range.[citation needed] The liner is sometimes worn in U.S. military ceremonies and parades, painted white or chromed.[citation needed] The depth of the helmet is 7 inches (180 mm), the width is 9.5 inches (240 mm), and length is 11 inches (280 mm), the steel shell thickness is 0.044\" (1.12 mm),[clarification needed] The weight of a World War II–era M1 is approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg), including the liner and chinstrap.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M60_101st_Airborne_Division_Exercise_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hadfield manganese steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalloy"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gary Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"Gary, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"drawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Hoeben_RMWO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brayley2008_p.123-17"},{"link_name":"webbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"entrenching tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenching_tool"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Shell","text":"US soldiers in 1972 wearing M1 helmetsThe non-magnetic Hadfield manganese steel for M1 helmet shells was smelted at the Carnegie Steel Company or the Sharon Steel Company of Pennsylvania. After being poured into fifteen-ton ingots (also called \"heats\"), the steel was divided into 216-inch by 36-inch by 4-inch blocks, known as \"lifts,\" which were then cut into three equal 72-inch pieces to make them easier to handle. The cut lifts were sent to the Gary Works in Gary, Indiana for further processing, after which they were each reduced into 250 68-inch by 36-inch by 0.044-inch sheets, which were cut into 16.5-inch circles. The helmet discs were oiled and banded into lots of 400 for delivery by rail to McCord or Schlueter for pressing and final assembly.[20]Each \"heat\" of steel was assigned a unique number by the smelter, as was each of its \"lifts.\" When each new heat was unloaded at McCord or Schlueter, it was assigned a sequential number, and each lift within the heat was assigned a letter of the alphabet (for example, the third lift unloaded of the forty-ninth heat received by McCord would be 49C). This unique \"lot and lift\" number was stamped onto each helmet produced from the discs of a particular lift, and allowed for traceability in case the helmets exhibited defects. The \"lot and lift\" number is in reference to the time when the fabricator received the helmet discs, not when they were made into finished helmets. Lifts of heats were not loaded onto or unloaded from railcars in any particular order, and were often warehoused (also in no particular order) before being finished.[21]The helmet discs were drawn to a depth of seven inches to create the rough helmet shape, or \"shell,\" and the edges were trimmed. The edge of the shell has a crimped metal rim running around it, which provides a smooth edge. This is usually known as the \"rim\". The rim has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in November 1944[22] At this time, the rim also went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel. On each side of the shell, there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. Early World War II production shells had fixed, rectangular loops, and mid-war to 1960s helmets feature movable rectangular loops. This feature was adopted in 1943 to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the fixed loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early shells for paratrooper helmets feature fixed, D-shaped loops. The shells were then painted with flat Olive Drab shade 319 (1941-1966) or Munsell Y10 green paint (1966 onward), with the paint on the outside of the shell sprinkled with either finely ground cork (World War II era) or silica sand (postwar).An M1 Helmet with camouflage cover, worn by a corporal of the Netherlands Marine Corps in 1945World War II-production helmets feature sewn-on cotton web olive drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced gradually throughout 1943 and 1944 with olive drab shade 7 chinstraps. 1950s and later production chinstraps are made of olive drab webbing attached to the loops with removable metal clips. Nylon chinstraps were introduced in the U.S. military in 1975. These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle.[17]Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together. This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur. In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head.[23]The design of the bowl-like shell led to some novel uses: When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching tool, a hammer, washbasin, bucket, bowl, and as a seat. The shell was also used as a cooking pot, but the practice was discouraged as it would make the metal alloy brittle.[24]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1HelmetDiagram.gif"},{"link_name":"Hawley Products Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawley_Products_Company"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giard-25"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"phenolic resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_resin"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giard-25"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Hood Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)"},{"link_name":"Firestone Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Mine Safety Appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Safety_Appliances"},{"link_name":"Seaman Paper Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaman_Paper"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giard-25"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"sub_title":"Liner","text":"The interior of a M1 Helmet linerThe liner is a hard hat-like support for the suspension, and is designed to fit snugly inside the steel shell.The first liners were produced in June 1941 and designed by Hawley Products Company.[25] The suspension was initially made from strips of silver rayon webbing stretched around and across the inside of the liner. A sweatband is clipped onto these, and is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. Three triangular bands of rayon meet at the top of the helmet, where they were adjusted by a shoestring to fit the height and shape of the wearer's head. A snap-on nape strap cushioned the liner against the back of the wearer's neck and stops it from falling off. As the rayon had a tendency to stretch and not recover its shape, the suspension material was later changed to olive drab number 3, and then olive drab number 7, herringbone twill cotton webbing.World War II and Korean War-era liners have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap does not have loops like the shell; it was either riveted directly to the inside of the liner (early examples) or snapped onto studs. It can still swivel inside the liner. The chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell, and helps to keep it in place when its own chinstraps are not in use.Early liners were made from a mix of compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resin, with olive drab cotton twill fabric stretched over the outside. They were discontinued in November 1942 because they degraded quickly in high heat and high humidity environments. They were replaced by evolving plastic liners,[25] using a process developed by the Inland Division of General Motors. These liners were made of strips of cotton cloth bathed in phenolic resin and draped in a star shape over a liner-shaped mold, where they were subjected to pressure to form a liner. The initial \"low pressure\" process was deemed unacceptable by the Army, but accepted out of need. These liners were made by St. Clair Manufacturing and Hood Rubber Company. Hawley, Hood, and St. Clair's contracts were cancelled by early 1944, when a \"high pressure\" process which produced better-quality liners became commercially viable. Companies which produced \"high pressure\" liners during World War II included Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, CAPAC Manufacturing, Inland (whose molds were acquired by Firestone after their contract was cancelled), Mine Safety Appliances Company, Seaman Paper Company, and International Molded Plastics, Inc.[25]Liners essentially identical in construction to \"high pressure\" World War II examples were produced between 1951 and 1954 during the Korean War by the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing. In the 1960s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, eliminating the leather chinstrap, nape strap, and changing the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier cotton herringbone twill. In the early 1970s, suspension materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim. Later changes included a move to a yellow and green material for liner construction.M1 helmet liners intended for use by paratroopers had a different construction. The short piece of webbing which held the nape strap at the back of the wearer's neck was extended around the sides of the liner, and terminated on each side in A-shaped yokes which hung down below the rim of the liner and had buckles for an adjustable chin cup made of molded leather. Two female snaps on the inside of the liner above the \"A\" yokes accepted male snaps on each of the steel shell's chinstraps, and helped to keep the liner inside the steel shell during abrupt or violent movements.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg"},{"link_name":"helmet covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_cover"},{"link_name":"USMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Battle of Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Incheon"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_weapon1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army"},{"link_name":"Iran-Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"MG 3 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_3_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"helmet cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_cover"},{"link_name":"twill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twill"},{"link_name":"forest green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_green"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Land_Force_Command"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"woodland camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M81_Woodland"},{"link_name":"European Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"olive green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_green"},{"link_name":"Dutch Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army"},{"link_name":"burlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlap"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Camouflage-patterned helmet covers of USMC during the Battle of Incheon during the Korean War in 1950A soldier of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army wearing an M1 helmet and a gas mask in the trenches during the Iran-Iraq War. Next to him is a MG 3 machine gunIn late 1942, the United States Marine Corps used a cloth helmet cover with a camouflage pattern for its helmets. The cover was made from cotton herringbone twill fabric. It had a \"forest green\" pattern on one side and a \"brown coral island\" pattern on the other.The United States Army often used nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes. Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the \"Net, Helmet, with Band\" that included an elastic neoprene band to keep it in place.After World War II, no new covers were issued and at the start of the Korean War, many soldiers had to improvise covers from burlap sandbags or parachute fabric. A consignment of 100,000 olive drab covers was dispatched to the theater, but the ship carrying them, SS Jacob Luckenbach,[26] sank in a collision en route and they were all lost. In 1963, the Army and Marine Corps adopted a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchel Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange and brown cloud pattern on the other.[27] This type was nearly omnipresent in Vietnam, where, for the first time, the Army wore the cloth camouflage as general issue. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost. Helmet covers in the (European) woodland camouflage, were designed for fighting in the European Theater of Operations (NATO), and became the post-Vietnam (jungle pattern) camouflage cover used by the US military from the late 1970s onward. The (European) Woodland pattern was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape. They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place.Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods. In the Dutch Army, for example, it was common practice to use a square piece of burlap as a helmet cover on M1 helmets, usually secured by a net and a wide rubber band.During the Battle of the Bulge and Korean War, soldiers made white helmet covers as camouflage in snowy areas. They were not issued to soldiers, so many soldiers simply made them from a white cloth from a shirt or tablecloth.[citation needed]","title":"Accessories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:191110-F-VD052-0149.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ataturk Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Anıtkabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_Day_Parade,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Type 66 helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_66_helmet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyc-techwriters-38"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"A member of the Turkish Air Force wearing a M1 liner stands at attention during the Ataturk Memorial Day Ceremony at AnıtkabirBangladesh Army infantry wearing M1 helmets in Victory Day Parade 2011Colombia: Some M1s still in service by Military Police and ceremonial units.[28]\n Dominican Republic: Only used by Dominican military honor guard forces.[29]\n India: Made locally and are still in service.[30]\n Iran: Uses the West German-made M1s.[31]\n Guatemala: Used only in the Guatemalan Army and Navy.[32]\n Japan: Uses the Type 66 helmet, modeled after the M1 helmet that was supplied to the JSDF. Currently used in non-combat operations.[33][34] Formerly used M1s supplied by the US to the JSDF before the adoption of the Type 66.[35]\n Panama: Formerly used by former Panamanian military, now in use by Panamanian Public Forces.[36]\n Turkey: Used by the Turkish military, most made locally. Still used as ceremonial helmet[37][38]\n Uruguay: Used US M1 for 1944 to present received by the EDA (Excess Defense Article) 1942 – 1945, FMS (Foreign Military Sales) and MAP (Military Aid Program) with some still in use.[39]\n Vietnam: Some M1s used by the Vietnamese military.[40]\n Philippines: In limited use as a training helmet","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parade_of_US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzergrenadiere_5_Bundeswehr_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"West German army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldadosargentinos3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argentine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Army"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"CG634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CG634"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"China, Republic of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iran-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iran-56"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-43"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Bangtan Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"ARVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARVN"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Chinese National Revolutionary Army soldiers with M1 helmets during the Second Sino-Japanese WarWest German army Panzergrenadier in 1968, with M56 Stahlhelm adapted from the American M1 helmetsArgentine Army conscripts wearing M1 helmets in the trenches during the Falklands WarArgentina: Used by the Argentine military before they were replaced.[41]\n Australia: Australian Defence Force previously used Australian and American-made M1s from the 1960s to the 1990s. Replaced by the Australian-made M91 PASGT helmet in the 1990s.[42]\n Austria: Used by the Austrian Army after it was reformed in 1955 with 30,000 M1s supplied by the US.[43] Copies made in 1958 known as Stahlhelm 2 (M.58) with another made in the 1970s with a German-made helmet suspension, all made by Ulbrichts Witwe.[43]\n Belgium: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.[43]\n Brazil: Formerly used US and Brazilian-made M1s for its military.[44]\n Bolivia: Used US and Brazilian-made M1s before being removed from service.[45]\n Canada: Used until the 1990s, when it was replaced by the CG634 helmet.[46]\n Chile: Formerly used by the Chilean military with liners made by Baselli Hnos.[47]\n China, Republic of: Used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War. Used by Taiwan until the 1990s.[48]\n Costa Rica: Formerly used US-made M1 helmets.[49]\n Croatia: Used from Croatian War of Independence until 2000s.\n Cuba: Used in Cuban military until Bastista was deposed, replaced by Warsaw Pact-made helmets.[50]\n Denmark: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets under the designation of Staalhjelm model 48 (m/48).[43]\n Ecuador: Formerly in use by the Ecuadorian military.[51]\n El Salvador: Provided by the US in the 1970s as part of military aid, now replaced by PASGT.[52]\n Greece: Adopted by the Greek Army in 1952.[53]\n Haiti: Used by former Haitian military.[54]\n Honduras: Formerly used by Honduran military after signing the Rio Treaty.[55]\n Indonesia\n Iran: Formerly used by the Imperial Iranian Army.[56] Used by the Islamic Republic of Iran's army, until retirement, however it occasionally still sees some limited use.[56]\n Israel: Formerly used by the Israeli military, supplied by the UK, France, and the United States.[57] Some M1s used have a combination of US and Israeli parts.[58]\n Lebanon: Formerly in use by Lebanese Armed Forces. Replaced by PASGT helmets.\n Liberia: Used by Armed Forces of Liberia until 2000s.\n Luxembourg: Formerly used by Luxembourg Armed Forces during Cold War.[59]\n Malaysia: Used locally made M1 helmets throughout the 1970s and 1980s.\n Mexico: Formerly used by the Mexican military.[60]\n New Zealand: Used by the New Zealand Army from the 1960s all the way to 2000s, mostly using US made M1s.[61]\n Netherlands: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.[43]\n Nicaragua: The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used M1 helmets supplied by the United States 1954-1979.[62]\n Nigeria: Formerly used by Nigerian Armed Forces.\n Norway: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.[43]\n Paraguay: Adopted the M1 after signing the Rio Treaty.[63]\n Peru: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied by the US.[64] Some obtained from Israel and West Germany.[65]\n Philippines: Formerly used M1 helmet in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[66]\n Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is using helmet with M81 Woodland Camouflage, externally supplied.\n Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia: HVO is using helmet with M81 Woodland Camouflage, externally supplied.\n Saudi Arabia: Taiwan produced copy used during Persian Gulf War.[67]\n Singapore: Formerly used by the Singaporean military from the late 1950s with inner liners made locally. Used up until the mid-1980s, when they began to be gradually replaced, and finally phased out, by a similar helmet to the US PASGT helmet, in the 1990s.[68]\n Spain: Used M1s made from America and Europe, modified for marine and paratrooper forces.[43]\n South Korea: Used in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Replaced by Bangtan Helmet.\n South Vietnam: Used by ARVN until 1975.\n United States: Formerly used by the United States Air Force as the M3 and later, the M5, helmet for flak protection.[69] Formerly used by the US military from the 1940s to the 80s, replaced by the PASGT.[70]\n Venezuela: Used by the Venezuelan military, now replaced.[71] Majority made in the US and South Korea.[72]\n West Germany: Formerly used by the West German army, helmets made by F. W. Quist Company.[73] The West German M-62 Stahlhelm was a direct copy of the U.S. M1 helmet. It was properly called \"zweiteiliger Stahlhelm\" (two-piece steel helmet). In 1958 the helmet was made as a one-piece helmet and renamed Stahlhelm M1A1. The M1A1 came in three sizes: 66, 68, and 71. This helmet was used until 1981 when a modified version was released and renamed the Helm1A1. Modifications included a 3-point chin strap with the third point connecting at the nape, extra large sizes, and a further adjustable liner.[74]","title":"Users"}]

[{"image_text":"The Helmet Model Number 5, intended to replace the M1917 but not adopted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/American_Helmet_Model_No._5_MET_DP701191.jpg/220px-American_Helmet_Model_No._5_MET_DP701191.jpg"},{"image_text":"US soldier wearing a helmet with camouflage cover and additional natural camouflage added on the slots in the helmet's cover while firing an M60 machine gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/M60_machine_gun_DA-ST-84-04992.jpg/220px-M60_machine_gun_DA-ST-84-04992.jpg"},{"image_text":"US soldiers in 1972 wearing M1 helmets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/M60_101st_Airborne_Division_Exercise_1972.jpg/220px-M60_101st_Airborne_Division_Exercise_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"An M1 Helmet with camouflage cover, worn by a corporal of the Netherlands Marine Corps in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Albert_Hoeben_RMWO.jpg/170px-Albert_Hoeben_RMWO.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of a M1 Helmet liner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M1HelmetDiagram.gif/220px-M1HelmetDiagram.gif"},{"image_text":"Camouflage-patterned helmet covers of USMC during the Battle of Incheon during the Korean War in 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg/170px-Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg"},{"image_text":"A soldier of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army wearing an M1 helmet and a gas mask in the trenches during the Iran-Iraq War. Next to him is a MG 3 machine gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemical_weapon1.jpg/220px-Chemical_weapon1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A member of the Turkish Air Force wearing a M1 liner stands at attention during the Ataturk Memorial Day Ceremony at Anıtkabir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/191110-F-VD052-0149.jpg/220px-191110-F-VD052-0149.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bangladesh Army infantry wearing M1 helmets in Victory Day Parade 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Victory_Day_Parade%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh_2011.jpg/220px-Victory_Day_Parade%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chinese National Revolutionary Army soldiers with M1 helmets during the Second Sino-Japanese War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parade_of_US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India.jpg/220px-Parade_of_US_equipped_Chinese_Army_in_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"West German army Panzergrenadier in 1968, with M56 Stahlhelm adapted from the American M1 helmets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Panzergrenadiere_5_Bundeswehr_1968.jpg/220px-Panzergrenadiere_5_Bundeswehr_1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"Argentine Army conscripts wearing M1 helmets in the trenches during the Falklands War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Soldadosargentinos3.jpg/170px-Soldadosargentinos3.jpg"}]

[{"title":"M1C helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1C_helmet"},{"title":"Modèle 1951 helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1951_helmet"},{"title":"Iraqi M80 helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_M80_helmet"}]

[{"reference":"\"M-1 Steel Helmet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_m1_helmet.php","url_text":"\"M-1 Steel Helmet\""}]},{"reference":"COMBAT-HELMETS. \"Schlueter Vs McCord\". nuke.combat-helmets.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://nuke.combat-helmets.com/WorldWarII/USA/SchlueterVsMcCord/tabid/288/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Schlueter Vs McCord\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Helmet Model No. 5\". www.metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/35957","url_text":"\"American Helmet Model No. 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"M1917 A1 Helmets\". US Militaria Forum. Retrieved July 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/35808-m1917a1-helmets/","url_text":"\"M1917 A1 Helmets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The US M1 Helmet Guide\". Militaria-Deal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.militaria-deal.com/militaria-blog/us-m1-helmet-guide","url_text":"\"The US M1 Helmet Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Giles, Marc (2018). \"M1 Helmet Lot Numbers\". Military Collector and Historian. 70 (3): 258.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Giles, Marc (2018). \"M1 Helmet Lot Numbers\". Military Collector and Historian. 70 (3): 260.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dating the M1 Steel Helmet\". www.hardscrabblefarm.com. Retrieved 2019-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardscrabblefarm.com/ww2/dating_m1.htm","url_text":"\"Dating the M1 Steel Helmet\""}]},{"reference":"Tagliavini, Michele. \"STAGE AND SCREEN In all those Hollywood war films, and in quite a few newsreels, the GIs wear helmets but never fasten the straps. Is this bravado, bad discipline or artistic licence?\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-2696,00.html","url_text":"\"STAGE AND SCREEN In all those Hollywood war films, and in quite a few newsreels, the GIs wear helmets but never fasten the straps. Is this bravado, bad discipline or artistic licence?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John. \"M1 Steel Combat Helmet and Liner\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-steel-pot.htm","url_text":"\"M1 Steel Combat Helmet and Liner\""}]},{"reference":"Giard, Regis (2008). Helmets of ETO: A Historical and Technical Guide. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9782352500629.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782352500629","url_text":"9782352500629"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shipwreck Jacob Luckenbach\". National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/maritime/expeditions/luckenbach.html","url_text":"\"The Shipwreck Jacob Luckenbach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colombia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/colombia/","url_text":"\"Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominican Republic\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/dominican-republic/","url_text":"\"Dominican Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"India M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/india-m1.html","url_text":"\"India M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran M62\".","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/iran-m62.html","url_text":"\"Iran M62\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guatemala\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/guatemala/","url_text":"\"Guatemala\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Defense (Japan) (2014-04-23). \"Ministry of Defense specification sheet, LINER, GROUND TROOPS' HELMET\" (PDF) (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)","url_text":"Ministry of Defense (Japan)"},{"url":"https://www.mod.go.jp/j/procurement/chotatsu/nds/pdf/z/z8001.pdf","url_text":"\"Ministry of Defense specification sheet, LINER, GROUND TROOPS' HELMET\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Defense (Japan) (2014-03-28). \"Ground Self-Defense Forces Dress Manual\" (PDF) (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/f_fd/1967/fy19680228_00024_008.pdf","url_text":"\"Ground Self-Defense Forces Dress Manual\""}]},{"reference":"66式 鉄帽. rightwing.sakura.ne.jp (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/quartermaster/type66helmet/type66helmet.html","url_text":"66式 鉄帽"}]},{"reference":"\"Panama\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/cascos-militares/sumario-del-capitulo/centroamerica/panama-2/","url_text":"\"Panama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey M1 Airborne\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/turkey-m1-airborne.html","url_text":"\"Turkey M1 Airborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Military Collection of Peter Suciu\". nyc-techwriters.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/turkish_helmets.htm","url_text":"\"Military Collection of Peter Suciu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225642/http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/turkish_helmets.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Uruguay\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/uruguay/","url_text":"\"Uruguay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tìm hiểu các loại mũ sắt, mũ chống đạn của QĐNDVN\".","urls":[{"url":"https://soha.vn/quan-su/tim-hieu-cac-loai-mu-sat-mu-chong-dan-cua-qdndvn-20140703143923538.htm","url_text":"\"Tìm hiểu các loại mũ sắt, mũ chống đạn của QĐNDVN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argentina\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/argentina/","url_text":"\"Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Camouflaged Helmet Cover : South Vietnam\". Australian War Memorial.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1022765","url_text":"\"US Camouflaged Helmet Cover : South Vietnam\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Euroclones\" - An essentiel collector's guide\". OCAD Militaria Collectors Resources. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205148/http://www.theocadcollection.com/euroclones---an-essentiel-collectors-guide.html","url_text":"\"\"Euroclones\" - An essentiel collector's guide\""},{"url":"http://www.theocadcollection.com/euroclones---an-essentiel-collectors-guide.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/brazil/","url_text":"\"Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolivia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/bolivia/","url_text":"\"Bolivia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Forces Helmets\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpmuseum.org/securhelmet.html","url_text":"\"Canadian Forces Helmets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chile M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/chile-m1.html","url_text":"\"Chile M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/taiwan-m1.html","url_text":"\"Taiwan M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rica\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/costa-rica/","url_text":"\"Costa Rica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuba\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/cuba/","url_text":"\"Cuba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecuador\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/ecuador/","url_text":"\"Ecuador\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Salvador\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/el-salvador/","url_text":"\"El Salvador\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greek M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/greek-m1.html","url_text":"\"Greek M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haiti\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/haiti/","url_text":"\"Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honduras\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/honduras/","url_text":"\"Honduras\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWII weapons in the Ayatollah's Iran\". 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2016/10/16/wwii-weapons-in-the-ayatollahs-iran/","url_text":"\"WWII weapons in the Ayatollah's Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/israel-m1.html","url_text":"\"Israel M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli M1 steel helmet Yom Kippur War 1973 - Collectors Weekly\". www.collectorsweekly.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectorsweekly.com/stories/145656-israeli-m1-steel-helmet-yom-kippur-war-1","url_text":"\"Israeli M1 steel helmet Yom Kippur War 1973 - Collectors Weekly\""}]},{"reference":"\"M53 Troops helmet\". Dutchhelmets.nl. Retrieved 25 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchhelmets.nl/en/helmets/combat-helmets/m53-troops-helmet","url_text":"\"M53 Troops helmet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/mexico-m1.html","url_text":"\"Mexico M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/new-zealand-m1.html","url_text":"\"New Zealand M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicaragua\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/central-america/nicaragua/","url_text":"\"Nicaragua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paraguay\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/paraguay/","url_text":"\"Paraguay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/peru-m1.html","url_text":"\"Peru M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/peru/","url_text":"\"Peru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phil. Marines PASGT helmet\". www.oocities.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/pmcmssr/pmhelmet1.html","url_text":"\"Phil. Marines PASGT helmet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Imported M1 Helmet Copy\". Middle East Militaria. Retrieved 2023-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeastmilitaria.com/987654488765h.html","url_text":"\"Saudi Imported M1 Helmet Copy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/singapore-m1.html","url_text":"\"Singapore M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"alliedflightgear.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alliedflightgear.com/USAAF%20flak%20helmets.html","url_text":"\"alliedflightgear.com\""}]},{"reference":"Webster, Donovan. \"How the Military Helmet Evolved From a Hazard to a Bullet Shield\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-military-helmet-evolved-hazard-bullet-shield-180963319/","url_text":"\"How the Military Helmet Evolved From a Hazard to a Bullet Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/venezuela-m1.html","url_text":"\"Venezuela M1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mahargpress.com/military-helmets/chapters-summaries/south-america/venezuela/","url_text":"\"Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Germany M1\". Brendon's Helmets.","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/west-germany-m1.html","url_text":"\"West Germany M1\""}]},{"reference":"Lucy, Roger (January 2015). \"\"Euroclones\": An essential guide to postwar steel helmets\". OCAD Militaria Collectors Resource. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011215026/http://www.theocadcollection.com/euroclones---an-essentiel-collectors-guide.html","url_text":"\"\"Euroclones\": An essential guide to postwar steel helmets\""},{"url":"http://www.theocadcollection.com/euroclones---an-essentiel-collectors-guide.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armold, Chris (1997). Steel pots: the history of America's steel combat helmets (1st ed.). San Jose, Calif: R.James Bender Pub. ISBN 091213870X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/091213870X","url_text":"091213870X"}]},{"reference":"Brayley, Martin J. (2008). Tin Hats to Composite Helmets: A Collector's Guide. Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-024-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-024-4","url_text":"978-1-84797-024-4"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Bashford (1920). Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/helmetsbodyarmor00deanuoft/page/216/mode/2up","url_text":"Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare"}]},{"reference":"Oosterman, Pieter (2010). The M-1 helmet of the World War II GI: a reference based on the M-1Helmet.com collection. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780764336638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing","url_text":"Schiffer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764336638","url_text":"9780764336638"}]},{"reference":"Giard, Régis; Blais, Frederic (2007). Helmets of ETO: a historical and technical guide. Paris, France : Histoire & Collections. ISBN 9782352500629.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782352500629","url_text":"9782352500629"}]},{"reference":"Reynosa, Mark A. (1996). The M-1 helmet: a history of the U.S. M-1 helmet in World War II. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0764300741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing","url_text":"Schiffer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764300741","url_text":"0764300741"}]},{"reference":"Reynosa, Mark A. (1999). Post- World War II M-1 helmets: an illustrated study. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 076431033X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing","url_text":"Schiffer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/076431033X","url_text":"076431033X"}]},{"reference":"Studler, Rene R (May–June 1942). \"The New Combat Helmet\". Army Ordnance. XXI (132): 931–934. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JN0fAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA931","url_text":"\"The New Combat Helmet\""}]},{"reference":"Cleland, John R. D. (January 1954). \"What About The Helmet?\". United States Army Combat Forces Journal. 4 (6): 24–25. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SD9EAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA25","url_text":"\"What About The Helmet?\""}]},{"reference":"\"steel helmet, pattern M1, with liner, US Army\". Ukniwm.org.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30090608","url_text":"\"steel helmet, pattern M1, with liner, US Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steel Helmet, 'Talker' MKII: US Navy\". Ukniwm.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208150008/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30100975","url_text":"\"Steel Helmet, 'Talker' MKII: US Navy\""},{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30100975","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScotlandsPeople

National Archives of Scotland

["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 The archives in the Middle Ages","1.3 Civil War and Cromwell","1.4 The Laigh Hall","1.5 General Register House","1.6 Thomas Thomson","1.7 West Register House","1.8 Thomas Thomson House","2 Collections and access","3 Other services","4 Scottish Archive Network (SCAN)","5 Recent developments","5.1 Digitisation","5.2 ScotlandsPeople Website","5.3 ScotlandsPeople Centre","5.4 Scottish Public Records Review","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 55°57′13.62″N 3°11′21.53″W / 55.9537833°N 3.1893139°W / 55.9537833; -3.1893139National archives of Scotland National Archives of Scotland logo The National Archives of Scotland (NAS) is the previous name of the National Records of Scotland (NRS), and are the national archives of Scotland, based in Edinburgh. The NAS claims to have one of the most varied collection of archives in Europe. It is the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as an independent state (see Kingdom of Scotland), her role in the British Isles and the links between Scotland and many other countries over the centuries. The NAS changed its name from the Scottish Record Office on 7 January 1999 and is both an associated department and Executive Agency of the Scottish Government, headed by the Keeper of the Records of Scotland. The agency is responsible to the Scottish Minister for Europe, External Affairs and Culture. Its antecedents date back to the 13th century. It is responsible for selecting, preserving, and promoting and making available the national archives of Scotland. It also has a role in records management more generally. The National Archives of Scotland is based at three locations in Edinburgh: HM General Register House with New Register House (open to the public) and West Register House in the city centre, and Thomas Thomson House in the Sighthill area of the city which is the main repository and also houses a conservation department and other offices. Access to the archives is open to members of the public. On 1 April 2011, NAS, as a governmental body, was merged with the General Register Office for Scotland to form National Records of Scotland. The term National Archives of Scotland is still sometimes employed to refer to the archives (the records collections) themselves. History Early history The early history of the national archives of Scotland reflects Scotland's own troubled history. Many records were lost as a result of being taken out of the country first in the 13th century by Edward I during the Wars of Independence and later by Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. As a result, the earliest surviving Scottish public record is the Quitclaim of Canterbury of 1189; the oldest private record is a charter by David I to the church of St Cuthbert in Edinburgh, 1127. The earliest surviving exchequer roll belongs only to 1326; the records of the Great Seal survive only from 1315; and, although there are a few early rolls starting in 1292, full records of Parliament do not begin until 1466. The first reference to a government official responsible for looking after the records dates from 1286. William of Dumfries was a clerk of the rolls of the royal 'chapel' or chancery. This office was later to develop into that of Lord Clerk Register. The archives in the Middle Ages When war broke out between Scotland and England in 1296 and Edward I invaded, he had all the symbols of Scots nationhood—the regalia, the national archives and the Stone of Destiny—removed to London. The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton ended the first War of Independence in 1329 and provided for the return of the records to Scotland. But they remained in London, many disappeared, and when their remnants were sent back to Scotland in 1948, only about 200 documents remained. During the reign of Robert I, 'the Bruce' (1306–1329), and with the more settled nature of the country after the battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the national archives grew in quantity. Records accumulated over the centuries and by the mid-sixteenth century it became necessary to build a special 'register house' in Edinburgh Castle to house them. Civil War and Cromwell The archives remained safe in the Castle until its capture by Cromwell's army in December 1650. The Scots were allowed to remove the archives and they were deposited in Stirling Castle. When that too fell to the English in August 1651, some of the records were carried off by the garrison, some were rescued by the clerks, but most were sent away to London. Their removal proved very inconvenient, so in 1657 the legal registers were returned to Scotland. It was not until the restoration of Charles II in 1660 that the other records were sent back. One of the two ships carrying the archives, the 'Elizabeth', sank in a storm off the Northumbrian coast with the loss of all the papers and parchments on board. The Laigh Hall Those records which had survived the voyage north were deposited again in Edinburgh Castle. But in 1662 the legal registers were transferred to the Laigh Hall below the Parliament Hall on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, where parliamentary and other records from the Castle joined them in 1689. The move was partly designed to promote access to the records, but the accommodation was far from satisfactory and the archives were damaged by damp and vermin. Records were piled on the floor and the backs of cupboards ran with damp. The great fire of 1700, which threatened the Parliament House, forced a temporary removal of the records to St Giles' church for safety. Although the Treaty of Union of 1707 specified that the public records were to remain in Scotland in all time coming, there was no public money available to provide adequate accommodation and supervision for them. General Register House General Register House Circular Record Hall, General Register Office By the mid-eighteenth century the need to provide accommodation for the national archives was widely recognised. In 1765 a grant of £12,000 was obtained from the estates of Jacobites forfeited after the Jacobite rising of 1745 towards building a 'proper repository'. A site was chosen fronting the end of the North Bridge then under construction. The eminent architect Robert Adam and his brother James were selected for the project in 1772 and the foundation stone was laid in 1774, by which time the original plans had been modified. Robert Adam used stone from local quarries, Edinburgh tradesmen for supplies and local masons and craftsmen. The building, although an empty shell, was not roofless when work ceased in 1779. Receipts and other contemporary evidence confirm this. The incomplete building, described as 'the most magnificent pigeon-house in Europe', was the haunt of thieves and pick-pockets. Construction resumed in 1785 and General Register House was completed to Robert Adam's modified design in 1788. It was hoped to build his proposed north range if funds ever became available. Robert Reid, also architect of St George's Church (now West Register House) and the facade of Parliament House, finished the exterior to a simplified version of Robert Adam's original design and the interior to his own design in the 1820s. Reid also designed the Antiquarian Room (now the Historical Search Room) which opened to the public in 1847. General Register House is one of the oldest custom built archive buildings still in continuous use in the world. Thomas Thomson In 1806 the office of Deputy Clerk Register was created to oversee the day-to-day running of the office. The appointment of Thomas Thomson to the post laid the foundation of the modern record office. His thirty-five year term of office saw a programme of cataloguing and repair of the older records and the start of a series of record publications. West Register House West Register House Main article: West Register House Since the early twentieth century accessions of records have increased both in bulk and variety. The growth in the office's activities and holdings brought a need for more accommodation and improved facilities. In 1971 the former St George's Church in Charlotte Square was converted into West Register House. Robert Adam, architect of General Register House, designed the frontages of the houses in Charlotte Square and included a plan for a church in his drawings in 1791. The plan was never used and in 1810 Robert Reid drew up a new design. The foundation stone was laid in May 1811 and the building opened to public worship in 1814. The church discovered dry rot in 1959 and, unable to meet the spiralling costs of repair, closed in 1961, the congregation moving to St Andrew's Church along George Street. In 1968 began the process of converting the church into a branch of the Scottish Record Office. The exterior was left unaltered but the entire interior was removed and replaced by five floors of reinforced concrete for offices and record storage. Thomas Thomson House By the 1980s both city centre sites were filled to capacity and it became clear that another building was needed. This provided an opportunity to design a modern archive building. In 1994 Thomas Thomson House was built at Sighthill Industrial Estate in the west of Edinburgh and opened the following year by the Princess Royal. Designed to provide space for the National Archives of Scotland until the mid 21st century, the building is essentially two separate buildings joined together. One high-tech block provides over 37 kilometres of environmentally controlled record storage, while the other houses records reception and sorting areas, staff offices, a purpose-built conservation unit and digital imaging facilities. Collections and access The National Archives of Scotland contains records from parchment and paper scrolls through to digital files and archived websites. One widely known document held is the Declaration of Arbroath. The material held, searchable through the NAS On-Line Catalogue, and accessible (free of charge to examine) both in person at NAS search rooms (after reader pass application procedures), and in certain circumstances through other methods such as by post includes the following: Government Records of pre-1707 Scottish crown, parliament and government; records of the post-1886 Scottish Office and Scottish Government. Legal registers and Court documents Registers of deeds and sasines; services of heirs; Records of the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts (including adoption records) and commissary courts. Notably, the NAS provides about 5,000 extracts from legal registers each year, mainly at a cost for professional legal researchers instructed by law firms. The Keeper is, in addition to his responsibility to Ministers, also responsible to the Lord President of the Court of Session for the efficient management of the court and other legal records in Scotland. The Churches Records for the Church of Scotland, Free Church of Scotland, and various dissenting ('seceding') congregations; records of the Scottish Episcopal Church; copies of the records of baptisms, marriages and burials for Roman Catholics before 1855. Nationalised industries and transport Records of the Scottish rail and canal systems, coal, gas, electricity, steel and shipbuilding industries. Local administration Valuation rolls for all Scottish counties and burghs 1855–1995; records of some burghs, county councils, justices of the peace and other local authorities. Private and corporate bodies Family, legal and estate papers; several gifts and deposited papers; records of businesses, societies and institutions. Maps and plans Maps, plans, architectural and technical drawings from government departments, nationalised industries, transport systems, courts, churches, private and corporate bodies. Other services In addition to selecting, preserving and making available to all the national archives of Scotland, the NAS has several other functions. Part of this relates to outreach, providing educational and other resources for teachers and other educational services, and ensuring the archives are available to Scottish society. One example of this outreach was an exhibition at the Scottish Parliament to mark the Act of Union. The NAS advises Scottish Ministers on records and information policy, and has to be consulted in relation to certain statutory codes of practice issued under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. The NAS advises Scottish public authorities about the creation and management of their records, and advises public and private owners about their historical records and it provides a reference service to the public on all aspects of the national archives. It provides the National Register of Archives of Scotland, a database of archival sources in Scotland, which is available online. It takes the lead in the development of records management and archival policy in Scotland. Scottish Archive Network (SCAN) In the late 1990s the NAS became a pioneer in the digitisation and provision of online access to historical records on a very large scale, under the auspices of the Scottish Archive Network (SCAN) project, whose partners were the National Archives of Scotland (NAS), the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), and the Genealogical Society of Utah (now Family Search). The SCAN project created a single electronic catalogue to the holdings of more than 50 Scottish archives and set up a copying programme, using high quality single-capture digital cameras. SCAN's main achievement was the digital capture of half a million wills and testaments recorded in Commissary Court and Sheriff Court registers between 1513 and 1901, linking these to a unified index, and making them available online. Following the project's completion in 2004, NAS maintained the products and websites of SCAN. Recent developments Digitisation The NAS has expanded its digitisation programme begun under the SCAN project. It is currently involved in digitising the register of sasines (Scotland's property register) and the records of ecclesiastical courts (kirk sessions, presbyteries, synods and the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland). The church court records extend to some five million pages of information and the NAS is, at the time of writing (2008), developing an online access system for large-scale, unindexed historical sources, in parallel to free access in the NAS's public search rooms, known as "virtual volumes". ScotlandsPeople Website In conjunction with the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS), the NAS supplies content for the ScotlandsPeople website, allowing searches in pre-1855 old parish registers (OPRs); statutory registers of births, marriages and deaths from 1855; census returns, 1841–1911; and the testaments digitally captured by the SCAN project. ScotlandsPeople Centre The ScotlandsPeople Centre is for those interested in genealogy. It opened fully on 12 January 2009 after being partially open since July 2008. The Centre is based in HM General Register House and New Register House, and is a partnership between the NAS, the General Register Office for Scotland, and the Court of the Lord Lyon, providing a single base for genealogical research in Scotland. Unlike the National Archives, use of most facilities at the ScotlandsPeople Centre is not free of charge. Scottish Public Records Review The National Archives of Scotland was instructed by Scottish Ministers in 2008 to review and assess the current state of public records legislation in Scotland, some of which dates to the 1930s. The Review published its report. See also List of national archives General Register Office for Scotland Court of the Lord Lyon The National Archives Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland References ^ "NAS Corporate Plan, Introduction p.4" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ Guide to the National Archives of Scotland (Edinburgh, The Stationery Office, 1996) ^ Scottish Government, St Andrew's House (11 March 2011). "National Records of Scotland". www2.gov.scot. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ National Archives of Scotland, SRO4/20: "Memorial to Register House Trustees by James Salisbury and Alexander Tait, estimating the expense of completing Register House, 20th Dec 1780" ^ "NAS Online Catalogue". webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Records held by – the National Archives of Scotland". webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "About – The National Archives of Scotland". webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Act of Union 1707 exhibition launched". Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008. ^ "The National Register of Archives for Scotland Home". webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "SCAN Online Catalogue". www.scan.org.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "The Scottish Archive Network - About Us". www.scan.org.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ H. Anderson, 'ScottishDocuments.com - Testaments online', Scottish Archives (the journal of the Scottish Records Association), vol 9, 2003 ^ "Scottish Documents Home Page". www.scottishdocuments.com. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "ScotlandsPeople". ScotlandsPeople. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Delving into designs on our ancestors". The Herald. Glasgow. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2018. ^ Team, National Records of Scotland Web (31 May 2013). "National Records of Scotland". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Public Records Review - The National Archives of Scotland website". webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2019. External links NRS website NAS Website (archived as at 2017) SCAN Website Scottish Documents Website Scottish Handwriting Website Scottish Archives for Schools Website ScotlandsPeople Centre Website National Register of Archives of Scotland (archived as at 2017) 55°57′13.62″N 3°11′21.53″W / 55.9537833°N 3.1893139°W / 55.9537833; -3.1893139 vteExecutive agencies of the Scottish Government Accountant in Bankruptcy Disclosure Scotland Education Scotland Forestry and Land Scotland Scottish Forestry Scottish Prison Service Scottish Public Pensions Agency Social Security Scotland Student Awards Agency for Scotland Transport Scotland vteScotland articles Outline of Scotland History Timeline Prehistoric Roman times Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Kingdom High Middle Ages Davidian Revolution Wars of Independence Late Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Reformation Colonisation of the Americas Glorious Revolution 1707 Acts of Union Jacobitism Enlightenment Lowland Clearances Highland Clearances Industrial Revolution Romanticism Modern Geography Anglo-Scottish border Central Belt Climate Conservation Fauna Flora Geology Highlands Islands Lochs Lowlands Mountains and hills Highest Protected areas Waterfalls Glens Ecoregions Biosphere reserves Environment Municipalities Munro PoliticsGovernmentPolitics Devolution Elections First Minister Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland Deputy First Minister Great Seal of Scotland Government International relations Human rights LGBT rights Independence Local government History Cities Armed forces Military history Monarchs Members of Parliament Parliament Member of the Scottish Parliament Political parties Republicanism Scotland Office Secretary of State Nationalism Unionism Law Advocate General Courts (List) Supreme Courts of Scotland (Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary, Office of the Accountant of Court) Crown Office Lord Advocate Lord President Procurator fiscal Solicitor General Sheriff principal College of Justice Scots property law Udal law Prison population Police Scotland Economy Agriculture Bank of Scotland Charities Companies Fishing Forestry Harris Tweed Housing Media Oil industry (North Sea oil) Power stations Renewable energy Royal Bank of Scotland Tourism Transport Whisky Silicon Glen Unemployment International trade SocietyCulture Architecture Art Clans Cuisine Education Hogmanay Identity Inventions and discoveries Literature Museums Music Oldest buildings Performing arts Philosophy Placenames Prostitution Royal National Mòd Sport Surnames Symbols anthem coat of arms flags national flag tartan regimental unicorn World Heritage Sites Festivals Comedy DemographicsLanguages Highland English Scottish English Scottish Gaelic Scots British Sign Language People (list) Actors Artists Inventors Musicians Scientists Writers Religion Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Christmas Church of Scotland General Assembly Moderators Roman Catholicism Scottish Episcopal Church Baptist Union Free Church of Scotland Hinduism Islam Judaism Sikhism Ethnic minorities Outline Category Portal vteEuropean national archivesSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Archives_of_Scotland_(logo).png"},{"link_name":"National Records of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"national archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_archives"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"history of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"General Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Register_House"},{"link_name":"New Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Register_House"},{"link_name":"West Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Register_House"},{"link_name":"Sighthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighthill,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"General Register Office for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Register_Office_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"National Records of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"National archives of ScotlandNational Archives of Scotland logoThe National Archives of Scotland (NAS) is the previous name of the National Records of Scotland (NRS), and are the national archives of Scotland, based in Edinburgh. The NAS claims to have one of the most varied collection of archives in Europe. It is the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as an independent state (see Kingdom of Scotland), her role in the British Isles and the links between Scotland and many other countries over the centuries.The NAS changed its name from the Scottish Record Office on 7 January 1999 and is both an associated department and Executive Agency of the Scottish Government,[1] headed by the Keeper of the Records of Scotland. The agency is responsible to the Scottish Minister for Europe, External Affairs and Culture. Its antecedents date back to the 13th century.It is responsible for selecting, preserving, and promoting and making available the national archives of Scotland.[2] It also has a role in records management more generally.The National Archives of Scotland is based at three locations in Edinburgh: HM General Register House with New Register House (open to the public) and West Register House in the city centre, and Thomas Thomson House in the Sighthill area of the city which is the main repository and also houses a conservation department and other offices. Access to the archives is open to members of the public.On 1 April 2011, NAS, as a governmental body, was merged with the General Register Office for Scotland to form National Records of Scotland.[3] The term National Archives of Scotland is still sometimes employed to refer to the archives (the records collections) themselves.","title":"National Archives of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wars of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Quitclaim of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitclaim_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"David I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"exchequer roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exchequer_roll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lord Clerk Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Clerk_Register"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The early history of the national archives of Scotland reflects Scotland's own troubled history. Many records were lost as a result of being taken out of the country first in the 13th century by Edward I during the Wars of Independence and later by Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. As a result, the earliest surviving Scottish public record is the Quitclaim of Canterbury of 1189; the oldest private record is a charter by David I to the church of St Cuthbert in Edinburgh, 1127. The earliest surviving exchequer roll belongs only to 1326; the records of the Great Seal survive only from 1315; and, although there are a few early rolls starting in 1292, full records of Parliament do not begin until 1466. The first reference to a government official responsible for looking after the records dates from 1286. William of Dumfries was a clerk of the rolls of the royal 'chapel' or chancery. This office was later to develop into that of Lord Clerk Register.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stone of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_Scone"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh%E2%80%93Northampton"},{"link_name":"Robert I, 'the Bruce'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"battle of Bannockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"}],"sub_title":"The archives in the Middle Ages","text":"When war broke out between Scotland and England in 1296 and Edward I invaded, he had all the symbols of Scots nationhood—the regalia, the national archives and the Stone of Destiny—removed to London. The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton ended the first War of Independence in 1329 and provided for the return of the records to Scotland. But they remained in London, many disappeared, and when their remnants were sent back to Scotland in 1948, only about 200 documents remained. During the reign of Robert I, 'the Bruce' (1306–1329), and with the more settled nature of the country after the battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the national archives grew in quantity. Records accumulated over the centuries and by the mid-sixteenth century it became necessary to build a special 'register house' in Edinburgh Castle to house them.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"}],"sub_title":"Civil War and Cromwell","text":"The archives remained safe in the Castle until its capture by Cromwell's army in December 1650. The Scots were allowed to remove the archives and they were deposited in Stirling Castle. When that too fell to the English in August 1651, some of the records were carried off by the garrison, some were rescued by the clerks, but most were sent away to London. Their removal proved very inconvenient, so in 1657 the legal registers were returned to Scotland. It was not until the restoration of Charles II in 1660 that the other records were sent back. One of the two ships carrying the archives, the 'Elizabeth', sank in a storm off the Northumbrian coast with the loss of all the papers and parchments on board.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh#Parliament_Hall"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"St Giles' church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Giles%27_Cathedral,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"}],"sub_title":"The Laigh Hall","text":"Those records which had survived the voyage north were deposited again in Edinburgh Castle. But in 1662 the legal registers were transferred to the Laigh Hall below the Parliament Hall on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, where parliamentary and other records from the Castle joined them in 1689. The move was partly designed to promote access to the records, but the accommodation was far from satisfactory and the archives were damaged by damp and vermin. Records were piled on the floor and the backs of cupboards ran with damp. The great fire of 1700, which threatened the Parliament House, forced a temporary removal of the records to St Giles' church for safety. Although the Treaty of Union of 1707 specified that the public records were to remain in Scotland in all time coming, there was no public money available to provide adequate accommodation and supervision for them.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Register_House,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edinburgh,_Princes_Street,_General_Register_Office,_Circular_Record_Hall_-_20151130120344.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"North Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bridge,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Robert Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adam"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reid_(architect)"},{"link_name":"St George's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh"}],"sub_title":"General Register House","text":"General Register HouseCircular Record Hall, General Register OfficeBy the mid-eighteenth century the need to provide accommodation for the national archives was widely recognised. In 1765 a grant of £12,000 was obtained from the estates of Jacobites forfeited after the Jacobite rising of 1745 towards building a 'proper repository'. A site was chosen fronting the end of the North Bridge then under construction. The eminent architect Robert Adam and his brother James were selected for the project in 1772 and the foundation stone was laid in 1774, by which time the original plans had been modified. Robert Adam used stone from local quarries, Edinburgh tradesmen for supplies and local masons and craftsmen. The building, although an empty shell, was not roofless when work ceased in 1779. Receipts and other contemporary evidence confirm this.[4]The incomplete building, described as 'the most magnificent pigeon-house in Europe', was the haunt of thieves and pick-pockets. Construction resumed in 1785 and General Register House was completed to Robert Adam's modified design in 1788. It was hoped to build his proposed north range if funds ever became available. Robert Reid, also architect of St George's Church (now West Register House) and the facade of Parliament House, finished the exterior to a simplified version of Robert Adam's original design and the interior to his own design in the 1820s. Reid also designed the Antiquarian Room (now the Historical Search Room) which opened to the public in 1847. General Register House is one of the oldest custom built archive buildings still in continuous use in the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(advocate)"}],"sub_title":"Thomas Thomson","text":"In 1806 the office of Deputy Clerk Register was created to oversee the day-to-day running of the office. The appointment of Thomas Thomson to the post laid the foundation of the modern record office. His thirty-five year term of office saw a programme of cataloguing and repair of the older records and the start of a series of record publications.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Register_House,_Charlotte_Square,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Register_House"},{"link_name":"West Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Register_House"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_and_St_George%27s_Church,_Edinburgh"}],"sub_title":"West Register House","text":"West Register HouseSince the early twentieth century accessions of records have increased both in bulk and variety. The growth in the office's activities and holdings brought a need for more accommodation and improved facilities. In 1971 the former St George's Church in Charlotte Square was converted into West Register House. Robert Adam, architect of General Register House, designed the frontages of the houses in Charlotte Square and included a plan for a church in his drawings in 1791. The plan was never used and in 1810 Robert Reid drew up a new design. The foundation stone was laid in May 1811 and the building opened to public worship in 1814. The church discovered dry rot in 1959 and, unable to meet the spiralling costs of repair, closed in 1961, the congregation moving to St Andrew's Church along George Street. In 1968 began the process of converting the church into a branch of the Scottish Record Office. The exterior was left unaltered but the entire interior was removed and replaced by five floors of reinforced concrete for offices and record storage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"}],"sub_title":"Thomas Thomson House","text":"By the 1980s both city centre sites were filled to capacity and it became clear that another building was needed. This provided an opportunity to design a modern archive building. In 1994 Thomas Thomson House was built at Sighthill Industrial Estate in the west of Edinburgh and opened the following year by the Princess Royal. Designed to provide space for the National Archives of Scotland until the mid 21st century, the building is essentially two separate buildings joined together. One high-tech block provides over 37 kilometres of environmentally controlled record storage, while the other houses records reception and sorting areas, staff offices, a purpose-built conservation unit and digital imaging facilities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Declaration of Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"sheriff courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_courts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Free Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"justices of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace"}],"text":"The National Archives of Scotland contains records from parchment and paper scrolls through to digital files and archived websites. One widely known document held is the Declaration of Arbroath.The material held, searchable through the NAS On-Line Catalogue,[5] and accessible (free of charge to examine) both in person at NAS search rooms (after reader pass application procedures), and in certain circumstances through other methods such as by post includes the following:[6]Government Records of pre-1707 Scottish crown, parliament and government; records of the post-1886 Scottish Office and Scottish Government.\nLegal registers and Court documents Registers of deeds and sasines; services of heirs; Records of the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts (including adoption records) and commissary courts. Notably, the NAS provides about 5,000 extracts from legal registers each year, mainly at a cost for professional legal researchers instructed by law firms.[7] The Keeper is, in addition to his responsibility to Ministers, also responsible to the Lord President of the Court of Session for the efficient management of the court and other legal records in Scotland.\nThe Churches Records for the Church of Scotland, Free Church of Scotland, and various dissenting ('seceding') congregations; records of the Scottish Episcopal Church; copies of the records of baptisms, marriages and burials for Roman Catholics before 1855.\nNationalised industries and transport Records of the Scottish rail and canal systems, coal, gas, electricity, steel and shipbuilding industries.\nLocal administration Valuation rolls for all Scottish counties and burghs 1855–1995; records of some burghs, county councils, justices of the peace and other local authorities.\nPrivate and corporate bodies Family, legal and estate papers; several gifts and deposited papers; records of businesses, societies and institutions.\nMaps and plans Maps, plans, architectural and technical drawings from government departments, nationalised industries, transport systems, courts, churches, private and corporate bodies.","title":"Collections and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Act of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_(Scotland)_Act_2002"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In addition to selecting, preserving and making available to all the national archives of Scotland, the NAS has several other functions. Part of this relates to outreach, providing educational and other resources for teachers and other educational services, and ensuring the archives are available to Scottish society. One example of this outreach was an exhibition at the Scottish Parliament to mark the Act of Union.[8]The NAS advises Scottish Ministers on records and information policy, and has to be consulted in relation to certain statutory codes of practice issued under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. The NAS advises Scottish public authorities about the creation and management of their records, and advises public and private owners about their historical records and it provides a reference service to the public on all aspects of the national archives. It provides the National Register of Archives of Scotland, a database of archival sources in Scotland, which is available online.[9] It takes the lead in the development of records management and archival policy in Scotland.","title":"Other services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the late 1990s the NAS became a pioneer in the digitisation and provision of online access to historical records on a very large scale, under the auspices of the Scottish Archive Network (SCAN) project, whose partners were the National Archives of Scotland (NAS), the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), and the Genealogical Society of Utah (now Family Search). The SCAN project created a single electronic catalogue to the holdings of more than 50 Scottish archives [10] and set up a copying programme, using high quality single-capture digital cameras.[11]SCAN's main achievement was the digital capture of half a million wills and testaments recorded in Commissary Court and Sheriff Court registers between 1513 and 1901, linking these to a unified index, and making them available online.[12]Following the project's completion in 2004, NAS maintained the products and websites of SCAN.","title":"Scottish Archive Network (SCAN)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Digitisation","text":"The NAS has expanded its digitisation programme begun under the SCAN project. It is currently involved in digitising the register of sasines (Scotland's property register) and the records of ecclesiastical courts (kirk sessions, presbyteries, synods and the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland). The church court records extend to some five million pages of information and the NAS is, at the time of writing (2008), developing an online access system for large-scale, unindexed historical sources, in parallel to free access in the NAS's public search rooms, known as \"virtual volumes\".[13]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"ScotlandsPeople Website","text":"In conjunction with the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS), the NAS supplies content for the ScotlandsPeople website, allowing searches in pre-1855 old parish registers (OPRs); statutory registers of births, marriages and deaths from 1855; census returns, 1841–1911; and the testaments digitally captured by the SCAN project.[14][15]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"ScotlandsPeople Centre","text":"The ScotlandsPeople Centre is for those interested in genealogy. It opened fully on 12 January 2009 after being partially open since July 2008. The Centre is based in HM General Register House and New Register House, and is a partnership between the NAS, the General Register Office for Scotland, and the Court of the Lord Lyon, providing a single base for genealogical research in Scotland. Unlike the National Archives, use of most facilities at the ScotlandsPeople Centre is not free of charge.[16]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Scottish Public Records Review","text":"The National Archives of Scotland was instructed by Scottish Ministers in 2008 to review and assess the current state of public records legislation in Scotland, some of which dates to the 1930s. The Review published its report.[17]","title":"Recent developments"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Air_Refueling_Squadron

41st Air Refueling Squadron

["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Air Force reserve","1.3 Air refueling","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","2.4 Awards and campaigns","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]

41st Air Refueling Squadron(later 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron)Squadron KC-135A Stratotanker at RAF MildenhallActive1944; 1944–1946; 1947–1949; 1958–1993Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAir refuelingEngagementsPacific Theater of OperationsDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardInsigniaPatch with 41st Air Refueling Squadron emblem41st Bombardment Squadron emblemMilitary unit The 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 380th Operations Group at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, where it was inactivated on 15 February 1993. The squadron's earliest predecessor was activated in 1944 as the 41st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, it deployed to Guam, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan. It was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat operations. Following V-J Day, the squadron remained in the Pacific until inactivating in 1946. It was again activated in the reserve in 1947, but was not fully manned or equipped before inactivating again in 1949. The 41st Air Refueling Squadron was activated at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York in 1959 and equipped with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers as Strategic Air Command dispersed its bomber and tanker force to protect it from a surprise attack by the Soviet Union. It conducted air refueling operations from Griffiss until inactivating in 1993. During the Vietnam War, it deployed aircraft and aircrew to Southeast Asia. In 1985, the two squadrons were consolidated into a single unit. In 2002, the consolidated unit was converted to provisional status as the 41st Expeditionary Refueling Squadron and assigned to Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed. History World War II 501st Bombardment Group B-29 taking off from Northwest Field, Guam 1945 The first predecessor of the squadron was activated on 1 April 1944 as the 41st Bombardment Squadron at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas for training with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. however, before it became much more than a "paper" unit, it was inactivated on 10 May. However, the squadron was again activated on 1 June 1944, when it became one of the original squadrons of the 501st Bombardment Group. In August, the 501st Group and its squadrons moved to Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska and began to equip with Superfortresses. The squadron completed its training and departed for the Pacific on 7 March 1945. The squadron was equipped with the Bell Aircraft manufactured B-29B, which was designed to save weight by removing all of the guns and sighting equipment used on other B-29s, except the tail gun, allowing the B-29B to fly a little higher and a little further. The B-29B also had two new radar units installed, the AN/APQ-7 Eagle radar for bombing and navigation and the AN/APG-15 for aiming the tail gun. These two radar units gave the B-29B a distinctive shape as the APQ-7 antenna appeared as a small wing under the fuselage, between the two bomb bay doors and the APG-15 added a ball shaped antenna to the tail of the aircraft below the tail guns. The squadron arrived at its combat station, Northwest Field on Guam on 14 April 1945. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 19 June 1945, attacking Japanese fortifications on Truk. Later that month, on 26 June, it flew its first mission attacking a target in Japan. For the remainder of the war, it operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry on Honshu. These attacks included missions against the Maruzen oil refinery at Shimotso, the Utsobo oil refinery at Yokkaichi and the petroleum center at Kawasaki during the week beginning on 6 July 1945. For its performance on these missions, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation. Following V-J Day, the squadron dropped supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan, Korea, Manchuria and China. It remained at Northwest Field until May 1946, when it became non-operational, and was inactivated there on 10 June 1946. Air Force reserve The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Long Beach Municipal Airport, California in July 1947, where it was assigned to the 448th Bombardment Group. Its training was supervised by the 416th AAF Base Unit (later the 2347th Air Force Reserve Training Center). Although nominally a B-29 unit, it is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped. In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. In June 1949 ConAC reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization, and in connection with this reorganization, the squadron was inactivated and replaced by the 711th Bombardment Squadron. Air refueling During the Cold War, Strategic Air Command (SAC) bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC’s response was to break up its wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases. As part of this dispersal program, in August 1958, SAC organized the 4039th Strategic Wing at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York. The 41st Air Refueling Squadron was activated on 5 January 1959 as the wing's first operational flying squadron and began to equip with Boeing KC-135A Stratotankers. In October 1959, the 75th Bombardment Squadron moved to Griffiss from Loring Air Force Base, Maine to fill out the 4039th with its Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses. After it became operational, in 1960, the squadron began to maintain one third of its aircraft on fifteen minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce its vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. This was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962. It conducted air refueling on a global scale to meet SAC commitments. Soon after detection of Soviet missiles in Cuba, SAC placed additional KC-135s on alert to replace KC-135s devoted to maintaining 1/8 of the B-52 bomber force on airborne alert. On 24 October 1962, SAC went to DEFCON 2, placing all the squadron's aircraft on alert and increased the size of its forward deployed tanker task forces. On 27 November SAC returned to its normal alert posture. In February 1963, The 416th Bombardment Wing assumed the aircraft, personnel and equipment of the 4039th wing, which was discontinued. The 4039th was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wing, which could not carry a permanent history or lineage, and SAC wanted to replace it with a permanent unit. The 41st was assigned to the newly-activated 416th Wing. In December 1964, the squadron began deploying crews and aircraft to support the war in Southeast Asia, in Operation Young Tiger. These deployments continued until December 1975. These deployments reduced the alert posture of the squadron, and the ground alert program was finally ended on 17 September 1991. In September 1985, the 41st Bombardment Squadron and the 41st Air Refueling Squadron were consolidated into a single unit. During Operation Desert Storm it deployed an aircraft and crew to the 1702d Air Refueling Squadron (Provisional) at Seeb International Airport. After SAC was disestablished and the air refueling mission was transferred to Air Mobility Command (AMC), the squadron was assigned to the 380th Operations Group, as AMC consolidated its air refueling operations. It was inactivated on 15 February 1992. In 2002, the squadron was converted to provisional status as the 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, but has not been active since then. Lineage 41st Bombardment Squadron Constituted as the 41st Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 28 March 1944 Activated on 1 April 1944 Inactivated on 10 May 1944 Activated on 1 June 1944 Inactivated on 10 June 1946 (not operational after c. 21 May 1946) Activated in the reserve on 12 July 1947 Inactivated on 27 June 1949 Consolidated with the 41st Air Refueling Squadron as the 41st Air Refueling Squadron on 19 September 1985 41st Air Refueling Squadron Constituted as the 41st Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy in 1958 Activated on 5 January 1959 Consolidated with the 41st Bombardment Squadron on 19 September 1985 Redesignated 41st Air Refueling Squadron on 1 September 1991 Inactivated on 15 February 1993 Redesignated 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron and converted to provisional status on 12 June 2002 Assignments 6th Bombardment Group, 1 April – 10 May 1944 501st Bombardment Group, 1 June 1944 – 10 June 1946 448th Bombardment Group, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949 4039th Strategic Wing, 5 January 1959 416th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963 416th Operations Group, 1 September 1991 380th Operations Group, 1 June 1992 – 15 February 1993 Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 12 June 2002 Stations Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 1 April – 10 May 1944 Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 1 June 1944 Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska, 23 August 1944 – 7 March 1945 Northwest Field, Guam, 14 April 1945 – 10 June 1946 Long Beach Municipal Airport, California, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949 Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, 5 January 1959 – 15 February 1993 Aircraft Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1944–1946 Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1959–1993 Awards and campaigns Award streamer Award Dates Notes Distinguished Unit Citation 6 July–13 July 1945 Japan, 41st Bombardment Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1975-30 June 1976 41st Air Refueling Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1976-30 June 1977 41st Air Refueling Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1978-30 June 1979 41st Air Refueling Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 15 September 1981-31 October 1982 41st Air Refueling Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1984-30 June 1986 41st Air Refueling Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 July 1989-30 June 1991 41st Air Refueling Squadron Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes Air Offensive, Japan 14 April 1945–2 September 1945 41st Bombardment Squadron Eastern Mandates 14 April 1945–14 April 1944 41st Bombardment Squadron Western Pacific 17 April 1945–2 September 1945 41st Bombardment Squadron References Notes Explanatory notes ^ Approved 17 April 1945. Description: On a disc, orange in base, shaded up to sky blue, within an ultramarine blue border, a large, gray elephant with white tusks, running toward dexter, and holding aloft in the trunk a very large, red aerial bomb, in front of white, cirrus cloud formations, edged light turquoise blue, and marked red violet on under side, all leaving white vapor trails to rear. ^ So in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 190. However, the 6th Bombardment Group (Heavy) had been disbanded in the Panama Canal Zone on 1 November 1943. The 6th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy was not activated at Dalhart until 19 April 1944. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 41. It seems likely the squadron was assigned directly to Second Air Force for the two weeks until the 6th Group was activated. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 189–190 ^ a b c Maurer, Combat Units, p. 367 ^ Marshall ^ a b Stephens, Maj Tonia (14 June 2017). "501 Combat Support Wing (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ See Ravenstein, p. 244 ^ See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 189–190 (no aircraft listed as assigned) ^ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.712-713 ^ Knaack, p. 252 ^ a b c Hq, Strategic Air Command General Order 62, 18 September 1958 ^ a b Mueller, p. 210 ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p, 273 ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ a b c d Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 223-224 ^ Kipp, et al., p. 34 ^ Kipp, et al., pp. 35, 37 ^ Kipp, ‘’et al’’., p. 35 ^ Kipp, et al., p. 61 ^ Ravenstein, Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 12 ^ Alert Operations and SAC, p. 48 ^ a b c Department of the Air Force/MPM Letter 662q, 19 September 1985, Subject: Reconstitution, Redesignation, and Consolidation of Selected Air Force Tactical Squadrons ^ Anonymous. "Operation Desert Storm". Skytrailer. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ a b c d Department of the Air Force/XPM Letter 303s, 12 June 2002, Subject: Air Mobility Command Expeditionary Units ^ a b c Lineage information, including assignments and stations, through 1949 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 189–190 ^ a b Hq, Strategic Air Command Special Order GB-144, 29 August 1991 ^ See Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 223-224 ^ a b c d e f "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 5 September 2023. (search) Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Marshall, Chester (1996). B-29 Superfortress. Warbird History. Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0879387858. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center. Alert Operations and the Strategic Air Command, 1957-1991 (PDF). Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. 1991. Retrieved 5 September 2023. External links vteAerial refueling units of the United States Air ForceWings 6th 19th 22d 68th 92d 100th 101st 107th 108th 117th 121st 126th 128th 134th 141st 157th 155th 157th 161st 163d 168th 171st 184th 185th 186th 190th 301st 305th 319th 340th 380th 384th 434th 452d 459th 497th 499th 507th 916th 927th 939th 940th 4045th 4061st 4108th 4397th 4505th Groups 19th 43d 98th 307th 931st Squadrons 2d 6th 7th 9th 11th 19th 22d 26th 28th 32d 34th 40th 41st 42d 43d 44th 46th 54th 55th 63d 64th 68th 70th 71st 72d 74th 77th 90th 91st 92d 93d 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 105th 106th 108th 116th 117th 126th 127th 132d 133d 136th 141st 146th 147th 150th 151st 154th 166th 168th 203d 301st 303d 305th 306th 307th 308th 310th 314th 320th 321st 336th 340th 341st 344th 349th 350th 351st 376th 380th 384th 407th 465th 509th 711th 744th 763d 900th 901st 902d 903d 904th 905th 906th 907th 908th 909th 911th 913th 915th 916th 917th 919th 920th 922d 924th vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category vte Strategic Air Command (SAC)Basesactive(MAJCOM)CONUS Altus (AETC) Andersen (PACAF) Andrews (AMC) Barksdale (ACC) Beale (ACC) Bolling (AFDW) Cannon (AFSOC) Cape Cod (USSF) Columbus (AETC) Davis-Monthan (ACC) Dyess (ACC) Eielson (PACAF) Ellsworth (ACC) Eglin (AFMC) F. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"380th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/380th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Griffiss Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"strategic bombing campaign against Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II#United_States_bombing_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"V-J Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-J_Day"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"Griffiss Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"}],"text":"Military unitThe 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 380th Operations Group at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, where it was inactivated on 15 February 1993.The squadron's earliest predecessor was activated in 1944 as the 41st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, it deployed to Guam, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan. It was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat operations. Following V-J Day, the squadron remained in the Pacific until inactivating in 1946. It was again activated in the reserve in 1947, but was not fully manned or equipped before inactivating again in 1949.The 41st Air Refueling Squadron was activated at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York in 1959 and equipped with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers as Strategic Air Command dispersed its bomber and tanker force to protect it from a surprise attack by the Soviet Union. It conducted air refueling operations from Griffiss until inactivating in 1993. During the Vietnam War, it deployed aircraft and aircrew to Southeast Asia. In 1985, the two squadrons were consolidated into a single unit. In 2002, the consolidated unit was converted to provisional status as the 41st Expeditionary Refueling Squadron and assigned to Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed.","title":"41st Air Refueling Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:501st_Bombardment_Group_B-29_takeoff_Northwest_Field_Guam_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Dalhart Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhart_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS-2"},{"link_name":"501st Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501st_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"Harvard Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer501BG-3"},{"link_name":"Bell Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"AN/APQ-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APQ-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-4"},{"link_name":"Northwest Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Field"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Maruzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Oil_Company"},{"link_name":"Yokkaichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer501BG-3"},{"link_name":"V-J Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-J_Day"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer501BG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-501CSWfacts-5"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"501st Bombardment Group B-29 taking off from Northwest Field, Guam 1945The first predecessor of the squadron was activated on 1 April 1944 as the 41st Bombardment Squadron at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas for training with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. however, before it became much more than a \"paper\" unit, it was inactivated on 10 May.[1] However, the squadron was again activated on 1 June 1944, when it became one of the original squadrons of the 501st Bombardment Group. In August, the 501st Group and its squadrons moved to Harvard Army Air Field, Nebraska and began to equip with Superfortresses. The squadron completed its training and departed for the Pacific on 7 March 1945.[1][2]The squadron was equipped with the Bell Aircraft manufactured B-29B, which was designed to save weight by removing all of the guns and sighting equipment used on other B-29s, except the tail gun, allowing the B-29B to fly a little higher and a little further. The B-29B also had two new radar units installed, the AN/APQ-7 Eagle radar for bombing and navigation and the AN/APG-15 for aiming the tail gun. These two radar units gave the B-29B a distinctive shape as the APQ-7 antenna appeared as a small wing under the fuselage, between the two bomb bay doors and the APG-15 added a ball shaped antenna to the tail of the aircraft below the tail guns.[3]The squadron arrived at its combat station, Northwest Field on Guam on 14 April 1945. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 19 June 1945, attacking Japanese fortifications on Truk. Later that month, on 26 June, it flew its first mission attacking a target in Japan. For the remainder of the war, it operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry on Honshu. These attacks included missions against the Maruzen oil refinery at Shimotso, the Utsobo oil refinery at Yokkaichi and the petroleum center at Kawasaki during the week beginning on 6 July 1945. For its performance on these missions, the squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation.[2]Following V-J Day, the squadron dropped supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan, Korea, Manchuria and China. It remained at Northwest Field until May 1946, when it became non-operational, and was inactivated there on 10 June 1946.[1][2][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"448th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/448th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Continental Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wing base organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson_Plan"},{"link_name":"711th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/711th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Air Force reserve","text":"The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Long Beach Municipal Airport, California in July 1947, where it was assigned to the 448th Bombardment Group. Its training was supervised by the 416th AAF Base Unit (later the 2347th Air Force Reserve Training Center).[5] Although nominally a B-29 unit, it is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped.[6] In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[7] In June 1949 ConAC reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization, and in connection with this reorganization, the squadron was inactivated and replaced by the 711th Bombardment Squadron.[1][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"4039th Strategic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4039th_Strategic_Wing"},{"link_name":"Griffiss Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-135A Stratotankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135A_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACGO62-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller210-12"},{"link_name":"75th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Loring Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_state"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"air refueling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_refueling"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein416BW-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"DEFCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFCON"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"416th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/416th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Major Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MAJCOM_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein416BW-15"},{"link_name":"Operation Young Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Young_Tiger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein416BW-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAFMPM662q-22"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Seeb International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeb_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"380th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/380th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAF303s-24"}],"sub_title":"Air refueling","text":"During the Cold War, Strategic Air Command (SAC) bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC’s response was to break up its wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases.[9] As part of this dispersal program, in August 1958, SAC organized the 4039th Strategic Wing at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York. The 41st Air Refueling Squadron was activated on 5 January 1959 as the wing's first operational flying squadron and began to equip with Boeing KC-135A Stratotankers.[10][11] In October 1959, the 75th Bombardment Squadron moved to Griffiss from Loring Air Force Base, Maine to fill out the 4039th with its Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses.[12]After it became operational, in 1960, the squadron began to maintain one third of its aircraft on fifteen minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce its vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. This was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962.[13] It conducted air refueling on a global scale to meet SAC commitments.[14]Soon after detection of Soviet missiles in Cuba, SAC placed additional KC-135s on alert to replace KC-135s devoted to maintaining 1/8 of the B-52 bomber force on airborne alert.[15] On 24 October 1962, SAC went to DEFCON 2, placing all the squadron's aircraft on alert and increased the size of its forward deployed tanker task forces.[16] [17] On 27 November SAC returned to its normal alert posture.[18]In February 1963, The 416th Bombardment Wing assumed the aircraft, personnel and equipment of the 4039th wing, which was discontinued. The 4039th was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wing, which could not carry a permanent history or lineage,[19] and SAC wanted to replace it with a permanent unit. The 41st was assigned to the newly-activated 416th Wing.[14]In December 1964, the squadron began deploying crews and aircraft to support the war in Southeast Asia, in Operation Young Tiger. These deployments continued until December 1975.[14] These deployments reduced the alert posture of the squadron, and the ground alert program was finally ended on 17 September 1991.[20] In September 1985, the 41st Bombardment Squadron and the 41st Air Refueling Squadron were consolidated into a single unit.[21] During Operation Desert Storm it deployed an aircraft and crew to the 1702d Air Refueling Squadron (Provisional) at Seeb International Airport.[22]After SAC was disestablished and the air refueling mission was transferred to Air Mobility Command (AMC), the squadron was assigned to the 380th Operations Group, as AMC consolidated its air refueling operations. It was inactivated on 15 February 1992. In 2002, the squadron was converted to provisional status as the 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron,[23] but has not been active since then.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-501CSWfacts-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS2-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAFMPM662q-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACGO62-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAFMPM662q-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOGB144-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAF303s-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAF303s-24"}],"text":"41st Bombardment Squadron\n\nConstituted as the 41st Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 28 March 1944\nActivated on 1 April 1944\nInactivated on 10 May 1944\nActivated on 1 June 1944\nInactivated on 10 June 1946 (not operational after c. 21 May 1946)[4]\nActivated in the reserve on 12 July 1947\nInactivated on 27 June 1949[24]\nConsolidated with the 41st Air Refueling Squadron as the 41st Air Refueling Squadron on 19 September 1985[21]\n\n\n41st Air Refueling Squadron\n\nConstituted as the 41st Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy in 1958\nActivated on 5 January 1959[10]\nConsolidated with the 41st Bombardment Squadron on 19 September 1985[21]\nRedesignated 41st Air Refueling Squadron on 1 September 1991[25]\nInactivated on 15 February 1993[23]\nRedesignated 41st Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron and converted to provisional status on 12 June 2002[23]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS2-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACGO62-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein416BW-15"},{"link_name":"416th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/416th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOGB144-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAF303s-24"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"6th Bombardment Group, 1 April – 10 May 1944[b]\n501st Bombardment Group, 1 June 1944 – 10 June 1946\n448th Bombardment Group, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949[24]\n4039th Strategic Wing, 5 January 1959[10]\n416th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963[14]\n416th Operations Group, 1 September 1991[25]\n380th Operations Group, 1 June 1992 – 15 February 1993\nAir Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 12 June 2002[23]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwest Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Field"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS2-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller210-12"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 1 April – 10 May 1944\nDalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 1 June 1944\nHarvard Army Air Field, Nebraska, 23 August 1944 – 7 March 1945\nNorthwest Field, Guam, 14 April 1945 – 10 June 1946\nLong Beach Municipal Airport, California, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949[24]\nGriffiss Air Force Base, New York, 5 January 1959[11] – 15 February 1993","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer41BS-2"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1944–1946[1]\nBoeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1959–1993[26]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]

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[{"reference":"Stephens, Maj Tonia (14 June 2017). \"501 Combat Support Wing (USAFE)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433972/501-combat-support-wing-usafe/","url_text":"\"501 Combat Support Wing (USAFE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command\". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/896/983.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)\". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/001/010/802.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous. \"Operation Desert Storm\". Skytrailer. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://skytrailer.nl/combat/operation-desert-storm/","url_text":"\"Operation Desert Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","url_text":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/May/26/2001330264/-1/-1/0/AFD-100526-026.pdf","url_text":"Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-59-5","url_text":"0-912799-59-5"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Chester (1996). B-29 Superfortress. Warbird History. Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0879387858.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879387858","url_text":"0879387858"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alert Operations and the Strategic Air Command, 1957-1991 (PDF). Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. 1991. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siloworld.net/DOWNLOADS/Alert%20Operations%20and%20SAC%201957-1991%20rEDUCED.pdf","url_text":"Alert Operations and the Strategic Air Command, 1957-1991"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spitfire_(1776_gunboat)

USS Spitfire (1776 gunboat)

["1 Prelude","2 The gunboats","3 Early service","4 Action at Valcour Island","5 Recent developments","6 Sources","7 References"]

For other ships with the same name, see USS Spitfire. This article is about the gundalow built in 1776. For the galley built in 1776, see USS Spitfire (1776). History United States NameSpitfire Launched1776 CommissionedAugust 1776 Out of service13 October 1776 FateSunk due to battle damage General characteristics TypeGundalow Length53 ft 4 in (16.26 m) Beam15 ft 6 in (4.72 m) Draught3 ft 10 in (1.17 m) PropulsionOar / Sail Speed4 knots under sail Complement45 Armament 3 x 9 pounders 8(?) x swivel guns Armorfacines & wood planks NotesSpitfire (gunboat)U.S. National Register of Historic Places LocationAddress Restricted, Lake Champlain, New YorkArea1.4 acres (0.57 ha)Built1776Architectural styleRevolutionary War GunboatNRHP reference No.08000694Added to NRHPJuly 24, 2008 USS Spitfire was an American gundalow that operated as a gunboat in 1776 on Lake Champlain. She was part of Benedict Arnold's small, hastily built fleet of ships whose purpose was to counter any British invasion forces passing through the lake from Canada. Her service life was brief; after only a few months patrolling the lake she was lost in the aftermath of the Battle of Valcour Island. The gunboat's wreck was located and documented in the 1990s by the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. Prelude American militia under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen had captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. Later that year these forces were involved in the invasion of Canada, but poor weather and timely arrival of British reinforcements caused the Americans to fall back to Fort Ticonderoga in May 1776. There they proceeded to build a gunboat fleet to help repel an expected British invasion. The British, under the command of General Guy Carleton, realized that they needed to control Lake Champlain in order to conduct a successful campaign in New York. Since area roads were usually poor quality (if they existed at all), lakes and rivers were important transport routes for both sides. By controlling Lake Champlain, British forces in Canada could potentially link up with forces in New York City and crush the rebellion in America.(Nelson 2006:39ff) The gunboats Philadelphia, a sister-ship to Spitfire. Spitfire was one of eight gundalows built in Skenesborough (later renamed Whitehall). These gundalows, outfitted as gunboats, were built without plans though the shipwrights followed basic dimensions and instructions written by Benedict Arnold. The design of the American gunboats shows a balance between the need for rapid construction and effectiveness for their intended purpose. The gunboats all followed a common pattern. They were mostly decked over, with the middle third of the hull being open down to the bilge, thus dividing the deck into three sections. The low middle platform abaft the mast held the two broadside cannon (usually 9-pounders) and a fireplace. The guns were not opposite of each other in order to give more room to work them. The bow platform held the bow gun, usually a 9 or 12-pounder. Cannons were in short supply, so in the case of the gunboat Philadelphia the bow gun was of Swedish origin cast about 100 years earlier. The stern platform held the helmsman and officers. This platform also held two arms chests. The rail caps had sockets for oarlocks, pivot guns and stanchions for awnings. Later on, fascines were added to the rail caps for protection against small arms fire. The gunboats carried positions for 12 oars, 6 per side. The rigging consisted of a single mast with a square mainsail and a topsail. To counteract the weight of the bow gun, the stern area held stones for ballast. Due to their square sails and flat, shallow bottoms the gunboats could only sail in wind blowing from astern.(Chapelle 1949:110f; Delgado 2001:97f; Nelson 2006:235ff, 250f) Early service Lake Champlain As soon as the gunboats (and galleys) were launched at Skenesborough, they were sent to Fort Ticonderoga to be fitted out with sails and rigging. The warships, initially under the command of Jacobus Wynkoop, were then sent to patrol the northern part of the lake. Spitfire had joined the fleet by early August and participated in some of Wynkoop's early patrolling of the lake. Benedict Arnold was originally sent to Skenesborough to expedite the boat construction going on there, but by August 1776, he was sent to take over command of the fleet. He spent the time between August and October patrolling the lake and reconnoitering the British naval and troop buildup going on in St. Johns.(Nelson 2006:257ff) On August 25, the fleet was sailing north to reconnoiter the British strongholds. While at anchor a violent storm blew in on August 26. All of Arnold's ships except Spitfire were able to sail out into the open lake. Spitfire was anchored closest to the lee shore, and was initially unable to set sail against the storm. Arnold ordered her to stay anchored in an attempt to ride out the storm while the rest of the fleet sailed south until they found a sheltered anchorage. Spitfire managed to survive the two-day storm and was able to rejoin the fleet at Buttonmold Bay.(Nelson 2006:264f) By the first week in September, the American fleet was at the northern end of Lake Champlain, near the British base at St. Johns, Canada. They encountered many enemy troop encampments, and despite British efforts to lure them closer they did not try to attack St. Johns. After briefly observing enemy efforts at building shore batteries, Arnold sailed south on September 8 to Isle La Motte. There he considered making his stand against the impending British invasion, but upon hearing reports of British naval strength Arnold took the fleet further south to Valcour Island. The fleet arrived there on September 24.(Nelson 2006:269ff) While at Valcour Island the fleet trained and waited for the British. During this time the galleys that were building at Skenesborough were completed and joined the fleet, which now consisted of three galleys, three schooners, eight gunboats and one sloop. A guard boat was sent out daily to the north end of the island to look for the British approach, which finally occurred on October 11.(Nelson 2006:290ff) Action at Valcour Island See also: Battle of Valcour Island Detail of a 1776 map showing the action on Lake Champlain The British fleet had started making its way south on October 9. The fleet, under command of Thomas Pringle, consisted of one ship sloop, three schooners, one radeau, and over twenty gunboats. A small fleet of flat bottomed boats and bateaus carrying the British army followed. Pringle had imperfect intelligence of Arnold's whereabouts, and had sailed past Valcour Island before seeing the American fleet at anchor in the strait between the island and the mainland. However, the British fleet now had to sail against the prevailing north winds to reach the American fleet. The British gunboats, using their oars, were able to get into action quickly, with only sporadic help from the other British warships.(Nelson 2006:293ff) The American fleet was anchored across the southern part of the strait in a crescent shaped line. Arnold had hoped that the British would initially bypass him and be forced to claw their way against the wind in order to attack. On that count he was successful, and the day was primarily a battle between the gunboats on the British side and the schooners, galleys, and gunboats on the American side. By the end of the day the Americans lost one schooner, Royal Savage. Philadelphia, was so damaged that she sank that evening. All the other boats, including Spitfire, were damaged.(Nelson 2006:299ff) Arnold decided that, due to the battered condition of his fleet and the lack of ammunition, he would withdraw south to Fort Ticonderoga. His fleet was able to slip past the British on the night of October 11–12. The following morning the British fleet, surprised to find the Americans gone, initiated a pursuit. This pursuit lasted over the next two days. In the end, only one galley, two schooners, the sloop and one gunboat survived to reach the fort.(Nelson 2006:310ff) Although the battle was a defeat for the Americans, it ultimately paved the way for an American victory the next year at Saratoga. The Spitfire initially made its way south with the rest of Arnold's fleet towards Schuyler Island on the night of October 11–12. There the fleet halted to make repairs before resuming its flight toward Fort Ticonderoga. The Spitfire, however, succumbed to battle damage and was abandoned, sinking in the early morning hours of October 12 in deep water off Schuyler Island. Recent developments The wreck lay undisturbed until 1997, when its intact remains were discovered during a survey by the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The Lake Champlain Maritime Museum in June 2017 announced a five-phase plan to raise and preserve the Spitfire, anticipating a cost of about $44 million and a timeframe of 22 years. Sources Howard I. Chapelle, The History of the American Sailing Navy, W.W. Norton & Company, 1949 James P. Delgado, Lost Warships: An Archaeological Tour of the War at Sea, Checkmark Books, 2001. James L. Nelson, Benedict Arnold's Navy, McGraw-Hill, 2006 Arthur B. Cohn et al., Valcour Bay Research Project: 1999-2004 Results from the Archaeological Investigation of a Revolutionary War Battlefield in Lake Champlain, Final Report, March 2007, Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. Report available to download here. Lake Champlain Maritime Museum website References ^ Nelson 2006, pp 30ff ^ "Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain: Gunboat Spitfire". Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2016. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Ring, Wilson. Vermont museum to raise Revolutionary War gunboat from lake bottom. Savannah Morning News June 4, 2017. Accessed June 5, 2017 vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"USS Spitfire (1776)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spitfire_(1776)"},{"link_name":"gundalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundalow"},{"link_name":"Lake Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Battle of Valcour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island"},{"link_name":"Lake Champlain Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Maritime_Museum"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Spitfire.This article is about the gundalow built in 1776. For the galley built in 1776, see USS Spitfire (1776).USS Spitfire was an American gundalow that operated as a gunboat in 1776 on Lake Champlain. She was part of Benedict Arnold's small, hastily built fleet of ships whose purpose was to counter any British invasion forces passing through the lake from Canada. Her service life was brief; after only a few months patrolling the lake she was lost in the aftermath of the Battle of Valcour Island. The gunboat's wreck was located and documented in the 1990s by the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum.","title":"USS Spitfire (1776 gunboat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethan Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga"},{"link_name":"Fort Ticonderoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga"},{"link_name":"invasion of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Guy Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester"}],"text":"American militia under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen had captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. Later that year these forces were involved in the invasion of Canada, but poor weather and timely arrival of British reinforcements caused the Americans to fall back to Fort Ticonderoga in May 1776. There they proceeded to build a gunboat fleet to help repel an expected British invasion.[1]The British, under the command of General Guy Carleton, realized that they needed to control Lake Champlain in order to conduct a successful campaign in New York. Since area roads were usually poor quality (if they existed at all), lakes and rivers were important transport routes for both sides. By controlling Lake Champlain, British forces in Canada could potentially link up with forces in New York City and crush the rebellion in America.(Nelson 2006:39ff)","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1776)"},{"link_name":"Skenesborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenesborough"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1776)"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"fascines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascines"}],"text":"Philadelphia, a sister-ship to Spitfire.Spitfire was one of eight gundalows built in Skenesborough (later renamed Whitehall). These gundalows, outfitted as gunboats, were built without plans though the shipwrights followed basic dimensions and instructions written by Benedict Arnold. The design of the American gunboats shows a balance between the need for rapid construction and effectiveness for their intended purpose. The gunboats all followed a common pattern. They were mostly decked over, with the middle third of the hull being open down to the bilge, thus dividing the deck into three sections. The low middle platform abaft the mast held the two broadside cannon (usually 9-pounders) and a fireplace. The guns were not opposite of each other in order to give more room to work them. The bow platform held the bow gun, usually a 9 or 12-pounder. Cannons were in short supply, so in the case of the gunboat Philadelphia the bow gun was of Swedish origin cast about 100 years earlier. The stern platform held the helmsman and officers. This platform also held two arms chests. The rail caps had sockets for oarlocks, pivot guns and stanchions for awnings. Later on, fascines were added to the rail caps for protection against small arms fire. The gunboats carried positions for 12 oars, 6 per side. The rigging consisted of a single mast with a square mainsail and a topsail. To counteract the weight of the bow gun, the stern area held stones for ballast. Due to their square sails and flat, shallow bottoms the gunboats could only sail in wind blowing from astern.(Chapelle 1949:110f; Delgado 2001:97f; Nelson 2006:235ff, 250f)","title":"The gunboats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Champlainmap.svg"},{"link_name":"St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Buttonmold Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonmold_Bay"},{"link_name":"Isle La Motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_La_Motte"},{"link_name":"Valcour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcour_Island"}],"text":"Lake ChamplainAs soon as the gunboats (and galleys) were launched at Skenesborough, they were sent to Fort Ticonderoga to be fitted out with sails and rigging. The warships, initially under the command of Jacobus Wynkoop, were then sent to patrol the northern part of the lake. Spitfire had joined the fleet by early August and participated in some of Wynkoop's early patrolling of the lake. Benedict Arnold was originally sent to Skenesborough to expedite the boat construction going on there, but by August 1776, he was sent to take over command of the fleet. He spent the time between August and October patrolling the lake and reconnoitering the British naval and troop buildup going on in St. Johns.(Nelson 2006:257ff)On August 25, the fleet was sailing north to reconnoiter the British strongholds. While at anchor a violent storm blew in on August 26. All of Arnold's ships except Spitfire were able to sail out into the open lake. Spitfire was anchored closest to the lee shore, and was initially unable to set sail against the storm. Arnold ordered her to stay anchored in an attempt to ride out the storm while the rest of the fleet sailed south until they found a sheltered anchorage. Spitfire managed to survive the two-day storm and was able to rejoin the fleet at Buttonmold Bay.(Nelson 2006:264f)By the first week in September, the American fleet was at the northern end of Lake Champlain, near the British base at St. Johns, Canada. They encountered many enemy troop encampments, and despite British efforts to lure them closer they did not try to attack St. Johns. After briefly observing enemy efforts at building shore batteries, Arnold sailed south on September 8 to Isle La Motte. There he considered making his stand against the impending British invasion, but upon hearing reports of British naval strength Arnold took the fleet further south to Valcour Island. The fleet arrived there on September 24.(Nelson 2006:269ff)While at Valcour Island the fleet trained and waited for the British. During this time the galleys that were building at Skenesborough were completed and joined the fleet, which now consisted of three galleys, three schooners, eight gunboats and one sloop. A guard boat was sent out daily to the north end of the island to look for the British approach, which finally occurred on October 11.(Nelson 2006:290ff)","title":"Early service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Valcour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"ship sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_sloop"},{"link_name":"bateaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau"},{"link_name":"strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcour_Bay"},{"link_name":"Royal Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Royal_Savage_(1775)"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"Schuyler Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Island"}],"text":"See also: Battle of Valcour IslandDetail of a 1776 map showing the action on Lake ChamplainThe British fleet had started making its way south on October 9. The fleet, under command of Thomas Pringle, consisted of one ship sloop, three schooners, one radeau, and over twenty gunboats. A small fleet of flat bottomed boats and bateaus carrying the British army followed. Pringle had imperfect intelligence of Arnold's whereabouts, and had sailed past Valcour Island before seeing the American fleet at anchor in the strait between the island and the mainland. However, the British fleet now had to sail against the prevailing north winds to reach the American fleet. The British gunboats, using their oars, were able to get into action quickly, with only sporadic help from the other British warships.(Nelson 2006:293ff)The American fleet was anchored across the southern part of the strait in a crescent shaped line. Arnold had hoped that the British would initially bypass him and be forced to claw their way against the wind in order to attack. On that count he was successful, and the day was primarily a battle between the gunboats on the British side and the schooners, galleys, and gunboats on the American side. By the end of the day the Americans lost one schooner, Royal Savage. Philadelphia, was so damaged that she sank that evening. All the other boats, including Spitfire, were damaged.(Nelson 2006:299ff)Arnold decided that, due to the battered condition of his fleet and the lack of ammunition, he would withdraw south to Fort Ticonderoga. His fleet was able to slip past the British on the night of October 11–12. The following morning the British fleet, surprised to find the Americans gone, initiated a pursuit. This pursuit lasted over the next two days. In the end, only one galley, two schooners, the sloop and one gunboat survived to reach the fort.(Nelson 2006:310ff) Although the battle was a defeat for the Americans, it ultimately paved the way for an American victory the next year at Saratoga.The Spitfire initially made its way south with the rest of Arnold's fleet towards Schuyler Island on the night of October 11–12. There the fleet halted to make repairs before resuming its flight toward Fort Ticonderoga. The Spitfire, however, succumbed to battle damage and was abandoned, sinking in the early morning hours of October 12 in deep water off Schuyler Island.","title":"Action at Valcour Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCMN_Spitfire-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Champlain Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The wreck lay undisturbed until 1997, when its intact remains were discovered during a survey by the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum.[2] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.[3]The Lake Champlain Maritime Museum in June 2017 announced a five-phase plan to raise and preserve the Spitfire, anticipating a cost of about $44 million and a timeframe of 22 years.[4]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"here.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lcmm.org/mri/projects/Valcour_Bay_Research_Project.pdf"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lcmm.org/"}],"text":"Howard I. Chapelle, The History of the American Sailing Navy, W.W. Norton & Company, 1949\nJames P. Delgado, Lost Warships: An Archaeological Tour of the War at Sea, Checkmark Books, 2001.\nJames L. Nelson, Benedict Arnold's Navy, McGraw-Hill, 2006\nArthur B. Cohn et al., Valcour Bay Research Project: 1999-2004 Results from the Archaeological Investigation of a Revolutionary War Battlefield in Lake Champlain, Final Report, March 2007, Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. Report available to download here.\nLake Champlain Maritime Museum website","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Philadelphia, a sister-ship to Spitfire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg/220px-GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lake Champlain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Champlainmap.svg/280px-Champlainmap.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Detail of a 1776 map showing the action on Lake Champlain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg/220px-ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain: Gunboat Spitfire\". Lake Champlain Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707031109/http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/shipwrecks/spitfire.htm","url_text":"\"Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain: Gunboat Spitfire\""},{"url":"http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/shipwrecks/spitfire.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/08000694","external_links_name":"08000694"},{"Link":"http://www.lcmm.org/mri/projects/Valcour_Bay_Research_Project.pdf","external_links_name":"here."},{"Link":"https://www.lcmm.org/","external_links_name":"website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707031109/http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/shipwrecks/spitfire.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain: Gunboat Spitfire\""},{"Link":"http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/shipwrecks/spitfire.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://savannahnow.com/news/2017-06-04/vermont-museum-raise-revolutionary-war-gunboat-lake-bottom","external_links_name":"[1]"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442d_Military_Airlift_Wing

442nd Fighter Wing

["1 Overview","2 Units","3 History","3.1 Initial activation and Korean War mobilization","3.2 Return to reserve troop carrier operations","3.3 Activation of groups under the wing","3.4 Conversion to fighter organization","3.5 War on Terror","4 Lineage","4.1 Assignments","4.2 Components","4.3 Stations","4.4 Aircraft","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]

442d Fighter Wing442d Fighter Wing – Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II – 79-0164Active1949–1951; 1952–1982; 1984–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceTypeWingRoleFighterSize1,100 personnelPart of  Air Force Reserve CommandGarrison/HQWhiteman Air Force Base, MissouriMotto(s)Si Jeunesse Savait, Si Viellesse Pouvait French If Youth Knew, If Age Could 1955–1996DecorationsAFOUARepublic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with PalmCommandersWing CommanderCol. Michael D. LeonasDeputy CommanderCol. Brian L. LeiterCommand ChiefCCM Kristoffer N. BerrienInsignia442d Fighter Wing emblem (approved 3 January 1996)442d Troop Carrier Wing emblem (approved 23 January 1963)442d Troop Carrier Wing emblem (approved 6 May 1955)Tail codeKCTail stripeYellow/redAircraft flownAttackA-10C Thunderbolt IIMilitary unit The 442d Fighter Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to Tenth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. Overview The 442d Fighter Wing trains reserve personnel and the 303rd Fighter Squadron to operate, maintain and support the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II at combat readiness. Units The 442nd Fighter Wing is organized like most Air Force wings. There are three groups and a medical squadron under the wing that are physically located at Whiteman AFB: 442nd Fighter Wing Headquarters 442nd Fighter Wing 442nd Operations Group 303rd Fighter Squadron – A-10C Thunderbolt II 442nd Operations Support Flight 442nd Maintenance Group 442nd Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 442nd Maintenance Operations Flight 442nd Maintenance Squadron 442nd Mission Support Group 442nd Civil Engineer Squadron 442nd Communications Flight 442nd Force Support Squadron 442nd Logistics Readiness Squadron 442nd Security Forces Squadron 442nd Medical Squadron 476th Fighter Group, Moody Air Force Base, Georgia (supports the 23d Wing) 710th Medical Squadron, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska 610th Intelligence Operations Flight, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska History For related history, see 442nd Operations Group Initial activation and Korean War mobilization The wing was first activated as the 442d Troop Carrier Wing at Fairfax Field, Kansas in June 1949, when Continental Air Command (ConAC) reorganized its flying units under the wing base organization system, which united the flying units and supporting units under a single wing. The wing was equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commandos and Douglas C-47 Skytrains, but also flew trainer aircraft under the supervision of the 2472d Air Force Reserve Training Center. In May 1950 the wing and center moved to nearby Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas. Although the 442d was manned at only 25% of normal strength, its combat group was authorized four squadrons rather than the three of active duty units. The 442d was mobilized for the Korean war, as were all reserve combat units. This action was effective on 10 March 1951. Along with other Tenth Air Force units, it was activated in the second wave of reserve units being called up. Its personnel were distributed as fillers to other organizations, with Strategic Air Command getting first pick of these mobilizees. The unit's aircraft were distributed to other organizations as well, and the wing was inactivated two days after its call-up. Return to reserve troop carrier operations The 442d was once again activated at Olathe in June 1952, when it absorbed the resources of the 926th Reserve Training Wing, which was simultaneously inactivated. The reserve mobilization for the Korean war, however, had left the Reserve without aircraft, and the unit did not receive aircraft until July 1952. In 1955, the Air Force reserve presence at Olathe ended when the wing moved to Grandview Air Force Base, Missouri, which had opened as an Air Defense Command base, with the first active duty units moving there in 1954. The wing move occurred in the same year that the Air Force began detaching Air Force Reserve squadrons from their parent wing locations to separate sites. The concept offered several advantages: communities were more likely to accept the smaller squadrons than the large wings and the location of separate squadrons in smaller population centers would facilitate recruiting and manning. As it finally evolved in the spring of 1955, the Continental Air Command's plan called for placing Air Force Reserve units at fifty-nine installations located throughout the United States. The wing was not impacted by this reorganization until November 1957. At that time, its 305th Troop Carrier Squadron, which had been inactivated in June 1955, was activated at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma to replace the 69th Troop Carrier Squadron, which had moved there earlier. At the same time, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had been pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift and about 150 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed Continental Air Command to convert three fighter bomber wings to the troop carrier mission, while cuts in the budget in 1957 led to a reduction in the number of reserve squadrons from 55 to 45. This included the inactivation of reserve fighter bomber units. The wing gained the 65th Troop Carrier Squadron at Davis Field, when it was activated to replace the 713th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in November 1957. In the summer of 1956, the wing participated in Operation Sixteen Ton during its two weeks of active duty training. Sixteen Ton was performed entirely by reserve troop carrier units and moved United States Coast Guard equipment From Floyd Bennett Naval Air Station to Isla Grande Airport in Puerto Rico and San Salvador in the Bahamas. After the success of Operation Sixteen Ton, the wing began to use inactive duty training periods for Operation Swift Lift, transporting high priority cargo for the air force and Operation Ready Swap, transporting aircraft engines, between Air Materiel Command's depots. By the mid-1950s, it participated regularly in airdrops, airlift and exercises. The 442d continued training at Olathe and Grandview with the 2472d Center, but in 1958, some center personnel were absorbed by the wing. In place of active duty support for reserve units, ConAC adopted the Air Reserve Technician Program, in which a cadre of the unit consisted of full-time personnel who were simultaneously civilian employees of the Air Force and held rank as members of the reserves. The transition to the program was completed in 1959. In April 1959 the wing changed to the Dual Deputate organization, all flying and maintenance squadrons were directly assigned to the wing. Activation of groups under the wing Although the dispersal of flying units under the Detached Squadron Concept was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. This weakness was demonstrated in the partial mobilization of reserve units during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. The wing was called to active service for this crisis in October 1961 and continued to remain on active duty until August 1962, during which time the wing completed conversion to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II. To resolve the mobilization problem, at the start of 1962 ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons. This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, as this plan was entering its implementation phase, another partial mobilization occurred for the Cuban Missile Crisis. The formation of troop carrier groups was delayed until January for wings that had not been mobilized. The 935th and 936th Troop Carrier Groups at Richards-Gebaur and the 937th Troop Carrier Group at Tinker were assigned to the wing on 17 January. The wing also flew overseas missions, particularly to the Far East and Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In 1971, the wing began phasing out the C-124 and by 1972, had fully transitioned to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. In 1975, the wing's gaining command shifted from Tactical Air Command (TAC) to Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of a USAF-wide shift of tactical airlift assets between the two major commands. Conversion to fighter organization The 442d flew humanitarian and mercy missions on numerous occasions in addition to worldwide airlift operations until conversion, in June 1982, to a fighter mission with the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft. The 442d again returned to the operational control of TAC and in October 1982, the wing was inactivated while its 442d Tactical Fighter Group continued to train on the new aircraft. In February 1984, the wing was once again activated as the 442d Tactical Fighter Wing and trained for A-10 fighter operations, including close air support, anti-armor, battlefield air interdiction, and combat search and rescue missions. In 1992, as part of another USAF-wide reorganization, TAC was inactivated and the 442d was renamed as the 442d Fighter Wing under the newly established Air Combat Command. With the pending closure of Richards-Gebaur due to Base Realignment and Closure action, the wing began relocation of its home base to Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri in 1993, completing the move by 1994. On a recurring basis from December 1993, the wing deployed personnel and aircraft to Aviano Air Base, Italy, to participate in operations over Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also deployed personnel and aircraft to Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch, in September and October 1998. 18 August 2016, the 442nd returned from a deployment to Ämari Air Base, Estonia in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve. The deployment gave the pilots the opportunity to practice highway landings on the Jägala-Käravete Highway in Northern Estonia. On 2 November 2019, Lt. Col. Tony "Crack" Roe and Maj. John "Sapper" Tice, pilots with the 442nd's 303rd Fighter Squadron received the Distinguished Flying Cross for heroic actions that helped to save the lives of many U.S. servicemen in their respective close air support missions in Afghanistan. War on Terror On 21 April 2018 the wing returned from a 90-day deployment to Kandahar Air Base, Afghanistan, where the wing flew close air support missions for U.S. and Afghan forces. This marked the unit's sixth deployment to Afghanistan since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Lineage Established as the 442d Troop Carrier Wing, Medium on 10 May 1949 Activated in the reserve on 27 June 1949 Ordered to active service on 10 March 1951 Inactivated on 12 March 1951 Activated in the reserve on 15 June 1952 Redesignated 442d Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy on 8 May 1961 Ordered to active service on 1 October 1961 Relieved from active duty on 27 August 1962 Redesignated 442d Air Transport Wing, Heavy on 1 December 1965 Redesignated 442d Military Airlift Wing on 1 January 1966 Redesignated 442d Tactical Airlift Wing on 29 June 1971 Inactivated on 1 October 1982 Redesignated 442d Tactical Fighter Wing on 21 November 1983 Activated in the reserve on 1 February 1984 Redesignated 442d Fighter Wing on 1 February 1992 Assignments Tenth Air Force, 27 June 1949 – 12 March 1951; 15 June 1952 Fifth Air Force Reserve Region, 1 September 1960 Ninth Air Force, 1 October 1961 Twelfth Air Force, 1 February 1962 Fifth Air Force Reserve Region, 27 August 1962 Central Air Force Reserve Region, 31 December 1969 Fourth Air Force, 8 October 1976 – 1 October 1982 Tenth Air Force, 1 February 1984 – present Components Groups 442d Troop Carrier Group (later 442d Operations Group): 27 June 1949 – 12 March 1951; 15 June 1952 – 14 April 1959; 1 August 1992–present 507th Tactical Fighter Group: 20 May – 25 July 1972 916th Troop Carrier Group: 1 July 1963 – 8 January 1965 917th Troop Carrier Group: 1 July 1963 – 5 February 1965 926th Tactical Airlift Group (later 926th Tactical Fighter Group): 1 July 1972 – 1 January 1978; 1 February 1984 – 1 July 1987 930th Tactical Fighter Group: 1 July 1987 – 1 August 1992 932d Troop Carrier Group (later 932d Military Airlift Group): 1 October 1966 – 1 April 1969 934th Tactical Airlift Group: 1 April 1978 – 1 October 1981 935th Troop Carrier Group (later 935th Air Transport Group, 935th Military Airlift Group, 935th Tactical Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 1 November 1974 936th Troop Carrier Group (later 936th Air Transport Group, 936th Military Airlift Group, 936th Tactical Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 30 June 1974 937th Troop Carrier Group (later 937th Military Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 5 February 1965; 21 April 1971 – 20 May 1972 Squadrons 65th Troop Carrier Squadron: 16 November 1957 – 14 April 1959 303d Troop Carrier Squadron (later 303d Tactoca; Airlift Squadron, 303d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 303d Fighter Squadron): 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963; 1 November 1974 – 1 October 1982; 1 February 1984 – 1 August 1992 304th Troop Carrier Squadron: 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963 305th Troop Carrier Squadron: 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963 Stations Fairfax Field, Kansas, 27 June 1949 Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas, 27 May 1950 – 12 March 1951 Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas, 5 June 1952 Grandview Air Force Base (later Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base), Missouri, 3 April 1955 – 1 October 1982 Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri, 1 February 1984 – 31 March 1994 Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft North American T-6 Texan, 1949–1950 Beechcraft T-7 Navigator, 1949–1951 Beechcraft T-11 Wichita, 1949–1951 Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1949, 1950–1951; 1952–1957 Curtiss TC-46 Commando, 1949, 1950–1951 Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1949–1950 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1957–1961, 1966–1967 Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1961–1972 Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1971–1982 Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1982–present References Notes ^ Under this plan flying squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Operations and maintenance squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Maintenance ^ Endicott identifies this mobilization as for the Cuban missile crisis. However, the dates and length of mobilization match the Berlin Crisis. Moreover, the wing reorganized to multiple groups in January 1963, and wings mobilized for the Cuban crisis delayed this reorganization until February. Cantwell, p. 289. Citations ^ a b Ravenstein, pp. 238–240 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Endicott, Judy G. (28 December 2007). "Factsheet 442 Fighter Wing (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016. ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 316–317 ^ Cantwell, p. 74 ^ Cantwell, p. 87 ^ Cantwell, p. 96 ^ Cantwell, p. 137 ^ Cantwell, p. 139 ^ Mueller, p. 500 ^ Cantwell, p. 156 ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 369–370 ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 258 ^ Cantwell, p. 168 ^ Cantwell, pp. 168–169 ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 247–248, 713–714 ^ Cantwell, pp. 149–150 ^ Cantwell, p. 163 ^ a b Cantwell, pp. 189–191 ^ "442nd FW completes Estonia FTD". Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "A-10s land on highway in Estonia". Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "Two Air Force pilots honored with Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism in Afghanistan". Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "442d Fighter Wing returns from deployment". Retrieved 4 March 2020. Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. External links 442d Fighter Wing official website vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category vte Air Force Reserve CommandAir Forces Fourth Tenth Twenty-Second Bases Dobbins Duke Field General Mitchell Grissom Homestead March Minneapolis-Saint Paul Niagara Falls Pittsburgh Westover Youngstown Command Air Reserve Personnel Center Wings/GroupsAir Refueling 434th 459th 507th 916th 939th 940th Airlift 94th 302nd 315th 433rd 439th 440th 445th 446th 512th 908th 910th 911th 914th 927th 932nd 934th Fighter 301st 414th 419th 442nd 476th 477th 482nd 944th other 307th Bomb 310th Space 349th Air Mobility 403rd 452nd Air Mobility 514th Air Mobility 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance 919th Special Operations 920th Rescue vte Tactical Air Command (TAC)Air Forces First Ninth Twelfth Eighteenth Nineteenth Air Divisions 20th (ADTAC) 21st (ADTAC) 23d (ADTAC) 24th (ADTAC) 25th (ADTAC) 26th (ADTAC) 28th (ADTAC) 831st 832d 833d 834th 835th 836th 837th 838th 839th 840th Named units Air Forces Panama Air Forces Iceland Air Defense, Tactical Air Command WingsTFW 1st 4th 12th 15th 20th 23d 27th 32d 33d 37th 50th 56th 312th 323d 347th 354th 355th Other 1st SOW 57th FWW 63d TAW 64th TAW 67th TRW 75th TRW 85th TFTW 317th TAW 363d TRW 405th TFTW 461st TBW 4505th ARW FormerbasesActive(MAJCOM) Altus (AETC) Brooks (AFMC) Cannon (AFSOC) Charleston (AMC) Creech (ACC) Davis–Monthan (ACC) Dover (AMC) Dyess (ACC) Eglin (AFMC) Hill (AMFC) Holloman (ACC) Hurlburt Field (AFSOC) Langley (ACC) Little Rock (AETC) Luke (AETC) MacDill (AMC) McChord (AMC) McConnell (AMC) Moody (ACC) Mountain Home (ACC) Nellis (ACC) Pope (AMC) Seymour Johnson (ACC) Shaw (ACC) Tonopah (ACC) Tyndall (AETC) Whiteman (ACC) Inactive Bergstrom Blythville Donaldson England Forbes George Howard Grenier Myrtle Beach Orlando Sewart Turner Williams Inactive,but with a military presence Bunker Hill Biggs Dow Godman Homestead Lockbourne March Otis Aircraft A-1 A-7 A-10 A-37 AC-47 AC-119 AC-130 B-26 B-57 B-66 C-7 C-47 C-82 C-119 C-123 C-130 E-3 E-8 EF-111 EC-135 F-4 F-5 F-15 F-16 F-47 F-51 F-80 F-82 F-84 F-86 F-89 F-100 F-101 F-102 F-104 F-105 F-106 F-111 F-117 H-1 H-5 H-6 H-19 H-43 H-60 H-53 KB-29 KB-50 KC-97 O-1 O-2 OH-23 OV-10 P-40 P-38 R-4 S-62 T-6 T-28 T-29 T-33 T-38

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Whiteman Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteman_Air_Force_Base"}],"text":"Military unitThe 442d Fighter Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to Tenth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.","title":"442nd Fighter Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"303rd Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303rd_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"}],"text":"The 442d Fighter Wing trains reserve personnel and the 303rd Fighter Squadron to operate, maintain and support the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II at combat readiness.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"442nd Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442nd_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"303rd Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303rd_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"A-10C Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"476th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/476th_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"Moody Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"23d Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Wing"},{"link_name":"Offutt Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base"}],"text":"The 442nd Fighter Wing is organized like most Air Force wings. There are three groups and a medical squadron under the wing that are physically located at Whiteman AFB:442nd Fighter Wing\nHeadquarters 442nd Fighter Wing\n442nd Operations Group\n303rd Fighter Squadron – A-10C Thunderbolt II\n442nd Operations Support Flight\n442nd Maintenance Group\n442nd Aircraft Maintenance Squadron\n442nd Maintenance Operations Flight\n442nd Maintenance Squadron\n442nd Mission Support Group\n442nd Civil Engineer Squadron\n442nd Communications Flight\n442nd Force Support Squadron\n442nd Logistics Readiness Squadron\n442nd Security Forces Squadron\n442nd Medical Squadron\n476th Fighter Group, Moody Air Force Base, Georgia (supports the 23d Wing)\n710th Medical Squadron, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska\n610th Intelligence Operations Flight, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"442nd Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442nd_Operations_Group"}],"text":"For related history, see 442nd Operations Group","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfax Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Field"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Continental Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"wing base organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson_Plan"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Olathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Olathe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Initial activation and Korean War mobilization","text":"The wing was first activated as the 442d Troop Carrier Wing at Fairfax Field, Kansas in June 1949,[2] when Continental Air Command (ConAC) reorganized its flying units under the wing base organization system, which united the flying units and supporting units under a single wing. The wing was equipped with Curtiss C-46 Commandos and Douglas C-47 Skytrains, but also flew trainer aircraft under the supervision of the 2472d Air Force Reserve Training Center.[2] In May 1950 the wing and center moved to nearby Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas. Although the 442d was manned at only 25% of normal strength, its combat group was authorized four squadrons rather than the three of active duty units.[4]The 442d was mobilized for the Korean war,[2] as were all reserve combat units.[5] This action was effective on 10 March 1951. Along with other Tenth Air Force units, it was activated in the second wave of reserve units being called up. Its personnel were distributed as fillers to other organizations, with Strategic Air Command getting first pick of these mobilizees.[6] The unit's aircraft were distributed to other organizations as well,[7] and the wing was inactivated two days after its call-up.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grandview Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"305th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/305th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Tinker Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"69th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305TCS-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"65th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Davis Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Field_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"713th Fighter-Bomber Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/713th_Fighter-Bomber_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Floyd Bennett Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"Isla Grande Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Grande_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Air Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"airdrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop"},{"link_name":"airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift"},{"link_name":"exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Air Reserve Technician Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Reserve_Technician_Program"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Return to reserve troop carrier operations","text":"The 442d was once again activated at Olathe in June 1952,[2] when it absorbed the resources of the 926th Reserve Training Wing, which was simultaneously inactivated. The reserve mobilization for the Korean war, however, had left the Reserve without aircraft, and the unit did not receive aircraft until July 1952.[8]In 1955, the Air Force reserve presence at Olathe ended when the wing moved to Grandview Air Force Base, Missouri, which had opened as an Air Defense Command base, with the first active duty units moving there in 1954.[2][9] The wing move occurred in the same year that the Air Force began detaching Air Force Reserve squadrons from their parent wing locations to separate sites. The concept offered several advantages: communities were more likely to accept the smaller squadrons than the large wings and the location of separate squadrons in smaller population centers would facilitate recruiting and manning. As it finally evolved in the spring of 1955, the Continental Air Command's plan called for placing Air Force Reserve units at fifty-nine installations located throughout the United States.[10] The wing was not impacted by this reorganization until November 1957. At that time, its 305th Troop Carrier Squadron, which had been inactivated in June 1955, was activated at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma to replace the 69th Troop Carrier Squadron, which had moved there earlier.[11][12]At the same time, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had been pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift and about 150 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed Continental Air Command to convert three fighter bomber wings to the troop carrier mission,[13] while cuts in the budget in 1957 led to a reduction in the number of reserve squadrons from 55 to 45. This included the inactivation of reserve fighter bomber units.[14] The wing gained the 65th Troop Carrier Squadron at Davis Field, when it was activated to replace the 713th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in November 1957.[15]In the summer of 1956, the wing participated in Operation Sixteen Ton during its two weeks of active duty training. Sixteen Ton was performed entirely by reserve troop carrier units and moved United States Coast Guard equipment From Floyd Bennett Naval Air Station to Isla Grande Airport in Puerto Rico and San Salvador in the Bahamas. After the success of Operation Sixteen Ton, the wing began to use inactive duty training periods for Operation Swift Lift, transporting high priority cargo for the air force and Operation Ready Swap, transporting aircraft engines, between Air Materiel Command's depots.[16] By the mid-1950s, it participated regularly in airdrops, airlift and exercises.[2]The 442d continued training at Olathe and Grandview with the 2472d Center, but in 1958, some center personnel were absorbed by the wing. In place of active duty support for reserve units, ConAC adopted the Air Reserve Technician Program, in which a cadre of the unit consisted of full-time personnel who were simultaneously civilian employees of the Air Force and held rank as members of the reserves.[17] The transition to the program was completed in 1959.[2] In April 1959 the wing changed to the Dual Deputate organization,[note 1] all flying and maintenance squadrons were directly assigned to the wing.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Crisis of 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell189-19"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell189-19"},{"link_name":"935th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/935th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"936th Troop Carrier Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/936th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"937th Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/937th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"}],"sub_title":"Activation of groups under the wing","text":"Although the dispersal of flying units under the Detached Squadron Concept was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. This weakness was demonstrated in the partial mobilization of reserve units during the Berlin Crisis of 1961.[18] The wing was called to active service for this crisis in October 1961 and continued to remain on active duty until August 1962, during which time the wing completed conversion to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.[2][note 2]To resolve the mobilization problem, at the start of 1962 ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons. This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, as this plan was entering its implementation phase, another partial mobilization occurred for the Cuban Missile Crisis. The formation of troop carrier groups was delayed until January for wings that had not been mobilized.[18] The 935th and 936th Troop Carrier Groups at Richards-Gebaur and the 937th Troop Carrier Group at Tinker were assigned to the wing on 17 January.[2]The wing also flew overseas missions, particularly to the Far East and Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In 1971, the wing began phasing out the C-124 and by 1972, had fully transitioned to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. In 1975, the wing's gaining command shifted from Tactical Air Command (TAC) to Military Airlift Command (MAC) as part of a USAF-wide shift of tactical airlift assets between the two major commands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"combat search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"Whiteman Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteman_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Aviano Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch"},{"link_name":"Ämari Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84mari_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Operation Atlantic Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"303rd Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303rd_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Conversion to fighter organization","text":"The 442d flew humanitarian and mercy missions on numerous occasions in addition to worldwide airlift operations until conversion, in June 1982, to a fighter mission with the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft. The 442d again returned to the operational control of TAC and in October 1982, the wing was inactivated while its 442d Tactical Fighter Group continued to train on the new aircraft. In February 1984, the wing was once again activated as the 442d Tactical Fighter Wing and trained for A-10 fighter operations, including close air support, anti-armor, battlefield air interdiction, and combat search and rescue missions.In 1992, as part of another USAF-wide reorganization, TAC was inactivated and the 442d was renamed as the 442d Fighter Wing under the newly established Air Combat Command. With the pending closure of Richards-Gebaur due to Base Realignment and Closure action, the wing began relocation of its home base to Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri in 1993, completing the move by 1994.On a recurring basis from December 1993, the wing deployed personnel and aircraft to Aviano Air Base, Italy, to participate in operations over Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also deployed personnel and aircraft to Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch, in September and October 1998.18 August 2016, the 442nd returned from a deployment to Ämari Air Base, Estonia in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve. The deployment gave the pilots the opportunity to practice highway landings on the Jägala-Käravete Highway in Northern Estonia.[19][20]On 2 November 2019, Lt. Col. Tony \"Crack\" Roe and Maj. John \"Sapper\" Tice, pilots with the 442nd's 303rd Fighter Squadron received the Distinguished Flying Cross for heroic actions that helped to save the lives of many U.S. servicemen in their respective close air support missions in Afghanistan.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kandahar Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"9/11 terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"War on Terror","text":"On 21 April 2018 the wing returned from a 90-day deployment to Kandahar Air Base, Afghanistan, where the wing flew close air support missions for U.S. and Afghan forces. This marked the unit's sixth deployment to Afghanistan since the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"text":"Established as the 442d Troop Carrier Wing, Medium on 10 May 1949Activated in the reserve on 27 June 1949\nOrdered to active service on 10 March 1951\nInactivated on 12 March 1951Activated in the reserve on 15 June 1952Redesignated 442d Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy on 8 May 1961\nOrdered to active service on 1 October 1961\nRelieved from active duty on 27 August 1962\nRedesignated 442d Air Transport Wing, Heavy on 1 December 1965\nRedesignated 442d Military Airlift Wing on 1 January 1966\nRedesignated 442d Tactical Airlift Wing on 29 June 1971\nInactivated on 1 October 1982Redesignated 442d Tactical Fighter Wing on 21 November 1983Activated in the reserve on 1 February 1984\nRedesignated 442d Fighter Wing on 1 February 1992[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fourth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Tenth Air Force, 27 June 1949 – 12 March 1951; 15 June 1952\nFifth Air Force Reserve Region, 1 September 1960\nNinth Air Force, 1 October 1961\nTwelfth Air Force, 1 February 1962\nFifth Air Force Reserve Region, 27 August 1962\nCentral Air Force Reserve Region, 31 December 1969\nFourth Air Force, 8 October 1976 – 1 October 1982\nTenth Air Force, 1 February 1984 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"442d Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442d_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"916th Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/916th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"917th Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/917th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"926th Tactical Airlift Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/926th_Tactical_Airlift_Group"},{"link_name":"930th Tactical Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/930th_Tactical_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"932d Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/932d_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"934th Tactical Airlift Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/934th_Tactical_Airlift_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"},{"link_name":"65th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"303d Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303d_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"304th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/304th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"305th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/305th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Groups442d Troop Carrier Group (later 442d Operations Group): 27 June 1949 – 12 March 1951; 15 June 1952 – 14 April 1959; 1 August 1992–present\n507th Tactical Fighter Group: 20 May – 25 July 1972\n916th Troop Carrier Group: 1 July 1963 – 8 January 1965\n917th Troop Carrier Group: 1 July 1963 – 5 February 1965\n926th Tactical Airlift Group (later 926th Tactical Fighter Group): 1 July 1972 – 1 January 1978; 1 February 1984 – 1 July 1987\n930th Tactical Fighter Group: 1 July 1987 – 1 August 1992\n932d Troop Carrier Group (later 932d Military Airlift Group): 1 October 1966 – 1 April 1969\n934th Tactical Airlift Group: 1 April 1978 – 1 October 1981\n935th Troop Carrier Group (later 935th Air Transport Group, 935th Military Airlift Group, 935th Tactical Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 1 November 1974\n936th Troop Carrier Group (later 936th Air Transport Group, 936th Military Airlift Group, 936th Tactical Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 30 June 1974\n937th Troop Carrier Group (later 937th Military Airlift Group): 17 January 1963 – 5 February 1965; 21 April 1971 – 20 May 1972[2]Squadrons65th Troop Carrier Squadron: 16 November 1957 – 14 April 1959\n303d Troop Carrier Squadron (later 303d Tactoca; Airlift Squadron, 303d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 303d Fighter Squadron): 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963; 1 November 1974 – 1 October 1982; 1 February 1984 – 1 August 1992\n304th Troop Carrier Squadron: 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963\n305th Troop Carrier Squadron: 14 April 1959 – 17 January 1963[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Fairfax Field, Kansas, 27 June 1949\nNaval Air Station Olathe, Kansas, 27 May 1950 – 12 March 1951\nNaval Air Station Olathe, Kansas, 5 June 1952\nGrandview Air Force Base (later Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base), Missouri, 3 April 1955 – 1 October 1982\nRichards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri, 1 February 1984 – 31 March 1994\nWhiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, 1 April 1994 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft T-7 Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_T-7_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442FWfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"North American T-6 Texan, 1949–1950\nBeechcraft T-7 Navigator, 1949–1951\nBeechcraft T-11 Wichita, 1949–1951\nCurtiss C-46 Commando, 1949, 1950–1951; 1952–1957\nCurtiss TC-46 Commando, 1949, 1950–1951\nDouglas C-47 Skytrain, 1949–1950\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1957–1961, 1966–1967\nDouglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1961–1972\nLockheed C-130 Hercules, 1971–1982\nFairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1982–present[2]","title":"Lineage"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Endicott, Judy G. (28 December 2007). \"Factsheet 442 Fighter Wing (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070538/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10020","url_text":"\"Factsheet 442 Fighter Wing (AFRC)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10020","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"442nd FW completes Estonia FTD\". Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/908594/442nd-fw-completes-estonia-ftd/","url_text":"\"442nd FW completes Estonia FTD\""}]},{"reference":"\"A-10s land on highway in Estonia\". Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/905825/a-10s-land-on-highway-in-estonia/","url_text":"\"A-10s land on highway in Estonia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Air Force pilots honored with Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism in Afghanistan\". Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stripes.com/news/air-force/two-air-force-pilots-honored-with-distinguished-flying-cross-for-heroism-in-afghanistan-1.608864","url_text":"\"Two Air Force pilots honored with Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism in Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"442d Fighter Wing returns from deployment\". Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.442fw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1504137/442d-fighter-wing-returns-from-deployment/","url_text":"\"442d Fighter Wing returns from deployment\""}]},{"reference":"Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 1 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/citizenairmenhis00cant","url_text":"Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16049-269-6","url_text":"0-16049-269-6"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6","url_text":"0-912799-53-6"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Porter_(DD-59)

USS Porter (DD-59)

["1 Design and construction","2 United States Navy career","3 United States Coast Guard career","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Tucker-class destroyer For other ships with the same name, see USS Porter. USS Porter (DD-59), undergoing trials, 8 March 1916 History United States NamePorter NamesakeDavid Dixon Porter Ordered1913 Builder William Cramp & Sons Philadelphia Cost$878,683.78 (hull and machinery) Yard number420 Laid down24 August 1914 Launched26 August 1915 Sponsored byMiss Georgiana Porter Cusachs Commissioned17 April 1916 Decommissioned23 June 1922 Stricken5 July 1934 Identification Hull symbol:DD-56 Code letters:NOO Fate transferred to U.S. Coast Guard, 7 June 1924 sold on 22 August 1934 Noteslost her name to new construction on July 1, 1933, referred to as DD-59 afterward United States NamePorter Acquired7 June 1924 Commissioned20 February 1925, Delaware Bay Decommissioned5 June 1933 IdentificationHull symbol:CG-7 Fatereturned to U.S. Navy, 30 June 1933 General characteristics Class and typeTucker-class destroyer Displacement 1,090 long tons (1,110 t) 1,205 long tons (1,224 t) fully loaded Length315 ft 3 in (96.09 m) Beam30 ft 7 in (9.32 m) Draft 9 ft 4+1⁄2 in (2.858 m) (mean) 10 ft 5 in (3.18 m) (max) Installed power 4 × Yarrow boilers 18,000 shp (13,000 kW) Propulsion 2 × Curtis geared steam turbines 2 × screw propellers Speed 29.5 kn (33.9 mph; 54.6 km/h) 29.58 kn (34.04 mph; 54.78 km/h) (Speed on Trial) Complement5 officers 96 enlisted Armament 4 × 4 in (100 mm)/50 caliber guns 8 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (4 × 2) USS Porter (Destroyer No. 59/DD-59) was a Tucker-class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of both David Porter and his son David Dixon Porter. Porter was laid down by the William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia, in August 1914 and launched in August of the following year. The ship was a little more than 315 feet (96 m) in length, just over 30 feet (9.1 m) abeam, and had a standard displacement of 1,090 long tons (1,110 t). She was armed with four 4-inch (10 cm) guns and had eight 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Porter was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 29.5 knots (54.6 km/h). After her April 1916 commissioning, Porter conducted her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Porter was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish and Celtic Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, Porter severely damaged the German submarine U-108 in April 1918. Upon returning to the United States after the war, Porter operated off the east coast until she was decommissioned in June 1922. In June 1924, Porter was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the "Rum Patrol". She operated under the name USCGC Porter (CG-7) until 1933, when she was returned to the Navy. Later that year, the ship was renamed DD-59 to free the name Porter for another destroyer. She was sold for scrap in August 1934. Design and construction Porter was authorized in 1913 as the third ship of the Tucker class which, like the related O'Brien class, was an improved version of the Cassin-class destroyers authorized in 1911. Construction of the vessel was awarded to William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia, which laid down her keel on 24 August 1914. Twelve months later, on 26 August 1915, Porter was launched by sponsor Miss Georgiana Porter Cusachs, a descendant of the ship's namesakes, Commodore David Porter (1780–1843) and son Admiral David Dixon Porter (1813–1891), both notable U.S. Navy officers. As built, Porter was 315 feet 3 inches (96.09 m) in length and 30 feet 6 inches (9.30 m) abeam and drew 9 feet 4 inches (2.84 m). The ship had a standard displacement of 1,090 long tons (1,110 t) and displaced 1,205 long tons (1,224 t) when fully loaded. Porter had two Curtis steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers, and an additional steam turbine geared to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes. The power plant could generate 18,000 shaft horsepower (13,000 kW) and move the ship at speeds up to 29.5 knots (54.6 km/h). Porter's main battery consisted of four 4-inch (102 mm)/50 Mark 9 guns, with each gun weighing in excess of 6,100 pounds (2,800 kg). The guns fired 33-pound (15 kg) armor-piercing projectiles at 2,900 feet per second (880 m/s). At an elevation of 20°, the guns had a range of 15,920 yards (14,560 m). Porter was also equipped with eight 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti-aircraft guns for the Tucker-class ships, as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines. From sources, it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for Porter or any of the other ships of the class. United States Navy career USS Porter was commissioned into the United States Navy on 17 April 1916. Following her commissioning, Porter's shakedown was conducted in the Caribbean. After the United States entry into World War I on 6 April 1917, Porter was readied for overseas duty and departed from New York on 24 April with the other five ships of her division—Wadsworth (the flagship), Davis, Conyngham, McDougal, and Wainwright. The sextet arrived at Queenstown, Ireland, on 4 May and began patrolling the southern approaches to the Irish Sea the next day. Based at Queenstown, Porter met and escorted convoys from the United States as they entered the war zone. On 16 October 1917, Porter came to the aid of American destroyer Cassin, which had been torpedoed by German submarine U-61 about 20 nautical miles (37 km) south of Mine Head, Ireland. Cassin's stern had nearly been blown off and her rudder was gone, leaving the ship unable to steer. Porter arrived at about 16:00 and stayed with Cassin until dusk when two British sloops, Jessamine and Tamarisk, took over for Porter; Cassin was towed to safety and later returned to patrol duty. On 28 April 1918, Porter severely damaged U-108 while that German submarine was steaming to intercept a convoy. The destroyer was transferred to Brest, France, on 14 June. She returned to the United States at the end of the war, and operated off the East Coast until she was decommissioned on 23 June 1922. United States Coast Guard career On 17 January 1920, Prohibition was instituted by law in the United States. Soon, the smuggling of alcoholic beverages along the coastlines of the United States became widespread and blatant. The Treasury Department eventually determined that the United States Coast Guard simply did not have the ships to constitute a successful patrol. To cope with the problem, President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 authorized the transfer from the Navy to the Coast Guard of twenty old destroyers that were in reserve and out of commission. Porter was reactivated and transferred to the Treasury Department on 7 June 1924 for use by the Coast Guard. Designated CG-7, Porter was commissioned on 20 February 1925, and was stationed in New York for duties on the "Rum Patrol" to aid in the attempt to enforce prohibition laws. During her Coast Guard service, Porter captured the rum-running vessel Conseulo II (the former Louise) off the coast of Long Island. After the United States Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment to end prohibition in February 1933, plans were made for Porter to be returned to the Navy. On 27 May 1933, Porter arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and was decommissioned nine days later, on 5 June. Porter was transferred back to the Navy on 30 June. Later in 1933 the ship was renamed DD-59 in order to free the name Porter for a new destroyer of the same name. DD-59 remained in noncommissioned status until struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 July 1934. She was sold for scrap on 22 August in accordance with the London Naval Treaty. Notes ^ The 50 denotes the length of the gun barrels; in this case, the gun is 50 calibers, meaning that the gun is 50 times as long as it is in diameter, 200 inches (5.1 m) in this case. The Mark number is the version of the gun; in this case, the ninth U.S. Navy design of the 4-inch/50 gun. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Naval History & Heritage Command. "Porter". DANFS. Retrieved 23 April 2009. ^ a b "Porter (6105678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 23 April 2009. ^ a b c d e f Gardiner, pp. 122–23. ^ "Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 762. 1921. ^ a b c d e f "Porter: CG-7" (PDF). Historian's Office, United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 24 April 2009. ^ "Table 16 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 749. 1921. ^ a b "Table 10 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 714. 1921. ^ a b c DiGiulian, Tony (15 August 2008). "United States of America: 4"/50 (10.2 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9 and 10". Naval Weapons of the World. Navweaps.com. Retrieved 22 April 2009. ^ Naval History & Heritage Command. "Wadsworth". DANFS. Retrieved 22 April 2009. ^ a b Feuer, p. 20. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Cassin (Uss)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 April 2009. ^ Naval History & Heritage Command. "Cassin". DANFS. Retrieved 13 August 2015. ^ Naval History & Heritage Command. "Tucker". DANFS. Retrieved 13 August 2015.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. Bibliography Feuer, A. B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8. OCLC 40595325. Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC 12119866. Naval History & Heritage Command. "Cassin". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015. Naval History & Heritage Command. "Porter". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015. Naval History & Heritage Command. "Tucker". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015. Naval History & Heritage Command. "Wadsworth". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015. External links Photo gallery of Porter at NavSource Naval History vteTucker-class destroyers United States Navy Tucker / DD-57 (Unnamed) Conyngham / DD-58 (Unnamed) Porter / DD-59 (Unnamed) Wadsworth Jacob Jones Wainwright  United States Coast Guard Conyngham Porter Tucker Wainwright Preceded by: O'Brien class Followed by: Sampson class List of destroyers of the United States Navy

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The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of both David Porter and his son David Dixon Porter.Porter was laid down by the William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia, in August 1914 and launched in August of the following year. The ship was a little more than 315 feet (96 m) in length, just over 30 feet (9.1 m) abeam, and had a standard displacement of 1,090 long tons (1,110 t). She was armed with four 4-inch (10 cm) guns and had eight 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Porter was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 29.5 knots (54.6 km/h).After her April 1916 commissioning, Porter conducted her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Porter was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish and Celtic Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, Porter severely damaged the German submarine U-108 in April 1918.Upon returning to the United States after the war, Porter operated off the east coast until she was decommissioned in June 1922. In June 1924, Porter was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the \"Rum Patrol\". She operated under the name USCGC Porter (CG-7) until 1933, when she was returned to the Navy. Later that year, the ship was renamed DD-59 to free the name Porter for another destroyer. She was sold for scrap in August 1934.","title":"USS Porter (DD-59)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tucker class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"O'Brien class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Cassin-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassin-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"William Cramp & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"laid down her keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_(ship)"},{"link_name":"David Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"David Dixon Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"abeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displace_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Con-123-3"},{"link_name":"Curtis steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"screw propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_propeller"},{"link_name":"propeller shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Con-123-3"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"4-inch (102 mm)/50 Mark 9 guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%22/50_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavWeaps-4in-8"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavWeaps-4in-8"},{"link_name":"armor-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell"},{"link_name":"projectiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavWeaps-4in-8"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"General Board of the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Board_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_(naval)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Con-123-3"}],"text":"Porter was authorized in 1913 as the third ship of the Tucker class which, like the related O'Brien class, was an improved version of the Cassin-class destroyers authorized in 1911. Construction of the vessel was awarded to William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia, which laid down her keel on 24 August 1914. Twelve months later, on 26 August 1915, Porter was launched by sponsor Miss Georgiana Porter Cusachs, a descendant of the ship's namesakes, Commodore David Porter (1780–1843) and son Admiral David Dixon Porter (1813–1891), both notable U.S. Navy officers.[1] As built, Porter was 315 feet 3 inches (96.09 m) in length and 30 feet 6 inches (9.30 m) abeam and drew 9 feet 4 inches (2.84 m). The ship had a standard displacement of 1,090 long tons (1,110 t) and displaced 1,205 long tons (1,224 t) when fully loaded.[3]Porter had two Curtis steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers, and an additional steam turbine geared to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes. The power plant could generate 18,000 shaft horsepower (13,000 kW) and move the ship at speeds up to 29.5 knots (54.6 km/h).[3]Porter's main battery consisted of four 4-inch (102 mm)/50 Mark 9 guns,[1][8][Note 1] with each gun weighing in excess of 6,100 pounds (2,800 kg).[8] The guns fired 33-pound (15 kg) armor-piercing projectiles at 2,900 feet per second (880 m/s). At an elevation of 20°, the guns had a range of 15,920 yards (14,560 m).[8]Porter was also equipped with eight 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti-aircraft guns for the Tucker-class ships, as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines.[3] From sources, it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for Porter or any of the other ships of the class.","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(ship)"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wadsworth_(DD-60)"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Davis_(DD-65)"},{"link_name":"Conyngham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Conyngham_(DD-58)"},{"link_name":"McDougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McDougal_(DD-54)"},{"link_name":"Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wainwright_(DD-62)"},{"link_name":"Queenstown, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-Wadsworth-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Cassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-43)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuer-20-11"},{"link_name":"U-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-61"},{"link_name":"Mine Head, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Head"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubn-Cassin-12"},{"link_name":"Jessamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Jessamine_(1915)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamarisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Tamarisk_(1916)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuer-20-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-Cassin-13"},{"link_name":"U-108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-108"},{"link_name":"Brest, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommission_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"USS Porter was commissioned into the United States Navy on 17 April 1916. Following her commissioning, Porter's shakedown was conducted in the Caribbean.[1]After the United States entry into World War I on 6 April 1917, Porter was readied for overseas duty and departed from New York on 24 April with the other five ships of her division—Wadsworth (the flagship), Davis, Conyngham, McDougal, and Wainwright. The sextet arrived at Queenstown, Ireland, on 4 May and began patrolling the southern approaches to the Irish Sea the next day.[9] Based at Queenstown, Porter met and escorted convoys from the United States as they entered the war zone.[1]On 16 October 1917, Porter came to the aid of American destroyer Cassin,[10] which had been torpedoed by German submarine U-61 about 20 nautical miles (37 km) south of Mine Head, Ireland.[11] Cassin's stern had nearly been blown off and her rudder was gone, leaving the ship unable to steer. Porter arrived at about 16:00 and stayed with Cassin until dusk when two British sloops, Jessamine and Tamarisk, took over for Porter;[10] Cassin was towed to safety and later returned to patrol duty.[12]On 28 April 1918, Porter severely damaged U-108 while that German submarine was steaming to intercept a convoy. The destroyer was transferred to Brest, France, on 14 June. She returned to the United States at the end of the war, and operated off the East Coast until she was decommissioned on 23 June 1922.[1]","title":"United States Navy career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Treasury"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-Tucker-14"},{"link_name":"Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"Rum Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Patrol"},{"link_name":"rum-running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCG-5"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Twenty-first Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCG-5"},{"link_name":"a new destroyer of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Porter_(DD-356)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miramar-2"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"On 17 January 1920, Prohibition was instituted by law in the United States. Soon, the smuggling of alcoholic beverages along the coastlines of the United States became widespread and blatant. The Treasury Department eventually determined that the United States Coast Guard simply did not have the ships to constitute a successful patrol. To cope with the problem, President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 authorized the transfer from the Navy to the Coast Guard of twenty old destroyers that were in reserve and out of commission.[13] Porter was reactivated and transferred to the Treasury Department on 7 June 1924 for use by the Coast Guard.[1]Designated CG-7, Porter was commissioned on 20 February 1925, and was stationed in New York for duties on the \"Rum Patrol\" to aid in the attempt to enforce prohibition laws. During her Coast Guard service, Porter captured the rum-running vessel Conseulo II (the former Louise) off the coast of Long Island.[5]After the United States Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment to end prohibition in February 1933, plans were made for Porter to be returned to the Navy.[1] On 27 May 1933, Porter arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and was decommissioned nine days later, on 5 June.[5] Porter was transferred back to the Navy on 30 June. Later in 1933 the ship was renamed DD-59 in order to free the name Porter for a new destroyer of the same name.[2] DD-59 remained in noncommissioned status until struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 July 1934. She was sold for scrap on 22 August in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.[1]","title":"United States Coast Guard career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"calibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibers#Caliber_as_measurement_of_length"}],"text":"^ The 50 denotes the length of the gun barrels; in this case, the gun is 50 calibers, meaning that the gun is 50 times as long as it is in diameter, 200 inches (5.1 m) in this case. The Mark number is the version of the gun; in this case, the ninth U.S. Navy design of the 4-inch/50 gun.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westport, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Praeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-275-96212-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96212-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40595325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40595325"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Naval Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87021-907-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12119866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12119866"},{"link_name":"Naval History & Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"\"Cassin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/cassin-i.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"\"Porter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/porter-ii.html"},{"link_name":"\"Tucker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/tucker-i.html"},{"link_name":"\"Wadsworth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wadsworth-i.html"}],"text":"Feuer, A. B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8. OCLC 40595325.\nGardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC 12119866.\nNaval History & Heritage Command. \"Cassin\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.\nNaval History & Heritage Command. \"Porter\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.\nNaval History & Heritage Command. \"Tucker\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.\nNaval History & Heritage Command. \"Wadsworth\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Porter\". DANFS. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History & Heritage Command"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p10/porter-ii.htm","url_text":"\"Porter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"DANFS"}]},{"reference":"\"Porter (6105678)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6105678","url_text":"\"Porter (6105678)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 762. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","url_text":"\"Table 21 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porter: CG-7\" (PDF). Historian's Office, United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 24 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Porter.pdf","url_text":"\"Porter: CG-7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table 16 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 749. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","url_text":"\"Table 16 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table 10 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\". Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office: 714. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZEqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762","url_text":"\"Table 10 - Ships on Navy List June 30, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (15 August 2008). \"United States of America: 4\"/50 (10.2 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9 and 10\". Naval Weapons of the World. Navweaps.com. Retrieved 22 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_4-50_mk9.htm","url_text":"\"United States of America: 4\"/50 (10.2 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9 and 10\""}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Wadsworth\". DANFS. Retrieved 22 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History & Heritage Command"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w1/wadsworth-i.htm","url_text":"\"Wadsworth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"DANFS"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Ships hit during WWI: Cassin (Uss)\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1156.html","url_text":"\"Ships hit during WWI: Cassin (Uss)\""}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Cassin\". DANFS. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/cassin-i.html","url_text":"\"Cassin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"DANFS"}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Tucker\". DANFS. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/tucker-i.html","url_text":"\"Tucker\""}]},{"reference":"Feuer, A. B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8. OCLC 40595325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishing","url_text":"Praeger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96212-8","url_text":"978-0-275-96212-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40595325","url_text":"40595325"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC 12119866.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland","url_text":"Annapolis, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8","url_text":"978-0-87021-907-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12119866","url_text":"12119866"}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Cassin\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History & Heritage Command"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/cassin-i.html","url_text":"\"Cassin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"Navy Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Porter\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/porter-ii.html","url_text":"\"Porter\""}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Tucker\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/tucker-i.html","url_text":"\"Tucker\""}]},{"reference":"Naval History & Heritage Command. \"Wadsworth\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wadsworth-i.html","url_text":"\"Wadsworth\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesney_Hawkes

Chesney Hawkes

["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.1.1 Studio albums","3.2 Extended plays","3.3 Compilation albums","3.4 Box sets","3.5 Singles","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]

English pop singer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chesney Hawkes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chesney HawkesHawkes in 2004BornChesney Lee Hawkes (1971-09-22) 22 September 1971 (age 52)Windsor, Berkshire, EnglandOccupationsSingersongwriteractorYears active1990–presentSpouse Kristina Hawkes ​(m. 1997)​Children3ParentChip Hawkes (father)Musical careerGenresPop rockalternative rockInstrumentsVocalsguitarLabels Chrysalis Right Track Websitewww.chesneyhawkes.com Musical artist Chesney Lee Hawkes (born 22 September 1971) is an English singer and occasional actor. He started his career at the age of 19 when he appeared in the film Buddy's Song, which featured his best-known single "The One and Only", which topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks and reached the top 10 in the United States. Follow-up single "I'm a Man Not a Boy" peaked at 27 in the UK, with subsequent singles including "What's Wrong with This Picture?", "Stay Away Baby Jane" (a collaboration with Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne) and "Another Fine Mess" also charting in the top 100. Aside from music, Hawkes appeared on Channel 4's The Games in 2005, winning a Bronze Medal. Hawkes appeared on the shows Hit Me Baby One More Time, Let's Dance for Comic Relief, and Sing If You Can. Hawkes also appeared in the musical Can't Smile Without You, as the role of Tony Lowiman. Life and career Hawkes was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He was named after the singer and comedian Chesney Allen. His father is singer and bassist Chip Hawkes of the 1960s band the Tremeloes. His mother is former actress/game-show hostess Carol Dilworth, who appeared in an episode of the 1960s version of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) called "For the Girl Who Has Everything", as well as the 1969 horror film The Haunted House of Horror. Keely Hawkes, his sister, was the lead singer of 1990s band Transister, and is currently a songwriter based in Los Angeles. He attended Charters School in Sunningdale. Jodie Hawkes, his brother, played drums in Chesney's band and is currently in The Tremeloes. Hawkes's career began at 19, when he appeared as the title character in the film Buddy's Song. In March 1991, he released from the film's soundtrack his biggest single "The One and Only", on which his younger brother Jodie was the drummer. Written by Nik Kershaw, the song was later featured in the opening credits of Doc Hollywood (1991), starring Michael J. Fox; in the 2009 movie Moon, as the song Sam Rockwell wakes up to every morning; and again in the 2011 film Source Code (also directed by director Duncan Jones) as the mobile phone ringtone of Michelle Monaghan's character. The single spent five weeks at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. He has released eight singles including "I'm a Man Not a Boy" and "Secrets of the Heart". In 1993, his single "What's Wrong with This Picture?" reached number 63 in the UK, and his 2002 collaboration with Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, "Stay Away Baby Jane", reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart. On 21 March 2001, Hawkes appeared on the second episode of ITV's documentary series Holiday Airport, which followed British holidaymakers as they passed through Palma Airport, Majorca. The episode resurfaced more than 20 years later on 13 March 2022, when it was uploaded to YouTube by ITV Studios' Our Stories channel. Hawkes returned to the media's attention with his involvement in Channel 4's The Games in March 2005, in which he won a Bronze Medal. He also took part in the ITV programme Hit Me Baby One More Time in April that year. He released a single called "Another Fine Mess" in May 2005, it reached number 48. The following album of the same title featured fifteen songs written by Hawkes. Hawkes was involved in a project called the Lexus Symphony Orchestra, a corporate promotion designed to showcase the quality of Lexus' in-car audio systems. Hawkes composed two original pieces of music performed by the London Symphony Orchestra for these events held at Castle Howard and Crystal Palace, in August 2007. Hawkes at the University of Exeter Summer Ball, 2008 Hawkes appeared in a musical, Can't Smile Without You (featuring songs of Barry Manilow). National tour started at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 15 September 2008, prior to performances in the West End. Hawkes appeared briefly in a cherry picker on Celebrity Big Brother (shown on 8 January 2009) on Channel 4. "The One and Only" was used as a cue to have contestants worship at a Chesney Hawkes shrine. In January 2011, Hawkes performed at the live finale of Louie Spence's Showbusiness. During February and March 2011, he took part in the BBC series Let's Dance for Comic Relief. He now performs a mixture of his own material and covers at University Freshers week. In May that year, Hawkes took part in the ITV series Sing If You Can. In September, he appeared as Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. On 24 December 2011, he appeared on the ITV programme Text Santa, with Ant & Dec. Hawkes was due to take part on ITV's skating programme Dancing on Ice in 2012 but after fracturing his ankle, he had to pull out. He was replaced by Chico Slimani. In May, he played at Lakefest festival. In December, he appeared as an accident-prone version of himself in the ITV comedy drama Panto!. In 2014, Hawkes performed "The One and Only" with a flashmob dance group in the streets of Manchester to promote MyMate Loans. In addition, he recorded a version of the song with different lyrics for a MyMate commercial. In 2015, Hawkes competed in Celebrity MasterChef on BBC One. He was eliminated in the first of the semi-finals of the show. In 2016, Hawkes was a guest on ITV's Loose Women, with his parents in the audience. He spoke about the relief of his family, following a not guilty verdict of an alleged incident involving his father Chip, 48 years prior to Chip's Court appearance and charges dismissal. He also discussed his charitable work with The A21 Campaign. On 25 March 2022, Hawkes released the box set The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012, which consists of five CDs and one DVD. In addition, he released the digital single "The One and Only (2022 Nik Kershaw Remix)". In autumn 2022, he joined his father Chip and brother Jodie on the Sixties Gold Tour as part of the Tremeloes, becoming their singer for a series of dates around the UK. On 17 February 2024, Hawkes became the Unexpected Celebrity Star Star, of Michael McIntyre's Big Show Series 7, Episode 6, for BBC One. The elaborate stunt was set up with the help of his wife Kristina, that sees him perform his song, The One and Only to a live Theatre Royal, Drury Lane audience. Hawkes was greeted on stage by his band, which also featured his guitar playing son. Personal life Hawkes married his American girlfriend, Kristina, on 4 July 1997. They have three children together and reside in Los Angeles, having previously lived in Chertsey. Hawkes is a supporter of West Ham United FC. Notable fans of Hawkes include Scottish entrepreneur Duncan Bannatyne, who was surprised with a performance from Hawkes at his 60th birthday party in 2009, and Talk TV chief political commentator Peter Cardwell. Discography Albums Studio albums Title Chart positions UK Buddy's Song Released: 1991 Label: Chrysalis Formats: LP, CD, cassette 18 The One and Only Released: October 1991 Label: Chrysalis Formats: CD, cassette U.S. version of Buddy's Song — Get the Picture Released: 1993 Label: Chrysalis Formats: CD, cassette — Another Fine Mess Released: 2007 Label: Hawkes Productions Formats: CD — Real Life Love Released: 2012 Label: Hawkes Productions/Right Track Records Formats: CD, digital — Extended plays Title Chart positions UK Marvellous Mechanical Mouse Released: 2012 Label: Sergeant Poppy Records Formats: CD, digital — Sunset Sessions Released: 2021 Label: HGLA Ltd. Formats: CD, digital — Compilation albums Title Chart positions UK The Very Best of Chesney Hawkes Released: 2005 Label: EMI Gold Formats: CD — Box sets Title Chart positions UK The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012 Released: 2022 Label: Chrysalis Formats: 5CD + DVD — Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK IRE NED BEL(FLA) GER AUT SWI SWE NOR US CAN CAN AC 1991 "The One and Only" 1 3 9 3 8 1 4 2 5 10 61 37 Buddy's Song/The One and Only "I'm a Man Not a Boy" 27 25 — 20 44 — 28 32 — — — — "Secrets of the Heart" 57 — — — 68 — — — — — — — 1993 "What's Wrong with This Picture?" 63 — — — 71 29 — — — — — — Get the Picture "Missing You Already" (NED only) — — — — — — — — — — — — 1994 "Black or White People" (NED only) — — — — — — — — — — — — 2002 "Stay Away Baby Jane" 74 — — — — — — — — — — — Another Fine Mess 2005 "Another Fine Mess" 48 — — — — — — — — — — — 2012 "Caught Up in Circles" — — — — — — — — — — — — Real Life Love "Aeroplane" — — — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes the single failed to chart or was not released. Filmography The Bill – "Photo Finish" (1991) Buddy's Song (1991) Prince Valiant (1997) Panto! (2012) Loose Women (2016) Hollyoaks (2022) Never Mind the Buzzcocks (2023) Michael McIntyre's Big Show (2024) James Salter's 40th Birthday Message (2024) References ^ "One-Hit Wonders at the BBC". 1. 17 April 2015. BBC Four. ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 246. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ Our Stories. Check-In Chaos & Celebrity Sightings | Holiday Airport E2 | Our Stories. YouTube. Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ "Chesney Hawkes official website". Chesneyhawkes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ "Bill Kenwright Ltd Presents Can't Smile Without You". Bill Kenwright Ltd. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008. ^ "Live at The Showbusiness Finale – TV.com". TV.com. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Chesney Hawkes, Lulu for 'Let's Dance' – TV News". Digital Spy. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ "On tonight's Sing If You Can: Chesney Hawkes, Martin Bayfield, Tricia Penrose, Craig Doyle, Roxanne Pallett & Leanne Jones". Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ "Lakefest 2012: Line-up 2012". Lakefest.co.uk. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ MyMate (6 March 2014). Chesney Hawkes flashmob in Manchester. YouTube. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "MyMate: The One You Wanted". ABF Pictures. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ "Celebrity MasterChef 2015 Chesney Hawkes leaves the kitchen and feels gutted". 16 July 2015. ^ Chesney Hawkes Opens Up About The Difficult Times In His Life | Loose Women, retrieved 21 February 2024 ^ "Chesney Hawkes – The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012". Retro Pop Magazine. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ "The Tremeloes featuring Chesney Hawkes". ^ "The Tremeloes". ^ Sixties Gold ^ "BBC One - Michael McIntyre's Big Show, Series 7, Episode 6". BBC. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ Hallam, Katy (18 February 2024). "Chesney Hawkes on Michael McIntyre's Big Show surprise - 'revenge is sweet'". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ Hallam, Katy (17 February 2024). "Michael McIntyre addresses Big Show criticism and explains how secret is kept". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "What I know about women: Chesney Hawkes". The Scotsman. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ "The one and only Chesney Hawkes on music, celebrity and life in Chertsey". SurreyLife. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012. ^ "The Six Factor – Singer, songwriter and actor Chesney Hawkes". West Ham United. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021. ^ Roberts, David (9 February 2009). "Bannatyne tells birthday guests: I will never retire". The Northern Echo. ^ a b c d e "Chesney Hawkes". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ "96.4 Eagle Radio Celebrity Interviews". 96.4 Eagle Radio. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012. ^ "Chesney Hawkes – US HOT 100". billboard.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2014. ^ "RPM Top 100 Singles – October 5, 1991" (PDF). ^ "RPM Top 40AC – September 21, 1991" (PDF). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chesney Hawkes. Official website Chesney Hawkes at IMDb Chesney Hawkes discography at Discogs vteChesney HawkesStudio albums Buddy's Song Box sets The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012 Singles "The One and Only" "I'm a Man Not a Boy" "Secrets of the Heart" Related articles Nik Kershaw Buddy's Song Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz

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He started his career at the age of 19 when he appeared in the film Buddy's Song, which featured his best-known single \"The One and Only\", which topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks and reached the top 10 in the United States. Follow-up single \"I'm a Man Not a Boy\" peaked at 27 in the UK, with subsequent singles including \"What's Wrong with This Picture?\", \"Stay Away Baby Jane\" (a collaboration with Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne) and \"Another Fine Mess\" also charting in the top 100.Aside from music, Hawkes appeared on Channel 4's The Games in 2005, winning a Bronze Medal. Hawkes appeared on the shows Hit Me Baby One More Time, Let's Dance for Comic Relief, and Sing If You Can. Hawkes also appeared in the musical Can't Smile Without You, as the role of Tony Lowiman.","title":"Chesney Hawkes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesney Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesney_Allen"},{"link_name":"Chip Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"the Tremeloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tremeloes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-1"},{"link_name":"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_(Deceased)"},{"link_name":"For the Girl Who Has Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Girl_Who_Has_Everything_(Randall_and_Hopkirk_Deceased)"},{"link_name":"The Haunted House of Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_House_of_Horror"},{"link_name":"Transister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transister"},{"link_name":"Charters School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charters_School"},{"link_name":"Sunningdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunningdale"},{"link_name":"Buddy's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%27s_Song_(film)"},{"link_name":"The One and Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_and_Only_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nik Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Doc Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Michael J. 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Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_and_Only_(song)"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Hawkes was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He was named after the singer and comedian Chesney Allen. His father is singer and bassist Chip Hawkes of the 1960s band the Tremeloes.[1] His mother is former actress/game-show hostess Carol Dilworth, who appeared in an episode of the 1960s version of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) called \"For the Girl Who Has Everything\", as well as the 1969 horror film The Haunted House of Horror. Keely Hawkes, his sister, was the lead singer of 1990s band Transister, and is currently a songwriter based in Los Angeles. He attended Charters School in Sunningdale. Jodie Hawkes, his brother, played drums in Chesney's band and is currently in The Tremeloes.Hawkes's career began at 19, when he appeared as the title character in the film Buddy's Song. In March 1991, he released from the film's soundtrack his biggest single \"The One and Only\", on which his younger brother Jodie was the drummer. Written by Nik Kershaw, the song was later featured in the opening credits of Doc Hollywood (1991), starring Michael J. Fox; in the 2009 movie Moon, as the song Sam Rockwell wakes up to every morning; and again in the 2011 film Source Code (also directed by director Duncan Jones) as the mobile phone ringtone of Michelle Monaghan's character. The single spent five weeks at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. He has released eight singles including \"I'm a Man Not a Boy\" and \"Secrets of the Heart\".In 1993, his single \"What's Wrong with This Picture?\" reached number 63 in the UK, and his 2002 collaboration with Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, \"Stay Away Baby Jane\", reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart.[2]On 21 March 2001, Hawkes appeared on the second episode of ITV's documentary series Holiday Airport, which followed British holidaymakers as they passed through Palma Airport, Majorca. The episode resurfaced more than 20 years later on 13 March 2022, when it was uploaded to YouTube by ITV Studios' Our Stories channel.[3]Hawkes returned to the media's attention with his involvement in Channel 4's The Games in March 2005, in which he won a Bronze Medal. He also took part in the ITV programme Hit Me Baby One More Time in April that year. He released a single called \"Another Fine Mess\" in May 2005, it reached number 48.[2] The following album of the same title featured fifteen songs written by Hawkes.[4]Hawkes was involved in a project called the Lexus Symphony Orchestra, a corporate promotion designed to showcase the quality of Lexus' in-car audio systems. Hawkes composed two original pieces of music performed by the London Symphony Orchestra for these events held at Castle Howard and Crystal Palace, in August 2007.Hawkes at the University of Exeter Summer Ball, 2008Hawkes appeared in a musical, Can't Smile Without You (featuring songs of Barry Manilow). National tour started at the Liverpool Empire Theatre on 15 September 2008, prior to performances in the West End.[5]Hawkes appeared briefly in a cherry picker on Celebrity Big Brother (shown on 8 January 2009) on Channel 4. \"The One and Only\" was used as a cue to have contestants worship at a Chesney Hawkes shrine.In January 2011, Hawkes performed at the live finale of Louie Spence's Showbusiness.[6] During February and March 2011, he took part in the BBC series Let's Dance for Comic Relief.[7] He now performs a mixture of his own material and covers at University Freshers week. In May that year, Hawkes took part in the ITV series Sing If You Can.[8] In September, he appeared as Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. On 24 December 2011, he appeared on the ITV programme Text Santa, with Ant & Dec.[citation needed]Hawkes was due to take part on ITV's skating programme Dancing on Ice in 2012 but after fracturing his ankle, he had to pull out. He was replaced by Chico Slimani. In May, he played at Lakefest festival.[9] In December, he appeared as an accident-prone version of himself in the ITV comedy drama Panto!.In 2014, Hawkes performed \"The One and Only\" with a flashmob dance group in the streets of Manchester to promote MyMate Loans.[10] In addition, he recorded a version of the song with different lyrics for a MyMate commercial.[11]In 2015, Hawkes competed in Celebrity MasterChef on BBC One. He was eliminated in the first of the semi-finals of the show.[12]In 2016, Hawkes was a guest on ITV's Loose Women, with his parents in the audience. He spoke about the relief of his family, following a not guilty verdict of an alleged incident involving his father Chip, 48 years prior to Chip's Court appearance and charges dismissal. He also discussed his charitable work with The A21 Campaign.[13]On 25 March 2022, Hawkes released the box set The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012, which consists of five CDs and one DVD. In addition, he released the digital single \"The One and Only (2022 Nik Kershaw Remix)\".[14] In autumn 2022, he joined his father Chip and brother Jodie on the Sixties Gold Tour as part of the Tremeloes, becoming their singer for a series of dates around the UK.[15][16][17]On 17 February 2024, Hawkes became the Unexpected Celebrity Star Star, of Michael McIntyre's Big Show Series 7, Episode 6, for BBC One. The elaborate stunt was set up with the help of his wife Kristina, that sees him perform his song, The One and Only to a live Theatre Royal, Drury Lane audience. Hawkes was greeted on stage by his band, which also featured his guitar playing son.[18][19][20]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chertsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"West Ham United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Duncan Bannatyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Bannatyne"},{"link_name":"Talk TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Hawkes married his American girlfriend, Kristina, on 4 July 1997. They have three children together and reside in Los Angeles,[21] having previously lived in Chertsey.[22]Hawkes is a supporter of West Ham United FC.[23] Notable fans of Hawkes include Scottish entrepreneur Duncan Bannatyne, who was surprised with a performance from Hawkes at his 60th birthday party in 2009, and Talk TV chief political commentator Peter Cardwell.[24]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums - Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box sets","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"Buddy's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%27s_Song_(film)"},{"link_name":"Prince Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Valiant_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Panto!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panto!"},{"link_name":"Loose Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Women"},{"link_name":"Hollyoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyoaks"},{"link_name":"Never Mind the Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"Michael McIntyre's Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McIntyre%27s_Big_Show"},{"link_name":"James Salter's 40th Birthday Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Salter%27s_40th_Birthday_Message&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Bill – \"Photo Finish\" (1991)\nBuddy's Song (1991)\nPrince Valiant (1997)\nPanto! (2012)\nLoose Women (2016)\nHollyoaks (2022)\nNever Mind the Buzzcocks (2023)\nMichael McIntyre's Big Show (2024)\nJames Salter's 40th Birthday Message (2024)","title":"Filmography"}]

[{"image_text":"Hawkes at the University of Exeter Summer Ball, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chesney-Hawkes-200806240230.jpg/220px-Chesney-Hawkes-200806240230.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"One-Hit Wonders at the BBC\". 1. 17 April 2015. BBC Four.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four","url_text":"BBC Four"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 246. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Our Stories. Check-In Chaos & Celebrity Sightings | Holiday Airport E2 | Our Stories. YouTube. Retrieved 21 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hg_8Oqsiqw8","url_text":"Check-In Chaos & Celebrity Sightings | Holiday Airport E2 | Our Stories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesney Hawkes official website\". Chesneyhawkes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228013520/http://www.chesneyhawkes.co.uk/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes official website\""},{"url":"http://www.chesneyhawkes.co.uk/biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Kenwright Ltd Presents Can't Smile Without You\". Bill Kenwright Ltd. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenwright.com/default.asp?contentID=860","url_text":"\"Bill Kenwright Ltd Presents Can't Smile Without You\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live at The Showbusiness Finale – TV.com\". TV.com. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427140535/http://www.tv.com/news/live-at-the-showbusiness-finale-25512/","url_text":"\"Live at The Showbusiness Finale – TV.com\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/news/live-at-the-showbusiness-finale-25512/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesney Hawkes, Lulu for 'Let's Dance' – TV News\". Digital Spy. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a301735/chesney-hawkes-lulu-for-lets-dance.html?rss","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes, Lulu for 'Let's Dance' – TV News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"On tonight's Sing If You Can: Chesney Hawkes, Martin Bayfield, Tricia Penrose, Craig Doyle, Roxanne Pallett & Leanne Jones\". Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324020628/http://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/on-tonights-sing-if-you-can-chesney-hawkes-martin-bayfield-tricia-penrose-craig-doyle-roxanne-pallett-leanne-jones/","url_text":"\"On tonight's Sing If You Can: Chesney Hawkes, Martin Bayfield, Tricia Penrose, Craig Doyle, Roxanne Pallett & Leanne Jones\""},{"url":"http://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/on-tonights-sing-if-you-can-chesney-hawkes-martin-bayfield-tricia-penrose-craig-doyle-roxanne-pallett-leanne-jones/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lakefest 2012: Line-up 2012\". Lakefest.co.uk. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419221052/http://lakefest.co.uk/line-up-2012","url_text":"\"Lakefest 2012: Line-up 2012\""},{"url":"http://lakefest.co.uk/line-up-2012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MyMate (6 March 2014). Chesney Hawkes flashmob in Manchester. YouTube. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeCqQcoRfpA","url_text":"Chesney Hawkes flashmob in Manchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"MyMate: The One You Wanted\". ABF Pictures. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abfpictures.co.uk/case-study/the-one-you-wanted/","url_text":"\"MyMate: The One You Wanted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity MasterChef 2015 Chesney Hawkes leaves the kitchen and feels gutted\". 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/591746/Celebrity-MasterChef-2015-Chesney-Hawkes-leaves-the-kitchen-and-feels-gutted","url_text":"\"Celebrity MasterChef 2015 Chesney Hawkes leaves the kitchen and feels gutted\""}]},{"reference":"Chesney Hawkes Opens Up About The Difficult Times In His Life | Loose Women, retrieved 21 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lqb67XADH0c","url_text":"Chesney Hawkes Opens Up About The Difficult Times In His Life | Loose Women"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesney Hawkes – The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012\". Retro Pop Magazine. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://retropopmagazine.com/chesney-hawkes-complete-picture-albums-1991-2012-review/","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes – The Complete Picture: The Albums 1991–2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tremeloes featuring Chesney Hawkes\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livenation.co.uk/artist-the-tremeloes-featuring-chesney-hawkes-1361646","url_text":"\"The Tremeloes featuring Chesney Hawkes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tremeloes\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sixtiesgold.com/the-tremeloes/","url_text":"\"The Tremeloes\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC One - Michael McIntyre's Big Show, Series 7, Episode 6\". BBC. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001wklr","url_text":"\"BBC One - Michael McIntyre's Big Show, Series 7, Episode 6\""}]},{"reference":"Hallam, Katy (18 February 2024). \"Chesney Hawkes on Michael McIntyre's Big Show surprise - 'revenge is sweet'\". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/chesney-hawkes-breaks-silence-bbc-28655243","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes on Michael McIntyre's Big Show surprise - 'revenge is sweet'\""}]},{"reference":"Hallam, Katy (17 February 2024). \"Michael McIntyre addresses Big Show criticism and explains how secret is kept\". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/michael-mcintyre-addresses-bbc-big-28654297","url_text":"\"Michael McIntyre addresses Big Show criticism and explains how secret is kept\""}]},{"reference":"\"What I know about women: Chesney Hawkes\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/news/what_i_know_about_women_chesney_hawkes_1_1134283","url_text":"\"What I know about women: Chesney Hawkes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The one and only Chesney Hawkes on music, celebrity and life in Chertsey\". SurreyLife. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surreylife.co.uk/people/celebrity-interviews/the-one-and-only-chesney-hawkes-on-music-celebrity-and-life-in-chertsey-1-1569739","url_text":"\"The one and only Chesney Hawkes on music, celebrity and life in Chertsey\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Six Factor – Singer, songwriter and actor Chesney Hawkes\". West Ham United. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/july/03-july/six-factor-singer-songwriter-and-actor-chesney-hawkes","url_text":"\"The Six Factor – Singer, songwriter and actor Chesney Hawkes\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (9 February 2009). \"Bannatyne tells birthday guests: I will never retire\". The Northern Echo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4111333.Bannatyne_tells_birthday_guests__I_will_never_retire/","url_text":"\"Bannatyne tells birthday guests: I will never retire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Echo","url_text":"The Northern Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesney Hawkes\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/26783/chesney-hawkes/","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"96.4 Eagle Radio Celebrity Interviews\". 96.4 Eagle Radio. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.964eagle.co.uk/podcasts/eagle-radio-celebrity-interviews/chesney-hawkes-april-2012.mp3","url_text":"\"96.4 Eagle Radio Celebrity Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chesney Hawkes – US HOT 100\". billboard.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009013656/http://www.billboard.com/artist/299086/chesney%2Bhawkes/chart?f=379","url_text":"\"Chesney Hawkes – US HOT 100\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/299086/chesney%2Bhawkes/chart?f=379","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 100 Singles – October 5, 1991\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.1642.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM Top 100 Singles – October 5, 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 40AC – September 21, 1991\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.1625.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM Top 40AC – September 21, 1991\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Beirut

Greater Beirut

["1 Demographics","2 List of settlements","3 References"]

Not to be confused with the city of Beirut, the core city of Greater Beirut. Place in List of settlements, LebanonGreater Beirutبيروت الكبرىCountry LebanonCitiesList of settlementsArea • Land200 km2 (80 sq mi)Population (30 September 2016)~2,200,000 • Metro density11,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi) Greater Beirut (Arabic: بيروت الكبرى) is the urban agglomeration comprising the city of Beirut (Beirut Governorate) and the adjacent municipalities over the Mount Lebanon Governorate. It does not constitute a single administrative unit. Greater Beirut geographically stretches south to the Damour River in the Chouf District until it reaches the "Nahr al-Kalb" river in the Keserwan District in the north. It also comprises many towns and cities in the mountains in the Aley District, Baabda District and Metn District Districts, most notably being the cities of Baabda, Aley, Choueifat, Hazmieh, Sin el-Fil, Jdeideh, Bchamoun and Dekwaneh. The conurbation spreads south, east, and north of Beirut city. To the west, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea serves as a natural boundary. Demographics Greater Beirut is equally split between Christians and Muslims: West Beirut is predominantly inhabited by Sunni(70%) and a minority of Shia Muslims, with small but substantial numbers of Christians and Druze. East and North Beirut is predominantly Christian, of which 65% are Maronites and other Catholics and 35% are Orthodox. South Beirut Suburbs also known as Dahieh, is predominantly Shia Muslim (85%) with small co-existing minorities of Sunnis and Christians. List of settlements Ain Aanoub Ain Saadeh Aley Antelias Aramoun Baabda Basateen Bdadoun Bechamoun Beirut Beit Chabab Beit Mery Bourj Hammoud Bourj el-Barajneh Bqennaya Bsalim Choueifat Chemlane Chiyah Damour Dahieh Dbayeh Dora Dekwaneh Hadath Hazmieh Jal el Dib Jdeideh Khaldeh Kfarshima Mansourieh Mkalles Mtaileb Na'ameh Naccache Qornet Shehwan Rabieh Roumieh Yarze Zakrit Zalka References ^ "Questions & Answers: Water Supply Augmentation Project, Lebanon". The World Bank. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. vteGreater BeirutFirst-leveladministrativedivisions Beirut CityList of settlements Ain Aanoub Ain Saadeh Antelias Aramoun Baabda Basateen Bdadoun Bechamoun City of Beirut Beit Chabab Beit Mary Bourj Hammoud Bourj el-Barajneh Bsaba Bsalim Choueifat Chemlane Chiyah Damour Dahieh Dbayeh Dora Dekwaneh Hadath Hazmieh Jal el Dib Jdeideh Khaldeh Kfarshima Mansourieh Mkalles Mtaileb Na'ameh Naccache Qornet Shehwan Rabieh Roumieh Yarze Zalka vte Matn District, Mount Lebanon GovernorateCapital: Jdeideh Towns and villages Ain Aar Ain el Safssaf Ain el Sendianeh Ain Saadeh Aintoura Amaret Chalhoub Antelias Aoukar Al-Ayroun Baabdat Baskinta Bauchrieh Beit Chabab Beit el Chaar Beit el Kekko Beit Mery Bhersaf Biakout Bikfaya Bkenneya Bourj Hammoud Broummana Bsalim Bteghrine Chaouiyeh Choueir Daher al Hosein Dahr el Sawan Daychounieh Dbayeh Dekwaneh Dik El Mehdi Dhour El Choueir Dora Douar Fanar Ghabeh Ghabet Bologna Hadirah Haret al Ballaneh Haret ech Cheikh Hemlaya Hbous Jal el Dib Jdeideh Jouar Jouret el Ballout Kaakour Kfarakab Kfartay Khenchara Majdel Tarchich Majzoub Mansourieh Mar Chaaya Mar Michael Bnabil Mar Moussa Mar Roukouz Marjaba Mazraat Yachouh Mchikha Mezher Mhaydseh Mkalles Mrouj Mtaileb Mtein Mzekkeh Nabay Naccache Ouyoun Qonaytrah Qonnabat Broummana Qornet Shehwan Rabieh Roumieh Sakiyat al Mesek Sed el Bauchrieh Sin el Fil Sfaileh Wata el Mrouj Zalka Zarooun Zakrit Zouk al Khrab Notable landmarks Mount Sannine Notable sites Aqueduct of Zubaida Deir el Qalaa Saint Elias Monastery vte Baabda District, Mount Lebanon GovernorateCapital: BaabdaTowns and villages Abadiyeh Ain El Remmaneh Btekhnay Bzebdine Chbaniyeh Chiyah Falougha-Khalouat Ghobeiry Hammana Haret Hreik Hazmiyeh Jouar el-Haouz Kfar Silwan Kfarshima Qarnayel Ras el-Matn Salima Yarze vte Aley District, Mount Lebanon GovernorateCapital: AleyTowns and villages Aaytat Ain Aanoub Ainab Ain Drafil al-Azzounieh Abey Aghmeed Ain Dara Ain Ksour Aley Aramoun Baawerta Baissour Basateen Bdadoun Bechamoun Bhamdoun Binnay Bmakine Bmahray Bsous Charoun Chartoun Choueifat Houmal Kahale Kaifun al-Nreijat Nabaa Al Safa Qmatiye Ramlieh Rechmaya Sawfar Shemlan Souk El Gharb Silfaya vte Chouf District, Mount Lebanon GovernorateCapital: BeitedineTowns and villages Ain Qani Ain W Zain Ain Zhalta Ainbal Ammatour Baadarâne Baakleen Bakaata Barja Barouk Batloun Beitedine Beykoun El Bireh Bourjein et Marjiyat Boutmeh Brih Bsaba Dahr El Maghara Damour Daraya Deir el Qamar Dibbiyeh El Foûâra Haret Jandal Gharife Jahlieh Jdaideh Jieh Joun Kahlouniye Kfarfakoud Kfar Nabrakh Mazraat el-Chouf Mazraat el Daher Maasser Moukhtara Mtolleh Na'ameh Niha Rmeileh Serjbel Shheem Symkanieh Zaarourieh Notable landmarks Beiteddine Palace Fakhredine Palace Deir el Qamar Synagogue Fakhredine Mosque Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve This Lebanon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"urban agglomeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomeration"},{"link_name":"city of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Beirut Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Damour River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour_River"},{"link_name":"Chouf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouf_District"},{"link_name":"Nahr al-Kalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahr_al-Kalb"},{"link_name":"Keserwan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keserwan_District"},{"link_name":"Aley District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley"},{"link_name":"Baabda District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabda"},{"link_name":"Metn District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metn"},{"link_name":"Baabda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabda"},{"link_name":"Aley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley"},{"link_name":"Choueifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choueifat"},{"link_name":"Hazmieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazmieh"},{"link_name":"Sin el-Fil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_el-Fil"},{"link_name":"Jdeideh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jdeideh"},{"link_name":"Bchamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bchamoun"},{"link_name":"Dekwaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekwaneh"},{"link_name":"conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the city of Beirut, the core city of Greater Beirut.Place in List of settlements, LebanonGreater Beirut (Arabic: بيروت الكبرى) is the urban agglomeration comprising the city of Beirut (Beirut Governorate) and the adjacent municipalities over the Mount Lebanon Governorate. It does not constitute a single administrative unit. Greater Beirut geographically stretches south to the Damour River in the Chouf District until it reaches the \"Nahr al-Kalb\" river in the Keserwan District in the north. It also comprises many towns and cities in the mountains in the Aley District, Baabda District and Metn District Districts, most notably being the cities of Baabda, Aley, Choueifat, Hazmieh, Sin el-Fil, Jdeideh, Bchamoun and Dekwaneh. The conurbation spreads south, east, and north of Beirut city. To the west, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea serves as a natural boundary.","title":"Greater Beirut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Druze"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Maronites and other Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Church_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians"},{"link_name":"Dahieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahieh"},{"link_name":"Shia Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims"}],"text":"Greater Beirut is equally split between Christians and Muslims:West Beirut is predominantly inhabited by Sunni(70%) and a minority of Shia Muslims, with small but substantial numbers of Christians and Druze.\nEast and North Beirut is predominantly Christian, of which 65% are Maronites and other Catholics and 35% are Orthodox.\nSouth Beirut Suburbs also known as Dahieh, is predominantly Shia Muslim (85%) with small co-existing minorities of Sunnis and Christians.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ain Aanoub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Aanoub"},{"link_name":"Ain Saadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Saadeh"},{"link_name":"Aley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aley"},{"link_name":"Antelias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelias"},{"link_name":"Aramoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramoun,_Keserwan"},{"link_name":"Baabda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabda"},{"link_name":"Basateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basateen,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Bdadoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdadoun"},{"link_name":"Bechamoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechamoun"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Beit Chabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Chabab"},{"link_name":"Beit Mery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Mery"},{"link_name":"Bourj Hammoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud"},{"link_name":"Bourj el-Barajneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourj_el-Barajneh"},{"link_name":"Bqennaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bqennaya"},{"link_name":"Bsalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsalim"},{"link_name":"Choueifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choueifat"},{"link_name":"Chemlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemlane"},{"link_name":"Chiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyah"},{"link_name":"Damour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour"},{"link_name":"Dahieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahieh"},{"link_name":"Dbayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dbayeh"},{"link_name":"Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Dekwaneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekwaneh"},{"link_name":"Hazmieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazmieh"},{"link_name":"Jal el Dib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal_el_Dib"},{"link_name":"Jdeideh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jdeideh"},{"link_name":"Kfarshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfarshima"},{"link_name":"Mansourieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Mkalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkalles"},{"link_name":"Mtaileb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtaileb"},{"link_name":"Na'ameh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27ameh"},{"link_name":"Naccache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naccache"},{"link_name":"Qornet Shehwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qornet_Shehwan"},{"link_name":"Rabieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieh"},{"link_name":"Roumieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumieh"},{"link_name":"Yarze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarze"},{"link_name":"Zakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakrit"},{"link_name":"Zalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalka"}],"text":"Ain Aanoub\nAin Saadeh\nAley\nAntelias\nAramoun\nBaabda\nBasateen\nBdadoun\nBechamoun\nBeirut\nBeit Chabab\nBeit Mery\nBourj Hammoud\nBourj el-Barajneh\nBqennaya\nBsalim\nChoueifat\nChemlane\nChiyah\nDamour\nDahieh\nDbayeh\nDora\nDekwaneh\nHadath\nHazmieh\nJal el Dib\nJdeideh\nKhaldeh\nKfarshima\nMansourieh\nMkalles\nMtaileb\nNa'ameh\nNaccache\nQornet Shehwan\nRabieh\nRoumieh\nYarze\nZakrit\nZalka","title":"List of settlements"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip

List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip

["1 Key recruits","2 See also","3 Further reading","4 References"]

A group of 104 rocket scientists at Fort Bliss, Texas Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former members and some were former leaders of the Nazi Party. Key recruits Aeronautics and rocketry Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group. Hans Amtmann Herbert Axster Erich Ball Oscar Bauschinger Hermann Beduerftig Rudi Beichel Anton Beier Herbert Bergeler Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development Magnus von Braun Wernher von Braun Ernst Czerlinsky Theodor Buchhold  Walter Burose Adolf Busemann GN Constan Werner Dahm Konrad Dannenberg Kurt H. Debus Gerd De Beek Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme Gerhard Drawe Friedrich Duerr Ernst R. G. Eckert Rudolph Edse  Otto Eisenhardt Krafft Arnold Ehricke Alfred Finzel Edward Fischel Karl Fleischer Anton Flettner Anselm Franz Herbert Fuhrmann Ernst Geissler Werner Gengelbach Dieter Grau Hans Gruene Herbert Guendel Fritz Haber Heinz Haber Karl Hager Guenther Haukohl Walter Häussermann Karl Heimburg Emil Hellebrand Gerhard B. Heller Bruno Helm Rudolf Hermann Bruno Heusinger Hans Hueter Guenther Hintze Sighard F. Hoerner Kurt Hohenemser Oscar Holderer Helmut Horn Hans Henning Hosenthien , Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center Dieter Huzel Walter Jacobi Erich Kaschig Ernst Klauss Theodore Knacke Siegfried Knemeyer Heinz-Hermann Koelle Gustav Kroll Willi Kuberg Werner Kuers Hermann Kurzweg Hermann Lange Hans Lindenberg Hans Lindenmayer Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer Robert Lusser Hans Maus Helmut Merk Joseph Michel Hans Milde Heinz Millinger Rudolf Minning William Mrazek Erich W. Neubert Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines) Robert Paetz Hans Palaoro Kurt Patt Hans Paul Fritz Pauli Arnold Peter Helmuth Pfaff Theodor Poppel Werner Rosinski Ludwig Roth Heinrich Rothe Friedrich von Saurma  Martin Schilling Helmut Schlitt Albert Schuler Walter Schwidetzky Ernst Steinhoff Wolfgang Steurer Heinrich Struck Ernst Stuhlinger Bernhard Tessmann Adolf Thiel Georg von Tiesenhausen Werner Tiller JG Tschinkel Arthur Urbanski Fritz Vandersee Richard Vogt Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101 Werner Voss Theodor Vowe Herbert A. Wagner Hermann Rudolf Wagner Hermann Weidner Walter Fritz Wiesemann Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Architecture Heinz Hilten Hannes Luehrsen Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites Wilhelm Angele  Ernst Baars  Josef Boehm Hans Fichtner Hans Friedrich Eduard Gerber Georg Goubau  Walter Haeussermann Otto Heinrich Hirschler  Otto Hoberg Rudolf Hoelker Hans Hollmann Helmut Hölzer Helmut Horn Wilhelm Jungert Horst Kedesdy Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger Heinz-Hermann Koelle Max Kramer Hubert E. Kroh Hermann H. Kurzweg Kurt Lehovec Kurt Lindner Alexander Martin Lippisch JW Muehlner Fritz Mueller William Mrazek Hans R. Palaoro Johannes Plendl Fritz Karl Preikschat Eberhard Rees Gerhard Reisig Georg Rickhey Werner Rosinski Ludwig Roth Arthur Rudolph Walter Schwidetzky Harry Ruppe Friedrich von Saurma William August Schulze Heinz Schlicke Werner Sieber Othmar Stuetzer Albin Wittmann Hugo Woerdemann Albert Zeiler Hans K. Ziegler Helmut Zoike Material Science (high temperature) Klaus Scheufelen Rudolf Schlidt Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine Theodor Benzinger  Kurt Blome Rudolf Brill Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner Paul Anton Cibis Fritz Laves Richard Lindenberg Ulrich Cameron Luft  Walter Schreiber Hubertus Strughold Hans Georg Clamann Erich Traub Physics Gunter Guttein Willibald Jentschke Gerhard Schwesinger Gottfried Wehner Helmut Weickmann Friedwardt Winterberg Chemistry and Chemical engineering Helmut Pichler Leonard Alberts Ernst Donath Josef Guymer Hans Schappert Max Josenhaus Kurt Bretschneider Erich Frese See also Allied plans for German industry after World War II German influence on the Soviet space program Operation Osoaviakhim, USSR operation on German specialists List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim Further reading Lundquist, Charles A. (March 2015). Transplanted Rocket Pioneers (PDF). University of Alabama - Huntsville. ISBN 978-0-9861343-0-2. Retrieved 22 December 2023. References ^ Jacobsen, Annie (2014). Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. Prologue, ix. ISBN 978-0-316-22105-4. ^ "Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved October 9, 2008. ^ a b Pearce, Jeremy (February 23, 2009). "Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies". The New York Times. ^ Amtmann, Hans (May 1, 1988). The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account. ^ "Ball, Erich". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Bauschinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Beduerftig". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Beichel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. ^ "Beier". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Bergeler". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ Rickey, Lisa. "Papers of Rudi Berndt, WPAFB Engineer via Operation Paperclip, Now Open for Research". blogs.libraries.wright.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ "Burose". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Constan". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Dahm". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30. ^ "De Beek". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Drawe". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Duerr". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Edse". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. ^ "Eisenhardt". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Finzel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Fischel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Fleischer". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Fuhrmann". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Werner K. Gengelbach". National Air and Space Museum. January 16, 2016. ^ "Gruene, Hans". Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Guendel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ Burkhart, Ford (August 29, 1998). "Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space". The New York Times. ^ "Hager". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Haukohl". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Heimburg". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Emil Hellebrand Dead; Rocket Expert Was 67". The New York Times. December 19, 1981. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2021. ^ "Heller, Gerhard Bernhard". Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Helm, Bruno". Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Hermann, Rudolf". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Heusinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ Adan, Drew (2020). "Bruno Heusinger Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved April 5, 2021. ^ "Hueter". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Hintze". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Horn". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Hosenthien". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ "Huzel". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Kaschig". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ Adan, Drew (April 13, 2018). "Ernst Karl Klauss Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved March 15, 2021. ^ "Theodore W. Knacke, USA". National Air and Space Museum. January 16, 2016. ^ "Kroll". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ Sullivan, Megan (2020). "Willi Karl Kuberg Collection". UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved April 5, 2021. ^ "Kuers". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ Darling, David. "Kurzweg, Hermann H. (1908–2000)". www.daviddarling.info. ^ "Lange". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Lindenberg". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Lindenmayer". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Maus". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Merk". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Michel, Josef". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Milde". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Millinger". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Minning". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Mrazek". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Neubert". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Paetz". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. ^ "Palaoro". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. ^ "Patt". www.astronautix.com. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Paperclip_Team_at_Fort_Bliss.jpg"},{"link_name":"rocket scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Operation Paperclip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"the end of World War II in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Objectives_Agency"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Counterintelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archives.gov-2"}],"text":"A group of 104 rocket scientists at Fort Bliss, TexasOperation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former members and some were former leaders of the Nazi Party.[1][2]","title":"List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"rocketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"V-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"Peenemünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt3-3"},{"link_name":"Hans Amtmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Amtmann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herbert Axster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Axster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Magnus von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Ernst Czerlinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Czerlinsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor Buchhold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Buchhold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Buchhold"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adolf Busemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Busemann"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Werner Dahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dahm"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Konrad Dannenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Dannenberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt3-3"},{"link_name":"Kurt H. 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Preikschat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Karl_Preikschat"},{"link_name":"Eberhard Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Rees"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Reisig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Reisig"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Georg Rickhey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Rickhey"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Roth"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"William August Schulze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_August_Schulze"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Heinz Schlicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Schlicke"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Hans K. Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_K._Ziegler"},{"link_name":"Material Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Science"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"biological weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapons"},{"link_name":"chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons"},{"link_name":"space medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_medicine"},{"link_name":"Theodor Benzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Benzinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Benzinger"},{"link_name":"Kurt Blome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Blome"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Brill"},{"link_name":"Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Johannes_Karl_B%C3%BCttner"},{"link_name":"Paul Anton Cibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anton_Cibis"},{"link_name":"Fritz Laves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Laves"},{"link_name":"Richard Lindenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindenberg"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Cameron Luft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Cameron_Luft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Cameron_Luft"},{"link_name":"Walter Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Hubertus Strughold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_Strughold"},{"link_name":"Hans Georg Clamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Clamann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erich Traub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Traub"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Willibald Jentschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Jentschke"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Friedwardt Winterberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedwardt_Winterberg"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Operation_Paperclip_:_the_secret_in-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Operation_Paperclip_:_the_secret_in-121"}],"text":"Aeronautics and rocketryMany engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.[3]Hans Amtmann[4]\nHerbert Axster\nErich Ball[5]\nOscar Bauschinger[6]\nHermann Beduerftig[7]\nRudi Beichel[8]\nAnton Beier[9]\nHerbert Bergeler[10]\nRudi Berndt, expert in parachute development[11]\nMagnus von Braun\nWernher von Braun\nErnst Czerlinsky\nTheodor Buchhold [de]\nWalter Burose[12]\nAdolf Busemann\nGN Constan[13]\nWerner Dahm[14]\nKonrad Dannenberg[3]\nKurt H. Debus\nGerd De Beek[15]\nWalter Dornberger – head of rocket programme\nGerhard Drawe[16]\nFriedrich Duerr[17]\nErnst R. G. Eckert\nRudolph Edse [de][18]\nOtto Eisenhardt[19]\nKrafft Arnold Ehricke\nAlfred Finzel[20]\nEdward Fischel[21]\nKarl Fleischer[22]\nAnton Flettner\nAnselm Franz\nHerbert Fuhrmann[23]\nErnst Geissler\nWerner Gengelbach[24]\nDieter Grau\nHans Gruene[25]\nHerbert Guendel[26]\nFritz Haber[27]\nHeinz Haber\nKarl Hager[28]\nGuenther Haukohl[29]\nWalter Häussermann\nKarl Heimburg[30]\nEmil Hellebrand[31]\nGerhard B. Heller[32]\nBruno Helm[33]\nRudolf Hermann[34]\nBruno Heusinger[35][36]\nHans Hueter[37]\nGuenther Hintze[38]\nSighard F. Hoerner\nKurt Hohenemser\nOscar Holderer\nHelmut Horn[39]\nHans Henning Hosenthien [de], Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center[40]\nDieter Huzel[41]\nWalter Jacobi\nErich Kaschig[42]\nErnst Klauss[43]\nTheodore Knacke[44]\nSiegfried Knemeyer\nHeinz-Hermann Koelle\nGustav Kroll[45]\nWilli Kuberg[46]\nWerner Kuers[47]\nHermann Kurzweg[48]\nHermann Lange[49]\nHans Lindenberg[50]\nHans Lindenmayer[51]\nAlexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer\nRobert Lusser\nHans Maus[52]\nHelmut Merk[53]\nJoseph Michel[54]\nHans Milde[55]\nHeinz Millinger[56]\nRudolf Minning[57]\nWilliam Mrazek[58]\nErich W. Neubert[59]\nHans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines)\nRobert Paetz[60]\nHans Palaoro[61]\nKurt Patt[62]\nHans Paul[63]\nFritz Pauli[64]\nArnold Peter[65]\nHelmuth Pfaff[66]\nTheodor Poppel[67][68]\nWerner Rosinski[69]\nLudwig Roth[70]\nHeinrich Rothe[71]\nFriedrich von Saurma [de]\nMartin Schilling[72]\nHelmut Schlitt[73]\nAlbert Schuler[74]\nWalter Schwidetzky[75]\nErnst Steinhoff\nWolfgang Steurer[76]\nHeinrich Struck\nErnst Stuhlinger[77]\nBernhard Tessmann\nAdolf Thiel\nGeorg von Tiesenhausen\nWerner Tiller[78]\nJG Tschinkel[79]\nArthur Urbanski[80]\nFritz Vandersee[81]\nRichard Vogt\nWoldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101\nWerner Voss[82]\nTheodor Vowe[83]\nHerbert A. Wagner\nHermann Rudolf Wagner[84]\nHermann Weidner[85]\nWalter Fritz Wiesemann[86]\nPhilipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel[87]Architecture\nHeinz Hilten[88]\nHannes Luehrsen[89]Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellitesWilhelm Angele [de][90]\nErnst Baars [de]\nJosef Boehm[91]\nHans Fichtner\nHans Friedrich[92]\nEduard Gerber[93]\nGeorg Goubau [de]\nWalter Haeussermann\nOtto Heinrich Hirschler [de][94][95]\nOtto Hoberg[96]\nRudolf Hoelker[97]\nHans Hollmann\nHelmut Hölzer\nHelmut Horn\nWilhelm Jungert[98]\nHorst Kedesdy[99]\nGeorg (\"George\") Emil Knausenberger\nHeinz-Hermann Koelle\nMax Kramer\nHubert E. Kroh[100]\nHermann H. Kurzweg [101]\nKurt Lehovec\nKurt Lindner[102]\nAlexander Martin Lippisch\nJW Muehlner[103]\nFritz Mueller[104]\nWilliam Mrazek\nHans R. Palaoro\nJohannes Plendl\nFritz Karl Preikschat\nEberhard Rees\nGerhard Reisig[105]\nGeorg Rickhey[106]\nWerner Rosinski [107]\nLudwig Roth\nArthur Rudolph\nWalter Schwidetzky[108]\nHarry Ruppe[109]\nFriedrich von Saurma\nWilliam August Schulze[110]\nHeinz Schlicke\nWerner Sieber[111]\nOthmar Stuetzer[112]\nAlbin Wittmann[113]\nHugo Woerdemann[114]\nAlbert Zeiler[115]\nHans K. Ziegler\nHelmut ZoikeMaterial Science (high temperature)\nKlaus Scheufelen[116]\nRudolf Schlidt[117]Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicineTheodor Benzinger [de]\nKurt Blome[118]\nRudolf Brill\nKonrad Johannes Karl Büttner\nPaul Anton Cibis\nFritz Laves\nRichard Lindenberg\nUlrich Cameron Luft [de]\nWalter Schreiber\nHubertus Strughold\nHans Georg Clamann\nErich TraubPhysicsGunter Guttein\nWillibald Jentschke\nGerhard Schwesinger[119]\nGottfried Wehner\nHelmut Weickmann[120]\nFriedwardt WinterbergChemistry and Chemical engineeringHelmut Pichler\nLeonard Alberts\nErnst Donath\nJosef Guymer[121]\nHans Schappert\nMax Josenhaus\nKurt Bretschneider[121]\nErich Frese","title":"Key recruits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transplanted Rocket Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/23/56/web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9861343-0-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9861343-0-2"}],"text":"Lundquist, Charles A. (March 2015). Transplanted Rocket Pioneers (PDF). University of Alabama - Huntsville. ISBN 978-0-9861343-0-2. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A group of 104 rocket scientists at Fort Bliss, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Project_Paperclip_Team_at_Fort_Bliss.jpg/440px-Project_Paperclip_Team_at_Fort_Bliss.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Allied plans for German industry after World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II"},{"title":"German influence on the Soviet space program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_influence_on_the_Soviet_space_program"},{"title":"Operation Osoaviakhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim"},{"title":"List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim"}]

[{"reference":"Lundquist, Charles A. (March 2015). Transplanted Rocket Pioneers (PDF). University of Alabama - Huntsville. ISBN 978-0-9861343-0-2. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/23/56/web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers.pdf","url_text":"Transplanted Rocket Pioneers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9861343-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9861343-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Jacobsen, Annie (2014). Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. Prologue, ix. ISBN 978-0-316-22105-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22105-4","url_text":"978-0-316-22105-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency\". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved October 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-330-defense-secretary/","url_text":"\"Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Jeremy (February 23, 2009). \"Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/us/23dannenberg.html","url_text":"\"Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Amtmann, Hans (May 1, 1988). The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Amtmann","url_text":"Amtmann, Hans"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Hans-H.-Amtmann/e/B001KMFDZ4","url_text":"The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account"}]},{"reference":"\"Ball, Erich\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227231622/http://astronautix.com/b/ballerich.html","url_text":"\"Ball, Erich\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/b/ballerich.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauschinger\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202444/http://astronautix.com/b/bauschinger.html","url_text":"\"Bauschinger\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/b/bauschinger.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beduerftig\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161227205654/http://astronautix.com/b/beduerftig.html","url_text":"\"Beduerftig\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/b/beduerftig.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beichel\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160823170200/http://www.astronautix.com/b/beichel.html","url_text":"\"Beichel\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/b/beichel.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beier\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023616/http://astronautix.com/b/beier.html","url_text":"\"Beier\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/b/beier.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bergeler\". www.astronautix.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluchea_indica

Pluchea indica

["1 Description","2 Uses","3 Habitat","4 References","5 External links"]

Species of plant Pluchea indica Naturalized in Maui Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Pluchea Species: P. indica Binomial name Pluchea indica(L.) Less. Synonyms Baccharis indica L. (basionym) Pluchea indica is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. Its common names include Indian camphorweed, Indian fleabane, and Indian pluchea. It is native to parts of Asia and Australia, and it is widespread in the Pacific Islands as an introduced and often invasive species. The species hybridizes with Pluchea carolinensis when the two plants grow together, yielding a hybrid that has been named Pluchea × fosbergii. Description This species is a branching shrub up to 2 meters tall. The toothed oval leaf blades are papery but not thin, and often have a fine coating of hairs. The flower heads grow in dense clusters in the leaf axils and at the branch tips. The pinkish purple florets have long, protruding styles. Florets along the edges of the head produce fruits. The fruit body is a millimeter in length with a white pappus about 5 millimeters long. The seeds are dispersed on the wind. Uses The plant contains the compounds β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, which have antidiabetic properties. The β-sitosterol isolated from the root extract can also neutralize the venom of Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) and the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia). Habitat The plant often grows in wet saline coastal habitat, such as brackish marshes and mangroves. Though it is not very competitive with other flora, it can easily colonize coastal habitat and impact native and cultivated plants. It alters waterbird habitat. It is considered invasive in New Caledonia, where it was introduced in 1967. References ^ a b c d e f g Pluchea indica. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). ^ "Pluchea indica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 January 2018. ^ a b Pluchea indica. Flora of China. ^ Gupta, R.; et al. (2011). "Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia". Journal of Diabetes. 3 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00107.x. PMID 21143769. ^ Gomes, A.; et al. (2007). "Viper and cobra venom neutralization by b-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae)". Phytomedicine. 14 (9): 637–43. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.020. PMID 17293096. ^ Hequet, Vanessa (2009). Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie (PDF) (in French). pp. 17, 46. External links Media related to Pluchea indica at Wikimedia Commons Pluchea indica (L.) Less. USDA PLANTS Taxon identifiersPluchea indica Wikidata: Q4217123 Wikispecies: Pluchea indica APDB: 239001 APNI: 86087 CoL: 4KHYH EoL: 579035 EPPO: PLUIN FoAO2: Pluchea indica FoC: 200024357 GBIF: 3132728 GISD: 1303 GRIN: 447624 iNaturalist: 167069 IPNI: 238839-1 IRMNG: 10200181 ISC: 116400 ITIS: 36072 NatureServe: 2.152496 NCBI: 175518 NTFlora: 642 Observation.org: 307120 Open Tree of Life: 446140 Plant List: gcc-34323 PLANTS: PLIN4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238839-1 Tropicos: 2701150 WFO: wfo-0000077706 WoRMS: 1091060 Baccharis indica Wikidata: Q21871976 APNI: 209000 CoL: 67Z3K GBIF: 3132730 GRIN: 447625 IPNI: 183377-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:183377-1 Tropicos: 50055375 WFO: wfo-0000064882 WoRMS: 1172428

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands

List of years in the Northern Mariana Islands

["1 20th century","2 21st century","3 See also","4 References"]

This is a list of the individual Northern Mariana Islands year pages. On November 4, 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands came under United States sovereignty. 20th century 1980s 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 21st century 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also History of the Northern Mariana Islands List of years in the United States References ^ Bendure, G. & Friary, N. (1988). Micronesia:A travel survival kit. South Yarra, VIC: Lonely Planet. ^ "Proclamation 5564—United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved September 1, 2019. vteYears in OceaniaSovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated statesof New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependenciesand other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna vteYears in the United States18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 By U.S. state/territoryStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington D.C. Washington, D.C. Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of years in the Northern Mariana Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1980s\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1986\n1987\n1988\n19891990s\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999","title":"20th 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century"}]

[]

[{"title":"History of the Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"title":"List of years in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/micronesiatravel00bend/","external_links_name":"Micronesia:A travel survival kit"},{"Link":"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-5564-united-states-relations-with-the-northern-mariana-islands-micronesia-and","external_links_name":"\"Proclamation 5564—United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Cushman

Karen Cushman

["1 Career","2 Books","3 Other media","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]

American writer Karen CushmanCushman at the 2016 Texas Book FestivalBorn (1941-10-04) October 4, 1941 (age 82)Chicago, Illinois, USOccupationWriterNationalityAmericanAlma materStanford UniversityGenreYoung adult historical novelsNotable works Catherine, Called Birdy The Midwife's Apprentice Notable awardsNewbery Medal 1996 Karen Cushman (born October 4, 1941) is an American writer of historical fiction. Career Cushman's 1995 novel The Midwife's Apprentice won the Newbery Medal for children's literature, and her 1994 novel Catherine, Called Birdy won a Newbery Honor. She has a bachelor of arts degree in Greek and English from Stanford University and master's degrees in human behavior and museum studies. For eleven years, she was adjunct professor in the Museum Studies Department at John F. Kennedy University before resigning in 1996 to write full-time. She lives and writes on Vashon Island, Washington. Books Catherine, Called Birdy (1994) The Midwife's Apprentice (1995) The Ballad of Lucy Whipple (1998) Matilda Bone (2000) Rodzina (2004) The Loud Silence of Francine Green (2006) Alchemy and Meggy Swann (2010) Will Sparrow's Road (2012) Grayling's Song (2016) War and Millie McGonigle (2021) Other media The Ballad of Lucy Whipple was made into a TV film, broadcast in 2001. Catherine Called Birdy was made into a film in 2022, see Catherine Called Birdy (film). Awards 1995 Newbery Honor for Catherine, Called Birdy 1995 Golden Kite Award for Catherine, Called Birdy 1996 Newbery Medal for The Midwife's Apprentice 1997 John and Patricia Beatty Award for The Ballad of Lucy Whipple, given by the California Library Association. 2004 Washington State Book Award for Rodzina 2007 Kerlan Award at the University of Minnesota's Children's Literature Research Collection for her contributions to the Kerlan Collection. References ^ "Karen Cushman Papers". Arne Nixon Center. Retrieved 2008-12-13. ^ "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922-Present". American Library Association. Retrieved 2008-12-13. ^ Bowlan, Cheryl. "Karen Cushman". ACHUKA. Retrieved 2008-12-13. ^ Reimer, Julie. "Karen Cushman". Children's Literature Network. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2012-05-29. ^ Author's biography, inside rear cover, "The Midwife's Apprentice" 2nd edition, ISBN 978-0-547-72217-7 ^ Oxman, Steven (15 February 2001). "The Ballad of Lucy Whipple". Variety. Variety Media. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ a b ALA. Newbery Medal & Honor Books, 1922-Present. Retrieved 2008-12-19. ^ SCBWI. Past Golden Kite Recipients. Retrieved 2015-06-16. ^ The California Library Association. . Retrieved 12-05-29. ^ CLN. "Karen Cushman". Archived from the original on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2012-05-29.. Retrieved 12-04-04. External links Children's literature portal Karen Cushman at Library of Congress, with 12 library catalog records vteWorks by Karen CushmanBooks Catherine, Called Birdy (1994) The Midwife's Apprentice (1995) Adaptations Catherine Called Birdy Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_people"}],"text":"Karen Cushman (born October 4, 1941)[1] is an American writer of historical fiction.","title":"Karen Cushman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Midwife's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midwife%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"Newbery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Called Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Called_Birdy"},{"link_name":"Newbery Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Honor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vashon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashon_Island,_WA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mid2-5"}],"text":"Cushman's 1995 novel The Midwife's Apprentice won the Newbery Medal for children's literature, and her 1994 novel Catherine, Called Birdy won a Newbery Honor.[2] She has a bachelor of arts degree in Greek and English from Stanford University and master's degrees in human behavior and museum studies. [3] For eleven years, she was adjunct professor in the Museum Studies Department at John F. Kennedy University before resigning in 1996 to write full-time.[4] She lives and writes on Vashon Island, Washington.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine, Called Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Called_Birdy"},{"link_name":"The Midwife's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midwife%27s_Apprentice"}],"text":"Catherine, Called Birdy (1994)\nThe Midwife's Apprentice (1995)\nThe Ballad of Lucy Whipple (1998)\nMatilda Bone (2000)\nRodzina (2004)\nThe Loud Silence of Francine Green (2006)\nAlchemy and Meggy Swann (2010)\nWill Sparrow's Road (2012)\nGrayling's Song (2016)\nWar and Millie McGonigle (2021)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxman-6"},{"link_name":"Catherine Called Birdy (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Called_Birdy_(film)"}],"text":"The Ballad of Lucy Whipple was made into a TV film, broadcast in 2001.[6]\nCatherine Called Birdy was made into a film in 2022, see Catherine Called Birdy (film).","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newbery Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Honor"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Called Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Called_Birdy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ala.org-7"},{"link_name":"Golden Kite Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Kite_Award"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Called Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Called_Birdy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Newbery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"The Midwife's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midwife%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ala.org-7"},{"link_name":"John and Patricia Beatty Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Patricia_Beatty_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Washington State Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Kerlan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerlan_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"1995 Newbery Honor for Catherine, Called Birdy[7]\n1995 Golden Kite Award for Catherine, Called Birdy[8]\n1996 Newbery Medal for The Midwife's Apprentice[7]\n1997 John and Patricia Beatty Award for The Ballad of Lucy Whipple, given by the California Library Association.[9]\n2004 Washington State Book Award for Rodzina\n2007 Kerlan Award at the University of Minnesota's Children's Literature Research Collection for her contributions to the Kerlan Collection.[10]","title":"Awards"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs

United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs

["1 Past and current chairs","2 Members, 118th Congress","3 Subcommittees","4 Past committee rosters","4.1 117th Congress","4.2 116th Congress","4.3 115th Congress","4.4 114th Congress","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Standing committee of the United States House of Representatives House Veterans' Affairs CommitteeStanding committeeActiveUnited States House of Representatives118th CongressHistoryFormedJanuary 3, 1947LeadershipChairMike Bost (R) Since January 3, 2023Ranking memberMark Takano (D) Since January 3, 2023StructureSeats26Political partiesMajority (15)   Republican (15) Minority (11)   Democratic (11) JurisdictionOversight authorityDepartment of Veterans AffairsSenate counterpartSenate Veterans' Affairs CommitteeWebsiteveterans.house.gov This article is part of a series on theUnited States Houseof RepresentativesGreat Seal of the United States House of Representatives History of the House Members Current members (by senioritynon-votingwomen) Former members Hill committees (DCCCNRCC) Speaker of the House (list of speakerslist of elections) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Congressional districts Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method) RedistrictingGerrymandering General ticketPlural district Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session (list)Saxbe fix Committees (list)Procedures Origination ClauseQuorum call Unanimous consentSalaries Articles of impeachment Self-executing ruleRules suspension Places United States Capitol House office buildings (CannonFordLongworthO'NeillRayburn) United States portalvte The standing Committee on Veterans' Affairs in the United States House of Representatives oversees agencies, reviews current legislation, and recommends new bills or amendments concerning U.S. military veterans. Jurisdiction includes retiring and disability pensions, life insurance, education (including the G.I. Bill), vocational training, medical care, and home loan guarantees. The committee oversees the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), veterans' hospitals, and veterans' cemeteries, except cemeteries under the Secretary of the Interior. The Veterans' Affairs Committee does not have legislative jurisdiction over the following issues: Tax status of veterans benefits and contributions to Veterans Service Organizations (Committee on Ways and Means); Military retiree issues, including COLA's and disability pay (Committee on Armed Services); CHAMPUS and Tri-Care (Committee on Armed Services); Survivor Benefit Program (Committee on Armed Services); Veterans Preference in Federal civil service hiring practice (Committee on Government Reform and Oversight); Congressional charters for veterans service organizations (Committee on Judiciary); Immigration issues relating to veterans (Committee on Judiciary); and Issues dealing with Prisoners of War (POWs) and service members missing in action (MIAs) (Committee on Armed Services) The committee was created by Section 121(a) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (Public Law 79-601), which authorized a standing committee of 27 members. Past and current chairs 1947–1949: Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) 1949–1953: John Elliott Rankin (D-MS) 1953–1955: Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) 1955–1973: Olin E. Teague (D-TX) 1973–1975: William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D-SC) 1975–1981: Herbert Ray Roberts (D-TX) 1981–1995: Gillespie V. Montgomery (D-MS) 1995–2001: Bob Stump (R-AZ) 2001–2005: Chris Smith (R-NJ) 2005–2007: Steve Buyer (R-IN) 2007–2011: Bob Filner (D-CA) 2011–2017: Jeff Miller (R-FL) 2017–2019: Phil Roe (R-TN) 2019–2023: Mark Takano (D-CA) 2023–present: Mike Bost (R-IL) Members, 118th Congress Majority Minority Mike Bost, Illinois, Chair Amata Coleman Radewagen, American Samoa Jack Bergman, Michigan Nancy Mace, South Carolina Matt Rosendale, Montana Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Iowa Greg Murphy, North Carolina Scott Franklin, Florida Derrick Van Orden, Wisconsin Morgan Luttrell, Texas Juan Ciscomani, Arizona Eli Crane, Arizona Keith Self, Texas Jen Kiggans, Virginia Mark Takano, California, Ranking Member Julia Brownley, California Mike Levin, California Chris Pappas, New Hampshire Frank J. Mrvan, Indiana Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, Florida Chris Deluzio, Pennsylvania, Vice Ranking Member Morgan McGarvey, Kentucky Delia Ramirez, Illinois Greg Landsman, Ohio Nikki Budzinski, Illinois Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 79 (D), H.Res. 80 (R) Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs Morgan Luttrell (R-TX) Chris Pappas (D-NH) Economic Opportunity Derrick Van Orden (R-WI) Mike Levin (D-CA) Health Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA) Julia Brownley (D-CA) Oversight and Investigations Jen Kiggans (R-VA) Frank J. Mrvan (D-IN) Technology Modernization Matt Rosendale (R-MT) Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (D-FL) Past committee rosters 117th Congress Majority Minority Mark Takano, California, Chair Julia Brownley, California Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania Mike Levin, California, Vice Chair Chris Pappas, New Hampshire Elaine Luria, Virginia Frank J. Mrvan, Indiana Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, Florida (since February 2, 2022) Gregorio Sablan, Northern Mariana Islands Lauren Underwood, Illinois Colin Allred, Texas Lois Frankel, Florida Anthony Brown, Maryland Elissa Slotkin, Michigan David Trone, Maryland Raul Ruiz, California Ruben Gallego, Arizona Mike Bost, Illinois, Ranking Member Amata Coleman Radewagen, American Samoa Jack Bergman, Michigan Jim Banks, Indiana Chip Roy, Texas Greg Murphy, North Carolina Tracey Mann, Kansas Barry Moore, Alabama Nancy Mace, South Carolina Madison Cawthorn, North Carolina Troy Nehls, Texas Matt Rosendale, Montana Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Iowa Jake Ellzey, Texas (since August 24, 2021) Connie Conway, California Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 92 (D), H.Res. 111 (D), H.Res. 602 (R), H.Res. 902 (D), H.Res. 1197 (R) According to committee members' official online biographies, ten (Banks, Bergman, Brown, Ellzey, Gallego, Lamb, Luria, Miller-Meeks, Nehls and Sablan) of the thirty-one members are veterans. Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs Elaine Luria (D-VA) Troy Nehls (R-TX) Economic Opportunity Mike Levin (D-CA) Barry Moore (R-AL) Health Julia Brownley (D-CA) Jack Bergman (R-MI) Oversight and Investigations Chris Pappas (D-NH) Tracey Mann (R-KS) Technology Modernization Frank J. Mrvan (D-IN) Matt Rosendale (R-MT) 116th Congress Majority Minority Mark Takano, California, Chair Julia Brownley, California Kathleen Rice, New York Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania, Vice Chair Mike Levin, California Max Rose, New York Chris Pappas, New Hampshire Elaine Luria, Virginia Susie Lee, Nevada Joe Cunningham, South Carolina Gil Cisneros, California Collin Peterson, Minnesota Gregorio Sablan, Northern Mariana Islands Colin Allred, Texas Lauren Underwood, Illinois Anthony Brindisi, New York (since November 19, 2019) Phil Roe, Tennessee, Ranking Member Gus Bilirakis, Florida Amata Coleman Radewagen, American Samoa, Vice Ranking Member Mike Bost, Illinois Neal Dunn, Florida Jack Bergman, Michigan Jim Banks, Indiana Andy Barr, Kentucky Dan Meuser, Pennsylvania Steve Watkins, Kansas Chip Roy, Texas Greg Steube, Florida Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 57 (D), H.Res. 68 (R), H.Res. 148 (D), H.Res. 712 (D) According to committee members' official online biographies, thirteen (Banks, Bergman, Bost, Cisneros, Dunn, Lamb, Luria, Peterson, Roe, Rose, Sablan, Steube, Watkins) of the twenty-eight members are veterans. Subcommittees Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs Elaine Luria (D-VA) Mike Bost (R-IL) Economic Opportunity Mike Levin (D-CA) Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) Health Julia Brownley (D-CA) Neal Dunn (R-FL) Oversight and Investigations Chris Pappas (D-NH) Jack Bergman (R-MI) Technology Modernization Susie Lee (D-NV) Jim Banks (R-IN) 115th Congress Majority Minority Phil Roe, Tennessee, Chair Gus Bilirakis, Florida, Vice Chair Mike Coffman, Colorado Brad Wenstrup, Ohio Amata Coleman Radewagen, American Samoa Mike Bost, Illinois Bruce Poliquin, Maine Neal Dunn, Florida Jodey Arrington, Texas John Rutherford, Florida Clay Higgins, Louisiana Jack Bergman, Michigan Jim Banks, Indiana Jenniffer González, Puerto Rico Tim Walz, Minnesota, Ranking Member Mark Takano, California, Vice Ranking Member Julia Brownley, California Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Beto O'Rourke, Texas Kathleen Rice, New York Lou Correa, California Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania (from April 17, 2018) Gregorio Sablan, Northern Marianas Islands Elizabeth Esty, Connecticut Scott Peters, California Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chair), H.Res. 45 (D), H.Res. 51 (R), H.Res. 52 (D), H.Res. 833 (D) According to committee members' official online biographies, eleven (Banks, Bergman, Bost, Coffman, Dunn, Higgins, Lamb, Roe, Sablan, Walz, Wenstrup) of the twenty-five members are veterans. 114th Congress Majority Minority Jeff Miller, Florida, Chairman Doug Lamborn, Colorado Gus Bilirakis, Florida, Vice Chair Phil Roe, Tennessee Dan Benishek, Michigan Tim Huelskamp, Kansas Mike Coffman, Colorado Brad Wenstrup, Ohio Jackie Walorski, Indiana Ralph Abraham, Louisiana Lee Zeldin, New York Ryan Costello, Pennsylvania Amata Coleman Radewagen, American Samoa Mike Bost, Illinois Mark Takano, California, Ranking Member Corrine Brown, Florida Julia Brownley, California Dina Titus, Nevada Raul Ruiz, California Ann McLane Kuster, New Hampshire Beto O'Rourke, Texas Kathleen Rice, New York Tim Walz, Minnesota Jerry McNerney, California Resolutions electing Republican members: H.Res. 6 (Chairs)Resolutions electing Democratic members: H.Res. 7, H.Res. 30, H.Res. 40 and H.Res. 77 See also United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs United States Department of Veterans Affairs List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ^ a b "House Committee on Veterans Affairs". veterans.house.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-07. ^ "Chairman Bost Announces 118th Congress Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee Chairs". House Committee on Veterans Affairs. January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023. ^ "Ranking Member Takano Announces Vice Ranking Member and Subcommittee Assignments and Ranking Members for the 118th Congress | The House Committee on Veterans' Affairs". democrats-veterans.house.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-03. ^ Horseman, Jeff (11 July 2016). "CONGRESS: Corrine Brown indictment makes Mark Takano ranking Democrat on veterans' affairs committee". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 14 July 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs. House Committee on Veterans' Affairs (Archive) House Veterans' Affairs Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov. United States Department of Veterans' Affairs House Veterans' Affairs Committee Hearings and Meetings Videos Active legislation passing through the Committee on Veterans' Affairs can be found here vteChairmen of the United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs Rogers Rankin Rogers Teague Dorn Roberts Montgomery Stump Smith Buyer Filner Miller Roe Takano Bost vteCurrent United States congressional committeesSenate (list)Standing Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs Other Aging (special) International Narcotics Control (permanent caucus) Ethics (select) Indian Affairs (permanent select) Intelligence (select) House (list)Standing Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Accountability Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Other Intelligence (permanent select) Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party (select) Joint (list) (Conference) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies (special) Library Printing Taxation CommissionassignmentsJoint Capitol Historical Society (advisory group) China COVID-19 Oversight Cyberspace Solarium Security and Cooperation in Europe House Democracy Partnership Human Rights Related Congressional subcommittees Defunct committees Select or special committees

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The committee oversees the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), veterans' hospitals, and veterans' cemeteries, except cemeteries under the Secretary of the Interior.The Veterans' Affairs Committee does not have legislative jurisdiction[1] over the following issues:Tax status of veterans benefits and contributions to Veterans Service Organizations (Committee on Ways and Means);\nMilitary retiree issues, including COLA's and disability pay (Committee on Armed Services);\nCHAMPUS and Tri-Care (Committee on Armed Services);\nSurvivor Benefit Program (Committee on Armed Services);\nVeterans Preference in Federal civil service hiring practice (Committee on Government Reform and Oversight);\nCongressional charters for veterans service organizations (Committee on Judiciary);\nImmigration issues relating to veterans (Committee on Judiciary); and\nIssues dealing with Prisoners of War (POWs) and service members missing in action (MIAs) (Committee on Armed Services)The committee was created by Section 121(a) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (Public Law 79-601), which authorized a standing committee of 27 members.","title":"United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Nourse Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers"},{"link_name":"John Elliott Rankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elliott_Rankin"},{"link_name":"Olin E. Teague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_E._Teague"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan Dorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn"},{"link_name":"Herbert Ray Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Gillespie V. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_V._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Bob Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stump"},{"link_name":"Chris Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smith_(New_Jersey_politician)"},{"link_name":"Steve Buyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buyer"},{"link_name":"Bob Filner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Filner"},{"link_name":"Jeff Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Miller_(Florida_politician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Roe_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Mark Takano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Takano"},{"link_name":"Mike Bost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bost"}],"text":"1947–1949: Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA)\n1949–1953: John Elliott Rankin (D-MS)\n1953–1955: Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA)\n1955–1973: Olin E. Teague (D-TX)\n1973–1975: William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D-SC)\n1975–1981: Herbert Ray Roberts (D-TX)\n1981–1995: Gillespie V. Montgomery (D-MS)\n1995–2001: Bob Stump (R-AZ)\n2001–2005: Chris Smith (R-NJ)\n2005–2007: Steve Buyer (R-IN)\n2007–2011: Bob Filner (D-CA)\n2011–2017: Jeff Miller (R-FL)\n2017–2019: Phil Roe (R-TN)\n2019–2023: Mark Takano (D-CA)\n2023–present: Mike Bost (R-IL)","title":"Past and current chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/14"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/15"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/79"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80"}],"text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 79 (D), H.Res. 80 (R)","title":"Members, 118th Congress"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subcommittees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/9"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/10"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/62"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/63"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/92"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/111"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/602"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/902"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 1197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1197"}],"sub_title":"117th Congress","text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 92 (D), H.Res. 111 (D), H.Res. 602 (R), H.Res. 902 (D), H.Res. 1197 (R)According to committee members' official online biographies, ten (Banks, Bergman, Brown, Ellzey, Gallego, Lamb, Luria, Miller-Meeks, Nehls and Sablan) of the thirty-one members are veterans.Subcommittees","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/24"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/25"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/57"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/68"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/148"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/712"}],"sub_title":"116th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 57 (D), H.Res. 68 (R), H.Res. 148 (D), H.Res. 712 (D)According to committee members' official online biographies, thirteen (Banks, Bergman, Bost, Cisneros, Dunn, Lamb, Luria, Peterson, Roe, Rose, Sablan, Steube, Watkins) of the twenty-eight members are veterans.Subcommittees","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/45"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/51"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/52"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/833"}],"sub_title":"115th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chair), H.Res. 45 (D), H.Res. 51 (R), H.Res. 52 (D), H.Res. 833 (D)According to committee members' official online biographies, eleven (Banks, Bergman, Bost, Coffman, Dunn, Higgins, Lamb, Roe, Sablan, Walz, Wenstrup) of the twenty-five members are veterans.","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/7"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/30"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/40"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/77"}],"sub_title":"114th Congress","text":"Resolutions electing Republican members: H.Res. 6 (Chairs)Resolutions electing Democratic members: H.Res. 7, H.Res. 30, H.Res. 40 and H.Res. 77","title":"Past committee rosters"}]

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[{"title":"United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs"},{"title":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"title":"List of current United States House of Representatives committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees"}]

[{"reference":"\"House Committee on Veterans Affairs\". veterans.house.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://veterans.house.gov/our-jurisdiction","url_text":"\"House Committee on Veterans Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman Bost Announces 118th Congress Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee Chairs\". House Committee on Veterans Affairs. January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://veterans.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=6088","url_text":"\"Chairman Bost Announces 118th Congress Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee Chairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Member Takano Announces Vice Ranking Member and Subcommittee Assignments and Ranking Members for the 118th Congress | The House Committee on Veterans' Affairs\". democrats-veterans.house.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://democrats-veterans.house.gov/news/press-releases/ranking-member-takano-announces-vice-ranking-member-and-subcommittee-assignments-and-ranking-members-for-the-118th-congress","url_text":"\"Ranking Member Takano Announces Vice Ranking Member and Subcommittee Assignments and Ranking Members for the 118th Congress | The House Committee on Veterans' Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"Horseman, Jeff (11 July 2016). \"CONGRESS: Corrine Brown indictment makes Mark Takano ranking Democrat on veterans' affairs committee\". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 14 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pe.com/articles/house-807957-riverside-mark.html","url_text":"\"CONGRESS: Corrine Brown indictment makes Mark Takano ranking Democrat on veterans' affairs committee\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://veterans.house.gov/","external_links_name":"veterans.house.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/14","external_links_name":"H.Res. 14"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/15","external_links_name":"H.Res. 15"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/79","external_links_name":"H.Res. 79"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80","external_links_name":"H.Res. 80"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/9","external_links_name":"H.Res. 9"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/10","external_links_name":"H.Res. 10"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/62","external_links_name":"H.Res. 62"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/63","external_links_name":"H.Res. 63"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/92","external_links_name":"H.Res. 92"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/111","external_links_name":"H.Res. 111"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/602","external_links_name":"H.Res. 602"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/902","external_links_name":"H.Res. 902"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1197","external_links_name":"H.Res. 1197"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/24","external_links_name":"H.Res. 24"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/25","external_links_name":"H.Res. 25"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/57","external_links_name":"H.Res. 57"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/68","external_links_name":"H.Res. 68"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/148","external_links_name":"H.Res. 148"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/712","external_links_name":"H.Res. 712"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/45","external_links_name":"H.Res. 45"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/51","external_links_name":"H.Res. 51"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/52","external_links_name":"H.Res. 52"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/833","external_links_name":"H.Res. 833"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/7","external_links_name":"H.Res. 7"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/30","external_links_name":"H.Res. 30"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/40","external_links_name":"H.Res. 40"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/77","external_links_name":"H.Res. 77"},{"Link":"https://veterans.house.gov/our-jurisdiction","external_links_name":"\"House Committee on Veterans Affairs\""},{"Link":"https://veterans.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=6088","external_links_name":"\"Chairman Bost Announces 118th Congress Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee Chairs\""},{"Link":"https://democrats-veterans.house.gov/news/press-releases/ranking-member-takano-announces-vice-ranking-member-and-subcommittee-assignments-and-ranking-members-for-the-118th-congress","external_links_name":"\"Ranking Member Takano Announces Vice Ranking Member and Subcommittee Assignments and Ranking Members for the 118th Congress | The House Committee on Veterans' Affairs\""},{"Link":"http://www.pe.com/articles/house-807957-riverside-mark.html","external_links_name":"\"CONGRESS: Corrine Brown indictment makes Mark Takano ranking Democrat on veterans' affairs committee\""},{"Link":"https://veterans.house.gov/","external_links_name":"House Committee on Veterans' Affairs"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00hsvr00/","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/committee/house-veterans-affairs/hsvr00","external_links_name":"House Veterans' Affairs Committee"},{"Link":"https://www.va.gov/","external_links_name":"United States Department of Veterans' Affairs"},{"Link":"https://congress.gov/committees/video/house-veterans-affairs/hsvr00","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.va.gov/index.htm","external_links_name":"House Veterans' Affairs Committee Hearings and Meetings Videos"},{"Link":"https://congress.gov/committee/house-veterans-affairs/hsvr00","external_links_name":"here"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Artful_(S121)

HMS Artful (S121)

["1 Design","1.1 Propulsion","1.2 Armament","1.3 Common Combat System","2 Operational history","3 References","4 External links"]

Astute-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Royal Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Artful. History United Kingdom NameHMS Artful OrderedMarch 1997 BuilderBAE Systems Submarine Solutions Laid down11 March 2005 Launched17 May 2014 Sponsored byLady Zambellas Christened20 September 2013 Commissioned18 March 2016 IdentificationPennant number: S121 Badge General characteristics Class and typeAstute-class fleet submarine Displacement Surfaced: 7,000 to 7,400 t (7,300 long tons; 8,200 short tons) Submerged: 7,400 to 7,800 t (7,700 long tons; 8,600 short tons) Length97 m (318 ft 3 in) Beam11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) Draught10 m (32 ft 10 in) Propulsion 1 × Rolls-Royce PWR 2 nuclear reactor, HEU 93.5% MTU 600 kilowatt diesel generators Speed30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph), submerged RangeUnlimited Endurance90 days Test depthOver 300 m (984 ft 3 in) Complement98 (capacity for 109) Sensors and processing systems Thales Sonar 2076 Atlas DESO 25 echosounder 2 × Thales CM010 optronic masts Raytheon Successor IFF Armament 6 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes with stowage for up to 38 weapons: Tomahawk Block IV cruise missiles Spearfish heavyweight torpedoes HMS Artful is the third Astute-class nuclear-powered fleet submarine of the British Royal Navy. She is the second submarine of the Royal Navy to bear this name. Artful was ordered from GEC's Marconi Marine (now BAE Systems Submarine Solutions) on 17 March 1997, and was constructed at Barrow in Furness. She was named on 20 September 2013, was rolled out of the shipyard construction hall on 16 May 2014, and was due to start sea trials in early 2015. Artful made her first successful basin dive in October 2014, and sailed on 13 August 2015 for sea trials. Artful was handed over the Royal Navy on 14 December 2015, and commissioned on 18 March 2016. Design Propulsion Artful's nuclear reactor will not need to be refuelled during the boat's 25-year service. Since the submarine can purify water and air, she will be able to circumnavigate the planet without resurfacing. The main limit is that the submarine will only be able to carry three months' supply of food for 98 officers and ratings. Armament Artful has provision for up-to 38 weapons in six 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. The submarine is capable of using Tomahawk Block IV land-attack missiles with a range of 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometres) and Spearfish heavyweight torpedoes. Common Combat System Artful is the first Astute-class submarine to utilise the Common Combat System, which will be fitted on every Astute, Vanguard and Dreadnought-class submarine. The Common Combat System was originally meant to be first tested on the fourth Astute boat, Audacious, but the system was completed ahead of time. Operational history In May 2021, Artful joined UK Carrier Strike Group 21 on its seven-and-a-half month-long maiden operational deployment to the Far East. References ^ a b "Artful (6135609)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ a b c d e f g Bush, Steve (2014). British Warships and Auxiliaries. Maritime Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1904459552. ^ a b c d e f "Astute-class attack submarines". royalnavy.mod.uk. Royal Navy. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ a b "BAE Systems - Astute class submarines". baesystems.com. BAE Systems. Retrieved 25 July 2016. ^ Kuperman, Alan; von Hippel, Frank (10 April 2020). "US study of reactor and fuel types to enable naval reactors to shift from HEU fuel". International Panel on Fissile Materials. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ "UK's most powerful submarine joins the Navy". Ministry of Defence. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2011. ^ "Second Astute Class submarine officially named". Ministry of Defence. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ "Third Astute submarine named Artful". Ministry of Defence. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. ^ "First successful dive for new nuclear submarine HMS Artful during trials in Cumbria". Navy News. Royal Navy. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "Third Astute submarine Artful sets sail for sea trials". BBC News. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015. ^ "Third Astute submarine formally handed over to the Royal Navy". Ministry of Defence. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "HMS Artful becomes a commissioned warship". Royal Navy. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016. ^ "HMS Artful commissioned in Royal Navy ceremony". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "Third Astute submarine Artful to join Royal Navy fleet". BBC News. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "Alien submarine breaks technical barriers". BBC News. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ "United States Navy Fact File: Tomahawk Land Attack Missile". navy.mil. US Navy. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2016. ^ "HMS Artful test fires first torpedo using new UK-made advanced Combat System". Royal Navy. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "Royal Navy's newest sub test fires torpedo using £50 million UK-made advanced Combat System". Ministry of Defence. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "Carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth Drills with Indian Navy Ahead of More Pacific Exercises". United States Naval Institute. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. External links Royal Navy HMS Artful (royalnavy.mod.uk) vteAstute-class submarines Astute Ambush Artful Audacious Anson Agamemnon Agincourt Preceded by: Trafalgar class Followed by: AUKUS class List of submarines of the Royal Navy List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy vte    Commissioned ships of the Royal Navy   Aircraft carriersQueen Elizabeth class Queen Elizabeth Prince of Wales SubmarinesVanguard class Vanguard Victorious Vigilant Vengeance Trafalgar class Triumph Astute class Astute Ambush Artful Audacious Anson DestroyersType 45 Daring Dauntless Diamond Dragon Defender Duncan FrigatesType 23 Argyll Lancaster Iron Duke Westminster Northumberland Richmond Somerset Sutherland Kent Portland St Albans Amphibious warfare shipsAlbion-class LPD Albion Bulwark Mine countermeasures vesselsSandown class Penzance Pembroke Bangor Hunt class Ledbury Cattistock Brocklesby Middleton Chiddingfold Hurworth Patrol vesselsIce patrol vessel Protector River class Severn Tyne Mersey Forth Medway Trent Tamar Spey Archer class Archer Biter Smiter Blazer Puncher Charger Ranger Trumpeter Express Example Explorer Exploit Tracker Raider Pursuer Dasher Cutlass class Cutlass Dagger Survey vesselsOcean survey vessel Scott Survey launch Magpie MiscellaneousShip of the line Victory (flagship of the First Sea Lord)

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[]

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Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1300&ct=2","url_text":"\"United States Navy Fact File: Tomahawk Land Attack Missile\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1300&ct=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Artful test fires first torpedo using new UK-made advanced Combat System\". Royal Navy. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/february/29/160229-artful-test-fire","url_text":"\"HMS Artful test fires first torpedo using new UK-made advanced Combat System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Navy's newest sub test fires torpedo using £50 million UK-made advanced Combat System\". Ministry of Defence. 29 February 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Forer

Consciousness raising

["1 Terminology","2 Issues and methods","2.1 In feminism","2.2 Through poetry","2.3 For LGBT rights","2.4 In atheism","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography"]

Activism which use awareness campaigns Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising) is a form of activism popularized by United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g. breast cancer, AIDS), conflicts (e.g. the Darfur genocide, global warming), movements (e.g. Greenpeace, PETA, Earth Hour) and political parties or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any advocacy group engages. However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as fundraising, membership drives or advocacy, in order to harness and/or sustain the motivation of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information. The term awareness raising is used in the Yogyakarta Principles against discriminatory attitudes and LGBT stereotypes as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices toward people with disabilities. Terminology Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as "conscience". Issues and methods In feminism Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women, an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer: In the Old Left, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising.— Anne Forer On Thanksgiving 1968, Kathie Sarachild presented A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular Redstockings, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and New York Radical Feminists—promoted consciousness raising and distributed mimeographed sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak. Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the Women's Liberation Movement". Susan Brownmiller, a member of the West Village would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was the movement's most successful form of female bonding, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade". "In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups." Early mid-century feminists argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping oneself and helping others to become politically conscious. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men. While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only 'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy". However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were women-only, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?"—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared. Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an abortion, surviving rape, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women. As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something political, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions". Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time, she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions". However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and apolitical. Through poetry Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups. Activist and writer Audre Lorde was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups. This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience, and the usage of critical consciousness through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis. Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as Sinister Wisdom and Conditions, online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing. For LGBT rights In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with gay liberation activists, who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants come out of the closet among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as Magnus Hirschfeld, Iwan Bloch and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society. In atheism In The God Delusion, anti-religion activist Richard Dawkins uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case. These include replacing references to children as Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to our using non-sexist terminology) and Darwin as "raising our consciousness" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics). Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option. See also Feminism portalLGBT portalReligion portal Awareness ribbon Black Consciousness Movement Critical Consciousness Diffusion of innovations § Process False consciousness Internet activism Legal awareness Situationist International Suicide awareness Wokeness Notes ^ A consciousness raising group organized by the New York Radical Feminists. References ^ The Yogyakarta Principles, Article 2, 9, 15 ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 8 "Awareness raising" ^ Koch, Christof (2004). The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts and Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780974707709. Retrieved 3 Mar 2019. The word consciousness derives from the Latin conscientia, composed of cum (with or together) and scire (to know). Until the early 17th century, consciousness was used in the sense of moral knowledge of right or wrong, what is today referred to as conscience. ^ Susan Brownmiller. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. p. 21. (quoted by Susan Brownmiller) ^ Brownmiller, p. 78 ^ "How to start your own consciousness-raising group". Cwluherstory.com. The Chicago Women's Liberation Institution. 1971. Archived from the original (Leaflet) on 12 February 2004. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ Brownmiller, p. 79 ^ Eller, Cynthia, Living in the Lap of the Goddess, op. cit., p. 43 & n. 8 (p. 43 n. 8 citing Shreve, Anita, Women Together, Women Alone, op. cit., pp. 5–6 & 9–14). ^ Crook, Sarah (2018-03-16). "The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985". Women's History Review. 27 (7): 1152–1168. doi:10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611. ISSN 0961-2025. PMC 6195332. PMID 30381789. ^ Feminist Revolution, p. 147–148 ^ Feminist Revolution, Appendix, p. 202. ^ Willis, p. 121. ^ Eller, Cynthia, Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-8070-6507-2)), p. 188 & n. 3 (author, with doctorate in religion from Univ. of Southern Calif., taught at Yale Divinity School & Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.) (p. 188 n. 3 citing Shreve, Anita, Women Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement (N.Y.: Fawcett Columbine, 1989), pp. 10–11). ^ Vernon), Reed, T. V. (Thomas (2005). The art of protest : culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of Seattle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816637706. OCLC 59138260.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Audre., Lorde (2007). Sister outsider : essays and speeches. Crossing Press. ISBN 9780307809049. OCLC 773898749. ^ Castelao-Gómez, Isabel (February 2016). "Looking back at Feminism and Poetry: An interview with Jan Montefiore". European Journal of Women's Studies. 23 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1177/1350506815607838. ISSN 1350-5068. S2CID 148814316. ^ Yu, Nilan (2018), "Consciousness-raising and critical practice", Consciousness-Raising, Routledge, pp. 1–13, doi:10.4324/9781315107851-1, ISBN 9781315107851, S2CID 150786628 ^ "Journal | Sinister Wisdom". www.sinisterwisdom.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29. ^ "Conditions: Five". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2018-11-29. ^ Jeffrey Weeks. "Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks". Gay Left. Archived from the original (Journal) on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-25. We said we could 'best explore our sexual attitudes most truthfully in an all-male group', and in many ways we did indeed operate as an awareness or conscious raising group as well as an editorial collective. ^ a b c Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-618-68000-9.; "on-line" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28. (101 KB) Bibliography Brownmiller, Susan (1999). In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (ISBN 0-385-31486-8). Chicago Women's Liberation Union (1971), How to start your own consciousness-raising group Freeman, Jo (1972). "The Tyranny of Structurelessness". Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 17, 151–165. Redstockings (1975/1978). Feminist Revolution: an abridged edition with additional writings (ISBN 0-394-73240-5). Sarachild, Kathie (1973): Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon. Also reprinted in Feminist Revolution, pp. 144–150. Willis, Ellen, "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism", 1984, collected in No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays, Wesleyan University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8195-5250-X, p. 117–150. vteRadical feminismPeople Wim Hora Adema Chude Pam Allen Ti-Grace Atkinson Kathleen Barry Rosalyn Baxandall Linda Bellos Julie Bindel Jenny Brown Judith Brown Susan Brownmiller Phyllis Chesler D. A. Clarke Nikki Craft Kimberlé Crenshaw Mary Daly Christine Delphy Gail Dines Andrea Dworkin Melissa Farley Shulamith Firestone Marilyn French Marilyn Frye Germaine Greer Carol Hanisch Merle Hoffman bell hooks Sheila Jeffreys Robert Jensen Lierre Keith Anne Koedt Marjorie Kramer Holly Lawford-Smith Audre Lorde Catharine A. MacKinnon Sheila Michaels Kate Millett Robin Morgan Meghan Murphy Irene Peslikis Janice Raymond Rosetta Reitz Adrienne Rich Florence Rush Kathie Sarachild Alix Kates Shulman Valerie Solanas Gloria Steinem John Stoltenberg Michele Wallace Marilyn Salzman Webb Ellen Willis Harriet Wistrich Laura X Groups Cell 16 Chicago Women's Liberation Union Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Deep Green Resistance Lesbian Organization of Toronto Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Mountain Moving Coffeehouse New York Radical Feminists New York Radical Women Redstockings Stop Porn Culture The Feminists The Furies Collective WOMAD Women Against Pornography Women's Liberation Front (WoLF) Issues Child sexual abuse False consciousness Feminism Lesbian Second wave Feminist separatism Feminist views on transgender topics Gender role Male privilege Patriarchy Political lesbianism Pornography Feminist views on pornography Postgenderism Prostitution Feminist views Reproductive rights Sexism Misogyny Internalized sexism Social construction of gender Violence against women MediaBooks The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970) Sexual Politics (1970) Sisterhood Is Powerful (1970) "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" (1970) The Female Eunuch (1970) Lesbian Nation (1973) Woman Hating (1974) Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1974) Pornography: Men Possessing Women (1981) Ain't I a Woman? (1981) Against Sadomasochism (1982) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984) Sisterhood Is Global (1984) Intercourse (1987) Feminism Unmodified (1987) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989) The Straight Mind and Other Essays (1992) Only Words (1993) Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation (2000) Sisterhood Is Forever (2003) Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues (2006) The Industrial Vagina (2008) Other Off Our Backs (1970–2008) SCUM Manifesto (1967) She's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014) Other Consciousness raising Herstory Miss America protest (1968) Radical lesbianism Womyn's land Feminism portal vteSecond-wave feminism The Feminine Mystique (1963) God Giving Birth (1968) The personal is political Consciousness raising Sex-positive feminism (1979) Feminist sex wars

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"United States feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer_awareness"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Darfur genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETA"},{"link_name":"Earth Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Hour"},{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(politics)"},{"link_name":"advocacy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group"},{"link_name":"fundraising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraising"},{"link_name":"advocacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy"},{"link_name":"motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles"},{"link_name":"discriminatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LGBT stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities"},{"link_name":"stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype"},{"link_name":"prejudices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"people with disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising) is a form of activism popularized by United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g. breast cancer, AIDS), conflicts (e.g. the Darfur genocide, global warming), movements (e.g. Greenpeace, PETA, Earth Hour) and political parties or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any advocacy group engages.However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as fundraising, membership drives or advocacy, in order to harness and/or sustain the motivation of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information.The term awareness raising is used in the Yogyakarta Principles against discriminatory attitudes[1] and LGBT stereotypes as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices toward people with disabilities.[2]","title":"Consciousness raising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word \"consciousness\" in the sense of \"moral knowledge of right or wrong\"—a concept today referred to as \"conscience\".[3]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issues and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Radical Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Women"},{"link_name":"Women's Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Shulamith Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone"},{"link_name":"Anne Koedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Koedt"},{"link_name":"Kathie Sarachild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild"},{"link_name":"Carol Hanisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hanisch"},{"link_name":"Old Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Left"},{"link_name":"Anne Forer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Forer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving"},{"link_name":"Redstockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstockings"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Feminists"},{"link_name":"mimeographed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago Women's Liberation Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union"},{"link_name":"Women's Liberation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Susan Brownmiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"female bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_bonding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"politically conscious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politically_conscious"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"women-only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women-only_space"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ellen Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Willis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"apolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolitical"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"In feminism","text":"Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women, an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved \"going around the room and talking\" about issues in their own lives. The phrase \"consciousness raising\" was coined to describe the process when Kathie Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer:In the Old Left, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising.— Anne Forer[4]On Thanksgiving 1968, Kathie Sarachild presented A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular Redstockings, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and New York Radical Feminists—promoted consciousness raising and distributed mimeographed sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak.[5] Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as \"the backbone of the Women's Liberation Movement\".[6] Susan Brownmiller, a member of the West Village[a] would later write that small-group consciousness raising \"was the movement's most successful form of female bonding, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade\".[7]\"In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups.\"[8]Early mid-century feminists argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as \"personal,\" or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping oneself and helping others to become politically conscious. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men.[9]While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie Sarachild remarked that \"From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only 'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy\".[10] However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were women-only, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, \"When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?\"[citation needed]—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared.[citation needed]Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an abortion, surviving rape, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women.[citation needed] As Sarachild wrote in 1969, \"We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something political, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions\".[11]Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been \"misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy\", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, \"the primary method of understanding women's condition\" and constituted \"the movement's most successful organizing tool.\" At the same time, she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing \"prior political and philosophical assumptions\".[12]However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as \"trivial\" and apolitical.[13]","title":"Issues and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Audre Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Through poetry","text":"Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups.[14] Activist and writer Audre Lorde was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups.[15] This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience,[16] and the usage of critical consciousness through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis.[17] Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as Sinister Wisdom[18] and Conditions,[19] online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing.","title":"Issues and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gay liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_liberation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"come out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeted"},{"link_name":"Magnus Hirschfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld"},{"link_name":"Iwan Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Karl Heinrich Ulrichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"For LGBT rights","text":"In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with gay liberation activists,[20] who formed the first \"coming-out groups\" which helped participants come out of the closet among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as Magnus Hirschfeld, Iwan Bloch and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society.[citation needed]","title":"Issues and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The God Delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_Delusion"},{"link_name":"Richard Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preface-22"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preface-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preface-22"}],"sub_title":"In atheism","text":"In The God Delusion, anti-religion activist Richard Dawkins uses the term \"consciousness raising\" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case.[21] These include replacing references to children as Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to our using non-sexist terminology) and Darwin as \"raising our consciousness\" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics).[21] Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option.[21]","title":"Issues and methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ A consciousness raising group organized by the New York Radical Feminists.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownmiller, Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-31486-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-31486-8"},{"link_name":"How to start your own consciousness-raising group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040212200503/http://www.cwluherstory.com/CWLUArchive/crcwlu.html"},{"link_name":"Freeman, Jo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Freeman"},{"link_name":"The Tyranny of Structurelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Structurelessness"},{"link_name":"Redstockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstockings"},{"link_name":"Feminist Revolution: an abridged edition with additional writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060504131503/http://www.afn.org/~redstock/feministrevo.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-73240-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73240-5"},{"link_name":"Sarachild, Kathie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild"},{"link_name":"Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110718193344/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/fem/sarachild.html"},{"link_name":"Willis, Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Willis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8195-5250-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5250-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"Radical feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism"},{"link_name":"Wim Hora Adema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hora_Adema"},{"link_name":"Chude Pam Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chude_Pam_Allen"},{"link_name":"Ti-Grace Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Barry"},{"link_name":"Rosalyn Baxandall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Baxandall"},{"link_name":"Linda Bellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Bellos"},{"link_name":"Julie Bindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Bindel"},{"link_name":"Jenny Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Brown_(feminist)"},{"link_name":"Judith Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_C._Brown"},{"link_name":"Susan Brownmiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Chesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler"},{"link_name":"D. A. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Nikki Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Craft"},{"link_name":"Kimberlé Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw"},{"link_name":"Mary Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Daly"},{"link_name":"Christine Delphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Delphy"},{"link_name":"Gail Dines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Dines"},{"link_name":"Andrea Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin"},{"link_name":"Melissa Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Farley"},{"link_name":"Shulamith Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone"},{"link_name":"Marilyn French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_French"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Frye"},{"link_name":"Germaine Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer"},{"link_name":"Carol Hanisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hanisch"},{"link_name":"Merle Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"bell hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_hooks"},{"link_name":"Sheila Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"Robert Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Lierre Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierre_Keith"},{"link_name":"Anne Koedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Koedt"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Holly Lawford-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Lawford-Smith"},{"link_name":"Audre Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audre_Lorde"},{"link_name":"Catharine A. MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Sheila Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Kate Millett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Millett"},{"link_name":"Robin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Meghan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Irene Peslikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Peslikis"},{"link_name":"Janice Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Rosetta Reitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Reitz"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Rich"},{"link_name":"Florence Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Rush"},{"link_name":"Kathie Sarachild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild"},{"link_name":"Alix Kates Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Kates_Shulman"},{"link_name":"Valerie Solanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Solanas"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"John Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"Michele Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Salzman Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Salzman_Webb"},{"link_name":"Ellen Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Willis"},{"link_name":"Harriet Wistrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Wistrich"},{"link_name":"Laura X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_X"},{"link_name":"Cell 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_16"},{"link_name":"Chicago Women's Liberation Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union"},{"link_name":"Coalition Against Trafficking in Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women"},{"link_name":"Deep Green Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Lesbian Organization of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Michigan Womyn's Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mountain Moving Coffeehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Moving_Coffeehouse"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Feminists"},{"link_name":"New York Radical Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Radical_Women"},{"link_name":"Redstockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstockings"},{"link_name":"Stop Porn Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Porn_Culture"},{"link_name":"The 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Unmodified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_Unmodified"},{"link_name":"Toward a Feminist Theory of the State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State"},{"link_name":"The Straight Mind and Other Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straight_Mind_and_Other_Essays"},{"link_name":"Only Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Words_(book)"},{"link_name":"Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat:_The_Jews,_Israel,_and_Women%27s_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Sisterhood Is Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Forever"},{"link_name":"Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_Women_Human%3F"},{"link_name":"The Industrial Vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industrial_Vagina"},{"link_name":"Off Our Backs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_Our_Backs"},{"link_name":"SCUM Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"She's Beautiful When She's Angry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Beautiful_When_She%27s_Angry"},{"link_name":"Consciousness raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Herstory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstory"},{"link_name":"Miss America protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_protest"},{"link_name":"Radical lesbianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_lesbianism"},{"link_name":"Womyn's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womyn%27s_land"},{"link_name":"Feminism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Feminism"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"Second-wave feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"The Feminine Mystique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique"},{"link_name":"God Giving Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Giving_Birth"},{"link_name":"The personal is political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_personal_is_political"},{"link_name":"Consciousness raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sex-positive feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism"},{"link_name":"Feminist sex wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars"}],"text":"Brownmiller, Susan (1999). In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (ISBN 0-385-31486-8).\nChicago Women's Liberation Union (1971), How to start your own consciousness-raising group\nFreeman, Jo (1972). \"The Tyranny of Structurelessness\". Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 17, 151–165.\nRedstockings (1975/1978). Feminist Revolution: an abridged edition with additional writings (ISBN 0-394-73240-5).\nSarachild, Kathie (1973): Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon. Also reprinted in Feminist Revolution, pp. 144–150.\nWillis, Ellen, \"Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism\", 1984, collected in No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays, Wesleyan University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8195-5250-X, p. 117–150.vteRadical feminismPeople\nWim Hora Adema\nChude Pam Allen\nTi-Grace Atkinson\nKathleen Barry\nRosalyn Baxandall\nLinda Bellos\nJulie Bindel\nJenny Brown\nJudith Brown\nSusan Brownmiller\nPhyllis Chesler\nD. A. Clarke\nNikki Craft\nKimberlé Crenshaw\nMary Daly\nChristine Delphy\nGail Dines\nAndrea Dworkin\nMelissa Farley\nShulamith Firestone\nMarilyn French\nMarilyn Frye\nGermaine Greer\nCarol Hanisch\nMerle Hoffman\nbell hooks\nSheila Jeffreys\nRobert Jensen\nLierre Keith\nAnne Koedt\nMarjorie Kramer\nHolly Lawford-Smith\nAudre Lorde\nCatharine A. MacKinnon\nSheila Michaels\nKate Millett\nRobin Morgan\nMeghan Murphy\nIrene Peslikis\nJanice Raymond\nRosetta Reitz\nAdrienne Rich\nFlorence Rush\nKathie Sarachild\nAlix Kates Shulman\nValerie Solanas\nGloria Steinem\nJohn Stoltenberg\nMichele Wallace\nMarilyn Salzman Webb\nEllen Willis\nHarriet Wistrich\nLaura X\nGroups\nCell 16\nChicago Women's Liberation Union\nCoalition Against Trafficking in Women\nDeep Green Resistance\nLesbian Organization of Toronto\nMichigan Womyn's Music Festival\nMountain Moving Coffeehouse\nNew York Radical Feminists\nNew York Radical Women\nRedstockings\nStop Porn Culture\nThe Feminists\nThe Furies Collective\nWOMAD\nWomen Against Pornography\nWomen's Liberation Front (WoLF)\nIssues\nChild sexual abuse\nFalse consciousness\nFeminism\nLesbian\nSecond wave\nFeminist separatism\nFeminist views on transgender topics\nGender role\nMale privilege\nPatriarchy\nPolitical lesbianism\nPornography\nFeminist views on pornography\nPostgenderism\nProstitution\nFeminist views\nReproductive rights\nSexism\nMisogyny\nInternalized sexism\nSocial construction of gender\nViolence against women\nMediaBooks\nThe Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970)\nSexual Politics (1970)\nSisterhood Is Powerful (1970)\n\"The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm\" (1970)\nThe Female Eunuch (1970)\nLesbian Nation (1973)\nWoman Hating (1974)\nAgainst Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1974)\nPornography: Men Possessing Women (1981)\nAin't I a Woman? (1981)\nAgainst Sadomasochism (1982)\nFeminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)\nSisterhood Is Global (1984)\nIntercourse (1987)\nFeminism Unmodified (1987)\nToward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989)\nThe Straight Mind and Other Essays (1992)\nOnly Words (1993)\nScapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation (2000)\nSisterhood Is Forever (2003)\nAre Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues (2006)\nThe Industrial Vagina (2008)\nOther\nOff Our Backs (1970–2008)\nSCUM Manifesto (1967)\nShe's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014)\nOther\nConsciousness raising\nHerstory\nMiss America protest (1968)\nRadical lesbianism\nWomyn's land\n Feminism portalvteSecond-wave feminism\nThe Feminine Mystique (1963)\nGod Giving Birth (1968)\nThe personal is political\nConsciousness raising\nSex-positive feminism (1979)\nFeminist sex wars","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Feminism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Feminism"},{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Awareness ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_ribbon"},{"title":"Black Consciousness Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement"},{"title":"Critical Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_consciousness"},{"title":"Diffusion of innovations § Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations#Process"},{"title":"False consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_consciousness"},{"title":"Internet activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism"},{"title":"Legal awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_awareness"},{"title":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"title":"Suicide awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_awareness"},{"title":"Wokeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokeness"}]

[{"reference":"Koch, Christof (2004). The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts and Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780974707709. Retrieved 3 Mar 2019. The word consciousness derives from the Latin conscientia, composed of cum (with or together) and scire (to know). Until the early 17th century, consciousness was used in the sense of moral knowledge of right or wrong, what is today referred to as conscience.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch","url_text":"Koch, Christof"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7L9qAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974707709","url_text":"9780974707709"}]},{"reference":"Susan Brownmiller. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"How to start your own consciousness-raising group\". Cwluherstory.com. The Chicago Women's Liberation Institution. 1971. Archived from the original (Leaflet) on 12 February 2004. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040212200503/http://www.cwluherstory.com/CWLUArchive/crcwlu.html","url_text":"\"How to start your own consciousness-raising group\""},{"url":"http://www.cwluherstory.com/CWLUArchive/crcwlu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Sarah (2018-03-16). \"The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985\". Women's History Review. 27 (7): 1152–1168. doi:10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611. ISSN 0961-2025. PMC 6195332. PMID 30381789.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6195332/","url_text":"\"The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612025.2018.1450611","url_text":"10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025","url_text":"0961-2025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6195332","url_text":"6195332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30381789","url_text":"30381789"}]},{"reference":"Vernon), Reed, T. V. (Thomas (2005). The art of protest : culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of Seattle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816637706. OCLC 59138260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816637706","url_text":"978-0816637706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59138260","url_text":"59138260"}]},{"reference":"Audre., Lorde (2007). Sister outsider : essays and speeches. Crossing Press. ISBN 9780307809049. OCLC 773898749.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307809049","url_text":"9780307809049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773898749","url_text":"773898749"}]},{"reference":"Castelao-Gómez, Isabel (February 2016). \"Looking back at Feminism and Poetry: An interview with Jan Montefiore\". European Journal of Women's Studies. 23 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1177/1350506815607838. ISSN 1350-5068. S2CID 148814316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350506815607838","url_text":"10.1177/1350506815607838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1350-5068","url_text":"1350-5068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148814316","url_text":"148814316"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Nilan (2018), \"Consciousness-raising and critical practice\", Consciousness-Raising, Routledge, pp. 1–13, doi:10.4324/9781315107851-1, ISBN 9781315107851, S2CID 150786628","urls":[{"url":"https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12164998090001831","url_text":"\"Consciousness-raising and critical practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315107851-1","url_text":"10.4324/9781315107851-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315107851","url_text":"9781315107851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150786628","url_text":"150786628"}]},{"reference":"\"Journal | Sinister Wisdom\". www.sinisterwisdom.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinisterwisdom.org/","url_text":"\"Journal | Sinister Wisdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conditions: Five\". Bitch Media. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164245/https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five","url_text":"\"Conditions: Five\""},{"url":"https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey Weeks. \"Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks\". Gay Left. Archived from the original (Journal) on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-25. We said we could 'best explore our sexual attitudes most truthfully in an all-male group', and in many ways we did indeed operate as an awareness or conscious raising group as well as an editorial collective.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216215215/http://gayleft1970s.org/intro.asp","url_text":"\"Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks\""},{"url":"http://www.gayleft1970s.org/intro.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-618-68000-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins","url_text":"Dawkins, Richard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk","url_text":"The God Delusion"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk/page/406","url_text":"406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-68000-9","url_text":"978-0-618-68000-9"}]},{"reference":"\"on-line\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228072308/http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Downloads/News/GodDelusion_extract_revised.pdf","url_text":"\"on-line\""},{"url":"http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Downloads/News/GodDelusion_extract_revised.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_product_rule

Triple product rule

["1 Derivation","1.1 Alternative derivation","2 Applications","2.1 Example: Ideal Gas Law","2.2 Geometric Realization","3 See also","4 References"]

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The rule finds application in thermodynamics, where frequently three variables can be related by a function of the form f(x, y, z) = 0, so each variable is given as an implicit function of the other two variables. For example, an equation of state for a fluid relates temperature, pressure, and volume in this manner. The triple product rule for such interrelated variables x, y, and z comes from using a reciprocity relation on the result of the implicit function theorem, and is given by ( ∂ x ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ z ) ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = − 1 , {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial z}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)=-1,} where each factor is a partial derivative of the variable in the numerator, considered to be a function of the other two. The advantage of the triple product rule is that by rearranging terms, one can derive a number of substitution identities which allow one to replace partial derivatives which are difficult to analytically evaluate, experimentally measure, or integrate with quotients of partial derivatives which are easier to work with. For example, ( ∂ x ∂ y ) = − ( ∂ z ∂ y ) ( ∂ z ∂ x ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)=-{\frac {\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial y}}\right)}{\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)}}} Various other forms of the rule are present in the literature; these can be derived by permuting the variables {x, y, z}. Derivation An informal derivation follows. Suppose that f(x, y, z) = 0. Write z as a function of x and y. Thus the total differential dz is d z = ( ∂ z ∂ x ) d x + ( ∂ z ∂ y ) d y {\displaystyle dz=\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)dx+\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial y}}\right)dy} Suppose that we move along a curve with dz = 0, where the curve is parameterized by x. Thus y can be written in terms of x, so on this curve d y = ( ∂ y ∂ x ) d x {\displaystyle dy=\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial x}}\right)dx} Therefore, the equation for dz = 0 becomes 0 = ( ∂ z ∂ x ) d x + ( ∂ z ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ x ) d x {\displaystyle 0=\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)\,dx+\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial x}}\right)\,dx} Since this must be true for all dx, rearranging terms gives ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = − ( ∂ z ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ x ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)=-\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial x}}\right)} Dividing by the derivatives on the right hand side gives the triple product rule ( ∂ x ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ z ) ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = − 1 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial z}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)=-1} Note that this proof makes many implicit assumptions regarding the existence of partial derivatives, the existence of the exact differential dz, the ability to construct a curve in some neighborhood with dz = 0, and the nonzero value of partial derivatives and their reciprocals. A formal proof based on mathematical analysis would eliminate these potential ambiguities. Alternative derivation Suppose a function f(x, y, z) = 0, where x, y, and z are functions of each other. Write the total differentials of the variables d x = ( ∂ x ∂ y ) d y + ( ∂ x ∂ z ) d z {\displaystyle dx=\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)dy+\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial z}}\right)dz} d y = ( ∂ y ∂ x ) d x + ( ∂ y ∂ z ) d z {\displaystyle dy=\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial x}}\right)dx+\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial z}}\right)dz} Substitute dy into dx d x = ( ∂ x ∂ y ) [ ( ∂ y ∂ x ) d x + ( ∂ y ∂ z ) d z ] + ( ∂ x ∂ z ) d z {\displaystyle dx=\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)\left+\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial z}}\right)dz} By using the chain rule one can show the coefficient of dx on the right hand side is equal to one, thus the coefficient of dz must be zero ( ∂ x ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ z ) + ( ∂ x ∂ z ) = 0 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial z}}\right)+\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial z}}\right)=0} Subtracting the second term and multiplying by its inverse gives the triple product rule ( ∂ x ∂ y ) ( ∂ y ∂ z ) ( ∂ z ∂ x ) = − 1. {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial y}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial y}{\partial z}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial z}{\partial x}}\right)=-1.} Applications Example: Ideal Gas Law The ideal gas law relates the state variables of pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) via P V = n R T {\displaystyle PV=nRT} which can be written as f ( P , V , T ) = P V − n R T = 0 {\displaystyle f(P,V,T)=PV-nRT=0} so each state variable can be written as an implicit function of the other state variables: P = P ( V , T ) = n R T V V = V ( P , T ) = n R T P T = T ( P , V ) = P V n R {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P&=P(V,T)={\frac {nRT}{V}}\\V&=V(P,T)={\frac {nRT}{P}}\\T&=T(P,V)={\frac {PV}{nR}}\end{aligned}}} From the above expressions, we have − 1 = ( ∂ P ∂ V ) ( ∂ V ∂ T ) ( ∂ T ∂ P ) = ( − n R T V 2 ) ( n R P ) ( V n R ) = ( − n R T P V ) = − P P = − 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-1&=\left({\frac {\partial P}{\partial V}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial P}}\right)\\&=\left(-{\frac {nRT}{V^{2}}}\right)\left({\frac {nR}{P}}\right)\left({\frac {V}{nR}}\right)\\&=\left(-{\frac {nRT}{PV}}\right)\\&=-{\frac {P}{P}}=-1\end{aligned}}} Geometric Realization The profile of a traveling wave at time t (solid line) and t+Δt (dashed line). In the time interval Δt, the point p2 will rise up to the same height that p1 had at time t. A geometric realization of the triple product rule can be found in its close ties to the velocity of a traveling wave ϕ ( x , t ) = A cos ⁡ ( k x − ω t ) {\displaystyle \phi (x,t)=A\cos(kx-\omega t)} shown on the right at time t (solid blue line) and at a short time later t+Δt (dashed). The wave maintains its shape as it propagates, so that a point at position x at time t will correspond to a point at position x+Δx at time t+Δt, A cos ⁡ ( k x − ω t ) = A cos ⁡ ( k ( x + Δ x ) − ω ( t + Δ t ) ) . {\displaystyle A\cos(kx-\omega t)=A\cos(k(x+\Delta x)-\omega (t+\Delta t)).} This equation can only be satisfied for all x and t if k Δx − ω Δt = 0, resulting in the formula for the phase velocity v = Δ x Δ t = ω k . {\displaystyle v={\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}={\frac {\omega }{k}}.} To elucidate the connection with the triple product rule, consider the point p1 at time t and its corresponding point (with the same height) p̄1 at t+Δt. Define p2 as the point at time t whose x-coordinate matches that of p̄1, and define p̄2 to be the corresponding point of p2 as shown in the figure on the right. The distance Δx between p1 and p̄1 is the same as the distance between p2 and p̄2 (green lines), and dividing this distance by Δt yields the speed of the wave. To compute Δx, consider the two partial derivatives computed at p2, ( ∂ ϕ ∂ t ) Δ t = rise from  p 2  to  p ¯ 1  in time  Δ t  (gold line) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}\right)\Delta t={\text{rise from }}p_{2}{\text{ to }}{\bar {p}}_{1}{\text{ in time }}\Delta t{\text{ (gold line)}}} ( ∂ ϕ ∂ x ) = slope of the wave (red line) at time  t . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}}\right)={\text{slope of the wave (red line) at time }}t.} Dividing these two partial derivatives and using the definition of the slope (rise divided by run) gives us the desired formula for Δ x = − ( ∂ ϕ ∂ t ) Δ t ( ∂ ϕ ∂ x ) , {\displaystyle \Delta x=-{\frac {\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}\right)\Delta t}{\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}}\right)}},} where the negative sign accounts for the fact that p1 lies behind p2 relative to the wave's motion. Thus, the wave's velocity is given by v = Δ x Δ t = − ( ∂ ϕ ∂ t ) ( ∂ ϕ ∂ x ) . {\displaystyle v={\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}=-{\frac {\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}\right)}{\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}}\right)}}.} For infinitesimal Δt, Δ x Δ t = ( ∂ x ∂ t ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}=\left({\frac {\partial x}{\partial t}}\right)} and we recover the triple product rule v = Δ x Δ t = − ( ∂ ϕ ∂ t ) ( ∂ ϕ ∂ x ) . {\displaystyle v={\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}=-{\frac {\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}}\right)}{\left({\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}}\right)}}.} See also Differentiation rules – Rules for computing derivatives of functions Exact differential – Type of infinitesimal in calculus (has another derivation of the triple product rule) Product rule – Formula for the derivative of a product Total derivative – Type of derivative in mathematics Triple product – Ternary operation on vectors and scalars. References Elliott, J. R.; Lira, C. T. (1999). Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 184. ISBN 0-13-011386-7. Carter, Ashley H. (2001). Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. Prentice Hall. p. 392. ISBN 0-13-779208-5.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partial derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"equation of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state"},{"link_name":"fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"reciprocity relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_functions_and_differentiation"},{"link_name":"implicit function theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_function_theorem"}],"text":"The triple product rule, known variously as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, is a formula which relates partial derivatives of three interdependent variables. The rule finds application in thermodynamics, where frequently three variables can be related by a function of the form f(x, y, z) = 0, so each variable is given as an implicit function of the other two variables. For example, an equation of state for a fluid relates temperature, pressure, and volume in this manner. The triple product rule for such interrelated variables x, y, and z comes from using a reciprocity relation on the result of the implicit function theorem, and is given by(\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n −\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)=-1,}where each factor is a partial derivative of the variable in the numerator, considered to be a function of the other two.The advantage of the triple product rule is that by rearranging terms, one can derive a number of substitution identities which allow one to replace partial derivatives which are difficult to analytically evaluate, experimentally measure, or integrate with quotients of partial derivatives which are easier to work with. For example,(\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)=-{\\frac {\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial y}}\\right)}{\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)}}}Various other forms of the rule are present in the literature; these can be derived by permuting the variables {x, y, z}.","title":"Triple product rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_differential"},{"link_name":"exact differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_differential"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"mathematical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"}],"text":"An informal derivation follows. Suppose that f(x, y, z) = 0. Write z as a function of x and y. Thus the total differential dz isd\n z\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dz=\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)dx+\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial y}}\\right)dy}Suppose that we move along a curve with dz = 0, where the curve is parameterized by x. Thus y can be written in terms of x, so on this curved\n y\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dy=\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial x}}\\right)dx}Therefore, the equation for dz = 0 becomes0\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n d\n x\n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0=\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)\\,dx+\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial x}}\\right)\\,dx}Since this must be true for all dx, rearranging terms gives(\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n −\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)=-\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial x}}\\right)}Dividing by the derivatives on the right hand side gives the triple product rule(\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)=-1}Note that this proof makes many implicit assumptions regarding the existence of partial derivatives, the existence of the exact differential dz, the ability to construct a curve in some neighborhood with dz = 0, and the nonzero value of partial derivatives and their reciprocals. A formal proof based on mathematical analysis would eliminate these potential ambiguities.","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total differentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_differential"}],"sub_title":"Alternative derivation","text":"Suppose a function f(x, y, z) = 0, where x, y, and z are functions of each other. Write the total differentials of the variablesd\n x\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n y\n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dx=\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)dy+\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial z}}\\right)dz}d\n y\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dy=\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial x}}\\right)dx+\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)dz}dydxd\n x\n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n z\n \n ]\n \n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dx=\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left[\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial x}}\\right)dx+\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)dz\\right]+\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial z}}\\right)dz}chain ruledxdz(\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)+\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial z}}\\right)=0}(\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial y}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial y}{\\partial z}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}\\right)=-1.}","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ideal gas law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law"},{"link_name":"state variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_variables"}],"sub_title":"Example: Ideal Gas Law","text":"The ideal gas law relates the state variables of pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) viaP\n V\n =\n n\n R\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle PV=nRT}which can be written asf\n (\n P\n ,\n V\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n P\n V\n −\n n\n R\n T\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(P,V,T)=PV-nRT=0}so each state variable can be written as an implicit function of the other state variables:P\n \n \n \n =\n P\n (\n V\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n \n \n \n n\n R\n T\n \n V\n \n \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n \n =\n V\n (\n P\n ,\n T\n )\n =\n \n \n \n n\n R\n T\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n =\n T\n (\n P\n ,\n V\n )\n =\n \n \n \n P\n V\n \n \n n\n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}P&=P(V,T)={\\frac {nRT}{V}}\\\\[1em]V&=V(P,T)={\\frac {nRT}{P}}\\\\[1em]T&=T(P,V)={\\frac {PV}{nR}}\\end{aligned}}}From the above expressions, we have−\n 1\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n P\n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n V\n \n \n ∂\n T\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n T\n \n \n ∂\n P\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n n\n R\n T\n \n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n R\n \n P\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n V\n \n n\n R\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n n\n R\n T\n \n \n P\n V\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n P\n P\n \n \n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}-1&=\\left({\\frac {\\partial P}{\\partial V}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial V}{\\partial T}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {\\partial T}{\\partial P}}\\right)\\\\[1em]&=\\left(-{\\frac {nRT}{V^{2}}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {nR}{P}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {V}{nR}}\\right)\\\\[1em]&=\\left(-{\\frac {nRT}{PV}}\\right)\\\\[1em]&=-{\\frac {P}{P}}=-1\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deriving_Wave_Velocity_using_the_Triple_Product_Rule.png"},{"link_name":"phase velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_velocity"}],"sub_title":"Geometric Realization","text":"The profile of a traveling wave at time t (solid line) and t+Δt (dashed line). In the time interval Δt, the point p2 will rise up to the same height that p1 had at time t.A geometric realization of the triple product rule can be found in its close ties to the velocity of a traveling waveϕ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n A\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n k\n x\n −\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi (x,t)=A\\cos(kx-\\omega t)}shown on the right at time t (solid blue line) and at a short time later t+Δt (dashed). The wave maintains its shape as it propagates, so that a point at position x at time t will correspond to a point at position x+Δx at time t+Δt,A\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n k\n x\n −\n ω\n t\n )\n =\n A\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n k\n (\n x\n +\n Δ\n x\n )\n −\n ω\n (\n t\n +\n Δ\n t\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cos(kx-\\omega t)=A\\cos(k(x+\\Delta x)-\\omega (t+\\Delta t)).}This equation can only be satisfied for all x and t if k Δx − ω Δt = 0, resulting in the formula for the phase velocityv\n =\n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ω\n k\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v={\\frac {\\Delta x}{\\Delta t}}={\\frac {\\omega }{k}}.}To elucidate the connection with the triple product rule, consider the point p1 at time t and its corresponding point (with the same height) p̄1 at t+Δt. Define p2 as the point at time t whose x-coordinate matches that of p̄1, and define p̄2 to be the corresponding point of p2 as shown in the figure on the right. The distance Δx between p1 and p̄1 is the same as the distance between p2 and p̄2 (green lines), and dividing this distance by Δt yields the speed of the wave.To compute Δx, consider the two partial derivatives computed at p2,(\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n =\n \n rise from \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n \n  to \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n  in time \n \n Δ\n t\n \n  (gold line)\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial t}}\\right)\\Delta t={\\text{rise from }}p_{2}{\\text{ to }}{\\bar {p}}_{1}{\\text{ in time }}\\Delta t{\\text{ (gold line)}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n slope of the wave (red line) at time \n \n t\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial x}}\\right)={\\text{slope of the wave (red line) at time }}t.}Dividing these two partial derivatives and using the definition of the slope (rise divided by run) gives us the desired formula forΔ\n x\n =\n −\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta x=-{\\frac {\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial t}}\\right)\\Delta t}{\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial x}}\\right)}},}where the negative sign accounts for the fact that p1 lies behind p2 relative to the wave's motion. Thus, the wave's velocity is given byv\n =\n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v={\\frac {\\Delta x}{\\Delta t}}=-{\\frac {\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial t}}\\right)}{\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial x}}\\right)}}.}For infinitesimal Δt, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\Delta x}{\\Delta t}}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial x}{\\partial t}}\\right)}\n \n and we recover the triple product rulev\n =\n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n \n Δ\n t\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n ϕ\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v={\\frac {\\Delta x}{\\Delta t}}=-{\\frac {\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial t}}\\right)}{\\left({\\frac {\\partial \\phi }{\\partial x}}\\right)}}.}","title":"Applications"}]

[{"image_text":"The profile of a traveling wave at time t (solid line) and t+Δt (dashed line). In the time interval Δt, the point p2 will rise up to the same height that p1 had at time t.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Deriving_Wave_Velocity_using_the_Triple_Product_Rule.png/220px-Deriving_Wave_Velocity_using_the_Triple_Product_Rule.png"}]

[{"title":"Differentiation rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules"},{"title":"Exact differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_differential"},{"title":"Product rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule"},{"title":"Total derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative"},{"title":"Triple product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_product"}]

[{"reference":"Elliott, J. R.; Lira, C. T. (1999). Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 184. ISBN 0-13-011386-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-011386-7","url_text":"0-13-011386-7"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Ashley H. (2001). Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. Prentice Hall. p. 392. ISBN 0-13-779208-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-779208-5","url_text":"0-13-779208-5"}]}]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_M._Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park

Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park

["1 Climate","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 124°06′25″W / 43.92889°N 124.10694°W / 43.92889; -124.10694 State park in Oregon, United States Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State ParkCleawox Lake from dunes in the parkShow map of OregonShow map of the United StatesTypePublic, stateLocationLane County, OregonNearest cityFlorenceCoordinates43°55′44″N 124°06′25″W / 43.92889°N 124.10694°W / 43.92889; -124.10694Operated byOregon Parks and Recreation DepartmentJessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic Places Built1936 to 1941Built byCivilian Conservation CorpsNRHP reference No.84000473Added to NRHPNovember 28, 1984 Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park, also known simply as Honeyman State Park, is in Lane County of the U.S. state of Oregon. It lies 3 miles (5 km) south of Florence along Highway 101, the coastal highway. The 27,212-acre (11,012 ha) Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area adjoins the park to the west. Many amenities are available, including over 200 campsites, all-terrain vehicle access, swimming, fishing and sandboarding. Originally named Camp Woahink, the park was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and was later renamed in honor Jessie M. Honeyman (1852–1948) of Portland. As president of the Oregon Roadside Council, Honeyman worked with Samuel Boardman, Oregon's first Superintendent of State Parks in the 1920s and 1930s, to preserve Oregon coastal lands. Several of the structures built by the CCC, including the camp store, three picnic shelters, and the administrative building, comprise the Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District. The campground was added in the 1950s. The Lake Woahink Seaplane Base is on Woahink Lake, southeast of the park, and Camp Cleawox, a Girl Scout camp, is across Cleawox Lake and northwest of the park. Climate Honeyman State Park has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). Climate data for Honeyman State Park (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 65(18) 75(24) 78(26) 86(30) 90(32) 88(31) 92(33) 93(34) 95(35) 92(33) 69(21) 65(18) 95(35) Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.8(14.9) 62.3(16.8) 66.0(18.9) 71.5(21.9) 75.7(24.3) 75.5(24.2) 76.7(24.8) 78.2(25.7) 82.2(27.9) 74.1(23.4) 62.6(17.0) 58.1(14.5) 86.7(30.4) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 48.7(9.3) 50.8(10.4) 53.0(11.7) 56.6(13.7) 60.1(15.6) 63.7(17.6) 67.0(19.4) 67.1(19.5) 66.2(19.0) 59.9(15.5) 52.4(11.3) 48.0(8.9) 57.8(14.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 43.7(6.5) 44.6(7.0) 46.1(7.8) 49.2(9.6) 52.7(11.5) 56.2(13.4) 58.9(14.9) 59.1(15.1) 57.9(14.4) 52.8(11.6) 47.0(8.3) 43.0(6.1) 50.9(10.5) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 38.7(3.7) 38.4(3.6) 39.1(3.9) 41.8(5.4) 45.2(7.3) 48.7(9.3) 50.8(10.4) 51.1(10.6) 49.6(9.8) 45.7(7.6) 41.6(5.3) 37.9(3.3) 44.1(6.7) Mean minimum °F (°C) 28.6(−1.9) 28.5(−1.9) 29.9(−1.2) 32.7(0.4) 36.9(2.7) 41.1(5.1) 44.1(6.7) 44.6(7.0) 42.1(5.6) 35.6(2.0) 30.7(−0.7) 28.1(−2.2) 24.3(−4.3) Record low °F (°C) 14(−10) 13(−11) 19(−7) 29(−2) 31(−1) 27(−3) 33(1) 39(4) 30(−1) 24(−4) 20(−7) 9(−13) 9(−13) Average precipitation inches (mm) 10.85(276) 7.97(202) 8.18(208) 5.81(148) 3.09(78) 2.47(63) 0.56(14) 0.76(19) 2.01(51) 5.25(133) 9.98(253) 11.19(284) 68.12(1,730) Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.1(0.25) 0.4(1.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.2(0.51) 0.7(1.8) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.2 17.1 18.3 14.7 10.8 7.4 2.3 3.2 5.4 11.1 18.7 18.9 146.1 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: WRCC (snowfall) Gallery Sand dunes and part of Cleawox Lake, Pacific Ocean in the background A campsite in the park Cleawox Lake. See also List of Oregon state parks References ^ "Jessie M Honeyman Memorial State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ^ "Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ^ Baker, Mark (September 12, 2007). "Honeyman State Park favorite for kids, families". The World. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ^ a b "Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Honeyman SP, OR". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ "HONEYMAN SP, OREGON (353995)". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved July 31, 2015. External links "Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park". Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved July 1, 2011. vteProtected areas of Oregon Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves FederalNPSNational Parks Crater Lake National HistoricParks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument (USFS) Oregon Caves USFSNational Forests Deschutes Fremont–Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River–Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa–Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National recreation areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Scenic areas Cape Perpetua Columbia River Gorge National WildlifeRefuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wilderness areas Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Devil's Staircase Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. 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Washburne Collins Creek D River Darlingtonia Devils Lake Devils Punch Bowl Driftwood Beach Ellmaker Fogarty Creek Gleneden Beach Governor Patterson H.B. Van Duzer Heceta Head Lighthouse Jessie M. Honeyman Joaquin Miller Forest L. Presley & Vera C. Gill Lost Creek Muriel O. Ponsler Neptune Neskowin Beach Ona Beach Otter Crest Pritchard Roads End Rocky Creek San Marine Seal Rock Smelt Sands South Beach Stonefield Beach Tokatee Klootchman W. B. Nelson Whale Watching Yachats Yachats Ocean Road Yaquina Bay SouthCoast Albert H. Powers Alfred A. Loeb Arizona Beach Bandon Bolon Island Tideways Bullards Beach Cape Arago Cape Blanco Cape Sebastian Conde B. McCullough Coquille Myrtle Grove Crissey Field Elk Creek Tunnel Forest Face Rock Floras Lake Geisel Monument Golden and Silver Falls Harris Beach Hoffman Humbug Mountain Hutchinson Lone Ranch Maria C. Jackson McVay Rock Ophir Otter Point Paradise Point Pistol River Port Orford Cedar Forest Port Orford Heads Samuel H. Boardman Seven Devils Shore Acres Sisters Rock Sunset Bay Sweet Myrtle Umpqua Umpqua Lighthouse Umpqua Myrtle William M. Tugman Winchuck Yoakam Point PortlandMetro Banks–Vernonia Bonnie Lure Government Island L. L. "Stub" Stewart Mary S. Young Milo McIver Tryon Creek Willamette Stone ColumbiaRiver Gorge/Mount Hood Ainsworth Benson Bonneville Bridal Veil Falls Crown Point Dabney Dalton Point George W. Joseph Guy W. Talbot Historic Columbia River Highway John B. Yeon Koberg Beach Lang Forest Lewis and Clark Lindsey Creek Mayer McLoughlin Memaloose Multnomah Falls Portland Women's Forum Rocky Butte Rooster Rock Seneca Fouts Shepperd's Dell Sheridan Starvation Creek Viento Vinzenz Lausmann Wyeth Wygant WillametteValley Alderwood Bald Peak Blachly Mountain Forest Bowers Rock Cascadia Champoeg Detroit Lake Dexter Elijah Bristow Erratic Rock Fall Creek Fort Yamhill Holman Jasper Lowell Luckiamute Maples Maud Williamson Molalla River North Santiam Sarah Helmick Silver Falls State Capitol Thompson's Mills Washburne Willamette Mission Willamette Greenway SouthernOregon Ben Hur Lampman Canyon Creek Forest Casey Collier Memorial Illinois River Forks Jackson F. Kimball Joseph H. 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Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek LocalMetro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Category Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Portland Commons Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States This article about a property in Oregon on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Honeyman Memorial State Park, also known simply as Honeyman State Park, is in Lane County of the U.S. state of Oregon. It lies 3 miles (5 km) south of Florence along Highway 101, the coastal highway. The 27,212-acre (11,012 ha) Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area adjoins the park to the west. Many amenities are available, including over 200 campsites,[3] all-terrain vehicle access, swimming, fishing and sandboarding.[4]Originally named Camp Woahink, the park was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and was later renamed in honor Jessie M. Honeyman (1852–1948) of Portland. As president of the Oregon Roadside Council, Honeyman worked with Samuel Boardman, Oregon's first Superintendent of State Parks in the 1920s and 1930s, to preserve Oregon coastal lands.Several of the structures built by the CCC, including the camp store, three picnic shelters, and the administrative building, comprise the Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District.[4] The campground was added in the 1950s. The Lake Woahink Seaplane Base is on Woahink Lake, southeast of the park, and Camp Cleawox, a Girl Scout camp, is across Cleawox Lake and northwest of the park.","title":"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Honeyman State Park has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb).Climate data for Honeyman State Park (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n65(18)\n\n75(24)\n\n78(26)\n\n86(30)\n\n90(32)\n\n88(31)\n\n92(33)\n\n93(34)\n\n95(35)\n\n92(33)\n\n69(21)\n\n65(18)\n\n95(35)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n62.3(16.8)\n\n66.0(18.9)\n\n71.5(21.9)\n\n75.7(24.3)\n\n75.5(24.2)\n\n76.7(24.8)\n\n78.2(25.7)\n\n82.2(27.9)\n\n74.1(23.4)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n58.1(14.5)\n\n86.7(30.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n53.0(11.7)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n63.7(17.6)\n\n67.0(19.4)\n\n67.1(19.5)\n\n66.2(19.0)\n\n59.9(15.5)\n\n52.4(11.3)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n57.8(14.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n43.7(6.5)\n\n44.6(7.0)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n52.7(11.5)\n\n56.2(13.4)\n\n58.9(14.9)\n\n59.1(15.1)\n\n57.9(14.4)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n43.0(6.1)\n\n50.9(10.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n38.4(3.6)\n\n39.1(3.9)\n\n41.8(5.4)\n\n45.2(7.3)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n51.1(10.6)\n\n49.6(9.8)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n37.9(3.3)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n28.6(−1.9)\n\n28.5(−1.9)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n32.7(0.4)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n44.6(7.0)\n\n42.1(5.6)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n30.7(−0.7)\n\n28.1(−2.2)\n\n24.3(−4.3)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n14(−10)\n\n13(−11)\n\n19(−7)\n\n29(−2)\n\n31(−1)\n\n27(−3)\n\n33(1)\n\n39(4)\n\n30(−1)\n\n24(−4)\n\n20(−7)\n\n9(−13)\n\n9(−13)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n10.85(276)\n\n7.97(202)\n\n8.18(208)\n\n5.81(148)\n\n3.09(78)\n\n2.47(63)\n\n0.56(14)\n\n0.76(19)\n\n2.01(51)\n\n5.25(133)\n\n9.98(253)\n\n11.19(284)\n\n68.12(1,730)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n18.2\n\n17.1\n\n18.3\n\n14.7\n\n10.8\n\n7.4\n\n2.3\n\n3.2\n\n5.4\n\n11.1\n\n18.7\n\n18.9\n\n146.1\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.3\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[5][6]\n\n\nSource 2: WRCC (snowfall)[7]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park_Cleawox_Lake.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honeyman_State_Prak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleawox_Lake,_Oct.jpg"}],"text":"Sand dunes and part of Cleawox Lake, Pacific Ocean in the background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA campsite in the park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleawox Lake.","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of Oregon state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_state_parks"}]

[{"reference":"\"Jessie M Honeyman Memorial State Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1143695","url_text":"\"Jessie M Honeyman Memorial State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District\". National Park Service. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000473_text","url_text":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Mark (September 12, 2007). \"Honeyman State Park favorite for kids, families\". The World. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://theworldlink.com/lifestyles/article_4f040b4d-2d83-5482-ba13-4dbd5fefc182.html","url_text":"\"Honeyman State Park favorite for kids, families\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614015441/http://www.oregonstateparks.org/images/pdf/honeyman_full.pdf","url_text":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\""},{"url":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/images/pdf/honeyman_full.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pqr","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Honeyman SP, OR\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00353995&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Honeyman SP, OR\""}]},{"reference":"\"HONEYMAN SP, OREGON (353995)\". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?or3995","url_text":"\"HONEYMAN SP, OREGON (353995)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\". Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved July 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_134.php","url_text":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jessie_M._Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park&params=43_55_44_N_124_06_25_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°55′44″N 124°06′25″W / 43.92889°N 124.10694°W / 43.92889; -124.10694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jessie_M._Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park&params=43_55_44_N_124_06_25_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°55′44″N 124°06′25″W / 43.92889°N 124.10694°W / 43.92889; -124.10694"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/84000473","external_links_name":"84000473"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1143695","external_links_name":"\"Jessie M Honeyman Memorial State Park\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000473_text","external_links_name":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park Historic District\""},{"Link":"http://theworldlink.com/lifestyles/article_4f040b4d-2d83-5482-ba13-4dbd5fefc182.html","external_links_name":"\"Honeyman State Park favorite for kids, families\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614015441/http://www.oregonstateparks.org/images/pdf/honeyman_full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/images/pdf/honeyman_full.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pqr","external_links_name":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00353995&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Honeyman SP, OR\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?or3995","external_links_name":"\"HONEYMAN SP, OREGON (353995)\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_134.php","external_links_name":"\"Jessie M. Honeyman Memorial State Park\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8045148997658859870009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp3PpTrKVvxWQqwK8XBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007400386605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016002462","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessie_M._Honeyman_Memorial_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines

Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines

["1 Cultural sites by region","2 Cultural sites by inscription","3 See also","4 External links"]

The Banaue Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property. Current logo for the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property These lists contain an overview of the government recognized cultural properties in the Philippines. The lists are based on the official lists provided by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, and the National Museum of the Philippines. The lists have been subdivided per region. Cultural sites by region List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Ilocos Region List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Cagayan Valley List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Luzon List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Calabarzon List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Mimaropa List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Bicol Region List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Western Visayas List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Visayas List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Eastern Visayas List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Zamboanga Peninsula List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Northern Mindanao List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Davao Region List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Caraga List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Bangsamoro There are no designated cultural properties in Soccsksargen. Cultural sites by inscription List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines List of Important Cultural Properties in the Philippines List of Significant Cultural Properties in the Philippines List of National Historical Landmarks in the Philippines List of Heritage Zones in the Philippines List of National Historical Sites in the Philippines List of National Shrines in the Philippines List of National Monuments in the Philippines List of National Heritage Houses in the Philippines List of Site Museum Reservations in the Philippines List of Archaeological Reservations in the Philippines See also List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines List of historical markers of the Philippines External links Media related to Cultural heritage monuments in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons "The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. vteCultural Properties of the Philippines by region I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon V – Bicol Region VI – Western Visayas VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XIII – Caraga BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region NCR – National Capital Region Note: Soccsksargen has no government recognized cultural properties. vtePhilippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)Governmentculturalagencies Cultural Center of the Philippines Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino National Archives National Commission for Culture and the Arts National Historical Commission of the Philippines National Library National Museum Intramuros Administration Sentro Rizal Categoriesof culturalproperties UNESCO World Heritage Sites National Cultural Treasures Important Cultural Properties National Historical Landmarks National Shrines National Monuments National Heritage Houses Works of National Artists Marked Structures Other Cultural Properties Related National Cultural Heritage Act This article includes a protected areas-related list of lists.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banaue Rice Terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Current_logo_of_the_Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property.png"},{"link_name":"Philippine Registry of Cultural Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"National Commission for Culture and the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"National Historical Commission of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"The Banaue Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property.Current logo for the Philippine Registry of Cultural PropertyThese lists contain an overview of the government recognized cultural properties in the Philippines. The lists are based on the official lists provided by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, and the National Museum of the Philippines.The lists have been subdivided per region.","title":"Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Ilocos Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Ilocos_Region"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Cagayan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Cagayan_Valley"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Central_Luzon"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Calabarzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Calabarzon"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Mimaropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Mimaropa"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Bicol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Bicol_Region"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Western Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Western_Visayas"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Central_Visayas"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Eastern Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Eastern_Visayas"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Zamboanga Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Northern Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Northern_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Davao Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_the_Davao_Region"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Caraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Caraga"},{"link_name":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Bangsamoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Bangsamoro"},{"link_name":"Soccsksargen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccsksargen"}],"text":"List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Ilocos Region\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Cagayan Valley\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Luzon\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Calabarzon\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Mimaropa\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Bicol Region\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Western Visayas\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Central Visayas\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Eastern Visayas\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Zamboanga Peninsula\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Northern Mindanao\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Davao Region\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Caraga\nList of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in BangsamoroThere are no designated cultural properties in Soccsksargen.","title":"Cultural sites by region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"List of Important Cultural Properties in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Important_Cultural_Properties_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Significant Cultural Properties in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Significant_Cultural_Properties_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of National Historical Landmarks in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Historical_Landmarks_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Heritage Zones in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Heritage_Zones_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of National Historical Sites in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Historical_Sites_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of National Shrines in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Shrines_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of National Monuments in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Monuments_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of National Heritage Houses in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Heritage_Houses_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Site Museum Reservations in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Site_Museum_Reservations_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of Archaeological Reservations in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Archaeological_Reservations_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines\nList of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines\nList of Important Cultural Properties in the Philippines\nList of Significant Cultural Properties in the Philippines\nList of National Historical Landmarks in the Philippines\nList of Heritage Zones in the Philippines\nList of National Historical Sites in the Philippines\nList of National Shrines in the Philippines\nList of National Monuments in the Philippines\nList of National Heritage Houses in the Philippines\nList of Site Museum Reservations in the Philippines\nList of Archaeological Reservations in the Philippines","title":"Cultural sites by inscription"}]

[{"image_text":"The Banaue Rice Terraces is an example of a nationally recognized cultural property.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg/300px-Foggy_Ifugao_Rice_Terraces.jpg"},{"image_text":"Current logo for the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Current_logo_of_the_Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property.png/300px-Current_logo_of_the_Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property.png"}]

[{"title":"List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"List of historical markers of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_markers_of_the_Philippines"}]

[{"reference":"\"The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)\". National Commission for Culture and the Arts.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncca.gov.ph/philippine-registry-cultural-property-precup/","url_text":"\"The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts","url_text":"National Commission for Culture and the Arts"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://ncca.gov.ph/philippine-registry-cultural-property-precup/","external_links_name":"\"The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP)\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Van_Buren_(I)

Abraham Van Buren

["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Death and burial","4 Reputation","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Businessman, father of Martin van Buren For his grandson, see Abraham Van Buren II. Abraham Van BurenTown Clerk of Kinderhook, New YorkIn office1787–1796Preceded byNone (position created)Succeeded byJames I. Van Alen Personal detailsBorn(1737-02-17)February 17, 1737Albany, New YorkDiedApril 8, 1817(1817-04-08) (aged 80)Kinderhook Village, New YorkResting placeReformed Church Cemetery, Kinderhook, New YorkPolitical partyDemocratic-Republican (after 1792)Other politicalaffiliationsAnti-Federalist (1787–1789)Jeffersonian (1789–1792)Spouse Maria Hoes (or Goes) Van Alen ​ ​(m. 1776)​RelationsJames I. Van Alen (stepson)Children5 (including Martin Van Buren)Military serviceBranch/serviceNew York MilitiaYears of service1775–1783RankCaptainUnit7th Regiment, Albany County MilitiaBattles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War Abraham Van Buren (February 17, 1737 – April 8, 1817) was an American businessman and local public official from Kinderhook, New York. A Patriot and militia veteran of the American Revolutionary War, he was the father of Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States. Biography Abraham Van Buren was born in Albany, New York on February 17, 1737, the son of Marten Pieterse Van Buren (1701–1766) and Dirckje (Van Alstyne) Van Buren (1710-1798). The fifth of nine children, he was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen, a native of Buurmalsen, Netherlands who had come to North America in 1631. Van Buren owned a Kinderhook farm and several slaves, as well as a combined tavern and inn. Most of Kinderhook's residents were descendants of the Dutch colonists who created New Netherland, and they spoke Dutch as their primary language. The Van Buren tavern was strategically situated on the main route between New York City and Albany. In addition to being a prominent destination for stagecoach travelers, Van Buren's tavern was also a prominent local meeting place, and used for political gatherings, town meetings, and as a polling place. During the American Revolution, Van Buren was identified with the Patriot cause, serving in the Albany County Militia's 7th Regiment with the rank of captain. After the war, Van Buren was active in politics as an Anti-Federalist and Jeffersonian, and he joined the Democratic-Republican Party at its founding. In 1787, Van Buren was elected to serve as Kinderhook's town clerk, the first individual chosen for this position after it was created. He served until 1797 and was succeeded by his stepson James I. Van Alen. The details of Abraham Van Buren's education are not known, but according to 1914's A History of Old Kinderhook, his excellent penmanship and the legibility of the town records he produced was still notable more than 120 years after he created them. Family In 1776, Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes (or Goes) Van Alen (1747–1818), the widow of Johannes Van Alen.: 9–11  From his wife's first marriage to Johannes Van Alen, Van Buren was the stepfather of: Marytje (or Maria) Van Alen (1768–1829), who married John L. Hoes. John I. Van Alen (1770–1805) James I. Van Alen (1772–1822), who practiced law with Martin Van Buren, succeeded Abraham Van Buren as town clerk and also served as a member of Congress (1807–1809). From his own marriage, Van Buren's children included: Dirckie "Derike" Van Buren (1777–1865), who married Barent Hoes (1777–1853). Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren's wife, and served in local offices including town clerk. Jannetje (Called "Hannah" or "Jane") Van Buren (1780–1838), who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother-in-law Barent Hoes. Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), 8th president of the United States. Lawrence (or Laurence) Van Buren (1786–1868), a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor, postmaster, and presidential elector in 1852. Abraham Van Buren (1788–1836), an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen. Death and burial Van Buren died in Kinderhook on April 8, 1817. He was buried at Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery. Reputation Martin Van Buren apparently said and wrote very little about his father. In one of his few recorded recollections, Martin Van Buren wrote of his father that Abraham Van Buren was an amiable man who had no enemies, but also had little talent for making or saving money. Abraham Van Buren's children erected a marker over his grave, which contained a detailed epitaph: SACRED to the memory of Capt. Abraham Van Buren, who died on the eighth day of April, in the year of our Lord, 1817, in the eighty first year of his age. He was tender and indulgent to his family, benevolent and charitable to all around him; and moreover a good man whose upright heart, mild temper and conciliatory manners secured to him what he liked to reciprocate — the good will and friendship of all. He died in full reliance upon the grace of God through the mediatory sacrifice of Christ for his salvation. Lands that beneath a burning sky Have long been desolate and dry, Th' effusions of his love shall share. And sudden greens and herbage wear. Notes ^ According to the 1800 U.S. Census, Abraham Van Buren owned three slaves. His son Lawrence inherited Abraham's farm and other property, and according to the 1830 census owned no slaves. This was in keeping with New York's emancipation law, which gradually ended slavery by 1827. References ^ Waite, Harriet C. Van Buren Peckham (1913). History of Cornelis Maessen Van Buren. New York, NY: Tobias A. Wright. p. 88. ISBN 9785878394376. ^ Collier, Edward Augustus (1914). A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 414. ^ a b History of Cornelis Maessen Van Buren, p. 88. ^ History of Cornelis Maessen Van Buren, p. 89. ^ "U.S. Census Entry, Abraham Van Buren Family". Ancestry.com. Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. 1800. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ Van Buren, Abraham (February 18, 1817). "Last will and testament of Abraham Van Buren". The Papers of Martin Van Buren. Lebanon, TN: Cumberland University, National Historical Publications and Records Commission, National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census Entry, Lawrence Van Buren Family". Ancestry.com. Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. 1830. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ "1827: Abolition of Slavery in New York State". Welcome to Historic Peterboro, NY. Peterboro, NY: Smithfield Community Association. February 5, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ a b c Cole, Donald B. (1984). Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-691-04715-7. ^ A History of Old Kinderhook, p. 386. ^ A History of Old Kinderhook, p. 542. ^ Foss, William O. (2005). Childhoods of the American Presidents. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7864-2382-8. ^ a b A History of Old Kinderhook, pp. 551–552. ^ A History of Old Kinderhook, p. 210. ^ "Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–1989: Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry, Marytje Van Alen". Ancestry.com. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, LLC. August 20, 1768. ^ The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 82–83. New York, NY: New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. 1951. p. 148. ^ "Baptism record, Johannes Van Alen: U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–2000". Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com, Inc. August 15, 1770. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ Irelan, John Robert (1887). History of the Life, Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren. Chicago, IL: Fairbanks and Palmer. p. 605. ^ Brooke, John L. (2010). "Chapter 7: 'Party and Corruption: The Columbia Junto and the Rise of Martin Van Buren, 1799–1812'". Columbia Rising: Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 481. ISBN 9780807833230. ^ Mosley, Charles; Brogan, Hugh (1993). American Presidential Families. Gloucestershire, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-0289-7305-0. ^ Terry, R. M. (1885). Civil list of Columbia County, and official hand-book, 1786–1886. Hudson, NY: J. W. Prentiss. p. 113. ^ Mackenzie, William Lyon (1846). The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren. Boston: Cooke & Co. p. 20. ^ "Death notice, Jane Van Buren". The Weekly Standard. Raleigh, NC. July 18, 1838. p. 3. ^ A History of Old Kinderhook, p. 414. ^ Collier, Edward Augustus (1914). A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time. New York, NY: Knickerbocker Press. pp. 230, 390, 427, 547, 551. ^ Miller, Peyton Farrell (1904). A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County, New York. New York, NY: De Vinne Press. p. 181. ^ Greeley, Horace; Benjamin, Park (November 5, 1836). "Death notice, Abraham A. Van Buren". The New Yorker. New York, NY. p. 111. ^ a b c A History of Old Kinderhook, p. 521. ^ Van Buren, Martin (1920). Fitzpatrick, John C. (ed.). The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9781623766634. External links Abraham Van Buren at Find a Grave vteMartin Van Buren 8th President of the United States (1837–1841) 8th Vice President of the United States (1833–1837) U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom (1831–1832) 10th United States Secretary of State (1829–1831) 9th Governor of New York (1829) U.S. Senator from New York (1821–1828) Attorney General of New York (1815–1819) Life Bucktails Albany Regency Tammany Hall 1821 United States Senate election in New York United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Tariff of Abominations Democratic Party 1828 New York gubernatorial election Petticoat affair Kitchen Cabinet 1832 Democratic National Convention 1832 United States presidential election 1836 United States presidential election 1835 Democratic National Convention Second Party System Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 1844 Democratic National Convention Barnburners and Hunkers 1848 Democratic National Convention Free Soil Party 1848 United States presidential election Reformed Dutch Church Presidency Inauguration of Martin Van Buren Panic of 1837 Specie Circular Independent Treasury Treaty of New Echota Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren United States v. The Amistad List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren Gold Spoon Oration 1840 United States presidential election 1840 Democratic National Convention Writings Papers of Martin Van Buren Public image Recarving Rushmore List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Mount Van Buren USS Van Buren (1839) Burr Amistad "The Van Buren Boys" Family Family of Martin Van Buren Abraham Van Buren (father) James I. Van Alen (maternal half-brother) Abraham Van Buren (son) Angelica Singleton Van Buren (daughter-in-law) John Van Buren (son) ← Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison → ← John C. Calhoun Richard Mentor Johnson → Category

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A Patriot and militia veteran of the American Revolutionary War, he was the father of Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States.","title":"Abraham Van Buren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Buurmalsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buurmalsen"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Cornelis_Maessen_Van_Buren''88-3"},{"link_name":"Kinderhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhook_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Cornelis_Maessen_Van_Buren''89-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-10"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook386-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-10"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Albany County Militia's 7th Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alstyne%27s_Regiment_of_Militia"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Cornelis_Maessen_Van_Buren''88-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook542-12"},{"link_name":"Anti-Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalism"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook551%E2%80%93552-14"},{"link_name":"James I. Van Alen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._Van_Alen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook551%E2%80%93552-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook210-15"}],"text":"Abraham Van Buren was born in Albany, New York on February 17, 1737, the son of Marten Pieterse Van Buren (1701–1766) and Dirckje (Van Alstyne) Van Buren (1710-1798).[1][2] The fifth of nine children, he was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen, a native of Buurmalsen, Netherlands who had come to North America in 1631.[3]Van Buren owned a Kinderhook farm and several slaves, as well as a combined tavern and inn.[4][a] Most of Kinderhook's residents were descendants of the Dutch colonists who created New Netherland, and they spoke Dutch as their primary language.[9] The Van Buren tavern was strategically situated on the main route between New York City and Albany.[10] In addition to being a prominent destination for stagecoach travelers, Van Buren's tavern was also a prominent local meeting place, and used for political gatherings, town meetings, and as a polling place.[9]During the American Revolution, Van Buren was identified with the Patriot cause, serving in the Albany County Militia's 7th Regiment with the rank of captain.[3][11] After the war, Van Buren was active in politics as an Anti-Federalist and Jeffersonian, and he joined the Democratic-Republican Party at its founding.[12] In 1787, Van Buren was elected to serve as Kinderhook's town clerk, the first individual chosen for this position after it was created.[13] He served until 1797 and was succeeded by his stepson James I. Van Alen.[13] The details of Abraham Van Buren's education are not known, but according to 1914's A History of Old Kinderhook, his excellent penmanship and the legibility of the town records he produced was still notable more than 120 years after he created them.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James I. Van Alen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._Van_Alen"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook414-25"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Town Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Supervisor"},{"link_name":"in 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 1776, Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes (or Goes) Van Alen (1747–1818), the widow of Johannes Van Alen.[9]: 9–11  From his wife's first marriage to Johannes Van Alen, Van Buren was the stepfather of:Marytje (or Maria) Van Alen (1768–1829), who married John L. Hoes.[15][16]\nJohn I. Van Alen (1770–1805)[17][18]\nJames I. Van Alen (1772–1822), who practiced law with Martin Van Buren, succeeded Abraham Van Buren as town clerk and also served as a member of Congress (1807–1809).From his own marriage, Van Buren's children included:[19]Dirckie \"Derike\" Van Buren (1777–1865), who married Barent Hoes (1777–1853). Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren's wife, and served in local offices including town clerk.[20][21][22]\nJannetje (Called \"Hannah\" or \"Jane\") Van Buren (1780–1838), who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother-in-law Barent Hoes.[23]\nMartin Van Buren (1782–1862), 8th president of the United States.[24]\nLawrence (or Laurence) Van Buren (1786–1868), a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor, postmaster, and presidential elector in 1852.[25]\nAbraham Van Buren (1788–1836), an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen.[26][27]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook521-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook521-29"}],"text":"Van Buren died in Kinderhook on April 8, 1817.[28] He was buried at Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery.[28]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_History_of_Old_Kinderhook521-29"}],"text":"Martin Van Buren apparently said and wrote very little about his father. In one of his few recorded recollections, Martin Van Buren wrote of his father that Abraham Van Buren was an amiable man who had no enemies, but also had little talent for making or saving money.[29] Abraham Van Buren's children erected a marker over his grave, which contained a detailed epitaph:SACRED\nto the memory of Capt. Abraham Van Buren, who died on the \neighth day of April, in the year of our Lord, 1817, in the eighty\nfirst year of his age. He was tender and indulgent to his family,\nbenevolent and charitable to all around him; and moreover a\ngood man whose upright heart, mild temper and conciliatory\nmanners secured to him what he liked to reciprocate — the good\nwill and friendship of all. He died in full reliance upon the grace\nof God through the mediatory sacrifice of Christ for his salvation.\nLands that beneath a burning sky\nHave long been desolate and dry,\nTh' effusions of his love shall share.\n\nAnd sudden greens and herbage wear.[28]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"^ According to the 1800 U.S. Census, Abraham Van Buren owned three slaves.[5] His son Lawrence inherited Abraham's farm and other property,[6] and according to the 1830 census owned no slaves.[7] This was in keeping with New York's emancipation law, which gradually ended slavery by 1827.[8]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Waite, Harriet C. Van Buren Peckham (1913). History of Cornelis Maessen Van Buren. New York, NY: Tobias A. Wright. p. 88. ISBN 9785878394376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vjIRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88","url_text":"History of Cornelis Maessen Van Buren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785878394376","url_text":"9785878394376"}]},{"reference":"Collier, Edward Augustus (1914). A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 414.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofoldkind01coll/page/542","url_text":"A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Entry, Abraham Van Buren Family\". Ancestry.com. Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. 1800. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/3830519?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22714a455a726842346d6239574677733338367354784c6b575277736166632b4761476f412b4757544279453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Entry, Abraham Van Buren Family\""}]},{"reference":"Van Buren, Abraham (February 18, 1817). \"Last will and testament of Abraham Van Buren\". The Papers of Martin Van Buren. Lebanon, TN: Cumberland University, National Historical Publications and Records Commission, National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vanburenpapers.org/document-mvb12350","url_text":"\"Last will and testament of Abraham Van Buren\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Entry, Lawrence Van Buren Family\". Ancestry.com. Lehi, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. 1830. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/6199649?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a223448534d70414b64776b57743336694d3771796d6c644f4c4e41763134336e4563396a314f7451554c6e453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Entry, Lawrence Van Buren Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"1827: Abolition of Slavery in New York State\". Welcome to Historic Peterboro, NY. Peterboro, NY: Smithfield Community Association. February 5, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peterborony.org/2021/02/05/1827-abolition-of-slavery-in-new-york-state/","url_text":"\"1827: Abolition of Slavery in New York State\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Donald B. (1984). Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-691-04715-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vqz_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"Martin Van Buren and the American Political System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04715-7","url_text":"978-0-691-04715-7"}]},{"reference":"Foss, William O. (2005). Childhoods of the American Presidents. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7864-2382-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpAMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22father%27s+support+for+the+democratic-republican%22","url_text":"Childhoods of the American Presidents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2382-8","url_text":"978-0-7864-2382-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–1989: Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry, Marytje Van Alen\". Ancestry.com. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, LLC. August 20, 1768.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6961","url_text":"\"Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–1989: Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry, Marytje Van Alen\""}]},{"reference":"The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 82–83. New York, NY: New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. 1951. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt4nAQAAMAAJ&q=%22adolphustown%22","url_text":"The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 82–83"}]},{"reference":"\"Baptism record, Johannes Van Alen: U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–2000\". Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com, Inc. August 15, 1770. Retrieved January 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6961","url_text":"\"Baptism record, Johannes Van Alen: U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639–2000\""}]},{"reference":"Irelan, John Robert (1887). History of the Life, Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren. Chicago, IL: Fairbanks and Palmer. p. 605.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_g4_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA605","url_text":"History of the Life, Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, John L. (2010). \"Chapter 7: 'Party and Corruption: The Columbia Junto and the Rise of Martin Van Buren, 1799–1812'\". Columbia Rising: Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 481. 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July 18, 1838. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/56960085/?terms=%22jane%2Bvan%2Bburen%22","url_text":"\"Death notice, Jane Van Buren\""}]},{"reference":"Collier, Edward Augustus (1914). A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time. New York, NY: Knickerbocker Press. pp. 230, 390, 427, 547, 551.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GIY-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551","url_text":"A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Peyton Farrell (1904). A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County, New York. New York, NY: De Vinne Press. p. 181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UassAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181","url_text":"A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County, New York"}]},{"reference":"Greeley, Horace; Benjamin, Park (November 5, 1836). \"Death notice, Abraham A. Van Buren\". The New Yorker. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Kohn

Robert D. Kohn

["1 Life and career","2 World's Fair 1939","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]

American architect This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robert D. Kohn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Restrained detailing, New York Society for Ethical Culture, 1911 Old New York Evening Post Building, 1907 Robert D. Kohn (May 12, 1870 – June 16, 1953) was an American architect most active in New York City. Life and career Kohn was born in Manhattan, attended Columbia University, and spent four years at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, from 1891 through 1895. After brief stints for other architects, he established an independent practice in 1896. In 1905 he married sculptor Estelle Rumbold of St. Louis, Missouri. His first building of note was the Vienna Sezession-detailed Old New York Evening Post Building (1906–07), 20 Vesey Street, one of the limited number of Art Nouveau structures in New York. Stacks of convex copper-framed windows press forward between unrelieved limestone piers. Of the four sculpted figures in the uppermost floors, two are by Kohn's wife, and the other two are by Gutzon Borglum. He designed the hall for the Society for Ethical Culture (Central Park West and 64th Street, 1911) and had formerly collaborated with Carrère and Hastings on the adjoining Ethical Culture school building (1902). "Like Christian Science, the Ethical Culture movement was searching for its own form - it had no historic precedents from which to draw. Kohn's exterior, all Bedford limestone, took its cornice and base course lines from the adjacent school, but nothing else. Instead of the school's broad window facing Central Park, the meeting house has wide, limestone expanses, like a mausoleum, and simply, blocky detailing." (Stern et al.) He worked in association with his brother, Victor H. Kohn, who died in New York, 4 May 1910, aged thirty-eight. In 1918 he was a founding member of the Technical Alliance, organized for the purpose of undertaking an energy survey of North America, for the reconsideration of the workings of the entire social system; their work was continued by Technocracy Inc. From 1917 through the early 1950s Kohn collaborated, formally and informally, with fellow architect Charles Butler. In the 1920s they became well known for their temples and other structures for the Reform Jewish congregations of New York, notably the discreetly modernist Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York on Fifth Avenue (1927–29) and for the New York Society for Ethical Culture, of which he had been a member since early youth. The Congregation Emanuel-El blends a conservative modernism with Neo-Romanesque precedents, stripped of its literal historicisms. The west end of Emanu-El, facing Central Park, is a single vastly-scaled entrance porch, infilled with stained glass under a round-headed arch. Buttressed wall permit an interior free of support, with a roof 103 feet above the floor. In 1953 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. Another regular partner was Clarence Stein. Like Stein, in the 1930s and beyond Kohn would become recognized for his expertise in low-cost housing. Kohn also became President of the American Institute of Architects in 1930–32. Congregation Emanu-El, 1927-29 World's Fair 1939 Kohn worked as the Chairman of the Committee on Theme for the 1939 World's Fair, a particularly influential body which governed almost the entirety of the expositions presented at the fair. In particular, Kohn's influence is attributed to implementing the "Fair of the Future" theme into the progressive and Beaux-Arts architecture of the exhibitors. Works Old New York Evening Post Building, 20 Vesey Street, Manhattan, New York City, 1906-07 Spero Building, 19-27 West 21st Street, Manhattan, New York City, 1907-08 Tower Press Building, dominated by a 130 feet (40 m) octagonal tower, Cleveland, Ohio, 1907 A. I. Namm & Son Department Store, Brooklyn, with Charles Butler, 1924 Macy's Herald Square expansion, Manhattan, 1924 Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Bronx, with Clarence Stein, 1926 Temple Emanu-El of New York on Fifth Avenue (1927–29) 352 Riverside Drive References Notes ^ He worked in partnership with Charles Butler and Clarence Stein on this project, which cost an estimated $7.5 million dollars. The associate architects were Mayers Murray & Phillip. ^ "A. I. NAMM & SON DEPARTMENT STORE" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 15, 2005. ^ Walker, Ameena (January 9, 2018). "Upper West Side's opulent Riverside Drive mansion returns for $11.95M". Curbed NY. Bibliography Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395. AIA presidents (Society of Architectural Historians) American Architects' Biographies: Victor H. Kohn, obituary from American Art Annual, vol. VIII (1911) Temple Emmanu-El, New York technocracyinc.org website Emporis.com, List of Kohn's buildings, 1907-28 University of Missouri: Frank M. Rumbold papers External links Media related to Robert D. Kohn at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Musée d'Orsay ULAN Other SNAC

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denison_(MP)

John Denison (MP)

["1 References"]

British politician John DenisonBornJohn Wilkinson1758?Died(1820-05-06)6 May 1820, aged 62OssingtonNationalityBritishOccupationPoliticianYears active1796-1812 John Denison (born John Wilkinson; 1758? – 6 May 1820) was Member of Parliament for the English constituencies of Wootton Bassett (1796-1802), Colchester (1802-1806), and Minehead (1807-1812). He was the second son of John Wilkinson, factor at Blackwell Hall in London for Potterton, West Riding of Yorkshire, and his wife Anne née Denison. His mother's brother, Robert Denison (died 1782) of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, a woollen merchant in Leeds, bequeathed to him his business interests and his estates in County Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire on condition that he adopted the surname Denison; which he did on 16 April 1785. Robert's fortune was said to have amounted to £700,000; of the order of £84 million in 2020 money. This new wealth made John a figure of considerable influence in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. In 1788, he was reported as having little interest in politics. In 1791, he got round a clause in his uncle's will, gave up business, and settled at Ossington as a country gentleman. In 1796, he entered Parliament as MP for Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire under the patronage of Viscount Bolingbroke. He almost always voted with the government. In 1802, he was elected MP for Colchester, Essex; a seat where "a long purse" was needed to win the support of the voters. He stood down at the 1806 election, because he had opposed the government on one issue and had lost its support. He asserted that he could have retained his seat, but that "it is rather too much to expect one to sacrifice thousands for the honour of a seat on the green benches ". In the 1807 election, he was elected MP for Minehead, Somerset, under the patronage of the Luttrell family. He was inconspicuous in that Parliament. He retired from politics in 1812, and died in 1820. He married twice. First on 5 March 1787, to Maria Charlotte (died 1794), daughter of Isaac Webb Horlock of Ashwick, Somerset; with whom he had two sons and one daughter. The second marriage was in December 1796, to Charlotte, daughter of Samuel Estwick the elder; with whom he had nine sons and three daughters. His third son with Charlotte was William Denison (1804-1871), colonial administrator. He was the father-in-law of Charles Manners-Sutton and the father of Viscount Ossington, who both became Speaker of the House of Commons. References ^ Thorne, R. G., ed. (1986). "Wootton Bassett". historyofparliamentonline.org. ^ Thorne, R. G., ed. (1986). "Colchester". historyofparliamentonline.org. ^ Thorne, R. G., ed. (1986). "Minehead". historyofparliamentonline.org. ^ Thoroton, Robert (1796) . "Ossington". In Throsby, John (ed.). Thoroton's History of Nottinghamshire: Volume 3, Republished With Large Additions by John Throsby. Nottingham. pp. 172–175. Accessed from British History Online ^ "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present". measuringworth.com. Retrieved 28 April 2020. ^ Thorne, R. G., ed. (1986). "DENISON, John (?1758-1820), of Ossington Hall, nr. Newark, Notts". historyofparliamentonline.org. Parliament of Great Britain Preceded byJohn StanleyThe Viscount Downe Member of Parliament for Wootton Bassett 1796-1800 With: Edward Clarke Succeeded byParliament of the United Kingdom Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byParliament of Great Britain Member of Parliament for Wootton Bassett 1801-1802 With: Edward Clarke Succeeded byGeneral the Hon. Henry St JohnRobert Williams Preceded byRobert ThorntonThe Lord Muncaster Member of Parliament for Colchester 1802-1806 With: Robert Thornton Succeeded byRobert ThorntonWilliam Tufnell Preceded byThe Lord RancliffeJohn Fownes Luttrell Member of Parliament for Minehead May 1807-1812 With: John Fownes Luttrell Succeeded byJohn Fownes Luttrell, juniorJohn Fownes Luttrell

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His mother's brother, Robert Denison (died 1782) of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, a woollen merchant in Leeds, bequeathed to him his business interests and his estates in County Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire on condition that he adopted the surname Denison; which he did on 16 April 1785. Robert's fortune was said to have amounted to £700,000;[4] of the order of £84 million in 2020 money.[5] This new wealth made John a figure of considerable influence in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.In 1788, he was reported as having little interest in politics. In 1791, he got round a clause in his uncle's will, gave up business, and settled at Ossington as a country gentleman. In 1796, he entered Parliament as MP for Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire under the patronage of Viscount Bolingbroke. He almost always voted with the government. In 1802, he was elected MP for Colchester, Essex; a seat where \"a long purse\" was needed to win the support of the voters. He stood down at the 1806 election, because he had opposed the government on one issue and had lost its support. He asserted that he could have retained his seat, but that \"it is rather too much to expect one to sacrifice thousands for the honour of a seat on the green benches [in the House of Commons]\". In the 1807 election, he was elected MP for Minehead, Somerset, under the patronage of the Luttrell family. He was inconspicuous in that Parliament. He retired from politics in 1812, and died in 1820.He married twice. First on 5 March 1787, to Maria Charlotte (died 1794), daughter of Isaac Webb Horlock of Ashwick, Somerset; with whom he had two sons and one daughter. The second marriage was in December 1796, to Charlotte, daughter of Samuel Estwick the elder; with whom he had nine sons and three daughters. His third son with Charlotte was William Denison (1804-1871), colonial administrator. He was the father-in-law of Charles Manners-Sutton and the father of Viscount Ossington, who both became Speaker of the House of Commons.[6]","title":"John Denison (MP)"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashews

Cashew

["1 Description","2 Etymology","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Cultivation","4.1 Production","4.2 Trade","5 Toxicity","6 Uses","6.1 Nutrition","6.2 Nut and shell","6.3 Husk","6.4 Apple","6.5 Alcohol","6.6 Nut oil","6.7 Shell oil","6.8 Animal feed","6.9 Other uses","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae Cashew Ripe fruit and attached drupe, which contains the edible seed Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Anacardiaceae Genus: Anacardium Species: A. occidentale Binomial name Anacardium occidentaleL. Cashew is the common name of a tropical evergreen tree Anacardium occidentale, in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to South America and is the source of the cashew nut and the cashew apple, an accessory fruit. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres (46 feet), but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew nut is edible and is eaten on its own as a snack, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. The nut is often simply called a 'cashew'. Cashew can cause allergies triggered by the proteins found in the nuts. In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India the leading producers. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and, starting in World War II, arms production. The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor. Description The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 metres (46 feet) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4–22 centimetres (1+1⁄2–8+3⁄4 inches) long and 2–15 cm (3⁄4–6 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7–15 millimetres (1⁄4–5⁄8 in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft) and is located in Natal, Brazil. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney-shaped or boxing glove-shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe first develops on the tree and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple. The drupe becomes the true fruit, a single shell-encased seed, which is often considered a nut in the culinary sense. The seed is surrounded by a double shell that contains an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid—which is a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better-known and also toxic allergenic oil urushiol, which is found in the related poison ivy and lacquer tree. Botanical illustration Tree in Mozambique, southeastern Africa Trunk in Bangladesh Flowers Pollen grains of Cashew tree Young fruits Fruits sold as produce Etymology The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: ), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupi word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself". The generic name Anacardium is composed of the Greek prefix ana- (ἀνά-, aná, 'up, upward'), the Greek cardia (καρδία, kardía, 'heart'), and the Neo-Latin suffix -ium. It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit, to "the top of the fruit stem" or to the seed. The word anacardium was earlier used to refer to Semecarpus anacardium (the marking nut tree) before Carl Linnaeus transferred it to the cashew; both plants are in the same family. The epithet occidentale derives from the Western (or Occidental) world. The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range, including anacardier (French) with the fruit referred to as pomme de cajou, caju (Portuguese pronunciation: ), or acaju (Portuguese). Distribution and habitat The species is native to tropical South America and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by Portuguese explorers. Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s. The Portuguese took it to Goa, formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa in India, between 1560 and 1565. From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. Cultivation Cashew production(with shell) 2021 Country Production(tonnes)  Côte d'Ivoire 837,850  India 738,000  Vietnam 348,504  Philippines 255,931  Tanzania 210,786 World 3,708,153 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive. The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards. Production In 2021, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 3.7 million tonnes, led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 43% of the world total (table). Trade The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea. Top Cashew Nut (in-shell) Exporters, 2017–2021 (USD) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 World 2.8B 2.8B 1.9B 2.0B 1.3B Ghana 253.2M 455.7M 222.6M 340.7M 172.7M Tanzania 530.0M 426.8M 221.4M 362.0M 159.0M Guinea-Bissau 318.0M 129.0M 122.8M 128.5M 143.6M Nigeria 69.3M 191.1M 74.5M 94.4M 138.8M Ivory Coast 1.0B 1.1B 730.8M 612.0M 129.7M Burkina Faso 144.8M 198.9M 81.0M 53.3M 96.0M Senegal 3.4M 33.2M 60.5M 38.6M 92.3M Indonesia 112.7M 84.4M 121.0M 102.4M 70.7M UAE 103.1K 74.5M 586.3K 3.4M 55.2M Guinea 161.6M 41.2M 45.2M 35.7M 53.1M Source: From 2017 to 2021, the top ten exporters of cashew nuts (shelled; HS Code 080132) were Vietnam, India, the Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, and the United States. In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Ivory Coast made this country the top African exporter. Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry. Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts. One of the goals of the African Cashew Alliance is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that forced labour was used for cashew processing in Vietnam. Around 40,000 current or former drug users were forced to remove shells from "blood cashews" or perform other work and often beaten at more than 100 rehabilitation centers. Top Cashew Nut (shelled) Exporters, 2017–2021 (USD) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 World 5.5B 5.1B 4.7B 4.5B 4.2B Vietnam 3.4B 3.2B 3.0B 2.9B 2.7B India 959.9M 673.6M 569.6M 407.9M 437.8M Netherlands 302.8M 304.3M 248.3M 266.0M 281.8M Germany 168.1M 179.8M 174.5M 202.3M 183.2M Brazil 114.2M 117.0M 121.3M 91.0M 96.8M Ivory Coast 73.2M 97.1M 68.4M 110.4M 81.8M Nigeria 12.0M 20.2M 37.3M 20.1M 45.0M Indonesia 60.2M 55.6M 57.0M 45.7M 40.7M Burkina Faso 12.1M 13.8M 18.9M 16.3M 21.6M United States 33.5M 26.3M 22.7M 21.1M 19.8M Source: Toxicity Some people are allergic to cashews, but they are a less frequent allergen than other tree nuts or peanuts. For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing. The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds that can cause contact dermatitis similar to poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids, anacardic acid, and cardanol. Because it can cause dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers. Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology. Uses Nutrition Cashews, rawNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy553 kcal (2,310 kJ)Carbohydrates30.19 gStarch23.49 gSugars lactose5.91 g 0.00 gDietary fiber3.3 g Fat43.85 gSaturated7.783 gMonounsaturated23.797 gPolyunsaturated7.845 g Protein18.22 g VitaminsQuantity %DV†Vitamin A0 IUThiamine (B1)35% 0.423 mgRiboflavin (B2)4% 0.058 mgNiacin (B3)7% 1.062 mgPantothenic acid (B5)17% 0.86 mgVitamin B625% 0.417 mgFolate (B9)6% 25 μgVitamin B120% 0 μgVitamin C1% 0.5 mgVitamin D0% 0 μgVitamin E6% 0.90 mgVitamin K28% 34.1 μg MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium3% 37 mgCopper244% 2.2 mgIron37% 6.68 mgMagnesium70% 292 mgManganese72% 1.66 mgPhosphorus47% 593 mgPotassium22% 660 mgSelenium36% 19.9 μgZinc53% 5.78 mg Other constituentsQuantityWater5.20 g Link to USDA Database entry†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. Raw cashews are 5% water, 30% carbohydrates, 44% fat, and 18% protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553 kilocalories, 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein, 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates. Cashews are rich sources (20% or more of the DV) of dietary minerals, including particularly copper, manganese, phosphorus, and magnesium (79–110% DV), and of thiamin, vitamin B6 and vitamin K (32–37% DV). Iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content (14–61% DV) (table). Cashews (100 g, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol. Nut and shell Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Cashew Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts. Cashews are commonly used in South Asian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine, both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashews are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo, and is eaten with suman. The province of Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashews are called kacang mete or kacang mede, while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet (lit. ‘monkey rose apple’). In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk. In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is common in South Africa. Women shelling cashews in Burkina Faso, West Africa A woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand, wearing gloves to protect against contact dermatitis Salted, roasted cashew nuts Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked Husk The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two cotyledons, each representing around 20–25% of the weight of the nut. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane called a husk, which accounts for approximately 5% of the total nut. Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an adsorbent, composites, biopolymers, dyes and enzyme synthesis. Apple See also: Cajuína The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid or an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys and jams in some countries, such as India and Brazil. In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and the fruit pulp are used in the production of sweets, juice, mixed with alcoholic beverages such as cachaça, and as a flour, milk, or cheese. In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón (marañón being a Spanish name for cashew). Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life. Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices. When the apple is consumed, its astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. Steeping the fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes also reduces the astringency. In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt. Alcohol In the Indian state of Goa, the ripened cashew apples are mashed, and the juice, called "neero", is extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days. This fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called urrak, which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof). In Tanzania, the cashew apple (bibo in Swahili) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called gongo. Distilling cashew apple liquor (muchekele) in Mozambique, southeastern Africa cashew apples spread for drying and subsequent storage prior to reconstitution in water and later fermentation, Mozambique Nut oil Cashew nut oil is a dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower value broken chunks created accidentally during processing), and is used for cooking or as a salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing. Shell oil See also: Urushiol Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil (CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. As it is a strong irritant, it should not be confused with the edible cashew nut oil. It is dangerous to handle in small-scale processing of the shells, but is itself a raw material with multiple uses. It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti-termite treatment of timber. Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. Cold, solvent-extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids (70%), cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%). Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol). This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL. Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials. These substances are skin allergens, like lacquer and the oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing. This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers. These capitalize on the chemically versatile construct, which contains three functional groups: the aromatic ring, the hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These include polyols, which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass. CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products. CNSL-based novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material. Animal feed Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be fed to livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees. Other uses As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal. The shells yield a black oil used as a preservative and water-proofing agent in varnishes, cements, and as a lubricant or timber seal. Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and charcoal. Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink. See also List of culinary nuts Semecarpus anacardium (the Oriental Anacardium), a native of India and closely related to the cashew References ^ Jostock, "Cashew Industry", p. 5. ^ a b c d "Cashew". Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Morton, Julia F. (1987). Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L.; In: Fruits of Warm Climates. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007. ^ a b c d "Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)". CABI. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ Varghese, T.; Pundir, Y. (1964). "Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L.". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 59 (5): 252–258. doi:10.1007/BF03052341. S2CID 83230755. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n James A Duke (1983). "Anacardium occidentale L." Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Kapinga, F. A.; Kasuga, L. J. F.; Kafiriti, E. M. "Growth and production of cashew nut" (PDF). Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2016). World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0. referring to the shape of the fruit ^ Merriam-Webster: "from the heartlike shape of the top of the fruit stem" ^ George Milbry Gould (1898). An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ... P. Blakiston. p. 73. ἀνά, up; καρδία, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds ^ Hugh F. Glen (2004). What's in a Name. Jacana. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-77009-040-8. (Greek ana = upwards + kardia = heart); applied by 16th century apothecaries to the fruit of the marking nut, Semecarpus anacardium, and later used by Linnaeus as a generic name for the cashew. ^ "Occidental". The Free Dictionary. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ^ a b c Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 34. ^ "Anacardium occidentale L." Plants of the Word Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 31 March 2024. ^ "Cashew". Department of Horticulture, Cornell University. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ Carolyn Joystick, "Cashew Industry" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. ^ "Cashew production in 2021; pick lists from world regions/production quantity". FAOSTAT of the UN. 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023. ^ "Cultivating Cashew Nuts". ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. ^ "2022 Raw Cashew Nut global market overview today". Tridge. ^ Bavier, Joe (29 October 2014). "War-scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. ^ "Tanzania riots over cashew nut payments". BBC. 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013. ^ Lamble L. (2 November 2013). "Cashew nut workers suffer 'appalling' conditions as global slump dents profits". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2015. ^ Wilson B. (4 May 2015). "'Blood cashews': the toxic truth about your favourite nut". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2015. ^ Nelle, Patrick (28 February 2022). "Can Africa cash in on its cashew nut domination?". How we made it in Africa. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ Nigeria, Guardian (29 September 2023). "ACA seeks creation of cashew development fund to enhance raw nuts processing in Africa". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ Marshall, Andrew (6 September 2011). "From Vietnam's Forced-Labor Camps: 'Blood Cashews'". time.com. ^ "The Rehab Archipelago | Forced Labor and Other Abuses in Drug Detention Centers in Southern Vietnam". Human Rights Watch. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "2022 Cashew Nut Kernel global market overview today". Tridge. ^ Rosen, T.; Fordice, D. B. (April 1994). "Cashew Nut Dermatitis". Southern Medical Journal. 87 (4): 543–546. doi:10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026. PMID 8153790. ^ Weinberger, Tamar; Sicherer, Scott (2018). "Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review". Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 11: 41–51. doi:10.2147/jaa.s141636. ISSN 1178-6965. PMC 5875412. PMID 29618933. ^ a b McWilliam V.; Koplin J.; Lodge C.; Tang M.; Dharmage S.; Allen K. (2015). "The prevalence of tree nut allergy: a systematic review". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 15 (9): 555. doi:10.1007/s11882-015-0555-8. PMID 26233427. S2CID 36209553. ^ a b "Cashew Allergies". Informall Database – funded by European Union. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. ^ "Food allergies" (PDF). World Health Organization, International Food Safety Authorities Network. 2006. ^ "Cashew - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester)". research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2022. ^ Rosen T.; Fordice, D. B. (1994). "Cashew nut dermatitis". South Med J. 87 (4): 543–46. doi:10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026. PMID 8153790. ^ "Why Cashews Aren't Sold In The Shell". Moment of Science, Indiana Public Media. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016. ^ a b c d Hamad F. B.; Mubofu E. B. (2015). "Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives". Int J Mol Sci. 16 (4): 8569–90. doi:10.3390/ijms16048569. PMC 4425097. PMID 25894225. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ a b c d "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12087, Nuts, cashew nuts, raw, database version SR 27". Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015. ^ Osborn M (26 August 2015). "Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers". Consumer Goods Technology. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. ^ Phillippa Cheifitz (2009). South Africa Eats. Quivertree Publications. ISBN 9780981428727. OCLC 519442115. ^ Khalid Zafeer, Mohd.; Subrahmanya Bhat, K. (1 January 2023). "Valorisation of agro-waste cashew nut husk (Testa) for different value-added products". Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action. 2: 100014. Bibcode:2023SCCA....200014K. doi:10.1016/j.scca.2023.100014. ISSN 2772-8269. ^ Africa, Nigeria (17 July 2022). "How Nigeria can turn its huge cashew waste into valuable citric acid". Moneyweb. Retrieved 17 July 2022. ^ Edi Souza (28 July 2018). "It's cashew time at the fair and on the plate (translated)" (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ O, Odalys (15 October 2011). "Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá: Dulce de Marañón". Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá. Retrieved 22 September 2021. ^ a b Strom, Stephanie (8 August 2014). "Cashew Juice, the Apple of Pepsi's Eye". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2015. ^ Azam-Ali and Judge (2004). Small-scale cashew nut processing (PDF). FAO, United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017. ^ "Cashew Drink Stages". www.goaonline.in. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ "Eating in Tanzania". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ "Cashew Oil". Smart Kitchen. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015. ^ a b Clay, Jason (March 2004). World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-By-Commodity Guide To Impacts And Practices. Island Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-55963-370-3. ^ a b Alexander H. Tullo (8 September 2008). "A Nutty Chemical". Chemical and Engineering News. 86 (36): 26–27. doi:10.1021/cen-v086n033.p026. ^ a b c "Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ Ferri, Enrico (22 May 2011). "Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil". MaterialsToday. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2011. ^ Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Hassoun, P.; Bastianelli, D.; Lebas, F. (2017). "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products". Feedipedia. Retrieved 16 January 2023. External links Media related to Anacardium occidentale at Wikimedia Commons {Shri Adinath Cashew} Dealer in India vteNutsTrue, or botanical nuts Acorn Beech American beech European beech Breadnut Candlenut Chestnut Sweet chestnut Hazelnut American hazel Beaked hazel European hazel Filbert Asian hazel Kola nut Kurrajong Malabar chestnut Palm nut Red bopple nut Yellow walnut Drupes Almond Australian cashew nut Betel nut Borneo tallow nut Breadfruit Cashew Chilean hazel Coconut Durian Gabon nut Hickory Mockernut hickory Pecan Shagbark hickory Shellbark hickory Johnstone River almond Irvingia gabonensis Jack nut Karuka Planted karuka Wild karuka Mongongo Panda oleosa Pekea nut Pili nut Pistachio Walnut Black walnut Butternut English walnut Heartnut Gymnosperms Cycad Burrawang nut Ginkgo nut Araucaria spp. Bunya nut Monkey-puzzle nut Pine nut Chilgoza pine Colorado pinyon Korean pine Mexican pinyon Single-leaf pinyon Stone pine Angiosperms Brazil nut Macadamia Macadamia nut Queensland macadamia nut Paradise nut Peanut Peanut tree Soybean vteEdible fats and oilsFatsPork fats Fatback Lardo Salo Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Bacon Pancetta Salt pork Tocino Speck Beef/mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Whale oil Vegetable fats Borneo tallow Cocoa butter Mango butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening OilsFishs Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetables(List)Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Apple seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil (flaxseed oil) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also Plant oils Cooking oil Essential oil Taxon identifiersAnacardium occidentale Wikidata: Q34007 Wikispecies: Anacardium occidentale APDB: 5652 APNI: 119195 APSA: 155-11-2b BOLD: 210469 CoL: DB6H Ecocrop: 401 EoL: 582263 EPPO: ANAOC FloraBase: 44542 FNA: 200012676 FoAO2: Anacardium occidentale FoC: 200012676 GBIF: 5421368 GRIN: 3060 iNaturalist: 122988 IPNI: 69191-1 IRMNG: 11022124 ITIS: 28793 IUCN: 60761600 NCBI: 171929 NTFlora: 21383 NZOR: a301e5bf-744f-4138-ac91-77dcf5567f2d Open Tree of Life: 999426 PfaF: Anacardium occidentale Plant List: kew-2635912 PLANTS: ANOC POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319068-2 SANBI: 858-1 Tropicos: 1300006 uBio: 456262 WFO: wfo-0000533072 Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Latvia

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It is native to South America and is the source of the cashew nut and the cashew apple, an accessory fruit. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres (46 feet), but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew nut is edible and is eaten on its own as a snack, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. The nut is often simply called a 'cashew'. Cashew can cause allergies triggered by the proteins found in the nuts.In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India the leading producers. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and, starting in World War II, arms production.[1][full citation needed] The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor.","title":"Cashew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-2"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"panicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicle"},{"link_name":"corymb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymb"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"The largest cashew tree in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew_of_Pirangi"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"accessory fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_fruit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-4"},{"link_name":"hypocarpium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocarpium"},{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"boxing glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_glove"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"phenolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"anacardic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardic_acid"},{"link_name":"irritant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-2"},{"link_name":"toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"urushiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol"},{"link_name":"poison ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy_(plant)"},{"link_name":"lacquer tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer_tree"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacardium_occidentale_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cajueiro_Meconta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacardium_occidental_(Bangla_-_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cashew_Flower.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollen_grains_of_Cashew_tree.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_cashew_nuts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cashew_fruit.jpg"}],"text":"The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 metres (46 feet) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk.[2] The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4–22 centimetres (1+1⁄2–8+3⁄4 inches) long and 2–15 cm (3⁄4–6 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7–15 millimetres (1⁄4–5⁄8 in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft) and is located in Natal, Brazil.[citation needed]The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit).[3][4] What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower.[5][6][2] Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long.[3][6]The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney-shaped or boxing glove-shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple.[3] The drupe first develops on the tree and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple.[3] The drupe becomes the true fruit, a single shell-encased seed, which is often considered a nut in the culinary sense.[3][6][7] The seed is surrounded by a double shell that contains an allergenic phenolic resin,[6] anacardic acid—which is a potent skin irritant[2] chemically related to the better-known and also toxic allergenic oil urushiol, which is found in the related poison ivy and lacquer tree.Botanical illustration\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTree in Mozambique, southeastern Africa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrunk in Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPollen grains of Cashew tree\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYoung fruits\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFruits sold as produce","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caju#Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[kaˈʒu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"acaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acaju#Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Tupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-4"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_name_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ἀνά-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c-"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"-ium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ium#Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Semecarpus anacardium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semecarpus_anacardium"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyphon-13"},{"link_name":"caju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caju#Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[kaˈʒu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"acaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acaju#Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabi-4"}],"text":"The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupi word acajú, literally meaning \"nut that produces itself\".[3][4]The generic name Anacardium is composed of the Greek prefix ana- (ἀνά-, aná, 'up, upward'), the Greek cardia (καρδία, kardía, 'heart'), and the Neo-Latin suffix -ium. It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit,[8] to \"the top of the fruit stem\"[9] or to the seed.[10] The word anacardium was earlier used to refer to Semecarpus anacardium (the marking nut tree) before Carl Linnaeus transferred it to the cashew; both plants are in the same family.[11] The epithet occidentale derives from the Western (or Occidental) world.[12]The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range,[4] including anacardier (French) with the fruit referred to as pomme de cajou,[13] caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), or acaju (Portuguese).[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-14"},{"link_name":"Portuguese explorers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_explorers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Estado da Índia Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_da_%C3%8Dndia_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The species is native to tropical South America[14] and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by Portuguese explorers.[3][15][6] Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s.[16] The Portuguese took it to Goa, formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa in India, between 1560 and 1565. From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.[citation needed]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive.[18] The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin.[citation needed]More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards.[citation needed]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"In 2021, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 3.7 million tonnes, led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 43% of the world total (table).","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"African Cashew Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Cashew_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour"},{"link_name":"blood cashews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cashews"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Trade","text":"The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea.From 2017 to 2021, the top ten exporters of cashew nuts (shelled; HS Code 080132) were Vietnam, India, the Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, and the United States.In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Ivory Coast made this country the top African exporter.[20] Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry.[21][22][23] Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts.[24] One of the goals of the African Cashew Alliance is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry.[25]In 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that forced labour was used for cashew processing in Vietnam. Around 40,000 current or former drug users were forced to remove shells from \"blood cashews\" or perform other work and often beaten at more than 100 rehabilitation centers.[26][27]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic"},{"link_name":"allergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen-29"},{"link_name":"allergic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy"},{"link_name":"anaphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weinberger-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eu-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eu-32"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"poison ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy"},{"link_name":"phenolic lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_lipid"},{"link_name":"anacardic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardic_acid"},{"link_name":"cardanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardanol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"nanomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamad-37"}],"text":"Some people are allergic to cashews, but they are a less frequent allergen than other tree nuts or peanuts.[29] For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis.[30][31][32][33] These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins.[34] Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing.[31][32]The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds that can cause contact dermatitis similar to poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids, anacardic acid, and cardanol.[6][35] Because it can cause dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers.[36] Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology.[37]","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"kilocalories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocalories"},{"link_name":"Daily Value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-40"},{"link_name":"dietary minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_minerals"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"thiamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamin"},{"link_name":"vitamin B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6"},{"link_name":"vitamin K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-40"},{"link_name":"Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"selenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-40"},{"link_name":"beta-sitosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterol"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-40"}],"sub_title":"Nutrition","text":"Raw cashews are 5% water, 30% carbohydrates, 44% fat, and 18% protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553 kilocalories, 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein, 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates.[40] Cashews are rich sources (20% or more of the DV) of dietary minerals, including particularly copper, manganese, phosphorus, and magnesium (79–110% DV), and of thiamin, vitamin B6 and vitamin K (32–37% DV).[40] Iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content (14–61% DV) (table).[40] Cashews (100 g, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol.[40]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cookbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook"},{"link_name":"Cashew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cashew"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"South Asian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"korma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korma"},{"link_name":"kaju barfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaju_barfi"},{"link_name":"Goan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Chinese cuisines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Antipolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipolo"},{"link_name":"suman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_(food)"},{"link_name":"Pampanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga"},{"link_name":"turrones de casuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n#Philippines"},{"link_name":"marzipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzipan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cashew milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew_milk"},{"link_name":"plant milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_milk"},{"link_name":"dairy milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_milk"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women_preparing_cashew,_Burkina_Faso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelling_cashews.jpg"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CashewSnack.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cashew_-_sprout.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Nut and shell","text":"Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on\n\n CashewCulinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts.[3][6]Cashews are commonly used in South Asian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste[6] that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine, both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashews are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo, and is eaten with suman. The province of Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashews are called kacang mete or kacang mede, while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet (lit. ‘monkey rose apple’).[citation needed]In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk.[41] In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is common in South Africa.[42]Women shelling cashews in Burkina Faso, West Africa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand, wearing gloves to protect against contact dermatitis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalted, roasted cashew nuts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotyledon"},{"link_name":"adsorbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption"},{"link_name":"composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"biopolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer"},{"link_name":"dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Husk","text":"The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two cotyledons, each representing around 20–25% of the weight of the nut. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane called a husk, which accounts for approximately 5% of the total nut. Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an adsorbent, composites, biopolymers, dyes and enzyme synthesis.[43]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cajuína","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caju%C3%ADna"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-2"},{"link_name":"cachaça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edi_Souza-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strom-2014-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strom-2014-47"},{"link_name":"astringency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringency"},{"link_name":"Steeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeping"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyphon-13"}],"sub_title":"Apple","text":"See also: CajuínaThe mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid[44] or an alcoholic drink.[6] It is also used to make preserves, chutneys and jams in some countries, such as India and Brazil.[6] In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.[3][2]In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and the fruit pulp are used in the production of sweets, juice, mixed with alcoholic beverages such as cachaça, and as a flour, milk, or cheese.[45] In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón (marañón being a Spanish name for cashew).[46]Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life.[47] Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices.[47]When the apple is consumed, its astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. Steeping the fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes also reduces the astringency.[48]In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt.[13]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"feni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_(liquor)"},{"link_name":"urrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrak"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how-kaju-feni-is-made-49"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distilling_caju_apple_liquor_in_Mogovolas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shrivelled_and_fermented_cashew_apples_ready_for_distillation.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Alcohol","text":"In the Indian state of Goa, the ripened cashew apples are mashed, and the juice, called \"neero\", is extracted and kept for fermentation[6] for a few days. This fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called urrak, which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof).[49] In Tanzania, the cashew apple (bibo in Swahili) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called gongo.[50]Distilling cashew apple liquor (muchekele) in Mozambique, southeastern Africa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tcashew apples spread for drying and subsequent storage prior to reconstitution in water and later fermentation, Mozambique","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Nut oil","text":"Cashew nut oil is a dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower value broken chunks created accidentally during processing), and is used for cooking or as a salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing.[51]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urushiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol"},{"link_name":"CAS registry number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number"},{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_sheen"},{"link_name":"honeycomb structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_structure"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamad-37"},{"link_name":"folk medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine"},{"link_name":"termite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-52"},{"link_name":"solvent-extracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction"},{"link_name":"anacardic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardic_acids"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen-53"},{"link_name":"cardol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardol"},{"link_name":"cardanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardanol"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamad-37"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-54"},{"link_name":"decarboxylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylation"},{"link_name":"Distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-54"},{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-54"},{"link_name":"lacquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum#Lacquer"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-52"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"functional groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"aromatic ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_ring"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_group"},{"link_name":"double bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"alkyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl"},{"link_name":"polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyols"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamad-37"},{"link_name":"carbon composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_composite"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"novolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novolac"},{"link_name":"reticulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"},{"link_name":"epoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Shell oil","text":"See also: UrushiolCashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil (CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. As it is a strong irritant, it should not be confused with the edible cashew nut oil. It is dangerous to handle in small-scale processing of the shells, but is itself a raw material with multiple uses.[37] It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti-termite treatment of timber.[52] Its composition varies depending on how it is processed.Cold, solvent-extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids (70%),[53] cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%).[37][54]\nHeating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol).[54] This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL.\nAnacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials.[53][54]These substances are skin allergens, like lacquer and the oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing.[52]This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers. These capitalize on the chemically versatile construct, which contains three functional groups: the aromatic ring, the hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These include polyols, which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass.[37]CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products.[55] CNSL-based novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Animal feed","text":"Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be fed to livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees.[56]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyphon-13"},{"link_name":"varnishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"lubricant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke-6"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal.[13] The shells yield a black oil used as a preservative and water-proofing agent in varnishes, cements, and as a lubricant or timber seal.[6] Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and charcoal.[6] Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink.[6]","title":"Uses"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of culinary nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts"},{"title":"Semecarpus anacardium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semecarpus_anacardium"}]

[{"reference":"\"Cashew\". Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/plant/cashew","url_text":"\"Cashew\""}]},{"reference":"Morton, Julia F. (1987). Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L.; In: Fruits of Warm Climates. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Morton","url_text":"Morton, Julia F."},{"url":"https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cashew_apple.html","url_text":"Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L.; In: Fruits of Warm Climates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2","url_text":"978-0-9610184-1-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070315023810/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)\". CABI. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/5064","url_text":"\"Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)\""}]},{"reference":"Varghese, T.; Pundir, Y. (1964). \"Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L.\". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 59 (5): 252–258. doi:10.1007/BF03052341. S2CID 83230755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03052341","url_text":"10.1007/BF03052341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83230755","url_text":"83230755"}]},{"reference":"James A Duke (1983). \"Anacardium occidentale L.\" Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html","url_text":"\"Anacardium occidentale L.\""}]},{"reference":"Kapinga, F. A.; Kasuga, L. J. F.; Kafiriti, E. M. \"Growth and production of cashew nut\" (PDF). Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C10/E1-05A-45.pdf","url_text":"\"Growth and production of cashew nut\""}]},{"reference":"Quattrocchi, Umberto (2016). World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0. referring to the shape of the fruit","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266","url_text":"World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-5064-0","url_text":"978-1-4822-5064-0"}]},{"reference":"George Milbry Gould (1898). An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ... P. Blakiston. p. 73. ἀνά, up; καρδία, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vlZQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA73","url_text":"An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ..."}]},{"reference":"Hugh F. Glen (2004). What's in a Name. Jacana. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-77009-040-8. (Greek ana = upwards + kardia = heart); applied by 16th century apothecaries to the fruit of the marking nut, Semecarpus anacardium, and later used by Linnaeus as a generic name for the cashew.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eMgaXGsBEWIC&pg=PA3","url_text":"What's in a Name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-040-8","url_text":"978-1-77009-040-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Occidental\". The Free Dictionary. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/occidental","url_text":"\"Occidental\""}]},{"reference":"Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Dy_Phon","url_text":"Pauline Dy Phon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ","url_text":"Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge"}]},{"reference":"\"Anacardium occidentale L.\" Plants of the Word Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 31 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319068-2","url_text":"\"Anacardium occidentale L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cashew\". Department of Horticulture, Cornell University. 20 October 2015. 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Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/can-africa-cash-in-on-its-cashew-nut-domination/140693/","url_text":"\"Can Africa cash in on its cashew nut domination?\""}]},{"reference":"Nigeria, Guardian (29 September 2023). \"ACA seeks creation of cashew development fund to enhance raw nuts processing in Africa\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Casualties_Great_Britain

Reported Road Casualties Great Britain

["1 Casualties by road type in 2008","2 STATS19 data collection system","3 Criticism","3.1 Reported reduction in injury levels","3.2 Suppression of activity by vulnerable road users","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

Statistical publication on traffic casualties in the UK Annual numbers of people killed on the roads of Great Britain between 1926 and 2016 Reported Road Casualties Great Britain (RRCGB), formerly Road Casualties Great Britain (RCGB) and before that Road Accidents Great Britain (RAGB), is the official statistical publication of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) on traffic casualties, fatalities and related road safety data. This publication, first produced in 1951, is the primary source for data on road casualties in Great Britain. It is based primarily on police STATS19 data. Data has been collected since 1926. In 1987, the government set the first national casualty reduction target. The target set was that road casualties should drop by one-third by the year 2000 in comparison to the average numbers for the years 1981 to 1985. The target was exceeded, with the number of fatalities dropping by 39% and the number of serious injuries dropping by 45% over that period. In 1999, when Great Britain had the safest roads in Europe apart from Sweden, the government set a new national casualty reduction target, to be met by the year 2010. The target for 2010, compared to the average for the years 1994 to 1998, was a reduction of 40% in the number of people Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) casualties, a reduction of 50% the number of children KSI casualties and a reduction of 10% in the rate of people slightly injured per 100 million vehicle kilometres. By 2009, the results were: killed or seriously injured 44% lower; children killed or seriously injured 61% lower and the slight casualty rate was 37% lower. The remainder of the UK casualty statistics, those from Northern Ireland, are reported separately by the ign=right|278,000 |align=right|317,000|||| |- |align=right|2000 |align=right|3,409 |align=right|38,000 |align=right|279,000 |align=right|317,000|||| |- |align=right|2001 |align=right|3,450 |align=right|37,000 |align=right|273,000 |align=right|310,000|||| |- |align=right|2002 |align=right|3,431 |align=right|36,000 |align=right|263,000 |align=right|299,000|||| |- |align=right|2003 |align=right|3,508 |align=right|34,000 |align=right|253,000 |align=right|287,000|||| |- |align=right|2004 |align=right|3,221 |align=right|31,000 |align=right|245,000 |align=right|278,000|||| |- |align=right|2005 |align=right|3,201 |align=right|29,000 |align=right|238,862 |align=right|268,000|||| |- |align=right|2006 |align=right|3,172 |align=right|29,000 |align=right|226,559 |align=right|255,000|||| |- |align=right|2007 |align=right|2,946 |align=right|28,000 |align=right|217,060 |align=right|245,000|||| |- |align=right|2008 |align=right|2,538 |align=right|26,000 |align=right|202,333 |align=right|228,000|||| |- |align=right|2009 |align=right|2,222 |align=right|24,690 |align=right|195,234 |align=right|222,146|||| |- |align=right|2010 |align=right|1,857 |align=right|20,803 |align=right|185,995 |align=right|206,798||||Traffic levels fell by 2%. |- |align=right|2011 |align=right|1,901 |align=right|23,122 |align=right|178,927 |align=right|203,950||||First increase in fatalities since 2001. Pedestrian fatalities increased by 12%, car occupants by 6%. They were lower for all other groups. |- |align=right|2012 |align=right|1,754 |align=right|23,039 |align=right|170,930 |align=right|193,969||||10% increase in deaths of cyclists and increasing serious injuries of pedestrians. |- |align=right|2013 |align=right|1,713 |align=right|21,657 |align=right|160,300 |align=right|181,957||||Lowest death rate since records began. |- |align=right|2014 |align=right|1,775 |align=right|22,807 |align=right|169,895 |align=right|194,477 | |Death and KSI rate rise for a 2nd time since 2001. |- |align=right|2015 |align=right|1,732 |align=right|22,137 |align=right|162,340 |align=right|186,209 | |Second lowest annual total on record after 2013. |- |align=right|2016 |align=right|1,792 |align=right|24,101 |align=right|155,491 |align=right|179,592 | |4% rise in deaths to highest level since 2011. |- |align=right|2017 |align=right|1,793 |align=right|24,831 |align=right|144,369 |align=right|170,993 | | |- |align=right|2018 |align=right|1,782 |align=right|25,484 |align=right|133,112 |align=right|160,378 | | |- |align=right|2019 |align=right|1,752 |align=right|25,945 (30,144) |align=right|125,461 (121,262) |align=right|153,158 | |Comparison of this figure with earlier years should be interpreted with caution due to changes in systems for severity reporting by some police forces. The numbers given in bold are adjusted estimates following methodology from the Office for National Statistics Methodology Advisory Service analysis accounting for change in severity reporting (see page 7). |- |align=right|2020 |align=right|1,460 |align=right|20,102 (22,069) |align=right|92,055 (94,022) |align=right|115,584 | |Figures affected by Covid19 pandemic |- |align=right|2021 |align=right|1,558 |align=right|23,363 (25,892) |align=right|103,288 (100,759) |align=right|128,209 | | |- |align=right|2022 (provisional) |align=right|1,695 |align=right|(28,101) |align=right|(106,206) |align=right|136,002 | | |- |} Casualties by road type in 2008 Casualties by severity, built-up, non built-up and on motorways. Road type Killed Serious injury Slight injury Total injury Ref. Note Non built-up (excludes motorways) 1,323 8,342 48,810 58,475 52% of the total killed, 32% of total seriously injured, 25% of total with slight injuries Built-up 1,057 16,823 143,079 160,959 42% of the total killed, 65% of total seriously injured, 70% of total with slight injuries Motorway 158 869 10,444 11,471 "6% of the total killed, 3% of total seriously injured, 5% of total with slight injuries. Fatalities on motorways have decreased by 9% since 1994–98 in a period with traffic levels increased by 28%" All casualties 2,538 26,034 202,333 230,905 STATS19 data collection system The police collect details of all incidents which they attend or become aware of within 30 days which occur on the highway in which one or more person is killed or injured and involving one or more vehicles using the STATS19 data collection system. STATS19 is the reference number for the police form used to record incidents. STATS20 describes how to complete the form giving examples of how to correctly record different situations. STATS21 describes how STATS19 data should be checked for accuracy. Additional information for RCGB is gathered from death registrations, coroners' reports and traffic and vehicle registrations. STATS19 data is used in European Union road safety studies. Criticism Reported reduction in injury levels The accuracy of the police STATS19 statistics, and thus much of the data published in the RCGB, and therefore its suitability for measuring trends in road casualties was examined in two studies in 2006 and has subsequently been commented on by the Department for Transport who concluded that the figures for deaths were accurate, however the actual total injuries is likely considerably higher than the reported figure, possibly three times higher. A report published in the British Medical Journal in 2006 by M.Gill et al. compared police and Hospital Episode Statistics between 1996 and 2004 and concluded that although the police statistics showed a reduction in KSIs from 85.9 to 59.4 per 100,000 for the period the statistics for hospital admissions related to traffic accidents requiring hospital admission for the period did not. It concluded that the overall fall in police figures represented a fall in completeness of reporting of these injuries rather than an actual reduction of casualties. Also in 2006 a report prepared for the DfT by H. Ward et al. noted that although the figures for fatalities were normally accurate, with no significant under-reporting there was more uncertainty in the statistics relating to injury. They recommended that it was insufficient to rely solely on the STATS19 data or any other single data source because different databases showed different elements of the story and that "A system of data triangulation should be used to compare and understand trends in road casualties." They noted that the definition of seriously injured in police reports was at least partially subjective, and there was some under-reporting (though less than is the case for lesser injuries). The report also noted that there were changes to the method used to estimate vehicle mileages in 1995 which would affect direct comparisons of figures spanning this year. The Department for Transport acknowledged in their report for the year 2008 that a considerable proportion of non-fatal casualties are not known to the police. Based on additional sources including hospital records, surveys and compensation claims they estimate that the total number of road casualties in Great Britain each year is nearer to 800,000 (although this figure itself may be influenced by the growth in the so-called 'compensation culture'). The UK government is not convinced however that the reductions in reported injury levels do not reflect an actual decline. In 2008 the department changed the title of the report from "Road Casualties Great Britain" to "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain". Suppression of activity by vulnerable road users Another independent report challenged the government's claim that falling casualty rates meant that roads were becoming "much safer". Mayer Hillman, John Adams and John Whitelegg suggest that roads may actually be felt to be sufficiently dangerous as to deter pedestrians from using them. They compared rates for those whose transport options are most limited, the elderly and children and found that: Britain's child pedestrian safety record is worse than the average for Europe, in contrast to the better than average all-ages figure. Children's independent mobility is increasingly curtailed, with fear of traffic being cited as a dominant cause. Distances walked have declined more than in other European countries. Similar (though less well-defined) observations can be made regarding the elderly. Notes ^ a b c d e f Department for Transport (2008), p. 106 table 2 ^ a b c Department for Transport (2008), p. 6 ^ Department for Transport (2009), p. 8 There were a total of 222,146 reported casualties of all severities, 4% lower than in 2008. 2,222 people were killed, 12% lower than in 2008, 24,690 were seriously injured (down 5%) and 195,234 were slightly injured (down 4%) ^ Department for Transport (2008), p. 121 table 12 'Reported accidents, vehicles and casualties: casualties by severity: by road class, built-up and non built-up roads: 2008' ^ Department for Transport (2008), p. 62. "It has long been known that a considerable proportion of non-fatal casualties are not known to the police and hospital, survey and compensation claims data all indicate a higher number of casualties than are reported ... Police data on road accidents (STATS19), whilst not perfect, remains the most detailed, complete and reliable single source of information on road casualties covering the whole of Great Britain, in particular for monitoring trends over time". References References relating to Notes (above) Department for Transport (2006). "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 - Annual Report" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010. Department for Transport (2008). "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010. Department for Transport (2009). "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Retrieved 11 October 2010. Other references ^ a b c d e f "TSGB 2009 Chapter 8: Casualties by Type - data tables". Department for Transport. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ "Road Casualties Great Britain: 2005". Department for Transport. p. 6. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ "Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2010". The number of people killed in road accidents reported to the police fell by 16% from 2,222 in 2009 to 1,857 in 2010. This the lowest figure since national records began in 1926. A total of 22,660 people were reported killed or seriously injured in 2010, 8% less than in 2009. There were 208,655 casualties (slight injuries, serious injuries and fatalities) in road accidents reported to the police in Great Britain in 2010, 6% less than in 2009. Motor vehicle traffic levels fell by 2% compared to 2009. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2011". Department for Transport. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2012". Department for Transport. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ More Or Less, BBC Radio 4 ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2013". Department for Transport. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ "Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2014 - Publications - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ "Reported road casualties in Great Britain, main results: 2015". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2016. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2016". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ "'Daily carnage' sees 4% rise in road deaths". Highways Magazine. 28 September 2017. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2017" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2018" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ "Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2020". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Fatalities 2008" (PDF). ^ "Road Casualties in Great Britain Main Results: 2008" (PDF). Department for Transport. p. 6. Retrieved 21 April 2010. ^ a b c "STATS20" (PDF). Department for Transport. October 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ "Road accident casualties: a comparison of STATS19 data with Hospital Episode Statistics" (PDF). Department for Transport. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/23705/1/Study%20on%20Serious%20Road%20Traffic%20Injuries%20in%20the%20EU.pdf ^ Gill, Mike; Goldacre, Michael J.; Yeates, David G. R. (23 June 2006). "Changes in safety on England's roads: analysis of hospital statistics" (PDF). BMJ. ^ Ward, Heather; Lyons, Ronan; Thoreau, Roselle (June 2006). Road Safety Research Report No. 69: Under-reporting of Road Casualties – Phase 1 (PDF) (Report). UK Department for Transport. ^ "Road casualties in Great Britain: Annual reports". Department for Transport. Retrieved 22 April 2010. ^ One False Move. 1990. ISBN 0-85374-494-7. Retrieved 24 April 2012. External links Road casualties in Great Britain: Annual reports STATS 19 defined at Office for National Statistics Department for Transport - Statistics

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Killed_on_British_Roads.png"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"road safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_safety"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008Table2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfTtable2009-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008p6-4"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008p6-4"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2008p6-4"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DfT2009p8-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Annual numbers of people killed on the roads of Great Britain between 1926 and 2016Reported Road Casualties Great Britain (RRCGB), formerly Road Casualties Great Britain (RCGB) and before that Road Accidents Great Britain (RAGB), is the official statistical publication of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) on traffic casualties, fatalities and related road safety data. This publication, first produced in 1951, is the primary source for data on road casualties in Great Britain. It is based primarily on police STATS19 data. Data has been collected since 1926.\nIn 1987, the government set the first national casualty reduction target. The target set was that road casualties should drop by one-third by the year 2000 in comparison to the average numbers for the years 1981 to 1985. The target was exceeded, with the number of fatalities dropping by 39% and the number of serious injuries dropping by 45% over that period.[3]In 1999, when Great Britain had the safest roads in Europe apart from Sweden, the government set a new national casualty reduction target, to be met by the year 2010. The target for 2010, compared to the average for the years 1994 to 1998, was a reduction of 40% in the number of people Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) casualties, a reduction of 50% the number of children KSI casualties and a reduction of 10% in the rate of people slightly injured per 100 million vehicle kilometres.[3] By 2009, the results were: killed or seriously injured 44% lower; children killed or seriously injured 61% lower and the slight casualty rate was 37% lower.[n 4]\nThe remainder of the UK casualty statistics, those from Northern Ireland, are reported separately by the ign=right|278,000\n|align=right|317,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2000\n|align=right|3,409\n|align=right|38,000\n|align=right|279,000\n|align=right|317,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2001\n|align=right|3,450\n|align=right|37,000\n|align=right|273,000\n|align=right|310,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2002\n|align=right|3,431\n|align=right|36,000\n|align=right|263,000\n|align=right|299,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2003\n|align=right|3,508\n|align=right|34,000\n|align=right|253,000\n|align=right|287,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2004\n|align=right|3,221\n|align=right|31,000\n|align=right|245,000\n|align=right|278,000||[n 1][1]||\n|-\n|align=right|2005\n|align=right|3,201\n|align=right|29,000\n|align=right|238,862\n|align=right|268,000||[2]||\n|-\n|align=right|2006\n|align=right|3,172\n|align=right|29,000\n|align=right|226,559\n|align=right|255,000||[n 2]||\n|-\n|align=right|2007\n|align=right|2,946\n|align=right|28,000\n|align=right|217,060\n|align=right|245,000||[n 2]||\n|-\n|align=right|2008\n|align=right|2,538\n|align=right|26,000\n|align=right|202,333\n|align=right|228,000||[n 2]||\n|-\n|align=right|2009\n|align=right|2,222\n|align=right|24,690\n|align=right|195,234\n|align=right|222,146||[n 3]||\n|-\n|align=right|2010\n|align=right|1,857\n|align=right|20,803\n|align=right|185,995\n|align=right|206,798||[3]||Traffic levels fell by 2%.\n|-\n|align=right|2011\n|align=right|1,901\n|align=right|23,122\n|align=right|178,927\n|align=right|203,950||[4]||First increase in fatalities since 2001. Pedestrian fatalities increased by 12%, car occupants by 6%. They were lower for all other groups.\n|-\n|align=right|2012\n|align=right|1,754\n|align=right|23,039\n|align=right|170,930\n|align=right|193,969||[5]||10% increase in deaths of cyclists[6] and increasing serious injuries of pedestrians.\n|-\n|align=right|2013\n|align=right|1,713\n|align=right|21,657\n|align=right|160,300\n|align=right|181,957||[7]||Lowest death rate since records began.\n|-\n|align=right|2014\n|align=right|1,775\n|align=right|22,807\n|align=right|169,895\n|align=right|194,477\n|[8]\n|Death and KSI rate rise for a 2nd time since 2001.\n|-\n|align=right|2015\n|align=right|1,732\n|align=right|22,137\n|align=right|162,340\n|align=right|186,209\n|[9]\n|Second lowest annual total on record after 2013.\n|-\n|align=right|2016\n|align=right|1,792\n|align=right|24,101\n|align=right|155,491\n|align=right|179,592\n|[10]\n|4% rise in deaths to highest level since 2011.[11]\n|-\n|align=right|2017\n|align=right|1,793\n|align=right|24,831\n|align=right|144,369\n|align=right|170,993\n|[12]\n|\n|-\n|align=right|2018\n|align=right|1,782\n|align=right|25,484\n|align=right|133,112\n|align=right|160,378\n|[13]\n|\n|-\n|align=right|2019\n|align=right|1,752\n|align=right|25,945 (30,144)\n|align=right|125,461 (121,262)\n|align=right|153,158\n|[14]\n|Comparison of this figure with earlier years should be interpreted with caution due to changes in systems for severity reporting by some police forces. The numbers given in bold are adjusted estimates following methodology from the Office for National Statistics Methodology Advisory Service analysis accounting for change in severity reporting (see page 7).[15]\n|-\n|align=right|2020\n|align=right|1,460\n|align=right|20,102 (22,069)\n|align=right|92,055 (94,022)\n|align=right|115,584\n|[16]\n|Figures affected by Covid19 pandemic\n|-\n|align=right|2021\n|align=right|1,558\n|align=right|23,363 (25,892)\n|align=right|103,288 (100,759)\n|align=right|128,209\n|[17]\n|\n|-\n|align=right|2022 (provisional)\n|align=right|1,695\n|align=right|(28,101)\n|align=right|(106,206)\n|align=right|136,002\n|[18]\n|\n|-\n|}","title":"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Casualties by severity, built-up, non built-up and on motorways.[n 4]","title":"Casualties by road type in 2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats20-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats20-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats20-25"},{"link_name":"vehicle registrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The police collect details of all incidents which they attend or become aware of within 30 days which occur on the highway in which one or more person is killed or injured and involving one or more vehicles using the STATS19 data collection system.STATS19 is the reference number for the police form used to record incidents.[21] STATS20 describes how to complete the form giving examples of how to correctly record different situations.[21] STATS21 describes how STATS19 data should be checked for accuracy.[21]Additional information for RCGB is gathered from death registrations, coroners' reports and traffic and vehicle registrations.[22]STATS19 data is used in European Union road safety studies.[23]","title":"STATS19 data collection system"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"Hospital Episode Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Episode_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Reported reduction in injury levels","text":"The accuracy of the police STATS19 statistics, and thus much of the data published in the RCGB, and therefore its suitability for measuring trends in road casualties was examined in two studies in 2006 and has subsequently been commented on by the Department for Transport who concluded that the figures for deaths were accurate, however the actual total injuries is likely considerably higher than the reported figure, possibly three times higher.A report published in the British Medical Journal in 2006 by M.Gill et al. compared police and Hospital Episode Statistics between 1996 and 2004 and concluded that although the police statistics showed a reduction in KSIs from 85.9 to 59.4 per 100,000 for the period the statistics for hospital admissions related to traffic accidents requiring hospital admission for the period did not. It concluded that the overall fall in police figures represented a fall in completeness of reporting of these injuries rather than an actual reduction of casualties.[24]Also in 2006 a report prepared for the DfT by H. Ward et al. noted that although the figures for fatalities were normally accurate, with no significant under-reporting there was more uncertainty in the statistics relating to injury. They recommended that it was insufficient to rely solely on the STATS19 data or any other single data source because different databases showed different elements of the story and that \"A system of data triangulation should be used to compare and understand trends in road casualties.\" They noted that the definition of seriously injured in police reports was at least partially subjective, and there was some under-reporting (though less than is the case for lesser injuries). The report also noted that there were changes to the method used to estimate vehicle mileages in 1995 which would affect direct comparisons of figures spanning this year.[25]The Department for Transport acknowledged in their report for the year 2008 that a considerable proportion of non-fatal casualties are not known to the police. Based on additional sources including hospital records, surveys and compensation claims they estimate that the total number of road casualties in Great Britain each year is nearer to 800,000 (although this figure itself may be influenced by the growth in the so-called 'compensation culture'[according to whom?]). The UK government is not convinced however that the reductions in reported injury levels do not reflect an actual decline.[n 5] In 2008 the department changed the title of the report from \"Road Casualties Great Britain\" to \"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain\".[26]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayer Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Hillman"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"John Whitelegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitelegg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Suppression of activity by vulnerable road users","text":"Another independent report challenged the government's claim that falling casualty rates meant that roads were becoming \"much safer\". Mayer Hillman, John Adams and John Whitelegg suggest that roads may actually be felt to be sufficiently dangerous as to deter pedestrians from using them. They compared rates for those whose transport options are most limited, the elderly and children and found that:[27]Britain's child pedestrian safety record is worse than the average for Europe, in contrast to the better than average all-ages figure.\nChildren's independent mobility is increasingly curtailed, with fear of traffic being cited as a dominant cause.\nDistances walked have declined more than in other European countries.\nSimilar (though less well-defined) observations can be made regarding the elderly.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008Table2_1-5"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dft2008a"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008p6_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008p6_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2008p6_4-2"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dft2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DfT2009p8_5-0"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dft2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dft2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dft2008"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Department for Transport (2008), p. 106 table 2\n\n^ a b c Department for Transport (2008), p. 6\n\n^ Department for Transport (2009), p. 8 There were a total of 222,146 reported casualties of all severities, 4% lower than in 2008. 2,222 people were killed, 12% lower than in 2008, 24,690 were\nseriously injured (down 5%) and 195,234 were slightly injured (down 4%)\n\n^ Department for Transport (2008), p. 121 table 12 'Reported accidents, vehicles and casualties: casualties by severity: by road class, built-up and non built-up roads: 2008'\n\n^ Department for Transport (2008), p. 62. \"It has long been known that a considerable proportion of non-fatal casualties are not known to the police and hospital, survey and compensation claims data all indicate a higher number of casualties than are reported ... Police data on road accidents (STATS19), whilst not perfect, remains the most detailed, complete and reliable single source of information on road casualties covering the whole of Great Britain, in particular for monitoring trends over time\".","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Annual numbers of people killed on the roads of Great Britain between 1926 and 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Killed_on_British_Roads.png/349px-Killed_on_British_Roads.png"}]

[{"reference":"Department for Transport (2006). \"Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 - Annual Report\" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100209123301/http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rcgb2006v1.pdf","url_text":"\"Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 - Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rcgb2006v1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Department for Transport (2008). \"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report\" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912045934/http://www2.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rrcgb2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rrcgb2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Department for Transport (2009). \"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2009 Annual Report\" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Retrieved 11 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rrcgb2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2009 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"TSGB 2009 Chapter 8: Casualties by Type - data tables\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 11 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/accidents/tsgbchapter8casbytype181.xls","url_text":"\"TSGB 2009 Chapter 8: Casualties by Type - data tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road Casualties Great Britain: 2005\". Department for Transport. p. 6. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100209123244/http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/roadcasualtiesgreatbritain2005a","url_text":"\"Road Casualties Great Britain: 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/roadcasualtiesgreatbritain2005a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2010\". The number of people killed in road accidents reported to the police fell by 16% from 2,222 in 2009 to 1,857 in 2010. This the lowest figure since national records began in 1926. A total of 22,660 people were reported killed or seriously injured in 2010, 8% less than in 2009. There were 208,655 casualties (slight injuries, serious injuries and fatalities) in road accidents reported to the police in Great Britain in 2010, 6% less than in 2009. Motor vehicle traffic levels fell by 2% compared to 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/accidents/reported-road-casualties-gb-main-results-2010.html","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2011\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/releases/reported-road-casualties-gb-main-results-2011/","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2012\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-main-results-2012","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2013\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-main-results-2013","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain: main results 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2014 - Publications - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-main-results-2014","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: main results 2014 - Publications - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain, main results: 2015\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-in-great-britain-main-results-2015","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain, main results: 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2016\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2016","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Daily carnage' sees 4% rise in road deaths\". Highways Magazine. 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://highwaysmagazine.co.uk/daily-carnage-sees-4-rise-in-road-deaths/","url_text":"\"'Daily carnage' sees 4% rise in road deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2017\" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/744077/reported-road-casualties-annual-report-2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2018\" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/820562/Reported_road_casualties_-_Main_Results_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report\" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/922717/reported-road-casualties-annual-report-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report\" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/922717/reported-road-casualties-annual-report-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties in Great Britain: 2019 annual report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2020\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2020/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2020","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2021","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-provisional-results-2022/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-provisional-results-2022#how-to-search","url_text":"\"Reported road casualties Great Britain, annual report: 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fatalities 2008\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/accidents/casualtiesgbar/suppletablesfactsheets/fatalities2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Fatalities 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road Casualties in Great Britain Main Results: 2008\" (PDF). Department for Transport. p. 6. Retrieved 21 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227864/479748/rcgbmainresults08.pdf","url_text":"\"Road Casualties in Great Britain Main Results: 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"STATS20\" (PDF). Department for Transport. October 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/collisionreporting/Stats/stats20.pdf","url_text":"\"STATS20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport","url_text":"Department for Transport"}]},{"reference":"\"Road accident casualties: a comparison of STATS19 data with Hospital Episode Statistics\" (PDF). Department for Transport. Retrieved 19 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme5/roadaccidentscasualtiescomp.pdf","url_text":"\"Road accident casualties: a comparison of STATS19 data with Hospital Episode Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport","url_text":"Department for Transport"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Mike; Goldacre, Michael J.; Yeates, David G. R. (23 June 2006). \"Changes in safety on England's roads: analysis of hospital statistics\" (PDF). BMJ.","urls":[{"url":"http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/rapidpdf/bmj.38883.593831.4Fv1.pdf","url_text":"\"Changes in safety on England's roads: analysis of hospital statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Heather; Lyons, Ronan; Thoreau, Roselle (June 2006). Road Safety Research Report No. 69: Under-reporting of Road Casualties – Phase 1 (PDF) (Report). UK Department for Transport.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_rdsafety/documents/page/dft_rdsafety_611755.pdf","url_text":"Road Safety Research Report No. 69: Under-reporting of Road Casualties – Phase 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Road casualties in Great Britain: Annual reports\". Department for Transport. Retrieved 22 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/accidents/casualtiesgbar/","url_text":"\"Road casualties in Great Britain: Annual reports\""}]},{"reference":"One False Move. 1990. ISBN 0-85374-494-7. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onefalsemovestud0000hill","url_text":"One False Move"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85374-494-7","url_text":"0-85374-494-7"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cope

Jack Cope

["1 Life","2 Fiction","3 In popular culture","4 Selected bibliography","5 References"]

South African novelist, poet and editor For the English cricketer and footballer, see Jack Cope (cricketer). Robert Knox ″Jack″ Cope (3 June 1913 – 1 May 1991) was a South African novelist, short story writer, poet and editor. Life Jack Cope was born in Natal, South Africa and home-schooled by tutors. From the age of 12, he boarded at Durban High School in Durban, afterwards becoming a journalist on Natal Mercury and then a political correspondent in London for South African newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World War, in a state of some disillusionment, he returned to South Africa. He moved to Cape Town, where he worked for the Marxist Guardian newspaper from 1941 to 1955, in various capacities including cultural critic and, at one stage, general editor. For many years, Cope was sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union. His Communist sympathies ended, however, with disillusionment after the revelation of Joseph Stalin's crimes in Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech. He married his second cousin, the artist Lesley De Villiers in 1942. They separated in 1958 and were divorced in the early 1960s. They had two sons, Raymond, (1948–1977) and Michael (born 1952). Jack Cope is well known for his romantic attachment (ca. 1960-1964) to Afrikaans language poet Ingrid Jonker, who is known as South Africa's answer to Sylvia Plath. After Jonker committed suicide in 1965, Cope edited a posthumous anthology of her last poems and translated a selection of them into English. Fiction Cope published eight novels, more than a hundred short stories, and three collections of poetry, the last one in association with C.J. Driver. For twenty years, beginning in 1960, he edited Contrast, a literary magazine bilingual in English and Afrikaans. He co-edited The Penguin Book of South African Verse (1968) with Uys Krige and, as general editor throughout much of the 1970s, produced the Mantis editions of Southern African poets. In 1980 he moved to England, where he published The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans (1982) and his Selected Stories (1986). Cope's first novel, The Fair House (1955), considers the Bambata Rebellion of 1906 in an attempt to account for the later racial and political conditions in South Africa. Later novels, including The Golden Oriole (1958), Albino (1964), and The Rain-Maker (1971), chronicle the white man's destruction of black culture and the ensuing struggle by the blacks to regain their pride and identity. However, it is as a short-story writer that Cope demonstrated his finest talent. His stories evoke, according to Alan Paton, 'with a few words the scents and sounds and colours of our country'. In A Crack in the Sky (The Tame Ox, 1960) and 'Power' (The Man Who Doubted and Other Stories, 1967) his moral vision is clear; his third collection, Alley Cat and Other Stories (1973), contains darker themes such as those of alienation and loneliness. Among Cope's main achievements was his influence on South African literature during the 1960s and 1970s, important years in the struggle against apartheid. In popular culture The 2011 film Black Butterflies tells the story of the relationship between Ingrid Jonker and Jack Cope, who is portrayed onscreen by Irish actor Liam Cunningham. Selected bibliography Marie: A South African Satire (1948) The Golden Oriole (1958) The Road To Ysterberg: A Novel (1959) The Penguin Book Of South African Verse (Co- editor) (1968) The Dawn Comes Twice (1969) The Rain-Maker (1971) The Africa We Knew (1973) Lacking A Label (1974) My Son Max (1977) Notes Recorded in Sun (1979) The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers In Afrikaans (1982) References Jack Cope at the Contemporary African Database Zug, J: The Guardian: the history of South Africa's extraordinary anti-apartheid newspaper, Michigan State University Press, 2007 Archived 31 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Portugal Other SNAC IdRef

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From the age of 12, he boarded at Durban High School in Durban, afterwards becoming a journalist on Natal Mercury and then a political correspondent in London for South African newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World War, in a state of some disillusionment, he returned to South Africa. He moved to Cape Town, where he worked for the Marxist Guardian newspaper from 1941 to 1955, in various capacities including cultural critic and, at one stage, general editor.For many years, Cope was sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union. His Communist sympathies ended, however, with disillusionment after the revelation of Joseph Stalin's crimes in Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech.He married his second cousin, the artist Lesley De Villiers in 1942. They separated in 1958 and were divorced in the early 1960s. They had two sons, Raymond, (1948–1977) and Michael (born 1952).Jack Cope is well known for his romantic attachment (ca. 1960-1964) to Afrikaans language poet Ingrid Jonker, who is known as South Africa's answer to Sylvia Plath. After Jonker committed suicide in 1965, Cope edited a posthumous anthology of her last poems and translated a selection of them into English.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novels"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stories"},{"link_name":"C.J. 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Driver. For twenty years, beginning in 1960, he edited Contrast, a literary magazine bilingual in English and Afrikaans. He co-edited The Penguin Book of South African Verse (1968) with Uys Krige and, as general editor throughout much of the 1970s, produced the Mantis editions of Southern African poets. In 1980 he moved to England, where he published The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans (1982) and his Selected Stories (1986).Cope's first novel, The Fair House (1955), considers the Bambata Rebellion of 1906 in an attempt to account for the later racial and political conditions in South Africa. Later novels, including The Golden Oriole (1958), Albino (1964), and The Rain-Maker (1971), chronicle the white man's destruction of black culture and the ensuing struggle by the blacks to regain their pride and identity.However, it is as a short-story writer that Cope demonstrated his finest talent. His stories evoke, according to Alan Paton, 'with a few words the scents and sounds and colours of our country'. In A Crack in the Sky (The Tame Ox, 1960) and 'Power' (The Man Who Doubted and Other Stories, 1967) his moral vision is clear; his third collection, Alley Cat and Other Stories (1973), contains darker themes such as those of alienation and loneliness. Among Cope's main achievements was his influence on South African literature during the 1960s and 1970s, important years in the struggle against apartheid.","title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Butterflies"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Liam Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Cunningham"}],"text":"The 2011 film Black Butterflies tells the story of the relationship between Ingrid Jonker and Jack Cope, who is portrayed onscreen by Irish actor Liam Cunningham.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marie: A South African Satire (1948)\nThe Golden Oriole (1958)\nThe Road To Ysterberg: A Novel (1959)\nThe Penguin Book Of South African Verse (Co- editor) (1968)\nThe Dawn Comes Twice (1969)\nThe Rain-Maker (1971)\nThe Africa We Knew (1973)\nLacking A Label (1974)\nMy Son Max (1977)\nNotes Recorded in Sun (1979)\nThe Adversary Within: Dissident Writers In Afrikaans (1982)","title":"Selected bibliography"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huairou

Huairou, Beijing

["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Administrative divisions","3 Climate","4 Economy","5 Tourism","6 Education","7 Gallery","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°18′58″N 116°37′55″E / 40.316°N 116.632°E / 40.316; 116.632District in Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaHuairou 怀柔区HwaijuDistrictMutianyu Great WallLocation of Huairou District in BeijingCoordinates: 40°18′58″N 116°37′55″E / 40.316°N 116.632°E / 40.316; 116.632CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaMunicipalityBeijingTownship-level divisions2 subdistricts12 towns2 ethnic townshipsArea • Total2,557.3 km2 (987.4 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total441,040 • Density170/km2 (450/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Area code0010Websitewww.bjhr.gov.cn Huairou District (Chinese: 怀柔区; pinyin: Huáiróu Qū) is situated in northern Beijing about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city center (about a 1½ to 2 hour drive). History In 1995 during the United Nation's 4th World's Women Conference in Beijing, the Civil Society community was forced to meet in the Huairou district, an hour from the official proceedings, leading to a great deal of discontent, as many of the non-governmental actors present felt marginalized. In a tent at the Civil Society Village established especially for poor, grassroots women at the conference (organized by GROOTS International), the Huairou Commission, a registered non-governmental organization with a global secretariat in Brooklyn, NY, was established to ensure that grassroots women would have a voice at subsequent UN conferences and in other development processes. Also in 1995, film industry began to develop in Yangsong, a town in the southeast of Huairou. China Film Group Corporation built its studio in Huairou in 2005. In 2014, another international conference was held in Huairou: the APEC China 2014. Geography Huairou District covers an area of 2,557.3 square kilometers (987.4 sq mi), 90 percent of which is mountainous area. Because of its 69% forest cover, the district is known as the natural "oxygen bar" of Beijing. In addition, it boasts a rich combination of plant, animal and tourism resources. Therefore, Huairou is of great importance to Beijing in ensuring the environmental quality and the ecosystem of the capital city. Administrative divisions There are 2 subdistricts, 12 towns with 3 towns of which carry the "area" (地区) label, and 2 ethnic townships in the district:. Huairou's urban area (112,662 in township) has an estimated area of 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) and an estimated population of 90,000. Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km2) Longshan Subdistrict(district government seat) 龙山街道 Lóngshān Jiēdào 44,203 7.50 Quanhe Subdistrict 泉河街道 Quánhé Jiēdào 54,471 5.10 Huairou (town) Area 怀柔(镇)地区 Huáiróu (Zhèn) Dìqū 66,485 69.00 Yanqi (town) Area 雁栖(镇)地区 Yànqī (Zhèn) Dìqū 25,933 154.08 Miaocheng (town) Area 庙城(镇)地区 Miàochéng (Zhèn) Dìqū 34,027 32.70 Beifang town 北房镇 Běifáng Zhèn 24,541 42.10 Yangsong town 杨宋镇 Yángsòng Zhèn 24,642 30.50 Qiaozi town 桥梓镇 Qiáozǐ Zhèn 21,914 112.62 Huaibei town 怀北镇 Huáiběi Zhèn 12,475 104.72 Tanghekou town 汤河口镇 Tānghékǒu Zhèn 6,372 225.09 Bohai town 渤海镇 Bóhǎi Zhèn 14,016 192.02 Jiuduhe town 九渡河镇 Jiǔdùhé Zhèn 15,206 177.40 Liulimiao town 琉璃庙镇 Liúlímiào Zhèn 5,938 226.30 Baoshan town 宝山镇 Bǎoshān Zhèn 8,244 250.45 Changshaoying Manchu Ethnic Township 长哨营满族乡 Chángshàoyíng Mǎnzú Xiāng 6,570 249.43 Labagoumen Manchu Ethnic Township 喇叭沟门满族乡 Lǎbāgōumén Mǎnzú Xiāng 4,895 302.00 Beijing Yanqi Economic Development Area 北京雁栖经济开发区 Běijīng Yànqī Jīngjì Kāifā Qū 3261 9.63 Climate Climate data for Huairou District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 14.1(57.4) 17.1(62.8) 27.0(80.6) 32.2(90.0) 37.5(99.5) 40.0(104.0) 41.0(105.8) 37.9(100.2) 35.1(95.2) 31.4(88.5) 22.6(72.7) 12.6(54.7) 41.0(105.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7(35.1) 5.7(42.3) 12.8(55.0) 20.8(69.4) 27.0(80.6) 30.5(86.9) 31.3(88.3) 30.4(86.7) 26.1(79.0) 19.1(66.4) 10.1(50.2) 3.1(37.6) 18.2(64.8) Daily mean °C (°F) −4.6(23.7) −0.9(30.4) 6.2(43.2) 14.3(57.7) 20.4(68.7) 24.4(75.9) 26.2(79.2) 25.1(77.2) 19.8(67.6) 12.4(54.3) 3.9(39.0) −2.9(26.8) 12.0(53.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.7(14.5) −6.5(20.3) 0.1(32.2) 7.7(45.9) 13.4(56.1) 18.5(65.3) 21.6(70.9) 20.5(68.9) 14.6(58.3) 7.1(44.8) −0.9(30.4) −7.6(18.3) 6.6(43.8) Record low °C (°F) −22.4(−8.3) −18.1(−0.6) −12.4(9.7) −2.7(27.1) 3.9(39.0) 9.3(48.7) 14.6(58.3) 12.4(54.3) 4.4(39.9) −5.5(22.1) −10.7(12.7) −17.9(−0.2) −22.4(−8.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.6(0.10) 5.5(0.22) 9.4(0.37) 19.8(0.78) 43.6(1.72) 78.0(3.07) 205.9(8.11) 143.6(5.65) 65.7(2.59) 27.6(1.09) 13.3(0.52) 3.0(0.12) 618(24.34) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.3 2.0 3.1 4.5 6.6 10.5 14.3 11.1 8.0 5.1 3.1 1.9 71.5 Average snowy days 2.4 2.4 1.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 2.4 10.5 Average relative humidity (%) 47 45 43 44 51 62 75 76 72 64 57 50 57 Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.3 187.0 215.6 227.4 244.5 196.6 163.6 182.9 192.8 195.7 175.2 181.2 2,354.8 Percent possible sunshine 64 62 58 57 55 44 36 44 52 58 59 63 54 Source: China Meteorological Administration Economy Its major agricultural products are chestnuts, walnuts, hawthorns, sweet pears, and apricots. Tourism Submerged part of the Great Wall The Great Wall of China runs through the district and some of the choicest tourist sections are located in the district. The portion known as Mutianyu is one of the most popular sections of the Great Wall for tourists. The Lakeside Great Wall in Huanghuacheng village, Jiuduhe is another tourist section known for the proximity of the Great Wall to man-made reservoir and even parts of the Great Wall are submerged under the lake water. Another tourist attraction is Hong Luo Mountain on which the Hong Luo Temple is located. Film-related attractions are aggregated in Yangsong, including China Film Group studio, Stellar Megamedia studio and Beijing Vintage Car Museum. Education Main article: List of schools in Huairou District Gallery Huairou No.1 Middle School (北京市怀柔区第一中学) China Film Group Corporation studio in Yangsong, Huairou Notes ^ These towns are officially classified as subdistricts, but as they coincide with the area of the same name, they are commonly named "areas" (地区) References ^ Huairou Commission website ^ "杨宋农民的"光影梦"". The Beijing News. 2014-07-09. Retrieved 2019-09-30. ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：怀柔区 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2013-08-07. ^ China (CN) Beijing Metropolitan Province ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ a b c "Beijing Bucket List: Huanghuacheng Lakeside Great Wall". The Beijing. January 29, 2017. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Huairou. Huairou, Beijing at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage Media related to Huairou District at Wikimedia Commons Official website of Huairou District Official website of Huairou District (in Chinese) vteBeijing History Politics Geography Toponym AdministrationDistricts Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Huairou Pinggu Miyun Yanqing Defunct Chongwen Xuanwu Yanshan Other Administrative divisions Township-level divisions Economic and technological development zones Economy Beijing central business district Beijing Financial Street National Equities Exchange and Quotations Beijing Stock Exchange Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area Wangjing Science and Technology Park China Milan Equity Exchange China Beijing Equity Exchange China World Trade Center Guomao Education List of universities Peking Tsinghua Normal Renmin Transportation Ring roads Expressways Highways Subway Suburban Railway Bus Airports: Capital International, Daxing International Major railway stations: Beijing West, Beijing, Beijing South, Beijing North, Beijing East, Beijing Chaoyang, Beijing Fengtai, Qinghe Visitor attractions Landmarks Major National Historical and Cultural Sites) List of hotels Museums Parks in Beijing Gardens in Beijing Municipal agencies Administration of Prisons Commission of Education Public Security Bureau (Police Department) Category Commons

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"}],"text":"District in Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaHuairou District (Chinese: 怀柔区; pinyin: Huáiróu Qū) is situated in northern Beijing about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city center (about a 1½ to 2 hour drive).","title":"Huairou, Beijing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th World's Women Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women"},{"link_name":"Huairou Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huairou_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_NY"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"link_name":"Yangsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangsong"},{"link_name":"China Film Group Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Film_Group_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"APEC China 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2014"}],"text":"In 1995 during the United Nation's 4th World's Women Conference in Beijing, the Civil Society community was forced to meet in the Huairou district, an hour from the official proceedings, leading to a great deal of discontent, as many of the non-governmental actors present felt marginalized. In a tent at the Civil Society Village established especially for poor, grassroots women at the conference (organized by GROOTS International), the Huairou Commission, a registered non-governmental organization with a global secretariat in Brooklyn, NY, was established to ensure that grassroots women would have a voice at subsequent UN conferences and in other development processes.[1]Also in 1995, film industry began to develop in Yangsong, a town in the southeast of Huairou. China Film Group Corporation built its studio in Huairou in 2005.[2]In 2014, another international conference was held in Huairou: the APEC China 2014.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Huairou District covers an area of 2,557.3 square kilometers (987.4 sq mi), 90 percent of which is mountainous area. Because of its 69% forest cover, the district is known as the natural \"oxygen bar\" of Beijing. In addition, it boasts a rich combination of plant, animal and tourism resources. Therefore, Huairou is of great importance to Beijing in ensuring the environmental quality and the ecosystem of the capital city.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(China)"},{"link_name":"ethnic townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_township"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"There are 2 subdistricts, 12 towns with 3 towns of which carry the \"area\" (地区) label, and 2 ethnic townships in the district:.[a][3] Huairou's urban area (112,662 in township) has an estimated area of 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) and an estimated population of 90,000.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Climate data for Huairou District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n37.9(100.2)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−9.7(14.5)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n−7.6(18.3)\n\n6.6(43.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−22.4(−8.3)\n\n−18.1(−0.6)\n\n−12.4(9.7)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−10.7(12.7)\n\n−17.9(−0.2)\n\n−22.4(−8.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.6(0.10)\n\n5.5(0.22)\n\n9.4(0.37)\n\n19.8(0.78)\n\n43.6(1.72)\n\n78.0(3.07)\n\n205.9(8.11)\n\n143.6(5.65)\n\n65.7(2.59)\n\n27.6(1.09)\n\n13.3(0.52)\n\n3.0(0.12)\n\n618(24.34)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1.3\n\n2.0\n\n3.1\n\n4.5\n\n6.6\n\n10.5\n\n14.3\n\n11.1\n\n8.0\n\n5.1\n\n3.1\n\n1.9\n\n71.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.4\n\n2.4\n\n1.4\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.8\n\n2.4\n\n10.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n47\n\n45\n\n43\n\n44\n\n51\n\n62\n\n75\n\n76\n\n72\n\n64\n\n57\n\n50\n\n57\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n192.3\n\n187.0\n\n215.6\n\n227.4\n\n244.5\n\n196.6\n\n163.6\n\n182.9\n\n192.8\n\n195.7\n\n175.2\n\n181.2\n\n2,354.8\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n64\n\n62\n\n58\n\n57\n\n55\n\n44\n\n36\n\n44\n\n52\n\n58\n\n59\n\n63\n\n54\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[6][7]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Its major agricultural products are chestnuts, walnuts, hawthorns, sweet pears, and apricots.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakeside_Great_Wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Wall of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakeside-9"},{"link_name":"Mutianyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutianyu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakeside-9"},{"link_name":"Huanghuacheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanghuacheng"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lakeside-9"}],"text":"Submerged part of the Great WallThe Great Wall of China runs through the district and some of the choicest tourist sections are located in the district.[8] The portion known as Mutianyu is one of the most popular sections of the Great Wall for tourists.[8] The Lakeside Great Wall in Huanghuacheng village, Jiuduhe is another tourist section known for the proximity of the Great Wall to man-made reservoir and even parts of the Great Wall are submerged under the lake water.[8]Another tourist attraction is Hong Luo Mountain on which the Hong Luo Temple is located.Film-related attractions are aggregated in Yangsong, including China Film Group studio, Stellar Megamedia studio and Beijing Vintage Car Museum.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuairouFirstMiddleSchool.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Film_Group_Studio_in_Yangsong_(20190928124846).jpg"},{"link_name":"China Film Group Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Film_Group_Corporation"}],"text":"Huairou No.1 Middle School (北京市怀柔区第一中学)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChina Film Group Corporation studio in Yangsong, Huairou","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ These towns are officially classified as subdistricts, but as they coincide with the area of the same name, they are commonly named \"areas\" (地区)","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_gateway

Message transfer agent

["1 Operation","2 Transfer versus access","3 See also","4 References"]

Software to transfer electronic mail Within the Internet email system, a message transfer agent (MTA), mail transfer agent, or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. In some contexts, the alternative names mail server, mail exchanger, or MX host are used to describe an MTA. Messages exchanged across networks are passed between mail servers, including any attached data files (such as images, multimedia, or documents). These servers often keep mailboxes for email. Access to this email by end users is typically either by webmail or an email client. Operation A message transfer agent receives mail from either another MTA, a mail submission agent (MSA), or a mail user agent (MUA). The transmission details are specified by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). When a recipient mailbox of a message is not hosted locally, the message is relayed, that is, forwarded to another MTA. Every time an MTA receives an email message, it adds a Received trace header field to the top of the header of the message, thereby building a sequential record of MTAs handling the message. The process of choosing a target MTA for the next hop is also described in SMTP, but can usually be overridden by configuring the MTA software with specific routes. An MTA works in the background, while the user usually interacts directly with a mail user agent. One may distinguish initial submission as first passing through an MSA—port 465 (or, for legacy reasons, optionally port 587) is used for communication between an MUA and an MSA, while port 25 is used for communication between MTAs, or from an MSA to an MTA. this distinction is clarified in RFC 8314. For recipients hosted locally, the final delivery of email to a recipient mailbox is the task of a message delivery agent (MDA). For this purpose the MTA transfers the message to the message handling service component of the message delivery agent (MDA). Upon final delivery, the Return-Path field is added to the envelope to record the return path. Transfer versus access A relay or filtering server will typically store email only briefly, but other systems keep full mailboxes for email - in which case they usually support some means for end users to access their email via a Mail User Agent (MUA), or email client. Common protocols for this are: Post Office Protocol (POP3) Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Proprietary systems, such as Microsoft's MAPI Submission of new email from a mail client is via SMTP, typically on port 587 or 465, and is now generally restricted to servers the user has an account with-such as their ISP. This is for policy, not technical, reasons so that providers have some means of holding their users accountable for the generation of spam and other forms of email abuse. See also List of mail server software Relay (disambiguation) References ^ MTA=Message Transfer Agent (similar to X.400 name) is found, e.g., in RFC 1506, RFC 2476, RFC 3461, RFC 3464, RFC 3865, RFC 3888, RFC 6409, RFC 5598. ^ MTA=Mail Transfer Agent (similar to Mail Transfer Protocol) is found, e.g., in RFC 2298, RFC 2305, RFC 3804, RFC 3798, RFC 4496, RFC 5442, RFC 5429. ^ RFC 5598, Internet Mail Architecture, D. Crocker (July 2009). ^ See Email#Message header for the format of an email message. Many MUAs allow users to see the raw message source directly, thereby allowing header inspection. ^ See table at Email client#Port numbers ^ Bill Cole (29 June 2009). "What are the IPs that sends mail for a domain?". ASRG mailing list. Retrieved 15 September 2009. Authority control databases: National Germany

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These servers often keep mailboxes for email. Access to this email by end users is typically either by webmail or an email client.","title":"Message transfer agent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mail submission agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_submission_agent"},{"link_name":"mail user agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_user_agent"},{"link_name":"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-mail.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8314"},{"link_name":"message delivery agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_delivery_agent"},{"link_name":"return path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_path"}],"text":"A message transfer agent receives mail from either another MTA, a mail submission agent (MSA), or a mail user agent (MUA). The transmission details are specified by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). When a recipient mailbox of a message is not hosted locally, the message is relayed, that is, forwarded to another MTA. Every time an MTA receives an email message, it adds a Received trace header field to the top of the header of the message,[4] thereby building a sequential record of MTAs handling the message. The process of choosing a target MTA for the next hop is also described in SMTP, but can usually be overridden by configuring the MTA software with specific routes.An MTA works in the background, while the user usually interacts directly with a mail user agent. One may distinguish initial submission as first passing through an MSA—port 465 (or, for legacy reasons, optionally port 587) is used for communication between an MUA and an MSA, while port 25 is used for communication between MTAs, or from an MSA to an MTA.[5] this distinction is clarified in RFC 8314.For recipients hosted locally, the final delivery of email to a recipient mailbox is the task of a message delivery agent (MDA). For this purpose the MTA transfers the message to the message handling service component of the message delivery agent (MDA). Upon final delivery, the Return-Path field is added to the envelope to record the return path.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mailboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_box"},{"link_name":"email client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client"},{"link_name":"Post Office Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Internet Message Access Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol"},{"link_name":"MAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPI"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP"},{"link_name":"spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(electronic)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A relay or filtering server will typically store email only briefly, but other systems keep full mailboxes for email - in which case they usually support some means for end users to access their email via a Mail User Agent (MUA), or email client.Common protocols for this are:Post Office Protocol (POP3)\nInternet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)\nProprietary systems, such as Microsoft's MAPISubmission of new email from a mail client is via SMTP, typically on port 587 or 465, and is now generally restricted to servers the user has an account with-such as their ISP. This is for policy, not technical, reasons so that providers have some means of holding their users accountable for the generation of spam and other forms of email abuse.[6]","title":"Transfer versus access"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of mail server software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_server_software"},{"title":"Relay (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_(disambiguation)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Players_Only

For Players Only

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1975 live album by Leroy JenkinsFor Players OnlyLive album by Leroy JenkinsReleased1975RecordedJanuary 30, 1975VenueWollman Auditorium, Columbia University, New York CityGenreFree jazzLabelJCOA RecordsLP 1010Leroy Jenkins chronology For Players Only(1975) Swift Are the Winds of Life(1976) Jazz Composer's Orchestra chronology Echoes of Prayer(1975) For Players Only(1975) For Players Only is a live album by violinist and composer Leroy Jenkins, his first as a leader. It was recorded in January 1975 at Wollman Auditorium, Columbia University in New York City, and was released by JCOA Records later that year. On the album, Jenkins is joined by members of the Jazz Composer's Orchestra. The album presents a single, extended composition by Jenkins that was commissioned by the JCOA in 1974. The work was first presented by the JCOA and WKCR-FM via four workshop concerts held at Columbia University from January 28–31, 1975. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic In a review for AllMusic, Brian Olewnick wrote: "One of seven albums commissioned by the Jazz Composers Orchestra, violinist Leroy Jenkins' For Players Only is one of the more loosely organized and, for all its charms, most scattershot of these works... The first half of the composition is arranged in suite-like fashion, with briefly stated themes fleshed out by various small groups within the orchestra... in the second half of this composition... each orchestra member play consecutive, individual solos... Over the course of his career, Jenkins composed a number of knotty pieces, and For Players Only ranks right up there." Gary Giddins referred to the album as Jenkins's "daring Jazz Composers Orchestra spectacle". John Corbett called the album "one of several very important JCOA documents," and noted that it featured "an incredible eighteen-piece lineup". Barry McRae of Jazz Journal stated: "For Players Only manages to sound like the work of a small group, while retaining all the textural richness of a larger aggregation." Track listing Composed and conducted by Leroy Jenkins. "Part One" – 15:45 "Part Two" – 20:35 Personnel Order of soloists at the conclusion of Part 2 indicated below. Leroy Jenkins – violin (soloist 18) Becky Friend – flute, piccolo (soloist 10) Charles Brackeen – soprano saxophone (soloist 15) Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre – tenor saxophone (soloist 7) Dewey Redman – clarinet, musette, banshee horn (soloist 3) Anthony Braxton – contrabass clarinet (soloist 13) Leo Smith – trumpet (soloist 1) Joseph Bowie – trombone (soloist 8 Sharon Freeman – French horn (soloist 5) Bill Davis – tuba (soloist 11) Romulus Franceschini – synthesizer (soloist 14) James Emery – guitar (soloist 6) Diedre Murray – cello (soloist 17) Sirone – bass (soloist 4) Dave Holland – bass (soloist 16) Jerome Cooper – drums, percussion, piano (soloist 12) Charles Shaw – drums, percussion (soloist 2) Roger Blank – drums, percussion (soloist 9) References ^ "Leroy Jenkins: For Players Only". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved March 8, 2022. ^ Leroy Jenkins (1975). For Players Only (liner notes). JCOA Records. 1010. ^ Erlewine, Michael; Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Yanow, Scott, eds. (1996). All Music Guide to Jazz (2nd ed.). Miller Freeman. p. 404. ^ Olewnick, Brian. "Leroy Jenkins: For Players Only". AllMusic. Retrieved March 8, 2022. ^ Giddins, Gary (2004). Weather Bird: Jazz at the Dawn of its Second Century. Oxford University Press. p. 478. ^ Corbett, John (2017). Vinyl Freak : Love Letters to a Dying Medium. Duke University Press. p. 192. ^ McRae, Barry (July 1976). "Leroy Jenkins: For Players Only". Jazz Journal. Vol. 29, no. 7. p. 34. vteLeroy JenkinsAlbums For Players Only (1975) Swift Are the Winds of Life (1976) Solo Concert (1977) Lifelong Ambitions (1981) The Legend of Ai Glatson (1978) Space Minds, New Worlds, Survival of America (1979) Mixed Quintet (1983) Urban Blues (1984) Leroy Jenkins Live! (1993) Themes & Improvisations on the Blues (with Soldier String Quartet, Henry Threadgill, and Marty Ehrlich, 1994) Out of the Mist (with Joseph Jarman, 1997) Solo (1998) Equal Interest (with Joseph Jarman and Myra Melford, 1999) The Art of Improvisation (2005) Related articles Revolutionary Ensemble Creative Construction Company

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The work was first presented by the JCOA and WKCR-FM via four workshop concerts held at Columbia University from January 28–31, 1975.[2]","title":"For Players Only"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gary Giddins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Giddins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corbett_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jazz Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Journal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In a review for AllMusic, Brian Olewnick wrote: \"One of seven albums commissioned by the Jazz Composers Orchestra, violinist Leroy Jenkins' For Players Only is one of the more loosely organized and, for all its charms, most scattershot of these works... The first half of the composition is arranged in suite-like fashion, with briefly stated themes fleshed out by various small groups within the orchestra... in the second half of this composition... each orchestra member play[s] consecutive, individual solos... Over the course of his career, Jenkins composed a number of knotty pieces, and For Players Only ranks right up there.\"[4]Gary Giddins referred to the album as Jenkins's \"daring Jazz Composers Orchestra spectacle\".[5] John Corbett called the album \"one of several very important JCOA documents,\" and noted that it featured \"an incredible eighteen-piece lineup\".[6] Barry McRae of Jazz Journal stated: \"For Players Only manages to sound like the work of a small group, while retaining all the textural richness of a larger aggregation.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Composed and conducted by Leroy Jenkins.\"Part One\" – 15:45\n\"Part Two\" – 20:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leroy Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Jenkins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Brackeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brackeen"},{"link_name":"Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaparusha_Maurice_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Dewey Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Redman"},{"link_name":"Anthony Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Leo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadada_Leo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Sharon Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Freeman"},{"link_name":"James Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emery_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Diedre Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedre_Murray"},{"link_name":"Sirone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirone_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dave Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Holland"},{"link_name":"Jerome Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Bobo%22_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Roger Blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Blank"}],"text":"Order of soloists at the conclusion of Part 2 indicated below.Leroy Jenkins – violin (soloist 18)\nBecky Friend – flute, piccolo (soloist 10)\nCharles Brackeen – soprano saxophone (soloist 15)\nKalaparusha Maurice McIntyre – tenor saxophone (soloist 7)\nDewey Redman – clarinet, musette, banshee horn (soloist 3)\nAnthony Braxton – contrabass clarinet (soloist 13)\nLeo Smith – trumpet (soloist 1)\nJoseph Bowie – trombone (soloist 8\nSharon Freeman – French horn (soloist 5)\nBill Davis – tuba (soloist 11)\nRomulus Franceschini – synthesizer (soloist 14)\nJames Emery – guitar (soloist 6)\nDiedre Murray – cello (soloist 17)\nSirone – bass (soloist 4)\nDave Holland – bass (soloist 16)\nJerome Cooper – drums, percussion, piano (soloist 12)\nCharles Shaw – drums, percussion (soloist 2)\nRoger Blank – drums, percussion (soloist 9)","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Friedman

Liz Friedman

["1 Career","2 Select House episodes","3 Version by Hudson Leick","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]

American television producer and writer Liz Friedman is an American television producer and television writer known especially for her work on Xena: Warrior Princess, Young Hercules, House and Jessica Jones. In 2014, she was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the pilot episode of Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black. Career She wrote and produced episodes of Xena: Warrior Princess, early in her writing career. Friedman was co-creator, writer, and executive producer of Young Hercules. Soon after, she along with fellow House writers, Lawrence Kaplow, Leonard Dick, and Thomas L. Moran wrote episodes for Hack. She wrote for The O.C. and Numbers before joining the writing staff of House in Season 2. Friedman graduated from the Winsor School in Boston, followed by Wesleyan University with a degree in sociology. Her thesis was entitled "A Feminist and Class-based Analysis of Slasher Films". She also co-wrote the pilot episode of Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black with the creator of the show, Jenji Kohan. The two were nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode in 2014. Friedman also worked on the Netflix series Jessica Jones, which has been critically acclaimed after its first season 13 episodes, released in 2015. She currently works as an executive producer for The Good Doctor. Select House episodes 2.07 - "Hunting" (written) 2.22 - "Forever" (written) 3.10 - "Merry Little Christmas" (written) 3.21 - "Family" (written) 4.11 - "Frozen" (written) 5.05- "Lucky Thirteen" (written) 5.17 - "The Softer Side" (written) 6.11- "The Down Low" (written) Version by Hudson Leick Liz Friedman was portrayed by the actress Hudson Leick (most famous for playing Callisto) on two episodes of the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys – "Yes, Virginia, There Is a Hercules" and "For Those of You Just Joining Us". Leick portrayed an over-the-top, chain-smoking version of Liz Friedman who was the cynical voice of reason amongst the producers. Personal life Friedman is openly lesbian. She is married to Yvette Abatte. References ^ "Liz Friedman: Warrior Producer", Curve Magazine, July 1997, pg. 24-26 ^ a b "Advocate Interview With Liz Friedman". Nutball.com. The Advocate. August 20, 1996. Retrieved June 25, 2015. ^ Rudnick, Bret, "AN INTERVIEW WITH YOUNG HERCULES PRODUCER, CYNTHIA HSIUNG", Whoosh magazine, 1999 ^ "Profile: Liz Friedman", tv.com ^ Alber, Rebecca, "Liz Friedman: Warrior Producer" Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, Curve Magazine, v.7, n.3, 1997 ^ "Profile: Liz Friedman", The Films (archived 2010) ^ "66th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners". Emmys.com. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ "Advocate Interview with Liz Friedman". ^ "Written by Summer 2014 Page 51". External links Liz Friedman at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain Other IdRef

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In 2014, she was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the pilot episode of Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black.","title":"Liz Friedman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xena: Warrior Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-2"},{"link_name":"Young Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hercules"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Kaplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kaplow"},{"link_name":"Leonard Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Dick"},{"link_name":"Hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The O.C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Winsor School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_School"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Orange Is the New Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black"},{"link_name":"Jenji Kohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenji_Kohan"},{"link_name":"Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jessica Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Jones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Good Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"She wrote and produced episodes of Xena: Warrior Princess, early in her writing career.[1][2] Friedman was co-creator, writer, and executive producer of Young Hercules.[3] Soon after, she along with fellow House writers, Lawrence Kaplow, Leonard Dick, and Thomas L. Moran wrote episodes for Hack. She wrote for The O.C. and Numbers before joining the writing staff of House in Season 2.[4]Friedman graduated from the Winsor School in Boston, followed by Wesleyan University with a degree in sociology. Her thesis was entitled \"A Feminist and Class-based Analysis of Slasher Films\".[5][6]She also co-wrote the pilot episode of Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black with the creator of the show, Jenji Kohan. The two were nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode in 2014.[7]\nFriedman also worked on the Netflix series Jessica Jones, which has been critically acclaimed after its first season 13 episodes, released in 2015.She currently works as an executive producer for The Good Doctor.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_(House)"},{"link_name":"Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"Merry Little Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Little_Christmas_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"Lucky Thirteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Thirteen_(House)"},{"link_name":"The Softer Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Softer_Side"},{"link_name":"The Down Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Down_Low_(House)"}],"text":"2.07 - \"Hunting\" (written)\n2.22 - \"Forever\" (written)\n3.10 - \"Merry Little Christmas\" (written)\n3.21 - \"Family\" (written)\n4.11 - \"Frozen\" (written)\n5.05- \"Lucky Thirteen\" (written)\n5.17 - \"The Softer Side\" (written)\n6.11- \"The Down Low\" (written)","title":"Select House episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Leick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Leick"},{"link_name":"Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(Xena)"},{"link_name":"episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hercules:_The_Legendary_Journeys_episodes"},{"link_name":"Hercules: The Legendary Journeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules:_The_Legendary_Journeys"},{"link_name":"Yes, Virginia, There Is a Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_There_Is_a_Hercules"},{"link_name":"For Those of You Just Joining Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Those_of_You_Just_Joining_Us"}],"text":"Liz Friedman was portrayed by the actress Hudson Leick (most famous for playing Callisto) on two episodes of the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys – \"Yes, Virginia, There Is a Hercules\" and \"For Those of You Just Joining Us\". Leick portrayed an over-the-top, chain-smoking version of Liz Friedman who was the cynical voice of reason amongst the producers.","title":"Version by Hudson Leick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Friedman is openly lesbian.[2] She is married to Yvette Abatte.[8][9]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracesium

Alanya

["1 Names","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Main sights","5 Demographics","6 Education and health","7 Culture","8 Government","9 Economy","9.1 Tourism","10 Media","11 Transportation","12 Sports","13 Neighbourhoods","14 International relations","14.1 Friendly cities","15 Notable residents","16 See also","17 References","18 Further reading","19 External links"]

Coordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E / 36.550; 32.000Not to be confused with Alania. District and municipality in Antalya, TurkeyAlanyaDistrict and municipalityCastle and harbour of Alanya Coat of armsLogoMap showing Alanya District in Antalya ProvinceAlanyaLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E / 36.550; 32.000CountryTurkeyProvinceAntalyaGovernment • MayorOsman Tarık Özçelik (CHP)Area1,577 km2 (609 sq mi)Population (2022)364,180 • Density230/km2 (600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Postal code07400Area code0242Websitewww.alanya.bel.tr Alanya (/əˈlɑːnjə/ ⓘ; Turkish pronunciation: ), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city, a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. Its area is 1,577 km2, and its population is 364,180 (2022). The city proper has 189,222 inhabitants (2022). Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains, Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Alanya's greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I, from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city's landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle. The Mediterranean climate, natural attractions, and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism, and responsible for nine percent of Turkey's tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city, resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya. In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel has served two terms as the Mayor of Alanya, first elected in 2014 and then elected for a second time in 2019. In March 31st 2024 Turkish local elections Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party has been elected as the new Mayor of Alanya, making an historic mark as the Republican People's Party was able to win an election in the city after 74 years. Names The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in Latin as Coracesium or in Greek as Korakesion (Ancient Greek: Κορακήσιον) from the Luwian Korakassa meaning "point/protruding city". The Roman Catholic Church still recognizes the Latin name as a titular see in its hierarchy. Under the Byzantine Empire it became known as Kalonoros or Kalon Oros, meaning "beautiful/fine mountain" in Greek. The Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I's name. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro. In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the 'i' and 'e' in Alaiye, reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933. History Further information on medieval beylik period: Alaiye Piri Reis map of Alanya from 1525 showing the extent of the medieval city and the location on the Pamphylia plain. Finds in the nearby Karain Cave indicate occupation during the Paleolithic era as far back as 20,000 BC, and archeological evidence shows a port existed at Syedra, south of the modern city, during the Bronze Age around 3,000 BC. A Phoenician language tablet found in the district dates to 625 BC, and the city is specifically mentioned in the 4th-century BC Greek geography manuscript, the periplus of Pseudo-Scylax. The castle rock was likely inhabited under the Hittites and the Achaemenid Empire, and was first fortified in the Hellenistic period following the area's conquest by Alexander the Great. Alexander's successors left the area to one of the competing Macedonian generals, Ptolemy I Soter, after Alexander's death in 323 BC. His dynasty maintained loose control over the mainly Isaurian population, and the port became a popular refuge for Mediterranean pirates. The city resisted Antiochus III the Great of the neighboring Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port, begun under Diodotus. The Roman Republic fought Cilician pirates in 102 BC, when Marcus Antonius the Orator established a proconsulship in nearby Side, and in 78 BC under Servilius Vatia, who moved to control the Isaurian tribes. The period of piracy in Alanya finally ended after the city's incorporation into the Pamphylia province by Pompey in 67 BC, with the Battle of Korakesion fought in the city's harbor. In Strabo's reckoning, Coracesium marked the boundary between ancient Pamphylia and Cilicia (Cilicia Trachaea, in particular); though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere. Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408. With the spread of Christianity Coracesium, as it was called, became a bishopric. Its bishop Theodulus took part in the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Matidianus in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Obrimus in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Nicephorus (Nicetas) in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. Coracesium was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Side, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged. It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century. No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. Islam arrived in the 7th century with Arab raids, which led to the construction of new fortifications. The area fell from Byzantine control after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 to tribes of Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos. Statue of Kayqubad I in Alanya Following the Fourth Crusade's attack on the Byzantines, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia periodically held the port, and it was from an Armenian, Kir Fard, that the Turks took lasting control in 1221 when the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured it, assigning the former ruler, whose daughter he married, to the governance of the city of Akşehir. Seljuk rule saw the golden age of the city, and it can be considered the winter capital of their empire. Building projects, including the twin citadel, city walls, arsenal, and Kızıl Kule, made it an important seaport for western Mediterranean trade, particularly with Ayyubid Egypt and the Italian city-states. Alaeddin Kayqubad I also constructed numerous gardens and pavilions outside the walls, and many of his works can still be found in the city. These were likely financed by his own treasury and by the local emirs, and constructed by the contractor Abu 'Ali al-Kattani al-Halabi. Alaeddin Kayqubad I's son, Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240. At the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongol hordes broke the Seljuk hegemony in Anatolia. Alanya was then subject to a series of invasions from Anatolian beyliks. Lusignans from Cyprus briefly overturned the then ruling Hamidid dynasty in 1371. The Karamanids sold the city in 1427 for 5,000 gold coins to the Mamluks of Egypt for a period before General Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1471 incorporated it into the growing Ottoman Empire. The city was made a capital of a local sanjak in the eyalet of Içel. The Ottomans extended their rule in 1477 when they brought the main shipping trade, lumber, then mostly done by Venetians, under the government monopoly. On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence. The Seljuk era Tersane was a drydock for ships. Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center. In 1571 the Ottomans designated the city as part of the newly conquered province of Cyprus. The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya's port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya's suburbs. The city was reassigned in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today. During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility, and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities. Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century. After World War I, Alanya was nominally partitioned in the 1917 Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne to Italy, before returning to the Turkish Republic in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne. Like others in this region, the city suffered heavily following the war and the population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city's Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens. The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914. Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave, and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort. Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure. Geography Map of the Alanya Peninsula Located on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline. From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland, Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district. Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west route into the Mediterranean. The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest, which include Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine. The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya. This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ. The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window. Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined. Tip of the Alanya Peninsula The town is divided east–west by a rocky peninsula, which is the distinctive feature of the city. The harbor, city center, and Keykubat Beach, named after the Sultan Kayqubad I, are on the east side of the peninsula. Damlataş Beach, named for the famous "dripping caves", and Kleopatra Beach are to the west. The name "Cleopatra" possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess' visit here or the area's inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony. Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern, much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road, encircles the main town to the north. Climate Alanya has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), or a dry-summer humid subtropical climate (Trewartha: 'wet' Cs/Cf). Located at the Mediterranean Basin, the subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot, and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan "where the sun smiles". Winters, however, are mild and wet. Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore. The presence of the Taurus Mountain near to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings. The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on warm days in the city below. The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually. Climate data for Alanya (1970–2011) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 23.2(73.8) 25.0(77.0) 28.1(82.6) 30.7(87.3) 35.4(95.7) 37.8(100.0) 40.8(105.4) 39.6(103.3) 37.2(99.0) 34.9(94.8) 30.0(86.0) 24.7(76.5) 40.8(105.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.2(61.2) 16.3(61.3) 18.3(64.9) 21.1(70.0) 24.7(76.5) 28.7(83.7) 31.5(88.7) 32.1(89.8) 30.2(86.4) 26.5(79.7) 21.5(70.7) 17.8(64.0) 23.7(74.7) Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8(53.2) 11.9(53.4) 13.8(56.8) 16.9(62.4) 20.9(69.6) 25.1(77.2) 27.8(82.0) 28.0(82.4) 25.4(77.7) 21.2(70.2) 16.4(61.5) 13.2(55.8) 19.4(66.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.6(47.5) 8.5(47.3) 10.1(50.2) 13.0(55.4) 16.7(62.1) 20.5(68.9) 23.3(73.9) 23.7(74.7) 21.2(70.2) 17.4(63.3) 13.0(55.4) 10.0(50.0) 15.5(59.9) Record low °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) −2.2(28.0) 0.9(33.6) 4.0(39.2) 9.8(49.6) 13.3(55.9) 16.9(62.4) 14.1(57.4) 13.2(55.8) 9.5(49.1) 2.9(37.2) 0.4(32.7) −2.2(28.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 199.0(7.83) 149.4(5.88) 97.8(3.85) 70.7(2.78) 32.4(1.28) 8.5(0.33) 4.5(0.18) 2.7(0.11) 17.5(0.69) 98.5(3.88) 182.9(7.20) 231.2(9.10) 1,095.1(43.11) Average rainy days 13.8 11.6 9.5 8.5 4.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 2.1 6.6 9.9 13.0 81.8 Average relative humidity (%) 57 57 61 63 66 66 64 65 58 55 59 60 61 Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.1 127.1 192.2 219.0 288.3 348.0 325.5 316.2 273.0 220.1 159.0 133.3 2,728.8 Mean daily sunshine hours 4.1 4.5 6.2 7.3 9.3 11.6 10.5 10.2 9.1 7.1 5.3 4.3 7.5 Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service Source 2: Weather2 Alanya mean sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) 27.9 °C (82.2 °F) 29.0 °C (84.2 °F) 27.7 °C (81.9 °F) 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Main sights The Byzantine era Church of Saint Constantine inside Alanya Castle was also used as a mosque. On the peninsula stands Alanya Castle, a Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226. Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack. In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center. Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent. The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas, well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century. The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) is a 108-foot (33 m) high brick building, standing at the harbor below the castle, and containing the municipal ethnographic museum. Sultan Kayqubad I brought the architect Ebu Ali from Aleppo, Syria to Alanya to design the building. The last of Alanya Castle's 83 towers, the octagonal structure specifically protected the Tersane (dockyard), it remains one of the finest examples of medieval military architecture. The Tersane, a medieval drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with equilateral pointed arches. The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad's authority, has been converted into a museum and heritage center. Atatürk's House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the "karniyarik" (stuffed eggplant) style. Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building, The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach. Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List. Panorama from west side of peninsula. Demographics Further information: Demographics of Turkey Historic populations Year District City 1893 37914 1965 43459 12436 1970 53552 15011 1975 63235 18520 1980 74148 22190 1985 87080 28733 1990 129106 52460 1997 235884 117311 2007 226236 91713 2012 264692 104573 2017 299464 - 2022 364180 - From only 87,080 in 1985, the district has surged to hold a population of 364,180 in 2022. This population surge is largely credited to immigration to the city as a result or byproduct of the increased prominence of the real estate sector and the growth of the housing market bubble. In 2007, the city itself had a population of 134,396, of which 9,789 are European expatriates, about half of them from Germany and Denmark. 17,850 total foreigners own property in Alanya. There are a lot of Iranians who have settled in the city. During the Persian New Year a lot of Iranians go to Alanya for vacation. The European expatriate population tends to be over fifty years old. During the summer the population increases due to large numbers of tourists, about 1.1 million each year pass through the city. Both Turks and Europeans, these vacationers provide income for much of the population. The city is home to many migrants from the Southeastern Anatolia Region and the Black Sea region. In the first decade of the 21st century, the town has seen a surge in illegal foreign immigrants from the Middle East and South Asia, both to stay and to attempt to enter European Union countries. As of 2006, 1,217 migrants claim residence in Alanya while working abroad. Yörük nomads also live in the Taurus Mountains north of the city on a seasonal basis. Additionally, there is a small African community descendant from imported Ottoman slaves. In 2018, it was estimated that around 300 Finns live permanently in Alanya and 3,000 during the Winter. According to the TÜİK Institute of Statistics, as of October 2022, 55,000 foreigners live in the city, more than half of them are Russian speakers. Nationality Foreigners in Alanya 1  Germany 10,000 2  Denmark 3,821 3  Finland 3,000 4  Russia 769 5  Netherlands 634 6  Norway 521 7  England 475 8  Azerbaijan 383 9  Sweden 303 10  Ukraine 297 The city is nearly 99% Muslim, and although many ancient churches can be found in the district, there are no weekly Christian services. In 2006, a German language Protestant church with seasonal service opened with much fanfare, after receiving permission to do so in 2003, a sign of the growing European population in the city. In 2015, the town began renovations of the Greek Orthodox Agios Georgios Church in the village of Hacı Mehmetli, and the church has been used for a monthly Russian Orthodox service. Alanya also provides the Atatürk Cultural Center to Christian groups on a regular basis for larger religious ceremonies. Education and health Further information: Education in Turkey Young students from an Alanya school at their class garden The city has 95% literacy, with public and private schools, and a roughly 1:24 student-teacher ratio. Rural villages are, however, disadvantaged by the limited number of secondary schools outside the city center. Alantur Primary School, which opened in 1987, was built and is maintained under the Turkish "Build Your Own School" initiative, supported by the foundation of Ayhan Şahenk, the founder of Doğuş Holding. In 2005, Akdeniz University of Antalya launched the Alanya Faculty of Business, as a satellite campus that focuses on the tourism industry. The school hosts an International Tourism Conference annually in coordination with Buckinghamshire New University. The city also has plans to open a private university in 2012. Georgetown University operates an annual study abroad program for American students known as the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, named for the United States Ambassador to Turkey from 1952 to 1953 George C. McGhee, and based in his villa. Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya, a teaching hospital run by Başkent University in Ankara is one of nineteen hospitals in Alanya. Other major hospitals include the 300-bed Alanya State Hospital and the 90-bed Private Hayat Hospital. Culture The Kızıl Kule, or Red Tower, is home to the city ethnographic museum. Alanya's culture is a subculture of the larger Culture of Turkey. The city's seaside position is central to many annual festivals. These include the Tourism and Arts Festival, which marks the opening of the tourism season from at the end of May or beginning of June. At the opposite end of the season, the Alanya International Culture and Art Festival is held in the last week of May, and is a notable Turkish festival. Other regular festivals include the Alanya Jazz Days, which has been held since 2002 in September or October at the Kızıl Kule, which is otherwise home to the municipal ethnographic museum. The Jazz Festival hosts Turkish and international jazz musicians in a series of five free concerts. Rockcorn from Finland perform during the 2011 Alanya International Culture and Art Festival The Alanya Chamber Orchestra, formed of members of the Antalya State Opera and Ballet, gave its inaugural performance on December 7, 2007. The International Alanya Stone Sculpture Symposium, begun is 2004, is held over the month of November. The Alanya Documentary Festival was launched in 2001 by the Alanya Cinémathèque Society and the Association of Documentary Filmmakers in Turkey. Onat Kutlar, Turkish poet and writer, and founder of the Istanbul International Film Festival was born in Alanya, as was actress Sema Önür. Atatürk's visit to Alanya is also celebrated on its anniversary each February 18, centered on Atatürk's House and Museum. The Alanya Museum is home to archaeology found in and around the city, including a large bronze Hercules statue, ceramics, and Roman limestone ossuaries, as well as historic copies of the Qur'an. European residents of Alanya also often celebrate their national holidays, such as Norwegian Constitution Day, and the city set up a Christmas market in December 2010. Iranians also celebrate the Persian New Year, Nevruz, in Alanya. Government This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020) Many national celebrations are centered at the downtown Mustafa Kemal Atatürk monument. Alanya was set up as a municipality in 1872, electing its first mayor in 1901. Today, Alanya is governed by a mayor and a municipality council made up of thirty-seven members. Twenty-four councilors are from the centre-left Republican People's Party, nine are from the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, and four are of the Good Party. Mayor Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party was elected in 2024 by unseating the incumbent Adem Murat Yücel, who had previously been mayor since 2014. Elections are held every five years, with the next to be held in March 2029. MP Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (on the left) was also President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Alanya District is divided up into 17 municipalities, including the city center, and 92 villages. Alanya is greatly influenced by the provincial government in Antalya, and the national government in Ankara, which appoints a governor for the district, currently Dr. Hulusi Doğan. Although Alanya has been part of Antalya Province since the Ottoman Empire, many local politicians have advocated a separate Alanya Province, a position supported by associations of foreign residents. Nationally, in the 2007 election, the province voted with the Justice and Development Party, who were followed closely by the Republican People's Party and the True Path Party. Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, is the only native Alanyalilar Member of Parliament representing Antalya Province in the Grand National Assembly, where he chairs the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population. Çavuşoğlu is the current Turkish Foreign Minister and also served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Economy This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020) Locally grown fruits for sale in a market in the farming district of Obaköy, outside Alanya The tourist industry in Alanya is worth just under 1.1 billion euros per year, and is therefore the principal industry. The area has many fruit farms, particularly lemons and oranges, and large harvests of tomatoes, bananas and cucumbers. About 80,000 tonnes of citrus fruits were produced in 2006 across 16,840 hectares (41,600 acres). The greengage plum and the avocado are increasingly popular early season fruits where citrus fruits are becoming unprofitable. Despite the seaside location, few residents make their living on the sea, and fishing is not a major industry. In the early 1970s, when fish stocks ran low, a system of rotating access was developed to preserve this sector. This innovative system was part of Elinor Ostrom's research on economic governance which led to her 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics. In 2007, locals protested the establishment of some larger chain supermarkets and clothing stores, which have opened branches in Alanya. Beginning in 2003, with the provisional elimination of restrictions on land purchases by non-nationals, the housing industry in the city has become highly profitable with many new private homes and condominiums being built for European and Asian part-time residents. Sixty-nine percent of homes purchased by foreign nationals in the Antalya Province and 29.9% in all of Turkey are in Alanya. Buyers are primarily individuals, rather than investors. This housing boom put pressure on the city's many gecekondu houses and establishments as property values rise and property sales to locals fall. A height restriction in the city limits most buildings to 21 feet (6.5 m). This keeps high rise hotels to the east and west of the city, preserving the central skyline at the expense of greater tourist potential. The fringes of the city however have seen uncontrolled expansion. Tourism This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: covid-19. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020) Tourism began following the opening of Damlataş Cave in the 1950s. Since the first modern motel was built in 1958, considered the first year of the tourist industry in Alanya, hotels have raced to accommodate the influx of tourists, and the city as of 2007 claims 157,000 hotel beds. Damlataş Cave, which originally sparked the arrival of outsiders because of the cave's microclimate, with an average temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and 95% humidity, is accessible on the west side of the peninsula with trails from Damlataş Beach. Many tourists, especially Scandinavians, Germans, Russians, and Dutch, regularly vacation in Alanya during the warmer months. They are drawn to the area because of property prices, warm weather, sandy beaches, access to Antalya's historic sites, and fine cuisine. Other outdoor tourist activities include wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating. Attractions include Europe's largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey's largest go-kart track. Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves. Media Alanya has 10 local daily newspapers. One of these is Yeni Alanya, which includes the news and lifestyles magazine Orange and is available in English, German and Turkish. Two native German language newspapers are published in Alanya, the Aktuelle Türkei Rundschau and Alanya Bote for the community of German speaking residents and visitors. A monthly magazine Hello Alanya published in Alanya for foreigners, appearing in English and Dutch. The free regional newspaper, Riviera News, is printed in English and is widely available in Alanya. Five radio stations broadcast from the city. Alanya FM Radyo broadcasts on 106.0 FM and is partnered with Radio Flash, on 94.0 FM, both broadcasting popular music. Other stations include Alanya RadyoTime on 92.3 FM, which broadcasts a variety of Turkish music, news, and talk programming. Two television stations are local to Alanya, Kanal Alanya, and Alanya Televizyonu, abbreviated ATV, which is partnered with Alanya RadyoTime. Transportation Further information: Transport in Turkey Alanya Marina was opened in 2010 at a cost of $10 million with space for 437 boats. The D 400 Highway, the Alanya–Mersin Route, connects Alanya from the east and west, encircling it, and linking through the city center via Atatürk Bulvarı. The D695, the Ankara–Akşehir Route, runs north–south and reaches the sea 41 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city near Side, connecting with the D400. Antalya Airport is 121 kilometres (75 mi) away and connects internationally. The new Antalya Gazipaşa Airport, first begun in 1992, is only 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the city, and was expected to have its first regular domestic flights on May 22, 2010, although international flights were not expected before the start of the 2011 tourist season. No train routes go to Alanya or Antalya Province, and there are no train stations in the district. There are bus and dolmuş systems out of Alanya's two bus depots, but buses are usually limited to the major roads, and inside the city transportation is by car, taxi, or foot, as many roads in the old town are closed to vehicle traffic. The harbor includes cruise ship piers, and also seasonal ferries and hydrofoils depart for Kyrenia in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Cruise ships docking at Alanya have increased 50% in 2013, with 53 estimated to have brought 56,000 passengers the end of the year. Further west of the city is the Alanya Marina, which started services in 2008 while still under construction, completing its expansion in 2010. The 85-km2 (33-sq-mi) marina allowed Alanya to participate in the 2008 Eastern Mediterranean Yacht Rally. The city is also investing in a community bicycle program with 150 bicycles and twenty terminals. Sports Women's teams in the 2006 beach volleyball tournament Alanya is home to a woman's basketball team, Alanya Belediye, which started in the first division but was relegated after the 2002 season. The city hosts a Süper Lig soccer team, Alanyaspor. The club was founded in 1948, and play home games at Milli Egemenlik Stadium. It played in the Second League between 1988-1997 and 2014–2016. The club finally promoted to top level in 2015–16 season. In 2007, the city began constructing a new soccer facility with the intention of hosting winter competitions between major teams. The public Alanya Municipality Sports Facility is located adjacent to Milli Egemenlik Stadium, which is one of thirteen facilities. The Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey features a stage in Alanya every year. Alanya's waterfront location makes it suitable for certain events, and is perhaps most famous for its annual triathlon, part of the International Triathlon Union series, which has been held every October since 1990. Marathon swimming competitions have also been connected to the triathlon since 1992. Building on the triathlon's success, Alanya hosted a modern pentathlon in 2009. Alanya is also the regular host of The Turkish Open, part of the Nestea European Beach Volleyball championship tour, which takes place in May. In 2007, the Turkish Volleyball Federation persuaded the European Volleyball Confederation to build a beach volleyball training facility in Alanya, and make it the exclusive "center of beach volleyball in Europe". The city is also a frequent host to national events, such as the annual beach handball tournament. Alanya is the traditional finish site of the seven-day Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, though organizers reversed the route in 2012, and started the event in Alanya instead. Other cycling events include the Alanya International Mountain Bike Race. Additionally, the European Cycling Union had its 2010 European road cycling championship and 2010 ordinary congress meeting in Alanya. Neighbourhoods There are 103 neighbourhoods in Alanya District: Akçatı Akdam Alacami Alara Aliefendi Asmaca Avsallar Bademağacı Basırlı Başköy Bayırköy Bayırkozağacı Bektaş Beldibi Beyreli Bıçakçı Bucakköy Burçaklar Büyükhasbahçe Büyükpınar Çakallar Çamlıca Çarşı Cikcilli Çıplaklı Cumhuriyet Değirmendere Demirtaş Dereköy Dinek Elikesik Emişbeleni Fakırcalı Fığla Gözübüyük Gözüküçüklü Güllerpınarı Gümüşgöze Gümüşkavak Güneyköy Güzelbağ Hacet Hacıkerimler Hacımehmetli Hisariçi Hocalar İmamlı İncekum İshaklı İspatlı Kadıpaşa Karakocalı Karamanlar Karapınar Kargıcak Kayabaşı Keşefli Kestel Kızılcaşehir Kızlarpınarı Kocaoğlanlı Konaklı Küçükhasbahçe Kuzyaka Mahmutlar Mahmutseydi Oba Obaalacami Okurcalar Orhanköy Ortakonuş Öteköy Özvadi Paşaköy Payallar Saburlar Sapadere Saray Şekerhane Seki Şıhlar Soğukpınar Sugözü Süleymanlar Taşbaşı Tepe Tırılar Tophane Toslak Tosmur Türkler Türktaş Uğrak Uğurlu Üzümlü Uzunöz Yalçı Yasırali Yaylakonak Yaylalı Yenice Yeniköy Yeşilöz International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey The most significant tie is with the city of Nea Ionia, where many of Alanya's Christians were resettled in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne. Alanya is twinned with: Dergachyovsky District, Russia Fushun, China Geoagiu, Romania Gladbeck, Germany Goa, India Keszthely, Hungary Mahdia, Tunisia Ankara, Turkey Nea Ionia, Greece Murmansk, Russia Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany Rovaniemi, Finland Šilutė, Lithuania South-Eastern AO (Moscow), Russia Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic Talsi, Latvia Trakai, Lithuania Wodzisław Śląski, Poland Wronki, Poland Zelenogorsk, Russia Borås, Sweden Friendly cities Nowy Sącz, Poland Turek, Poland Notable residents Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkish diplomat and politician; former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey George C. McGhee, U.S. diplomat and ambassador to Turkey See also List of governors of Alanya List of mayors of Alanya References ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. 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Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". alanya.bel.tr (in Turkish). Alanya. Retrieved 2020-01-18. Further reading Lloyd, Seton; Rice, D.S. (1958). Alanya ('Alā'iyya). London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. OCLC 7230223. Redford, Scott. Landscape and the state in medieval Anatolia: Seljuk gardens and pavilions of Alanya, Turkey. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2000. ISBN 1-84171-095-4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alanya. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alanya. 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Carambis Carissa Carussa Cerasus Chadisia Cinolis Cizari Colonia in Armenia Colussa Comana in the Pontus Coralla Cordyle Cratia Crenides Cromen Cromna Cyptasia Cytorus Dia Diacopa Elaeus Endeira Erythini Euchaita Eusene Gadilon Garius Garzoubanthon Gaziura Gozalena Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia Hattusa Heraclea Pontica Heracleium Hermonassa Hieron Oros Hüseyindede Tepe Hyssus Ibora Ischopolis Karza Kelesa Kimista Laodicea Pontica Libiopolis Lillium Metroon Mokata Naustathmus Nerik Nicopolis Ophis Oxinas Patara Pharnacia Phazemon Philocaleia Pida Pimolisa Polemonium Pompeiopolis Potami Prusias ad Hypium Pteria in Paphlagonia Salatiwara Samuha Sandaraca Sapinuwa Satala Saurania Sebastopolis in Pontus Stephane Syderos Themiscyra Thymena Timolaeum Tium Tripolis Virasia Yazılıkaya Zagorus Zaliche Zephyrium in Paphlagonia Ziporea Central Anatolia Abouadeineita Alişar Hüyük Amblada Anadynata Anastasiopolis Andabalis Anisa Anniaca Antoniopolis Anzoulada Aquae Saravenae Aralla Arasaxa Archalla 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Comama Comana in Cappadocia Comba Conana Coracesium Corycium Antrum Corycus (Kızkalesi) Corydala Cremna Cretopolis Crya Cyaneae Cyrrhus Daedala Dalisandus in Isauria Dalisandus in Pamphylia Damasei Dias Diocaesarea Domuztepe Elaiussa Sebaste Elbessos Emirzeli Epiphania Erymna Etenna Eudocia (Lycia) Eudocias (Pamphylia) Flaviopolis Gagae Gözlükule Hacilar Hadrianopolis in Pisidia Halae Hamaxia Hierapolis Hippucome Holmi Hyia Idebessos Idyros Iotape Irenopolis Isaura Nea Isaura Palaea Isba Isinda in Lycia Isinda in Pisidia Issus Istlada Juliosebaste Kalanthia Kalelibelen Kandyba Kanytelis Karakabaklı Karatepe Karkabo Kastellon Keraia Kibyra Kiphisos Kirkota Kitanaura Kodroula Kolbasa Korasion Korma Kynosarion Laertes Lagbe Lamos Lebessus Legeita Limnae in Pamphylia Limnae in Pisidia Limyra Lissa Lycae Lyrbe Lysinia Magarsa Magastara Magydus Mallus Malus in Pisidia Mampsoukrenai Mamure Castle Manava Mandane Marciana Marmara (Mnara) Mastaura Meloë Melanippe Meriana Mezgitkale Moatra Mopsucrene Mopsuestia Morka Moron Hydor Moumoustra Mylae Mylios Myra Myriandus Nagidos Nauloi Neapolis in Pisidia Nephelis Nisa Octapolis Olba Olbasa Olbia Olympus Öküzlü Onobara Orokenda Otanada Ouerbe Padyandus Palaeopolis Panemotichus Panhormus Pargais Parlais Patara Pednelissus Perga Perminounda Phaselis Phellus Philadelphia in Cilicia Philaea Phoenicus Phoenix in Lycia Pisarissos Pisurgia Placoma Platanus Podalia Pogla Prostanna Pseudokorasion Ptolemais Rhodiapolis Rhoscopus Rhosus Rygmanoi Sabandus Sagalassos Sandalium Saraganda Sebeda Seleucia in Pamphylia Seleucia Pieria Seleucia Sidera Selge Selinus Seroiata Serraepolis Sia Sibidounda Sibyla Side Siderus Sidyma Sillyon Simena Sinda Siricae Soli Solyma Sozopolis Sura Syca Syedra Takina Tapureli Tardequeia Tarsus Teimiussa Tell Judaidah Tell Tayinat Telmessos Telmessos (Caria) Tenedos Termessos Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia Titiopolis Tityassus Tlos Toriaeum Tragalassus Trebendae Trebenna Trysa Tyberissus Tyinda Tymandus Tynada Typallia Xanthos Yanıkhan Yumuktepe Zenopolis in Isauria Zenopolis in Lycia Zephyrium on the Calycadnus SoutheasternAnatolia Amida Antioch in the Taurus Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia) Apamea on the Euphrates Carcathiocerta Carchemish Çayönü Dabanas Dara Doliche Edessa Göbekli Tepe Hallan Çemi Tepesi Harran Khashshum Kussara Matiate Nevalı Çori Nicopolis in Cilicia Nisibis Sakçagözü Sam'al Samosata Sareisa Seleucia at the Zeugma Sitai Sultantepe Tille Tushhan Urima Urshu Zeugma vteUNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in TurkeyAegeanRegion Aizanoi Antique City The Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia Archaeological Site of Assos Archaeological site of Laodikeia Archaeological Site of Priene Ayvalık Industrial Landscape The Bodrum Castle Historic Town of Birgi The Historical Port City of Izmir Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Medieval City of Beçin Black SeaRegion Early Period of Anatolian Turkish Heritage: Niksar, The Capital of Danishmend Dynasty Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary Mahmut Bey Mosque Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings Nature Park of Ballıca Cave Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary) Central AnatoliaRegion Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh Basilica Therma (Sarıkaya Roma Hamamı) Haci Bayram Mosque and its Surrounding Area (the Haci Bayram District) Haci Bektas Veli Complex Historic Town of Beypazarı Historical Monuments of Niğde Ivriz Cultural Landscape Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization Koramaz Valley Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA) Odunpazari Historical Urban Site Sivrihisar Grand Mosque Tomb of Ahi Evran Eastern AnatoliaRegion Akdamar Church Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye (Islamic-Ottoman Social Complex) Historic City of Harput Historic Town of Kemaliye Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel Tushpa/Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van MarmaraRegion The Bridge of Justinian The Bridge of Uzunköprü Çanakkale (Dardanelles) and Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Nuruosmaniye Complex Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment Yıldız Palace Complex MediterraneanRegion Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Anazarbos Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient city of Kibyra Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Archaeological Site of Sagalassos Eflatun Pinar: The Hittite Spring Sanctuary Eşrefoğlu Mosque Güllük Dagi National Park and Termessos Hatay, St. Pierre Church Karain Cave Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site Kekova Mamure Castle St. Nicholas Church St.Paul Church, Saint Paul's Well and surrounding historic quarters The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Yivli Minaret Mosque Southeastern AnatoliaRegion Archeological Site of Zeugma Harran and Şanlıurfa Ismail Fakirullah Tomb and its Light Refraction Mechanism Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (Tur Abdin) The Malabadi Bridge Mardin Cultural Landscape The Underground Water Structures in Gaziantep; Livas' and Kastels Zerzevan Castle and Mithraeum Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church Multiple regions Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Buruciye Medrese Cacabey Medrese Çifte Medrese Çifte Minareli Medrese (Erzurum) Çifte Minareli Medrese (Sivas) Gök Medrese Ince Minaret Medrese Karatay Medrese Sahabiye Medrese Yakutiye Medrese Mountainous Phrygia Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea Akçakoca Castle Amasra Castle Çandarlı Castle Çeşme Castle Foça Castle Galata Tower Güvercinada Castle Sinop Fortress Yoros Castle Turkey portal Category vteNeighbourhoods of Alanya District Akçatı Akdam Alacami Alara Aliefendi Asmaca Avsallar Bademağacı Basırlı Başköy Bayırköy Bayırkozağacı Bektaş Beldibi Beyreli Bıçakçı Bucakköy Burçaklar Büyükhasbahçe Büyükpınar Çakallar Çamlıca Çarşı Cikcilli Çıplaklı Cumhuriyet Değirmendere Demirtaş Dereköy Dinek Elikesik Emişbeleni Fakırcalı Fığla Gözübüyük Gözüküçüklü Güllerpınarı Gümüşgöze Gümüşkavak Güneyköy Güzelbağ Hacet Hacıkerimler Hacımehmetli Hisariçi Hocalar İmamlı İncekum İshaklı İspatlı Kadıpaşa Karakocalı Karamanlar Karapınar Kargıcak Kayabaşı Keşefli Kestel Kızılcaşehir Kızlarpınarı Kocaoğlanlı Konaklı Küçükhasbahçe Kuzyaka Mahmutlar Mahmutseydi Oba Obaalacami Okurcalar Orhanköy Ortakonuş Öteköy Özvadi Paşaköy Payallar Saburlar Sapadere Saray Şekerhane Seki Şıhlar Soğukpınar Sugözü Süleymanlar Taşbaşı Tepe Tırılar Tophane Toslak Tosmur Türkler Türktaş Uğrak Uğurlu Üzümlü Uzunöz Yalçı Yasırali Yaylakonak Yaylalı Yenice Yeniköy Yeşilöz Portal: Turkey Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic Pleiades

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"/əˈlɑːnjə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-Alanya-pronunciation.ogg/En-Alanya-pronunciation.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Alanya-pronunciation.ogg"},{"link_name":"[aˈɫanja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"Alaiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaiye"},{"link_name":"resort city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_town"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Taurus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean-based empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Seleucid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm"},{"link_name":"Alaeddin Kayqubad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayqubad_I"},{"link_name":"Kızıl Kule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Kule"},{"link_name":"Alanya Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya_Castle"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Turkey's tourism sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Justice and Development Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"March 31st 2024 Turkish local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Republican People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Alania.District and municipality in Antalya, TurkeyAlanya (/əˈlɑːnjə/ ⓘ; Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city, a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey.[2] It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. Its area is 1,577 km2,[3] and its population is 364,180 (2022).[1] The city proper has 189,222 inhabitants (2022).[4]Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains, Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Alanya's greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I, from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city's landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle.The Mediterranean climate, natural attractions, and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism, and responsible for nine percent of Turkey's tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city, resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya. In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel has served two terms as the Mayor of Alanya, first elected in 2014 and then elected for a second time in 2019. In March 31st 2024 Turkish local elections Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party has been elected as the new Mayor of Alanya, making an historic mark as the Republican People's Party was able to win an election in the city after 74 years.[5]","title":"Alanya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Luwian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwian_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korekesion-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crane-8"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alaiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaiye"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Alaeddin Kayqubad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayqubad_I"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medici-9"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"new alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet"},{"link_name":"telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in Latin as Coracesium or in Greek as Korakesion (Ancient Greek: Κορακήσιον) from the Luwian Korakassa meaning \"point/protruding city\".[6] The Roman Catholic Church still recognizes the Latin name as a titular see in its hierarchy.[7] Under the Byzantine Empire it became known as Kalonoros or Kalon Oros, meaning \"beautiful/fine mountain\" in Greek.[8] The Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I's name. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro.[9] In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the 'i' and 'e' in Alaiye, reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933.[10][11]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaiye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_by_Piri_Reis_color.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piri Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis"},{"link_name":"Karain Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karain_Cave"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-12"},{"link_name":"Syedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syedra"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Phoenician language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language"},{"link_name":"periplus of Pseudo-Scylax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-12"},{"link_name":"Hittites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waqf-14"},{"link_name":"Alexander's successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochi"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy I Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter"},{"link_name":"Isaurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauria"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korekesion-6"},{"link_name":"Antiochus III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Seleucid kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Diodotus Tryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon"},{"link_name":"Antiochus VII Sidetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graffiti-15"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cilician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Marcus Antonius the Orator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Orator"},{"link_name":"proconsulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Servilius Vatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Vatia_Isauricus_(consul_79_BC)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"Battle of Korakesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Korakesion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Strabo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"ancient Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Cilicia Trachaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia_Trachaea"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"First Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Council of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Third Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"metropolitan see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_see"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Pamphylia Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Notitiae Episcopatuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitiae_Episcopatuum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arab 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city-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_city-states"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inalcik-28"},{"link_name":"pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilions"},{"link_name":"emirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"contractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waqf-14"},{"link_name":"Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%B1yaseddin_Keyh%C3%BCsrev_II"},{"link_name":"cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Köse Dağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6se_Da%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Anatolian beyliks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks"},{"link_name":"Lusignans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Hamidid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidids"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mamluks of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Gedik Ahmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"eyalet of Içel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crane-8"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"Venetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"government monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_monopoly"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inalcik-28"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medici-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tersane2-wm_archiv.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"province of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_under_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-12"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crane-8"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya_Province"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korekesion-6"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"partitioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_of_St.-Jean-de-Maurienne"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"population exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_of_populations_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Nea Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ionia"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-34"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Antalya Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Airport"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarihi-35"}],"text":"Further information on medieval beylik period: AlaiyePiri Reis map of Alanya from 1525 showing the extent of the medieval city and the location on the Pamphylia plain.Finds in the nearby Karain Cave indicate occupation during the Paleolithic era as far back as 20,000 BC,[12] and archeological evidence shows a port existed at Syedra, south of the modern city, during the Bronze Age around 3,000 BC.[13] A Phoenician language tablet found in the district dates to 625 BC, and the city is specifically mentioned in the 4th-century BC Greek geography manuscript, the periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.[12] The castle rock was likely inhabited under the Hittites and the Achaemenid Empire, and was first fortified in the Hellenistic period following the area's conquest by Alexander the Great.[14] Alexander's successors left the area to one of the competing Macedonian generals, Ptolemy I Soter, after Alexander's death in 323 BC. His dynasty maintained loose control over the mainly Isaurian population, and the port became a popular refuge for Mediterranean pirates.[6] The city resisted Antiochus III the Great of the neighboring Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port, begun under Diodotus.[15]The Roman Republic fought Cilician pirates in 102 BC, when Marcus Antonius the Orator established a proconsulship in nearby Side, and in 78 BC under Servilius Vatia, who moved to control the Isaurian tribes.[16] The period of piracy in Alanya finally ended after the city's incorporation into the Pamphylia province by Pompey in 67 BC, with the Battle of Korakesion fought in the city's harbor.[17] In Strabo's reckoning, Coracesium marked the boundary between ancient Pamphylia and Cilicia (Cilicia Trachaea, in particular); though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere.[18] Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408.[19]With the spread of Christianity Coracesium, as it was called, became a bishopric. Its bishop Theodulus took part in the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Matidianus in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Obrimus in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Nicephorus (Nicetas) in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. Coracesium was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Side, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged. It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century.[20][21][22][23] No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[24]Islam arrived in the 7th century with Arab raids, which led to the construction of new fortifications.[12] The area fell from Byzantine control after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 to tribes of Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos.[25]Statue of Kayqubad I in AlanyaFollowing the Fourth Crusade's attack on the Byzantines, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia periodically held the port, and it was from an Armenian, Kir Fard, that the Turks took lasting control in 1221 when the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured it, assigning the former ruler, whose daughter he married, to the governance of the city of Akşehir.[26] Seljuk rule saw the golden age of the city, and it can be considered the winter capital of their empire.[27] Building projects, including the twin citadel, city walls, arsenal, and Kızıl Kule, made it an important seaport for western Mediterranean trade, particularly with Ayyubid Egypt and the Italian city-states.[28] Alaeddin Kayqubad I also constructed numerous gardens and pavilions outside the walls, and many of his works can still be found in the city. These were likely financed by his own treasury and by the local emirs, and constructed by the contractor Abu 'Ali al-Kattani al-Halabi.[14] Alaeddin Kayqubad I's son, Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240.[29]At the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongol hordes broke the Seljuk hegemony in Anatolia. Alanya was then subject to a series of invasions from Anatolian beyliks. Lusignans from Cyprus briefly overturned the then ruling Hamidid dynasty in 1371.[30] The Karamanids sold the city in 1427 for 5,000 gold coins to the Mamluks of Egypt for a period before General Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1471 incorporated it into the growing Ottoman Empire. The city was made a capital of a local sanjak in the eyalet of Içel.[8] The Ottomans extended their rule in 1477 when they brought the main shipping trade, lumber, then mostly done by Venetians, under the government monopoly.[28] On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence.[9]The Seljuk era Tersane was a drydock for ships.Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center.[31] In 1571 the Ottomans designated the city as part of the newly conquered province of Cyprus.[12] The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya's port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya's suburbs.[8] The city was reassigned in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today.[12] During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility, and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities.[6] Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century.[32]After World War I, Alanya was nominally partitioned in the 1917 Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne to Italy, before returning to the Turkish Republic in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne.[33] Like others in this region, the city suffered heavily following the war and the population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city's Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens. The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914.[34] Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave, and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort. Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Antalya"},{"link_name":"Anatolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Taurus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Turkish Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Riviera"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"Manavgat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavgat"},{"link_name":"Gündoğmuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Hadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadim"},{"link_name":"Taşkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fkent"},{"link_name":"Province of Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya_Province"},{"link_name":"Sarıveliler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1veliler"},{"link_name":"Province of Karaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaman_Province"},{"link_name":"Gazipaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazipa%C5%9Fa"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akis-37"},{"link_name":"Selge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selge"},{"link_name":"Dim River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"Lebanon Cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_Cedar"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif"},{"link_name":"metamorphic rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"nappes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nappe"},{"link_name":"lithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology"},{"link_name":"tectonic window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bauxite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tip_of_the_Alanya_peninsula.jpg"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kayqubad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayqubad_I"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Map of the Alanya PeninsulaLocated on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline.[36] From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland, Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district.[37] Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west route into the Mediterranean.[citation needed]The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest, which include Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine.[38] The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya. This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ. The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window.[39] Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined.[40]Tip of the Alanya PeninsulaThe town is divided east–west by a rocky peninsula, which is the distinctive feature of the city. The harbor, city center, and Keykubat Beach, named after the Sultan Kayqubad I, are on the east side of the peninsula. Damlataş Beach, named for the famous \"dripping caves\", and Kleopatra Beach are to the west. The name \"Cleopatra\" possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess' visit here or the area's inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony.[41] Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern, much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road, encircles the main town to the north.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Trewartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin"},{"link_name":"subtropical high pressure zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_high_pressure_zone"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"waterspouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspout"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Alanya has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), or a dry-summer humid subtropical climate (Trewartha: 'wet' Cs/Cf). Located at the Mediterranean Basin, the subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot, and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan \"where the sun smiles\".[42]Winters, however, are mild and wet. Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore.[43] The presence of the Taurus Mountain near to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings. The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on warm days in the city below. The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually.[44]Climate data for Alanya (1970–2011)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n37.8(100.0)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n199.0(7.83)\n\n149.4(5.88)\n\n97.8(3.85)\n\n70.7(2.78)\n\n32.4(1.28)\n\n8.5(0.33)\n\n4.5(0.18)\n\n2.7(0.11)\n\n17.5(0.69)\n\n98.5(3.88)\n\n182.9(7.20)\n\n231.2(9.10)\n\n1,095.1(43.11)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n13.8\n\n11.6\n\n9.5\n\n8.5\n\n4.4\n\n1.5\n\n0.4\n\n0.5\n\n2.1\n\n6.6\n\n9.9\n\n13.0\n\n81.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n57\n\n57\n\n61\n\n63\n\n66\n\n66\n\n64\n\n65\n\n58\n\n55\n\n59\n\n60\n\n61\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n127.1\n\n127.1\n\n192.2\n\n219.0\n\n288.3\n\n348.0\n\n325.5\n\n316.2\n\n273.0\n\n220.1\n\n159.0\n\n133.3\n\n2,728.8\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n4.1\n\n4.5\n\n6.2\n\n7.3\n\n9.3\n\n11.6\n\n10.5\n\n10.2\n\n9.1\n\n7.1\n\n5.3\n\n4.3\n\n7.5\n\n\nSource 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[45]\n\n\nSource 2: Weather2 [46]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgberg5-wm_archiv.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alanya Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya_Castle"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"caravanserai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp-49"},{"link_name":"villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"Ottoman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kızıl Kule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Kule"},{"link_name":"ethnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Kayqubad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayqubad_I"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp-49"},{"link_name":"Alara Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alara_Castle"},{"link_name":"Manavgat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavgat"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museum-53"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"European Association of Historic Towns and Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Association_of_Historic_Towns_and_Regions"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_Panorama_edit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_Panorama_edit.jpg"}],"text":"The Byzantine era Church of Saint Constantine inside Alanya Castle was also used as a mosque.On the peninsula stands Alanya Castle, a Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226. Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack. In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center.[48] Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent.[49] The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas, well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century.[citation needed]The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) is a 108-foot (33 m) high brick building, standing at the harbor below the castle, and containing the municipal ethnographic museum. Sultan Kayqubad I brought the architect Ebu Ali from Aleppo, Syria to Alanya to design the building.[50] The last of Alanya Castle's 83 towers, the octagonal structure specifically protected the Tersane (dockyard), it remains one of the finest examples of medieval military architecture.[51] The Tersane, a medieval drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with equilateral pointed arches.[49] The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad's authority, has been converted into a museum and heritage center.[52]Atatürk's House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the \"karniyarik\" (stuffed eggplant) style. Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building, The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach.[53]Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.[54] In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List.[55][56]Panorama from west side of peninsula.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demographics of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T%C3%9C%C4%B0K1985-61"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik1-64"},{"link_name":"housing market bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_bubble"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeta-66"},{"link_name":"European expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-percent-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yesil-69"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Anatolia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Black Sea region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alanya&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Yörük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Taurus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ottoman slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yle.fi-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Further information: Demographics of TurkeyFrom only 87,080 in 1985,[61] the district has surged to hold a population of 364,180 in 2022.[64] This population surge is largely credited to immigration to the city as a result or byproduct of the increased prominence of the real estate sector and the growth of the housing market bubble.[66] In 2007, the city itself had a population of 134,396, of which 9,789 are European expatriates, about half of them from Germany and Denmark.[67] 17,850 total foreigners own property in Alanya.[68] There are a lot of Iranians who have settled in the city. During the Persian New Year a lot of Iranians go to Alanya for vacation. The European expatriate population tends to be over fifty years old.[69] During the summer the population increases due to large numbers of tourists, about 1.1 million each year pass through the city.[36] Both Turks and Europeans, these vacationers provide income for much of the population.[citation needed]The city is home to many migrants from the Southeastern Anatolia Region and the Black Sea region. In the first decade of the 21st century, the town has seen a surge in illegal foreign immigrants from the Middle East and South Asia, both to stay and to attempt to enter European Union countries.[70] As of 2006[update], 1,217 migrants claim residence in Alanya while working abroad.[71][needs update] Yörük nomads also live in the Taurus Mountains north of the city on a seasonal basis.[72] Additionally, there is a small African community descendant from imported Ottoman slaves.[73] In 2018, it was estimated that around 300 Finns live permanently in Alanya and 3,000 during the Winter.[74] According to the TÜİK Institute of Statistics, as of October 2022, 55,000 foreigners live in the city, more than half of them are Russian speakers.[75]The city is nearly 99% Muslim, and although many ancient churches can be found in the district, there are no weekly Christian services. In 2006, a German language Protestant church with seasonal service opened with much fanfare, after receiving permission to do so in 2003, a sign of the growing European population in the city.[79] In 2015, the town began renovations of the Greek Orthodox Agios Georgios Church in the village of Hacı Mehmetli, and the church has been used for a monthly Russian Orthodox service.[80] Alanya also provides the Atatürk Cultural Center to Christian groups on a regular basis for larger religious ceremonies.[81]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_school_children.jpg"},{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"student-teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student-teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"Doğuş Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu%C5%9F_Holding"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Akdeniz University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz_University"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"satellite campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_campus"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire New University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"study abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_abroad"},{"link_name":"McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGhee_Center_for_Eastern_Mediterranean_Studies"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey"},{"link_name":"George C. McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._McGhee"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkent_University_Medical_and_Research_Center_of_Alanya"},{"link_name":"teaching hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_hospital"},{"link_name":"Başkent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkent_University"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Further information: Education in TurkeyYoung students from an Alanya school at their class gardenThe city has 95% literacy, with public and private schools, and a roughly 1:24 student-teacher ratio.[36] Rural villages are, however, disadvantaged by the limited number of secondary schools outside the city center. Alantur Primary School, which opened in 1987, was built and is maintained under the Turkish \"Build Your Own School\" initiative, supported by the foundation of Ayhan Şahenk, the founder of Doğuş Holding.[82]In 2005, Akdeniz University of Antalya launched the Alanya Faculty of Business, as a satellite campus that focuses on the tourism industry.[83] The school hosts an International Tourism Conference annually in coordination with Buckinghamshire New University.[84] The city also has plans to open a private university in 2012.[85] Georgetown University operates an annual study abroad program for American students known as the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, named for the United States Ambassador to Turkey from 1952 to 1953 George C. McGhee, and based in his villa.[86] Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya, a teaching hospital run by Başkent University in Ankara is one of nineteen hospitals in Alanya.[87] Other major hospitals include the 300-bed Alanya State Hospital and the 90-bed Private Hayat Hospital.[88]","title":"Education and health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya06-bazylek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kızıl Kule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Kule"},{"link_name":"Culture of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Alanya International Culture and Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alanya_International_Culture_and_Art_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkish festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_in_Republic_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Kızıl Kule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Kule"},{"link_name":"ethnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanyafest2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Onat Kutlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onat_Kutlar"},{"link_name":"Istanbul International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korekesion-6"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"ossuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossuary"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museum-53"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Constitution Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution_Day"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Christmas market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_market"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Iranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Nevruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"The Kızıl Kule, or Red Tower, is home to the city ethnographic museum.Alanya's culture is a subculture of the larger Culture of Turkey. The city's seaside position is central to many annual festivals. These include the Tourism and Arts Festival, which marks the opening of the tourism season from at the end of May or beginning of June.[89][90] At the opposite end of the season, the Alanya International Culture and Art Festival is held in the last week of May, and is a notable Turkish festival.[91] Other regular festivals include the Alanya Jazz Days, which has been held since 2002 in September or October at the Kızıl Kule, which is otherwise home to the municipal ethnographic museum. The Jazz Festival hosts Turkish and international jazz musicians in a series of five free concerts.[92]Rockcorn from Finland perform during the 2011 Alanya International Culture and Art FestivalThe Alanya Chamber Orchestra, formed of members of the Antalya State Opera and Ballet, gave its inaugural performance on December 7, 2007.[93] The International Alanya Stone Sculpture Symposium, begun is 2004, is held over the month of November.[94] The Alanya Documentary Festival was launched in 2001 by the Alanya Cinémathèque Society and the Association of Documentary Filmmakers in Turkey.[95] Onat Kutlar, Turkish poet and writer, and founder of the Istanbul International Film Festival was born in Alanya, as was actress Sema Önür.Atatürk's visit to Alanya is also celebrated on its anniversary each February 18, centered on Atatürk's House and Museum.[6] The Alanya Museum is home to archaeology found in and around the city, including a large bronze Hercules statue, ceramics, and Roman limestone ossuaries, as well as historic copies of the Qur'an.[53][96] European residents of Alanya also often celebrate their national holidays, such as Norwegian Constitution Day,[97] and the city set up a Christmas market in December 2010.[98] Iranians also celebrate the Persian New Year, Nevruz, in Alanya.[99]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya._Monument_to_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"first mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Alanya"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Republican People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Good Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Party"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mevlutcavusoglu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-102"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alanya"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"2007 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Grand National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Turkish Foreign Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Many national celebrations are centered at the downtown Mustafa Kemal Atatürk monument.Alanya was set up as a municipality in 1872, electing its first mayor in 1901. Today, Alanya is governed by a mayor and a municipality council made up of thirty-seven members.[100] Twenty-four councilors are from the centre-left Republican People's Party, nine are from the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, and four are of the Good Party. Mayor Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party was elected in 2024 by unseating the incumbent Adem Murat Yücel, who had previously been mayor since 2014.[101] Elections are held every five years, with the next to be held in March 2029.MP Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (on the left) was also President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.Alanya District is divided up into 17 municipalities, including the city center, and 92 villages.[102] Alanya is greatly influenced by the provincial government in Antalya, and the national government in Ankara, which appoints a governor for the district, currently Dr. Hulusi Doğan.[103] Although Alanya has been part of Antalya Province since the Ottoman Empire, many local politicians have advocated a separate Alanya Province, a position supported by associations of foreign residents.[104]Nationally, in the 2007 election, the province voted with the Justice and Development Party, who were followed closely by the Republican People's Party and the True Path Party.[105] Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, is the only native Alanyalilar Member of Parliament representing Antalya Province in the Grand National Assembly, where he chairs the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population.[106] Çavuşoğlu is the current[when?] Turkish Foreign Minister and also served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.[citation needed]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_Market_50.jpg"},{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"citrus fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_fruits"},{"link_name":"greengage plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greengage"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Elinor Ostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crackdown-111"},{"link_name":"land purchases by non-nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeta-66"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-percent-68"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"gecekondu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecekondu"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-now-116"}],"text":"Locally grown fruits for sale in a market in the farming district of Obaköy, outside AlanyaThe tourist industry in Alanya is worth just under 1.1 billion euros per year, and is therefore the principal industry.[36][when?] The area has many fruit farms, particularly lemons and oranges, and large harvests of tomatoes, bananas and cucumbers.[36][107] About 80,000 tonnes of citrus fruits were produced in 2006 across 16,840 hectares (41,600 acres). The greengage plum and the avocado are increasingly popular early season fruits where citrus fruits are becoming unprofitable.[108]Despite the seaside location, few residents make their living on the sea, and fishing is not a major industry. In the early 1970s, when fish stocks ran low, a system of rotating access was developed to preserve this sector.[109] This innovative system was part of Elinor Ostrom's research on economic governance which led to her 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics.[110] In 2007, locals protested the establishment of some larger chain supermarkets and clothing stores, which have opened branches in Alanya.[111]Beginning in 2003, with the provisional elimination of restrictions on land purchases by non-nationals, the housing industry in the city has become highly profitable with many new private homes and condominiums being built for European and Asian part-time residents.[66] Sixty-nine percent of homes purchased by foreign nationals in the Antalya Province and 29.9% in all of Turkey are in Alanya.[68][112] Buyers are primarily individuals, rather than investors.[113] This housing boom put pressure on the city's many gecekondu houses and establishments as property values rise and property sales to locals fall.[114] A height restriction in the city limits most buildings to 21 feet (6.5 m).[115] This keeps high rise hotels to the east and west of the city, preserving the central skyline at the expense of greater tourist potential. The fringes of the city however have seen uncontrolled expansion.[116]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Damlata%C5%9F_Cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"motel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alanya&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarihi-35"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Damlataş Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damlata%C5%9F_Cave"},{"link_name":"microclimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimate"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Scandinavians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"warmer months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Antalya's historic sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province#Places_of_interest"},{"link_name":"cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"wind surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_surfing"},{"link_name":"parasailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasailing"},{"link_name":"banana boating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_boat_(boat)"},{"link_name":"go-kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_racing"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Tourism began following the opening of Damlataş Cave in the 1950s.Since the first modern motel was built in 1958, considered the first year of the tourist industry in Alanya, hotels have raced to accommodate the influx of tourists, and the city as of 2007[update] claims 157,000 hotel beds.[35][117] Damlataş Cave, which originally sparked the arrival of outsiders because of the cave's microclimate, with an average temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and 95% humidity, is accessible on the west side of the peninsula with trails from Damlataş Beach.[118] Many tourists, especially Scandinavians, Germans, Russians, and Dutch, regularly vacation in Alanya during the warmer months.[119] They are drawn to the area because of property prices, warm weather, sandy beaches, access to Antalya's historic sites, and fine cuisine.[120]Other outdoor tourist activities include wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating. Attractions include Europe's largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey's largest go-kart track.[121] Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves.[122]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-36"},{"link_name":"FM Radyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"text":"Alanya has 10 local daily newspapers.[36] One of these is Yeni Alanya, which includes the news and lifestyles magazine Orange and is available in English, German and Turkish. Two native German language newspapers are published in Alanya, the Aktuelle Türkei Rundschau and Alanya Bote for the community of German speaking residents and visitors. A monthly magazine Hello Alanya published in Alanya for foreigners, appearing in English and Dutch.[123] The free regional newspaper, Riviera News, is printed in English and is widely available in Alanya.Five radio stations broadcast from the city.[36] Alanya FM Radyo broadcasts on 106.0 FM and is partnered with Radio Flash, on 94.0 FM, both broadcasting popular music.[124] Other stations include Alanya RadyoTime on 92.3 FM, which broadcasts a variety of Turkish music, news, and talk programming.[125] Two television stations are local to Alanya, Kanal Alanya, and Alanya Televizyonu, abbreviated ATV, which is partnered with Alanya RadyoTime.[126][127]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanyamarinapanorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marina-128"},{"link_name":"D 400 Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_400_Highway"},{"link_name":"Antalya Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Airport"},{"link_name":"Antalya Gazipaşa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Gazipa%C5%9Fa_Airport"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"dolmuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmu%C8%99"},{"link_name":"ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"hydrofoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"Kyrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrenia"},{"link_name":"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marina-128"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"community bicycle program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_bicycle_program"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bikes-136"}],"text":"Further information: Transport in TurkeyAlanya Marina was opened in 2010 at a cost of $10 million with space for 437 boats.[128]The D 400 Highway, the Alanya–Mersin Route, connects Alanya from the east and west, encircling it, and linking through the city center via Atatürk Bulvarı. The D695, the Ankara–Akşehir Route, runs north–south and reaches the sea 41 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city near Side, connecting with the D400. Antalya Airport is 121 kilometres (75 mi) away and connects internationally. The new Antalya Gazipaşa Airport, first begun in 1992, is only 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the city, and was expected to have its first regular domestic flights on May 22, 2010, although international flights were not expected before the start of the 2011 tourist season.[129] No train routes go to Alanya or Antalya Province, and there are no train stations in the district.[130]There are bus and dolmuş systems out of Alanya's two bus depots, but buses are usually limited to the major roads, and inside the city transportation is by car, taxi, or foot, as many roads in the old town are closed to vehicle traffic. The harbor includes cruise ship piers, and also seasonal ferries and hydrofoils depart for Kyrenia in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[131] Cruise ships docking at Alanya have increased 50% in 2013, with 53 estimated to have brought 56,000 passengers the end of the year.[132] Further west of the city is the Alanya Marina, which started services in 2008 while still under construction,[133] completing its expansion in 2010.[128] The 85-km2 (33-sq-mi) marina allowed Alanya to participate in the 2008 Eastern Mediterranean Yacht Rally.[134][135] The city is also investing in a community bicycle program with 150 bicycles and twenty terminals.[136]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanya_Volleyball.jpg"},{"link_name":"woman's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_professional_sports"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"first division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Alanyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanyaspor"},{"link_name":"Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Asya_First_League"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Cycling_Tour_of_Turkey_2012_Alanya-Alanya_stage.JPG"},{"link_name":"Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Cycling_Tour_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"International Triathlon Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Triathlon_Union"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Marathon swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_swimming"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Nestea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestea"},{"link_name":"Beach Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Volleyball"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Turkish Volleyball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Volleyball_Federation"},{"link_name":"European Volleyball Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Volleyball"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handball-145"},{"link_name":"Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Cycling_Tour_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"European Cycling Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Cyclisme"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Women's teams in the 2006 beach volleyball tournamentAlanya is home to a woman's basketball team, Alanya Belediye, which started in the first division but was relegated after the 2002 season. The city hosts a Süper Lig soccer team, Alanyaspor. The club was founded in 1948, and play home games at Milli Egemenlik Stadium. It played in the Second League between 1988-1997 and 2014–2016. The club finally promoted to top level in 2015–16 season. In 2007, the city began constructing a new soccer facility with the intention of hosting winter competitions between major teams.[137] The public Alanya Municipality Sports Facility is located adjacent to Milli Egemenlik Stadium, which is one of thirteen facilities.[138][139]The Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey features a stage in Alanya every year.Alanya's waterfront location makes it suitable for certain events, and is perhaps most famous for its annual triathlon, part of the International Triathlon Union series, which has been held every October since 1990.[140] Marathon swimming competitions have also been connected to the triathlon since 1992.[141] Building on the triathlon's success, Alanya hosted a modern pentathlon in 2009.[142] Alanya is also the regular host of The Turkish Open, part of the Nestea European Beach Volleyball championship tour, which takes place in May.[143] In 2007, the Turkish Volleyball Federation persuaded the European Volleyball Confederation to build a beach volleyball training facility in Alanya, and make it the exclusive \"center of beach volleyball in Europe\".[144]The city is also a frequent host to national events, such as the annual beach handball tournament.[145] Alanya is the traditional finish site of the seven-day Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, though organizers reversed the route in 2012, and started the event in Alanya instead.[146] Other cycling events include the Alanya International Mountain Bike Race.[147] Additionally, the European Cycling Union had its 2010 European road cycling championship and 2010 ordinary congress meeting in Alanya.[148]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighbourhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalle"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Akçatı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7at%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Akdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdam,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Alacami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alacami,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Aliefendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliefendi,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Asmaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmaca,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Avsallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avsallar"},{"link_name":"Bademağacı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badema%C4%9Fac%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Basırlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C4%B1rl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Başköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Bayırköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Bayırkozağacı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C4%B1rkoza%C4%9Fac%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Beldibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beldibi,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Beyreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyreli,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Bıçakçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1%C3%A7ak%C3%A7%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Bucakköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucakk%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Burçaklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%A7aklar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Büyükpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkp%C4%B1nar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Çakallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87akallar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Çamlıca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Cikcilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikcilli,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Çıplaklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1plakl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Değirmendere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmendere,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Demirtaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirta%C5%9F,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Dereköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Elikesik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elikesik,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Emişbeleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi%C5%9Fbeleni,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Fakırcalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fak%C4%B1rcal%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Gözübüyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z%C3%BCb%C3%BCy%C3%BCk,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Gözüküçüklü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z%C3%BCk%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkl%C3%BC,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Gümüşgöze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fg%C3%B6ze,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Gümüşkavak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fkavak,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Güneyköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCneyk%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Güzelbağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzelba%C4%9F,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Hacıkerimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1kerimler,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Hacımehmetli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1mehmetli,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Hocalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocalar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"İmamlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0maml%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"İncekum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncekum,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"İshaklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0shakl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"İspatlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spatl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Karakocalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakocal%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Karamanlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Karapınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karap%C4%B1nar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kargıcak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1cak,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kayabaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Keşefli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fefli,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestel,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kızılcaşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca%C5%9Fehir,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kocaoğlanlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocao%C4%9Flanl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Konaklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konakl%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Kuzyaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzyaka,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Mahmutlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmutlar"},{"link_name":"Mahmutseydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmutseydi,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Oba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Obaalacami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaalacami,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Orhanköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhank%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Ortakonuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortakonu%C5%9F,_Alanya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Öteköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tek%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Özvadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zvadi,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Paşaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fak%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Payallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payallar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Saburlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saburlar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Sapadere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapadere,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Seki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seki,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Şıhlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1hlar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Soğukpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fukp%C4%B1nar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Süleymanlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanlar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Taşbaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Tırılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1r%C4%B1lar,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Toslak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toslak,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Tosmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosmur,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Türkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkler,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Türktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkta%C5%9F,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Uğrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Frak,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Uğurlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Furlu,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Üzümlü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCml%C3%BC,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Uzunöz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun%C3%B6z,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yalçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yaylakonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylakonak,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yaylalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylal%C4%B1,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yeniköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Alanya"},{"link_name":"Yeşilöz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C3%B6z,_Alanya"}],"text":"There are 103 neighbourhoods in Alanya District:[149]Akçatı\nAkdam\nAlacami\nAlara\nAliefendi\nAsmaca\nAvsallar\nBademağacı\nBasırlı\nBaşköy\nBayırköy\nBayırkozağacı\nBektaş\nBeldibi\nBeyreli\nBıçakçı\nBucakköy\nBurçaklar\nBüyükhasbahçe\nBüyükpınar\nÇakallar\nÇamlıca\nÇarşı\nCikcilli\nÇıplaklı\nCumhuriyet\nDeğirmendere\nDemirtaş\nDereköy\nDinek\nElikesik\nEmişbeleni\nFakırcalı\nFığla\nGözübüyük\nGözüküçüklü\nGüllerpınarı\nGümüşgöze\nGümüşkavak\nGüneyköy\nGüzelbağ\nHacet\nHacıkerimler\nHacımehmetli\nHisariçi\nHocalar\nİmamlı\nİncekum\nİshaklı\nİspatlı\nKadıpaşa\nKarakocalı\nKaramanlar\nKarapınar\nKargıcak\nKayabaşı\nKeşefli\nKestel\nKızılcaşehir\nKızlarpınarı\nKocaoğlanlı\nKonaklı\nKüçükhasbahçe\nKuzyaka\nMahmutlar\nMahmutseydi\nOba\nObaalacami\nOkurcalar\nOrhanköy\nOrtakonuş\nÖteköy\nÖzvadi\nPaşaköy\nPayallar\nSaburlar\nSapadere\nSaray\nŞekerhane\nSeki\nŞıhlar\nSoğukpınar\nSugözü\nSüleymanlar\nTaşbaşı\nTepe\nTırılar\nTophane\nToslak\nTosmur\nTürkler\nTürktaş\nUğrak\nUğurlu\nÜzümlü\nUzunöz\nYalçı\nYasırali\nYaylakonak\nYaylalı\nYenice\nYeniköy\nYeşilöz","title":"Neighbourhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Nea Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ionia"},{"link_name":"resettled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dergachyovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergachyovsky_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Geoagiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoagiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gladbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladbeck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Keszthely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keszthely"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Mahdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nea Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ionia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Oer-Erkenschwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oer-Erkenschwick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Rovaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Šilutė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ilut%C4%97_District_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern AO (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Eastern_Administrative_Okrug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Špindlerův Mlýn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pindler%C5%AFv_Ml%C3%BDn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Talsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsi_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Trakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai_District_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wodzisław Śląski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wronki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wronki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zelenogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Borås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in TurkeyThe most significant tie is with the city of Nea Ionia, where many of Alanya's Christians were resettled in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne. Alanya is twinned with:[150]Dergachyovsky District, Russia\n Fushun, China\n Geoagiu, Romania\n Gladbeck, Germany\n Goa, India\n Keszthely, Hungary\n Mahdia, Tunisia\n Ankara, Turkey\n Nea Ionia, Greece\n Murmansk, Russia\n Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany\n Rovaniemi, Finland\n Šilutė, Lithuania\n South-Eastern AO (Moscow), Russia\n Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic\n Talsi, Latvia\n Trakai, Lithuania\n Wodzisław Śląski, Poland\n Wronki, Poland\n Zelenogorsk, Russia\n Borås, Sweden","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Turek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turek,_Poland"}],"sub_title":"Friendly cities","text":"Nowy Sącz, Poland\n Turek, Poland","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"George C. McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._McGhee"}],"text":"Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkish diplomat and politician; former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey\nGeorge C. McGhee, U.S. diplomat and ambassador to Turkey","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd, Seton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7230223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7230223"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84171-095-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-095-4"}],"text":"Lloyd, Seton; Rice, D.S. (1958). Alanya ('Alā'iyya). London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. OCLC 7230223.\nRedford, Scott. Landscape and the state in medieval Anatolia: Seljuk gardens and pavilions of Alanya, Turkey. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2000. ISBN 1-84171-095-4","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Piri Reis map of Alanya from 1525 showing the extent of the medieval city and the location on the Pamphylia plain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Alanya_by_Piri_Reis_color.jpg/170px-Alanya_by_Piri_Reis_color.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Kayqubad I in Alanya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kayqubad.jpg/220px-Kayqubad.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Seljuk era Tersane was a drydock for ships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tersane2-wm_archiv.jpg/220px-Tersane2-wm_archiv.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Alanya Peninsula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alanya_map.svg/170px-Alanya_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Tip of the Alanya Peninsula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tip_of_the_Alanya_peninsula.jpg/220px-Tip_of_the_Alanya_peninsula.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Byzantine era Church of Saint Constantine inside Alanya Castle was also used as a mosque.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Burgberg5-wm_archiv.jpg/220px-Burgberg5-wm_archiv.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young students from an Alanya school at their class garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alanya_school_children.jpg/220px-Alanya_school_children.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kızıl Kule, or Red Tower, is home to the city ethnographic museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alanya06-bazylek.jpg/220px-Alanya06-bazylek.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rockcorn from Finland perform during the 2011 Alanya International Culture and Art Festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alanyafest2011.jpg/220px-Alanyafest2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many national celebrations are centered at the downtown Mustafa Kemal Atatürk monument.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Alanya._Monument_to_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg/220px-Alanya._Monument_to_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg"},{"image_text":"MP Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (on the left) was also President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mevlutcavusoglu.jpg/220px-Mevlutcavusoglu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Locally grown fruits for sale in a market in the farming district of Obaköy, outside Alanya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Alanya_Market_50.jpg/220px-Alanya_Market_50.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tourism began following the opening of Damlataş Cave in the 1950s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Damlata%C5%9F_Cave.jpg/220px-Damlata%C5%9F_Cave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alanya Marina was opened in 2010 at a cost of $10 million with space for 437 boats.[128]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alanyamarinapanorama.jpg/350px-Alanyamarinapanorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Women's teams in the 2006 beach volleyball tournament","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alanya_Volleyball.jpg/220px-Alanya_Volleyball.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey features a stage in Alanya every year.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Presidential_Cycling_Tour_of_Turkey_2012_Alanya-Alanya_stage.JPG/220px-Presidential_Cycling_Tour_of_Turkey_2012_Alanya-Alanya_stage.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Antalya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Antalya_districts.png/100px-Antalya_districts.png"}]

[{"title":"List of governors of Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alanya"},{"title":"List of mayors of Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Alanya"}]

[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alanya\". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/antalya/alanya/142__alanya//","url_text":"\"Alanya\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHP, Alanya'da 74 yıl sonra kazandı\".","urls":[{"url":"https://haberglobal.com.tr/gundem/chp-alanyada-74-yil-sonra-kazandi-331586","url_text":"\"CHP, Alanya'da 74 yıl sonra kazandı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alanya – Korekesion\". Daily Life, Culture, and Ethnography of Antalya. Antalya Valiliği. February 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824152756/http://www.discoverturkey.com/english/iller/e-antalya.html","url_text":"\"Alanya – Korekesion\""},{"url":"http://www.antalya.gov.tr/eng.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coracesium\". Catholic Hierarchy. October 7, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d4c02.html","url_text":"\"Coracesium\""}]},{"reference":"Crane, Howard (1993). \"Evliya Çelebi's Journey through the Pamphylian Plain in 1671-72\". Muqarnas. 10 (Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar): 157–168. doi:10.2307/1523182. JSTOR 1523182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523182","url_text":"10.2307/1523182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523182","url_text":"1523182"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Roger (1989). \"The Medici-Lazara Map of Alanya\". Anatolian Studies. 39: 85–105. doi:10.2307/3642815. JSTOR 3642815. 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Retrieved March 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513112210/http://sunsearch.info/turkey/alanya/sights-information/when-ataturk-visited-alanya/","url_text":"Dünden Bugüne Alanya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya","url_text":"Antalya"},{"url":"http://sunsearch.info/turkey/alanya/sights-information/when-ataturk-visited-alanya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alaiye's Becoming Alanya\". Alanyanın Web Sitesi. 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100729081652/http://www.alanya.tv/en/AlanyaHistory/Alaiyes_Becoming_Alanya/","url_text":"\"Alaiye's Becoming Alanya\""},{"url":"http://www.alanya.tv/en/AlanyaHistory/Alaiyes_Becoming_Alanya/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Alanya\". Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB03183B17125FC74AB","url_text":"\"The History of Alanya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relics of a 5,000-year-old port found in southern Turkey\". World Bulletin. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=77965","url_text":"\"Relics of a 5,000-year-old port found in southern Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, J. M (1976). \"Waqf and Patronage in Seljuk Anatolia: The Epigraphic Evidence\". Anatolian Studies. 26: 82, 83, 85, 97–98. doi:10.2307/3642717. JSTOR 3642717. 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Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130418160441/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-561699","url_text":"\"Alanya's graffiti from the Middle Ages being saved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Daily_News","url_text":"Turkish Daily News"},{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-561699","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sherwin-White, A. N. (1976). \"Rome, Pamphylia and Cilicia, 133-70 B.C\". The Journal of Roman Studies. 66: 1–14. doi:10.2307/299775. JSTOR 299775. S2CID 164178570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._N._Sherwin-White","url_text":"Sherwin-White, A. N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299775","url_text":"10.2307/299775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/299775","url_text":"299775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164178570","url_text":"164178570"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Philip (1997). \"Romans and Pirates in a Late Hellenistic Oracle from Pamphylia\". The Classical Quarterly. 47 (2): 477–481 [479]. doi:10.1093/cq/47.2.477. JSTOR 639682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F47.2.477","url_text":"10.1093/cq/47.2.477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/639682","url_text":"639682"}]},{"reference":"Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). \"Cilicia\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography"}]},{"reference":"Lenski, Noel (1999). \"Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, from the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 42 (4): 440–441. doi:10.1163/1568520991201687. 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JSTOR 1523181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523181","url_text":"10.2307/1523181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523181","url_text":"1523181"}]},{"reference":"Yavuz, Ayşil Tükel (1997). \"The Concepts That Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravanserais\". Muqarnas. 14: 80–95 [81]. doi:10.2307/1523237. JSTOR 1523237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523237","url_text":"10.2307/1523237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523237","url_text":"1523237"}]},{"reference":"Inalcik, Halil (1960). \"Bursa and the Commerce of the Levant\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 3 (2): 143–147. doi:10.2307/3596293. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Others_(Lost)

List of Lost characters

["1 Casting and development","2 Cast","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Recurring cast","3 Main characters","4 Supporting characters","4.1 Minor Oceanic 815 crash survivors","4.2 The Others","4.3 Dharma Initiative members","4.4 Widmore and employees","4.5 Miscellaneous characters","4.6 Minor recurring off-island characters","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]

The characters from the American drama television series Lost were created by Damon Lindelof and J. J. Abrams. The series follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island, after a commercial passenger jet from the fictional Oceanic Airlines crashes somewhere in the South Pacific. Each episode typically features a primary storyline on the island as well as a secondary storyline, a flashback from another point in a character's life. Out of the 324 people on board Oceanic Flight 815, there are 71 initial survivors (70 humans and one dog) spread across the three sections of the plane crash. Partial cast of Lost, from left to right: Daniel, Boone, Miles, Michael, Ana Lucia, Charlotte, Frank, Shannon, Desmond, Eko, Kate, Jack, Sawyer, Locke, Ben, Sayid, Libby, Sun, Jin, Claire, Hurley, Juliet, Charlie, Richard, Bernard, Rose and Vincent Casting and development Many of the first season roles were a result of the executive producers' liking of various actors. The main character Jack was originally going to die in the pilot, and was hoped to be played by Michael Keaton; however, ABC executives were adamant that Jack live. Before it was decided that Jack would live, Kate was to emerge as the leader of the survivors; she was originally conceived to be more like the character of Rose. Dominic Monaghan auditioned for the role of Sawyer, who at the time was supposed to be a suit-wearing city con man. The producers enjoyed Monaghan's performance and changed the character of Charlie, originally a middle-aged former rock star, to fit him. Jorge Garcia also auditioned for Sawyer, and the part of Hurley was written for him. When Josh Holloway auditioned for Sawyer, the producers liked the edge he brought to the character (he reportedly kicked a chair when he forgot his lines and got angry in the audition) and his southern accent, so they changed Sawyer to fit Holloway's acting. Yunjin Kim auditioned for Kate, but the producers wrote the character of Sun for her and the character of Jin, portrayed by Daniel Dae Kim, to be her husband. Sayid, played by Naveen Andrews, was also not in the original script. Locke and Michael were written with their actors in mind. Emilie de Ravin, who plays Claire, was originally cast in what was supposed to be a recurring role. Kimberley Joseph's character, an unnamed flight attendant, was originally scripted to be killed off in the pilot, but was brought back in Season 2 with the name Cindy and continued to make guest appearances through to the final season, becoming one of the last handful of Flight 815 survivors. Cast Main cast Actor Character Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 Naveen Andrews Sayid Jarrah Main Emilie de Ravin Claire Littleton Main Stand-in Main Matthew Fox Jack Shephard Main Jorge Garcia Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Main Maggie Grace Shannon Rutherford Main Special Guest Main Josh Holloway James "Sawyer" Ford Main Malcolm David Kelley Walt Lloyd Main Special Guest Daniel Dae Kim Jin-Soo Kwon Main Yunjin Kim Sun-Hwa Kwon Main Evangeline Lilly Kate Austen Main Dominic Monaghan Charlie Pace Main Main Terry O'Quinn John Locke / Man in Black Main Harold Perrineau Michael Dawson Main Main Guest Ian Somerhalder Boone Carlyle Main Special Guest Main Michelle Rodriguez Ana Lucia Cortez Guest Main Special Guest Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Mr. Eko Main Cynthia Watros Elizabeth "Libby" Smith Main Guest Main Henry Ian Cusick Desmond Hume Recurring Main Michael Emerson Benjamin Linus Recurring Main Elizabeth Mitchell Juliet Burke Main Kiele Sanchez Nikki Fernandez Main Rodrigo Santoro Paulo Main Jeremy Davies Daniel Faraday Main Ken Leung Miles Straume Main Rebecca Mader Charlotte Lewis Main Néstor Carbonell Richard Alpert Recurring Main Jeff Fahey Frank Lapidus Recurring Main Zuleikha Robinson Ilana Verdansky Recurring Main Sam Anderson Bernard Nadler Recurring Guest Recurring Main L. Scott Caldwell Rose Nadler Recurring Guest Recurring Main François Chau Pierre Chang Guest Recurring Main Fionnula Flanagan Eloise Hawking Guest Recurring Main John Terry Christian Shephard / Man in Black Recurring Guest Recurring Main Sonya Walger Penny Widmore Guest Recurring Main Recurring cast Actor Character Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 William Blanchette Aaron Littleton Recurring Julie Bowen Sarah Shephard Guest Recurring Beth Broderick Diane Janssen Guest Recurring Guest Byron Chung Woo-Jung Paik Guest Recurring Guest Mira Furlan Danielle Rousseau Recurring Guest Andrea Gabriel Nadia Jazeem Guest Recurring Guest Recurring M. C. Gainey Tom Friendly Guest Recurring Neil Hopkins Liam Pace Guest Recurring Kimberley Joseph Cindy Chandler Recurring Recurring Fredric Lehne Edward Mars Recurring Guest Guest William Mapother Ethan Rom Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Kevin Tighe Anthony Cooper Guest Recurring Guest Michael Bowen Danny Pickett Recurring Clancy Brown Kelvin Inman Recurring Brett Cullen Goodwin Stanhope Recurring Guest Alan Dale Charles Widmore Guest Recurring Kim Dickens Cassidy Phillips Guest Recurring Guest April Grace Bea Klugh Recurring Guest Mickey Graue Zach Guest Recurring Recurring Kiersten Havelock Emma Guest Recurring Recurring Tony Lee Jae Lee Recurring Guest Adetokumboh M'Cormack Yemi Recurring Guest Tania Raymonde Alex Rousseau Recurring Guest Recurring Katey Sagal Helen Norwood Recurring Recurring Teddy Wells Ivan Recurring Blake Bashoff Karl Martin Recurring Andrew Divoff Mikhail Bakunin Recurring Guest Brian Goodman Ryan Pryce Recurring Jon Gries Roger Linus Guest Recurring Guest Doug Hutchison Horace Goodspeed Guest Recurring Paula Malcolmson Colleen Pickett Recurring Tracy Middendorf Bonnie Recurring Lana Parrilla Greta Recurring Marsha Thomason Naomi Dorrit Recurring Guest Robin Weigert Rachel Carlson Recurring Anthony Azizi Omar Recurring Recurring Zoë Bell Regina Recurring Grant Bowler Gault Recurring Susan Duerden Carole Littleton Guest Recurring Kevin Durand Martin Keamy Recurring Recurring Lance Reddick Matthew Abaddon Recurring Guest Fisher Stevens George Minkowski Recurring Guest Reiko Aylesworth Amy Goodspeed Recurring Marvin DeFreitas Charlie Hume Recurring Patrick Fischler Phil Recurring Brad William Henke Bram Recurring Guest Leslie Ishii Lara Chang Recurring Eric Lange Stuart Radzinsky Recurring Molly McGivern Rosie Recurring Marc Menard Montand Recurring Mark Pellegrino Jacob Recurring Saïd Taghmaoui Caesar Recurring Titus Welliver Man in Black Recurring Sean Whalen Neil "Frogurt" Recurring John Hawkes Lennon Recurring Fred Koehler Seamus Recurring Sheila Kelley Zoe Recurring Dylan Minnette David Shephard Recurring Hiroyuki Sanada Dogen Recurring ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The actor was credited along with the main cast members in the series finale. ^ Jeremy Shada also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 2 and 3. ^ Credited as a regular up to the first episode of the fourth season. ^ Kolawolfe Obileye Jr. also portrays a younger version of the charactert in seasons 2 and 3. ^ Sterling Beaumon also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 3 and 5. ^ Maya Henssens also portrays a younger version of the character in season 5. ^ Alexandra Krosney and Alice Evans also portray younger versions of the character in season 5. ^ Melissa Farman also portrays a younger version of the character in season 5. ^ Zack Shada also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 2 and 3. ^ Tom Connolly and David S. Lee also portray younger versions of the character in season 5. ^ Olekan Obileye also portrays a younger version of the character in season 2 and 3. Main characters Characters are listed alphabetically. "Starring season(s)" refers to the season in which an actor or actress received star billing for playing a character. "Recurring season(s)" identifies a season in which an actor or actress appeared, but received guest star or special guest star billing. Name Actor Starring seasons Recurring season Richard Alpert Nestor Carbonell 6 3, 4, 5 Nestor Carbonell Richard Alpert is the seemingly ageless advisor to the leader of The Others. Richard once lived in the Canary Islands with his ailing wife in the year 1867. After accidentally killing a greedy doctor while seeking medicine for his wife, he was sold into slavery just minutes before his planned execution. He was imprisoned on the Black Rock as it set sail for the New World. However, a raging storm caused the slave ship to be beached on the island. The Man in Black attempted to trick him into killing Jacob, but Richard was instead recruited by Jacob as an advisor. Jacob also granted Richard eternal youth. Richard has since acted as advisor to the many leaders of the Others, including Ben Linus and Charles Widmore. At the end of the series he is once again able to age and leaves the Island on the Ajira Flight. Kate Austen Evangeline Lilly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Evangeline Lilly After killing her abusive stepfather (later revealed to be her real father), Kate goes on the run and is eventually captured by a federal marshal while in Australia after being taken in by a farmer, Ray Mullen, who planned and carried out his idea of handing her in for the $23,000 reward after seeing her mugshot. Kate works on his farm for nearly three months before being handed over to the US Marshall. On the island, Kate is helpful and participates in leadership alongside Jack. Even though her fugitive status is revealed to the survivors, she still earns their trust. Kate finds herself attracted to Jack and Sawyer, both of whom love her. They each represent a side of her duality and inner conflict. And while circumstances allow for Kate to confront her feelings for Sawyer first and they have an affair, it very quickly unravels due mutual distrust and Kate's deeper and unrelenting feelings for Jack. After escaping the island, she is put on trial for murder, Jack is a character witness at her trial and perjures himself to protect Kate in the hope of jury leniency. Jack's testimony sways Kate's mother from testifying against her and Kate subsequently makes a highly favorable plea bargain that does not require prison time. Kate and Jack eventually move in together and become engaged. They raise Claire's son Aaron as their own, with Kate pretending to be his biological mother as part of the Oceanic 6 cover story. Jack's guilt over raising his nephew while leaving Claire, his sister, and the others behind eventually overwhelms him. He succumbs to bouts of paranoia, jealousy that eventually makes him turn to alcohol and prescription drugs, behaviors that will undo his engagement and send him into depression. At first, Kate resists returning to the island, but eventually decides that she will. She arrives on the island in 1977 and joins the Dharma Initiative, along with Jack and Hurley. Along with them she returns to the present time and searches for Claire. She mortally wounds the Man in Black during his fight with Jack. She pleads with Jack to let the island sink and return home with her. But Jack knows he is mortally wounded and cannot abdicate his responsibility to protect the island. Kate tearfully kisses him good bye and declares her love for him one final time and leaves the Island on the Ajira to fulfill her promise to herself and Jack to reunite Claire with Aaron. Juliet Burke Elizabeth Mitchell 3, 4, 5 6 Elizabeth Mitchell Juliet is a fertility doctor recruited by the Others. She develops a relationship with Goodwin, who is killed by Ana Lucia, and Juliet blames Ben. Ben is in love with her and refuses to let her leave the island - and he orchestrated Goodwin's death out of jealousy. Although Juliet acts initially as Jack's interrogator when he, Sawyer and Kate are captured, she helps them, escapes and joins the Oceanic 815 crash survivors. She defies Ben's orders to infiltrate the survivors' camp, and she has clear romantic feelings for Jack. She is left behind when the Oceanic Six leave the island, and when the recurring time flashes leave Juliet and the others in the mid-1970s, she becomes a mechanic for the Dharma Initiative and starts a relationship with Sawyer. Juliet ultimately dies when she becomes trapped under debris as a result of The Incident and detonates a hydrogen bomb in order to reset the island's timeline. Boone Carlyle Ian Somerhalder 1 2, 3, 6 Ian Somerhalder Boone is the stepbrother of Shannon, with whom he is in love. On the island, he spends much of his time with Locke, and together they find the first hatch while tracking Charlie and Claire after they are kidnapped by Ethan. He slowly learns that Shannon is manipulative and does not love him, but he remains protective of her. When John's legs mysteriously malfunction, Boone climbs into a crashed plane, perched in a tree, and uses its radio to contact (although he doesn't know it) the tail section survivors. The plane falls with Boone in it, and his leg and torso are crushed. John carries him back to the camp to be treated by Jack and Sun, but Boone dies shortly thereafter. Ana Lucia Cortez Michelle Rodriguez 2 1, 5, 6 Michelle Rodriguez A former LAPD police officer, Ana Lucia is the leader of the survivors of the tail section of Flight 815. She loses her job as a police officer after killing the man who had previously shot her, killing her unborn child. She meets Christian at LAX and agrees to accompany him to Australia. Before the flight back to L.A. she chats up Jack, who she doesn't know is Christian's son, at the airport bar. Ana Lucia is very protective of her fellow survivors after several are kidnapped, and she is extremely distrusting of others. She eventually kills Goodwin after discovering that he is not a survivor of the crash. She also inadvertently kills Shannon. Ana Lucia is shot and killed by Michael Dawson while he tries to free Ben, the leader of the "Others", but she appears after her death in visions to several of the characters, notably Hurley. Michael Dawson Harold Perrineau 1, 2, 4 6 Harold Perrineau Michael is a New York artist and construction worker who has not communicated with his son Walt since he was a baby. When Walt's mother dies in Australia, Michael comes to collect his son (and Walt's dog, Vincent). Michael is the first on the island to learn that Sun speaks English, and he has various conflicts with Jin. While trying to escape the Island via raft, Michael's son Walt is abducted by the Others. Michael strikes a deal with the Others wherein he exchanges Kate, Jack, Sawyer, and Hurley for Walt, and together the two leave the island by boat. However; when they return home, Walt goes to live with his grandmother after finding out that Michael killed Libby and Ana Lucia while carrying out his part of the deal. Michael tries to commit suicide a couple times but soon finds out that "the island won't let him die". He later infiltrates the Kahana freighter crew under the orders of Ben, in the hopes of making up for the lives he took by saving those of the people left on the island. He is killed in an explosion on the Kahana while trying to deactivate a bomb. Mr. Eko Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje 2, 3 — Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Mr. Eko is a former Nigerian drug lord turned priest who crashes on the island with the tail section survivors. After killing two of the others who were trying to kidnap him he does not speak for 40 days. Upon joining the fuselage survivors' camp, Eko becomes part of the group involved in pressing a button in a hatch. He begins building a church on the island with Charlie, but this is abandoned when he becomes obsessed with the hatch and the button within. Eko is haunted by visions of his brother, who died in Nigeria and whose body was on a plane that crashed on the island before Eko's arrival. These visions lead Eko and John to discover another Dharma station. Eko meets the smoke monster on more than one occasion in the Island's forests, and is eventually killed by it. Daniel Faraday Jeremy Davies 4, 5 6 Jeremy Davies Faraday is a physicist hired to go to the Island by Charles Widmore, who is later revealed to be his father. He initially claims to have intentions to save the 815 crash survivors, but this proves to be untrue. Daniel is connected to Desmond in several ways - Desmond visits him at Oxford during a flashback in time. Daniel's half sister, Penelope Widmore, is also romantically involved with Desmond - the two of them have a child together, named after Charlie Pace. Later, when John moves the island, Daniel travels back in time and visits Desmond in the hatch, to tell him how to save the island. Although he initially lied about his intent to save the survivors, Daniel ends up ferrying several of them, including Sun and Jin, to the Kahana. He is later revealed to be the son of Eloise Hawking and Charles Widmore, and is shot and killed by his mother in the season 5 episode The Variable. Nikki Fernandez Kiele Sanchez 3 4 (only footage) Kiele Sanchez Nikki is an actress who, with her boyfriend Paulo, murders a television producer for his diamonds. When they get to the island they spend their time searching for the diamonds lost in the crash. Paulo discovers the diamonds and tries to hide them from her, but she retaliates by attacking him with a spider with a powerful paralyzing bite. However she herself is then bitten, and both are buried alive by the survivors, who mistake their paralytic coma for death. James "Sawyer" Ford Josh Holloway 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Josh Holloway James is a confidence man who was orphaned as a child when his father killed his mother - and himself - after his mother was conned for all their money by a man named Sawyer. All that James knows about the man who conned her is his name, and he adopts the name "Sawyer" for himself, and goes on to con various women for hundreds of thousands of dollars when he is an adult. With Cassidy, one of these women, he has a daughter named Clementine whom he has never met. He travels to Australia to kill the man he believes is the original Sawyer, but he is wrong and kills an innocent man. On the Island, he is initially disliked for his antisocial behaviour and for his practice of nicknaming his fellow survivors, but he becomes romantically involved with Kate and, eventually, friendly with the rest despite his rough personality. When John moves the island and the remaining survivors are launched back into the 1970s, Sawyer joins the Dharma Initiative under the name Jim LaFleur, and he becomes head of security because of his ability to deal with the Hostiles. He falls in love with Juliet, and they are living together three years later. Juliet later dies of her injuries she received during the Incident after the characters return to the present time, causing Sawyer to temporarily join the Man in Black. He leaves the Island with Kate and Claire on the Ajira plane at the end of the series. Desmond David Hume Henry Ian Cusick 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Henry Ian Cusick Desmond, a former monk and member of the Royal Scots Regiment, undertakes a boat race around the world after splitting with his girlfriend Penelope Widmore. He shipwrecks on the island while on this race, and he lives in a hatch for three years, pressing a button every 108 minutes. One day he neglects to push the button, and on this day Flight 815 crashes. The survivors find the hatch and blow it open, and when they take over pushing the button he attempts (unsuccessfully) to escape the island. After he returns to the island, he moves in with the crash survivors. At the start of the third season, Desmond starts seeing flashes of future events, most of them being about Charlie's death. Later, he experiences flashes into the past. He escapes the Island with the Oceanic Six at the end of season four and is reunited with his girlfriend, Penny. They are married and have a baby boy named Charlie. Desmond has various meetings with Eloise Hawking who urges him not to marry Penny Widmore. He later finds out she is Daniel Faraday's mother, locates her through Charles Widmore, and visits her at the Lamppost. He is later brought back to the Island by Charles Widmore in order to uncork the heart of the Island to make the Man in Black mortal. It is implied that Desmond eventually returned home to Penny and their son. Sayid Jarrah Naveen Andrews 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Naveen Andrews A former military communications officer, Sayid is haunted by his past as a torturer for the Iraqi Republican Guard. On the island, he is romantically involved with Shannon. After escaping the island and coming to America, he reunites with and marries his former girlfriend Nadia. After Nadia is murdered, Sayid is employed by Ben as an assassin to kill the associates of Charles Widmore. He later attempts to kill Ben as a child after being brought back to the island and captured by the Dharma Initiative in 1977. Sayid is shot and killed by members of the DHARMA Initiative, but is later revived through mysterious means at the Others' temple. It is implied that in being revived in such a way, he has lost his ability to feel emotion. When the Man in Black tricks Jack into carrying a bomb aboard Widmore's submarine, Sayid hurries the bomb to the other side of the vessel in order to detonate it away from the other survivors, dying in the process. Jin-Soo Kwon Daniel Dae Kim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Daniel Dae Kim The son of a poor fisherman, Jin marries Sun on the condition that he work for her father as a mob enforcer. On the island, Jin struggles as the only castaway who does not speak English, although he does eventually begin to learn. He is presumed dead by his wife, Sun-Hwa Kwon, and the other members of the Oceanic Six, when a bomb goes off on the Kahana. Kwon is later found unconscious on driftwood by a French research team in 1988, having flashed to that time period with the other people on the island. After the survivors are returned to the same timeline, Jin spends much of his time searching for Sun. He eventually finds her with the other survivors on Hydra Island. When the group tries to escape on Charles Widmore's submarine, a bomb smuggled aboard by the Man in Black detonates, pinning Sun to the inside of the sub. Unable to rescue his wife, Jin opts to die with her so they will never be apart again. Sun-Hwa Kwon Yunjin Kim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Yunjin Kim The rich daughter of a hotel owner/automobile manufacturer with ties to the Korean mob, Sun has an affair and almost leaves her husband Jin before the crash. They reconcile on the island and she becomes pregnant with Jin's baby. After escaping the island, Sun gives birth to Jin's baby, a girl named Ji Yeon, off the island. With the settlement money from Oceanic, Sun buys a controlling share of her father's company. Sun eventually returns to the island on Ajira Airways Flight 316 to search for Jin, but is not propelled to 1977 with the other members of the Oceanic Six and instead remains in 2007. After the timelines reunite, Jin and Sun eventually reunite. When the group tries to escape on Charles Widmore's submarine, a bomb smuggled aboard by the Man in Black detonates, pinning Sun to the inside of the sub. She is unable to escape and drowns along with her husband Jin. Frank Lapidus Jeff Fahey 6 4, 5 Jeff Fahey Frank Lapidus /ləˈpiːdəs/ is a pilot who was originally supposed to fly Oceanic 815. He is selected by Abaddon to be part of the team that travels to the Island via the freighter Kahana; he brings Daniel, Miles and Charlotte to the Island by helicopter and ultimately helps Desmond and the Oceanic Six escape the Island. An avid conspiracy theorist, Frank realized that the plane found at the bottom of the ocean was actually planted by Charles Widmore, which is possibly why he was asked on the mission. In the episode "316", he pilots Flight 316 that five of the Oceanic Six and Ben Linus board to return to the Island. Frank makes a controlled crash landing on the nearby Hydra Island. At the end of the series he flies some of the remaining survivors off the Island on the Ajira flight. Charlotte Staples Lewis Rebecca Mader 4, 5 6 Rebecca Mader Charlotte is an anthropologist hired to go to the Island by Charles Widmore. Miles suggests that she has been to the Island before and she chooses to stay there when given the option to leave. She later dies as a result of the ill effects of the Island's erratic movements through time after she admits she was born on the Island, her parents being members of the DHARMA Initiative. Benjamin Linus Michael Emerson 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Michael Emerson Ben is the manipulative leader of the Others. He is captured by the survivors and is held hostage in a hatch that Boone and Locke found. However Michael releases him in return for the safe passage of himself and his son, Walt, back home. In the finale of the 4th season he is forced to leave the Island after he "moves" it. He returns to the island in the fifth season with the Oceanic 6, to be judged by the mysterious smoke monster for letting his daughter die. The monster lets him live as long as he follows John, which results in him killing Jacob. He begins to regret his actions and seeks to redeem himself. At the end of the series he becomes Hurley's second-in-command. Claire Littleton Emilie de Ravin 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 5 (only footage) Emilie De Ravin Claire gives birth on the island to a boy and forges a strong relationship with Charlie. After being abducted by Ethan Rom, she escapes and briefly loses her memory. She is also Jack's half-sister. She is not aware of this, but Jack learns this from her mother after he leaves the Island. Claire is later seen in Jacob's hut with her father after leaving her son, Aaron, at the foot of a tree. Claire returns to prominence in season six, her time spent alone on the island having left her in a disturbed and feral state. She leaves the Island with Kate and Sawyer at the end of the series. Walter "Walt" Lloyd Malcolm David Kelley 1, 2 3, 4, 5, 6 Malcolm David Kelley An elementary school student, he is kidnapped by the Others, who claim that he is "special". He is rescued by his father Michael and goes to live with his grandmother in New York. In the epilogue "New Man In Charge", he is shown to be joining Hurley and Ben as they return to the Island. John Locke Terry O'Quinn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Terry O'Quinn After having his paralysis healed during the crash, Locke lives out his dreams of becoming a hunter on the Island. John Locke is also the name of a philosopher. Being a man of faith, he believes he has a special connection with the island, leading him to clash with man-of-science Jack. Having been "chosen", Locke becomes the leader of the Others at the end of the fourth season. Locke is eventually murdered by Ben shortly after leaving the island. When most of the "Oceanic Six" survivors return to the island, they transport Locke's body with them. Locke apparently returns to life, but this is revealed to be a deception; Locke is still dead, and the individual in Locke's form is actually Jacob's rival. The Man in Black Titus Welliver; Terry O'Quinn (in Locke's form); Ryan Bradford (young) 5, 6 1, 2, 3, 4 Titus Welliver The unnamed entity commonly referred to as the Man in Black, also known as the Monster or the Black Smoke, is the twin brother of Jacob and the main antagonist during the final season of the series. In season one, he kills the pilot of Oceanic 815. His avatars include Jacob's twin brother, Jack's father Christian, Eko's brother Yemi, and John Locke. He cannot leave the island as long as Jacob or one of his successors is still on the island and we are told that if he does leave the island, everyone on earth will die. He first appears as a cloud of black smoke, but can apparently take on the appearance of anyone who is dead. In his Locke avatar, which we are told he cannot now change, he takes offense when Ben calls him a Monster. He claims that he is not evil, and just wants to escape the island. Thus, he begins to recruit allies to escape with him such as Sawyer, Claire, Sayid, and Kate. According to Rousseau and Ben, the Man in Black (in his Monster form) serves as a security system and judge to the Island. He has limitations. He cannot penetrate the DHARMA sonar fence, go through the ash that surrounds Jacob's cabin, or enter the temple while a guardian is alive. He cannot personally kill Jacob or any of the candidates chosen by Jacob to succeed him. He manipulates Ben, by impersonating Locke and Ben's daughter, and eventually convinces Ben to kill Jacob. He then attempts to kill Jacob's remaining candidates, and later tries to destroy the Island. Normally invincible, he inadvertently becomes mortal when Desmond Hume temporarily halts the island's primordial power. He is defeated while in mortal form in the series finale when Kate shoots him and Jack kicks him off a cliff, permanently killing him. Charlie Pace Dominic Monaghan 1, 2, 3 4, 6 Dominic Monaghan A one-hit wonder, rock musician Charlie ends his addiction to heroin on the island and cares for Claire and her baby. After several times of Desmond predicting his death, he drowns in the Looking Glass station, trying to help the survivors communicate with the outside world. Paulo Rodrigo Santoro 3 — Rodrigo Santoro Paulo helps Nikki murder a television executive for his diamonds. He spends his time on the island with Nikki searching for the diamonds. He is assumed dead on the island after being buried alive, the survivors having assumed he was dead following a paralyzing spider bite. Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Jorge Garcia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Jorge Garcia After winning the lottery with the numbers, Hurley suffers from bad luck. He remains optimistic on the island but after escaping from it is hospitalized for psychiatric reasons that include recurring hallucinations involving Charlie. He later returns to the island aboard flight 316 and joins the Dharma Initiative in 1977 along with Jack and Kate. In the series finale, Jack makes Hugo the new "Guardian" of the Island. Shannon Rutherford Maggie Grace 1, 2 3, 6 Maggie Grace Shannon is a ballet instructor and Boone's stepsister. When they are marooned on the island, Shannon is very unhelpful and spends most of her time sunbathing. Her French skills come in handy when she translates the transceiver and Danielle Rousseau's maps, and her relationship with Sayid reveals a more friendly side to Shannon. Shannon is devastated when her brother Boone dies, and she holds Locke at gunpoint in the jungle thinking he is responsible for Boone's death. Before Walt leaves the island on the raft, he leaves Vincent in Shannon's care. At the start of Season 2, Shannon is mourning the loss of her brother Boone. She loses Vincent in the jungle and sees Walt. No one believes her when she tells the others. Her relationship with Sayid grows. Shannon continues to see Walt in the jungle, so she runs after him but is accidentally shot by Ana Lucia Cortez. She dies almost instantly in Sayid's arms, leaving Sayid heartbroken. At Shannon's funeral, Sayid confesses that he was deeply in love with her. Jack Shephard Matthew Fox 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 — Matthew Fox The main character of the show, Jack is a gifted spinal surgeon who is burdened by the pressures and high expectations of his demanding father, who is also a highly regarded neurosurgeon. This complicated father-son relationship impacts Jack throughout his life, including his personal relationships. From the first moments of the crash, Jack jumps into action using his medical skills to help his fellow castaways. Because of his caring nature and strong work ethic, the survivors turn to him as their leader. Early on, he meets Kate who tends to his wounds despite her lack of medical experience and fear. Jack and Kate develop romantic feelings for one another, struggling with their differences and personal demons while maintaining a deep emotional and sexual attraction to one another. After escaping the island, Jack and Kate fully consummate their feelings for one another and become engaged. Unfortunately, Jack's profound guilt over leaving fellow survivors behind slowly eats away at Jack, resulting in paranoia and a prescription drug addiction. Jack's spiral downward eventually unravels his relationship with Kate from which he falls into further despair, becoming even suicidal. Jack believes he needs to return to the island to save everyone left behind, and to hopefully rekindle his relationship with Kate. He returns to the island and appears in 1977 with Kate and Hurley, and they all join the Dharma Initiative. It is revealed in Season 6 that Jack is Jacob's "Candidate", and will replace Jacob as the Guardian or keeper of the island. In the series finale, with the assistance of Kate, he kills the Man in Black and saves the Island from being destroyed, but is mortally wounded in the process and makes Hurley his successor. Kate begs Jack to let the island sink and to leave with her. She declares her love for him one final time before saying goodbye. In the afterlife, Kate is waiting for him and they are finally reunited and together. He is last seen dying in the same spot where he first landed on the Island. Elizabeth "Libby" Smith Cynthia Watros 2 4, 6 Cynthia Watros Libby is a tail section survivor. Prior to the crash of 815, she met Desmond and gave him her late-husband David's boat for the around the world race that ended with Desmond crashing on the island. She is also revealed to have been a patient in the same mental institution at the same time as Hurley. She becomes romantically involved with Hurley. She is shot to death by Michael after accidentally witnessing Ana Lucia's death. Miles Straume Ken Leung 4, 5, 6 — Ken Leung Miles is a spiritualist hired by Charles Widmore to go to the Island. He has the ability to read the final thoughts of the deceased. He has the most cutting wit out of the Kahana away team members, earning him a comparison to Sawyer by Hurley. It is later revealed that he is the son of Dr. Pierre Chang. In the series finale he leaves the Island on the Ajira plane. Ilana Verdansky Zuleikha Robinson 6 5 Zuleikha Robinson Ilana claims to be a bounty hunter working for the family of Peter Avellino, who is an employee of Charles Widmore, and who is killed by Sayid. She captures Sayid and puts him on Ajira Flight 316. After the crash she leads a hostile takeover of the Flight 316 survivors with Bram and several others. She asks Frank Lapidus if he knows "what lies in the shadow of the statue", then knocks him unconscious when he is unable to answer. It is later revealed that she was brought to the Island by Jacob, for the purpose of protecting the candidates for Jacob's replacement. Ilana is killed when she mishandles dynamite while on a mission to prevent the Man in Black from leaving the Island. Supporting characters Minor Oceanic 815 crash survivors Name Actor Season(s) Leslie Arzt Daniel Roebuck 1, 3, 6 Dr. Leslie Arzt is a junior high school science teacher, who crashes with the fuselage survivors and keeps a collection of native fauna in various jars. Almost all characters continue to pronounce his name "Arts" even though he repeatedly corrects them. Arzt complains about not being included in the various missions of Jack and Locke, finally joining them on a trip to the Black Rock. He dies ironically when a stick of dynamite spontaneously explodes in his hand while he lectures Jack, Locke, Kate and Hurley on how to safely handle it. In the alternate timeline, he is working at the school where he helps Ben to expose the principal of his actions. His name, "Arzt", is the German word for "physician". Despite his early demise, his advice is invaluable to the Survivors, even years later. Cindy Chandler Kimberley Joseph 1, 2, 3, 6 Cindy Chandler is an Australian Oceanic Airlines stewardess dating the Flight 815 passenger Gary Troup and is the only crew member other than Seth Norris to survive the crash. She is featured in the Pilot episode as giving Jack a small bottle of alcohol, which is the first thing Jack discovers after the plane crash. She crashes with the tail-section survivors and is taken by the Others in the second season during the journey to the fuselage survivors' camp. Cindy lives comfortably with the Others following her abduction firstly at the Hydra station then at the Temple, caring for Zach and Emma. To avoid death, she aligns with the Man in Black following the temple massacre. She survives Widmore's mortar attack and survives the series to live under Hurley's guard. Emma and Zach Kiersten Havelock and Mickey Graue 2, 3, 6 Emma and Zach are two sibling children from the tail section of the plane who live under the care of Cindy, following the pair's kidnapping. With Cindy, they follow the Man in Black. Their ultimate fate is never resolved onscreen. Bernard Nadler Sam Anderson 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 An American dentist, Dr. Bernard Nadler weds Rose Henderson less than one year prior to the crash. He crashes with the tail section survivors, but joins the fuselage survivors in season two. Bernard stays with the majority of the group after some of the freighter crew arrive. He and Rose are last found to have travelled back in time to 1977 after the island skips around in time. Together they choose to live alone on the beach, avoiding both Dharma and the Others. They later return to the present time and help Desmond out of a well, and after a run-in with the Man in Black, choose to stay on the island at the end of the series. Rose Henderson Nadler L. Scott Caldwell 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 A woman with terminal cancer from the Bronx, New York, Rose Henderson-Nadler marries Bernard less than a year before the crash. She lives with the fuselage survivors and reunites with Bernard in season two. She opts to return to the beach at the beginning of season four when the survivors contact the freighter. She and Bernard are last found to have traveled back in time to 1977 after the island skips around in time. They later return to the present time and help Desmond out of a well, and after a run-in with the man in black, choose to stay on the island at the end of the series. Scott Jackson and Steve Jenkins Dustin Watchman and Christian Bowman 1, 2, 3, 5 Scott Jackson and Steve Jenkins crash with the fuselage survivors. They are regularly confused with each other, even after one of them (Scott) is killed in the first season by Ethan. In season five, Steve and the remaining minor Flight 815 castaways are killed by a fire arrow attack right after the island jumps in time (except for two unnamed men, who are later killed by claymore mines at the creek). Edward Mars Fredric Lane 1, 2, 3, 6 Edward Mars is a U.S. marshal who is obsessed with capturing Kate, finally apprehending her in Australia. He is critically injured during the crash and dies in the third episode. Seth Norris Greg Grunberg 1, 4, 6 Seth Norris is the pilot of the airplane (Flight 815), which crashes on the island. He is found in the cockpit in the first episode by Jack, Kate and Charlie and soon after is killed by "the Monster". Gary Troup Laird Granger and Frank Torres Lost Experience, 1 Gary Troup is the New York author of the metafictional novel, Bad Twin, and is Cindy's lover. He dies when he is sucked into the plane's turbine immediately after the plane crash. Vincent Madison and Pono 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Vincent is Walt's yellow Labrador retriever, who is originally owned by Walt's stepfather, Brian Porter. Vincent first appears in the opening scene of the series when he encounters Jack in the jungle. He is left behind on the Island when Michael and Walt leave and, at Walt's request, remains in Shannon's care until she dies. He is later seen accompanying Sun. After the timeshifts and an attack on the survivors, Vincent ends up with Rose and Bernard in 1974. All three make a new home in the jungle and are found three years later by Sawyer, Juliet and Kate. Vincent is last seen at Jack's side in the series finale, recalling the opening scene of the pilot episode. Neil "Frogurt" Sean Whalen 5, 6 Neil is first mentioned when Bernard is trying to make an S.O.S sign out of rocks. He is first seen in the mobisode "The Adventures of Hurley and Frogurt". He first appears in the TV series in the season 5 premiere, "Because You Left" and "The Lie". He is on the Zodiac raft with Daniel Faraday when the island shifts in time. He is killed in 1954 when he is shot by flaming arrows in the chest and back. The Others Name Actor Season(s) Jacob Mark Pellegrino / Kenton Duty (young) 5, 6 Jacob is The Others' highest authority and has resided on the island for nearly 2,000 years, most recently in a chamber in the foot of the statue of Tawaret, which is the statue's only remaining component. The backstory of Jacob is revealed in the episode "Across the Sea", which, according to the episode's script, took place in A.D. 44; it also revealed the mysterious Man in Black (a.k.a. the "smoke monster") is his fraternal twin and assumed his current supernatural form after an altercation with Jacob. Jacob is the protector of the Island and is able to visit various Flight 815 survivors prior to their arrival, speaking to and conspicuously touching several of the main characters. It seems he granted Richard Alpert's agelessness by touching him on the shoulder (episode "Ab Aeterno"). Ben initially claims to John Locke that he can communicate with Jacob but later reveals he is lying out of embarrassment for his inability to do so, despite being leader of The Others. The figure in the mysterious cabin, who reacted violently to John Locke's flashlight and later is heard by Locke to say "Help me", is at one point presumed to be Jacob; however, it is later implied it may have been his brother, trapped on the island in his "smoke monster" form by Jacob's presence and, as such, has been scheming to ensure Jacob's downfall. The Man in Black is able to assume the appearance of deceased bodies on the island and, through an elaborate series of events involving him arranging the death of, and subsequently impersonating, John Locke, eventually manipulates Ben into killing Jacob; this represents a "loophole" from the apparent "rule" the two brothers could not harm one another. However, Jacob returns as a ghost on the island and communicates with Hurley. Also, the Man in Black and Sawyer have seen an apparition of a younger Jacob on the present-day island. Eventually, the ghost of Jacob ceded control of the island to his successor, Jack Shephard. Alexandra Rousseau Tania Raymonde 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Alexandra Rousseau is Danielle Rousseau's daughter, who is abducted by The Others 16 years prior to the crash of Flight 815. Ben is sent by Widmore to kill Danielle and her daughter, but he is unable to bring himself to do so and raises Alex as his own instead. She aids the crash survivors in various escapes and eventually defects from The Others. She dates Karl, though Ben tries to keep them apart because she would die if she became pregnant. She is later kidnapped and murdered by Keamy in front of Ben, in an attempt to make Ben surrender. Mikhail Bakunin Andrew Divoff 3, 6 Mikhail Bakunin lives and works at the Flame Dharma station, and is responsible for The Others' communication with the outside world. He is notable for his one eye, usually wearing a black eye-patch. He is captured by a group of 815 survivors and says he remembers Locke from his past. He is responsible for Charlie's death, blowing a hole in the side of the underwater Looking Glass Station, drowning Charlie inside and killing himself in the process. In the alternate 2004, he works alongside Martin Keamy as an interpreter and has both eyes until he is shot and killed by Jin. Karl Martin Blake Bashoff 3, 4 Karl Martin is Alex's boyfriend. In an attempt to prevent Karl from impregnating Alex, Ben imprisons him until he is rescued by Kate and Sawyer. Later, he joins the plane crash survivors, and is able to warn them of an impending raid by the Others. He is killed by the mercenaries from the Kahana in season four. Bea Klugh April Grace 2, 3 Beatrice Klugh visits Michael during his forced stay with the Others and is present when they capture Jack, Kate and Sawyer. In season three, at the Dharma Flame station, she is found by Sayid, Locke and Kate and has Mikhail kill her to prevent her from being the survivors' prisoner. Dogen Hiroyuki Sanada 6 Dogen is one of the leaders of the Others living in the Temple. He speaks Japanese, but knows English. According to Dogen, he does not like "the taste of the English words" and so he uses an interpreter. He tries to have Sayid killed because of the "infection" claiming Sayid, but Sayid murders him. Before coming to the Island, he was a banker, but when he got his son into a near fatal accident while driving drunk, Jacob offered to save him if Dogen came to the Island. He is drowned by Sayid, who had joined the Man in Black. Danny Pickett Michael Bowen 2, 3 Danny Pickett is a violent member of the Others who supervises Kate and Sawyer while they are imprisoned. He is married to another Other named Colleen, who is shot by Sun. Enraged, Pickett takes his anger out on Sawyer, and nearly kills him before Juliet intervenes and shoots Pickett. Eloise Hawking Fionnula Flanagan (old), Alice Evans (middle age), Alexandra Krosney (young adult) 3, 5, 6 Eloise Hawking is the caretaker of the L.A.-based Dharma station known as the Lamp Post, which can track the location of the island. Before she is revealed as such, she is introduced as a jewelry store employee who urges Desmond not to marry Penny, and explains the nature of time travel to him. Later, in the monastery Desmond briefly lives in, she also appears in a photograph in the head monk's office. Eloise is the mother of Daniel Faraday, the father being Charles Widmore, and, like Widmore, was formerly a member of the Others. The rat that Daniel trains to run a maze in Desmond's presence is named after her. She instructs Jack, Sun, and Ben on how to get back to the island. In 1977, she is responsible for the death of her own son, having shot him in the back while he was brandishing a gun at Richard Alpert. Ethan Rom William Mapother 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Dr. Ethan Rom is the child of Amy and Horace Goodspeed, and grew up in the Dharma Initiative in the 1970s. After the organization is purged by the Others, Ethan joins the latter group. When Flight 815 crashes on the island, he poses as a fuselage survivor until he is exposed by Hurley, at which point he abducts Claire and Charlie, unsuccessfully attempting to murder the latter. Claire is rescued, and Charlie then kills Ethan in "Homecoming". His name is an anagram of "Other Man." In the alternate timeline he has his parents' last name and examines Claire when she has issues with her pregnancy. Goodwin Stanhope Brett Cullen 2, 3, 4 Goodwin Stanhope is married to the Others' therapist, Harper Stanhope. He has an affair with Juliet, which dismays Ben because he too is in love with Juliet. Out of jealousy, Ben sends Goodwin on a mission to infiltrate the tail section survivors, knowing the dangers Goodwin will face. When Goodwin's identity is indeed discovered, Ana Lucia confronts and kills him. Lennon John Hawkes 6 Lennon is one of the Others taking refuge in the Temple. He acts as translator for Dogen and was killed by Sayid when he ignored the ultimatum brought forth by The Man in Black. Tom Friendly M. C. Gainey 1, 2, 3, 4 Tom Friendly is the second Other the Flight 815 survivors meet after Ethan, when he abducts Walt from the raft and blows it up to sabotage Michael, Jin and Sawyer's escape plan in the season one finale. Tom is later shown acting as a liaison between his group and Jack's in the second season, and in the third season he takes part in many of their operations and conflicts. Initially, Tom wore a distinctive fake beard, as part of the Others ruse to present themselves as uncivilized and undeveloped island natives. He is shot and killed by Sawyer despite having surrendered in the season three finale. In season four, he appears in a flashback episode; revealed to be gay, he recruits Michael as a spy on Widmore's freighter. Ryan Pryce Brian Goodman 3 Ryan Pryce is the Others' chief of security after the death of Danny Pickett. Ben assigns him to lead a team charged with kidnapping all women among the 815 survivors. His team is ambushed by Sayid, Jin, and Bernard, but turns the tables and captures them. He dies when Hurley hits him with a Dharma Initiative van. Dharma Initiative members Main article: Dharma Initiative Name Actor Season(s) Amy Reiko Aylesworth 5 A member of the Dharma Initiative whose husband was murdered by the Hostiles. Sawyer and Juliet intervened and saved Amy's life. Three years later, Amy was married to Horace Goodspeed and pregnant with his child. When complications arose during the delivery, Juliet was forced to step in and deliver the child, a boy named Ethan. Phil Patrick Fischler 5 Phil is a subordinate of Sawyer (under the alias LaFleur) and works as a security personnel for the Dharma Initiative. Phil discovers Sawyer and Kate handed a young Ben over to the Hostiles, so Sawyer ties him up in his house. He is discovered by Radzinsky and assists in trying to extract information from Sawyer by punching Juliet. Phil is killed during the incident at the Swan Station, when, during a last-minute attempt to get payback by killing Sawyer, several pieces of rebar are dragged by the electromagnetic energy and impale him. Pierre Chang François Chau 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Pierre is the scientist in the Dharma Initiative orientation films, who also goes by the names Marvin Candle, Mark Wickmund, and Edgar Halliwax. He appears as an actual character in season 5, where it is revealed he is the father of Miles Straume. Daniel Faraday convinces him that his group is from the future, and gets him to stop the drilling at the Swan Station. Radzinsky, however, overrules him, and Chang's arm is injured when the electromagnetic energy is released. Miles saves his father's life when his arm is crushed underneath a metal component. In the 2004 "flash sideways", Miles mentions his father's work at a museum, and Chang later speaks at an archaeological benefit and gives Hurley Reyes a commemorative trophy. A puppet version built by Jim Henson's Creature Shop appears in Lost Untangled for the final season (played by Allan Trautman), with an appearance by the real Chang close to the end of the series. Gerald and Karen DeGroot Michael Gilday and Courtney Lavigne 2 A couple, Doctoral candidates of the University of Michigan, who received funding by the Hanso Foundation in 1970 to create and operate the Dharma Initiative on the island. Horace Goodspeed Doug Hutchison 3, 4, 5 The leader of the Dharma Initiative on the island during the 1970s. He is first seen assisting Roger Linus after his son Ben's birth, and he eventually recruits Roger into the Dharma Initiative. Later, Horace is romantically involved with Amy, with whom he fathers a child, a baby named Ethan. Horace also maintains diplomatic relations with the Others, led by Richard Alpert. Horace dies during the Purge, an event during which the Others kill the majority of the Dharma Initiative using poison gas, but he appears to John in a vision many years later. Alvar Hanso Ian Patrick Williams 2 A former arms salesman and manufacturer, he is the enigmatic Danish leader of the Hanso Foundation. Hanso can be seen in the show via the orientation film in "Orientation". When Widmore is seen bidding on the Black Rock's ship's log, the log is said to have some connection to the Hanso family. When the Black Rock crashed on the island in 1867, the captain's name also was "Hanso". Kelvin Joe Inman Clancy Brown 2 Kelvin is an intelligence operative for the United States government, and responsible for making Sayid torture his former commander in Iraq. Later, Kelvin joins the Dharma Initiative, and operates the Swan Station until Desmond accidentally kills him. Roger Linus Jon Gries 3, 5, 6 Roger is Ben's alcoholic father and an employee of the Dharma Initiative. He is distant and cruel to Ben, often ridiculing him for indirectly killing his mother during childbirth, and physically abuses him. Ben later kills him in the Purge. Hurley discovers his corpse in a blue VW van in "Tricia Tanaka Is Dead". In sideways 2004 Roger is living with his son Ben in Los Angeles and is breathing off an oxygen tank apparently suffering from emphysema in "Dr. Linus". Stuart Radzinsky Eric Lange 5 Radzinsky is head of research for the Dharma Initiative. In the 70s he worked in the Flame and designed the Swan. Years later he would live in the Swan and press the button every 108 minutes with Kelvin Joe Inman. Kelvin claimed Radzinsky killed himself by putting a shotgun in his mouth. Secretive, testy with everyone he encounters and trigger happy, Radzinsky is a control freak. Widmore and employees Name Actor Season(s) Charles Widmore Alan Dale (old); Tom Connolly (young); David S. Lee (middle age) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 A wealthy industrialist, Widmore is the father of Penelope Widmore and benefactor of Daniel Faraday (later revealed to be his son with Eloise Hawking). Widmore is Ben's predecessor as leader of the Others on the island. He is exiled by Ben, who claims Widmore is an enemy of the people on the island. Widmore admits to Daniel Faraday he staged the find of the false plane wreckage of Oceanic 815, and he sends the freighter Kahana to the Island in order to find and capture Ben, which is unsuccessful. Widmore disapproves of his daughter's relationship with Desmond Hume and is estranged from her. However, when Desmond is searching for Eloise Hawking, it is Widmore who informs him of her location in Los Angeles. He is still actively searching for the Island and tries to assist Locke in reuniting the Oceanic Six into going back to the Island. Later, he returns to the island with Desmond Hume, who he describes as a "failsafe". He gives this information to the Man in Black in return for a guarantee of safety for his daughter Penny, but Ben shoots him dead. Penelope "Penny" Hume Sonya Walger 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Penny is Desmond's wife and the estranged daughter of Charles Widmore, as well as the half sister to Daniel Faraday. Before Desmond went missing and crashed on the island she was his longtime girlfriend, although they broke up shortly before. Nevertheless, Penny searched for any sign of him and was alerted to his location when the Swan DHARMA station exploded at the end of season two. At the end of season three she was able to communicate briefly with Charlie after the jamming of communications from the island was lifted. When Desmond made contact with Penelope during "The Constant" the communication was garbled just as she began to tell how she knew of the Island, but confirmed she knew of it. She was able to rescue Desmond, the Oceanic Six and Frank by boat at the end of season four. Desmond and Penny then married and proceeded to have a son, whom they also named Charlie. Ben Linus hunts Penelope down with intent to kill her in retaliation for his own daughter's death indirectly at the hands of Charles Widmore, but he changes heart when he sees she is now a mother. Matthew Abaddon Lance Reddick 4, 5 Matthew Abaddon works for Widmore by "helping people get to where they're supposed to be". He is responsible for Locke going on his walkabout that ultimately leads him to the Island. After the crash, Matthew hires Naomi, Miles, Faraday, Charlotte, and Lapidus to go to the Island via the freighter Kahana. He visits Hurley at the mental institution after the Oceanic 6 rescue and tries to gather information on where the other survivors are. Matthew acts as a chauffeur for Locke after he leaves the Island, helping him in his mission to convince the Oceanic 6 to return to the Island. During Locke's mission, Matthew is shot dead by Ben who claims he is a "dangerous person". Naomi Dorrit Marsha Thomason 3, 4, 5 Recruited by Matthew Abaddon and employed by Charles Widmore, Naomi is the leader of the group on a mission to capture Ben Linus and remove him from the island. She is the first to arrive on the island and tells the Oceanic survivors of the freighter Kahana. While she claims she is there to rescue Desmond Hume, her true mission is later revealed. Naomi dies of her wounds after Locke throws a knife into her back. Martin Keamy Kevin Durand 4, 5, 6 Martin Keamy is the lead mercenary on the Kahana and is a former Marine. Keamy leads a team onto the island to find Ben, killing Karl and Danielle Rousseau and later executing Alex in front of Ben. Keamy eventually tracks Ben down and is stabbed to death by him. His death causes the freighter to explode via a fail-deadly switch that monitors his heartbeat. Captain Gault Grant Bowler 4 Gault (first name unknown) is the captain of the freighter Kahana sent by Widmore to find the island and Benjamin Linus. He is originally seen as antagonistic and untrustworthy, but he later becomes an ally of Desmond and Sayid, allowing them the freighter's zodiac boat to ferry castaways from the island to the freighter after he becomes concerned at the lengths Keamy is willing to go to secure Ben. He is shot dead by Keamy after he confronts Keamy at gunpoint in "Cabin Fever". Omar Anthony Azizi 4, 6 Omar is one of the mercenaries sent by Charles Widmore to the Island aboard the freighter Kahana. Zoe Sheila Kelley 6 Zoe is a geophysicist recruited by Widmore to lead his scientific team. She is first encountered by Sawyer, when she tries to pass herself off as a survivor of Ajira 316. She later leads the team in kidnapping Jin and bringing him to Hydra Island. The Man in Black cuts her throat after Widmore orders her not to speak, his argument being that she serves no purpose if she can't speak. George Minkowski Fisher Stevens 4, 6 George Minkowski was the communications officer aboard Widmore's freighter. Although he at first obstructs the survivors' attempts to contact the outside world, he later assists Desmond in calling Penny. He ultimately dies of temporal displacement on the boat. He later appears in the Sideways world as Desmond's driver, where he gives him the Oceanic 815 manifest. Miscellaneous characters Name Actor Season(s) Aaron Littleton Various; William Blanchette (Toddler version) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Aaron is the son of Claire Littleton and her former boyfriend Thomas. Aaron is born on the island and leaves it, then being raised by Kate with the public perceiving the baby to be hers, to follow along with their almost entirely false version of what happened on the island. Anthony Cooper Kevin Tighe 1, 2, 3, 6 Anthony Cooper is a ruthless con man, John Locke's biological father and the man who conned Sawyer's parents, leading to their deaths. Cooper cons Locke into donating a kidney to him before abandoning him. He later comes to make amends with Locke when he convinces Locke to help him retrieve money he owes to a couple of heavies. When Locke begins to interfere with one of his schemes, Cooper pushes Locke out of an eighth-story window, paralyzing him. Cooper is later brought to the Island by the Others, and Sawyer kills him as revenge for the death of his parents. In the flash sideways world, he is in a vegetative state following an accident that also paralyzed Locke. Bram Brad William Henke 5, 6 Bram is a mysterious person who seems to oppose Widmore's organization. He appeared to Miles in 2004 and asked him not to go to the island. Bram is also onboard Ajira Flight 316 and has an unknown tie with Ilana. They've both asked the enigmatic question, "What lies in the Shadow of the Statue?". Bram was killed by Jacob's nemesis, The Man in Black, in the form of the smoke monster. Caesar Saïd Taghmaoui 5 Caesar boards the Ajira Flight 316 along with the returning Oceanic survivors, and when the plane makes an emergency landing on the Hydra Island, he interacts with Ben, Frank, Locke and Ilana. He finds a sawed-off shotgun in Ben's old office and shows it to Ben, who later steals the weapon and uses it to shoot Caesar. Christian Shephard John Terry 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Christian Shephard, Jack's father, works as the chief of surgery at St. Sebastian Hospital. He loses his medical license when Jack reveals to the authorities that Christian performed surgery on a pregnant woman while drunk, causing her death. Christian then heads to Australia with Ana Lucia in tow to hunt down his daughter Claire, whom he is subsequently barred from seeing. He dies in Australia after days of drinking, after having first met and having a heart-to-heart with Sawyer. His body is being brought back to L.A. by Jack for his funeral when the plane crashes, but when the coffin is later recovered on the Island, it is mysteriously empty. Christian has appeared multiple times on the Island to many different characters, including Jack, Claire, Locke, Hurley, Miles, Michael and even Vincent. He is connected somehow to either Jacob or Jacob's rival, a connection that became less clear when it was revealed that Jacob, whose cabin Christian had been seen in, hadn't actually been at the cabin for some time, but somebody else had. Christian also appears in the well when John is trying to move the island. After the Ajira flight crash, he also advises Sun and Frank that Jin and the others left behind, are now living in 1977. In the season 6 episode, The Last Recruit, it is revealed the Man in Black was responsible for Christian's appearances on the island. Diane Janssen Beth Broderick 1, 2, 3, 4 The estranged mother of Kate, she turns Kate in to the police after Kate kills Diane's husband and Kate's father, Wayne. Diane never forgives Kate, but decides not to testify at Kate's trial once Kate returns home as part of the Oceanic Six. Nour Abbed (Nadia) Jazeem Andrea Gabriel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Nour Abbed Jazeem, a childhood friend of Sayid's, becomes involved in an insurgency opposed to Saddam Hussein. Nadia is imprisoned and interrogated by Sayid, but he lets her escape. She travels to the West, and in doing so comes in contact with both Charlie and Locke. When Sayid leaves the island, they get married, but shortly after she is murdered. In Season 6, when Sayid doesn't crash on the island, she is married to Sayid's brother. With him, she has two kids, a boy and a girl. Jae Lee Tony Lee 2, 3 After teaching Sun English, Jae Lee has an affair with her and as a result, her father sends Jin to kill him. Jin instead tells him to leave Korea forever, but Jae commits suicide by jumping from his apartment building. Cassidy Phillips Kim Dickens 2, 3, 5 Cassidy is a recently divorced woman whom Sawyer cons, even though he loves her. Cassidy then goes to Iowa and accidentally meets Kate. Cassidy later has Sawyer arrested and visits him in jail, where she tells him they have a daughter together - Clementine. After Kate returns from the Island, she tells Cassidy the truth about everything that happened on the Island and gives her some of her settlement money from Oceanic Airlines, in order for Kate to keep her promise she made to Sawyer, to look after Clementine. Danielle Rousseau Mira Furlan; Melissa Farman (younger) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Danielle Rousseau is a member of a multi-national scientific research expedition whose boat breaks down and who become stranded on the island in 1988. She records a SOS message (in her native French) that continually repeats for 16 years, until the crash of Flight 815. Pregnant when she arrives on the island, and slowly becoming mad, she gives birth to Alex after killing her team because they had gotten "sick" as a result of contact with the monster, though Danielle later comes to blame the Others. Baby Alex is kidnapped soon after by the Others. Rousseau, having been found by Sayid living in seclusion, occasionally helps the Flight 815 survivors. She is shot and killed in an ambush along with Karl while leading Alex to the Temple on Ben's orders. In the fifth season, Jin, who has traveled back in time, meets Rousseau and her crew after he drifts to the Island on the wreckage of the exploded freighter. Sarah Shephard Julie Bowen 1, 2, 3 Sarah is involved in a car crash with Shannon's father. Jack performs surgery on her, but informs her that she will never walk again. However, she is miraculously healed. They fall in love and marry, but some time later, Sarah has an affair and divorces Jack. Sometime after the crash survivors are rescued, it is revealed she is pregnant. Geronimo Jackson Geronimo Jackson has been referenced in six episodes of Lost as well as in The Lost Experience. The producers of Lost have asserted that Geronimo Jackson was a genuine, but obscure, 1970s rock band, which released one album entitled Magna Carta. Aside from sources relating to Lost, there is no evidence for the existence of this band. A search of the US Patent and Trademark Office online database lists "Geronimo Jackson" as a word mark owned by Disney Enterprises, valid for all types of housewares, school supplies, stationery, etc. The mark was filed on January 22, 2009. In "The Hunting Party", a Geronimo Jackson album is found by Charlie and Hurley while they are going through all of the gramophone records in The Swan. The band is also referenced in the episodes "The Whole Truth", "Further Instructions", "This Place is Death", "LaFleur", on a poster in John Locke's locker in "Cabin Fever" and at Hurley's birthday party in "There's No Place Like Home". There is a Geronimo Jackson poster in the backgroup when Jack, Kate and Hurley are in the dining hall in He's Our You. A single on iTunes called "Dharma Lady" has surfaced by the band and appears as a song in the film Dear John. "Dharma Lady" was made available to players of the video game series Rock Band through the Rock Band Network, shortly after the airing of the Lost series finale. Geronimo Jackson is actually San Diego based band, The Donkeys. Minor recurring off-island characters Name Actor Main character crossover(s) Season(s) Sam Austen Lindsey Ginter Kate's stepfather, Sayid's captor 2 Tom Brennan Mackenzie Astin (adult)Tanner Maguire (child) Kate's childhood sweetheart 1, 5 Dr. Douglas Brooks Bruce Davison Hurley's doctor 2, 6 Rachel Carlson Robin Weigert (adult)Savannah Lathem (child) Juliet's sister 3, 5 Teresa Cortez Rachel Ticotin Ana Lucia's mother and boss 2 Chrissy Meilinda Soerjoko Some crash survivors' ticket agent 1, 2 JD John Dixon Flight attendant in the Oceanic 815 1 Charlie Hume Marvin DeFreitas Desmond and Penny's son 5 Wayne Janssen James Horan Kate's biological father 2 Omer Jarrah Cas Anvar (adult)Xavier Raabe-Manupule (child) Sayid's brother 5, 6 Mary Jo Brittany Perrineau Sawyer's girlfriend, Hurley's lottery vendor 1 Mr. Kwon John Shin Jin's father, Sun's father-in-law 1, 3 Nurse Susie Lazenby Grisel Toledo Hurley's nurse 2, 4, 5, 6 Carole Littleton Susan Duerden Claire's mother, Aaron's grandmother 3, 4, 5 Lindsey Littleton Gabrielle Fitzpatrick Claire's aunt 2, 3 Susan Lloyd Tamara Taylor Michael's girlfriend, Walt's mother 1, 2 Emily Annabeth Locke Swoosie Kurtz (adult) Holland Roden (teenager) Locke's mother 1, 4 Richard Malkin Nick Jameson Claire's psychic, Mr. Eko's acquaintance 1, 2 Jason McCormack Aaron Gold Ana Lucia's attacker and later victim 2 Michael's mother Starletta DuPois Michael's mother, Walt's grandmother 4 Michelle Michelle Arthur Flight attendant in the Oceanic 815 1 Ray Mullens Nick Tate Employer of Kate's (later turns her in to Marshal Edward Mars) 1 Randy Nations Billy Ray Gallion Locke's supervisor, Hurley's former supervisor 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Helen Norwood Katey Sagal Locke's former girlfriend 2, 6 Andrea (Nurse) Julie Ow Locke (nurse), Jack's co-worker 1 Liam Pace Neil Hopkins (older), Zack Shada (younger) Charlie's elder brother 1, 2, 3, 6 Megan Pace Multiple Charlie's mother 2 Simon Pace Robin Atkin Downes, John Henry Canavan Charlie's father 2, 3 Ji Yeon Kwon Jaymie Kim Sun and Jin's daughter 3, 4, 5, 6 Woo-Jung Paik Byron Chung Sun's father, Jin's employer and father-in-law 1, 3, 4 Mrs. Paik June Kyoko Lu Sun's mother 2, 4, 5 Carmen Reyes Lillian Hurst Hurley's mother 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 David Reyes Cheech Marin Hurley's father 3, 4, 5 Adam Rutherford Uncredited Shannon's father, Boone's stepfather, Jack's patient and the perpetrator of his future wife's car accident 2 David Shephard Dylan Minnette Jack and Juliet's son in the flash-sideways 6 Margo Shephard Veronica Hamel Jack's mother 1, 4, 6 Marc Silverman Zack Ward (older) Jack's friend 1 Leonard Simms Ron Bottitta Hurley's friend 1, 2 Big Mike Walton Michael Cudlitz Ana Lucia's partner, Hurley's interrogator 2, 4 Yemi Adetokumboh M'Cormack Mr. Eko's brother 2, 3 Kevin Callis Nathan Fillion Kate's husband 3 Reception Entertainment Weekly praised the show's fourth season for its "captivating minor characters (tortured Sayid, scheming Juliet, savvy Ben)". In May 2006, McFarlane Toys announced recurring lines of character action figures and released the first series in November 2006, with the second series being released July 2007. References ^ Goddard, Drew (writer) & Vaughan, Brian K. (writer) & Williams, Stephen (director), "Confirmed Dead". Lost, ABC. Episode 2, season 4. Aired on February 7, 2008. ^ a b "Before They Were Lost". Lost: The Complete First Season (Documentary). Buena Vista Home Entertainment. ^ O'Connor, Mickey (January 12, 2010). "Lost: Harold Perrineau, Cynthia Watros to Return for Final Season". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved January 12, 2010. ^ Malcom, Shawna (May 30, 2008). "Harold Perrineau Dishes on his Lost Exit (Again)". TV Guide. Retrieved May 30, 2008. ^ Godwin, Jennifer (July 25, 2009). "Everything You Need to Know From the Lost Events at Comic-Con". E!. Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009. ^ Terry, Paul; Tara Bennett (October 2010). Lost Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7566-6594-4. Page 85 ^ Memmott, Carol, (May 2, 2006) "Bad Twin is Lost in Translation Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine", USA Today. Retrieved on June 5, 2006. ^ Lee, Felicia R., (May 27, 2006) "Bad Twin, a Novel Inspired by Lost, Makes the Bestseller Lists Archived 2017-02-24 at the Wayback Machine", The New York Times. Retrieved on October 21, 2007. ^ Tsai, Michael, (November 11, 2004) "It's Doggone Great Being Part of Lost Archived 2014-08-21 at the Wayback Machine," Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved on July 29, 2006. ^ Shawna Malcom. "Lost: The Ultimate Guide" TV Guide Vol. 53, No. 5, January 30, 2005, Pg. 22-28, ^ Nichols, Katherine, (March 25, 2007) "Chewing the Scenery Archived 2008-06-14 at the Wayback Machine," Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved on March 30, 2007. ^ Keck, William (February 11, 2005). "Evil Ethan of 'Lost' booted off the island". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2010. ^ "Geronimo Jackson". Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2011-01-29. ^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2021-10-14. ^ Klepek, Patrick (2010-05-25). "Lost Tracks Confirmed For Rock Band". G4TV. Retrieved 2010-05-28. ^ Malinowski, Erik (April 19, 2010). "As Lost Ends, Creators Explain How They Did It, What's Going On". Wired. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ Aubry D'Arminio, "TV on DVD," Entertainment Weekly 1026 (December 19, 2008): 58. ^ Keck, William (May 23, 2006). "These characters are toying with us". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 16, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2006. External links Lost at IMDb vteLost Awards and nominations Cast Soundtracks Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Missing Pieces Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 (Epilogue) Characters Alex Rousseau Ana Lucia Cortez Ben Linus Boone Carlyle Charles Widmore Charlie Pace Charlotte Lewis Christian Shephard Claire Littleton Daniel Faraday Danielle Rousseau Desmond Hume Ethan Rom Frank Lapidus Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Ilana Verdansky Jack Shephard Jacob James "Sawyer" Ford Jin-Soo Kwon John Locke Juliet Burke Kate Austen Libby Smith Man in Black Martin Keamy Michael Dawson Miles Straume Mr. Eko Nikki and Paulo Penny Widmore Richard Alpert Rose and Bernard Nadler Sayid Jarrah Shannon Rutherford Sun-Hwa Kwon Tom Friendly Walt Lloyd Mythology Dharma Initiative Oceanic Airlines Related articles Cast Away Find 815 Lost Experience Lostpedia Lost: Via Domus Mythology of Lost Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Damon Lindelof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Lindelof"},{"link_name":"J. J. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Abrams"},{"link_name":"plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_crash"},{"link_name":"tropical island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_island"},{"link_name":"Oceanic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(literary_technique)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_characters_of_Lost.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Faraday"},{"link_name":"Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_Carlyle"},{"link_name":"Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Straume"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dawson_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"Ana Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Lewis_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lapidus"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Hume"},{"link_name":"Eko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Eko"},{"link_name":"Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Austen"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shephard"},{"link_name":"Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Sawyer%22_Ford"},{"link_name":"Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Linus"},{"link_name":"Sayid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayid_Jarrah"},{"link_name":"Libby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Hwa_Kwon"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-Soo_Kwon"},{"link_name":"Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Littleton"},{"link_name":"Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_%22Hurley%22_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Burke"},{"link_name":"Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Pace"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Alpert_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_and_Bernard_Nadler"},{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_and_Bernard_Nadler"},{"link_name":"Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Lost#Vincent"}],"text":"The characters from the American drama television series Lost were created by Damon Lindelof and J. J. Abrams. The series follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island, after a commercial passenger jet from the fictional Oceanic Airlines crashes somewhere in the South Pacific. Each episode typically features a primary storyline on the island as well as a secondary storyline, a flashback from another point in a character's life.Out of the 324 people on board Oceanic Flight 815, there are 71 initial survivors (70 humans and one dog) spread across the three sections of the plane crash.[1]Partial cast of Lost, from left to right: Daniel, Boone, Miles, Michael, Ana Lucia, Charlotte, Frank, Shannon, Desmond, Eko, Kate, Jack, Sawyer, Locke, Ben, Sayid, Libby, Sun, Jin, Claire, Hurley, Juliet, Charlie, Richard, Bernard, Rose and Vincent","title":"List of Lost characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"Michael Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Keaton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-2"},{"link_name":"Dominic Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Jorge Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Josh Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Holloway"},{"link_name":"southern accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_English"},{"link_name":"Yunjin Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunjin_Kim"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dae Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim"},{"link_name":"Naveen Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Emilie de Ravin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-2"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Cindy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cindy_Chandler"}],"text":"Many of the first season roles were a result of the executive producers' liking of various actors. The main character Jack was originally going to die in the pilot, and was hoped to be played by Michael Keaton; however, ABC executives were adamant that Jack live.[2] Before it was decided that Jack would live, Kate was to emerge as the leader of the survivors; she was originally conceived to be more like the character of Rose. Dominic Monaghan auditioned for the role of Sawyer, who at the time was supposed to be a suit-wearing city con man. The producers enjoyed Monaghan's performance and changed the character of Charlie, originally a middle-aged former rock star, to fit him. Jorge Garcia also auditioned for Sawyer, and the part of Hurley was written for him. When Josh Holloway auditioned for Sawyer, the producers liked the edge he brought to the character (he reportedly kicked a chair when he forgot his lines and got angry in the audition) and his southern accent, so they changed Sawyer to fit Holloway's acting. Yunjin Kim auditioned for Kate, but the producers wrote the character of Sun for her and the character of Jin, portrayed by Daniel Dae Kim, to be her husband. Sayid, played by Naveen Andrews, was also not in the original script. Locke and Michael were written with their actors in mind. Emilie de Ravin, who plays Claire, was originally cast in what was supposed to be a recurring role.[2] Kimberley Joseph's character, an unnamed flight attendant, was originally scripted to be killed off in the pilot, but was brought back in Season 2 with the name Cindy and continued to make guest appearances through to the final season, becoming one of the last handful of Flight 815 survivors.","title":"Casting and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main cast","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Finale_3-12"},{"link_name":"series finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(Lost)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Shada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Shada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Sterling Beaumon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Beaumon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Krosney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Krosney"},{"link_name":"Alice Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Evans"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Melissa Farman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Farman"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Zack Shada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Shada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The actor was credited along with the main cast members in the series finale.\n\n^ Jeremy Shada also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 2 and 3.\n\n^ Credited as a regular up to the first episode of the fourth season.\n\n^ Kolawolfe Obileye Jr. also portrays a younger version of the charactert in seasons 2 and 3.\n\n^ Sterling Beaumon also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 3 and 5.\n\n^ Maya Henssens also portrays a younger version of the character in season 5.\n\n^ Alexandra Krosney and Alice Evans also portray younger versions of the character in season 5.\n\n^ Melissa Farman also portrays a younger version of the character in season 5.\n\n^ Zack Shada also portrays a younger version of the character in seasons 2 and 3.\n\n^ Tom Connolly and David S. Lee also portray younger versions of the character in season 5.\n\n^ Olekan Obileye also portrays a younger version of the character in season 2 and 3.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Characters are listed alphabetically. \"Starring season(s)\" refers to the season in which an actor or actress received star billing for playing a character. \"Recurring season(s)\" identifies a season in which an actor or actress appeared, but received guest star or special guest star billing.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minor Oceanic 815 crash survivors","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Others","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dharma Initiative members","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Widmore and employees","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous characters","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minor recurring off-island characters","title":"Supporting characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"McFarlane Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarlane_Toys"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figures"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Entertainment Weekly praised the show's fourth season for its \"captivating minor characters (tortured Sayid, scheming Juliet, savvy Ben)\".[17] In May 2006, McFarlane Toys announced recurring lines of character action figures and released the first series in November 2006, with the second series being released July 2007.[18]","title":"Reception"}]

[{"image_text":"Partial cast of Lost, from left to right: Daniel, Boone, Miles, Michael, Ana Lucia, Charlotte, Frank, Shannon, Desmond, Eko, Kate, Jack, Sawyer, Locke, Ben, Sayid, Libby, Sun, Jin, Claire, Hurley, Juliet, Charlie, Richard, Bernard, Rose and Vincent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Main_characters_of_Lost.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nestor Carbonell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NestorCarbonellMay09.jpg/100px-NestorCarbonellMay09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evangeline Lilly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Evangeline_Lilly_SDCC_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Evangeline_Lilly_SDCC_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elizabeth Mitchell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Elizabeth_Mitchell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/100px-Elizabeth_Mitchell_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ian Somerhalder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ian_Somerhalder_%289119040948%29.jpg/100px-Ian_Somerhalder_%289119040948%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michelle Rodriguez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Michelle_Rodriguez_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/100px-Michelle_Rodriguez_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harold Perrineau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harold_Perrineau%2C_Jr.jpg/100px-Harold_Perrineau%2C_Jr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Adewale_Akinnuoye-Agbaje_Thor_2_cropped.png/100px-Adewale_Akinnuoye-Agbaje_Thor_2_cropped.png"},{"image_text":"Jeremy Davies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jeremydavies.jpg/100px-Jeremydavies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kiele 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Kim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kim_Yoon-Jin.jpg/100px-Kim_Yoon-Jin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeff Fahey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jeff_Fahey.jpg/100px-Jeff_Fahey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rebecca Mader","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rebecca_Mader_January_2015.jpg/100px-Rebecca_Mader_January_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michael Emerson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Michael_Emerson_SDCC_2013.jpg/100px-Michael_Emerson_SDCC_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emilie De Ravin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/20120714_Emilie_de_Ravin_%40_Comic-con_cropped.jpg/100px-20120714_Emilie_de_Ravin_%40_Comic-con_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malcolm David Kelley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Malcolm_David_Kelley_PaleyFest_2014.jpg/100px-Malcolm_David_Kelley_PaleyFest_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terry O'Quinn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Terry_O%27Quinn_%282%29.jpg/100px-Terry_O%27Quinn_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Titus Welliver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Titus_Welliver_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Titus_Welliver_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dominic Monaghan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dominic_Monaghan_2009_cropped.jpg/100px-Dominic_Monaghan_2009_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rodrigo Santoro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RodrigoSantoroTIFFSept2011.jpg/100px-RodrigoSantoroTIFFSept2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jorge Garcia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jorge_Garcia_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/100px-Jorge_Garcia_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maggie Grace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/20120712_Maggie_Grace_%40_Comic-con_cropped.jpg/100px-20120712_Maggie_Grace_%40_Comic-con_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matthew Fox","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MatthewFoxTIFFSept2012.jpg/100px-MatthewFoxTIFFSept2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cynthia Watros","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cynthia_Watros_Iraq_1.jpg/100px-Cynthia_Watros_Iraq_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ken Leung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ken_Leung_cropped.jpg/100px-Ken_Leung_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zuleikha Robinson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zuleikha_Robinson_2010.jpg/100px-Zuleikha_Robinson_2010.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Go_Shopping

I Don't Go Shopping

["1 Critical reception","2 Peter Allen version","2.1 Credits and personnel","3 Cover versions","4 References","5 External links"]

1980 single by Patti LaBelle"I Don't Go Shopping"Single by Patti LaBelleB-side"Come And Dance With Me"Released1980Recorded1980GenrePopLength3:52LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Peter Allen David LasleyProducer(s)Allen ToussaintPatti LaBelle singles chronology "Release (The Tension)" (1980) "I Don't Go Shopping" (1980) "The Spirit's in It" (1981) Music video"I Don't Go Shopping" on YouTube "I Don't Go Shopping" is a song written by Peter Allen and David Lasley originally recorded by Allen on his Bi-Coastal album released in 1980 by A&M Records. American R&B singer Patti LaBelle covered the song for her fourth studio album Released produced by Allen Tousaint and released by Epic in 1980. The song was issued as the second single, peaking at number 26 on the Hot Soul Singles chart in early 1981. She has performed the song since its release. "Let's write a song about shopping," said David Lasley, a new collaborator and Peter thought to himself, oh God. "I don't go shopping" came the exasperated reply." So they wrote a song "I Don't Go Shopping". Critical reception Upon release, "I Don't Go Shopping" received positive reviews from music critics. Winston-Salem Chronicle wrote With "Released" "Labelle dips back into her Blue Bell days for some soul searching out and out blues like ''I Don't Go Shopping'". Cashbox praised LaBelle's vocal delivery writing she "turns to what she does best here, stone blues" and the production, describing it as "underscored by subdued string arrangements and a touch of brass. Male backup chorus at the close is an added bonus" and called it a "spirited B/C chart contender." Peter Allen version The song was included on Allen's Bi-Coastal album and The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under, a greatest hits album released in Australia in August 1992 by A&M Records. Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from album's liner notes. Peter Allen - Lead Vocals & Acoustic Piano Peter Allen - Acoustic Piano David Foster - Keyboards Dave McDaniel - Bass Ralph Humphries - Drums Lon Price - Alto Saxophone Erich Bulling - String Arrangement David Foster - Producer Cover versions The song was released by David Lasley on his Demos album. It was covered by Scottish singer Lulu in 1982 on her album Take Me to Your Heart Again. References ^ "Patti LaBelle". Winston-Salem Chronicle. 7 June 1980. p. 11. ^ I Don't Go Shopping - Patti LaBelle | Song Info | AllMusic, retrieved 2022-02-07 ^ MacClean, Stephen (1 January 1996). Peter Allen: The Boy From Oz. Random House Australia. ISBN 978-0091830526. ^ Shewey, Don (15 June 1982). "Boston Phoenix". ^ Cash Box. William and Mary Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Cash Box Pub. Co. 1980-04-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under - Peter Allen | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic, retrieved 2022-04-04 ^ I Don't Go Shopping - Peter Allen | Song Info | AllMusic, retrieved 2022-02-07 ^ I Don't Go Shopping - David Lasley | Song Info | AllMusic, retrieved 2022-02-07 ^ "norwegiancharts.com - Lulu - I Don't Go Shopping". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 2022-03-26. External links "I Don't Go Shopping" - Peter Allen on YouTube "I Don't Go Shopping" - David Lasley on YouTube vtePatti LaBelleStudio albums Patti LaBelle Tasty It's Alright with Me Released The Spirit's in It I'm in Love Again Patti Winner in You Be Yourself Burnin' Gems Flame When a Woman Loves Timeless Journey Classic Moments The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle Bel Hommage Christmas albums This Christmas Miss Patti's Christmas Live albums Live! One Night Only Singles "You Are My Friend" "Release (The Tension)" "I Don't Go Shopping" "The Best Is Yet To Come" (with Grover Washington Jr.) "If Only You Knew" "Love Has Finally Come at Last" (with Bobby Womack) "Love, Need and Want You" "New Attitude" "Stir It Up" "If You Don't Know Me by Now (Part 1)" "On My Own" (with Michael McDonald) "Oh, People" "Kiss Away the Pain" "If You Asked Me To" "Yo Mister" "Feels Like Another One" "Somebody Loves You Baby (You Know Who It Is)" "When You've Been Blessed (Feels Like Heaven)" "The Right Kinda Lover" "All This Love" "When You Talk About Love" "Does He Love You" "New Day" "Gotta Go Solo" Related articles Discography Labelle Labelle discography

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Allen_(composer)"},{"link_name":"David Lasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasley"},{"link_name":"Bi-Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-Coastal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Released_(Patti_LaBelle_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hot Soul Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"I Don't Go Shopping\" is a song written by Peter Allen and David Lasley originally recorded by Allen on his Bi-Coastal album released in 1980 by A&M Records.[1] American R&B singer Patti LaBelle covered the song for her fourth studio album Released produced by Allen Tousaint and released by Epic in 1980.[2] The song was issued as the second single, peaking at number 26 on the Hot Soul Singles chart in early 1981. She has performed the song since its release.\"Let's write a song about shopping,\" said David Lasley, a new collaborator and Peter thought to himself, oh God. \"I don't go shopping\" came the exasperated reply.\" So they wrote a song \"I Don't Go Shopping\".\n[3]","title":"I Don't Go Shopping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Upon release, \"I Don't Go Shopping\" received positive reviews from music critics.[4] Winston-Salem Chronicle wrote With \"Released\" \"Labelle dips back into her Blue Bell days for some soul searching out and out blues like ''I Don't Go Shopping'\". Cashbox praised LaBelle's vocal delivery writing she \"turns to what she does best here, stone blues\" and the production, describing it as \"underscored by subdued string arrangements and a touch of brass. Male backup chorus at the close is an added bonus\" and called it a \"spirited B/C chart contender.\"[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Peter_Allen:_The_Boy_from_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The song was included on Allen's Bi-Coastal album and The Very Best of Peter Allen: The Boy from Down Under, a greatest hits album released in Australia in August 1992 by A&M Records.[6]","title":"Peter Allen version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Credits and personnel","text":"Credits are adapted from album's liner notes.Peter Allen - Lead Vocals & Acoustic Piano\nPeter Allen - Acoustic Piano\nDavid Foster - Keyboards\nDave McDaniel - Bass\nRalph Humphries - Drums\nLon Price - Alto Saxophone\nErich Bulling - String Arrangement\nDavid Foster - Producer","title":"Peter Allen version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Take Me to Your Heart Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_to_Your_Heart_Again"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The song was released by David Lasley on his Demos album.[7] It was covered by Scottish singer Lulu in 1982 on her album Take Me to Your Heart Again.[8][9]","title":"Cover versions"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_Philippines

Chief Justice of the Philippines

["1 Duties and powers","2 List","3 Acting Chief Justices","4 Demographics","4.1 Longevity","4.2 By age group","4.3 By gender","4.4 By appointing president","4.5 By law school","5 Notable chief justices","6 Timeline","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading"]

Highest judicial officer Chief Justice of the PhilippinesPunong Mahistrado ng PilipinasSeal of the Supreme CourtFlag of the Supreme CourtIncumbentAlexander Gesmundosince April 5, 2021StyleThe Honourable (formal)Your Honour (when addressed directly in court)Member of Supreme Court Presidential Electoral Tribunal Judicial and Bar Council AppointerPresidential appointment upon nomination by the Judicial and Bar CouncilTerm lengthRetirement at the age of 70Inaugural holder 1583 - Dr. Santiago de Vera y Rivas, Captain-General of the Spanish East Indies (Real Audiencia, Spanish East Indies) 1901 - Cayetano Arellano (Supreme Court of the Philippines) FormationJune 11, 1901WebsiteOfficial Website The chief justice of the Philippines (Filipino: Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas) presides over the Supreme Court and is the highest judicial officer of the government of the Philippines. As of April 5, 2021, the position is currently held by Alexander Gesmundo, who was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte following the early retirement of his predecessor, Diosdado Peralta, in March 2021. The chief justice, who was first named on June 11, 1901, in the person of Cayetano Arellano, is the oldest existing major governmental office continually held by a Filipino, preceding the presidency and vice presidency (1935), senators (1916, or as the Taft Commission, on September 1, 1901) and the members of the House of Representatives (1907 as the Philippine Assembly). Duties and powers The power to appoint the chief justice lies with the president of the Philippines, who makes the selection from a list of three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. There is no material difference in the process of selecting a chief justice from that in the selection of associate justices. As with the other justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice is obliged to retire upon reaching the age of 70; otherwise there is no term limit for the chief justice. In the 1935 constitution, any person appointed by the president has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments; in the 1973 constitution, the person whom the president appointed did not have to undergo confirmation under the Commission on Appointments. The current 1987 constitution does not ascribe any formal role to the chief justice other than as an ex-officio chairman of the Judicial and Bar Council and as the presiding officer in any impeachment trial of the president. The chief justice is also required to personally certify every decision that is rendered by the court. The chief justice carries only 1 vote out of 15 in the court, and is generally regarded, vis-a-vis the other justices, as the primus inter pares rather than as the administrative superior of the other members of the court. Still, the influence a chief justice may bear within the court and judiciary, and on the national government cannot be underestimated. In the public eye, any particular Supreme Court is widely identified with the identity of the incumbent chief justice, hence appellations such as "The Fernando Court" or "The Puno Court". Moreover, the chief justice usually retains high public visibility, unlike the associate justices, who tend to labor in relative anonymity, with exceptions such as Associate Justice J. B. L. Reyes in the 1950s to 1970s. By tradition, it is also the chief justice who swears into office the president of the Philippines. One notable deviation from that tradition came in 1986, and later again in 2010. Due to the exceptional political circumstances culminating in the People Power Revolution, on February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as president before Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee in San Juan just minutes before Ferdinand Marcos took his own oath of office also as president before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino. Marcos fled into exile later that night. More than two decades afterwards, Benigno Simeon Aquino III followed in his mother's footsteps (with almost similar reasons) by having Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer his oath of office, rather than Chief Justice Renato Corona (who was eventually impeached halfway through Aquino's term). Six years later, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte took his oath of office before Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes, his classmate at San Beda College of Law, instead of Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (who would eventually be removed from her position through quo warranto after it was determined that she had been unlawfully holding office ab initio). The chief justice also names the three justices each from the Supreme Court in the memberships of the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal. The chief justice is the chief executive officer of the Philippine judiciary system and together with the whole Supreme Court, exercises administrative supervision over all courts and personnel. List See also: Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines No. Image Chief justice Tenure Appointed by Law school Prior office 1 Cayetano Arellano(1847–1920) June 15, 1901–April 12, 1920(18 years, 302 days)(Resigned) William McKinley UST President of theSupreme Court(1899–1901) 2 Victorino Mapa(1855–1927) July 1, 1920–October 31, 1921(1 year, 122 days)(Resigned) Woodrow Wilson Secretary of Justice(1913–1920)Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1901–1913) 3 Manuel Araullo(1853–1924) November 1, 1921–July 26, 1924(2 years, 268 days)(Died) Warren G. Harding Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1913–1921) 4 Ramon Avanceña(1872–1957) April 1, 1925–December 5, 1941(16 years, 267 days)(Resigned) Calvin Coolidge Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1917–1925) 5 Jose Abad Santos(1886–1942) December 24, 1941–May 1, 19421(128 days)(Died) Manuel L. Quezon Northwestern Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1932–1941) 6 Jose Yulo(1894–1976) January 26, 1942–July 9, 1945(3 years, 63 days)(Resigned) Masaharu Homma UP Speaker of theNational Assembly(1939–1941) 7 Manuel Moran(1893–1961) July 9, 1945–March 20, 1951(5 years, 254 days)(Resigned) Sergio Osmeña Escuela de Derecho Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1938–1945) 8 Ricardo Paras(1891–1984) April 2, 1951–February 17, 1961(9 years, 321 days)(Retired) Elpidio Quirino UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1941–1951) 9 Cesar Bengzon(1896–1992) April 28, 1961–May 29, 1966(5 years, 31 days)(Retired) Carlos P. Garcia Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1945–1961) 10 Roberto Concepcion(1903–1987) June 17, 1966–April 18, 1973(6 years, 305 days)(Retired) Ferdinand Marcos UST Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1954–1966) 11 Querube Makalintal(1910–2002) October 21, 1973–December 22, 1975(2 years, 62 days)(Retired) UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1962–1973) 12 Fred Ruiz Castro(1914–1979) January 5, 1976–April 19, 1979(3 years, 104 days)(Died) Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1966–1976) 13 Enrique Fernando(1915–2004) July 2, 1979–July 24, 1985(6 years, 22 days)(Retired) Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1967–1979) 14 Felix Makasiar(1915–1992) July 25, 1985–November 19, 1985(117 days)(Retired) Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1970–1985) 15 Ramon Aquino(1917–1993) November 20, 1985–March 6, 1987(1 year, 106 days)(Resigned) Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1973–1985) 16 Claudio Teehankee(1918–1989) April 2, 1987–April 18, 1988(1 year, 16 days)(Retired) Corazon Aquino Ateneo Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1969–1987) 17 Pedro Yap(1918–2003) April 19, 1988–June 30, 1988(72 days)(Retired) UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1986–1988) 18 Marcelo Fernan(1927–1999) July 1, 1988–December 6, 1991(3 years, 158 days)(Resigned) Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1986–1988) 19 Andres Narvasa(1928–2013) December 8, 1991–November 30, 1998(6 years, 357 days)(Retired) UST Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1986–1991) 20 Hilario Davide Jr.(born 1935) November 30, 1998–December 20, 2005(7 years, 20 days)(Retired) Joseph Estrada UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1991–1998) 21 Artemio Panganiban(born 1937) December 20, 2005–December 7, 2007(1 year, 352 days)(Retired) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo FEU Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1995–2005) 22 Reynato Puno(born 1940) December 7, 2007–May 17, 2010(2 years, 161 days)(Retired) UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1993–2007) 23 Renato Corona(1948–2016) May 17, 2010–May 29, 20122 3(2 years, 12 days)(Impeached) Ateneo Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2002–2010) – Maria Lourdes Sereno(born 1960) August 25, 2012–May 11, 20183 4(5 years, 259 days)(De facto Chief Justice,appointment null and void ab initio) Benigno Aquino III UP Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2010–2012) 24 Teresita de Castro(born 1948) August 28, 2018–October 10, 20183 5(43 days)(Retired) Rodrigo Duterte Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2007–2018) 25 Lucas Bersamin(born 1949) November 26, 2018–October 18, 2019(326 days)(Retired) UE Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2009–2018) 26 Diosdado Peralta(born 1952) October 23, 2019–March 27, 2021(1 year, 155 days)(Resigned) UST Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2009–2019) 27 Alexander Gesmundo(born 1956) April 5, 2021–present(3 years, 76 days) Ateneo Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(2017–2021) Politics of the Philippines Government Constitution of the Philippines Charter Change Laws Legal codes Taxation Executive President of the Philippines Bongbong Marcos (PFP) Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte (HNP) Cabinet (lists) Executive departments Local government Legislature Congress of the Philippines 19th Congress Senate President Migz Zubiri (Independent) House of Representatives Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas) Districts Party-list representation Bangsamoro Parliament Provincial boards City councils Municipal councils Barangay councils Judiciary Supreme Court of the Philippines Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions Civil Service Commission Chairperson Karlo Nograles Commission on Audit Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba Commission on Elections Chairperson George Garcia Elections General 2016 2019 2022 Barangay 2013 2018 2023 Referendums Political parties Akbayan Aksyon Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PFP Reporma PDP UNA Administrative divisions Capital Regions Autonomous regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics Foreign relations Human rights Philippines portal Other countries vte ^1 José Abad Santos was unable to preside over the Supreme Court due to the outbreak of World War II. ^2 Renato Corona was impeached on December 12, 2011, and convicted on May 29, 2012, removing him from office. ^3 Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio served as acting chief justice after the Impeachment of Renato Corona from May 30, 2012 to August 25, 2012 and after the removal of Maria Lourdes Sereno via quo warranto proceedings from May 14, 2018 to August 25, 2018. ^4 Maria Lourdes Sereno was removed on May 11, 2018 via quo warranto by a special en banc session; the petition alleged Sereno's appointment was void ab initio due to her failure in complying with the requirements of the Judicial and Bar Council. Hence her entire term as chief justice is considered a de facto tenure; legally void since the ouster of her predecessor. Sereno filed an ad cautelam motion for reconsideration pleading for the reversal of the decision on May 31, 2018, but on June 19, 2018 was denied with finality (meaning no further pleading shall be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) for lack of merit. ^5 As a result of Republic v. Sereno, Maria Lourdes Sereno is no longer considered the 24th chief justice of the Philippines, as the court ruled that her appointment was never legal but null and void ab initio. Thus, on August 25, 2018, Teresita de Castro was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte as the new de jure and 24th chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. Acting Chief Justices The following became Senior Associate Justices in their tenure in the Supreme Court: Senior Associate Justice Year Appointed Term as AJ Tenure as Acting Chief Justice Florentino Torres 1901 1901-1920 April 1, 1920 April 20, 1920 Elias Finley Johnson 1903 1903-1933 April 20, 1920 July 1, 1920 October 31, 1921 November 1, 1921 July 26, 1924 April 1, 1925 José Abad Santos 1932 1932-1941 December 24, 1941 Manuel V. Moran 1938 1938-1945 May 1, 1942 May 7, 1942 Ricardo M. Paras Jr. 1941 1941-1951 March 20, 1951 April 2, 1951 César F. Bengzon 1945 1945-1961 February 17, 1961 April 28, 1961 Roberto R. Concepcion 1954 1954-1966 May 29, 1966 June 17, 1966 Querube C. Makalintal 1962 1962-1973 April 18, 1973 October 21, 1973 Fred Ruiz Castro 1966 1966-1975 December 22, 1975 January 5, 1976 Enrique M. Fernando Sr. 1967 1967-1979 April 19, 1979 July 2, 1979 Claudio Teehankee Sr. 1968 1979-1986 July 24, 1985 July 25, 1985 November 19, 1985 November 20, 1985 March 6, 1987 April 1, 1987 Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera 1979 1986 (reappointed) 1979-1992 April 18, 1988 April 19, 1988 June 30, 1988 July 1, 1988 December 6, 1991 December 8, 1991 Flerida Ruth P. Romero 1991 1991-1999 November 30, 1998 Reynato S. Puno 1993 1993 December 20, 2005 Leonardo A. Quisumbing 1998 1998-2009 December 7, 2005 Antonio T. Carpio 2001 2001-2019 May 17, 2010 May 28, 2012 August 25, 2012 May 11, 2018 August 28, 2018 October 10, 2018 November 28, 2018 October 17, 2019 October 23, 2019 Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe 2011 2011-2022 March 27, 2022 April 5, 2022 Demographics Longevity Ages of living chief justices as of 00:20, Thursday, June 20, 2024 (UTC) Order Chief justice Birth Death Age 1 César Bengzon May 29, 1896 September 3, 1992 96 years, 97 days 2 Ricardo Paras Jr. February 17, 1891 October 10, 1984 93 years, 236 days 3 Querube Makalintal December 11, 1910 November 8, 2002 91 years, 333 days 4 Enrique Fernando July 25, 1915 October 3, 2004 89 years, 70 days 5 Hilario Davide December 20, 1935 Living 88 years, 183 days 6 Pedro Yap July 1, 1918 November 20, 2003 86 years, 142 days 7 Artemio Panganiban December 7, 1937 Living 86 years, 196 days 8 Ramón Avanceña April 13, 1872 June 12, 1957 85 years, 60 days 9 Andres Narvasa November 30, 1928 October 31, 2013 84 years, 335 days 10 Roberto Concepcion June 7, 1903 May 3, 1987 83 years, 330 days 11 Reynato Puno May 17, 1940 Living 84 years, 34 days 12 José Yulo September 24, 1894 October 27, 1976 82 years, 33 days 13 Felix Makasiar August 31, 1917 February 19, 1992 74 years, 172 days 14 Ramon Aquino November 20, 1915 March 31, 1993 77 years, 131 days 15 Teresita Leonardo-de Castro October 8, 1948 Living 75 years, 256 days 16 Cayetano Arellano March 2, 1847 December 20, 1920 73 years, 293 days 17 Lucas Bersamin October 18, 1949 Living 74 years, 246 days 18 Marcelo Fernán October 24, 1926 July 11, 1999 72 years, 260 days 19 Victorino Mapa February 25, 1855 April 12, 1927 72 years, 46 days 20 Manuel Araullo January 1, 1853 July 26, 1924 71 years, 207 days 21 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. April 18, 1918 July 11, 1989 71 years, 84 days 22 Diosdado Peralta March 27, 1952 Living 72 years, 85 days 23 Manuel Moran October 27, 1893 August 23, 1961 67 years, 300 days 24 Renato Corona October 15, 1948 April 29, 2016 67 years, 197 days 25 Alexander Gesmundo November 6, 1956 Living 67 years, 227 days 26 Fred Ruiz Castro September 2, 1914 April 19, 1979 64 years, 229 days 27 José Abad Santos February 19, 1886 May 2, 1942 56 years, 72 days By age group Age group Total % Centenarians 0 0% Nonagenarians 3 11% Octogenarians 8 29% Septugenarians 9 32% Sexagenarian 7 25% Quincagenarian 1 4% Chief justices: 28 By gender Gender Total % Male 26 93% Female 2 7% Chief justices: 28 100% By appointing president President Total % Ferdinand Marcos (KBL/Nacionalista) 6 21% Corazon Aquino (UNIDO/Independent) 4 14% Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) 4 14% Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas) 3 11% William McKinley (Republican) 1 4% Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) 1 4% Warren G. Harding (Republican) 1 4% Calvin Coolidge (Republican) 1 4% Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista) 1 4% Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista) 1 4% Japanese Military Administration 1 4% Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) 1 4% Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) 1 4% Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) 1 4% Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) 1 4% Chief justices: 28 100% By law school Law school Total % University of the Philippines College of Law 14 50% University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law 7 25% Ateneo School of Law 3 11% Escuela de Derecho 1 4% Far Eastern University Institute of Law 1 4% Northwestern University School of Law 1 4% University of the East College of Law 1 4% Chief justices: 28 100% Notable chief justices José Yulo is the only former speaker of the House of Representatives to be subsequently appointed as chief justice. Another, Querube Makalintal, would be elected as Speaker of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) after his retirement from the court. On the other hand, Marcelo Fernan would, after his resignation from the court, be elected to the Senate and later serve as president of the Senate. Other chief justices served in prominent positions in public service after their retirement include Manuel Moran (ambassador to Spain and the Vatican), and Hilario Davide, Jr. (ambassador to the United Nations). In addition, César Bengzon was elected as the first Filipino to sit as a judge on the International Court of Justice shortly after his retirement in 1966. Roberto Concepcion was reputedly so disappointed with the court's ruling in Javellana v. Executive Secretary where the majority affirmed the validity of the 1973 Constitution despite recognizing the flaws in its ratification, that he retired two months prior to his reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. Thirteen years later, after the ouster of Marcos, the 83-year-old Concepcion was appointed a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission tasked with drafting a new constitution. Drawing from his experiences as chief justice in the early days of martial law, Concepcion introduced several new innovations designed to assure the independence of the Supreme Court, such as the Judicial and Bar Council and the express conferment on the court the power to review any acts of government. The longest period one person served as chief justice was 18 years, 294 days in the case of Cayetano Arellano, who served from 1901 to 1920. Arellano was 73 years, 29 days old upon his resignation, the greatest age ever reached by an incumbent chief justice, and a record unlikely to be broken with the current mandatory retirement age of 70. The shortest tenure of any chief justice was of Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who served as chief justice for a mere 43 days upon reaching her mandatory retirement age of 70. The previous record was that of Pedro Yap, who served as chief justice for 73 days in 1988. Other chief justices who served for less than a year were Felix Makasiar (85 days), Ramon Aquino (78 days), and Artemio Panganiban (352 days). Of these chief justices, all but Aquino left office upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70; Aquino resigned in 1986 after the newly installed President Corazon Aquino asked for the courtesy resignations of all the members of the court. The oldest person appointed as chief justice was Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who was 69 years, 324 days old upon his appointment in 2018. Other persons appointed as chief justice in their 69th year were Pedro Yap (69 years, 292 days old); Felix Makasiar (69 years, 280 days old); Artemio Panganiban (69 years, 13 days old); and Lucas Bersamin (69 years, 41 days). The youngest person named as chief justice was Manuel Moran, who was 51 years, 256 days old upon his appointment. Claudio Teehankee had to wait for nearly 18 years as associate justice before he was appointed as chief justice. He was twice bypassed by Ferdinand Marcos in favor a more junior associate justice before he was finally appointed chief justice by Corazon Aquino. Of the Filipino associate justices, Florentino Torres and J. B. L. Reyes served over 18 years in the court without becoming chief justice. In contrast, Pedro Yap had served as associate justice for only 2 years, 10 days before he was promoted as chief justice. The longest-lived chief justice was César Bengzon, who died in 1992 aged 96 years, 97 days old. Two other chief justices lived past 90: Ricardo Paras (93 years, 235 days) and Querube Makalintal (91 years, 322 days). The youngest chief justice to die was José Abad Santos, who was executed by the Japanese army in 1942 at age 56 years, 77 days. The youngest chief justice to die from non-violent causes was Fred Ruiz Castro, who died in 1979 of a heart attack inflight to India, at age 64 years, 231 days. Abad Santos, Castro, and Manuel Araullo are the only chief justices to die while in office. The first chief justice to be impeached is Renato Corona. On December 12, 2011, 188 of the 285 members of House of Representatives voted to transmit to the Senate the Articles of Impeachment filed against him. On May 29, 2012, the Senate, voting 20–3, convicted Corona under Article II pertaining to his failure to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth. Maria Lourdes Sereno was the first female appointed to serve as chief justice, following the impeachment of Renato Corona and deliberations by the Judicial and Bar Council in 2012 (her successor Teresita Leonardo-de Castro is the de jure first female chief justice). If not for the quo warranto petition which was granted on May 11, 2018, that removed her from the post as well as voiding her appointment and declaring her tenure as a de facto term, she would have been the second chief justice to similarly undergo impeachment proceedings as her late predecessor, Corona. Her ouster was made final on June 19, 2018, by the denial with finality (meaning no further pleading would be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) of her ad cautelam motion for reconsideration filed on May 31, 2018, pleading for the reversal of her ouster via quo warranto. Timeline Gallery Portraits of the chief justices at the Supreme Court Building The chief justice's judicial chambers Reception room for the Office of the Chief Justice See also Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Supreme Court of the Philippines Constitution of the Philippines Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines References ^ "Carpio is acting chief justice under SC order". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012. ^ a b "G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ a b "G.R. No. 237428. June 19, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Updated daily according to UTC. ^ "Senate votes 20-3 to convict Corona". Inquirer.net. May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012. Further reading The Supreme Court E-library The Chief Justice on the Official Gazette of the Philippines Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. I. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0134-9. Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. II. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0137-3. Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. III. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0139-X. vteThe Gesmundo Court2021–present (current composition, starting April 5, 2021, following the appointment of Alexander Gesmundo as CJ) vteChief Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Cayetano Arellano Victorino Mapa Manuel Araullo Ramón Avanceña José Abad Santos José Yulo Manuel Moran Ricardo Paras César Bengzon Roberto Concepcion Querube Makalintal Fred Ruiz Castro Enrique Fernando Felix Makasiar Ramon Aquino Claudio Teehankee Pedro Yap Marcelo Fernan Andres Narvasa Hilario Davide Jr. Artemio Panganiban Reynato Puno Renato Corona Maria Lourdes Sereno Teresita Leonardo-de Castro Lucas Bersamin Diosdado Peralta Alexander Gesmundo Italic indicates de facto tenure

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"government of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gesmundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"early retirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines#Composition_and_manner_of_appointment"},{"link_name":"Diosdado Peralta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Peralta"},{"link_name":"Cayetano Arellano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Arellano"},{"link_name":"Taft Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Commission"},{"link_name":"Philippine Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Assembly"}],"text":"The chief justice of the Philippines (Filipino: Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas) presides over the Supreme Court and is the highest judicial officer of the government of the Philippines. \nAs of April 5, 2021, the position is currently held by Alexander Gesmundo, who was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte following the early retirement of his predecessor, Diosdado Peralta, in March 2021.The chief justice, who was first named on June 11, 1901, in the person of Cayetano Arellano, is the oldest existing major governmental office continually held by a Filipino, preceding the presidency and vice presidency (1935), senators (1916, or as the Taft Commission, on September 1, 1901) and the members of the House of Representatives (1907 as the Philippine Assembly).","title":"Chief Justice of the Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Judicial and Bar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council"},{"link_name":"associate justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Commission on Appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"current 1987 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"ex-officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-officio"},{"link_name":"impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment"},{"link_name":"primus inter pares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares"},{"link_name":"J. B. L. Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._L._Reyes"},{"link_name":"People Power Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Claudio Teehankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Ramon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Benigno Simeon Aquino III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Simeon_Aquino_III"},{"link_name":"Conchita Carpio-Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchita_Carpio-Morales"},{"link_name":"Renato Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"Bienvenido Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienvenido_Reyes"},{"link_name":"San Beda College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Beda_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Maria Lourdes Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lourdes_Sereno"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_Electoral_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Senate Electoral Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Electoral_Tribunal"}],"text":"The power to appoint the chief justice lies with the president of the Philippines, who makes the selection from a list of three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. There is no material difference in the process of selecting a chief justice from that in the selection of associate justices. As with the other justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice is obliged to retire upon reaching the age of 70; otherwise there is no term limit for the chief justice. In the 1935 constitution, any person appointed by the president has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments; in the 1973 constitution, the person whom the president appointed did not have to undergo confirmation under the Commission on Appointments.The current 1987 constitution does not ascribe any formal role to the chief justice other than as an ex-officio chairman of the Judicial and Bar Council and as the presiding officer in any impeachment trial of the president. The chief justice is also required to personally certify every decision that is rendered by the court. The chief justice carries only 1 vote out of 15 in the court, and is generally regarded, vis-a-vis the other justices, as the primus inter pares rather than as the administrative superior of the other members of the court.Still, the influence a chief justice may bear within the court and judiciary, and on the national government cannot be underestimated. In the public eye, any particular Supreme Court is widely identified with the identity of the incumbent chief justice, hence appellations such as \"The Fernando Court\" or \"The Puno Court\". Moreover, the chief justice usually retains high public visibility, unlike the associate justices, who tend to labor in relative anonymity, with exceptions such as Associate Justice J. B. L. Reyes in the 1950s to 1970s.By tradition, it is also the chief justice who swears into office the president of the Philippines. One notable deviation from that tradition came in 1986, and later again in 2010. Due to the exceptional political circumstances culminating in the People Power Revolution, on February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as president before Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee in San Juan just minutes before Ferdinand Marcos took his own oath of office also as president before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino. Marcos fled into exile later that night. More than two decades afterwards, Benigno Simeon Aquino III followed in his mother's footsteps (with almost similar reasons) by having Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer his oath of office, rather than Chief Justice Renato Corona (who was eventually impeached halfway through Aquino's term). Six years later, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte took his oath of office before Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes, his classmate at San Beda College of Law, instead of Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (who would eventually be removed from her position through quo warranto after it was determined that she had been unlawfully holding office ab initio).The chief justice also names the three justices each from the Supreme Court in the memberships of the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal.The chief justice is the chief executive officer of the Philippine judiciary system and together with the whole Supreme\nCourt, exercises administrative supervision over all courts and personnel.","title":"Duties and powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_santos"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_corona"},{"link_name":"impeached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_carpio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Carpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carpio"},{"link_name":"Impeachment of Renato Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"removal of Maria Lourdes Sereno via quo warranto proceedings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quo_warranto_petition_against_Maria_Lourdes_Sereno"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_sereno"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuoWarranto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRDenied-3"},{"link_name":"^5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_castro"},{"link_name":"Republic v. Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_v._Sereno"},{"link_name":"ab initio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_initio"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"See also: Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines^1 José Abad Santos was unable to preside over the Supreme Court due to the outbreak of World War II.\n^2 Renato Corona was impeached on December 12, 2011, and convicted on May 29, 2012, removing him from office.\n^3 Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio served as acting chief justice after the Impeachment of Renato Corona from May 30, 2012 to August 25, 2012[1] and after the removal of Maria Lourdes Sereno via quo warranto proceedings from May 14, 2018 to August 25, 2018.\n^4 Maria Lourdes Sereno was removed on May 11, 2018 via quo warranto by a special en banc session; the petition alleged Sereno's appointment was void ab initio due to her failure in complying with the requirements of the Judicial and Bar Council. Hence her entire term as chief justice is considered a de facto tenure;[2] legally void since the ouster of her predecessor. Sereno filed an ad cautelam motion for reconsideration pleading for the reversal of the decision on May 31, 2018, but on June 19, 2018 was denied with finality (meaning no further pleading shall be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) for lack of merit.[3]\n^5 As a result of Republic v. Sereno, Maria Lourdes Sereno is no longer considered the 24th chief justice of the Philippines, as the court ruled that her appointment was never legal but null and void ab initio. Thus, on August 25, 2018, Teresita de Castro was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte as the new de jure and 24th chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[4]","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following became Senior Associate Justices in their tenure in the Supreme Court:","title":"Acting Chief Justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"}],"sub_title":"Longevity","text":"Ages of living chief justices as of 00:20, Thursday, June 20, 2024 (UTC)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By age group","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By gender","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By appointing president","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By law school","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Yulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo"},{"link_name":"speaker of the House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Querube Makalintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querube_Makalintal"},{"link_name":"Interim Batasang Pambansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Fernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"president of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manuel Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Moran"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Hilario Davide, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilario_Davide,_Jr."},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"César Bengzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Bengzon"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Roberto Concepcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion"},{"link_name":"Javellana v. Executive Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification_Cases"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Judicial and Bar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review"},{"link_name":"Cayetano Arellano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Arellano"},{"link_name":"Teresita Leonardo-de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresita_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Pedro Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Yap"},{"link_name":"Felix Makasiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Makasiar"},{"link_name":"Ramon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Artemio Panganiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio_Panganiban"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Teresita Leonardo-de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresita_Leonardo-de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Felix Makasiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Makasiar"},{"link_name":"Artemio Panganiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio_Panganiban"},{"link_name":"Lucas Bersamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Bersamin"},{"link_name":"Manuel Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Moran"},{"link_name":"Claudio Teehankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Florentino Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Torres"},{"link_name":"J. B. L. Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._L._Reyes"},{"link_name":"César Bengzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Bengzon"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Paras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Paras"},{"link_name":"Querube Makalintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querube_Makalintal"},{"link_name":"José Abad Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos"},{"link_name":"Fred Ruiz Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ruiz_Castro"},{"link_name":"Manuel Araullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Araullo"},{"link_name":"impeached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"Renato Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Articles of Impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Impeachment_against_Chief_Justice_Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maria Lourdes Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lourdes_Sereno"},{"link_name":"Teresita Leonardo-de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresita_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuoWarranto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRDenied-3"}],"text":"José Yulo is the only former speaker of the House of Representatives to be subsequently appointed as chief justice. Another, Querube Makalintal, would be elected as Speaker of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) after his retirement from the court. On the other hand, Marcelo Fernan would, after his resignation from the court, be elected to the Senate and later serve as president of the Senate. Other chief justices served in prominent positions in public service after their retirement include Manuel Moran (ambassador to Spain and the Vatican), and Hilario Davide, Jr. (ambassador to the United Nations). In addition, César Bengzon was elected as the first Filipino to sit as a judge on the International Court of Justice shortly after his retirement in 1966.\nRoberto Concepcion was reputedly so disappointed with the court's ruling in Javellana v. Executive Secretary where the majority affirmed the validity of the 1973 Constitution despite recognizing the flaws in its ratification, that he retired two months prior to his reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. Thirteen years later, after the ouster of Marcos, the 83-year-old Concepcion was appointed a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission tasked with drafting a new constitution. Drawing from his experiences as chief justice in the early days of martial law, Concepcion introduced several new innovations designed to assure the independence of the Supreme Court, such as the Judicial and Bar Council and the express conferment on the court the power to review any acts of government.\nThe longest period one person served as chief justice was 18 years, 294 days in the case of Cayetano Arellano, who served from 1901 to 1920. Arellano was 73 years, 29 days old upon his resignation, the greatest age ever reached by an incumbent chief justice, and a record unlikely to be broken with the current mandatory retirement age of 70.\nThe shortest tenure of any chief justice was of Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who served as chief justice for a mere 43 days upon reaching her mandatory retirement age of 70. The previous record was that of Pedro Yap, who served as chief justice for 73 days in 1988. Other chief justices who served for less than a year were Felix Makasiar (85 days), Ramon Aquino (78 days), and Artemio Panganiban (352 days). Of these chief justices, all but Aquino left office upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70; Aquino resigned in 1986 after the newly installed President Corazon Aquino asked for the courtesy resignations of all the members of the court.\nThe oldest person appointed as chief justice was Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who was 69 years, 324 days old upon his appointment in 2018. Other persons appointed as chief justice in their 69th year were Pedro Yap (69 years, 292 days old); Felix Makasiar (69 years, 280 days old); Artemio Panganiban (69 years, 13 days old); and Lucas Bersamin (69 years, 41 days). The youngest person named as chief justice was Manuel Moran, who was 51 years, 256 days old upon his appointment.\nClaudio Teehankee had to wait for nearly 18 years as associate justice before he was appointed as chief justice. He was twice bypassed by Ferdinand Marcos in favor a more junior associate justice before he was finally appointed chief justice by Corazon Aquino. Of the Filipino associate justices, Florentino Torres and J. B. L. Reyes served over 18 years in the court without becoming chief justice. In contrast, Pedro Yap had served as associate justice for only 2 years, 10 days before he was promoted as chief justice.\nThe longest-lived chief justice was César Bengzon, who died in 1992 aged 96 years, 97 days old. Two other chief justices lived past 90: Ricardo Paras (93 years, 235 days) and Querube Makalintal (91 years, 322 days).\nThe youngest chief justice to die was José Abad Santos, who was executed by the Japanese army in 1942 at age 56 years, 77 days. The youngest chief justice to die from non-violent causes was Fred Ruiz Castro, who died in 1979 of a heart attack inflight to India, at age 64 years, 231 days. Abad Santos, Castro, and Manuel Araullo are the only chief justices to die while in office.\nThe first chief justice to be impeached is Renato Corona. On December 12, 2011, 188 of the 285 members of House of Representatives voted to transmit to the Senate the Articles of Impeachment filed against him. On May 29, 2012, the Senate, voting 20–3, convicted Corona under Article II pertaining to his failure to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth.[5]\nMaria Lourdes Sereno was the first female appointed to serve as chief justice, following the impeachment of Renato Corona and deliberations by the Judicial and Bar Council in 2012 (her successor Teresita Leonardo-de Castro is the de jure first female chief justice). If not for the quo warranto petition which was granted on May 11, 2018, that removed her from the post as well as voiding her appointment and declaring her tenure as a de facto term,[2] she would have been the second chief justice to similarly undergo impeachment proceedings as her late predecessor, Corona. Her ouster was made final on June 19, 2018, by the denial with finality (meaning no further pleading would be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) of her ad cautelam motion for reconsideration filed on May 31, 2018, pleading for the reversal of her ouster via quo warranto.[3]","title":"Notable chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scphotosjf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiefjusticejf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supremecourtchambersjf.JPG"}],"text":"Portraits of the chief justices at the Supreme Court Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe chief justice's judicial chambers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReception room for the Office of the Chief Justice","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Supreme Court E-library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070224043336/http://elibrary.supremecourt.gov.ph/index4.php"},{"link_name":"The Chief Justice on the Official Gazette of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/sc/cj/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-10-0134-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0134-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-10-0137-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0137-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-10-0139-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0139-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_Supreme_Court_composition"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_Supreme_Court_composition"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_Supreme_Court_composition"},{"link_name":"Gesmundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gesmundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippine_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippine_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippine_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Chief Justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cayetano Arellano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Arellano"},{"link_name":"Victorino Mapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorino_Mapa"},{"link_name":"Manuel Araullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Araullo"},{"link_name":"Ramón Avanceña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Avance%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"José Abad Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos"},{"link_name":"José Yulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo"},{"link_name":"Manuel Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Moran"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Paras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Paras"},{"link_name":"César Bengzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Bengzon"},{"link_name":"Roberto Concepcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion"},{"link_name":"Querube Makalintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querube_Makalintal"},{"link_name":"Fred Ruiz Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ruiz_Castro"},{"link_name":"Enrique Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Felix Makasiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Makasiar"},{"link_name":"Ramon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Claudio Teehankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee"},{"link_name":"Pedro Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Yap"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Fernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan"},{"link_name":"Andres Narvasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Narvasa"},{"link_name":"Hilario Davide Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr."},{"link_name":"Artemio Panganiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio_Panganiban"},{"link_name":"Reynato Puno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynato_Puno"},{"link_name":"Renato Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Corona"},{"link_name":"Maria Lourdes Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Lourdes_Sereno"},{"link_name":"Teresita Leonardo-de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresita_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Lucas Bersamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Bersamin"},{"link_name":"Diosdado Peralta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Peralta"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gesmundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines.svg"},{"link_name":"de facto tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quo_warranto_petition_against_Maria_Lourdes_Sereno"}],"text":"The Supreme Court E-library\nThe Chief Justice on the Official Gazette of the Philippines\nSevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. I. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0134-9.\nSevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. II. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0137-3.\nSevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. III. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0139-X.vteThe Gesmundo Court2021–present (current composition, starting April 5, 2021, following the appointment of Alexander Gesmundo as CJ)vteChief Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines\nCayetano Arellano\nVictorino Mapa\nManuel Araullo\nRamón Avanceña\nJosé Abad Santos\nJosé Yulo\nManuel Moran\nRicardo Paras\nCésar Bengzon\nRoberto Concepcion\nQuerube Makalintal\nFred Ruiz Castro\nEnrique Fernando\nFelix Makasiar\nRamon Aquino\nClaudio Teehankee\nPedro Yap\nMarcelo Fernan\nAndres Narvasa\nHilario Davide Jr.\nArtemio Panganiban\nReynato Puno\nRenato Corona\nMaria Lourdes Sereno\nTeresita Leonardo-de Castro\nLucas Bersamin\nDiosdado Peralta\nAlexander Gesmundo\nItalic indicates de facto tenure","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Carpio is acting chief justice under SC order\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/203485/carpio-is-acting-chief-justice-under-sc-order","url_text":"\"Carpio is acting chief justice under SC order\""}]},{"reference":"\"G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018\" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153100/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2018/may2018/237428.pdf","url_text":"\"G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines","url_text":"Supreme Court of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2018/may2018/237428.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"G.R. No. 237428. June 19, 2018\" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153200/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2018/june2018/237428.pdf","url_text":"\"G.R. No. 237428. June 19, 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines","url_text":"Supreme Court of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2018/june2018/237428.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Senate votes 20-3 to convict Corona\". Inquirer.net. May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/202929/senate-convicts-corona","url_text":"\"Senate votes 20-3 to convict Corona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquirer.net","url_text":"Inquirer.net"}]},{"reference":"Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. I. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0134-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0134-9","url_text":"971-10-0134-9"}]},{"reference":"Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. II. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0137-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0137-3","url_text":"971-10-0137-3"}]},{"reference":"Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. III. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0139-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0139-X","url_text":"971-10-0139-X"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament_Local_Area_Development_Scheme

Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

["1 Type of recommended work","2 One MP – One Idea","3 Issues with MPLADS","3.1 Optimum citizen participation","3.2 MPLADS as political mileage for elections","3.3 Insufficient monitoring of sanctioned works","4 CAG report on MPLADS","5 References","6 External links"]

Indian Government local development plan Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)CountryIndiaLaunched23 December 1993; 30 years ago (1993-12-23) Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme formulated by Government of India on 23 December 1993 that enables the members of parliaments (MP) to recommend developmental work in their constituencies with an emphasis on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs. Initially, this scheme was administered by Ministry of Rural Development. Later, in October 1994, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) has been looking into its working. Elected Members of Rajya Sabha representing the whole of the State as they do, may select works for implementation in one or more district(s) as they may choose. Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may also select works for implementation in one or more districts, anywhere in the country. MPs can also recommend work of up to Rs. 25 lakhs per year outside their constituency or state of election to promote national unity, harmony and fraternity. MPs can recommend work of up to 25 lakh for Natural Calamity in the state and up to Rs. 1 crore in the country in case of Calamity of Severe Nature (e.g. Tsunami, major cyclones and earthquakes). A State level nodal department is chosen, which is responsible for supervision and monitoring and maintaining coordination with line departments. District authorities (DAs) sanction the work recommended by MPs;District Authority would be responsible for overall coordination and supervision of the works under the scheme at the district level and inspect at least 10% of the works under implementation every year. The District Authority should involve the MPs in the inspections of projects to the extent feasible. sanction funds; identify implementation agency and user agency, implement the work on ground, transfer assets to user agency, and report back to ministry about status of MPLADS in the district. Each MP is allocated Rs. 5 crore per year since 2011-12 which has been increased from Rs. 5 lakh in 1993-94 and Rs. 2 crore in 1998-99. MoSPI disburses funds to district authorities, not directly to MPs. This annual entitlement is released conditionally in two installments of Rs. 2.5 crore each. Funds are non-lapsable in nature i.e. in case of non-release of fund in a particular year it is carried forward to the next year. MPs need to recommend work worth at least 15% and 7.5% of their funds to create assets in areas inhabited by Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) respectively. Funds for MPLADS can be converged with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for creating more durable assets and with National Program for Development of Sports (Khelo India). Infrastructure development on land belonging to registered societies/ trusts is permissible, provided the society/trust is engaged in social welfare activity, and is in existence for three years.  No more than Rs. 50 lakh for one or more works in the lifetime of the society/trust can be spent. MPLADS funding is not permissible for  those societies where the concerned MP and his/ her family members are office bearers. For societies or charitable homes which look after deprived segments of the society, the relaxed grant is Rs. 1 crore. "As on 2nd July 2018, 47572.75 crores have been released by G.O.I. since 1993 of which 94.99% have been utilized under the scheme. Presently 3,940 crores are disbursed annually for MPLADS scheme". Top-5 states with highest utilisation-to-released fund ratio are Telangana (101.42%), Sikkim (100.89%), Chhattisgarh (99.6%), Kerala (99.3%) and West Bengal (98.65%). The Bottom-5 states are Uttarakhand (87.22%), Tripura (88.46%), Jharkhand (88.93%), Rajasthan (90.16%) and Odisha (90.54%). Top Union Territories (UT) with highest utilisation-to -released fund ratio are Lakshadweep (111.68%), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (105.68%) and Delhi (104.1%). For the year 2017-2018, majority spending of MPLADS funds happened in two sectors: ‘railways, roads, pathways and bridges’ (43%) and ‘Other public activities’ (23%).  Education, health, water and sanitation sectors received less funding. Type of recommended work Works which will serve greater public purpose and not purpose of few individuals need to be recommended. MPs can only recommend, but District Authorities have the ultimate power to sanction it. Key priority sectors : Drinking water facility, education, electricity facility, non-conventional energy resources, healthcare and sanitation, irrigation facilities, railways, roads, pathways and bridges, sports, agriculture and allied activities, self-help group development, urban development. Works not permitted: construction of office and residential buildings for public and private agencies, land acquisition or paying compensation, naming assets after individuals, grants or loans to state/central relief fund, assets for individual benefits, works on lands belonging to religious groups, execution of works in unauthorized colonies. Other works permitted: construction of railway halt station, providing CCTV camera in strategic locations, installation of bio-digesters at stations, schools, hospitals, provision for fixed weighing scale machines for farmers, installation of rainwater harvesting systems in public spaces, construction of shelters for skill development. Since start there have been reports of malpractices in running the scheme and there have been demands to scrap it. In 2006, a scandal was exposed by a TV Channel, that showed MPs taking bribe for handing over project work under the MPLADS. A seven - member committee was set up to probe the matter. Some new guidelines for MPLADS were announced by MOSPI :- Projects implemented by government agencies would now be provided 75 per cent of the project cost as the first instalment, while those implemented by non-governmental agencies would be provided 60 per cent. For smaller projects costing less than ₹2 lakh (US$2,400), the entire amount would be released at one go. No project costing less than ₹1 lakh (US$1,200) would be sanctioned with exception in the case of essential projects, such as installation of hand pumps, and purchase of computers and their accessories, solar electric lamps, chaupals and equipments . The basket of works that could be taken up under the scheme had been widened to include projects such as the purchase of books for libraries, and ambulances and hearse vans that would be owned and controlled by district authorities. The purchase of Microsoft Office software along with the training of two teachers per school would be now allowed as part of an effort to promote computer literacy in the country. Guidelines are given to maintain transparency of work done:  1. A plaque should be permanently erected at the work place mentioning MP’s name, year, cost involved etc.   2. List of complete and ongoing works under MPLADS should be displayed at District Authority office and MPLADS website (www.mplads.gov.in).   3. Citizens can file RTI to know about the status of funds and work. 4. Funds utilised should be audited by chartered accountants, local fund auditors, or any statutory auditors as per state/UT Govt. procedure.  5. Review meetings should be held by MoSPI in states and centre regarding fund utilization under MPLADS scheme. 6. Respective district authorities should also review work implementation with the implementation agency every month, or at least once in a quarter. One MP – One Idea The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has announced a new scheme "One MP – One Idea" under the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS). Based on the innovative ideas received from the local people regarding developmental projects, a ‘One MP – One Idea’ Competition may be held in each Lok Sabha constituency annually to select the three best innovations for cash awards on the specific request of an MP to promote such a scheme in his/her constituency. This competition, launched at constituency level annually, selects the best models for education, skill-building, energy and environment, housing, etc. Individuals, groups, NGOs, industry, and academia can take part in this competition.15% money spend SC community areas and 7.5% fund spend ST community areas. Issues with MPLADS Optimum citizen participation MPLADS is projected as having the character of decentralized development founded on the principle of participatory development, but there is no indicator available to measure the level of participation.  While the website features details on fund utilisation and status of recommended works, the question of participation remains in dark. There is also no indication how ‘locally felt needs’ were ascertained. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India— a body which audits the receipts and expenditures of the central and state governments, and bodies funded by them—observed in its  2010 report that participation of various constituents in a MP’s constituency such as residence forum or local NGOs were ignored to understand local needs. MPLADS as political mileage for elections A study published in 2017 show that during 15th Lok Sabha term (2009–2014) MPs, irrespective of party ideology, spent less in the beginning of the term. Majority of the unspent balance and new funds were spent in the last year of the term.  Clearly, MPs are using MPLADS as political mileage to be gained during elections.  Yearly expenditure, % utilisation of funds over sanctioned and % completed work over sanctioned increases during the last year of the Lok Sabha term. Non-lapsable funds also catalyse this behaviour. Insufficient monitoring of sanctioned works There is a guideline that district authorities should monitor the sanctioned works, but there is no measurable indicator specified for monitoring. Monitoring activities are also not mentioned in the annual reports. There is no indication of monitoring of asset condition after immediate completion of work and after asset utilization for stipulated time. Implementation agencies should handover utilization certificate to the district authorities. However CAG (2010) found that many implementation agencies did not submit utilisation certificates. CAG report on MPLADS The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) conducted a performance audit of 128 District Authorities of 35 states/ UTs for the period 2004-05 to 2008-09 and published a report in 2010. They observed: Flouting of rules and corruption Cases of faulty sanction of works were found where DAs sanctioned work without recommendation from MPs, or at a higher cost than estimated. In almost 100 districts, funds were utilised to create non-permissible assets such as office buildings for Govt. or private entities, works for religious institutions, etc. In 10 states, costs sanctioned for Registered Societies/ Trusts exceeded the ceiling of Rs. 25 lakhs. In 9 states/UTs, MPs directly recommended an implementation agency, which is against the norms. Unspent funds. In 11 states/ UTs, unfruitful expenditure worth Rs. 8.50 crore was incurred due, as incomplete works were suspended or abandoned. Unspent balances left by predecessor Rajya Sabha MPs in 10 states were not carried forward to the new MPs.   Delays in sanctioning works were found. Lack of monitoring. 90% of audited District Authorities did not maintain asset/work register. Ministry could not ensure timely receipt of monthly progress reports. Functioning of state level monitoring committees was questionable. 86 District Authorities of 23 states/UT did not inspect any work in the period 2004-05 to 2008-09 References ^ Government of India. En/2011-summary-statement-offund-release.aspx "mplads.gov. 2018. Summary statement of funds release". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ Government of India. En/2015-summary-reports.aspx "mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise details of expenditure". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ Government of India. AuthenticatedPages/Reports/ Citizen/ rptCMSStateWiseSummaryOfWork.aspx "mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise summary of work details". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ Indian express http://www.indianexpress.com/news/innovator-win-rs-2-lakh-from-your-mp/954809 ^ PIB http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=84509 ^ Blair, H. 2017. Constituency development funds in India: Do they invite a political business cycle? Economic & Political Weekly LII(31):99-105 ^ Comptroller and Auditor General of India. audit_report_files/ Union_Performance_Local_area_Develo pment_Scheme_31_2010.pdf "cag.gov. 2011. Report No. 31 of 2010- Performance Audit of Civil on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) External links MPLADS Web Archive MPLADS scam rocks Parliament Centre revises guidelines for MPLADS vteGovernment Schemes in India List of schemes Welfare schemes for women Poverty alleviation programmes Subsidies Social security Food security ActiveSchemes Antyodaya Anna Atal Pension Ayushman Bharat Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Direct Benefit Transfer DigiLocker Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan Heritage City Development and Augmentation Integrated Child Development Services Income declaration JAM Yojana Khelo India Pravasi Suraksha Midday Meal Scheme Local Area Development National Infrastructure Pipeline National Pension System National Social Assistance Scheme National Service Scheme Post Office Passport Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA) Adarsh Gram Gramin Awaas Awas Digital Health Mission Gram Sadak Jan Dhan Krishi Sinchai Matsya Sampada Matritva Vandana Shram Yogi Mandhan Ujjwala Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Garib Kalyan Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana Jeevan Jyoti Bima Kisan Samman Nidhi Suraksha Bima Sansad Adarsh Gram Saubhagya Soil Health Card UDAN Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Unnat Jeevan Missions Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation Indradhanush Education Climate Resilient Agriculture Manuscripts Health Anganwadi Auxiliary nurse midwife Accredited Social Health Activist Solar Translation Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Remunerative Approach for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Smart Cities Mission TB-Mission 2020 Projects Agriculture MMP Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Operation Flood Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Mission Identity Aadhaar Business identification Passport Permanent account Ration card Unorganised Workers Voters State AP Annadatha Sukhibhava TG Mission Bhagiratha T App Folio GJ Jyotigram Vibrant Gujarat MP Global Investors Summit Ladli Laxmi MH Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Magnetic Maharashtra OR Ahar Biju Krushak Kalyan Madhu Babu Pension RJ Bhamashah UP Global Investors Summit TN Global Investors Meet Closed/SubsumedSchemes Bharat Nirman National Urban Renewal Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Rural Livelihood Finance Development Fund Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Tuberculosis Control Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Voluntary Disclosure of Income

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Rural Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Rural_Development_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Statistics_and_Programme_Implementation"},{"link_name":"Rajya Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme formulated by Government of India on 23 December 1993 that enables the members of parliaments (MP) to recommend developmental work in their constituencies with an emphasis on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs.Initially, this scheme was administered by Ministry of Rural Development. Later, in October 1994, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) has been looking into its working. Elected Members of Rajya Sabha representing the whole of the State as they do, may select works for implementation in one or more district(s) as they may choose. Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may also select works for implementation in one or more districts, anywhere in the country. MPs can also recommend work of up to Rs. 25 lakhs per year outside their constituency or state of election to promote national unity, harmony and fraternity. MPs can recommend work of up to 25 lakh for Natural Calamity in the state and up to Rs. 1 crore in the country in case of Calamity of Severe Nature (e.g. Tsunami, major cyclones and earthquakes). A State level nodal department is chosen, which is responsible for supervision and monitoring and maintaining coordination with line departments. District authorities (DAs) sanction the work recommended by MPs;District Authority would be responsible for overall coordination and supervision \nof the works under the scheme at the district level and inspect at least 10% of the works \nunder implementation every year. The District Authority should involve the MPs in \nthe inspections of projects to the extent feasible. sanction funds; identify implementation agency and user agency, implement the work on ground, transfer assets to user agency, and report back to ministry about status of MPLADS in the district.Each MP is allocated Rs. 5 crore per year since 2011-12 which has been increased from Rs. 5 lakh in 1993-94 and Rs. 2 crore in 1998-99. MoSPI disburses funds to district authorities, not directly to MPs. This annual entitlement is released conditionally in two installments of Rs. 2.5 crore each. Funds are non-lapsable in nature i.e. in case of non-release of fund in a particular year it is carried forward to the next year. MPs need to recommend work worth at least 15% and 7.5% of their funds to create assets in areas inhabited by Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) respectively. Funds for MPLADS can be converged with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for creating more durable assets and with National Program for Development of Sports (Khelo India).Infrastructure development on land belonging to registered societies/ trusts is permissible, provided the society/trust is engaged in social welfare activity, and is in existence for three years.  No more than Rs. 50 lakh for one or more works in the lifetime of the society/trust can be spent. MPLADS funding is not permissible for  those societies where the concerned MP and his/ her family members are office bearers. For societies or charitable homes which look after deprived segments of the society, the relaxed grant is Rs. 1 crore.\"As on 2nd July 2018, 47572.75 crores have been released by G.O.I. since 1993 of which 94.99% have been utilized under the scheme. Presently 3,940 crores are disbursed annually for MPLADS scheme\"[1][2].Top-5 states with highest utilisation-to-released fund ratio are Telangana (101.42%), Sikkim (100.89%), Chhattisgarh (99.6%), Kerala (99.3%) and West Bengal (98.65%). The Bottom-5 states are Uttarakhand (87.22%), Tripura (88.46%), Jharkhand (88.93%), Rajasthan (90.16%) and Odisha (90.54%). Top Union Territories (UT) with highest utilisation-to -released fund ratio are Lakshadweep (111.68%), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (105.68%) and Delhi (104.1%).For the year 2017-2018, majority spending of MPLADS funds happened in two sectors: ‘railways, roads, pathways and bridges’ (43%) and ‘Other public activities’ (23%).  Education, health, water and sanitation sectors received less funding.[3]","title":"Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Works which will serve greater public purpose and not purpose of few individuals need to be recommended. MPs can only recommend, but District Authorities have the ultimate power to sanction it.Key priority sectors : Drinking water facility, education, electricity facility, non-conventional energy resources, healthcare and sanitation, irrigation facilities, railways, roads, pathways and bridges, sports, agriculture and allied activities, self-help group development, urban development.\nWorks not permitted: construction of office and residential buildings for public and private agencies, land acquisition or paying compensation, naming assets after individuals, grants or loans to state/central relief fund, assets for individual benefits, works on lands belonging to religious groups, execution of works in unauthorized colonies.\nOther works permitted: construction of railway halt station, providing CCTV camera in strategic locations, installation of bio-digesters at stations, schools, hospitals, provision for fixed weighing scale machines for farmers, installation of rainwater harvesting systems in public spaces, construction of shelters for skill development.Since start there have been reports of malpractices in running the scheme and there have been demands to scrap it. In 2006, a scandal was exposed by a TV Channel, that showed MPs taking bribe for handing over project work under the MPLADS. A seven - member committee was set up to probe the matter.Some new guidelines for MPLADS were announced by MOSPI :-Projects implemented by government agencies would now be provided 75 per cent of the project cost as the first instalment, while those implemented by non-governmental agencies would be provided 60 per cent.\nFor smaller projects costing less than ₹2 lakh (US$2,400), the entire amount would be released at one go.\nNo project costing less than ₹1 lakh (US$1,200) would be sanctioned with exception in the case of essential projects, such as installation of hand pumps, and purchase of computers and their accessories, solar electric lamps, chaupals and equipments .\nThe basket of works that could be taken up under the scheme had been widened to include projects such as the purchase of books for libraries, and ambulances and hearse vans that would be owned and controlled by district authorities.\nThe purchase of Microsoft Office software along with the training of two teachers per school would be now allowed as part of an effort to promote computer literacy in the country.Guidelines are given to maintain transparency of work done:  1. A plaque should be permanently erected at the work place mentioning MP’s name, year, cost involved etc.   2. List of complete and ongoing works under MPLADS should be displayed at District Authority office and MPLADS website (www.mplads.gov.in).   3. Citizens can file RTI to know about the status of funds and work. 4. Funds utilised should be audited by chartered accountants, local fund auditors, or any statutory auditors as per state/UT Govt. procedure.  5. Review meetings should be held by MoSPI in states and centre regarding fund utilization under MPLADS scheme. 6. Respective district authorities should also review work implementation with the implementation agency every month, or at least once in a quarter.","title":"Type of recommended work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has announced a new scheme \"One MP – One Idea\" under the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS).[4] Based on the innovative ideas received from the local people regarding developmental projects, a ‘One MP – One Idea’ Competition may be held in each Lok Sabha constituency annually to select the three best innovations for cash awards on the specific request of an MP to promote such a scheme in his/her constituency.[5] This competition, launched at constituency level annually, selects the best models for education, skill-building, energy and environment, housing, etc. Individuals, groups, NGOs, industry, and academia can take part in this competition.15% money spend SC community areas and 7.5% fund spend ST community areas.","title":"One MP – One Idea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issues with MPLADS"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Optimum citizen participation","text":"MPLADS is projected as having the character of decentralized development founded on the principle of participatory development, but there is no indicator available to measure the level of participation.  While the website features details on fund utilisation and status of recommended works, the question of participation remains in dark. There is also no indication how ‘locally felt needs’ were ascertained. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India— a body which audits the receipts and expenditures of the central and state governments, and bodies funded by them—observed in its  2010 report that participation of various constituents in a MP’s constituency such as residence forum or local NGOs were ignored to understand local needs.","title":"Issues with MPLADS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"MPLADS as political mileage for elections","text":"A study[6] published in 2017 show that during 15th Lok Sabha term (2009–2014) MPs, irrespective of party ideology, spent less in the beginning of the term. Majority of the unspent balance and new funds were spent in the last year of the term.  Clearly, MPs are using MPLADS as political mileage to be gained during elections.  Yearly expenditure, % utilisation of funds over sanctioned and % completed work over sanctioned increases during the last year of the Lok Sabha term. Non-lapsable funds also catalyse this behaviour.","title":"Issues with MPLADS"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Insufficient monitoring of sanctioned works","text":"There is a guideline that district authorities should monitor the sanctioned works, but there is no measurable indicator specified for monitoring. Monitoring activities are also not mentioned in the annual reports. There is no indication of monitoring of asset condition after immediate completion of work and after asset utilization for stipulated time. Implementation agencies should handover utilization certificate to the district authorities. However CAG (2010) found that many implementation agencies did not submit utilisation certificates.","title":"Issues with MPLADS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) conducted a performance audit[7] of 128 District Authorities of 35 states/ UTs for the period 2004-05 to 2008-09 and published a report in 2010. They observed: Flouting of rules and corruptionCases of faulty sanction of works were found where DAs sanctioned work without recommendation from MPs, or at a higher cost than estimated.In almost 100 districts, funds were utilised to create non-permissible assets such as office buildings for Govt. or private entities, works for religious institutions, etc.\nIn 10 states, costs sanctioned for Registered Societies/ Trusts exceeded the ceiling of Rs. 25 lakhs.\nIn 9 states/UTs, MPs directly recommended an implementation agency, which is against the norms. Unspent funds.In 11 states/ UTs, unfruitful expenditure worth Rs. 8.50 crore was incurred due, as incomplete works were suspended or abandoned.Unspent balances left by predecessor Rajya Sabha MPs in 10 states were not carried forward to the new MPs.\n  Delays in sanctioning works were found. Lack of monitoring.90% of audited District Authorities did not maintain asset/work register.Ministry could not ensure timely receipt of monthly progress reports.\nFunctioning of state level monitoring committees was questionable.\n86 District Authorities of 23 states/UT did not inspect any work in the period 2004-05 to 2008-09","title":"CAG report on MPLADS"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Government of India. En/2011-summary-statement-offund-release.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Summary statement of funds release\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","url_text":"En/2011-summary-statement-offund-release.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Summary statement of funds release\""}]},{"reference":"Government of India. En/2015-summary-reports.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise details of expenditure\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","url_text":"En/2015-summary-reports.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise details of expenditure\""}]},{"reference":"Government of India. AuthenticatedPages/Reports/ Citizen/ rptCMSStateWiseSummaryOfWork.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise summary of work details\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","url_text":"AuthenticatedPages/Reports/ Citizen/ rptCMSStateWiseSummaryOfWork.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise summary of work details\""}]},{"reference":"Comptroller and Auditor General of India. audit_report_files/ Union_Performance_Local_area_Develo pment_Scheme_31_2010.pdf \"cag.gov. 2011. Report No. 31 of 2010- Performance Audit of Civil on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/","url_text":"audit_report_files/ Union_Performance_Local_area_Develo pment_Scheme_31_2010.pdf \"cag.gov. 2011. Report No. 31 of 2010- Performance Audit of Civil on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","external_links_name":"En/2011-summary-statement-offund-release.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Summary statement of funds release\""},{"Link":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","external_links_name":"En/2015-summary-reports.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise details of expenditure\""},{"Link":"https://www.mplads.gov.in/mplads/","external_links_name":"AuthenticatedPages/Reports/ Citizen/ rptCMSStateWiseSummaryOfWork.aspx \"mplads.gov. 2018. Statewise summary of work details\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/innovator-win-rs-2-lakh-from-your-mp/954809","external_links_name":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/innovator-win-rs-2-lakh-from-your-mp/954809"},{"Link":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=84509","external_links_name":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=84509"},{"Link":"https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/","external_links_name":"audit_report_files/ Union_Performance_Local_area_Develo pment_Scheme_31_2010.pdf \"cag.gov. 2011. Report No. 31 of 2010- Performance Audit of Civil on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme\""},{"Link":"http://mplads.nic.in/dpguid.htm","external_links_name":"MPLADS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200853/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2404/stories/20070309002309600.htm","external_links_name":"Web Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051221/main1.htm","external_links_name":"MPLADS scam rocks Parliament"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2121169.ece","external_links_name":"Centre revises guidelines for MPLADS"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_on_the_Outside

Laughing on the Outside

["1 Track listing","1.1 Side One","1.2 Side Two","1.3 Bonus Tracks on Later Re-issues","1.4 Mono Mixes","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]

1963 studio album by Aretha Franklin Laughing on the OutsideStudio album by Aretha FranklinReleasedAugust 12, 1963RecordedApril 17, 1963 June 12–14, 1963StudioColumbia Recording Studios, (New York/Hollywood)GenreJazz, soul, traditional pop, R&BLength41:00LabelColumbia(8879)ProducerRobert MerseyAretha Franklin chronology The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin(1962) Laughing on the Outside(1963) Unforgettable: A Tribute to Dinah Washington(1964) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRecord Mirror Laughing on the Outside is the fourth studio album by American singer Aretha Franklin, released on August 12, 1963, by Columbia Records. The album was recorded at Columbia Recording Studios in New York and Hollywood. These sessions found a 21-year-old Aretha Franklin recording Jazz and Pop music standards, from Johnny Mercer to Duke Ellington. She is backed by the arrangements of Columbia producer Robert Mersey. One of the most popular songs from the album is Franklin's interpretation of the classic "Skylark". A minute and fifty-eight seconds into the song, she sings the word "Skylark" with power and emotion. This was one of the first times in which she recorded one of her written compositions, "I Wonder (Where Are You Tonight)", on an album. Though somewhat overlooked in her Columbia catalogue, this album was jointly re-released with The Electrifying Aretha Franklin in June 2008. Track listing Side One "Skylark" (Johnny Mercer, Hoagy Carmichael) – 2:49 "For All We Know" (Sam M. Lewis, J. Fred Coots) – 3:25 "Make Someone Happy" (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne) – 3:48 "I Wonder (Where Are You Tonight)" (Aretha Franklin, Ted White) – 3:16 "Solitude" (Duke Ellington, Eddie DeLange, Irving Mills) – 3:50 "Laughing on the Outside" (Bernie Wayne, Ben Raleigh) – 3:14 Side Two "Say It Isn't So" (Irving Berlin) – 3:05 "Until The Real Thing Comes Along" (Sammy Cahn, Saul Chaplin, L. E. Freeman) – 3:04 "If Ever I Would Leave You" (Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe) – 4:04 "Where Are You?" (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) – 3:50 "Mr. Ugly" – 3:22 (Norman Mapp) "I Wanna Be Around" (Johnny Mercer, Sadie Vimmerstedt) – 2:25 Bonus Tracks on Later Re-issues "Ol' Man River" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 4:01 Mono Mixes "You've Got Her" (working title "Let Me Be") (Fred Johnson, Leroy Kirkland, Pearl Woods, Terry Melcher) – 2:40 "Here's Where I Came In (Here's Where I Walk Out)" (Art Wayne, Ben Raleigh) – 2:53 "Say It Isn't So" (Irving Berlin) – 3:08 Personnel Aretha Franklin – vocals Robert Mersey – producer, arranger, conductor Earl Van Dyke, Dave Grusin, Andrew Acker, Leon Russell – piano C. Bosler, Ray Pohlman, Melvin Pollan – bass guitar Hindel Butts, Hal Blaine – drums Don Arnome, Tommy Tedesco, Billy Strange – guitar Jimmy Nottingham – trumpet Robert Ascher – trombone Plas Johnson – saxophone Bernard Eichenbaum, Julius Schacter, Leo Kahn, Berl Senofsky, Felix Gigol, Max Pollikoff, George Ockner, John Rublowsky, Sid Sharp, Tibor Zelig, George Poole, Irving Lipschultz, Irving Weinper, Darrel Terwilliger – violin R. Dickler, Theodore Israel, Jacob Glick – viola Jesse Erlich, Anthony Twardowsky, Joseph Tekula – cello References ^ AllMusic review ^ Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (5 June 1965). "Bobby Vinton: Laughing On The Outside" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 221. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022. External links Aretha Franklin's "Skylark" vteAretha FranklinStudio albums Aretha (1961) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin (1962) The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin (1962) Laughing on the Outside (1963) Unforgettable: A Tribute to Dinah Washington (1964) Runnin' Out of Fools (1964) Yeah!!! (1965) Songs of Faith (1965) Soul Sister (1966) Take It Like You Give It (1967) I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You (1967) Aretha Arrives (1967) Lady Soul (1968) Aretha Now (1968) Soul '69 (1969) Soft and Beautiful (1969) This Girl's in Love with You (1970) Spirit in the Dark (1970) Young, Gifted and Black (1972) Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky) (1973) Let Me in Your Life (1974) With Everything I Feel in Me (1974) You (1975) Sparkle (1976) Sweet Passion (1977) Almighty Fire (1978) La Diva (1979) Aretha (1980) Love All the Hurt Away (1981) Jump to It (1982) Get It Right (1983) Who's Zoomin' Who? (1985) Aretha (1986) Through the Storm (1989) What You See Is What You Sweat (1991) A Rose Is Still a Rose (1998) So Damn Happy (2003) This Christmas, Aretha (2008) A Woman Falling Out of Love (2011) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics (2014) Live albums Aretha in Paris (1968) Aretha Live at Fillmore West (1971) Amazing Grace (1972) One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism (1987) Oh Me Oh My: Aretha Live in Philly, 1972 (2007) Compilationalbums Take a Look (1967) Aretha's Gold (1969) Aretha's Greatest Hits (1971) The Best of Aretha Franklin (1973) Aretha Sings the Blues (1980) 30 Greatest Hits (1985) Queen of Soul: The Atlantic Recordings (1992/2014) Greatest Hits: 1980–1994 (1994) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin, Vol. 1 (1994) Greatest Hits (1998) Aretha's Best (2001) Respect: The Very Best of Aretha Franklin (2002) The Queen in Waiting: The Columbia Years (1960–1965) (2002) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul (2007) Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen (2007) A Brand New Me (2017) The Atlantic Singles Collection 1967–1970 (2018) Singles "Precious Lord (Part 1)" (1959) "Today I Sing the Blues" (1960) "Won't Be Long" (1960) "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" (1961) "Operation Heartbreak" (1961) "I Surrender, Dear" (1962) "Try a Little Tenderness" (1962) "Say It Isn't So" (1963) "Skylark" (1963) "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" (1964) "One Step Ahead" (1965) "You Made Me Love You" (1965) "Mockingbird" (1967) "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" (1967) "Respect" (1967) "Baby I Love You" (1967) "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (1967) "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" "Chain of Fools" (1967) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1968) "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone" (1968) "Think" (1968) "You Send Me" (1968) "The House That Jack Built" (1968) "I Say a Little Prayer" (1968) "See Saw" (1968) "My Song" (1968) "The Weight" (1969) "Tracks of My Tears" (1969) "I Can't See Myself Leaving You" (1969) "Gentle on My Mind" (1969) "Share Your Love with Me" (1969) "Eleanor Rigby" (1969) "Call Me" (1970) "Son of a Preacher Man" (1970) "Spirit in the Dark" (1970) "The Thrill Is Gone" (1970) "Don't Play That Song" (1970) "Border Song (Holy Moses)" (1970) "You're All I Need to Get By" (1971) "Bridge over Troubled Water" (1971) "Spanish Harlem" (1971) "Rock Steady" (1971) "Day Dreaming" (1972) "Angel" (1973) "Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" (1973) "I'm in Love" (1974) "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (1974) "Something He Can Feel" (1976) "Break It to Me Gently" (1977) "What a Fool Believes" (1981) "It's My Turn" (1981) "Jump to It" (1982) "Get It Right" (1983) "Freeway of Love" (1985) "Who's Zoomin' Who" (1985) "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" (1985) "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (1986) "Jimmy Lee" (1986) "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" (1987) "Oh Happy Day" (1988) "Gimme Your Love" (1989) "It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be" (1989) "Everyday People" (1991) "Someday We'll All Be Free" (1992) "Ever Changing Times" (1992) "A Deeper Love" (1993) "Willing to Forgive" (1994) "A Rose Is Still a Rose" (1998) "Here We Go Again" (1998) "Put You Up on Game" (2007) "Angels We Have Heard on High" (2009) "Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)" (2014) Related Awards and nominations Discography "Wood Beez (Pray Like Aretha Franklin)" Amazing Grace (2018 film) Genius (2021 television series) Respect (2021 film) Ted White Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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The album was recorded at Columbia Recording Studios in New York and Hollywood. These sessions found a 21-year-old Aretha Franklin recording Jazz and Pop music standards, from Johnny Mercer to Duke Ellington. She is backed by the arrangements of Columbia producer Robert Mersey. One of the most popular songs from the album is Franklin's interpretation of the classic \"Skylark\". A minute and fifty-eight seconds into the song, she sings the word \"Skylark\" with power and emotion. This was one of the first times in which she recorded one of her written compositions, \"I Wonder (Where Are You Tonight)\", on an album. 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Fred Coots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Fred_Coots"},{"link_name":"Make Someone Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Re_Mi_(musical)#Make_Someone_Happy"},{"link_name":"Betty Comden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Comden"},{"link_name":"Adolph Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Green"},{"link_name":"Jule Styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Styne"},{"link_name":"Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(In_My)_Solitude"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Eddie DeLange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_DeLange"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Laughing on the Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_on_the_Outside_(Crying_on_the_Inside)"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Wayne"}],"sub_title":"Side One","text":"\"Skylark\" (Johnny Mercer, Hoagy Carmichael) – 2:49\n\"For All We Know\" (Sam M. Lewis, J. Fred Coots) – 3:25\n\"Make Someone Happy\" (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne) – 3:48\n\"I Wonder (Where Are You Tonight)\" (Aretha Franklin, Ted White) – 3:16\n\"Solitude\" (Duke Ellington, Eddie DeLange, Irving Mills) – 3:50\n\"Laughing on the Outside\" (Bernie Wayne, Ben Raleigh) – 3:14","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Say It Isn't So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_Isn%27t_So_(Irving_Berlin_song)"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Until The Real Thing Comes Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_The_Real_Thing_Comes_Along"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Saul Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"If Ever I Would Leave You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Ever_I_Would_Leave_You"},{"link_name":"Alan Jay Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner"},{"link_name":"Frederick Loewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Loewe"},{"link_name":"Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Are_You%3F_(1937_song)"},{"link_name":"Harold Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Adamson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McHugh"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapp"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Around"}],"sub_title":"Side Two","text":"\"Say It Isn't So\" (Irving Berlin) – 3:05\n\"Until The Real Thing Comes Along\" (Sammy Cahn, Saul Chaplin, L. E. Freeman) – 3:04\n\"If Ever I Would Leave You\" (Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe) – 4:04\n\"Where Are You?\" (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) – 3:50\n\"Mr. Ugly\" – 3:22 (Norman Mapp)\n\"I Wanna Be Around\" (Johnny Mercer, Sadie Vimmerstedt) – 2:25","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ol' Man River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"}],"sub_title":"Bonus Tracks on Later Re-issues","text":"\"Ol' Man River\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 4:01","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Say It Isn't So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_Isn%27t_So_(Irving_Berlin_song)"}],"sub_title":"Mono Mixes","text":"\"You've Got Her\" (working title \"Let Me Be\") (Fred Johnson, Leroy Kirkland, Pearl Woods, Terry Melcher) – 2:40\n\"Here's Where I Came In (Here's Where I Walk Out)\" (Art Wayne, Ben Raleigh) – 2:53\n\"Say It Isn't So\" (Irving Berlin) – 3:08","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Van_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Dave Grusin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grusin"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Ray Pohlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Pohlman"},{"link_name":"Hal Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Blaine"},{"link_name":"Tommy Tedesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Tedesco"},{"link_name":"Billy Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Strange"},{"link_name":"Plas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas_Johnson"}],"text":"Aretha Franklin – vocals\nRobert Mersey – producer, arranger, conductor\nEarl Van Dyke, Dave Grusin, Andrew Acker, Leon Russell – piano\nC. Bosler, Ray Pohlman, Melvin Pollan – bass guitar\nHindel Butts, Hal Blaine – drums\nDon Arnome, Tommy Tedesco, Billy Strange – guitar\nJimmy Nottingham – trumpet\nRobert Ascher – trombone\nPlas Johnson – saxophone\nBernard Eichenbaum, Julius Schacter, Leo Kahn, Berl Senofsky, Felix Gigol, Max Pollikoff, George Ockner, John Rublowsky, Sid Sharp, Tibor Zelig, George Poole, Irving Lipschultz, Irving Weinper, Darrel Terwilliger – violin\nR. Dickler, Theodore Israel, Jacob Glick – viola\nJesse Erlich, Anthony Twardowsky, Joseph Tekula – cello","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (5 June 1965). \"Bobby Vinton: Laughing On The Outside\" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 221. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jones_(journalist)","url_text":"Jones, Peter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401225432/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-06-05-I.pdf","url_text":"\"Bobby Vinton: Laughing On The Outside\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/65/Record-Mirror-1965-06-05-I.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luck_of_the_Vails

The Luck of the Vails

["1 References","2 Bibliography"]

1901 novel The Luck of the Vails First edition (UK)AuthorE.F. BensonLanguageEnglishGenreMysteryPublisherHeinemannAppleton (US)Publication date1901Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint The Luck of the Vails is a 1901 mystery crime novel by the British writer E.F. Benson, later better known as the author of the Mapp and Lucia series. It was one of only two ventures he made into the genre during his prolific career along with The Blotting Book (1908). In his autobiography Benson numbered it as one of only four of his novels he was satisfied with. The plot revolves around a cursed golden goblet that has been in the possession of the Vail family for generations. It largely downplays the supernatural elements in favour of traditional mystery. A later novel The Inheritor (1930) also revolved around a family curse. References ^ Reilly p.100-101 ^ Edwards p.22 ^ Weatherhead p.51 ^ Joshi p.150 Bibliography Edwards, Martin. The Story of Classic Crime in 100 Books. Poisoned Pen Press, 2017, Joshi, S. T. Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopaedia of Our Worst Nightmares, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. Weatherhead, Andrew Kingsley. Upstairs: Writers and Residences. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2000. This article about a mystery novel of the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Urbanik

Kazimierz Urbanik

["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Contributions","4 References"]

Polish mathematician (1930–2005) Kazimierz UrbanikUrbanik in 1981Born(1930-02-05)5 February 1930Krzemieniec, PolandDied29 May 2005(2005-05-29) (aged 75)Wrocław, PolandAlma materWrocław UniversityKnown forProbability TheoryAwards Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsWrocław UniversityDoctoral advisorEdward Marczewski Kazimierz Urbanik (February 5, 1930 – May 29, 2005) was a prominent member of the Polish School of Mathematics. He founded the journal Probability and Mathematical Statistics and served as rector of the University of Wrocław. Early life and education Urbanik was born in Krzemieniec and studied at the lyceum there. During World War II the town came under Soviet control, and was annexed by Ukraine; after the war, Urbanik's family moved to Brzeg, which remained Polish. Beginning in 1948, Urbanik studied mathematics and physics at the University of Wrocław, where he was mentored by Hugo Steinhaus and Edward Marczewski. He completed a degree in 1952, and began teaching at the university while continuing his studies under Marczewski, researching general topology, measure theory, and probability theory. He completed his doctorate in 1956, and his habilitation in 1957. Academic career Urbanik began teaching at the University of Wrocław in 1956. By 1960, he was promoted to professor, and in 1965 he became a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, becoming its youngest member. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966. He directed the university's Institute of Mathematics for most of the years from 1967 to 1996, and was rector of the university from 1975 to 1981. In 1980, he founded the journal Probability and Mathematical Statistics, and became its first editor-in-chief. Contributions His research contributions include over 180 papers. His work in probability theory included work on random variables in compact groups, connections between measurability and connectivity, generalized convolutions, and decomposability semigroups. He also studied stochastic processes, information theory, universal algebra, and functional analysis. He was the doctoral advisor of 17 students. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kazimierz Urbanik (mathematician). ^ a b "Mathematics Genealogy Project". Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ "Grave record for Kazimierz Urbanik (February 5, 1930 – May 29, 2005), BillionGraves Record 34900740 Wrocław, wrocławski, dolnośląskie, Poland". Retrieved 2021-02-24. ^ a b c O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Kazimierz Urbanik", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews ^ a b c d e Jurek, Zbigniew J.; Rosiński, Jan; Woyczyński, Wojbor A. (2005), "Kazimierz Urbanik (1930-2005)", Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 25 (1): 1–22. ^ ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897, International Mathematical Union, archived from the original on 2017-11-24, retrieved 2016-06-16. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KUgrave-2"},{"link_name":"Polish School of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_School_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Probability and Mathematical Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_and_Mathematical_Statistics"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"University of Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"text":"Kazimierz Urbanik (February 5, 1930 – May 29, 2005[2]) was a prominent member of the Polish School of Mathematics. He founded the journal Probability and Mathematical Statistics and served as rector of the University of Wrocław.","title":"Kazimierz Urbanik"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krzemieniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenets"},{"link_name":"Brzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Steinhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaus"},{"link_name":"Edward Marczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Marczewski"},{"link_name":"general topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology"},{"link_name":"measure theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pms-4"}],"text":"Urbanik was born in Krzemieniec and studied at the lyceum there. During World War II the town came under Soviet control, and was annexed by Ukraine; after the war, Urbanik's family moved to Brzeg, which remained Polish. Beginning in 1948, Urbanik studied mathematics and physics at the University of Wrocław, where he was mentored by Hugo Steinhaus and Edward Marczewski. He completed a degree in 1952, and began teaching at the university while continuing his studies under Marczewski, researching general topology, measure theory, and probability theory. He completed his doctorate in 1956, and his habilitation in 1957.[3][4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pms-4"},{"link_name":"invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Congresses_of_Mathematicians_Plenary_and_Invited_Speakers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pms-4"},{"link_name":"Probability and Mathematical Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_and_Mathematical_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pms-4"}],"text":"Urbanik began teaching at the University of Wrocław in 1956. By 1960, he was promoted to professor, and in 1965 he became a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, becoming its youngest member.[3][4] He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966.[5] He directed the university's Institute of Mathematics for most of the years from 1967 to 1996, and was rector of the university from 1975 to 1981.[3][4] In 1980, he founded the journal Probability and Mathematical Statistics, and became its first editor-in-chief.[4]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compact groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_group"},{"link_name":"stochastic processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"universal algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"doctoral advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genealogy-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pms-4"}],"text":"His research contributions include over 180 papers. His work in probability theory included work on random variables in compact groups, connections between measurability and connectivity, generalized convolutions, and decomposability semigroups. He also studied stochastic processes, information theory, universal algebra, and functional analysis. He was the doctoral advisor of 17 students.[1][4]","title":"Contributions"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFI_-_Satyajit_Ray_Lifetime_Achievement_Award

IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award

["1 Background","2 Recipients","2.1 Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award (since 2021)","2.2 Erstwhile Lifetime Achievement Award (1999–2020)","3 References","4 External links"]

Indian film festival award IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement AwardInternational honor for contributions to World cinemaAwarded for"Outstanding contribution to the growth and development of World cinema"Sponsored byInternational Film Festival of IndiaFormerly calledIFFI Lifetime Achievement AwardFirst awarded1999; 25 years ago (1999)Last awarded2023Most recent winnerMichael DouglasHighlightsFirst winnerBernardo Bertolucci The IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award (formerly IFFI Lifetime Achievement Award) is an international honor instituted by the International Film Festival of India. The recipient is honored for their "outstanding contribution to the growth and development of World cinema. Background The award was first instituted in the year 1999 from the 30th IFFI. During the 52nd edition in 2021, on the occasion of the birth centenary of Satyajit Ray, the Directorate of Film Festivals in recognition of the auteur’s legacy, "The IFFI Lifetime Achievement award" was rechristened to "IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award". Recipients Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award (since 2021) Edition Awardee Nationality Craft 52nd Martin Scorsese American Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor István Szabó Hungarian Film director 53rd Carlos Saura Spanish Film director, producer, photographer, and actor 54th Michael Douglas American Film director, producer and Actor Erstwhile Lifetime Achievement Award (1999–2020) Edition Awardee Nationality Craft 30th Bernardo Bertolucci Italian Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 34th Liv Ullmann Norwegian Film director, and actress 38th Dilip Kumar Indian Actor 38th Lata Mangeshkar Indian Singer 42nd Bertrand Tavernier French Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 43rd Krzysztof Zanussi Polish Film director, producer, and screenwriter 44th Jiří Menzel Czech Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 45th Wong Kar-wai Hong Kong Film director, producer, screenwriter 46th Nikita Mikhalkov Russian Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor 47th Im Kwon-taek South Korean Film director 48th Atom Egoyan Canadian Film director 49th Dan Wolman Israeli / Palestinian Film director 50th Isabelle Huppert French Actress 51st Vittorio Storaro Italian Cinematographer References ^ Shayeree Ghosh (19 November 2021). "Three Satyajit Ray classics that still inspire Martin Scorsese". Telegraph India. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Devipriya (January 1999). "30th IFFI Stars" (PDF). 30th International Film Festival of India '99. Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ Shayeree Ghosh (19 November 2021). "Three Satyajit Ray classics that still inspire Martin Scorsese". Telegraph India. Retrieved 20 November 2021. External links Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India vteInternational Film Festival of IndiaAwards Best Film Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Debut Director Special Jury Award and Special Mention Best Web Series ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award IFFI Indian Film Personality of the Year Award By year 1965 1969 1975 1977 1979–80 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vteIFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award1999–2020IFFI Lifetime Achievement Award Bernardo Bertolucci (30th) Liv Ullmann (34th) Dilip Kumar (38th) Lata Mangeshkar (38th) Bertrand Tavernier (42nd) Krzysztof Zanussi (43rd) Jiří Menzel (44th) Wong Kar-wai (45th) Nikita Mikhalkov (46th) Im Kwon-taek (47th) Atom Egoyan (48th) Dan Wolman (49th) Isabelle Huppert (50th) Vittorio Storaro (51st) 2021–presentIFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award Martin Scorsese (52nd) István Szabó (52nd) Carlos Saura (53rd) Michael Douglas (54th)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilcox_(cricketer)

John Wilcox (cricketer)

["1 Cricket career","2 Later career","3 References","4 External links"]

English cricketer and headmaster John WilcoxPersonal informationFull nameJohn Warren Theodore WilcoxBorn (1940-08-16) 16 August 1940 (age 83)Newton Abbot, Devon, EnglandBattingRight-handedRelationsDenys Wilcox (father)Domestic team information YearsTeam1961–1962Cambridge University1964–1967Essex Career statistics Competition FC List A Matches 31 1 Runs scored 903 2 Batting average 19.21 2.00 100s/50s 0/5 0/0 Top score 87 2 Balls bowled 0 0 Wickets – – Bowling average – – 5 wickets in innings – – 10 wickets in match – – Best bowling – – Catches/stumpings 15/– 0/–Source: Cricinfo, 21 October 2016 John Wilcox (born 16 August 1940) is a former English cricketer and headmaster. Cricket career Wilcox was born in Newton Abbot. After attending Alleyn Court Prep School and Malvern College, he went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge. A right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler, he began his first-class cricket career with Cambridge University in 1961, his debut coming against Kent. He played eleven further first-class matches for Cambridge until the end of 1962, but he did not win a blue for cricket. He did, however, win blues for rackets and real tennis. Wilcox made his debut County Championship appearance for Essex in 1964, six years after his debut in the Minor Counties Championship for the Essex Second XI. Wilcox's first appearance, against Northamptonshire, finished in an innings defeat. Towards the end of the 1964 season, he scored 46 not out in a game against the touring Australians that Essex won. Essex finished the 1964 season in tenth place, an improvement on the previous year's performance. Wilcox scored 367 runs in 10 matches at an average of 36.70, with three fifties. Wilcox made his highest score in May 1965 when, going in to bat against Worcestershire with Essex at 154 for 6, he added 139 for the seventh wicket with Trevor Bailey and finished with 87. Essex won by 48 runs. Nevertheless he made only four Championship appearances that season, finding himself out of the team after a second-innings duck against Somerset, and he did not appear in the County Championship again until August 1967, when he played his last four matches. Wilcox's father Denys played first-class cricket for Essex for nearly 20 years, captaining the team for six years before the Second World War. Later career Wilcox played for Essex only when his duties as a schoolmaster allowed. He taught at Alleyn Court Prep School in Westcliff-on-Sea, which his grandfather had founded in 1904, and where his father had been headmaster. John also became headmaster of Alleyn Court, serving in that position from 1968 to 1990. He was then the chairman of the school board for 20 years, and remains on the school's board of trustees. In 2005 he wrote the school's centenary history, Impressions of a Family School: 100 Years of Alleyn Court. After he retired from teaching in 1990 he founded the Court Gallery in West Quantoxhead, Somerset. The gallery specialises in British and French art from 1880 onwards. References ^ a b "Alleyn Court Trustees". www.alleyn-court.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2016. ^ Wisden 1965, p. 316. ^ "First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by John Wilcox". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 October 2016. ^ Wisden 1966, p. 367. ^ Wisden 1966, p. 366. ^ Stephen Chalke, Caught in the Memory, Fairfield Books, Bath, 1999, pp. 100–101. ^ Jones, Philip (14 January 2016). "Country's oldest family-run school, Alleyn Court Prep, handed over to charitable trust". Echo. Retrieved 21 October 2016. ^ "The Court Gallery". The Court Gallery. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016. External links John Wilcox at CricketArchive (subscription required) John Wilcox at ESPNcricinfo

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After attending Alleyn Court Prep School and Malvern College, he went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge. A right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm off-break bowler, he began his first-class cricket career with Cambridge University in 1961, his debut coming against Kent. He played eleven further first-class matches for Cambridge until the end of 1962, but he did not win a blue for cricket. He did, however, win blues for rackets and real tennis.[1]Wilcox made his debut County Championship appearance for Essex in 1964, six years after his debut in the Minor Counties Championship for the Essex Second XI. Wilcox's first appearance, against Northamptonshire, finished in an innings defeat. Towards the end of the 1964 season, he scored 46 not out in a game against the touring Australians that Essex won.[2] Essex finished the 1964 season in tenth place, an improvement on the previous year's performance. Wilcox scored 367 runs in 10 matches at an average of 36.70, with three fifties.[3]Wilcox made his highest score in May 1965 when, going in to bat against Worcestershire with Essex at 154 for 6, he added 139 for the seventh wicket with Trevor Bailey and finished with 87. Essex won by 48 runs.[4] Nevertheless he made only four Championship appearances that season,[5] finding himself out of the team after a second-innings duck against Somerset, and he did not appear in the County Championship again until August 1967, when he played his last four matches.Wilcox's father Denys played first-class cricket for Essex for nearly 20 years, captaining the team for six years before the Second World War.","title":"Cricket career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alleyn Court Prep School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleyn_Court_Prep_School"},{"link_name":"Westcliff-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcliff-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-1"},{"link_name":"West Quantoxhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Quantoxhead"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wilcox played for Essex only when his duties as a schoolmaster allowed.[6] He taught at Alleyn Court Prep School in Westcliff-on-Sea, which his grandfather had founded in 1904, and where his father had been headmaster. John also became headmaster of Alleyn Court, serving in that position from 1968 to 1990. He was then the chairman of the school board for 20 years,[7] and remains on the school's board of trustees.[1] In 2005 he wrote the school's centenary history, Impressions of a Family School: 100 Years of Alleyn Court.After he retired from teaching in 1990 he founded the Court Gallery in West Quantoxhead, Somerset. The gallery specialises in British and French art from 1880 onwards.[8]","title":"Later career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Puras

Jesús Puras

["1 Career","2 WRC victories","3 WRC results","4 References","5 External links"]

Spanish rally driver (born 1963) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Puras and the second or maternal family name is Vidal de la Peña. Jesús PurasPersonal informationNationality SpanishFull nameJesús Puras Vidal de la PeñaBorn (1963-03-16) March 16, 1963 (age 61)Santander, CantabriaWorld Rally Championship recordActive years1991–1992, 1994–2002Co-driver José Arrarte Álex Romaní Carlos del Barrio Marc MartíTeamsMazda, CitroënRallies37Championships0Rally wins1Podiums2Stage wins25Total points32First rally1991 Monte Carlo RallyFirst win2001 Tour de CorseLast win2001 Tour de CorseLast rally2002 Rallye Sanremo Jesús Puras Vidal de la Peña (born March 16 1963), also known as 'Chus Puras', is a Spanish rally driver active in the World Rally Championship from 1991 to 2002. Puras was well known for his blistering performances on tarmac rallies. Career Puras driving a Citroën Xsara Kit Car at the 1998 Rallye Cantabria. Puras debuted in rallying in 1982 and captured the Spanish Rally Championship title eight times; in 1990 and 1992 with a Lancia Delta Integrale 16V, in 1995 and 1997 with a Citroën ZX 16S, from 1998 to 2000 with a Citroën Xsara Kit Car and in 2002 with a Citroën Xsara WRC. Driving a Ford Escort RS Cosworth, he also won the 1994 FIA Group N Cup (now as World Rally Championship-3). Along with teammate Philippe Bugalski, he was chosen by the Citroën Total World Rally Team to be part of their driver line-up for the first bit-part campaign with the Citroën Xsara Kit Car in 1999. He secured his only WRC win at the 2001 Tour de Corse with co-driver Marc Martí (who then went on to pilot former double world champion Carlos Sainz and in recent years, Dani Sordo) with the Citroën Xsara WRC. However, with performances overshadowed by the upcoming Sébastien Loeb, he retired from the Citroën factory team and the WRC in 2002, ending with a sixth place in his last rally – the 2002 Rallye Sanremo. WRC victories  #  Event Season Co-driver Car 1 45ème Tour de Corse – Rallye de France 2001 Marc Martí Citroën Xsara WRC WRC results Year Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 WDC Pts 1991 Mazda Rally Team Europe Mazda 323 GTX MONRet SWE POR7 KEN FRA GRE NZL ARG FIN AUS ITA CIV 40th 4 Jesús Puras Lancia Delta Integrale 16V ESPRet GBR 1992 Mauro Rallye Team Lancia Delta HF Integrale MON SWE POR KEN FRA GRE NZL ARG FIN AUS ITA CIV ESP6 GBR 34th 6 1994 Jesús Puras Ford Escort RS Cosworth MON9 POR8 KEN FRA12 GRE ARGRet NZLRet FIN ITA17 GBR15 30th 5 1995 Citroën Hispania Citroën ZX 16S MON SWE POR FRA NZL AUS ESPRet GBR NC 0 1996 Seat Sport Seat Ibiza Kit Car SWE KEN INA GRE ARGRet FIN AUSRet ITA ESP15 NC 0 1997 Citroën Hispania Citroën ZX Kit Car MON SWE KEN POR ESPRet FRA ARG GRE NZL FIN INA ITA AUS GBR NC 0 1998 Automobiles Citroën Citroën Xsara Kit Car MON SWE KEN POR ESPRet FRA ARG GRE NZL FIN ITARet AUS GBR NC 0 1999 Automobiles Citroën Citroën Xsara Kit Car MONRet SWE KEN POR FRA2 ARG GRE NZL 11th 6 Citroën Hispania ESPRet Jesús Puras Subaru Impreza WRX FINRet Toyota Corolla WRC CHNRet GBR16 Citroën Sport Citroën Xsara Kit Car ITARet AUS 2000 Jesús Puras Mitsubishi Lancer Evo VI MON SWE KEN PORRet FINRet CYP NC 0 Citroën Sport Citroën Xsara Kit Car ESPRet ARG GRE NZL Jesús Puras Citroën Saxo Kit Car FRA28 ITA35 AUS GBR 2001 Jesús Puras Citroën Saxo Kit Car MONRet SWE POR 11th 10 Automobiles Citroën Citroën Xsara WRC ESPRet ARG CYP GRE KEN FIN NZL ITARet FRA1 AUS GBR 2002 BBF Citroën Sport Citroën Xsara WRC MON SWE FRA ESP12 CYP ARG GRE KEN FIN 19th 1 Automobiles Citroën GERRet Piedrafita Sport ITA6 NZL AUS GBR References ^ "Jesús Puras". RallyBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jesús Puras. Puras at the World Rally Archive Sporting positions Preceded byRégis LaconiYvan MullerGilles Panizzi Race of ChampionsNations' Cup 2001 with:Fernando AlonsoRubén Xaus Succeeded byColin EdwardsJeff GordonJimmie Johnson

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Interbancario_di_Tutela_dei_Depositi

Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi

["1 History","2 Interventions","3 Chairmen","4 Members","5 References","6 External links"]

Italian deposit guarantee fund This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2016) Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD) is an Italian deposit guarantee fund founded in 1987. The fund became a mandatory scheme by the EU Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive (94/19/EEC). However, the cooperative banks (BCC) of Italy had their own fund instead (Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo). There was another fund to guarantee asset management firm in Italy: Fondo Nazionale di Garanzia. History Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD) was founded in 1987. It was mandatory for Italian bank to join either FITD or the Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo. The latter was for the cooperative banks (banca di credito cooperativo (BCC) network, excluding cooperative bank type banco popolare) of Italy. Some bank which was demutualized from BCC network, such as Banca di Cambiano, switched to FITD after the demutualization. Due to the change in the directive (2014/49/EU), which was part of the Single Rulebook, the regulatory foundations for Banking Union, the fund had changed from ex-post to an ex-ante system. The fund would eventually join a single deposit guarantee scheme of the EU. However, in a near future, the fund would only re-insurances by European Deposit Insurance Scheme. From 1987 to 2015, 43 member banks were under special administration by the Italian government, with the Bank of Italy as the actual administrator. The fund carried 11 interventions, which 2 out of 11 banks returned to normal operation: Cassa di Risparmio di Prato and Banca Tercas. 4 additional bank were bail-out by the newly established Italian National Resolution Fund of the EU Single Resolution Mechanism in 2015: Banca delle Marche, Banca Popolare dell'Etruria e del Lazio, Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia di Chieti and Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara respectively. Istituto per il Credito Sportivo, GBM Banca and Banca Popolare delle Province Calabre were still under special administration as at 2015. FITD recapitalized the banks instead of liquidating, as repayment the depositors to the maximum of €100,000 each were more costly. However, in December 2015, European Commission ruled that the capital injection to Banca Tercas in 2014, would be classified as state aid. The commission requested the beneficiary returned the aid to the fund. Lack of approval from the commission were the reasons of not involvements in the bail-out of the 4 banks in 2015. In 2016 member of FITD set-up a voluntary scheme that separate from the mandatory funding. Banca Tercas returned the aid to FITD but funded by the voluntary scheme for the same amount. In 2016, the voluntary scheme subscribed the €280 million recapitalization of Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena (Caricesena). In 2017, Caricesena, along with Banca Carim and Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato, were sold to Crédit Agricole Cariparma (trading as Crédit Agricole Italia) for €130 million. Before the formal handover, FITD voluntary scheme would also recapitalize the banks for €470m. In November 2018, the voluntary scheme made another bail-out. The scheme was the underwriter for €320 million of €400 million Banca Carige's Tier 2 subordinated bonds. Interventions Cassa di Risparmio di Prato Banco di Tricesimo Banca di Girgenti Banca di Credito di Trieste Credito Commerciale Tirreno Sicilcassa Banca Valle d'Itria e Magna Grecia Banco Emiliano Romagnolo Banca MB Banca Network Investimenti Banca Tercas voluntary scheme Banca Tercas Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato Banca Carim Banca Carige Chairmen Paolo Savona (2010–2014) Salvatore Maccarone (2014–) Members "Member banks". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. References ^ "2015 Annual Report". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ^ SA.39451 Aid to Banca Tercas ^ "Comunicato Stampa" (Press release) (in Italian). Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016. ^ "Comunicato Stampa". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016. ^ a b "Crédit Agricole Cariparma annuncia di aver sottoscritto il contratto per l'acquisto di una quota di maggioranza in Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena, Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini e Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato" (Press release) (in Italian). Crédit Agricole Cariparma. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017. ^ Sanderson, Rachel (12 November 2018). Written at Milan. "Italian banks step in to rescue struggling Carige". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 10 December 2018. ^ "TIER 2 SUBORDINATED BOND ISSUED BANCA CARIGE THANKS THE VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION SCHEME OF THE INTERBANK DEPOSIT PROTECTION FUND FOR UNDERWRITING THE ISSUANCE WITH VALUE DATE TODAY" (PDF) (Press release). Genoa: Banca Carige. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ "DISBURSEMENTS AND RECOVERIES BY THE ITALIAN INSURANCE FUND, 1988 THROUGH 1997" (PDF). Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "Intervention's report". FITD. 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. External links Official website vte Banking in ItalyCentral bank Bank of Italy European Central Bank Italy portalPublic banks Cassa Depositi e Prestiti CDP Reti Poste italiane BancoPosta Banca del Mezzogiorno – MedioCredito Centrale Istituto per il Credito Sportivo Banca Mediocredito del Friuli Venezia Giulia Investitionsbank Trentino Südtirol – Mediocredito Trentino Alto Adige Finaosta Fincalabra Finlombarda Finmolise Finpiemonte Fidi Toscana FIRA Gepafin IRFIS – FinSicilia Sviluppo Basilicata SFIRS Veneto Sviluppo FarBanca Banca Intermobiliare Global banks(Supervised by ECB) UniCredit Intesa Sanpaolo Banca IMI Mediocredito Italiano Banca Apulia UBI Banca Nationwide and multi-regional banks(Supervised by ECB) Banco BPM Banca Aletti Banca Popolare di Milano Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena MPS Capital Services Mediobanca Compass Banca Esperia BPER Banca Banco di Sardegna Banca di Sassari C.R. Bra C.R. Saluzzo Credito Emiliano Banca Popolare di Sondrio Multi-regional(total assets €30b to €8b) Banca Mediolanum Banca Sella Holding Banca Sella Banca Patrimoni Sella Banco di Desio e della Brianza Banca Popolare di Spoleto Banca di Asti Biverbanca Südtiroler Volksbank – Banca Popolare dell'Alto Adige Südtiroler Sparkasse – Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano Multi-regional andregional cooperative bank(Popolari banks) Banca Agricola Popolare di Ragusa Banca Valsabbina Banca Popolare di Puglia e Basilicata Banca Popolare di Cividale Cassa di Sovvenzioni e Risparmio fra il Personale della Banca d'Italia Banca Popolare Pugliese Banca di Piacenza Banca di Credito Popolare Banca Popolare del Lazio Banca Popolare del Cassinate Banca Popolare Valconca Banca Popolare Etica Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo Sanfelice 1893 Banca Popolare Banca Popolare di Lajatico Banca Popolare di Fondi Banca Popolare del Frusinate Co-operative banks (BCC)and central banks Federcasse central banks Istituto Centrale delle Casse Rurali ed Artigiane Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol – Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est List of members of Federcasse Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo Regional retail bank Cassa di Risparmio di Ravenna Banco di Lucca e del Tirreno Banca di Imola Banca di Cambiano Cassa di Risparmio di Cento ChiantiBanca Cassa Padana Cassa di Risparmio di Volterra Cassa di Risparmio di Fossano Banca del Fucino Cassa di Risparmio di Fermo Banca del Piemonte Banca CR Savigliano Banco Azzoaglio others Banca Generali Banca IFIS Banca Finnat Banca Ubae Banca Leonardo Banca Farmafactoring FinecoBank Unione Fiduciaria Credito Fondiario Banca Passadore Banca Sistema Banca Profilo Mercury Nexi Setefi Foreign banks Allianz Allianz S.p.A. Barclays Banco Santander Bank of China Bank of Communications BNP Paribas Banca Nazionale del Lavoro China Construction Bank Crédit Agricole Crédit Agricole Italia Cariparma Carispezia FriulAdria Credito Valtellinese Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank FCA Bank Credit Suisse Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank S.p.A. HSBC ING Bank Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Société Générale Ancient banks Bank of Saint George Banco di Santo Spirito Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino Medici Bank Mount of piety Faenza Foggia Parma Perugia Reggio Emilia Treviso Udine Verona Vicenza Related topics List of banks in Italy Associazione Bancaria Italiana Associazione di Fondazioni e di Casse di Risparmio S.p.A. Associazione Nazionale fra le Banche Popolari Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi Italian National Resolution Fund

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It was mandatory for Italian bank to join either FITD or the Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo. The latter was for the cooperative banks (banca di credito cooperativo (BCC) network, excluding cooperative bank type banco popolare) of Italy. Some bank which was demutualized from BCC network, such as Banca di Cambiano, switched to FITD after the demutualization.Due to the change in the directive (2014/49/EU), which was part of the Single Rulebook, the regulatory foundations for Banking Union, the fund had changed from ex-post to an\nex-ante system. The fund would eventually join a single deposit guarantee scheme of the EU. However, in a near future, the fund would only re-insurances by European Deposit Insurance Scheme.[1]From 1987 to 2015, 43 member banks were under special administration by the Italian government, with the Bank of Italy as the actual administrator. The fund carried 11 interventions, which 2 out of 11 banks returned to normal operation: Cassa di Risparmio di Prato and Banca Tercas. 4 additional bank were bail-out by the newly established Italian National Resolution Fund of the EU Single Resolution Mechanism in 2015: Banca delle Marche, Banca Popolare dell'Etruria e del Lazio, Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia di Chieti and Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara respectively. Istituto per il Credito Sportivo, GBM Banca and Banca Popolare delle Province Calabre were still under special administration as at 2015.FITD recapitalized the banks instead of liquidating, as repayment the depositors to the maximum of €100,000 each were more costly. However, in December 2015, European Commission ruled that the capital injection to Banca Tercas in 2014, would be classified as state aid.[2] The commission requested the beneficiary returned the aid to the fund. Lack of approval from the commission were the reasons of not involvements in the bail-out of the 4 banks in 2015.[3][4]In 2016 member of FITD set-up a voluntary scheme that separate from the mandatory funding. Banca Tercas returned the aid to FITD but funded by the voluntary scheme for the same amount. In 2016, the voluntary scheme subscribed the €280 million recapitalization of Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena (Caricesena). In 2017, Caricesena, along with Banca Carim and Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato, were sold to Crédit Agricole Cariparma (trading as Crédit Agricole Italia) for €130 million.[5] Before the formal handover, FITD voluntary scheme would also recapitalize the banks for €470m.[5]In November 2018, the voluntary scheme made another bail-out. The scheme was the underwriter for €320 million of €400 million Banca Carige's Tier 2 subordinated bonds.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cassa di Risparmio di Prato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Prato"},{"link_name":"Sicilcassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilcassa"},{"link_name":"Banca Tercas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Tercas"},{"link_name":"Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Cesena"},{"link_name":"Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_San_Miniato"},{"link_name":"Banca Carim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Carim"},{"link_name":"Banca Carige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Carige"}],"text":"[8][9]Cassa di Risparmio di Prato\nBanco di Tricesimo\nBanca di Girgenti\nBanca di Credito di Trieste\nCredito Commerciale Tirreno\nSicilcassa\nBanca Valle d'Itria e Magna Grecia\nBanco Emiliano Romagnolo\nBanca MB\nBanca Network Investimenti\nBanca Tercasvoluntary schemeBanca Tercas\nCassa di Risparmio di Cesena\nCassa di Risparmio di San Miniato\nBanca Carim\nBanca Carige","title":"Interventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paolo Savona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Savona"}],"text":"Paolo Savona (2010–2014)\nSalvatore Maccarone (2014–)","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Member banks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fitd.it/Chi_Siamo/Banche_consorziate"}],"text":"\"Member banks\". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","title":"Members"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Member banks\". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/Chi_Siamo/Banche_consorziate","url_text":"\"Member banks\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Annual Report\". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/Pubblicazioni/Download/521","url_text":"\"2015 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicato Stampa\" (Press release) (in Italian). Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/Comunicazioni/Download/4","url_text":"\"Comunicato Stampa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicato Stampa\". Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/Comunicazioni/Download/8","url_text":"\"Comunicato Stampa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crédit Agricole Cariparma annuncia di aver sottoscritto il contratto per l'acquisto di una quota di maggioranza in Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena, Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini e Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato\" (Press release) (in Italian). Crédit Agricole Cariparma. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135643/http://gruppo.credit-agricole.it/comunicati-stampa/cariparma/credit-agricole-cariparma-annuncia-di-aver-sottoscritto-il-contratto-per-l-acquisto-di-una-quota-di-maggioranza-in-cassa-di-risparmio-di-cesena-cassa-di-risparmio-di-rimini-e-cassa-di-risparmio-di-san-miniato","url_text":"\"Crédit Agricole Cariparma annuncia di aver sottoscritto il contratto per l'acquisto di una quota di maggioranza in Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena, Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini e Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato\""},{"url":"http://gruppo.credit-agricole.it/comunicati-stampa/cariparma/credit-agricole-cariparma-annuncia-di-aver-sottoscritto-il-contratto-per-l-acquisto-di-una-quota-di-maggioranza-in-cassa-di-risparmio-di-cesena-cassa-di-risparmio-di-rimini-e-cassa-di-risparmio-di-san-miniato","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Rachel (12 November 2018). Written at Milan. \"Italian banks step in to rescue struggling Carige\". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/d4f96512-e689-11e8-8a85-04b8afea6ea3","url_text":"\"Italian banks step in to rescue struggling Carige\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIER 2 SUBORDINATED BOND ISSUED BANCA CARIGE THANKS THE VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION SCHEME OF THE INTERBANK DEPOSIT PROTECTION FUND FOR UNDERWRITING THE ISSUANCE WITH VALUE DATE TODAY\" (PDF) (Press release). Genoa: Banca Carige. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gruppocarige.it/grpwps/wcm/connect/eedd376b-0b6a-4a5d-881b-f3770b1870f0/Cs_30_11_2018_ENG.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-eedd376b-0b6a-4a5d-881b-f3770b1870f0-mtBAQTL","url_text":"\"TIER 2 SUBORDINATED BOND ISSUED BANCA CARIGE THANKS THE VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION SCHEME OF THE INTERBANK DEPOSIT PROTECTION FUND FOR UNDERWRITING THE ISSUANCE WITH VALUE DATE TODAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"DISBURSEMENTS AND RECOVERIES BY THE ITALIAN INSURANCE FUND, 1988 THROUGH 1997\" (PDF). Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030850/http://www.fitd.it/en/activities/DISBURSEMENTS%20AND%20RECOVERIES.pdf","url_text":"\"DISBURSEMENTS AND RECOVERIES BY THE ITALIAN INSURANCE FUND, 1988 THROUGH 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/en/activities/DISBURSEMENTS%20AND%20RECOVERIES.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intervention's report\". FITD. 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitd.it/Cosa_facciamo/Download/115","url_text":"\"Intervention's report\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fondo_Interbancario_di_Tutela_dei_Depositi&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/Chi_Siamo/Banche_consorziate","external_links_name":"\"Member banks\""},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/Pubblicazioni/Download/521","external_links_name":"\"2015 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=3_SA_39451","external_links_name":"SA.39451 Aid to Banca Tercas"},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/Comunicazioni/Download/4","external_links_name":"\"Comunicato Stampa\""},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/Comunicazioni/Download/8","external_links_name":"\"Comunicato Stampa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135643/http://gruppo.credit-agricole.it/comunicati-stampa/cariparma/credit-agricole-cariparma-annuncia-di-aver-sottoscritto-il-contratto-per-l-acquisto-di-una-quota-di-maggioranza-in-cassa-di-risparmio-di-cesena-cassa-di-risparmio-di-rimini-e-cassa-di-risparmio-di-san-miniato","external_links_name":"\"Crédit Agricole Cariparma annuncia di aver sottoscritto il contratto per l'acquisto di una quota di maggioranza in Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena, Cassa di Risparmio di Rimini e Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato\""},{"Link":"http://gruppo.credit-agricole.it/comunicati-stampa/cariparma/credit-agricole-cariparma-annuncia-di-aver-sottoscritto-il-contratto-per-l-acquisto-di-una-quota-di-maggioranza-in-cassa-di-risparmio-di-cesena-cassa-di-risparmio-di-rimini-e-cassa-di-risparmio-di-san-miniato","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/d4f96512-e689-11e8-8a85-04b8afea6ea3","external_links_name":"\"Italian banks step in to rescue struggling Carige\""},{"Link":"https://www.gruppocarige.it/grpwps/wcm/connect/eedd376b-0b6a-4a5d-881b-f3770b1870f0/Cs_30_11_2018_ENG.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-eedd376b-0b6a-4a5d-881b-f3770b1870f0-mtBAQTL","external_links_name":"\"TIER 2 SUBORDINATED BOND ISSUED BANCA CARIGE THANKS THE VOLUNTARY INTERVENTION SCHEME OF THE INTERBANK DEPOSIT PROTECTION FUND FOR UNDERWRITING THE ISSUANCE WITH VALUE DATE TODAY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030850/http://www.fitd.it/en/activities/DISBURSEMENTS%20AND%20RECOVERIES.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DISBURSEMENTS AND RECOVERIES BY THE ITALIAN INSURANCE FUND, 1988 THROUGH 1997\""},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/en/activities/DISBURSEMENTS%20AND%20RECOVERIES.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/Cosa_facciamo/Download/115","external_links_name":"\"Intervention's report\""},{"Link":"http://www.fitd.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland_Roma

Burgenland Roma

["1 References"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (January 2024) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Burgenlandroma}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Part of a series onRomani people Archaeology Cuisine Culture Dance Dress Folklore History Language Media Music Names People Religion Settlements Romani people by sub-group Arlije Bergitka Roma Burgenland Roma Boyash Cascarots Crimean Roma Gurbeti Judeo-Romani Kalderash Kale (Finnish Roma) Kale (Welsh Roma) Kawliya Lovari Lăutari Machvaya Romanisæl Polska Roma Romanichal Ruska Roma Sepečides Romani Servitka Roma Sinti Ursari Zargari Romani diaspora by country Albania Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia-Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Mexico Montenegro New Zealand North Macedonia Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine (Crimea) United Kingdom (term, Scotland) United States (Hungarian-Slovak) Uruguay Venezuela WikiProjectvte Burgenland Roma are a subgroup of Romani people who traditionally settled in Burgenland in Austria. The Burgenland Roma speak a Romani dialect for which the past imperfect tense ending is -ahi. The Burgenland Roma are related to groups of Romani people in southern Slovakia, Slovenia and in a few settlements in northern Hungary. Traditional professions of the Burgenland Roma are blacksmith trade and music. References ^ "Burgenland Roma". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved 9 December 2023. vteRomani diasporaSettlementsSubgroupsUncontested Arlije Bergitka Roma Boyash Burgenland Roma Cascarots English Romanichal Erromintxela Finnish Kale Kalderash Kawliya Lovari Machvaya Manouche Muslim Roma Zargari Polska Roma Ruska Roma Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl) Scottish Travellers Sepečides Servitka Roma Sinti Ursari Welsh Kale Contested Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians Dom Garachi Nawar Bosha/Lom Lori Lyuli By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Egypt Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Libya Lithuania Mexico Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Basque Country  Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tunisia Turkey Ukraine Crimea United States Uruguay United Kingdom

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)

Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)

["1 References"]

Former political party in South Africa The Democratic Progressive Party was a political party in the South African bantustan of Transkei. The party condemned apartheid rule. In the 1981 elections, the party won one out of 75 seats. In the 1986 elections it won two seats. References ^ Hela Världen i Fakta '86. Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta Bokförlag, 1985. p. 257 ^ Elections in South Africa's Apartheid-Era Homelands "Bantustans" African Elections Database vtePolitical history of South AfricaDefunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) EventsPre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat DefunctorganisationsCivic and politicalorganisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions andsocial movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary andterrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF Histories ofpolitical parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category This article about a South African political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Puckrik

Katie Puckrik

["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]

American broadcaster and journalist (born 1962) Puckrik in 2015 Katie Puckrik (born July 12, 1962) is an American broadcaster and newspaper columnist. Born in Virginia, Puckrik is best known for hosting British youth magazine shows The Word and The Sunday Show in the 1990s. She also created and hosted the British television talk show Pyjama Party and subsequently its American remake Pajama Party. She runs a fragrance-themed YouTube series and blog called "Katie Puckrik Smells", writes a column for magazines and newspapers including The Guardian, and is a stand-in DJ on BBC Radio 6 Music, BBC Radio 2 and most recently Talkradio. She also co-hosts the history podcast We Didn't Start the Fire with Tom Fordyce. Biography Born in Virginia, United States, Puckrik moved to London in 1984. She worked as a dancer, including on Michael Clark's I Am Curious, Orange in 1988 and the Pet Shop Boys' 1991 Performance tour. Following the end of this tour, she auditioned to become a presenter on Channel 4's late-night magazine show The Word, beating more than five thousand hopefuls for the job. She co-presented the show's second and third series from 1991 to 1993 alongside Dani Behr, Terry Christian and Mark Lamarr before moving on to present Channel 4's coverage of the Glastonbury Festival in 1994, 4 Goes to Glastonbury, alongside Mark Kermode. In 1995 she moved to the BBC, contributing showbiz reports to Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley's BBC Radio 1 show The Graveyard Shift, presenting the first two series of BBC Two's The Sunday Show with Donna McPhail, and fronting BBC Radio 5 Live's arts magazine Entertainment Superhighway, having previously presented Fashion Icons, a six-part series exploring fashion trends for BBC Radio 5 in February and March 1992. In 1996, Puckrik left the BBC to devise, produce and present Pyjama Party for ITV's post-primetime schedule. As part of a revamp of programming which saw the ITV Network form a uniform schedule through the night for the first time, Pyjama Party aired on Saturday evenings from January 1996. The Independent described the show as one in which "young women in frilly nightwear try to recreate their conspiratorial teenage years". In 1999, at the age of 37, she published an autobiography, Shooting from the Lip, in which the chapters were named after songs with personal significance. In 2017, she presented a two-part radio series on power pop. In 2019, she presented a two-part BBC TV series on yacht rock, titled I Can Go For That: The Smooth World of Yacht Rock. It was accompanied by a three-part BBC radio series. Since January 2021, Puckrik has hosted the We Didn't Start the Fire podcast with Tom Fordyce explaining the subjects referenced in lyrics of the song "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel. Another podcast series presented by Puckrik started in October 2021, dot com, exploring the people behind the internet. Bibliography Puckrik, Katie (1999). Shooting from the Lip. London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-2204-5. (Autobiography) References ^ "Katie Puckrik - Brief Article - Interview". Archived from the original on 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2007-12-17. ^ "We Didn't Start the Fire: The History Podcast on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ a b O'Brian, Lucy (4 January 1998). "How We Met; Brix Smith and Katie Puckrik". Independent. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ "History: 1991". Pet Shop Boys. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ Rose, Tiffany (16 May 2010). "Katie Puckrik: What did the TV star do next?". Daily Express. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Mark Kermode and Katie Puckrik Glastonbury 1994". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Katie Puckrik". BBC Genome. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ Leapman, Michael (23 October 2011). "No holds barred in battle for late-night viewers". The Independent. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ Ross, Peter (27 May 1999). "Katie Puckrik: Shooting From The Lip". The List. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ^ "Power Pop with Katie Puckrik". BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ^ "I Can Go For That: The Smooth World of Yacht Rock". BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ^ "Katie Puckrik: Yacht Rock". BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ^ "A thoughtful look at love and sex – podcasts of the week". the Guardian. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ "New podcast explores the history and people behind some of the internet's biggest websites - PodcastingToday". Podcasting Today. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. External links Katie Puckrik at IMDb Katie Puckrik Smells Katie Puckrik's fragrance-themed YouTube series. An Interview with Katie Puckrik Basenotes, February 9, 2009 The Queen of Mean - Katie Puckrik Interviews Sarah Silverman Guardian UK, October 6, 2007 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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Born in Virginia, Puckrik is best known for hosting British youth magazine shows The Word and The Sunday Show in the 1990s. She also created and hosted the British television talk show Pyjama Party and subsequently its American remake Pajama Party.[1]She runs a fragrance-themed YouTube series and blog called \"Katie Puckrik Smells\", writes a column for magazines and newspapers including The Guardian, and is a stand-in DJ on BBC Radio 6 Music, BBC Radio 2 and most recently Talkradio. She also co-hosts the history podcast We Didn't Start the Fire with Tom Fordyce.[2]","title":"Katie Puckrik"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia, United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent_1998-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clark_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Pet Shop Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent_1998-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"The Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Word_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dani Behr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Behr"},{"link_name":"Terry Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Christian"},{"link_name":"Mark Lamarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lamarr"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_and_Lard"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Donna McPhail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_McPhail"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_(former)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"ITV Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"yacht rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_rock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"We Didn't Start the Fire podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Tom Fordyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fordyce"},{"link_name":"We Didn't Start the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Born in Virginia, United States, Puckrik moved to London in 1984.[3] She worked as a dancer, including on Michael Clark's I Am Curious, Orange in 1988 and the Pet Shop Boys' 1991 Performance tour.[3][4] Following the end of this tour, she auditioned to become a presenter on Channel 4's late-night magazine show The Word, beating more than five thousand hopefuls for the job.[5] She co-presented the show's second and third series from 1991 to 1993 alongside Dani Behr, Terry Christian and Mark Lamarr before moving on to present Channel 4's coverage of the Glastonbury Festival in 1994, 4 Goes to Glastonbury, alongside Mark Kermode.[6]In 1995 she moved to the BBC, contributing showbiz reports to Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley's BBC Radio 1 show The Graveyard Shift, presenting the first two series of BBC Two's The Sunday Show with Donna McPhail, and fronting BBC Radio 5 Live's arts magazine Entertainment Superhighway, having previously presented Fashion Icons, a six-part series exploring fashion trends for BBC Radio 5 in February and March 1992.[7] In 1996, Puckrik left the BBC to devise, produce and present Pyjama Party for ITV's post-primetime schedule. As part of a revamp of programming which saw the ITV Network form a uniform schedule through the night for the first time, Pyjama Party aired on Saturday evenings from January 1996. The Independent described the show as one in which \"young women in frilly nightwear try to recreate their conspiratorial teenage years\".[8]In 1999, at the age of 37, she published an autobiography, Shooting from the Lip, in which the chapters were named after songs with personal significance.[9]In 2017, she presented a two-part radio series on power pop.[10] In 2019, she presented a two-part BBC TV series on yacht rock, titled I Can Go For That: The Smooth World of Yacht Rock.[11] It was accompanied by a three-part BBC radio series.[12] Since January 2021, Puckrik has hosted the We Didn't Start the Fire podcast with Tom Fordyce explaining the subjects referenced in lyrics of the song \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" by Billy Joel. [13] Another podcast series presented by Puckrik started in October 2021, dot com, exploring the people behind the internet.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7472-2204-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-2204-5"}],"text":"Puckrik, Katie (1999). Shooting from the Lip. London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-2204-5. (Autobiography)","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world

Astrology in the medieval Islamic world

["1 Early history","2 Medieval understanding","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]

Islamic astrology of the Golden Age Celestial map, signs of the Zodiac and lunar mansions in the Zubdat al-Tawarikh (Essence of History), dedicated to Ottoman Sultan Murad III in 1583 Astrology Background Worship of heavenly bodies History of astrology Astrology and astronomy Planets Behenian Classical Zodiac Traditions, types, and systems Astrology and science Astrologers Astrological organizations Traditions Babylonian Chinese Hellenistic Hindu Islamic Jewish Tibetan Western Branches Natal Electional Horary Medical Financial Locational Psychological Meteorological Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Symbols Planet Metals vte Some medieval Muslims took a keen interest in the study of astrology, partly because they considered the celestial bodies to be essential, partly because the dwellers of desert-regions often travelled at night, and relied upon knowledge of the constellations for guidance in their journeys. After the advent of Islam, the Muslims needed to determine the time of the prayers, the direction of the Kaaba, and the correct orientation of the mosque, all of which helped give a religious impetus to the study of astronomy and contributed towards the belief that the heavenly bodies were influential upon terrestrial affairs as well as the human condition. The science dealing with such influences was termed astrology (Arabic: علم النجوم Ilm an-Nujūm), a discipline contained within the field of astronomy (more broadly known as علم الفلك Ilm al-Falak 'the science of formation '). The principles of these studies were rooted in Arabian, Persian, Babylonian, Hellenistic and Indian traditions and both were developed by the Arabs following their establishment of a magnificent observatory and library of astronomical and astrological texts at Baghdad in the 8th century. Throughout the medieval period the practical application of astrology was subject to deep philosophical debate by Muslim religious scholars and scientists. Astrological prognostications nevertheless required a fair amount of exact scientific expertise and the quest for such knowledge within this era helped to provide the incentive for the study and development of astronomy. Early history Medieval Islamic astrology and astronomy continued Hellenistic and Roman era traditions based on Ptolemy's Almagest. Centres of learning in medicine and astronomy/astrology were set up in Baghdad and Damascus, and the Caliph Al-Mansur of Baghdad established a major observatory and library in the city, making it the world's astronomical centre. During this time knowledge of astronomy was greatly increased. Many modern star names are derived from their Arabic names. Albumasur or Abu Ma'shar (805 - 885) was one of the most influential Islamic astrologers. His treatise Introductorium in Astronomiam (Kitab al-Mudkhal al-Kabīr) spoke of how '"only by observing the great diversity of planetary motions can we comprehend the unnumbered varieties of change in this world". The Introductorium was one of the first books to find its way in translation through Spain and into Europe in the Middle Ages, and was highly influential in the revival of astrology and astronomy there. Persians also combined the disciplines of medicine and astrology by linking the curative properties of herbs with specific zodiac signs and planets. Mars, for instance, was considered hot and dry and so ruled plants with a hot or pungent taste, like hellebore, tobacco or mustard. These beliefs were adopted by European herbalists like Culpeper right up until the development of modern medicine. The Persians also developed a system, by which the difference between the ascendant and each planet of the zodiac was calculated. This new position then became a 'part' of some kind. For example, the 'part of fortune' is found by taking the difference between the Sun and the ascendant and adding it to the Moon. If the 'part' thus calculated was in the 10th House in Libra, for instance, it suggested that money could be made from some kind of partnership. The calendar introduced by Omar Khayyam, based on the classical zodiac, remains in effect in Afghanistan and Iran as the official Solar Hijri calendar. Another notable Persian astrologer and astronomer was Qutb al-Din al Shirazi born in Iran, Shiraz (1236–1311). He wrote critiques of Ptolemy's Almagest and produced two prominent works on astronomy: 'The Limit of Accomplishment Concerning Knowledge of the Heavens' in 1281 and 'The Royal Present' in 1284, both of which commented upon and improved on Ptolemy's work, particularly in the field of planetary motion. Ulugh Beyg was a fifteenth-century Timurid Sultan and also a mathematician and astronomer. He built an observatory in 1428 and produced the first original star map since Ptolemy, which corrected the position of many stars and included many new ones. Medieval understanding Some of the principles of astrology were refuted by several medieval Islamic astronomers such as Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Averroes. Their reasons for refuting astrology were often due to both scientific (the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical) and religious (conflicts with orthodox Islamic scholars) reasons. However these refutations mainly concerned the judicial branches of astrology rather than the natural principles of it. For example, Avicenna's refutation of astrology (in the treatise titled Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm, Treatise against the rulings of the stars) revealed support for its overarching principles. He stated that it was true that each planet had some influence on the earth, but his argument was the difficulty of astrologers being able to determine the exact effect of it. In essence, Avicenna did not refute astrology, but denied man's limited capacity to be able to know the precise effects of the stars on the sublunar matter. With that, he did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but only refuted our ability to fully understand it. Another Damascene proto-Salafist Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350), in his Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah, used empirical arguments against astrology in order to refute its practice as he thought it is closely aligned to divination. He recognized that the stars are much larger than the planets, and thus argued: And if you astrologers answer that it is precisely because of this distance and smallness that their influences are negligible, then why is it that you claim a great influence for the smallest heavenly body, Mercury? Why is it that you have given an influence to al-Ra's and al-Dhanab, which are two imaginary points ? Al-Jawziyya also argued that the since the Milky Way as "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars" that "it is certainly impossible to have knowledge of their influences." See also Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world Christian views on astrology Hellenistic astrology Horary astrology Islam and astrology Jewish views on astrology List of astrologers Natal astrology Superstitions in Muslim societies References ^ a b c Wasim Aktar, Contributions of Ancient Arabian and Egyptian Scientists on Astronomy; Public Science & Reference Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 19 August 2011. ^ Ayduz, Salim; Kalin, Ibrahim; Dagli, Caner (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780199812578. ^ "Introduction to Astronomy, Containing the Eight Divided Books of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus". World Digital Library. 1506. Retrieved 2013-07-15. ^ a b Parker, Derek; Parker, Julia (1990). The New Compleat Astrologer. New York: Crescent Books. ^ Saliba, George (1994b), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, pp. 60 & 67–69, ISBN 978-0-8147-8023-7 ^ Saliba, George (2011). "Avicenna: viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences". Mathematics and Physical Sciences Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. ^ Livingston, John W. (1971), "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 91 (1): 96–103, doi:10.2307/600445, JSTOR 600445 ^ a b Livingston, John W. (1971), "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 91 (1): 96–103 , doi:10.2307/600445, JSTOR 600445 Further reading Freudenthal, Gad (2009). "The Astrologization of the Aristotelian Cosmos: Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Averroes". In Bowen, Alan; Wildberg, Christian (eds.). New Perspectives on Aristotle’s De caelo. Leiden: Brill. pp. 239–281. Holden, James (1996). "Arabian Astrology". A History of Horoscopic Astrology. Tempe, Az.: American Federation of Astrologers. pp. 99–129. ISBN 978-8669046386 – via cura.free.fr. Janos, Damien (2012). Method, Structure, and Development in al-Fārābī's Cosmology. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-21732-4. Kennedy, Edward S. (1998). Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0860786825. Saif, Liana (2016). "The Universe and the Womb: Generation, Conception, and the Stars in Islamic Medieval Astrological and Medical Texts". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 16: 181–198. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celestial_map,_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG"},{"link_name":"Zubdat al-Tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubdat_al-Tawarikh"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Murad III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_III"},{"link_name":"constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktar-1"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktar-1"},{"link_name":"Arabian, Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_and_Persian_astrology"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrology"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_astrology"},{"link_name":"Indian traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astrology"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"religious scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"}],"text":"Celestial map, signs of the Zodiac and lunar mansions in the Zubdat al-Tawarikh (Essence of History), dedicated to Ottoman Sultan Murad III in 1583Some medieval Muslims took a keen interest in the study of astrology, partly because they considered the celestial bodies to be essential, partly because the dwellers of desert-regions often travelled at night, and relied upon knowledge of the constellations for guidance in their journeys.[1][2]After the advent of Islam, the Muslims needed to determine the time of the prayers, the direction of the Kaaba, and the correct orientation of the mosque, all of which helped give a religious impetus to the study of astronomy and contributed towards the belief that the heavenly bodies were influential upon terrestrial affairs as well as the human condition.[1] The science dealing with such influences was termed astrology (Arabic: علم النجوم Ilm an-Nujūm), a discipline contained within the field of astronomy (more broadly known as علم الفلك Ilm al-Falak 'the science of formation [of the heavens]').[1] The principles of these studies were rooted in Arabian, Persian, Babylonian, Hellenistic and Indian traditions and both were developed by the Arabs following their establishment of a magnificent observatory and library of astronomical and astrological texts at Baghdad in the 8th century.Throughout the medieval period the practical application of astrology was subject to deep philosophical debate by Muslim religious scholars and scientists. Astrological prognostications nevertheless required a fair amount of exact scientific expertise and the quest for such knowledge within this era helped to provide the incentive for the study and development of astronomy.","title":"Astrology in the medieval Islamic world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Almagest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest"},{"link_name":"Al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Arabic names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_star_names"},{"link_name":"Albumasur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Muhammad_Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDL-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker-4"},{"link_name":"hellebore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellebore"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_seed"},{"link_name":"herbalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalist"},{"link_name":"Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Culpeper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker-4"},{"link_name":"Omar Khayyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Solar Hijri calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din al Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Almagest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest"},{"link_name":"Ulugh Beyg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beyg"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Medieval Islamic astrology and astronomy continued Hellenistic and Roman era traditions based on Ptolemy's Almagest. Centres of learning in medicine and astronomy/astrology were set up in Baghdad and Damascus, and the Caliph Al-Mansur of Baghdad established a major observatory and library in the city, making it the world's astronomical centre. During this time knowledge of astronomy was greatly increased. Many modern star names are derived from their Arabic names.Albumasur or Abu Ma'shar (805 - 885) was one of the most influential Islamic astrologers. His treatise Introductorium in Astronomiam (Kitab al-Mudkhal al-Kabīr) spoke of how '\"only by observing the great diversity of planetary motions can we comprehend the unnumbered varieties of change in this world\".[3] The Introductorium was one of the first books to find its way in translation through Spain and into Europe in the Middle Ages, and was highly influential in the revival of astrology and astronomy there.Persians also combined the disciplines of medicine and astrology by linking the curative properties of herbs with specific zodiac signs and planets.[4] Mars, for instance, was considered hot and dry and so ruled plants with a hot or pungent taste, like hellebore, tobacco or mustard. These beliefs were adopted by European herbalists like Culpeper right up until the development of modern medicine.The Persians also developed a system, by which the difference between the ascendant and each planet of the zodiac was calculated. This new position then became a 'part' of some kind.[4] For example, the 'part of fortune' is found by taking the difference between the Sun and the ascendant and adding it to the Moon. If the 'part' thus calculated was in the 10th House in Libra, for instance, it suggested that money could be made from some kind of partnership.The calendar introduced by Omar Khayyam, based on the classical zodiac, remains in effect in Afghanistan and Iran as the official Solar Hijri calendar.Another notable Persian astrologer and astronomer was Qutb al-Din al Shirazi born in Iran, Shiraz (1236–1311). He wrote critiques of Ptolemy's Almagest and produced two prominent works on astronomy: 'The Limit of Accomplishment Concerning Knowledge of the Heavens' in 1281 and 'The Royal Present' in 1284, both of which commented upon and improved on Ptolemy's work, particularly in the field of planetary motion.Ulugh Beyg was a fifteenth-century Timurid Sultan and also a mathematician and astronomer. He built an observatory in 1428 and produced the first original star map since Ptolemy, which corrected the position of many stars and included many new ones.[citation needed]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Farabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Haytham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Abu Rayhan al-Biruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Averroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes"},{"link_name":"conjectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectural"},{"link_name":"empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical"},{"link_name":"Islamic scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"judicial branches of astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_astrology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"proto-Salafist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism"},{"link_name":"Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_Al-Jawziyya"},{"link_name":"empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston-8"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston-8"}],"text":"Some of the principles of astrology were refuted by several medieval Islamic astronomers such as Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Averroes. Their reasons for refuting astrology were often due to both scientific (the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical) and religious (conflicts with orthodox Islamic scholars) reasons.[5] However these refutations mainly concerned the judicial branches of astrology rather than the natural principles of it. For example, Avicenna's refutation of astrology (in the treatise titled Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm, Treatise against the rulings of the stars) revealed support for its overarching principles. He stated that it was true that each planet had some influence on the earth, but his argument was the difficulty of astrologers being able to determine the exact effect of it. In essence, Avicenna did not refute astrology, but denied man's limited capacity to be able to know the precise effects of the stars on the sublunar matter. With that, he did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but only refuted our ability to fully understand it.[6]Another Damascene proto-Salafist Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350), in his Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah, used empirical arguments against astrology in order to refute its practice as he thought it is closely aligned to divination.[7] He recognized that the stars are much larger than the planets, and thus argued:[8]And if you astrologers answer that it is precisely because of this distance and smallness that their influences are negligible, then why is it that you claim a great influence for the smallest heavenly body, Mercury? Why is it that you have given an influence to al-Ra's and al-Dhanab, which are two imaginary points [ascending and descending nodes]?Al-Jawziyya also argued that the since the Milky Way as \"a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars\" that \"it is certainly impossible to have knowledge of their influences.\"[8]","title":"Medieval understanding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Astrologization of the Aristotelian Cosmos: Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Averroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004173767.i-326.72"},{"link_name":"\"Arabian Astrology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cura.free.fr/xxv/23hold1.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8669046386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8669046386"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-21732-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21732-4"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, Edward S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stewart_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0860786825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860786825"},{"link_name":"\"The Universe and the Womb: Generation, Conception, and the Stars in Islamic Medieval Astrological and Medical Texts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5617/jais.4746"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476465#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316333&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Freudenthal, Gad (2009). \"The Astrologization of the Aristotelian Cosmos: Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Averroes\". In Bowen, Alan; Wildberg, Christian (eds.). New Perspectives on Aristotle’s De caelo. Leiden: Brill. pp. 239–281.\nHolden, James (1996). \"Arabian Astrology\". A History of Horoscopic Astrology. Tempe, Az.: American Federation of Astrologers. pp. 99–129. ISBN 978-8669046386 – via cura.free.fr.\nJanos, Damien (2012). Method, Structure, and Development in al-Fārābī's Cosmology. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-21732-4.\nKennedy, Edward S. (1998). Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0860786825.\nSaif, Liana (2016). \"The Universe and the Womb: Generation, Conception, and the Stars in Islamic Medieval Astrological and Medical Texts\". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 16: 181–198.Authority control databases: National \nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"title":"Christian views on astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_astrology"},{"title":"Hellenistic astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_astrology"},{"title":"Horary astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horary_astrology"},{"title":"Islam and astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_astrology"},{"title":"Jewish views on astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology"},{"title":"List of astrologers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astrologers"},{"title":"Natal astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_astrology"},{"title":"Superstitions in Muslim societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies"}]

[{"reference":"Ayduz, Salim; Kalin, Ibrahim; Dagli, Caner (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780199812578.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=astrology&pg=RA1-PA515","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812578","url_text":"9780199812578"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to Astronomy, Containing the Eight Divided Books of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus\". World Digital Library. 1506. Retrieved 2013-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2998/","url_text":"\"Introduction to Astronomy, Containing the Eight Divided Books of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library","url_text":"World Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Derek; Parker, Julia (1990). The New Compleat Astrologer. New York: Crescent Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saliba, George (1994b), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, pp. 60 & 67–69, ISBN 978-0-8147-8023-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saliba","url_text":"Saliba, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press","url_text":"New York University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8023-7","url_text":"978-0-8147-8023-7"}]},{"reference":"Saliba, George (2011). \"Avicenna: viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences\". Mathematics and Physical Sciences Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saliba","url_text":"Saliba, George"},{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii","url_text":"\"Avicenna: viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"Livingston, John W. (1971), \"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation\", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 91 (1): 96–103, doi:10.2307/600445, JSTOR 600445","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600445","url_text":"10.2307/600445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/600445","url_text":"600445"}]},{"reference":"Livingston, John W. (1971), \"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation\", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 91 (1): 96–103 [99], doi:10.2307/600445, JSTOR 600445","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600445","url_text":"10.2307/600445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/600445","url_text":"600445"}]},{"reference":"Freudenthal, Gad (2009). \"The Astrologization of the Aristotelian Cosmos: Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Averroes\". In Bowen, Alan; Wildberg, Christian (eds.). New Perspectives on Aristotle’s De caelo. Leiden: Brill. pp. 239–281.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004173767.i-326.72","url_text":"\"The Astrologization of the Aristotelian Cosmos: Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Averroes\""}]},{"reference":"Holden, James (1996). \"Arabian Astrology\". A History of Horoscopic Astrology. Tempe, Az.: American Federation of Astrologers. pp. 99–129. ISBN 978-8669046386 – via cura.free.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://cura.free.fr/xxv/23hold1.html","url_text":"\"Arabian Astrology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8669046386","url_text":"978-8669046386"}]},{"reference":"Janos, Damien (2012). Method, Structure, and Development in al-Fārābī's Cosmology. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-21732-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21732-4","url_text":"978-90-04-21732-4"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Edward S. (1998). Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0860786825.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stewart_Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, Edward S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860786825","url_text":"978-0860786825"}]},{"reference":"Saif, Liana (2016). \"The Universe and the Womb: Generation, Conception, and the Stars in Islamic Medieval Astrological and Medical Texts\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albantsi

Albantsi

["1 References"]

For other uses, see Albantsi (minority group). Village in Kardzhali Province, BulgariaAlbantsiVillageAlbantsiCoordinates: 41°30′00″N 25°16′00″E / 41.5°N 25.26667°E / 41.5; 25.26667Country BulgariaProvinceKardzhali ProvinceMunicipalityDzhebelArea • Total0.807 km2 (0.312 sq mi)Population (2007) • Total2Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Albantsi (Bulgarian: Албанци) is a village in the municipality of Dzhebel, in Kardzhali Province, in southern-central Bulgaria. It is located 207.79 kilometres (129.11 mi) southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 0.807 square kilometres and as of 2007 it had a population of 2 people. References ^ a b "Albantsi". Guide Bulgaria. Retrieved 31 July 2012. vte Dzhebel MunicipalityCapital: DzhebelVillages Albantsi Brezhana Chakaltsi Chereshka General Geshevo Dobrintsi Dushinkovo Iliysko Kazatsite Kamenyane Kozitsa Kontil Kuptsite Lebed Mishevsko Modren Mrezhichko Ovchevo Paprat Plazishte Podvrah Polyanets Potoche Pripek Ridino Rogozari Rogozche Rozhdensko Rut Shterna Sipets Skalina Slunchogled Sofiytsi Telcharka Tsurkvitsa Tsvyatovo Turnovtsi Tyutyunche Ustren Velikdenche Vodenicharsko Vulkovich Yamino Zheladovo Zhulti rid Zhultika This Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_township_(disambiguation)

Wabash Township

["1 Illinois","2 Indiana","3 Ohio","4 See also"]

Wabash Township may refer to: Illinois Wabash Township, Clark County, Illinois Wabash Precinct, Wabash County, Illinois Indiana Wabash Township, Adams County, Indiana Wabash Township, Fountain County, Indiana Wabash Township, Gibson County, Indiana Wabash Township, Jay County, Indiana Wabash Township, Parke County, Indiana Wabash Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana Ohio Wabash Township, Darke County, Ohio See also Wabash (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveless_(film)

Loveless (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Themes and interpretations","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","4.3 Filming","4.4 Post-production","5 Release","6 Reception","6.1 Box office","6.2 Critical response","6.3 Accolades","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]

2017 film by Andrey Zvyagintsev LovelessFilm posterRussianНелюбовьRomanizationNelyubov Directed byAndrey ZvyagintsevScreenplay by Oleg Negin Andrey Zvyagintsev Produced by Alexander Rodnyansky Sergey Melkumov Gleb Fetisov Starring Maryana Spivak Aleksey Rozin Matvey Novikov Marina Vasilyeva Andris Keišs CinematographyMikhail KrichmanEdited byAnna MassMusic by Evgueni Galperine Sacha Galperine Productioncompanies Arte France Cinéma Why Not Productions Les Films du Fleuve Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Sony Pictures Releasing(Russia) Pyramide Distribution (France) Lumière Publishing (Benelux) Alpenrepublik Filmverleih (Germany) Release dates 18 May 2017 (2017-05-18) (Cannes) 1 June 2017 (2017-06-01) (Russia) Running time127 minutesCountries Russia France Belgium Germany LanguageRussianBox office$4.8 million Loveless (Russian: Нелюбовь, romanized: Nelyubov) is a 2017 drama film directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev, who co-wrote it with Oleg Negin. The story concerns two separated parents, played by Maryana Spivak and Aleksey Rozin, whose loveless relationship has decayed into a state of bitterness and hostility. They are temporarily drawn back together after their only child goes missing and they attempt to find him. The story was inspired by the search-and-rescue group Liza Alert and Zvyagintsev's desire to make a film about a family. He was originally interested in making a Russian reworking of the 1973 Swedish miniseries Scenes from a Marriage but could not obtain the rights. Loveless was produced with international support after the Russian government disapproved of Zvyagintsev's 2014 anti-corruption film Leviathan. As a result, Loveless is a co-production of Russia, France, Belgium and Germany. Cinematographer Mikhail Krichman used a realistic style during filming in Moscow in 2016. Although Zvyagintsev said he had no interest in politics, he incorporated a skeptical view of the police into the film. Themes include parental neglect, the state of lovelessness or nelyubov, and bleak environments. Loveless opened to critical acclaim and won the Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Critics viewed it as a gripping story of a family crisis and a statement on life in Russia. It won two European Film Awards, including Best Cinematographer for Krichman, as well as the César Award for Best Foreign Film, and was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards. Plot October 2012, Moscow. Children are leaving school. A twelve-year-old boy named Alyosha walks along a path through a wooded area on the outskirts of town. He throws a strip of tape onto a tree. His parents, Zhenya and Boris, are divorcing and are trying to sell their apartment. Both parents have new relationships: Boris with Masha, a young woman who is pregnant with his child; and Zhenya with Anton, an older and wealthier man with an adult daughter. Alyosha overhears a fight between his parents, neither of whom claim to want him and are considering placing him in an orphanage. One day after spending most of the night with Anton, Zhenya realizes Alyosha has not been seen since the day before. The police believe Alyosha has run away and will return home within a day or two. When Alyosha does not return, a volunteer group specializing in the rescue of missing persons takes over the case and begins searching for the boy. The only relative Alyosha could have sought refuge with is Zhenya's estranged mother, who lives several hours away. Boris and Zhenya visit Zhenya's mother; their trip is punctuated by arguments, and they do not find any clues as to Alyosha's whereabouts. On the return journey home, Zhenya and Boris argue again; Zhenya says her marriage to Boris while pregnant was a mistake and she should have had an abortion; she also says she feels pity for Masha. Enraged, Boris stops the car and forces her out on a rural roadway. The police again become involved with the search for Alyosha, which covers an increasingly wide area of the town and its surrounding area. After a fruitless search of an abandoned building that Alyosha's friend, Kuznetsov, identified as their hideout, Zhenya and Boris go to a morgue to view the remains of an unidentified child whose description matches Alyosha's. Both parents deny the disfigured child's body is their son's, though the experience proves traumatic and they break down in tears. Some time passes; Boris and Zhenya's apartment has been sold, and workers dismantle wall hangings and appliances in Alyosha's old room. On the streets, missing-person posters of Alyosha are looking old and faded. In 2015, Boris now lives with Masha and their infant son, whom he treats coldly, while Zhenya has moved in with Anton. Three years after his disappearance, on the wooded path along which Alyosha used to walk home from school, the strip of tape he threw onto the tree remains as a surviving remnant of his existence. Cast Maryana Spivak won the role of Zhenya after a four-month casting process. The cast includes: Maryana Spivak as Zhenya Aleksey Rozin as Boris Matvei Novikov as Alyosha, son of Zhenya and Boris Alexey Fateev as Ivan, coordinator of search and rescue team Marina Vasilyeva as Masha, Boris' lover Andris Keišs as Anton, Zhenya's lover Natalya Potapova as Zhenya's mother Sergey Borisov as the detective Themes and interpretations Critic Adam Nayman argued the theme of Loveless is "neglect" and that Alyosha represents "the lost innocence of a society deep in the throes of self-absorption". The Financial Times's Raphael Abraham stated that while Zhenya and Boris are humanized, they are "at best distracted, at worst criminally neglectful". Alyosha may be exemplary of "the unwanted or unacknowledged child" frequently seen in Zvyagintsev's filmography, according to reviewer Anthony Lane. Eric Hynes summarized Boris's and Zhenya's flaws as being "vacuity", "self-regard" and "selfhatred". Film Journal writer Simi Horwitz also said Zhenya is a narcissist "guiding prospective apartment buyers through it as if were not there". The story is told with "intense domestic detail" compared to the work of Ingmar Bergman and August Strindberg. In his review, Mark Kermode judged the police as "uncaring and ineffectual", saying this reflects a theme common throughout Zvyagintsev's work, but added the search-and-rescue team offered a contrast; "The volunteers are decent and driven, their stoical mission at odds with the dehumanising cycle of suburban life". Kermode added that Zhenya and Boris only become more resentful after Alyosha goes missing, escalating their "lovelessness", "the state ... in which (we are told) one simply cannot live". Hynes argued Boris and Zhenya do not develop as characters after Alyosha goes missing but are made aware of the "abyss" within themselves. Critic Leslie Felperin said the source of Zhenya's bitterness is revealed in her background when she visits her mother. Zhenya's mother may also live in a state of nelyubov ("lovelessness" in the English translation) according to critic Robert Koehler; the Russian word refers to a state of "anti-love" rather than the absence of love. The settings and weather also feature in the themes, which according to Horwitz are "rooted in a peculiarly Russian landscape, existential and literal", exemplified by the "bleak, snowy day" that forms the backdrop of the prologue. The wintry forest featured in the prologue conveys the "eerie air of a gothic fairy tale" in Abraham's opinion; the use of the cinematography in the initial scenes may also give the camera "an independence of movement"; Hynes observed it "zooming into the split of a tree, panning skyward from the foot of it". Later in the story, snowfall threatens the search. Horwitz also found the interiors of the residences "oppressive and unwelcoming". Felperin viewed the abandoned building as symbolic, featuring broken glass and an empty pool that "starts to look like a mass grave, but one that could never hold all the runaways of the nation". Ivan Bilibin's personification of Russia: There is disagreement over whether Zhenya represents a personification of Russia. The Economist considered religious and political themes to be less important in Loveless than in Zvyagintsev's 2014 film Leviathan; while Boris' employer is devoutly Russian Orthodox, this is not a predominant theme and "the state is more absent than corrupt". Boris is "terrified" his employer will punish him for the divorce on religious grounds. Koehler equated the ineffectiveness of the police to the Russian state. Robbie Collin argued Loveless has "vast significance", noting that the story opens with Russians fearing the end of the world during the 2012 phenomenon and closes with Zhenya wearing an outfit displaying the word "Russia" prominently while running on a treadmill. Collin interpreted Zhenya as "a real 21st century Mother Russia, going nowhere yet locked unswervingly on course". Zvyagintsev said "Russia" outfits were popular during the 2014 Winter Olympics and was not meant to equate Zhenya with Mother Russia. Koehler instead viewed Zhenya's mother as representative of Mother Russia. According to Peter Rainer, Loveless is "perhaps most encompassing indictment of Russian society", considering the fears of the end of the world lead into the missing person case. Rainer wrote, "Alyosha, with his pugnacious, beseeching face, is not only a lost boy: In the movie's terms, he also represents the loss of something spiritually significant in modern Russia". Koehler interpreted the damaged family as the product of a declining large society. According to Wenlei Ma, "It’s hard not to see Loveless as standing in for Russia’s wider problem—of the promises of Perestroika and Glasnost and the progress reforms brought, progress that has since been diluted by divisions, apathy and a state with no soul". According to Koehler, the film negatively depicts modern Russia in a restaurant scene in which young men and women exchange telephone numbers and take group selfies. Production Development Producer Alexander Rodnyansky said Loveless was envisioned as a reflection of "Russian life, Russian society and Russian anguish", but was also intended to be relatable to other countries. Rodnyansky also said a desire to look at a family was a starting point in the story's conception, and that the director and screenwriter Andrey Zvyagintsev started writing the story while visiting the United States in 2015. Zvyagintsev said the film began as an attempt to remake Scenes from a Marriage, the 1973 miniseries by Ingmar Bergman. Zvyagintsev claimed to have met Bergman at Fårö in 2003, where they discussed a remake of the miniseries. An unsuccessful attempt to buy the rights to the miniseries led writers Oleg Negin and Zvyagintsev to redraw the plot, deciding to base it on news stories about the search and rescue team Liza Alert. Negin submitted the title Nelyubov to Zvyagintsev, which the director said is a Russian word referring to both a lack of love and a dire spiritual condition. Despite the flawed nature of the lead characters, Zvyagintsev said: I never perceived them as monsters ... They're just people, like all of us, it’s our reflection, and in some traits of their characters, I even saw myself. These stories come from personal experience and the stories of Oleg Negin, my co-author, and other people. The war in Donbass is referenced in the final scenes. While Zvyagintsev claimed to be uninterested in politics, his story reflects his belief that "The modern-day police don't care about people". He later said Loveless was "over-politicized". He chose to start the story in October 2012, which he said was a point when the Russian people were optimistic about beneficial political reform, ending in disappointment in 2015. The film also includes references to the war in Donbass. While the conflict is referenced through Russian propaganda, Zvyagintsev said his films are anti-government and that the scenes were intended to show the lives of his characters: All this propaganda that you hear on the radio in the film is just the real background which we Russians lived in from 2012 to 2015 because the main action takes place during six days in the October of 2012. And, then we see the characters after several years in 2015 when, already, all these tragic events between Russia and Ukraine have happened. They’re just the real background that we experienced in those days. Zvyagintsev's earlier film Leviathan, about corruption in Russia, received 35% of its budget from Russia's Ministry of Culture. However, Loveless was made without financial support from the national government because the Ministry of Culture disapproved of Leviathan when it was finished. The producers neither requested nor received any offers of state support for Loveless, Zvyagintsev said. Rodnyansky instead appealed for funding from wealthy Russian Gleb Fetisov and foreign companies, including Why Not Productions in France and Les Films du Fleuve in Belgium. Casting Zvyagintsev said it was natural to cast Aleksey Rozin as Boris because he and Rozin had previously worked together twice. The crew spent four months casting the character Zhenya, for which Maryana Spivak was an early candidate, and she was eventually cast in the role. Spivak said she took the opportunity for a starring role in a film and the chance to work with Zvyagintsev. Spivak questioned whether her character truly did not love her son; she interpreted the role with ambiguity, considering the complexity of Zhenya's emotions. Zvyagintsev's desire to cast unknown actors led to the casting of Sergey Badichkin as Boris' co-worker. The filmmakers auditioned 250 children for the role of Alyosha and shortlisted around six. They asked the candidates to portray Alyosha weeping as his parents are arguing; Matvey Novikov was cast as Alyosha and the second-best candidate, Artyom Zhigulin, was given the role of Kuznetsov. Filming Scenes were shot in Moscow, including at Skhodnya River. Principal photography began in Summer 2016. Filming was done in Moscow, on location, in apartments and at an unused building that was used to portray the search. The unused building was an abandoned "cultural palace" found by a location scout. Skhodnya River was also used as a location. Zvyagintsev and his cinematographer Mikhail Krichman used harsh lighting and a color scheme with desaturated grays and browns. Zvyagintsev described his direction: The direction is towards the particular, the accuracy of the recreation of details: that is what allows anyone who watches to appreciate the sense of the work, though the sincerity, the honesty of its approach to human nature. If you try and tackle abstract problems, problems of society or the world as a whole, you’ll never get anything done. You won’t create anything. Krichman said he aimed for realism in his filming, for which he used an Arri Alexa digital camera that was kept more stationary than its subjects. On average, the filmmakers filmed twelve takes for each scene, and Krichman said some scenes needed up to twenty-eight takes. The scene in which Matvey Novikov runs down a hallway was filmed using by camera dolly; it took over four hours to film because of difficulties with lighting. Liza Alert volunteers inspired the story and consulted the production. During production, members of Russian search-and-rescue group Liza Alert advised the filmmakers and lent their equipment for use on screen. The dead child in the morgue was artificial. The filmmakers used the nude photography of Annie Leibovitz as an influence for the sex scenes. For the opening scene at the school, Zvyagintsev instructed the crew to film the empty yard for one minute before the crew let the child actors leave, instructing them not to look into the camera. For Matvey Novikov's weeping scene, Novikov was not given this part of the screenplay and did not know what his character was overhearing, but Zvyagintsev instructed him; "Imagine you're badly craving something, a toy, a bicycle, and then imagine that you're not gonna get it", filming the scene in eight takes. Post-production The film score was composed by Evgueni and Sacha Galperine, who wrote the music after hearing a synopsis of the story but without seeing the film or reading the screenplay. Evgueni Galperine said the piece "11 Cycles of E" was written as an interpretation of a parent's narrowly-focused thoughts about finding a missing child. The film was still incomplete when it was selected on 13 April 2017 for screening at the Cannes Film Festival the next May, The crew decided to film a final scene for Loveless. Over the next month, editing of the finished version was completed; Zvyagintsev described the lateness of the process as "extreme circumstances". Release Loveless competed for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017. The filmmakers and distributors could not find words for the title, Nelyubov, in English or French, and chose Loveless and Faute d'amour, respectively. Beijing WeYing Technology acquired the Chinese distribution rights, and Altitude Film Distribution purchased the rights to release it in the United Kingdom. It was subsequently selected for screening at the 2017 New Zealand International Film Festival in July and the Sarajevo Film Festival in August. In September, it was screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released In Russia on 1 June 2017, with distributors relying on Cannes to build up interest in the film while seeking theatrical showings before online piracy became widespread. Its French release followed on 20 September 2017. It was released in the UK on 24 January 2018. Sony Pictures Classics acquired the North American distribution rights, releasing it in New York and Los Angeles in February 2018. On 21 February 2018, it was re-released in Russian theaters. On 23 January 2018, Pyramide Vidéo released Loveless on DVD in Region 2 as part of a boxset of Zvyagintsev's films. On 12 June 2018, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in Region 1 on DVD and Blu-ray. Reception Box office In its first two weeks of screenings in Russia, Loveless grossed 100 million rubles. In France, the film opened on 20 September 2017 and attracted 10,000 admissions. According to Sony, on its first week of release in North America Loveless grossed $30,950, an average of $10,317 per location. In its second and third weeks of its U.S. release, Loveless grossed $65,457, an average of $5,455 per location; and $60,583, an average of $2,423 per location. In Russia, the film made $2 million by February 2018, with 350,000 admissions. It grossed $4,885,296 worldwide. Critical response As of 20 September 2020, Loveless has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 186 reviews, and an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Loveless uses its riveting portrait of a family in crisis to offer thought-provoking commentary on modern life in Russia—and the world beyond its borders". It also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 33 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". At Cannes, The Toronto Star's Peter Howell praised Loveless as "masterfully bleak" and endorsed it for the Palme d'Or; he said it was also leading in the critics' polls. On RogerEbert.com, Ben Kenigsberg predicted it would win the Palme d'Or, calling it "austere and beautiful, leisurely yet compelling". For Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film "compelling and forbidding" and "an ominous, reverberating look" at "the crisis of empathy at the culture’s core" in contemporary Russian society. Peter Bradshaw gave it five stars in The Guardian, praising it as a "stark, mysterious and terrifying story". For Izvestia, Kirill Razlogov commented on the realistic depiction of common life and on Spivak's and Rozin's portrayal of hatred for each other. The Hollywood Reporter's Leslie Felperin praised its intensity, avoidance of a heavy-handed approach to many issues—including in its examination of lack of social bonds within a technological society—and the ways damaging relationships are passed down through family histories. In The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin awarded it five stars, hailing it as "pristine and merciless", and compared its opening with the ominous prologue to the 1973 film Don't Look Now. Eric Kohn gave it a B in IndieWire and said it falls short of Leviathan. On Vulture.com, Emily Yoshida called it a "dour" film with unlikable characters and a lack of focus to make a coherent point, and said the positive was that it inspired gratitude in viewers who did not live under Russian President Vladimir Putin's regime. Andrey Zvyagintsev's direction received positive reviews. He won the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Achievement in Directing. Following Cannes, Russian critic Andrei Plakhov wrote that the film effectively conveys poetry and grief. In France, Jacques Mandelbaum of Le Monde said Zvyagintsev established a dark tone in which the characters fail due to their selfishness and negativity. Le Parisien's Pierre Vavasseur commended the look of the film. For Les Inrockuptibles, Vincent Ostria called Loveless one of Zvyagintsev's best films, commenting on the pathos of the title. In Belgium, Le Soir's Fabienne Bradfer hailed Zvyagintsev as a master and Loveless as lucid and intimate. In the German newspaper Der Spiegel, Carolin Weidner focused on the selfish nature of the parent characters and their lack of awareness of their son's disappearance, and interpreted it as a parable of Russia wrapped up in the 2012 phenomenon. In Der Tagesspiegel, Andreas Busche said the dialogue regarding the 2012 apocalyptic fears leads into a colder period for Russia and regarded Loveless as nihilist. Some critics compared the Loveless to its inspiration, Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage. Los Angeles Times critic Justin Chang called the film "a withering snapshot of contemporary Russian malaise". For The New York Times, Jeannette Catsoulis commented on the atmosphere and suspenseful cinematography. Mike D'Angelo wrote in The A.V. Club that with news stories about alleged Russian government's hacking following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Loveless showed civilians in Russia are also unhappy under its government. Anthony Lane, in a positive review for The New Yorker, noted the bleakness of the film's story line but found it "so much more gripping than grim". Critic David Ehrlich named Evgueni and Sacha Galperine's score as the ninth-best cinematic soundtrack of 2017, particularly praising "11 Cycles of E" as "striking". Accolades The jury at Cannes awarded Loveless the Jury Prize. Producer Alexander Rodnyansky said that when the Russian Oscar Committee was selecting a submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Loveless's political critics campaigned against it but it remained a frontrunner due to the Jury Prize and the positive reception in North America. Critic Anton Dolin argued Loveless's Sony distribution and Zvyagintsev's previous nomination for Leviathan also gave it an edge over other Russian films considered. In September, it was selected as the Russian entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards; the Academy shortlisted it for a nomination in December. Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref(s) Academy Awards 4 March 2018 Best Foreign Language Film Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Asia Pacific Screen Awards 23 November 2017 Best Director Won Belgian Film Critics Association 7 January 2018 Grand Prix Won British Academy Film Awards 18 February 2018 Best Film Not in the English Language Nominated British Independent Film Awards 10 December 2017 Best Foreign Independent Film Nominated Camerimage 11—18 November 2017 Silver Frog Mikhail Krichman Won Golden Frog Nominated Cannes Film Festival 17—28 May 2017 Jury Prize Andrey Zvyagintsev Won Palme d'Or Nominated César Awards 2 March 2018 Best Foreign Film Won Chicago Film Critics Association 12 December 2017 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated Dublin Film Critics' Circle 20 December 2018 Best Film 5th Place European Film Awards 9 December 2017 Best Film Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Director Nominated Best Screenwriter Oleg Negin, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Cinematographer Mikhail Krichman Won Best Composer Evgueni and Sacha Galperine Won University Award Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Golden Eagle Awards 26 January 2018 Best Feature Film Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Director Won Best Screenwriter Oleg Negin, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Cinematography Mikhail Krichman Nominated Best Music Score Evgueni and Sacha Galperine Nominated Golden Globes 7 January 2018 Best Foreign Language Film Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Independent Spirit Awards 3 March 2018 Best International Film Nominated International Adana Film Festival 30 September 2017 Best International Film Won London Film Critics' Circle 28 January 2018 Foreign Language Film of the Year Nominated Film of the Year Nominated London Film Festival 4—15 October 2017 Best Film Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association 3 December 2017 Best Foreign Language Film Won Magritte Awards 3 February 2018 Best Foreign Film in Coproduction Nominated Munich International Film Festival 22 June—1 July 2017 Best International Film Won National Board of Review 28 November 2017 Top Five Foreign Language Films Won Nika Awards 1 April 2018 Best Film Alexander Rodnyansky, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Director Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Screenplay Oleg Negin, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Sound Andrey Dergachev Nominated Best Cinematographer Mikhail Krichman Nominated Best Composer Evgueni and Sacha Galperine Nominated Russian Guild of Film Critics 21 December 2017 Best Film Alexander Rodnyansky, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Director Andrey Zvyagintsev Won Best Screenplay Oleg Negin, Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Best Actress Maryana Spivak Nominated Best Cinematographer Mikhail Krichman Won Best Composer Evgueni Galperine Nominated Satellite Awards 10 February 2018 Best Foreign Language Film Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Toronto Film Critics Association 10 December 2017 Best Foreign Language Film Runner-up Zagreb Film Festival 11—20 November 2017 Together Again Best Film Won See also List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Russian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ^ The film has been categorized as a drama, family drama, or crime thriller, with mystery elements, and tragic elements. ^ a b Zvyagintsev denied the use of "lovelessness" in the English translation was the equivalent of the Russian concept of "nelyubov"; according to critic Robert Koehler; the Russian word refers to a state of "anti-love" rather than the absence of love. ^ Rozin appeared Zvyagintsev's Elena (2011) and Leviathan (2014). ^ Shared with A Quiet Place. ^ Shared with BPM (Beats Per Minute) by Robin Campillo. 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"Munich: Zvyagintsev, Pinho and Lass among winners". Screen Daily. Screen International. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ "2017 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "От Высоцкой до Толкалиной: гости и победители премии «Ника 2018»" . Кино (in Russian). 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020. ^ "2017" (in Russian). Russian Guild of Film Critics. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2017. ^ Pond, Steve (29 November 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ Wilner, Norman (13 December 2017). "T.O. critics love The Florida Project". Now. NOW Communications. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017. ^ Grater, Tom (20 November 2017). "'Loveless', Bosnian Oscar entry 'Men Don't Cry' win at Zagreb Film Festival". Screen Daily. Screen International. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. Bibliography Hynes, Eric (Summer 2018). "Loveless". Film Comment. Vol. 43, no. 3. Koehler, Robert (January–February 2018). "Loveless". Cineaste. Vol. 54, no. 1. Semerene, Diego (12 October 2017). "BFI London Film Festival 2017: Andrey Zvyagintsev's Loveless". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017. External links Official website Loveless at IMDb Loveless at Rotten Tomatoes Loveless at Metacritic vteFilms directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev The Return (2003) The Banishment (2007) Elena (2011) Leviathan (2014) Loveless (2017) Awards for Loveless vteCannes Film Festival Jury Prize1946–1973 The Battle of the Rails (1946) All About Eve (1951) We Are All Murderers (1952) Knave of Hearts (1954) Lost Continent (1955) The Mystery of Picasso (1956) Kanał / The Seventh Seal (1957) Mon Oncle (1958) Stars (1959) L'Avventura / Odd Obsession (1960) Mother Joan of the Angels (1961) The Trial of Joan of Arc / L'Eclisse (1962) Harakiri / The Cassandra Cat (1963) Woman in the Dunes (1964) Kwaidan (1965) Alfie (1966) Z (1969) The Falcons / The Strawberry Statement (1970) Love / Joe Hill (1971) Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) The Hourglass Sanatorium / The Invitation (1973) 1980–2000 The Constant Factor (1980) Kharij (1983) Colonel Redl (1985) Thérèse (1986) Yeelen / Shinran: Path to Purity (1987) A Short Film About Killing (1988) Jesus of Montreal (1989) Hidden Agenda (1990) Europa / Out of Life (1991) Dream of Light / An Independent Life (1992) The Puppetmaster / Raining Stones (1993) La Reine Margot (1994) Don't Forget You're Going to Die / Carrington (1995) Crash (1996) Western (1997) Class Trip / Festen (1998) The Letter (1999) Blackboards / Songs from the Second Floor (2000) 2002–present Divine Intervention (2002) At Five in the Afternoon (2003) Tropical Malady (2004) Shanghai Dreams (2005) Red Road (2006) Persepolis / Silent Light (2007) Il Divo (2008) Thirst / Fish Tank (2009) A Screaming Man (2010) Polisse (2011) The Angels' Share (2012) Like Father, Like Son (2013) Mommy / Goodbye to Language (2014) The Lobster (2015) American Honey (2016) Loveless (2017) Capernaum (2018) Bacurau / Les Misérables (2019) Ahed's Knee / Memoria (2021) EO / The Eight Mountains (2022) Fallen Leaves (2023) Emilia Pérez (2024) vteCésar Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman (1976) We All Loved Each Other So Much (1977) A Special Day (1978) The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1979) Manhattan (1980) Kagemusha (1981) The Elephant Man (1982) Victor/Victoria (1983) Fanny and Alexander (1984) Amadeus (1985) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) The Name of the Rose (1987) The Last Emperor (1988) Bagdad Cafe (1989) Dangerous Liaisons (1990) Dead Poets Society (1991) Toto the Hero (1992) High Heels (1993) The Piano (1994) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1995) Land and Freedom (1996) Breaking the Waves (1997) Brassed Off (1998) Life Is Beautiful (1999) All About My Mother (2000) In the Mood for Love (2001) Mulholland Drive (2002) Bowling for Columbine (2003) Mystic River (2004) Lost in Translation (2005) Million Dollar Baby (2006) Little Miss Sunshine (2007) The Lives of Others (2008) Waltz with Bashir (2009) Gran Torino (2010) The Social Network (2011) A Separation (2012) Argo (2013) The Broken Circle Breakdown (2014) Mommy (2015) Birdman (2016) I, Daniel Blake (2017) Loveless (2018) Shoplifters (2019) Parasite (2020) Another Round (2021) The Father (2022) The Beasts (2023) The Nature of Love (2024) vteBelgian Film Critics Association Grand Prix1955–1975 Neapolitan Carousel (1955) Children, Mother, and the General (1956) Picnic (1957) 12 Angry Men (1958) Paths of Glory (1959) Hiroshima mon amour (1960) The Left Handed Gun (1961) Viridiana (1962) The Miracle Worker (1963) Ride the High Country (1964) Dr. Strangelove (1965) The Knack ...and How to Get It (1966) The Woman in the Dunes (1967) Accident (1968) Daisies (1969) Ådalen 31 (1970) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1971) The Conformist (1972) Cabaret (1973) Fat City (1974) Somewhere Beyond Love (1975) 1976–2000 Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1976) A Woman Under the Influence (1977) Dodes'ka-den (1978) Harlan County, USA (1979) Newsfront (1980) The Herd (1981) The Elephant Man (1982) Cutter's Way (1983) Zelig (1984) The Draughtsman's Contract (1985) Stranger Than Paradise (1986) Alpine Fire (1987) Wings of Desire (1988) Bird (1989) Distant Voices, Still Lives (1990) A Short Film About Love (1991) An Angel at My Table (1992) Raise the Red Lantern (1993) Raining Stones (1994) Exotica (1995) Little Odessa (1996) Drifting Clouds (1997) Lone Star (1998) Hana-bi (1999) The Celebration (2000) 2001–present In the Mood for Love (2001) Amores perros (2002) Strokes of Fire (2003) The Best of Youth (2004) Oldboy (2005) 3-Iron (2006) Syriana (2007) The Edge of Heaven (2008) Hunger (2009) Antichrist (2010) A Single Man (2011) The Artist (2012) Beasts of the Southern Wild (2013) Mud (2014) Timbuktu (2015) Son of Saul (2016) Carol (2017) Loveless (2018) Cold War (2019) Never Look Away (2020) 1917 (2021) The Worst Person in the World (2022) Vortex (2023) The Quiet Girl (2024) vteLondon Film Festival Award for Best Film A Prophet (2009) How I Ended This Summer (2010) We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011) Rust and Bone (2012) Ida (2013) Leviathan (2014) Chevalier (2015) Certain Women (2016) Loveless (2017) Joy (2018) Monos (2019) Another Round (2020) Hit the Road (2021) Corsage (2022) vteLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Language Film1975–2000 And Now My Love (1975) Face to Face (1976) That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) Madame Rosa (1978) Soldier of Orange (1979) No Award (1980) The Tin Drum (1981) Pixote (1982) Mad Max 2 (1983) Fanny and Alexander / The Fourth Man (1984) The Official Story / Ran (1985) Vagabond (1986) Goodbye, Children (1987) Wings of Desire (1988) Distant Voices, Still Lives / Story of Women (1989) Life and Nothing But (1990) The Beautiful Troublemaker (1991) The Crying Game (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Wild Reeds (1995) A Judgement in Stone (1996) The Promise (1997) The Celebration (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Yi Yi (2000) 2001–present No Man's Land (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) The Man on the Train (2003) House of Flying Daggers (2004) Hidden (2005) The Lives of Others (2006) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) Still Life (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Carlos (2010) City of Life and Death (2011) Holy Motors (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Ida (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Handmaiden (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) / Loveless (2017) Burning / Shoplifters (2018) Pain and Glory (2019) Beanpole (2020) Petite Maman (2021) EO (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteRussian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Close to Eden (1992) Burnt by the Sun (1994) A Moslem (1995) Prisoner of the Mountains (1996) The Thief (1997) The Barber of Siberia (1998) Moloch (1999) His Wife's Diary (2000) The Romanovs: An Imperial Family (2001) House of Fools (2002) The Return (2003) Night Watch (2004) The Italian (2005) The 9th Company (2006) 12 (2007) Mermaid (2008) Ward No. 6 (2009) The Edge (2010) Burnt by the Sun 2 (2011) White Tiger (2012) Stalingrad (2013) Leviathan (2014) Sunstroke (2015) Paradise (2016) Loveless (2017) Sobibor (2018) Beanpole (2019) Dear Comrades! (2020) Unclenching the Fists (2021) Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway Spain United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Andrey Zvyagintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Zvyagintsev"},{"link_name":"Oleg Negin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Negin"},{"link_name":"Maryana Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryana_Spivak"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Rozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Rozin"},{"link_name":"Liza Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Alert"},{"link_name":"Scenes from a Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_from_a_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Krichman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Krichman"},{"link_name":"nelyubov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovelessness-16"},{"link_name":"Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"2017 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"European Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"César Award for Best Foreign Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"90th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Academy_Awards"}],"text":"2017 film by Andrey ZvyagintsevLoveless (Russian: Нелюбовь, romanized: Nelyubov) is a 2017 drama film[a] directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev, who co-wrote it with Oleg Negin. The story concerns two separated parents, played by Maryana Spivak and Aleksey Rozin, whose loveless relationship has decayed into a state of bitterness and hostility. They are temporarily drawn back together after their only child goes missing and they attempt to find him.The story was inspired by the search-and-rescue group Liza Alert and Zvyagintsev's desire to make a film about a family. He was originally interested in making a Russian reworking of the 1973 Swedish miniseries Scenes from a Marriage but could not obtain the rights. Loveless was produced with international support after the Russian government disapproved of Zvyagintsev's 2014 anti-corruption film Leviathan. As a result, Loveless is a co-production of Russia, France, Belgium and Germany. Cinematographer Mikhail Krichman used a realistic style during filming in Moscow in 2016. Although Zvyagintsev said he had no interest in politics, he incorporated a skeptical view of the police into the film. Themes include parental neglect, the state of lovelessness or nelyubov,[b] and bleak environments.Loveless opened to critical acclaim and won the Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Critics viewed it as a gripping story of a family crisis and a statement on life in Russia. It won two European Film Awards, including Best Cinematographer for Krichman, as well as the César Award for Best Foreign Film, and was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards.","title":"Loveless (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catsoulis-17"},{"link_name":"run away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_(dependent)"}],"text":"October 2012, Moscow.[15] Children are leaving school. A twelve-year-old boy named Alyosha walks along a path through a wooded area on the outskirts of town. He throws a strip of tape onto a tree. His parents, Zhenya and Boris, are divorcing and are trying to sell their apartment. Both parents have new relationships: Boris with Masha, a young woman who is pregnant with his child; and Zhenya with Anton, an older and wealthier man with an adult daughter. Alyosha overhears a fight between his parents, neither of whom claim to want him and are considering placing him in an orphanage.One day after spending most of the night with Anton, Zhenya realizes Alyosha has not been seen since the day before. The police believe Alyosha has run away and will return home within a day or two. When Alyosha does not return, a volunteer group specializing in the rescue of missing persons takes over the case and begins searching for the boy. The only relative Alyosha could have sought refuge with is Zhenya's estranged mother, who lives several hours away. Boris and Zhenya visit Zhenya's mother; their trip is punctuated by arguments, and they do not find any clues as to Alyosha's whereabouts. On the return journey home, Zhenya and Boris argue again; Zhenya says her marriage to Boris while pregnant was a mistake and she should have had an abortion; she also says she feels pity for Masha. Enraged, Boris stops the car and forces her out on a rural roadway.The police again become involved with the search for Alyosha, which covers an increasingly wide area of the town and its surrounding area. After a fruitless search of an abandoned building that Alyosha's friend, Kuznetsov, identified as their hideout, Zhenya and Boris go to a morgue to view the remains of an unidentified child whose description matches Alyosha's. Both parents deny the disfigured child's body is their son's, though the experience proves traumatic and they break down in tears.Some time passes; Boris and Zhenya's apartment has been sold, and workers dismantle wall hangings and appliances in Alyosha's old room. On the streets, missing-person posters of Alyosha are looking old and faded. In 2015, Boris now lives with Masha and their infant son, whom he treats coldly, while Zhenya has moved in with Anton. Three years after his disappearance, on the wooded path along which Alyosha used to walk home from school, the strip of tape he threw onto the tree remains as a surviving remnant of his existence.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maryana Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryana_Spivak"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Maryana Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryana_Spivak"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Rozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Rozin"},{"link_name":"Andris Keišs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Kei%C5%A1s"}],"text":"Maryana Spivak won the role of Zhenya after a four-month casting process.The cast includes:[16]Maryana Spivak as Zhenya\nAleksey Rozin as Boris\nMatvei Novikov as Alyosha, son of Zhenya and Boris\nAlexey Fateev as Ivan, coordinator of search and rescue team\nMarina Vasilyeva as Masha, Boris' lover\nAndris Keišs as Anton, Zhenya's lover\nNatalya Potapova as Zhenya's mother\nSergey Borisov as the detective","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nayman-19"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"link_name":"Anthony Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Lane"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nostrings-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHynes201869-22"},{"link_name":"Film Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Journal"},{"link_name":"narcissist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horwitz-23"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"August Strindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Angelo-24"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kermode/Guardian-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kermode/Guardian-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHynes201869-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felperin-26"},{"link_name":"nelyubov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovelessness-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201853-15"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horwitz-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHynes201868-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horwitz-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felperin-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_-_postcard_by_I.Bilibin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bilibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin"},{"link_name":"personification of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personifications_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"religious grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rainer-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201852-31"},{"link_name":"2012 phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Mother Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Russia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collin-32"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201853-15"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rainer-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201852-31"},{"link_name":"Perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"Glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"selfies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201852-31"}],"text":"Critic Adam Nayman argued the theme of Loveless is \"neglect\" and that Alyosha represents \"the lost innocence of a society deep in the throes of self-absorption\".[17] The Financial Times's Raphael Abraham stated that while Zhenya and Boris are humanized, they are \"at best distracted, at worst criminally neglectful\".[18] Alyosha may be exemplary of \"the unwanted or unacknowledged child\" frequently seen in Zvyagintsev's filmography, according to reviewer Anthony Lane.[19] Eric Hynes summarized Boris's and Zhenya's flaws as being \"vacuity\", \"self-regard\" and \"selfhatred\".[20] Film Journal writer Simi Horwitz also said Zhenya is a narcissist \"guiding prospective apartment buyers through it as if [Alyosha] were not there\".[21] The story is told with \"intense domestic detail\" compared to the work of Ingmar Bergman and August Strindberg.[22]In his review, Mark Kermode judged the police as \"uncaring and ineffectual\", saying this reflects a theme common throughout Zvyagintsev's work, but added the search-and-rescue team offered a contrast; \"The volunteers are decent and driven, their stoical mission at odds with the dehumanising cycle of suburban life\".[23] Kermode added that Zhenya and Boris only become more resentful after Alyosha goes missing, escalating their \"lovelessness\", \"the state ... in which (we are told) one simply cannot live\".[23] Hynes argued Boris and Zhenya do not develop as characters after Alyosha goes missing but are made aware of the \"abyss\" within themselves.[20] Critic Leslie Felperin said the source of Zhenya's bitterness is revealed in her background when she visits her mother.[24] Zhenya's mother may also live in a state of nelyubov (\"lovelessness\" in the English translation)[b] according to critic Robert Koehler; the Russian word refers to a state of \"anti-love\" rather than the absence of love.[14]The settings and weather also feature in the themes, which according to Horwitz are \"rooted in a peculiarly Russian landscape, existential and literal\", exemplified by the \"bleak, snowy day\" that forms the backdrop of the prologue.[21] The wintry forest featured in the prologue conveys the \"eerie air of a gothic fairy tale\" in Abraham's opinion;[18] the use of the cinematography in the initial scenes may also give the camera \"an independence of movement\"; Hynes observed it \"zooming into the split of a tree, panning skyward from the foot of it\".[25] Later in the story, snowfall threatens the search.[26] Horwitz also found the interiors of the residences \"oppressive and unwelcoming\".[21] Felperin viewed the abandoned building as symbolic, featuring broken glass and an empty pool that \"starts to look like a mass grave, but one that could never hold all the runaways of the nation\".[24]Ivan Bilibin's personification of Russia: There is disagreement over whether Zhenya represents a personification of Russia.The Economist considered religious and political themes to be less important in Loveless than in Zvyagintsev's 2014 film Leviathan; while Boris' employer is devoutly Russian Orthodox, this is not a predominant theme and \"the state is more absent than corrupt\".[27] Boris is \"terrified\" his employer will punish him for the divorce on religious grounds.[28] Koehler equated the ineffectiveness of the police to the Russian state.[29] Robbie Collin argued Loveless has \"vast significance\", noting that the story opens with Russians fearing the end of the world during the 2012 phenomenon and closes with Zhenya wearing an outfit displaying the word \"Russia\" prominently while running on a treadmill. Collin interpreted Zhenya as \"a real 21st century Mother Russia, going nowhere yet locked unswervingly on course\".[30] Zvyagintsev said \"Russia\" outfits were popular during the 2014 Winter Olympics[31] and was not meant to equate Zhenya with Mother Russia.[18] Koehler instead viewed Zhenya's mother as representative of Mother Russia.[14]According to Peter Rainer, Loveless is \"perhaps [Zvyagintsev's] most encompassing indictment of Russian society\", considering the fears of the end of the world lead into the missing person case. Rainer wrote, \"Alyosha, with his pugnacious, beseeching face, is not only a lost boy: In the movie's terms, he also represents the loss of something spiritually significant in modern Russia\".[28] Koehler interpreted the damaged family as the product of a declining large society.[29] According to Wenlei Ma, \"It’s hard not to see Loveless as standing in for Russia’s wider problem—of the promises of Perestroika and Glasnost and the progress reforms brought, progress that has since been diluted by divisions, apathy and a state with no soul\".[32] According to Koehler, the film negatively depicts modern Russia in a restaurant scene in which young men and women exchange telephone numbers and take group selfies.[29]","title":"Themes and interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Rodnyansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rodnyansky"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Andrey Zvyagintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Zvyagintsev"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grater-36"},{"link_name":"Scenes from a Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_from_a_Marriage"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff-37"},{"link_name":"Fårö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Oleg Negin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Negin"},{"link_name":"Liza Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Alert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacFarquhar-9"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_(16544235410).jpg"},{"link_name":"war in Donbass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeitchik-40"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-33"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tartaglione-41"},{"link_name":"war in Donbass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeitchik-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zvyagintsev-42"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"link_name":"corruption in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"national government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham-20"},{"link_name":"Why Not Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Not_Productions"},{"link_name":"Les Films du Fleuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Films_du_Fleuve"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barraclough-45"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Producer Alexander Rodnyansky said Loveless was envisioned as a reflection of \"Russian life, Russian society and Russian anguish\", but was also intended to be relatable to other countries.[33] Rodnyansky also said a desire to look at a family was a starting point in the story's conception, and that the director and screenwriter Andrey Zvyagintsev started writing the story while visiting the United States in 2015.[34] Zvyagintsev said the film began as an attempt to remake Scenes from a Marriage, the 1973 miniseries by Ingmar Bergman.[35] Zvyagintsev claimed to have met Bergman at Fårö in 2003, where they discussed a remake of the miniseries.[36] An unsuccessful attempt to buy the rights to the miniseries led writers Oleg Negin and Zvyagintsev to redraw the plot, deciding to base it on news stories about the search and rescue team Liza Alert.[9][37] Negin submitted the title Nelyubov to Zvyagintsev, which the director said is a Russian word referring to both a lack of love and a dire spiritual condition.[13] Despite the flawed nature of the lead characters, Zvyagintsev said:I never perceived them as monsters ... They're just people, like all of us, it’s our reflection, and in some traits of their characters, I even saw myself. These stories come from personal experience and the stories of Oleg Negin, my co-author, and other people.[18]The war in Donbass is referenced in the final scenes.While Zvyagintsev claimed to be uninterested in politics, his story reflects his belief that \"The modern-day police don't care about people\".[38] He later said Loveless was \"over-politicized\".[31] He chose to start the story in October 2012, which he said was a point when the Russian people were optimistic about beneficial political reform, ending in disappointment in 2015.[39] The film also includes references to the war in Donbass.[38] While the conflict is referenced through Russian propaganda, Zvyagintsev said his films are anti-government and that the scenes were intended to show the lives of his characters:[40]All this propaganda that you hear on the radio in the film is just the real background which we Russians lived in from 2012 to 2015 because the main action takes place during six days in the October of 2012. And, then we see the characters after several years in 2015 when, already, all these tragic events between Russia and Ukraine have happened. They’re just the real background that we experienced in those days.[18]Zvyagintsev's earlier film Leviathan, about corruption in Russia, received 35% of its budget from Russia's Ministry of Culture.[41] However, Loveless was made without financial support from the national government because the Ministry of Culture disapproved of Leviathan when it was finished.[42] The producers neither requested nor received any offers of state support for Loveless, Zvyagintsev said.[18] Rodnyansky instead appealed for funding from wealthy Russian Gleb Fetisov and foreign companies, including Why Not Productions in France and Les Films du Fleuve in Belgium.[43]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksey Rozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Rozin"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zvyagintsev-42"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Maryana Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryana_Spivak"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zvyagintsev-42"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haliloglu-50"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Zvyagintsev said it was natural to cast Aleksey Rozin as Boris because he and Rozin had previously worked together twice.[40][c] The crew spent four months casting the character Zhenya, for which Maryana Spivak was an early candidate, and she was eventually cast in the role.[40] Spivak said she took the opportunity for a starring role in a film and the chance to work with Zvyagintsev. Spivak questioned whether her character truly did not love her son; she interpreted the role with ambiguity, considering the complexity of Zhenya's emotions.[46] Zvyagintsev's desire to cast unknown actors led to the casting of Sergey Badichkin as Boris' co-worker.[13]The filmmakers auditioned 250 children for the role of Alyosha and shortlisted around six. They asked the candidates to portray Alyosha weeping as his parents are arguing; Matvey Novikov was cast as Alyosha and the second-best candidate, Artyom Zhigulin, was given the role of Kuznetsov.[47]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9215525.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skhodnya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhodnya_River"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barraclough-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giardina-52"},{"link_name":"location scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_scout"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zvyagintsev-42"},{"link_name":"Skhodnya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhodnya_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Krichman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Krichman"},{"link_name":"color scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_scheme"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff-37"},{"link_name":"Arri Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arri_Alexa"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giardina-52"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacFarquhar-9"},{"link_name":"camera dolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dolly"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lizaalert000001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liza Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Alert"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-53"},{"link_name":"Annie Leibovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making-53"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haliloglu-50"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Scenes were shot in Moscow, including at Skhodnya River.Principal photography began in Summer 2016.[48] Filming was done in Moscow,[43] on location, in apartments and at an unused building that was used to portray the search.[49] The unused building was an abandoned \"cultural palace\" found by a location scout.[40] Skhodnya River was also used as a location.[13]Zvyagintsev and his cinematographer Mikhail Krichman used harsh lighting and a color scheme with desaturated grays and browns.[35] Zvyagintsev described his direction:The direction is towards the particular, the accuracy of the recreation of details: that is what allows anyone who watches to appreciate the sense of the work, though the sincerity, the honesty of its approach to human nature. If you try and tackle abstract problems, problems of society or the world as a whole, you’ll never get anything done. You won’t create anything.[35]Krichman said he aimed for realism in his filming, for which he used an Arri Alexa digital camera that was kept more stationary than its subjects.[49] On average, the filmmakers filmed twelve takes for each scene, and Krichman said some scenes needed up to twenty-eight takes.[9] The scene in which Matvey Novikov runs down a hallway was filmed using by camera dolly; it took over four hours to film because of difficulties with lighting.[50]Liza Alert volunteers inspired the story and consulted the production.During production, members of Russian search-and-rescue group Liza Alert advised the filmmakers and lent their equipment for use on screen.[51] The dead child in the morgue was artificial.[50] The filmmakers used the nude photography of Annie Leibovitz as an influence for the sex scenes.[13] For the opening scene at the school, Zvyagintsev instructed the crew to film the empty yard for one minute before the crew let the child actors leave, instructing them not to look into the camera.[50] For Matvey Novikov's weeping scene, Novikov was not given this part of the screenplay and did not know what his character was overhearing, but Zvyagintsev instructed him; \"Imagine you're badly craving something, a toy, a bicycle, and then imagine that you're not gonna get it\", filming the scene in eight takes.[47]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Evgueni and Sacha Galperine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgueni_and_Sacha_Galperine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacFarquhar-9"}],"sub_title":"Post-production","text":"The film score was composed by Evgueni and Sacha Galperine, who wrote the music after hearing a synopsis of the story but without seeing the film or reading the screenplay. Evgueni Galperine said the piece \"11 Cycles of E\" was written as an interpretation of a parent's narrowly-focused thoughts about finding a missing child.[52]The film was still incomplete when it was selected on 13 April 2017 for screening at the Cannes Film Festival the next May,[53] The crew decided to film a final scene for Loveless. Over the next month, editing of the finished version was completed; Zvyagintsev described the lateness of the process as \"extreme circumstances\".[9]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IW-57"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Altitude Film Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_Film_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"New Zealand International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"2017 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grater-36"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nayman-19"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPC-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#2"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#1"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Loveless competed for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017.[54] The filmmakers and distributors could not find words for the title, Nelyubov, in English or French, and chose Loveless and Faute d'amour, respectively.[13] Beijing WeYing Technology acquired the Chinese distribution rights,[55] and Altitude Film Distribution purchased the rights to release it in the United Kingdom.[56] It was subsequently selected for screening at the 2017 New Zealand International Film Festival in July[57] and the Sarajevo Film Festival in August.[58] In September, it was screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[59]The film was released In Russia on 1 June 2017, with distributors relying on Cannes to build up interest in the film while seeking theatrical showings before online piracy became widespread.[34] Its French release followed on 20 September 2017.[60] It was released in the UK on 24 January 2018.[17] Sony Pictures Classics acquired the North American distribution rights,[61] releasing it in New York and Los Angeles in February 2018.[62] On 21 February 2018, it was re-released in Russian theaters.[63]On 23 January 2018, Pyramide Vidéo released Loveless on DVD in Region 2 as part of a boxset of Zvyagintsev's films.[64] On 12 June 2018, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in Region 1 on DVD and Blu-ray.[65]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-33"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacFarquhar-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Numbers-6"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In its first two weeks of screenings in Russia, Loveless grossed 100 million rubles.[31] In France, the film opened on 20 September 2017 and attracted 10,000 admissions.[66] According to Sony, on its first week of release in North America Loveless grossed $30,950, an average of $10,317 per location.[62] In its second and third weeks of its U.S. release, Loveless grossed $65,457, an average of $5,455 per location; and $60,583, an average of $2,423 per location.[67]In Russia, the film made $2 million by February 2018,[68] with 350,000 admissions.[9] It grossed $4,885,296 worldwide.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loveless_(film)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"The Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw-7"},{"link_name":"Izvestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestia"},{"link_name":"Kirill Razlogov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Razlogov"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felperin-26"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Now"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collin-32"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Vulture.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"Russian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andre%C3%AF_Zviaguintsev_Cannes_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrey Zvyagintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Zvyagintsev"},{"link_name":"Asia Pacific Screen Award for Achievement in Directing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Screen_Award_for_Achievement_in_Directing"},{"link_name":"Andrei Plakhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Plakhov"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Le Parisien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Les Inrockuptibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Inrockuptibles"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Le Soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Soir"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Der Tagesspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catsoulis-17"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"Russian government's hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Angelo-24"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nostrings-21"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"As of 20 September 2020[update], Loveless has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 186 reviews, and an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus states, \"Loveless uses its riveting portrait of a family in crisis to offer thought-provoking commentary on modern life in Russia—and the world beyond its borders\".[69] It also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 33 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[70]At Cannes, The Toronto Star's Peter Howell praised Loveless as \"masterfully bleak\" and endorsed it for the Palme d'Or; he said it was also leading in the critics' polls.[71] On RogerEbert.com, Ben Kenigsberg predicted it would win the Palme d'Or, calling it \"austere and beautiful, leisurely yet compelling\".[72] For Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film \"compelling and forbidding\" and \"an ominous, reverberating look\" at \"the crisis of empathy at the culture’s core\" in contemporary Russian society.[73] Peter Bradshaw gave it five stars in The Guardian, praising it as a \"stark, mysterious and terrifying story\".[7] For Izvestia, Kirill Razlogov commented on the realistic depiction of common life and on Spivak's and Rozin's portrayal of hatred for each other.[74] The Hollywood Reporter's Leslie Felperin praised its intensity, avoidance of a heavy-handed approach to many issues—including in its examination of lack of social bonds within a technological society—and the ways damaging relationships are passed down through family histories.[24] In The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin awarded it five stars, hailing it as \"pristine and merciless\", and compared its opening with the ominous prologue to the 1973 film Don't Look Now.[30] Eric Kohn gave it a B in IndieWire and said it falls short of Leviathan.[75] On Vulture.com, Emily Yoshida called it a \"dour\" film with unlikable characters and a lack of focus to make a coherent point, and said the positive was that it inspired gratitude in viewers who did not live under Russian President Vladimir Putin's regime.[76]Andrey Zvyagintsev's direction received positive reviews. He won the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Achievement in Directing.Following Cannes, Russian critic Andrei Plakhov wrote that the film effectively conveys poetry and grief.[77] In France, Jacques Mandelbaum of Le Monde said Zvyagintsev established a dark tone in which the characters fail due to their selfishness and negativity.[78] Le Parisien's Pierre Vavasseur commended the look of the film.[79] For Les Inrockuptibles, Vincent Ostria called Loveless one of Zvyagintsev's best films, commenting on the pathos of the title.[80] In Belgium, Le Soir's Fabienne Bradfer hailed Zvyagintsev as a master and Loveless as lucid and intimate.[81] In the German newspaper Der Spiegel, Carolin Weidner focused on the selfish nature of the parent characters and their lack of awareness of their son's disappearance, and interpreted it as a parable of Russia wrapped up in the 2012 phenomenon.[82] In Der Tagesspiegel, Andreas Busche said the dialogue regarding the 2012 apocalyptic fears leads into a colder period for Russia and regarded Loveless as nihilist.[83]Some critics compared the Loveless to its inspiration, Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage.[84] Los Angeles Times critic Justin Chang called the film \"a withering snapshot of contemporary Russian malaise\".[8] For The New York Times, Jeannette Catsoulis commented on the atmosphere and suspenseful cinematography.[15] Mike D'Angelo wrote in The A.V. Club that with news stories about alleged Russian government's hacking following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Loveless showed civilians in Russia are also unhappy under its government.[22] Anthony Lane, in a positive review for The New Yorker, noted the bleakness of the film's story line but found it \"so much more gripping than grim\".[19] Critic David Ehrlich named Evgueni and Sacha Galperine's score as the ninth-best cinematic soundtrack of 2017, particularly praising \"11 Cycles of E\" as \"striking\".[85]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-main-prizes-89"},{"link_name":"Alexander Rodnyansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rodnyansky"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tartaglione-41"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"90th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russia-91"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"The jury at Cannes awarded Loveless the Jury Prize.[86] Producer Alexander Rodnyansky said that when the Russian Oscar Committee was selecting a submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Loveless's political critics campaigned against it but it remained a frontrunner due to the Jury Prize and the positive reception in North America.[39] Critic Anton Dolin argued Loveless's Sony distribution and Zvyagintsev's previous nomination for Leviathan also gave it an edge over other Russian films considered.[87] In September, it was selected as the Russian entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards;[88] the Academy shortlisted it for a nomination in December.[89]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw-7"},{"link_name":"family drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_drama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-8"},{"link_name":"crime thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_thriller"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacFarquhar-9"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lovelessness_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lovelessness_16-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meduza-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler201853-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Elena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"A Quiet Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(film)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-112"},{"link_name":"BPM (Beats Per Minute)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPM_(Beats_Per_Minute)"},{"link_name":"Robin Campillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Campillo"}],"text":"^ The film has been categorized as a drama,[7] family drama,[8] or crime thriller,[9] with mystery elements,[10] and tragic elements.[11][12]\n\n^ a b Zvyagintsev denied the use of \"lovelessness\" in the English translation was the equivalent of the Russian concept of \"nelyubov\";[13] according to critic Robert Koehler; the Russian word refers to a state of \"anti-love\" rather than the absence of love.[14] \n\n^ Rozin appeared Zvyagintsev's Elena (2011) and Leviathan (2014).[44][45] \n\n^ Shared with A Quiet Place.\n\n^ Shared with BPM (Beats Per Minute) by Robin Campillo.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Maryana Spivak won the role of Zhenya after a four-month casting process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/150px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ivan Bilibin's personification of Russia: There is disagreement over whether Zhenya represents a personification of Russia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Russia_-_postcard_by_I.Bilibin.jpg/220px-Russia_-_postcard_by_I.Bilibin.jpg"},{"image_text":"The war in Donbass is referenced in the final scenes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg/220px-OSCE_SMM_monitoring_the_movement_of_heavy_weaponry_in_eastern_Ukraine_%2816544235410%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scenes were shot in Moscow, including at Skhodnya River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9215525.jpg/220px-%D0%9215525.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liza Alert volunteers inspired the story and consulted the production.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lizaalert000001.jpg/220px-Lizaalert000001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrey Zvyagintsev's direction received positive reviews. He won the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Achievement in Directing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre%C3%AF_Zviaguintsev_Cannes_2018.jpg/220px-Andre%C3%AF_Zviaguintsev_Cannes_2018.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_90th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Russian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]

[{"reference":"Holdsworth, Nick; Koslov, Vladmir (11 May 2017). \"Sony Pictures to Release Cannes Competition Film 'Loveless' in Russia\". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-sony-venture-release-cannes-competition-film-loveless-russia-1002573","url_text":"\"Sony Pictures to Release Cannes Competition Film 'Loveless' in Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519085103/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-sony-venture-release-cannes-competition-film-loveless-russia-1002573","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nelyubov (2017)\". Lumiere. 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The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/17/loveless-review-leviathan-director-andrei-zvyagintsev-cannes-2017","url_text":"\"Loveless review - eerie thriller of hypnotic, mysterious intensity from Leviathan director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170526183048/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/17/loveless-review-leviathan-director-andrei-zvyagintsev-cannes-2017","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Justin (30 November 2017). \"Andrey Zvyagintsev's missing-child drama 'Loveless' is a shattering portrait of Russian social malaise\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-loveless-review-20171130-story.html","url_text":"\"Andrey Zvyagintsev's missing-child drama 'Loveless' is a shattering portrait of Russian social malaise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20171203001129/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-loveless-review-20171130-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacFarquhar, Neil (23 February 2018). \"A Russian Master of the 'Dark Side' in Film\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/23/world/europe/andrey-zvyagintsev-russia-loveless.html","url_text":"\"A Russian Master of the 'Dark Side' in Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629184717/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/23/world/europe/andrey-zvyagintsev-russia-loveless.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunlevy, T'cha (21 February 2018). \"Andrey Zvyagintsev steps into the void in missing-child drama Loveless\". The Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/andrey-zvyagintsev-steps-into-the-void-in-missing-child-drama-loveless","url_text":"\"Andrey Zvyagintsev steps into the void in missing-child drama Loveless\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"The Montreal Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629232307/http://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/andrey-zvyagintsev-steps-into-the-void-in-missing-child-drama-loveless","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chu, Henry (14 October 2017). \"Andrey Zvyagintsev's 'Loveless' Takes Top Honors at London Film Festival\". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Although the film concentrated on the intimate story of one family in Russia, it felt like a universal tragedy, one that we recognized as one of the world's great sadness.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/andrey-zvyagintsev-loveless-best-film-bfi-london-film-festival-1202590197/","url_text":"\"Andrey Zvyagintsev's 'Loveless' Takes Top Honors at London Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211759/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/andrey-zvyagintsev-loveless-best-film-bfi-london-film-festival-1202590197/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scharres, Barbara (17 May 2017). \"Cannes 2017: The Fest Opens with \"Ismael's Ghosts,\" \"Loveless\"\". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018. It's a stately and mournful tragedy about a runaway child, full of procedural details that build a quiet and open-ended suspense.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/cannes/cannes-2017-the-fest-opens-with-ismaels-ghost-loveless","url_text":"\"Cannes 2017: The Fest Opens with \"Ismael's Ghosts,\" \"Loveless\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072110/https://www.rogerebert.com/cannes/cannes-2017-the-fest-opens-with-ismaels-ghost-loveless","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zvyagintsev, Andrei (29 May 2018). \"\"Человек свободный на наших глазах превратился в человека потерянного\" Интервью Андрея Звягинцева, лауреата Каннского фестиваля\". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. 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Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/movies/loveless-review-andrey-zvyagintsev.html","url_text":"\"Review: In 'Loveless,' a Broken Family and a Lost Nation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201172142/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/movies/loveless-review-andrey-zvyagintsev.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Loveless (2017)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. 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Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/loveless-andrey-zvyagintsev-hammer-fragile-family","url_text":"\"Film of the week: Loveless takes a symbolic hammer to a family tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071906/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/loveless-andrey-zvyagintsev-hammer-fragile-family","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Raphael (26 January 2018). \"Love in a colder climate: Russian director Andrei Zvyagintsev on Loveless\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. 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Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion","url_text":"The Onion"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213141223/https://www.avclub.com/cannes-winner-loveless-is-a-bracing-reminder-that-thing-1820839398","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kermode, Mark (11 February 2018). \"Loveless review – a lost boy in a toxic world\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/11/loveless-review-andrey-zvyagintsev-oscar-lost-boy-toxic-world","url_text":"\"Loveless review – a lost boy in a toxic world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180618065850/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/11/loveless-review-andrey-zvyagintsev-oscar-lost-boy-toxic-world","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Felperin, Leslie (17 May 2017). \"'Loveless' ('Nelyubov'): Film Review, Cannes 2017\". 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Объясняет Антон Долин\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduza","url_text":"Meduza"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706024647/https://meduza.io/feature/2017/09/22/nelyubov-vydvinuta-na-oskar-pochemu-eto-pravilno","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscars: Russia submits Zvyagintsev's film Loveless for Oscars\". TASS. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tass.com/society/966893","url_text":"\"Oscars: Russia submits Zvyagintsev's film Loveless for Oscars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002330/http://tass.com/society/966893","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pond, Steve (14 December 2017). \"Oscars Foreign Language Shortlist Includes 'The Square,' 'A Fantastic Woman'\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_G%C3%B3mez

Manuel Rodríguez Gómez

["1 Life","2 Career","3 Organisations","4 Awards","5 Tuberous sclerosis","6 Publications","7 See also","8 References"]

American neurologist In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Gómez. Manuel Rodríguez Gómez (July 4, 1928 – January 21, 2006) was an American neurologist most noted for his work on tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disorder. Life Manuel Gómez was born in the Spanish city of Minaya in La Mancha. He spent his childhood outside Sevilla in a town called Alcala de Guadaira, where his father had a pharmacy, and summers in Cadiz. As a child he recalled seeing the great flamenco singer, Bernardo, El de los Lobitos, walking on the street. He attended boarding school with his brother and was schooled by a group of strict priests. Recently the mayor of Alcala renamed a street Calle Manuel Rodriguez Gomez. He lived through the Spanish Civil War and recalled at least one near miss when he and his older brother were rescued from hiding under a bridge by an old man when they heard the sound of a German dive bomber. After running away and hearing the explosion they looked up to see that the bridge that had been the target was demolished. As his father had supported the Republic he felt insecure after Franco won the war. Thus when he was 12 years old, his family took the opportunity to move to Cuba. He studied violin as a young man, and while he had a great interest in a musical career or in studying mathematics, he entered medical school at the age of 18, and was regularly near the top of his class. After one difficult medical school exam he and his friends got carried away by the celebration and shouted protests against the dictator Batista. He and his friends spent the evening in jail, although all were released unharmed by morning. He received his doctorate in medicine at the Universidad de la Habana in 1952. After graduation he secured an internship in Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, leaving his parents and siblings in Havana. He met Joan A. Stormer while working at Michael Reese and married her in 1954. His four sons have pursued academic and medical careers; one is a neurologist, one a developmental neurobiologist, one is a wildlife biologist and one is a professor of art. He had seven grandchildren. Career 1952: Doctorate in medicine from the Universidad de la Habana, Cuba. 1952–1953: Internship at Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago. 1953–1954: Residency in pediatrics at the University of Michigan. 1954–1956: Residency in neurology at the University of Michigan, where he received an MS degree in neuroanatomy. 1956–1957: Fellow in pediatric neurology at University of Chicago. 1957–1958: Faculty of neurology at the State University of New York at Buffalo. 1958–1959: Studied at the Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London. 1960–1964: Associate professor of neurology at the Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit. Certified in neurology by the ABPN. 1964–1984: Head of the department of Pediatric Neurology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester. He became Professor of Pediatric Neurology in 1974 and Professor Emeritus in 1994. 2000: Retired. Organisations Manuel Gómez was a charter member of the American Child Neurology Society, the International Child Neurology Association (ICNA) and the Latin American Academy of Pediatric Neurology. He was honorary member of a number of pediatric and neurology societies, including the Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN) and Sociedad Española de Neurología Pediátrica (SENP). Awards The Santiago Ramón y Cajal Award from The Iberoamerican Academy of Pediatric Neurology in 1995. The Hower Award from the Child Neurology Society. The Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance established in 1995 the Manuel R. Gomez Professional Recognition Award in his honor. This award is for "creative or pioneering efforts that have appreciably improved either the understanding of the disease or the clinical care available for individuals with tuberous sclerosis." Tuberous sclerosis Manuel Gómez was most interested in neurocutaneous syndromes, and especially tuberous sclerosis. In 1967 he broke the established wisdom that tuberous sclerosis was defined by Vogt's triad of mental retardation, epilepsy and adenoma sebaceum (a papular facial rash). He co-published a paper showing that about a third of patients had normal intelligence. In 1979, he edited the monograph Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, the first and, for over twenty years, the only textbook on the disease. In it, he established a comprehensive diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis. This book has been translated into Spanish and has been revised twice: in 1988 and 1999. Publications Manuel R. Gomez, ed. (1987). Neurocutaneous diseases. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90018-4. Manuel Rodríguez Gómez (ed); Julian R. Sampson, Vicky Holets Whittemore (ass. eds) (1999). Tuberous sclerosis complex 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512210-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) William G. Johnson, Manuel Rodríguez Gomez (eds); Tuberous Sclerosis and Allied Disorders: Clinical, Cellular, and Molecular Studies (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 615). (1991). New York: New York Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-0-8976-6655-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Manuel Gómez was the author of more than 170 scientific papers including 93 peer-reviewed articles. See also Timeline of tuberous sclerosis References Mellinger J, Patterson M (2006). "In memoriam: Manuel Rodriguez Gomez, MD July 4, 1928 - January 21, 2006". Pediatr Neurol. 35 (1): 47–8. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.06.003. PMID 16814085. Sancak, Özgür (2005). Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Mutations, Functions and Phenotypes. Stichting Tubereuze Sclerose Nederland. p. 12. ISBN 90-902019-3-9. I. Pascual-Castroviejo (2006). "Manuel Rodríguez Gómez (1928–2006)" (PDF). Neurología (in Spanish). 21 (3): 166–7. Shaw, Gina (2004). "The Life of The Mind: The Gomez Family". Neurology Today. 5 (10): 28. "The TSC Community Loses a Hero" (PDF). Perspective. Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance. Spring 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2007-01-30. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Germany Israel United States Netherlands

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"neurologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologist"},{"link_name":"tuberous sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Gómez.Manuel Rodríguez Gómez (July 4, 1928 – January 21, 2006) was an American neurologist most noted for his work on tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disorder.","title":"Manuel Rodríguez Gómez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Minaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaya"},{"link_name":"La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"Universidad de la Habana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_la_Habana"}],"text":"Manuel Gómez was born in the Spanish city of Minaya in La Mancha. He spent his childhood outside Sevilla in a town called Alcala de Guadaira, where his father had a pharmacy, and summers in Cadiz. As a child he recalled seeing the great flamenco singer, Bernardo, El de los Lobitos, walking on the street. He attended boarding school with his brother and was schooled by a group of strict priests. Recently the mayor of Alcala renamed a street Calle Manuel Rodriguez Gomez. He lived through the Spanish Civil War and recalled at least one near miss when he and his older brother were rescued from hiding under a bridge by an old man when they heard the sound of a German dive bomber. After running away and hearing the explosion they looked up to see that the bridge that had been the target was demolished. As his father had supported the Republic he felt insecure after Franco won the war. Thus when he was 12 years old, his family took the opportunity to move to Cuba. He studied violin as a young man, and while he had a great interest in a musical career or in studying mathematics, he entered medical school at the age of 18, and was regularly near the top of his class. After one difficult medical school exam he and his friends got carried away by the celebration and shouted protests against the dictator Batista. He and his friends spent the evening in jail, although all were released unharmed by morning. He received his doctorate in medicine at the Universidad de la Habana in 1952. After graduation he secured an internship in Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, leaving his parents and siblings in Havana.He met Joan A. Stormer while working at Michael Reese and married her in 1954. His four sons have pursued academic and medical careers; one is a neurologist, one a developmental neurobiologist, one is a wildlife biologist and one is a professor of art. He had seven grandchildren.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidad de la Habana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_la_Habana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Michael Reese Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Reese_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Institute of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"Queen Square, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Square,_London"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"ABPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology"},{"link_name":"Mayo Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota"}],"text":"1952: Doctorate in medicine from the Universidad de la Habana, Cuba.\n1952–1953: Internship at Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago.\n1953–1954: Residency in pediatrics at the University of Michigan.\n1954–1956: Residency in neurology at the University of Michigan, where he received an MS degree in neuroanatomy.\n1956–1957: Fellow in pediatric neurology at University of Chicago.\n1957–1958: Faculty of neurology at the State University of New York at Buffalo.\n1958–1959: Studied at the Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.\n1960–1964: Associate professor of neurology at the Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit. Certified in neurology by the ABPN.\n1964–1984: Head of the department of Pediatric Neurology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester. He became Professor of Pediatric Neurology in 1974 and Professor Emeritus in 1994.\n2000: Retired.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Manuel Gómez was a charter member of the American Child Neurology Society, the International Child Neurology Association (ICNA) and the Latin American Academy of Pediatric Neurology. He was honorary member of a number of pediatric and neurology societies, including the Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN) and Sociedad Española de Neurología Pediátrica (SENP).","title":"Organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago Ramón y Cajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal"}],"text":"The Santiago Ramón y Cajal Award from The Iberoamerican Academy of Pediatric Neurology in 1995.\nThe Hower Award from the Child Neurology Society.\nThe Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance established in 1995 the Manuel R. Gomez Professional Recognition Award in his honor. This award is for \"creative or pioneering efforts that have appreciably improved either the understanding of the disease or the clinical care available for individuals with tuberous sclerosis.\"","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurocutaneous syndromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocutaneous_syndrome"},{"link_name":"tuberous sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Vogt_(neurologist)"},{"link_name":"mental retardation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_retardation"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"diagnostic criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_criteria"}],"text":"Manuel Gómez was most interested in neurocutaneous syndromes, and especially tuberous sclerosis. In 1967 he broke the established wisdom that tuberous sclerosis was defined by Vogt's triad of mental retardation, epilepsy and adenoma sebaceum (a papular facial rash). He co-published a paper showing that about a third of patients had normal intelligence. In 1979, he edited the monograph Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, the first and, for over twenty years, the only textbook on the disease. In it, he established a comprehensive diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis. This book has been translated into Spanish and has been revised twice: in 1988 and 1999.","title":"Tuberous sclerosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-409-90018-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-409-90018-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-512210-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512210-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8976-6655-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8976-6655-8"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"scientific papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_paper"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"}],"text":"Manuel R. Gomez, ed. (1987). Neurocutaneous diseases. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90018-4.\nManuel Rodríguez Gómez (ed); Julian R. Sampson, Vicky Holets Whittemore (ass. eds) (1999). Tuberous sclerosis complex 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512210-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nWilliam G. Johnson, Manuel Rodríguez Gomez (eds); Tuberous Sclerosis and Allied Disorders: Clinical, Cellular, and Molecular Studies (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 615). (1991). New York: New York Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-0-8976-6655-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Manuel Gómez was the author of more than 170 scientific papers including 93 peer-reviewed articles.","title":"Publications"}]

[]

[{"title":"Timeline of tuberous sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_tuberous_sclerosis"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama

Osteobrama

["1 Species","2 References"]

Genus of fishes Osteobrama Osteobrama alfredianus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: OsteobramaHeckel, 1843 Type species Cyprinus cotioHamilton, 1822 Species 10, see text. Synonyms Smiliogaster Bleeker, 1860 Osteobrama is a genus of cyprinid fish found in southern Asia consisting of eight species. The name is derived from the Greek word osteon, meaning "bone", and the Old French word breme, a type of freshwater fish. Species There are 10 valid species in the genus: Osteobrama alfredianus (Valenciennes, 1844) Osteobrama bakeri (F. Day, 1873) Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) Osteobrama bhimensis Singh & Yazdani, 1992 Osteobrama cotio (F. Hamilton, 1822) Osteobrama cunma (F. Day, 1888) Osteobrama feae Vinciguerra, 1890 Osteobrama neilli (F. Day, 1873) Osteobrama peninsularis Silas, 1952 Osteobrama tikarpadaensis Shangningam, Rath, Tudu & Kosygin, 2020 Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) Fishbase formerly regarded O. bhimensis as a synonym of O. vigorsii, and also treats the former subspecies of O. cotio as distinct species: O. cunma and O. peninsularis, which is not supported by ITIS or WoRMS. References ^ a b Bailly, Nicolas (2018). "Osteobrama Heckel, 1843". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). Species of Osteobrama in FishBase. March 2024 version. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Osteobrama". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ^ BUNGDON SHANGNINGAM; SHIBANANDA RATH; ASHA KIRAN TUDU; LAISHRAM KOSYGIN (10 January 2020). "A new species of Osteobrama (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Mahanadi River, India with a note on the validity of O. dayi". Zootaxa. 4722 (1): zootaxa.4722.1.6. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.6. PMID 32230640. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Osteobrama cotio" in FishBase. December 2017 version. ^ Manorama Maisnam; Suresh Chandra; Kuldeep K. Lal; Rajeev K. Singh; Vindhya Mohindra (2017). "Characterization of threatened endemic fish Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) and related species from North-East India based on morphological and molecular analysis". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (6): 919–932. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1389914. PMID 29092681. S2CID 205974731. ^ "Osteobrama". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2007. Taxon identifiersOsteobrama Wikidata: Q834897 Wikispecies: Osteobrama BOLD: 152269 CoL: 63GQJ GBIF: 2363729 iNaturalist: 90541 IRMNG: 1033924 ITIS: 687570 NCBI: 209195 Open Tree of Life: 45129 WoRMS: 270133 This Cyprininae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyprinid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French_language"}],"text":"Osteobrama is a genus of cyprinid fish found in southern Asia consisting of eight species. The name is derived from the Greek word osteon, meaning \"bone\", and the Old French word breme, a type of freshwater fish.","title":"Osteobrama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoF-3"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama alfredianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_alfredianus"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama bakeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_bakeri"},{"link_name":"F. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama belangeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_belangeri"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama bhimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_bhimensis"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama cotio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_cotio"},{"link_name":"F. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama cunma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_cunma"},{"link_name":"F. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama feae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_feae"},{"link_name":"Vinciguerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decio_Vinciguerra"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama neilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_neilli"},{"link_name":"F. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama peninsularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_peninsularis"},{"link_name":"Silas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Godwin_Silas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama tikarpadaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osteobrama_tikarpadaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Osteobrama vigorsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteobrama_vigorsii"},{"link_name":"Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Sykes"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maisnam-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"There are 10 valid species in the genus:[2][3]Osteobrama alfredianus (Valenciennes, 1844)\nOsteobrama bakeri (F. Day, 1873)\nOsteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844)\nOsteobrama bhimensis Singh & Yazdani, 1992\nOsteobrama cotio (F. Hamilton, 1822)\nOsteobrama cunma (F. Day, 1888)\nOsteobrama feae Vinciguerra, 1890\nOsteobrama neilli (F. Day, 1873)\nOsteobrama peninsularis Silas, 1952\nOsteobrama tikarpadaensis Shangningam, Rath, Tudu & Kosygin, 2020[4]\nOsteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839)Fishbase formerly regarded O. bhimensis as a synonym of O. vigorsii, and also treats the former subspecies of O. cotio as distinct species: O. cunma and O. peninsularis,[5][6] which is not supported by ITIS[7] or WoRMS.[1]","title":"Species"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Bailly, Nicolas (2018). \"Osteobrama Heckel, 1843\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=270133","url_text":"\"Osteobrama Heckel, 1843\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Species in the genus Osteobrama\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Osteobrama","url_text":"\"Species in the genus Osteobrama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"BUNGDON SHANGNINGAM; SHIBANANDA RATH; ASHA KIRAN TUDU; LAISHRAM KOSYGIN (10 January 2020). \"A new species of Osteobrama (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Mahanadi River, India with a note on the validity of O. dayi\". Zootaxa. 4722 (1): zootaxa.4722.1.6. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.6. PMID 32230640.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4722.1.6","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32230640","url_text":"32230640"}]},{"reference":"Manorama Maisnam; Suresh Chandra; Kuldeep K. Lal; Rajeev K. Singh; Vindhya Mohindra (2017). \"Characterization of threatened endemic fish Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) and related species from North-East India based on morphological and molecular analysis\". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (6): 919–932. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1389914. PMID 29092681. S2CID 205974731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24701394.2017.1389914","url_text":"10.1080/24701394.2017.1389914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29092681","url_text":"29092681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205974731","url_text":"205974731"}]},{"reference":"\"Osteobrama\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=687570","url_text":"\"Osteobrama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_verification_test

Engineering validation test

["1 Tests","2 Importance","3 Prototyping","4 Design Verification Test","5 Design refinement","6 References","7 External links"]

Testing of prototypes for viability For verification and validation in science and engineering most generally, see Verification and validation. For test validation, see Test validity. An engineering verification test (EVT) is performed on first engineering prototypes, to ensure that the basic unit performs to design goals and specifications. Verification ensures that designs meets requirements and specification while validation ensures that created entity meets the user needs and objectives. Tests Tests may include: Functional test (basic) Power measurement Signal quality test Conformance test Electromagnetic interference (EMI) pre-scan Thermal and four-corner test Basic parametric measurements, specification verification Importance Identifying design problems and solving them as early in the design cycle as possible is a key to keeping projects on time and within budget. Too often, product design and performance problems are not detected until late in the product development cycle, when the product is ready to be shipped. Prototyping In the prototyping stage, engineers create actual working samples of the product they plan to produce. Engineering verification testing (EVT) is used on prototypes to verify that the design meets pre-determined specifications and design goals. This valuable information is used to validate the design as is, or identify areas that need to be modified. Design Verification Test Design Verification Test (DVT) is an intensive testing program which is performed to deliver objective, comprehensive testing verifying all product specifications, interface standards, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) requirements, and diagnostic commands. It consists of the following areas of testing: Functional testing (including usability) Performance testing Climatic testing Reliability testing Environmental testing Mechanical testing Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) prediction Conformance testing Electromagnetic compatibility (Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)) testing and certification Safety certification Design refinement After prototyping, the product is moved to the next phase of the design cycle: design refinement. Engineers revise and improve the design to meet performance and design requirements and specifications. References ^ "Product news". Practical Failure Analysis. 2 (4): 23–25. 2002-08-01. doi:10.1007/BF02715446. ISSN 1864-1245. S2CID 195269651. ^ Wang, Der-Wai; Hsu, Yen (2022). "A Study of Cross-Cultural Communication in the NPD: Applying Piaget's Theory to Multidisciplinary Communication in the Three Validation Stages". In Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick (ed.). Cross-Cultural Design. Applications in Business, Communication, Health, Well-being, and Inclusiveness. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 13313. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 188–201. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06050-2_14. ISBN 978-3-031-06050-2. ^ Dong, Jin Song; Woodcock, Jim (2003-11-06). Formal Methods and Software Engineering: 5th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2003, Singapore, November 5-7, 2003, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-39893-6. External links https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/design-control-guidance-medical-device-manufacturers, "Design Control Guidance For Medical Device Manufacturers", Section F: "Design Verification".

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Asato

Mari Asato

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Ring of Curse (Gomennasai) (2011)","2.2 Bilocation (2012)","2.3 Fatal Frame (Gekijōban Zero) (2014)","3 Filmography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Japanese film director Mari Asato 安里 麻里Born(1976-03-14)14 March 1976Okinawa, JapanOccupationFilm directorYears active1999–present Mari Asato (安里 麻里, Asato Mari, born 14 March 1976) is a Japanese film director. Primarily known for the film Ju-On: Black Ghost (2009), part of The Grudge film installments, her other films include the politically undertoned Samurai Chicks (Dokuritsu Shôjo Gurentai) (2004), the cinematic rendition of Boy From Hell (2004), Twilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round (2008), Ring of Curse (2011), Bilocation (2012) and Fatal Frame (2014). Early life Mari Asato began her career as a photographer working as an apprentice under Kiyoshi Kurosawa during the filming of Barren Illusions in 1999. A few years later she worked under Hiroshi Takahashi as an assistant director on the production of Sodom the Killer (2004). It was after this time Asato began directing her own films, mostly contributing to already well-known horror franchises. In 2011, she entered her most successful and active phase of film-making, continuously releasing sequels and feature films. Career Ring of Curse (Gomennasai) (2011) Gomennasai (ごめんなさい ) Also known as Gomennasai, Ring of Curse literally means "I'm sorry". The film is an adaptation of Yuka Hidaka's mobile phone novel Gomennasai. Structured similarly to the original novel, the film follows a chaptered structure of diary entries. Bilocation (2012) Asato's second feature film, released in 2012, is based on an award-winning novel by Hojo Haruka in 2010, which won best Japanese horror novel of the year. Noted for its near all-female production team and cast, Bilocation is a revolution to the doppelgänger genre. Directed by a woman and starring a female lead, as well as being an adaptation drawing from the works of Hojo, the female-authored Bilocation distinguished itself from the male-dominated genre. Composed on the basis Freudian themes of human desire, Bilocation or 'the state of being in two places simultaneously' is the overriding theme of the film. Starring a veteran of Japanese horror, Asami Mizukawa, the film draws multiple hidden parallels to doppelgänger tropes and religion, specifically the story of Cain and Abel in the Book of Genesis. Fatal Frame (Gekijōban Zero) (2014) Otherwise known as Gekijoban Zero, Fatal Frame is a dark horror film playing with themes of sexuality and intense atmospheric tones. Drawing direct inspiration from the original Fatal Frame video-game franchise, also known as Project Zero for PlayStation 2, Fatal Frame's horror experience mimics the atmosphere of the game, a style that is well known in the contemporary Japanese horror genre. Also an adaptation of Eiji Otsuka's original novel Fatal Frame: A Curse Affecting Only Girls, Asato uses the graphic description and contents to build a greater horror base in visual effects. Set in an all-girls high school, Asato plays with both underlying and prominent aspects of homosexual interactions. With an all-female cast, Fatal Frame actively presents a classic horror genre film in a pro-female light. Regarding the Bechdel Test, the female interactions coincide with the lack of male presence and minimal verbal mention of male characters. In reference to the all-girl high school, Asato either builds upon or avoids generalized female gender tropes while casting new unknown actresses. The film often references John Everett Millais's famous painting Ophelia, the mid-Victorian piece in which Shakespeare's famous character Ophelia, from his play Hamlet, drowns herself in a stream due to madness. Asato's style is directly referencing the eerie beauty of Ophelia's corpse floating in the river. She has been referred to as creating an 'Ophelia' world in rural Japan. Filmography Jigoku Kozō (2004) Dokuritsu Shôjo Gurentai (2004) Twilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round (2008) Ju-on: Black Ghost (2009) Gomennasai (2011) Bilocation (2014) Gekijōban Zero (2014) Hyouka (2017) Under Your Bed (2019) See also List of female film and television directors List of LGBT-related films directed by women References ^ a b c d e Murguía, Salvador Jimenez (29 July 2016). The Encyclopedia of Japanese Horror Films. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 9, 10. ISBN 9781442261679. ^ a b Brown, Steven T. (5 February 2018). Japanese Horror and the Transnational Cinema of Sensations. Springer. pp. 91–93. ISBN 9783319706290. ^ "Fatal Frame". The Bechdel Scream. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ Schilling, Mark. "Fatal Frame: Mari Asato's uncanny, ghostly dopplegangers | The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ "Live-Action Japanese Fatal Frame Film's 1st Trailer Posted". Anime News Network. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014. External links Mari Asato at IMDb vteFilms directed by Mari Asato Jigoku Kozō (2004) Twilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round (2008) Ju-on: Black Ghost (2009) Ring of Curse (2011) Bilocation (2014) Gekijōban Zero (2014) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Korea Poland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Ju-On: Black Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju-On:_Black_Ghost"},{"link_name":"The Grudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grudge_(film_series)"}],"text":"Mari Asato (安里 麻里, Asato Mari, born 14 March 1976) is a Japanese film director.Primarily known for the film Ju-On: Black Ghost (2009), part of The Grudge film installments, her other films include the politically undertoned Samurai Chicks (Dokuritsu Shôjo Gurentai) (2004), the cinematic rendition of Boy From Hell (2004), Twilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round (2008), Ring of Curse (2011), Bilocation (2012) and Fatal Frame (2014).","title":"Mari Asato"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Mari Asato began her career as a photographer working as an apprentice under Kiyoshi Kurosawa during the filming of Barren Illusions in 1999.[1] A few years later she worked under Hiroshi Takahashi as an assistant director on the production of Sodom the Killer (2004). It was after this time Asato began directing her own films, mostly contributing to already well-known horror franchises. In 2011, she entered her most successful and active phase of film-making, continuously releasing sequels and feature films.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Ring of Curse (Gomennasai) (2011)","text":"Gomennasai (ごめんなさい )Also known as Gomennasai, Ring of Curse literally means \"I'm sorry\". The film is an adaptation of Yuka Hidaka's mobile phone novel Gomennasai. Structured similarly to the original novel, the film follows a chaptered structure of diary entries.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-2"}],"sub_title":"Bilocation (2012)","text":"Asato's second feature film, released in 2012, is based on an award-winning novel by Hojo Haruka in 2010, which won best Japanese horror novel of the year. Noted for its near all-female production team and cast, Bilocation is a revolution to the doppelgänger genre. Directed by a woman and starring a female lead, as well as being an adaptation drawing from the works of Hojo, the female-authored Bilocation distinguished itself from the male-dominated genre.[2]Composed on the basis Freudian themes of human desire, Bilocation or 'the state of being in two places simultaneously' is the overriding theme of the film. Starring a veteran of Japanese horror, Asami Mizukawa, the film draws multiple hidden parallels to doppelgänger tropes and religion, specifically the story of Cain and Abel in the Book of Genesis.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gekijoban Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekij%C5%8Dban_Zero"},{"link_name":"Fatal Frame video-game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Frame_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Bechdel Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Everett Millais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Everett_Millais"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-4"}],"sub_title":"Fatal Frame (Gekijōban Zero) (2014)","text":"Otherwise known as Gekijoban Zero, Fatal Frame is a dark horror film playing with themes of sexuality and intense atmospheric tones. Drawing direct inspiration from the original Fatal Frame video-game franchise, also known as Project Zero for PlayStation 2, Fatal Frame's horror experience mimics the atmosphere of the game, a style that is well known in the contemporary Japanese horror genre.[1] Also an adaptation of Eiji Otsuka's original novel Fatal Frame: A Curse Affecting Only Girls, Asato uses the graphic description and contents to build a greater horror base in visual effects.[1]Set in an all-girls high school, Asato plays with both underlying and prominent aspects of homosexual interactions. With an all-female cast, Fatal Frame actively presents a classic horror genre film in a pro-female light. Regarding the Bechdel Test, the female interactions coincide with the lack of male presence and minimal verbal mention of male characters. In reference to the all-girl high school, Asato either builds upon or avoids generalized female gender tropes while casting new unknown actresses.[3]The film often references John Everett Millais's famous painting Ophelia, the mid-Victorian piece in which Shakespeare's famous character Ophelia, from his play Hamlet, drowns herself in a stream due to madness. Asato's style is directly referencing the eerie beauty of Ophelia's corpse floating in the river. She has been referred to as creating an 'Ophelia' world in rural Japan.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jigoku Kozō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideshi_Hino%27s_Theater_of_Horror"},{"link_name":"Twilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Syndrome:_Dead_Go_Round"},{"link_name":"Ju-on: Black Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju-on:_Black_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Gomennasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomennasai_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bilocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilocation_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gekijōban Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekij%C5%8Dban_Zero"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hyouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyouka"}],"text":"Jigoku Kozō (2004)\nDokuritsu Shôjo Gurentai (2004)\nTwilight Syndrome: Dead Go Round (2008)\nJu-on: Black Ghost (2009)\nGomennasai (2011)\nBilocation (2014)\nGekijōban Zero (2014)[5]\nHyouka (2017)\nUnder Your Bed (2019)","title":"Filmography"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of female film and television directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_film_and_television_directors"},{"title":"List of LGBT-related films directed by women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_directed_by_women"}]

[{"reference":"Murguía, Salvador Jimenez (29 July 2016). The Encyclopedia of Japanese Horror Films. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 9, 10. ISBN 9781442261679.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfasDAAAQBAJ&dq=mari+asato&pg=PA8","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Japanese Horror Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442261679","url_text":"9781442261679"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Steven T. (5 February 2018). Japanese Horror and the Transnational Cinema of Sensations. Springer. pp. 91–93. ISBN 9783319706290.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gftKDwAAQBAJ&dq=mari+asato&pg=PA87","url_text":"Japanese Horror and the Transnational Cinema of Sensations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319706290","url_text":"9783319706290"}]},{"reference":"\"Fatal Frame\". The Bechdel Scream. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebechdelscream.wordpress.com/2017/01/11/fatal-frame/","url_text":"\"Fatal Frame\""}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Mark. \"Fatal Frame: Mari Asato's uncanny, ghostly dopplegangers | The Japan Times\". The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/09/24/films/film-reviews/fatal-frame-mari-asatos-uncanny-ghostly-dopplegangers/","url_text":"\"Fatal Frame: Mari Asato's uncanny, ghostly dopplegangers | The Japan Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live-Action Japanese Fatal Frame Film's 1st Trailer Posted\". Anime News Network. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-06-28/live-action-japanese-fatal-frame-film-1st-trailer-posted/.76081","url_text":"\"Live-Action Japanese Fatal Frame Film's 1st Trailer Posted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobi_Oshrat

Kobi Oshrat

["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Israeli composer and conductor (born 1944) Kobi Oshrat Kobi Oshrat (Hebrew: קובי אשרת; born July 15, 1944) is an Israeli composer and conductor. He composed and conducted the winning entry at the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Hallelujah sung by the vocal ensemble Milk and Honey. Biography Yaakov (Kobi) Ventura (later Kobi Oshrat) was born in Haifa to parents who had immigrated from Salonika. After an early career on the Israeli stage, in 1969 he began composing and arranging music for radio, TV, film and advertisements. Oshrat achieved international fame when his composition, Hallelujah, sung by the Israeli group Milk and Honey, won the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest. Oshrat has written more than 1000 songs, but Hallelujah is his most famous, with 400 cover versions of it around the world. Oshrat also composed and conducted the 1985 and 1992 Israeli entries. He conducted the 1987 and 1991 Israeli entries but did not write the music for them. See also Music of Israel References ^ Honouring a resistance hero, Australian Jewish News External links http://www.hebrewsongs.com/artist.asp?name=kobioshrat vteEurovision Song Contest winnersCountries1950s Switzerland Netherlands France Netherlands 1960s France Luxembourg France Denmark Italy Luxembourg Austria United Kingdom Spain France Netherlands Spain United Kingdom 1970s Ireland Monaco Luxembourg Luxembourg Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom France Israel Israel 1980s Ireland United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg Sweden Norway Belgium Ireland Switzerland Yugoslavia 1990s Italy Sweden Ireland Ireland Ireland Norway Ireland United Kingdom Israel Sweden 2000s Denmark Estonia Latvia Turkey Ukraine Greece Finland Serbia Russia Norway 2010s Germany Azerbaijan Sweden Denmark Austria Sweden Ukraine Portugal Israel Netherlands 2020s Italy Ukraine Sweden Switzerland Performers1950s Lys Assia Corry Brokken André Claveau Teddy Scholten 1960s Jacqueline Boyer Jean-Claude Pascal Isabelle Aubret Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann Gigliola Cinquetti France Gall Udo Jürgens Sandie Shaw Massiel Frida Boccara Lenny Kuhr Lulu Salomé 1970s Dana Séverine Vicky Leandros Anne-Marie David ABBA Teach-In Brotherhood of Man Marie Myriam Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta Milk and Honey 1980s Johnny Logan Bucks Fizz Nicole Corinne Hermès Herreys Bobbysocks! Sandra Kim Johnny Logan Celine Dion Riva 1990s Toto Cutugno Carola Linda Martin Niamh Kavanagh Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan Secret Garden Eimear Quinn Katrina and the Waves Dana International Charlotte Nilsson 2000s Olsen Brothers Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL Marie N Sertab Erener Ruslana Helena Paparizou Lordi Marija Šerifović Dima Bilan Alexander Rybak 2010s Lena Ell and Nikki Loreen Emmelie de Forest Conchita Wurst Måns Zelmerlöw Jamala Salvador Sobral Netta Duncan Laurence 2020s Måneskin Kalush Orchestra Loreen Nemo Songs1950s "Refrain" "Net als toen" "Dors, mon amour" "'n Beetje" 1960s "Tom Pillibi" "Nous les amoureux" "Un premier amour" "Dansevise" "Non ho l'età" "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" "Merci, Chérie" "Puppet on a String" "La, la, la" "Boom Bang-a-Bang" "Un jour, un enfant" "De troubadour" "Vivo cantando" 1970s "All Kinds of Everything" "Un banc, un arbre, une rue" "Après toi" "Tu te reconnaîtras" "Waterloo" "Ding-a-dong" "Save Your Kisses for Me" "L'Oiseau et l'Enfant" "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" "Hallelujah" 1980s "What's Another Year" "Making Your Mind Up" "Ein bißchen Frieden" "Si la vie est cadeau" "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley" "La det swinge" "J'aime la vie" "Hold Me Now" "Ne partez pas sans moi" "Rock Me" 1990s "Insieme: 1992" "Fångad av en stormvind" "Why Me?" "In Your Eyes" "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" "Nocturne" "The Voice" "Love Shine a Light" "Diva" "Take Me to Your Heaven" 2000s "Fly on the Wings of Love" "Everybody" "I Wanna" "Everyway That I Can" "Wild Dances" "My Number One" "Hard Rock Hallelujah" "Molitva" "Believe" "Fairytale" 2010s "Satellite" "Running Scared" "Euphoria" "Only Teardrops" "Rise Like a Phoenix" "Heroes" "1944" "Amar pelos dois" "Toy" "Arcade" 2020s "Zitti e buoni" "Stefania" "Tattoo" "The Code" Songwriters1950s Géo Voumard / Émile Gardaz Guus Jansen / Willy van Hemert Hubert Giraud / Pierre Delanoë Dick Schallies / Willy van Hemert 1960s André Popp / Pierre Cour Jacques Datin / Maurice Vidalin Claude-Henri Vic / Roland Valande Otto Francker / Sejr Volmer-Sørensen Nicola Salerno / Mario Panzeri Serge Gainsbourg Udo Jürgens / Udo Jürgens, Thomas Hörbiger Bill Martin, Phil Coulter Manuel de la Calva, Ramón Arcusa David Hartsema / Lenny Kuhr Alan Moorhouse / Peter Warne María José de Cerato / Aniano Alcalde Emil Stern / Eddy Marnay 1970s Derry Lindsay / Jackie Smith Jean-Pierre Bourtayre / Yves Dessca Mario Panas / Klaus Munro / Yves Dessca Claude Morgan / Vline Buggy Benny Andersson / Björn Ulvaeus / Stig Anderson Dick Bakker / Will Luikinga / Eddy Ouwens Tony Hiller / Lee Sheriden / Martin Lee Jean-Paul Cara / Joe Gracy Nurit Hirsh / Ehud Manor Kobi Oshrat / Shimrit Orr  1980s Shay Healy Andy Hill / John Danter Ralph Siegel / Bernd Meinunger Jean-Pierre Millers / Alain Garcia Torgny Söderberg / Britt Lindeborg Rolf Løvland Jean Paul Furnémon / Angelo Crisci / Rosario Marino Atria Johnny Logan Nella Martinetti, Atilla Şereftuğ Rajko Dujmić / Stevo Cvikić 1990s Toto Cutugno Stephan Berg Johnny Logan Jimmy Walsh Brendan Graham Rolf Løvland / Petter Skavland Brendan Graham Kimberley Rew Svika Pick / Yoav Ginai  Lars Diedricson / Gert Lengstrand  2000s Jørgen Olsen Ivar Must / Maian-Anna Kärmas Marija Naumova / Marats Samauskis Demir Demirkan / Sertab Erener Ruslana Lyzhychko / Oleksandr Ksenofontov Christos Dantis / Natalia Germanou Mr Lordi Vladimir Graić / Saša Milošević Mare Dima Bilan / Jim Beanz Alexander Rybak 2010s Julie Frost / John Gordon  Stefan Örn / Sandra Bjurman / Iain James Farquharson Thomas G:son / Peter Boström Lise Cabble / Julia Fabrin Jakobsen / Thomas Stengaard Charlie Mason / Joey Patulka / Ali Zuckwoski / Julian Maas Anton Hård af Segerstad / Joy Deb / Linnea Deb Jamala Luísa Sobral Doron Medalie / Stav Beger Duncan Laurence / Joel Sjöö / Wouter Hardy / Will Knox 2020s Damiano David / Ethan Torchio / Thomas Raggi / Victoria De Angelis Ihor Didenchuk / Ivan Klimenko / Oleh Psiuk / Tymofii Muzychuk / Vitalii Duzhyk Jimmy Thörnfeldt / Jimmy Jansson / Loreen / Moa "Cazzi Opeia" Carlebecker / Peter Boström / Thomas G:son Benjamin Alasu / Lasse Midtsian Nymann / Linda Dale / Nemo Mettler Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Finland United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz

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[{"image_text":"Kobi Oshrat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Kpbi_pshrat.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Music of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Israel"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Cadiz

Gulf of Cádiz

["1 Geology","2 Biota","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 36°50′N 7°10′W / 36.833°N 7.167°W / 36.833; -7.167Arm of the Atlantic Ocean Gulf of CádizMap showing the Gulf of Cádiz.LocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates36°50′N 7°10′W / 36.833°N 7.167°W / 36.833; -7.167Basin countriesSpain and PortugalAverage depth200 to 4,000 m (660 to 13,120 ft) A satellite image of the Gulf of Cádiz. Map showing the Gulf of Cádiz and surrounding area. The Gulf of Cádiz (Spanish: Golfo de Cádiz, Portuguese: Golfo de Cádis) is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Cabo de Santa Maria, the southernmost point of mainland Portugal; and Cape Trafalgar on the Spanish coast at the western end of the Strait of Gibraltar. Two major rivers, the Guadalquivir and the Guadiana, as well as smaller rivers, like the Odiel, the Tinto, and the Guadalete, reach the ocean here. The Gulf of Cádiz is located in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean between 34°N and 37°15′N and 6°W to 9°45′W. It is enclosed by the southern Iberian and northern Moroccan margins, west of Strait of Gibraltar. Geology The geological history of the Gulf of Cádiz is intimately related to plate tectonic interaction between Southern Eurasia and North Africa and is driven by two major mechanisms: subduction associated with the westward emplacement of the Gibraltar Arc and formation of the Gulf of Cádiz accretionary wedge. The current activity of the subduction is unclear, with some advocating ongoing active subduction. Others suggest that subduction is inactive and that a new plate boundary has recently formed along a series of prominent WNW–ESE trending lineaments acting as a dextral strike-slip (transform) plate boundary. oblique lithosphere collision between Iberia and Nubia. Oblique convergence between Africa (Nubia) and Iberia (Eurasia) occurs here at about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year in a NW–SE direction. Some have suggested this may also be causing active thrusting in the Gulf of Cádiz. Tectonic map of the Gulf of Cádiz region It is now well established that the whole area is under compressive deformation and that mud volcanism and processes associated with the escape of hydrocarbon-rich fluids sustain a broad diversity of chemosynthetic assemblages. The accretionary wedge formed by subduction represents an extensive area which encompasses over forty mud volcanoes (a type of cold seep), at depths ranging from 200 to 4,000 m (660 to 13,120 ft) (confirmed by coring), and active methane seepage has been documented on several locations. Biota The occurrence of chemosymbiotic biota in the extensive mud volcano fields of the Gulf of Cádiz was first reported in 2003. There were found mainly pogonophoran worms, but also gastropods and bivalves, polychaetes, crustaceans and echinoderms. There were also recorded dead corals of genera Madrepora and Lophelia. The chemosymbiotic bivalves collected from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cádiz were reviewed in 2011. There were reported the following species of chemosymbiotic bivalves of Solemyidae: Acharax gadirae, Solemya elarraichensis; Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus mauritanicus, Idas sp.; Lucinidae: Lucinoma asapheus; Thyasiridae: Thyasira vulcolutre, Spinaxinus sentosus; Vesicomyidae: Isorropodon perplexum, Isorropodon megadesmus, Callogonia cyrili, Christineconcha regab, Laubiericoncha chuni and Pliocardia sp. There is high degree of endemism within chemosymbiotic bivalve assemblages. See also Bay of Cádiz Guadalquivir Marshes References ^ a b c d e f g h Oliver, G.; Rodrigues, C; Cunha, M. R. (2011). "Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae". ZooKeys (113): 1–38. doi:10.3897/ZooKeys.113.1402. PMC 3187628. PMID 21976991. ^ a b c Gutscher, M.-A.; Dominguez, S.; Westbrook, G.; Le Roy, P.; Rosas, F.M.; Duarte, J.C.; Terrinha, P.; Miranda, J.M.; Gailler, A.; Sallares, V.; Bartolome, R. (2012). "The Gibraltar subduction: A decade of new geophysical data". Tectonophysics. 574–575: 72–91. Bibcode:2012Tectp.574...72G. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.038. ^ Gutscher, M.-A.; Malod, J.; Rehault, J.-P.; Contrucci, I.; Klingelhoefer, F.; Mendes-Victor, L.; Spakman, W. (2002). "Evidence for active subduction beneath Gibraltar". Geology. 30 (12): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2002Geo....30.1071G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1071:efasbg>2.0.co;2. ^ Zitellini, N.; Gracia, E.; Matias, L.; Terrinha, P.; Abreu, M.A.; DeAlteriis, G.; Henriet, J.P.; Danobeitia, J.J.; Masson, D.; Mulder, T.; Ramella, R.; Somoza, L.; Diez, S. (2009). "The quest for NW Africa–SW Eurasia plate boundary west of Gibraltar" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280 (1–4): 13–50. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.280...13Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.005. ^ Stich, D.; Serpelloni, E.; Mancilla; Morales, J. (2006). "Kinematics of the Iberia– Maghreb plate contact from seismic moment tensors and GPS observations". Tectonophysics. 426 (3–4): 295–317. Bibcode:2006Tectp.426..295S. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.004. ^ Koulali, A.; Ouzar, D.; Tahayt, A.; King, R.W.; Vernant, P.; Reilinger, R.E.; McClusky, S.; Mourabit, T.; Davila, J.M.; Amraoui, N. (2011). "New GPS constraints on active defor- mation along the Africa–Iberia plate boundary". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 308 (1–2): 211–217. Bibcode:2011E&PSL.308..211K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.048. ^ Bartolome, R.; Gracia, E.; Stich, D.; Martinez-Loriente, S.; Klaeschen, D.; Mancilla, F.; Lo Iacona, C.; Danobeitia, J.J.; Zitellini, N. (2012). "Evidence for active strike-slip faulting along the Eurasia-Africa convergence zone: Implications for seismic hazard in the southwest Iberian margin". Geology. 40 (6): 495–498. Bibcode:2012Geo....40..495B. doi:10.1130/G33107.1. ^ a b c Pinheiro, L.M.; Ivanov, M.K.; Sautkin, A.; Akhmanov, G.; Magalhaes, V.H.; Volkonskaya, A.; Monteiro, J.H.; Somoza, L.; Gardner, J.; Hamouni, N.; Cunha, M.R. (2003). "Mud volcanism in the Gulf of Cadiz: results from the TTR-10 cruise". Marine Geology. 195 (1–4): 131–151. Bibcode:2003MGeol.195..131P. doi:10.1016/s0025-3227(02)00685-0. Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golfo_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_ic_Landsat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alboran_Sea_map.png"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Cabo de Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Santa_Maria_(Faro)"},{"link_name":"mainland Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Cape Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Guadalquivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivir"},{"link_name":"Guadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana"},{"link_name":"Odiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiel"},{"link_name":"Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinto_River"},{"link_name":"Guadalete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalete"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_margin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moroccan margins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_margin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Strait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"}],"text":"Arm of the Atlantic OceanA satellite image of the Gulf of Cádiz.Map showing the Gulf of Cádiz and surrounding area.The Gulf of Cádiz (Spanish: Golfo de Cádiz, Portuguese: Golfo de Cádis) is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Cabo de Santa Maria, the southernmost point of mainland Portugal; and Cape Trafalgar on the Spanish coast at the western end of the Strait of Gibraltar. Two major rivers, the Guadalquivir and the Guadiana, as well as smaller rivers, like the Odiel, the Tinto, and the Guadalete, reach the ocean here.The Gulf of Cádiz is located in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean between 34°N and 37°15′N and 6°W to 9°45′W.[1] It is enclosed by the southern Iberian and northern Moroccan margins, west of Strait of Gibraltar.[1]","title":"Gulf of Cádiz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plate tectonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonic"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutscher_2012-2"},{"link_name":"subduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutscher_2002-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutscher_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zitellini_2009-4"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stich_2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koulali_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutscher_2012-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartolome_2012-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GulfCadiz_fault_map.png"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"chemosynthetic assemblages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep#Chemosynthetic_communities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"mud volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano"},{"link_name":"cold seep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinheiro_2003-8"}],"text":"The geological history of the Gulf of Cádiz is intimately related to plate tectonic interaction between Southern Eurasia and North Africa and is driven by two major mechanisms:[2]subduction associated with the westward emplacement of the Gibraltar Arc and formation of the Gulf of Cádiz accretionary wedge.[3] The current activity of the subduction is unclear, with some advocating ongoing active subduction.[2] Others suggest that subduction is inactive and that a new plate boundary has recently formed along a series of prominent WNW–ESE trending lineaments acting as a dextral strike-slip (transform) plate boundary.[4]\noblique lithosphere collision between Iberia and Nubia. Oblique convergence between Africa (Nubia) and Iberia (Eurasia) occurs here at about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year in a NW–SE direction.[5][6] Some have suggested this may also be causing active thrusting in the Gulf of Cádiz.[2][7]Tectonic map of the Gulf of Cádiz regionIt is now well established that the whole area is under compressive deformation and that mud volcanism and processes associated with the escape of hydrocarbon-rich fluids sustain a broad diversity of chemosynthetic assemblages.[1] The accretionary wedge formed by subduction represents an extensive area which encompasses over forty mud volcanoes (a type of cold seep), at depths ranging from 200 to 4,000 m (660 to 13,120 ft) (confirmed by coring), and active methane seepage has been documented on several locations.[1][8]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinheiro_2003-8"},{"link_name":"pogonophoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siboglinidae"},{"link_name":"Madrepora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrepora"},{"link_name":"Lophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophelia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinheiro_2003-8"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"Solemyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemyidae"},{"link_name":"Acharax gadirae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acharax_gadirae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solemya elarraichensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemya_elarraichensis"},{"link_name":"Mytilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae"},{"link_name":"Bathymodiolus mauritanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathymodiolus_mauritanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idas"},{"link_name":"Lucinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinidae"},{"link_name":"Lucinoma asapheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucinoma_asapheus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thyasiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyasiridae"},{"link_name":"Thyasira vulcolutre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thyasira_vulcolutre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spinaxinus sentosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinaxinus_sentosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vesicomyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicomyidae"},{"link_name":"Isorropodon perplexum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isorropodon_perplexum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isorropodon megadesmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isorropodon_megadesmus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Callogonia cyrili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callogonia_cyrili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christineconcha regab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christineconcha_regab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laubiericoncha chuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laubiericoncha_chuni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pliocardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocardia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"},{"link_name":"endemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver_2011-1"}],"text":"The occurrence of chemosymbiotic biota in the extensive mud volcano fields of the Gulf of Cádiz was first reported in 2003.[1][8] There were found mainly pogonophoran worms, but also gastropods and bivalves, polychaetes, crustaceans and echinoderms. There were also recorded dead corals of genera Madrepora and Lophelia.[8] The chemosymbiotic bivalves collected from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cádiz were reviewed in 2011.[1] There were reported the following species of chemosymbiotic bivalves of Solemyidae: Acharax gadirae, Solemya elarraichensis; Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus mauritanicus, Idas sp.; Lucinidae: Lucinoma asapheus; Thyasiridae: Thyasira vulcolutre, Spinaxinus sentosus; Vesicomyidae: Isorropodon perplexum, Isorropodon megadesmus, Callogonia cyrili, Christineconcha regab, Laubiericoncha chuni and Pliocardia sp.[1] There is high degree of endemism within chemosymbiotic bivalve assemblages.[1]","title":"Biota"}]

[{"image_text":"A satellite image of the Gulf of Cádiz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Golfo_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_ic_Landsat.jpg/220px-Golfo_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_ic_Landsat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map showing the Gulf of Cádiz and surrounding area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alboran_Sea_map.png/220px-Alboran_Sea_map.png"},{"image_text":"Tectonic map of the Gulf of Cádiz region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GulfCadiz_fault_map.png/220px-GulfCadiz_fault_map.png"}]

[{"title":"Bay of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"title":"Guadalquivir Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivir_Marshes"}]

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PMID 21976991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187628","url_text":"\"Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooKeys","url_text":"ZooKeys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2FZooKeys.113.1402","url_text":"10.3897/ZooKeys.113.1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187628","url_text":"3187628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976991","url_text":"21976991"}]},{"reference":"Gutscher, M.-A.; Dominguez, S.; Westbrook, G.; Le Roy, P.; Rosas, F.M.; Duarte, J.C.; Terrinha, P.; Miranda, J.M.; Gailler, A.; Sallares, V.; Bartolome, R. (2012). \"The Gibraltar subduction: A decade of new geophysical data\". Tectonophysics. 574–575: 72–91. Bibcode:2012Tectp.574...72G. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Tectp.574...72G","url_text":"2012Tectp.574...72G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2012.08.038","url_text":"10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.038"}]},{"reference":"Gutscher, M.-A.; Malod, J.; Rehault, J.-P.; Contrucci, I.; Klingelhoefer, F.; Mendes-Victor, L.; Spakman, W. (2002). \"Evidence for active subduction beneath Gibraltar\". Geology. 30 (12): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2002Geo....30.1071G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1071:efasbg>2.0.co;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30.1071G","url_text":"2002Geo....30.1071G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C1071%3Aefasbg%3E2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1071:efasbg>2.0.co;2"}]},{"reference":"Zitellini, N.; Gracia, E.; Matias, L.; Terrinha, P.; Abreu, M.A.; DeAlteriis, G.; Henriet, J.P.; Danobeitia, J.J.; Masson, D.; Mulder, T.; Ramella, R.; Somoza, L.; Diez, S. (2009). \"The quest for NW Africa–SW Eurasia plate boundary west of Gibraltar\" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280 (1–4): 13–50. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.280...13Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/227936.pdf","url_text":"\"The quest for NW Africa–SW Eurasia plate boundary west of Gibraltar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009E&PSL.280...13Z","url_text":"2009E&PSL.280...13Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.12.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.005"}]},{"reference":"Stich, D.; Serpelloni, E.; Mancilla; Morales, J. (2006). \"Kinematics of the Iberia– Maghreb plate contact from seismic moment tensors and GPS observations\". Tectonophysics. 426 (3–4): 295–317. 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Bibcode:2012Geo....40..495B. doi:10.1130/G33107.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geo....40..495B","url_text":"2012Geo....40..495B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG33107.1","url_text":"10.1130/G33107.1"}]},{"reference":"Pinheiro, L.M.; Ivanov, M.K.; Sautkin, A.; Akhmanov, G.; Magalhaes, V.H.; Volkonskaya, A.; Monteiro, J.H.; Somoza, L.; Gardner, J.; Hamouni, N.; Cunha, M.R. (2003). \"Mud volcanism in the Gulf of Cadiz: results from the TTR-10 cruise\". Marine Geology. 195 (1–4): 131–151. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride

Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride

["1 Structure","1.1 Self-assembly and films","2 Use","3 References"]

Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride Names Preferred IUPAC name Perylenodipyran-3,5,10,12-tetrone Other names Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, Pigment Red 224 Identifiers CAS Number 128-69-8 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 60534 ECHA InfoCard 100.004.461 EC Number 204-905-3 PubChem CID 67191 UNII NH27FW2PET Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1059577 InChI InChI=1S/C24H8O6/c25-21-13-5-1-9-10-2-6-15-20-16(24(28)30-23(15)27)8-4-12(18(10)20)11-3-7-14(22(26)29-21)19(13)17(9)11/h1-8HKey: CLYVDMAATCIVBF-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C24H8O6/c25-21-13-5-1-9-10-2-6-15-20-16(24(28)30-23(15)27)8-4-12(18(10)20)11-3-7-14(22(26)29-21)19(13)17(9)11/h1-8HKey: CLYVDMAATCIVBF-UHFFFAOYAS SMILES c1cc2c3c(ccc4c3c1c5ccc6c7c5c4ccc7C(=O)OC6=O)C(=O)OC2=O Properties Chemical formula C24H8O6 Molar mass 392.32 Density 1.7 g/cm3 Melting point ~350 °C Structure Crystal structure Monoclinic, P21/c Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) is an organic dye molecule and an organic semiconductor. It is used as a precursor to a class of molecules known as Rylene dyes, which are useful as pigments and dyes. It is a dark red solid with low solubility in aromatic solvents. The compound has attracted much interest as an organic semiconductor. Structure PTCDA consists of a perylene core to which two anhydride groups have been attached, one at either side. It occurs in two crystalline forms, α and β. Both have the P21/c monoclinic symmetry and a density of ca. 1.7 g/cm3, which is relatively high for organic compounds. Their lattice parameters are: Form a b c γ α 0.374 nm 1.196 nm 1.734 nm 98.8° β 0.378 nm 1.930 nm 1.077 nm 83.6° Self-assembly and films Atomic force microscopy image of a single PTCDA molecule on Si at room temperature. Self-assembly of PTCDA molecules on NaCl, scanning tunneling microscopy image. Use The main industrial use of PTCDA is as a precursor to Rylene dyes. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to PTCDA. ^ PTCDA. ^ Russell, James C.; Blunt, Matthew O.; Goretzki, Gudrun; Phillips, Anna G.; Champness, Neil R.; Beton, Peter H. (2010). "Solubilized Derivatives of Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride (PTCDA) Adsorbed on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite". Langmuir. 26 (6): 3972–3974. doi:10.1021/la903335v. ISSN 0743-7463. ^ Möbus, M. & Karl, N. (1992). "Structure of perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride thin films on alkali halide crystal substrates". Journal of Crystal Growth. 116 (3–4): 495–504. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(92)90658-6. ^ Iwata, Kota; Yamazaki, Shiro; Mutombo, Pingo; Hapala, Prokop; Ondráček, Martin; Jelínek, Pavel; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki (2015). "Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature". Nature Communications. 6: 7766. doi:10.1038/ncomms8766. PMC 4518281. PMID 26178193. ^ Cochrane, K. A.; Schiffrin, A.; Roussy, T. S.; Capsoni, M.; Burke, S. A. (2015). "Pronounced polarization-induced energy level shifts at boundaries of organic semiconductor nanostructures". Nature Communications. 6: 8312. doi:10.1038/ncomms9312. PMC 4600718. PMID 26440933. ^ Hunger, K. and Herbst, W. (2012) "Pigments, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_371 ^ Greene, M. (2009) "Perylene Pigments", pp. 261–274 in High Performance Pigments, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/9783527626915.ch16 vteVat dyesBlue 4 36 Green 1 9 Orange 1 3 Red 23 29 Yellow 1 4 vteDyeingTechniques Batik Dyeing Ikat Kasuri Kalamkari Katazome Leheria Mordant Reactive dye printing Resist Ring dyeing Rōketsuzome Shibori Tie-dye Tsutsugaki Yūzen Types of dyes Dyes Natural Acid Reactive Solvent Substantive Sulfur Vat Disperse Discharge Pigment Traditional textile dyes Armenian cochineal Black walnut Bloodroot Brazilin Cochineal Cudbear Cutch Dyewoods Fustic Gamboge Dyer's broom Henna Indigo Kermes Logwood Madder Polish cochineal Saffron Turmeric Tyrian purple Weld Woad History Use of saffron Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands Craft dyes Dylon Inkodye Procion Rit Reference Glossary of dyeing terms List of dyes

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Gibson

Quentin Gibson

["1 Education","2 Life","3 Research","3.1 Hemoglobin","3.2 Medical and physiological work","3.3 Cooperativity","3.4 Rapid reactions","3.5 Other proteins","3.6 Thermodynamics","4 Awards and honours","5 References","6 External links"]

American physiologist Professor Quentin GibsonBornQuentin Howieson Gibson(1918-12-09)9 December 1918Aberdeen, ScotlandDied6 March 2011(2011-03-06) (aged 92)CitizenshipBritish, AmericanEducationQueen's University BelfastSpouseAudrey Jane PinsentChildren4AwardsFellow of the Royal Society (1969)Scientific careerFieldsBiochemistry of heme proteinsInstitutionsUniversity of SheffieldCornell UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaNotable studentsKeith Moffat Quentin Howieson Gibson FRS (9 December 1918 – 16 March 2011) was a Scottish American physiologist, and professor at the University of Sheffield, and Cornell University. Education Gibson earned a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1944 and a Ph.D. in 1946, from Queen's University Belfast. Life Gibson taught at the University of Sheffield from 1947. Whilst at the University of Sheffield Gibson met Audrey Jane Pinsent in 1951. They married, started a family, and eventually had four children. Jane Gibson continued working part-time whilst raising her family. In 1963 they emigrated to the United States, where she took up positions, first at the University of Pennsylvania. He succeeded (Sir) Hans Krebs as the Head of the Department of Biochemistry in 1955. In 1963 he left Sheffield to become a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He was the Greater Philadelphia Professor at Cornell University, from 1965 to 1996. In 1982, he became a U.S. citizen. Research Hemoglobin Gibson started his career with studies of hemoglobin, and continued with much other work on heme proteins. Medical and physiological work In keeping with his medical qualifications, much of Gibson's early work had medical or physiological relevance. Cooperativity During the period when protein and enzyme cooperativity was at the center of biochemical interest Gibson studied it in the context of abnormal hemoglobins. Rapid reactions Gibson made major contributions to the development of methods for studying rapid reactions, and their application to hemoglobin. Other proteins Other work concerned enzymes such as "diaphorase", glucose oxidase, cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase. Thermodynamics Much of Gibson's work concerned questions of thermodynamics and equilibria, and in that context he participated in discussions about how to present thermodynamic data. Awards and honours Gibson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and an associate editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry from 1975 to 1994. References ^ a b c Olson, J. S.; Gutfreund, H. (2013). "Quentin Howieson Gibson 9 December 1918 -- 16 March 2011". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 169–210. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0018. ^ "Quentin H. Gibson's Profile on Academic Tree". ^ "Quentin H. Gibson". Cf.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ "Notices 2011". Royal Society. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ Bretscher, Anthony. "Audrey Jane Gibson" (PDF). ecommons.cornell.edu. Cornell University. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Olson, John. "Retrospective: Quentin H. Gibson". Asbmb.org. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ Gibson, Q. H. (1943). "The reduction of methaemoglobin by ascorbic acid". Biochemical Journal. 37 (5): 615–618. doi:10.1042/bj0370615. PMC 1257979. PMID 16747706. ^ Gibson, Q. H. (1948). "The reduction of methaemoglobin in red blood cells and studies on the cause of idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia". Biochemical Journal. 42 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1042/bj0420013. PMC 1258588. PMID 16748235. ^ Gibson, Q. H.; Harrison, D. C.; Montgomery, D. A. D. (1950). "Case of Acute Porphyria". BMJ. 1 (4648): 275–277. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4648.275. PMC 2036737. PMID 15410128. ^ Gibson, Q. H.; Wiseman, G. (1951). "Selective absorption of stereo-isomers of amino-acids from loops of the small intestine of the rat". Biochemical Journal. 48 (4): 426–429. doi:10.1042/bj0480426. PMC 1275345. PMID 14838861. ^ Carey, Francis G.; Gibson, Quentin H. (1987). "Blood Flow in the Muscle of Free-Swimming Fish". Physiological Zoology. 60: 138–148. doi:10.1086/physzool.60.1.30158635. S2CID 87448894. ^ Cassoly, Robert; Gibson, Quentin H. (1975). "Conformation, co-operativity and ligand binding in human hemoglobin". Journal of Molecular Biology. 91 (3): 301–313. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90382-4. PMID 171411. ^ Gibson, Q. H.; Roughton, F. J. W. (1957). "The kinetics and equilibria of the reactions of nitric oxide with sheep haemoglobin". The Journal of Physiology. 136 (3): 507–526. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005777. PMC 1358871. PMID 13429517. ^ Gibson, QH; Milnes, L. (1964). "Apparatus for rapid and sensitive spectrophotometry". Biochemical Journal. 91 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1042/bj0910161. PMC 1202828. PMID 5833381. ^ Gibson, Q. H. (1959). "The photochemical formation of a quickly reacting form of haemoglobin". Biochemical Journal. 71 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1042/bj0710293. PMC 1196788. PMID 13628568. ^ Massey, V.; Gibson, Q. H.; Veeger, C. (1960). "Intermediates in the catalytic action of lipoyl dehydrogenase (Diaphorase)". Biochemical Journal. 77 (2): 341–351. doi:10.1042/bj0770341. PMC 1204990. PMID 13767908. ^ Gibson, Q. H. (1954). "Stopped-flow apparatus for the study of rapid reactions". Discussions of the Faraday Society. 17: 137. doi:10.1039/df9541700137. ^ Gibson, Q H; Massey, V; Swoboda, B E P J (1964). "Kinetics and mechanism of action of glucose oxidase". J. Biol. Chem. 239 (11): 3927–3934. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91224-X. PMID 14257628. ^ Gibson, Q H; Greenwood, C; Wharton, D C; Palmer, G (1965). "Reaction of cytochrome oxidase with cytochrome C". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (2): 888–894. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45258-6. PMID 14275150. ^ Brunori, M.; Gibson, Q.H. (1983). "Oxygen activation by cytochrome oxidase: A new spectral intermediate observed by flow-flash". The EMBO Journal. 2 (11): 2025–2026. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01695.x. PMC 555404. PMID 6315412. ^ Noble, R W; Gibson, Q H (1970). "Reaction of ferrous horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide". J. Biol. Chem. 245 (9): 2409–2413. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63167-9. PMID 5442280. ^ Alberty, Robert A. (1994). "Recommendations for nomenclature and tables in biochemical thermodynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 66 (8): 1641–1666. doi:10.1351/pac199466081641. S2CID 96307963. ^ "Volume 250 Issue 24 pages 9215-9438 (J. Biol. Chem.)". 1975. Retrieved 14 April 2021. External links J. Woodland Hastings and John S. Olson, "Quentin H. Gibson", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Academics Scopus

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"physiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologist"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Quentin Howieson Gibson FRS[1] (9 December 1918 – 16 March 2011) was a Scottish American physiologist, and professor at the University of Sheffield,[3] and Cornell University.[4]","title":"Quentin Gibson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gibson earned a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1944 and a Ph.D. in 1946, from Queen's University Belfast.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Audrey Jane Pinsent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Gibson"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CornellObit-5"},{"link_name":"(Sir) Hans Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gibson taught at the University of Sheffield from 1947. Whilst at the University of Sheffield Gibson met Audrey Jane Pinsent in 1951. They married, started a family, and eventually had four children. Jane Gibson continued working part-time whilst raising her family. In 1963 they emigrated to the United States, where she took up positions, first at the University of Pennsylvania.[5] He succeeded (Sir) Hans Krebs as the Head of the Department of Biochemistry in 1955. In 1963 he left Sheffield to become a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. \nHe was the Greater Philadelphia Professor at Cornell University, from 1965 to 1996.\nIn 1982, he became a U.S. citizen.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Hemoglobin","text":"Gibson started his career with studies of hemoglobin,[7]\n[8] and continued with much other work on heme proteins.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"physiological relevance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_relevance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Medical and physiological work","text":"In keeping with his medical qualifications, much of Gibson's early work[9]\n[10] had medical or physiological relevance.[11]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Cooperativity","text":"During the period when protein and enzyme cooperativity was at the center of biochemical interest Gibson studied it in the context of abnormal hemoglobins.[12]\n[13]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Rapid reactions","text":"Gibson made major contributions to the development of methods for studying rapid reactions,[14] and their application to hemoglobin.[15]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diaphorase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphorase"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"glucose oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_oxidase"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Other proteins","text":"Other work concerned enzymes such as \"diaphorase\",[16][17] glucose oxidase,[18] cytochrome oxidase[19][20] and peroxidase.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Thermodynamics","text":"Much of Gibson's work concerned questions of thermodynamics and equilibria, and in that context he participated in discussions about how to present thermodynamic data.[22]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Gibson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969.[1] He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and an associate editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry from 1975 to 1994.[23]","title":"Awards and honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Olson, J. S.; Gutfreund, H. (2013). \"Quentin Howieson Gibson 9 December 1918 -- 16 March 2011\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 169–210. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2013.0018","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.2013.0018"}]},{"reference":"\"Quentin H. Gibson's Profile on Academic Tree\".","urls":[{"url":"http://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=66873","url_text":"\"Quentin H. Gibson's Profile on Academic Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quentin H. Gibson\". Cf.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/lloyd/weber/QH%20Gibson.html","url_text":"\"Quentin H. Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notices 2011\". Royal Society. Retrieved 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/notices-2011/","url_text":"\"Notices 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Bretscher, Anthony. \"Audrey Jane Gibson\" (PDF). ecommons.cornell.edu. Cornell University. Retrieved 27 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/17837/Gibson_Audrey_Jane_2008.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Audrey Jane Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, John. \"Retrospective: Quentin H. Gibson\". Asbmb.org. Retrieved 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=13060","url_text":"\"Retrospective: Quentin H. Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H. (1943). \"The reduction of methaemoglobin by ascorbic acid\". Biochemical Journal. 37 (5): 615–618. doi:10.1042/bj0370615. PMC 1257979. PMID 16747706.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257979","url_text":"\"The reduction of methaemoglobin by ascorbic acid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0370615","url_text":"10.1042/bj0370615"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257979","url_text":"1257979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16747706","url_text":"16747706"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H. (1948). \"The reduction of methaemoglobin in red blood cells and studies on the cause of idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia\". Biochemical Journal. 42 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1042/bj0420013. PMC 1258588. PMID 16748235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1258588","url_text":"\"The reduction of methaemoglobin in red blood cells and studies on the cause of idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0420013","url_text":"10.1042/bj0420013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1258588","url_text":"1258588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16748235","url_text":"16748235"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H.; Harrison, D. C.; Montgomery, D. A. D. (1950). \"Case of Acute Porphyria\". BMJ. 1 (4648): 275–277. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4648.275. PMC 2036737. PMID 15410128.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2036737","url_text":"\"Case of Acute Porphyria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4648.275","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.4648.275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2036737","url_text":"2036737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15410128","url_text":"15410128"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H.; Wiseman, G. (1951). \"Selective absorption of stereo-isomers of amino-acids from loops of the small intestine of the rat\". Biochemical Journal. 48 (4): 426–429. doi:10.1042/bj0480426. PMC 1275345. PMID 14838861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275345","url_text":"\"Selective absorption of stereo-isomers of amino-acids from loops of the small intestine of the rat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0480426","url_text":"10.1042/bj0480426"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275345","url_text":"1275345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14838861","url_text":"14838861"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Francis G.; Gibson, Quentin H. (1987). \"Blood Flow in the Muscle of Free-Swimming Fish\". Physiological Zoology. 60: 138–148. doi:10.1086/physzool.60.1.30158635. S2CID 87448894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.60.1.30158635","url_text":"10.1086/physzool.60.1.30158635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87448894","url_text":"87448894"}]},{"reference":"Cassoly, Robert; Gibson, Quentin H. (1975). \"Conformation, co-operativity and ligand binding in human hemoglobin\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 91 (3): 301–313. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90382-4. PMID 171411.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2875%2990382-4","url_text":"10.1016/0022-2836(75)90382-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/171411","url_text":"171411"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H.; Roughton, F. J. W. (1957). \"The kinetics and equilibria of the reactions of nitric oxide with sheep haemoglobin\". The Journal of Physiology. 136 (3): 507–526. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005777. PMC 1358871. PMID 13429517.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358871","url_text":"\"The kinetics and equilibria of the reactions of nitric oxide with sheep haemoglobin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.1957.sp005777","url_text":"10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358871","url_text":"1358871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13429517","url_text":"13429517"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, QH; Milnes, L. (1964). \"Apparatus for rapid and sensitive spectrophotometry\". Biochemical Journal. 91 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1042/bj0910161. PMC 1202828. PMID 5833381.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1202828","url_text":"\"Apparatus for rapid and sensitive spectrophotometry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0910161","url_text":"10.1042/bj0910161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1202828","url_text":"1202828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5833381","url_text":"5833381"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H. (1959). \"The photochemical formation of a quickly reacting form of haemoglobin\". Biochemical Journal. 71 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1042/bj0710293. PMC 1196788. PMID 13628568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196788","url_text":"\"The photochemical formation of a quickly reacting form of haemoglobin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0710293","url_text":"10.1042/bj0710293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196788","url_text":"1196788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13628568","url_text":"13628568"}]},{"reference":"Massey, V.; Gibson, Q. H.; Veeger, C. (1960). \"Intermediates in the catalytic action of lipoyl dehydrogenase (Diaphorase)\". Biochemical Journal. 77 (2): 341–351. doi:10.1042/bj0770341. PMC 1204990. PMID 13767908.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204990","url_text":"\"Intermediates in the catalytic action of lipoyl dehydrogenase (Diaphorase)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0770341","url_text":"10.1042/bj0770341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204990","url_text":"1204990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13767908","url_text":"13767908"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q. H. (1954). \"Stopped-flow apparatus for the study of rapid reactions\". Discussions of the Faraday Society. 17: 137. doi:10.1039/df9541700137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fdf9541700137","url_text":"10.1039/df9541700137"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q H; Massey, V; Swoboda, B E P J (1964). \"Kinetics and mechanism of action of glucose oxidase\". J. Biol. Chem. 239 (11): 3927–3934. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91224-X. PMID 14257628.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2991224-X","url_text":"\"Kinetics and mechanism of action of glucose oxidase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2991224-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91224-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14257628","url_text":"14257628"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Q H; Greenwood, C; Wharton, D C; Palmer, G (1965). \"Reaction of cytochrome oxidase with cytochrome C\". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (2): 888–894. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45258-6. PMID 14275150.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2945258-6","url_text":"\"Reaction of cytochrome oxidase with cytochrome C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2945258-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45258-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14275150","url_text":"14275150"}]},{"reference":"Brunori, M.; Gibson, Q.H. (1983). \"Oxygen activation by cytochrome oxidase: A new spectral intermediate observed by flow-flash\". The EMBO Journal. 2 (11): 2025–2026. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01695.x. PMC 555404. PMID 6315412.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC555404","url_text":"\"Oxygen activation by cytochrome oxidase: A new spectral intermediate observed by flow-flash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1983.tb01695.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01695.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC555404","url_text":"555404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6315412","url_text":"6315412"}]},{"reference":"Noble, R W; Gibson, Q H (1970). \"Reaction of ferrous horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide\". J. Biol. Chem. 245 (9): 2409–2413. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63167-9. PMID 5442280.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2963167-9","url_text":"\"Reaction of ferrous horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2963167-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63167-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5442280","url_text":"5442280"}]},{"reference":"Alberty, Robert A. (1994). \"Recommendations for nomenclature and tables in biochemical thermodynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 66 (8): 1641–1666. doi:10.1351/pac199466081641. S2CID 96307963.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199466081641","url_text":"\"Recommendations for nomenclature and tables in biochemical thermodynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199466081641","url_text":"10.1351/pac199466081641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96307963","url_text":"96307963"}]},{"reference":"\"Volume 250 Issue 24 pages 9215-9438 (J. Biol. Chem.)\". 1975. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jbc.org/issue/S0021-9258(19)X4007-7","url_text":"\"Volume 250 Issue 24 pages 9215-9438 (J. Biol. Chem.)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overkill_(G.I._Joe)

Overkill (G.I. Joe)

["1 History","2 Comics","2.1 Real American Hero - Devil's Due","2.2 Sigma Six - Devils Due","3 Toys","4 Animated series","4.1 DiC cartoon","4.2 Valor vs. Venom","4.3 Sigma 6","5 Video game","6 References","7 External links"]

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Overkill" G.I. Joe – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character OverkillG.I. Joe characterFirst appearance1991Voiced byDale Wilson (DiC)Colin Murdock (Valor vs. Venom)Maddie Blaustein (Sigma 6)In-universe informationAffiliationCobraSecondary MOSUnknown Overkill is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline from Hasbro, which has spawned comics and animated series. He first appeared in the 1989 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero incarnation of the series. He also appears in G.I. Joe: Sigma 6. History If the file cards that came with the Overkill action figures are to be believed, there are actually two different characters that owned the name Overkill. Both versions of the character are the leader of the B.A.T.s (short for Battle Android Troopers) that are controlled by the ruthless Cobra Organization. The first Overkill was an experimental prototype of the B.A.T. with an advanced computer system and tactical logic programs but was considered by Cobra as too expensive to move to mass production. Despite being a soulless automaton, this Overkill is frequently referred to as a "he". The second version appeared in 2003 as part of the G.I. Joe vs. Cobra series. This Overkill is a cyborg, which is half-man and half-machine. The file card spells his name as "Over Kill" rather than one word although news releases and the credits in Valor vs. Venom spelled it as "Overkill". Comics Real American Hero - Devil's Due Overkill made his first comic appearance in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe comics and was revealed to be Robert Skelton, the infamous SAW Viper from the Marvel Comics, who had killed a number of G.I. Joe members, including the Joes' medical officer Doc, the tank driver Heavy Metal, and the A.W.E. Striker driver Crankcase. Skelton is recruited by Serpentor and his new organization, the Coil. This is after ten men are sent to bring him in, he kills four. He chooses the name Overkill, in reference to his impressive body count. He participates in the battle against the Joes and Cobra on Cobra Island and fights with General Hawk, and would have killed him had Kamakura not intervened and saved Hawk. Wounded, Overkill made his way onto a submarine with an escaping Cobra Commander and collapses, expressing the desire for power. He was experimented on by Cobra scientists and given his own mobile targeting system and robotic implants (including cutting off his hand for an implant). He did battle with the Joes in Badhikstan and proved to be a formidable opponent before being defeated by Snake Eyes, he begged Snake Eyes to kill him, as he did not want to live like this, but Snake Eyes refused to and Overkill was last seen lying in the desert. He was later a patient at a Cobra facility raided by Torpedo, Wet-Suit, and a group of Navy SEALs. He was killed in the America's Elite series, during Tomax's raid on The Coffin, a prison run by G.I. Joe. Sigma Six - Devils Due The G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 version of Overkill also has a comic appearance, in GI Joe: Sigma 6 #3 also from Devil's Due. In the Sigma 6 comics, each issue featured one or two Joes paired up against a Cobra character. Overkill's Joe opponent was Tunnel Rat. The storyline has Tunnel Rat alone in the Arctic without his Sigma suit having to try and stop Overkill and his army of B.A.T.s. A preview of the comic is available at the Devil's Due minisite for the Sigma 6 comics. Toys Overkill was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Talking Battle Commanders line. Animated series DiC cartoon Overkill made his first animated appearance in the DiC-produced G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Dale Wilson. Here he appeared to be fully robotic, and his appearance was that of his first action figure. His key episode in this series is "The Eliminator", in which he receives an upgrade via the Eliminator chip, which makes him stronger, faster and smarter. This puts him in Cobra Commander's good graces. DiC appearances include: "The Eliminator"—Overkill gets an upgraded laser in his chest (Laser is included in his V1 action figure) and becomes 'The Eliminator'. "The Sword"—where he's sent by Cobra Commander to retrieve the Sword of Destiny from Night Creeper Leader (who, naturally enough, wants it for himself). "El Dorado: The Lost City of Gold"—where he's possessed by the spirit of Commander Fernando Luiz Jorge Pizarro, cousin to the explorer Francisco Pizarro. "Kindergarten Commandos"—Overkill shows up to help Cobra Commander fight off the forces of six small children and the G.I. Joe Mercer. His appearance in this episode is relatively minor. "Keyboard Warriors"—Another minor appearance. Valor vs. Venom Overkill returned in the CGI movie G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom by Reel FX, now clearly a half-human and half-machine cyborg version, with a variety of robotic appendages and a tendency to repeat the end of his sentences in a manic tone of voice. He serves Cobra as Doctor Mindbender's lab assistant and BAT commander. Overkill looks down upon "organics", and believes he and his BATs are better candidates to rule the world. In a series of fortuitous circumstances, he makes an alliance with "Venomous Maximus", a mutated and brainwashed General Hawk. Together, they attempted to remove Cobra Commander from power, and control Cobra themselves. The Joes are able to turn Maximus back into Hawk, and the Cobra base begins to explode around Overkill, who IS seemingly crushed in the ensuing explosion. However, following the credits, Overkill's robotic hand rises up on the screen. This has been theorized as a preview of the abandoned Robot Revolution line rumored to be following Valor vs. Venom. Sigma 6 Overkill returns in G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, he is now inside a rejuvenation tank and wearing new armor, appearing far more robotic than when he last appeared. He is also revamped from a monotonous automaton lab assistant to Cobra's chief scientist. He is smarter and more devious, with a free will of his own. Overkill is still attempting to overthrow Cobra Commander with his new B.A.T.s, this time in secret, and has a new more powerful BAT called Overlord Vector, which he uses to kidnap General Hawk's son, Scott. Overkill believed Scott had hacked into Cobra's computers, and possessed a formula which would allow his B.A.T.s to evolve as they fought. His kidnapping of Scott ultimately led the Joes to Cobra's underwater headquarters. However, when Overkill scanned Scott's mind, he found that his discovery was just pure dumb luck. Overkill fled as Snake Eyes battled his creation, Overlord Vector. Overkill managed to escape, and still resides in his tank inside his lab in the underground Cobra base, now planning to get hold of the power stones sought by the Joes and Cobra, to launch his Robot Revolution. With the foiling of Cobra's power stones plot, Overkill has apparently given up that quest. During the second season of the cartoon, Overkill is finally able to create himself a body, and is removed from his healing tank. Video game Overkill appeared as a boss in 1992's G.I. Joe: The Atlantis Factor for the Nintendo Entertainment System. References ^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #109. ^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero vol. 2 #25 (Oct. 2003) ^ G.I.Joe Special Missions: Antarctica ^ G.I.Joe America's Elite #31 ^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6. ^ "The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) - Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers". Voicechasers.com. 1989-09-02. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2014-03-30. External links Overkill at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page vteG.I. JoeCharactersG.I. Joe Team General Joseph Colton Ace Airborne Airtight Alpine Barbecue Bazooka Beach Head Blowtorch Breaker Chuckles Claymore Clutch Cover Girl Crazylegs Cross-Country Cutter Deep Six Dial-Tone Doc Duke Dusty Falcon Flash Flint Footloose Frostbite General Flagg Grand Slam Grunt Gung-Ho Hawk Heavy Duty Jinx Kamakura Billy Kessler Lady Jaye Law & Order Leatherneck Lifeline Long Range Low-Light Mainframe Mercer Mutt Outback Psyche-Out Quick Kick Recondo Rip Cord Roadblock Rock 'n Roll Scarlett Sgt. Slaughter Shipwreck Shockwave Short-Fuze Slip Stream Snake Eyes Snow Job Spirit Stalker Steeler Stone Torpedo Tripwire Tunnel Rat Wet Suit Wild Bill Zap Other members Cobra Command Cobra Commander Destro Serpentor Baroness Copperhead Doctor Mindbender Doctor Venom Firefly Gnawgahyde Major Bludd Overkill Scrap-Iron Storm Shadow Thrasher Tomax and Xamot Torch Zandar Zanzibar Zarana Zartan Other members Crimson Guard Night Creepers Oktober Guard Red Star Adventure Team General Joseph Colton MediaToyline America's Movable Fighting Man Adventure Team A Real American Hero Hall of Fame Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles Classic Collection Masterpiece Edition Extreme Timeless Collection G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Sigma 6 25th Anniversary ComicsMarvel G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero G.I. Joe and the Transformers Devil's Due G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero G.I. Joe: America's Elite "World War III" IDW 2008 series (Hasbro Comic Book Universe) G.I. Joe: Cobra Infestation Infestation 2 Revolution First Strike Transformers: Unicron G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 2019 series Snake Eyes: Deadgame Skybound G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 2023 series (Energon Universe) Animated series Sunbow series episodes DiC series episodes Extreme Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades FilmsAnimated G.I. Joe: The Movie (1987) Spy Troops (2003) Valor vs. Venom (2004) Ninja Battles (2004) Live-action The Rise of Cobra (2009) Retaliation (2013) Snake Eyes (2021) Video games Cobra Strikes A Real American Hero Action Force G.I. Joe NES video game The Atlantis Factor G.I. Joe arcade game The Rise of Cobra Operation Blackout Wrath of Cobra Other games Fortnite Battle Royale Brawlhalla Factions G.I. Joe Team Cobra Command Lists G.I. Joe characters Cobra characters Toylines Playsets and Vehicles Related articles Action Man Action Force Built to Rule Larry Hama Synthoid The Ballad of G.I. Joe "G.I. Jeff" The Toys That Made Us

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This puts him in Cobra Commander's good graces.DiC appearances include:\"The Eliminator\"—Overkill gets an upgraded laser in his chest (Laser is included in his V1 action figure) and becomes 'The Eliminator'.\n\"The Sword\"—where he's sent by Cobra Commander to retrieve the Sword of Destiny from Night Creeper Leader (who, naturally enough, wants it for himself).\n\"El Dorado: The Lost City of Gold\"—where he's possessed by the spirit of Commander Fernando Luiz Jorge Pizarro, cousin to the explorer Francisco Pizarro.\n\"Kindergarten Commandos\"—Overkill shows up to help Cobra Commander fight off the forces of six small children and the G.I. Joe Mercer. His appearance in this episode is relatively minor.\n\"Keyboard Warriors\"—Another minor appearance.","title":"Animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Valor_vs._Venom"},{"link_name":"Reel FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_FX_Creative_Studios"},{"link_name":"Doctor Mindbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mindbender"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"}],"sub_title":"Valor vs. Venom","text":"Overkill returned in the CGI movie G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom by Reel FX, now clearly a half-human and half-machine cyborg version, with a variety of robotic appendages and a tendency to repeat the end of his sentences in a manic tone of voice. He serves Cobra as Doctor Mindbender's lab assistant and BAT commander. Overkill looks down upon \"organics\", and believes he and his BATs are better candidates to rule the world. In a series of fortuitous circumstances, he makes an alliance with \"Venomous Maximus\", a mutated and brainwashed General Hawk. Together, they attempted to remove Cobra Commander from power, and control Cobra themselves. The Joes are able to turn Maximus back into Hawk, and the Cobra base begins to explode around Overkill, who IS seemingly crushed in the ensuing explosion. However, following the credits, Overkill's robotic hand rises up on the screen. This has been theorized as a preview of the abandoned Robot Revolution line rumored to be following Valor vs. Venom.","title":"Animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Sigma 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Sigma_6"},{"link_name":"Snake Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyes_(G.I._Joe)"}],"sub_title":"Sigma 6","text":"Overkill returns in G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, he is now inside a rejuvenation tank and wearing new armor, appearing far more robotic than when he last appeared. He is also revamped from a monotonous automaton lab assistant to Cobra's chief scientist. He is smarter and more devious, with a free will of his own.Overkill is still attempting to overthrow Cobra Commander with his new B.A.T.s, this time in secret, and has a new more powerful BAT called Overlord Vector, which he uses to kidnap General Hawk's son, Scott. Overkill believed Scott had hacked into Cobra's computers, and possessed a formula which would allow his B.A.T.s to evolve as they fought. His kidnapping of Scott ultimately led the Joes to Cobra's underwater headquarters. However, when Overkill scanned Scott's mind, he found that his discovery was just pure dumb luck. Overkill fled as Snake Eyes battled his creation, Overlord Vector. Overkill managed to escape, and still resides in his tank inside his lab in the underground Cobra base, now planning to get hold of the power stones sought by the Joes and Cobra, to launch his Robot Revolution. With the foiling of Cobra's power stones plot, Overkill has apparently given up that quest.During the second season of the cartoon, Overkill is finally able to create himself a body, and is removed from his healing tank.","title":"Animated series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Atlantis Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe_video_games#G.I._Joe:_The_Atlantis_Factor"}],"text":"Overkill appeared as a boss in 1992's G.I. Joe: The Atlantis Factor for the Nintendo Entertainment System.","title":"Video game"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) - Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\". Voicechasers.com. 1989-09-02. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2014-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329225210/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) - Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\""},{"url":"http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounir_Mahjoubi

Mounir Mahjoubi

["1 Early life","2 Private sector career","3 Political career","3.1 Early political activities","3.2 La République En Marche! career","4 Political positions","5 Personal life","6 References"]

French entrepreneur and politician (born 1984) Mounir MahjoubiMember of the National Assemblyfor Paris's 16th constituencyIn office28 April 2019 – 21 June 2022Preceded byDelphine OSucceeded bySarah LegrainIn office21 June 2017 – 21 July 2017Preceded byJean-Christophe CambadélisSucceeded byDelphine OSecretary of State for the Digital SectorIn office17 May 2017 – 27 March 2019PresidentEmmanuel MacronPrime MinisterÉdouard PhilippePreceded byChristophe SirugueSucceeded byCédric OPresident of the French Digital CouncilIn office5 February 2016 – 19 January 2017Preceded byBenoît ThieulinSucceeded byMarie Ekeland Personal detailsBorn (1984-03-01) 1 March 1984 (age 40)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchMoroccanPolitical partyLREM (2017—present)Other politicalaffiliationsPS (before 2017)Alma materSciences Po Mounir Mahjoubi (born 1 March 1984) is a French entrepreneur and politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as a member of the National Assembly from June to July 2017 and from 2019 to 2022. From 2017 until 2019 was the Secretary of State for Digital Affairs in the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe. A former President of the French Digital Council, Mahjoubi resigned in January 2017 to join the presidential campaign of Emmanuel Macron as digital manager. Early life Mahjoubi was born in the 12th arrondissement of Paris to working class Moroccan parents who emigrated in the 1970s from Afourar, Beni Mellal. His father was a decorator and his mother a housekeeper. Mahjoubi was very technological as a child and even won an Young Inventors competition organized by children's science magazine, Science et Vie Junior He was employed by internet provider, Club Internet, when he was 16 and the company eventually training him to be a network technician. He was also employed as a trade union representative for the union, CFDT. Mahjoubi obtained a master's degree in finance and strategy from the Paris Institute of Political Studies in 2009. He was a member of the Olivaint Conference, one of the oldest and private student societies in French history. Private sector career Mahjoubi founded Equanum along with Guilhem Chéron and Marc-David Choukroun in 2010, a company which develops and gives farmers and artisans a dedicated Internet platform to sell their product. Mahjoubi left the company in 2012 to work on the Hollande campaign. Mahjoubi was Deputy General Manager for BETC Digital from 2013 to 2016. In September 2016, he founded the "French Bureau", a start-up company that aims to accompany major groups in their innovation process. Political career Early political activities Mahjoubi joined the Socialist Party when he was 18. In 2006, he helped create the "Segosphere" movement to assist 2007 Presidential candidate, Ségolène Royal. He supported Francois Hollande's campaign for the 2012 presidential elections and even worked on it, assisting with the digital aspect. Mahjoubi was nominated by President Hollande as Chairman of the Conseil national du numérique (French Digital Council) in 2016, succeeding Benoît Thieulin. The priority projects of the council under his guidance were the digital transformation of Small and medium-sized enterprises and universities. La République En Marche! career In 2017, he resigned from the council and joined En Marche! serving as digital manager of Macron's campaign team. On 6 April 2017, Mahjoubi was selected as candidate for the 16th constituency of Paris for the legislative elections, running under La République en marche! label. He ran against Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party, who had represented the district as lawmaker for 20 straight years. Mahjoubi later won the seat with 51% of the vote in the second round. Mahjoubi was nominated Secretary of State for Digital Affairs by Édouard Philippe on 17 May 2017. In a 2018 reshuffle of Philippe's government, Mahjoubi's department has been restructured; he now reports to Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire. Mahjoubi announced on 6 March 2019 his candidacy as LREM candidate for the 2020 Paris municipal election. To be able to devote himself to this candidacy, he left the government on 27 March and thus reinstated his seat in the National Assembly. He subsequently served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He did not compete in the 2022 legislative election. Political positions At a parliamentary hearing in 2020, Mahjoubi criticized the head of Amazon's France unit that the latter was "taking the piss" after telling a parliamentary committee that the company paid the French state 420 million euros ($508 million) in 2019 and had sales of 5.7 billion euros. Personal life In 2015, Mahjoubi became a qualified cook after completing a Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle cuisine course. On the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (17 May) 2018, Mahjoubi came out as gay via Twitter. References ^ French election: Macron team complete rout with Assembly win BBC News, 19 June 2017. ^ "Décret du 8 février 2016 portant nomination au Conseil national du numérique" (in French). Légifrance (French government). Retrieved 28 September 2022. ^ Angelique Chrisafis in Paris (17 May 2017). "France's Macron selects his government from left, right and centre | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2017. ^ a b l'Intérieur, Ministère de. "Résultats des élections législatives 2017". www.interieur.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Mounir Mahjoubi, l'homme providentiel à la tête du Conseil national du numérique en France – JeuneAfrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 3 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Laabi, Mohamed (17 May 2017). "3 choses à savoir sur Mounir Mahjoubi, le Marocain du gouvernement Macron - H24info". H24info (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Junior, Science & Vie (19 May 2017). "En 1997, @Mounir Mahjoubi, le nouveau secrétaire d'État au numérique, remportait notre concours Innovez grâce à sa règle à camembert :-)pic.twitter.com/EFhOqwipbB". @LeLaboSVJ. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Qui est Mounir Mahjoubi, le nouveau secrétaire d'Etat au numérique ?". L'Obs (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Grève chez Club Internet : la CFDT s'accorde avec la direction | ITespresso.fr". ITespresso.fr (in French). 2 December 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Po, Alumni Sciences. "l'Association des Sciences-Po - Fiche profil". www.sciences-po.asso.fr. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Photos de la soirée " Play t-il? "". La Péniche (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Portrait #FH2012 : Mounir Mahjoubi, Electron libre..." 6 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Le Conseil national du numérique change de président". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2 February 2016. ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "FRENCH BUREAU (PARIS 2) Chiffre d'affaires, résultat, bilans sur SOCIETE.COM - 822172664". www.societe.com (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Mounir Mahjoubi, un geek d'origine marocaine à la tête du Conseil du numérique français". Al Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ a b "" Je rêve que la France soit réconciliée avec ses entreprises "". leparisien.fr. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Le nouveau Conseil national du numérique fixe ses priorités". lesechos.fr. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Mounir Mahjoubi part du CNNum pour soutenir Emmanuel Macron". Silicon (in French). 20 January 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Le président du CNNum quitte ses fonctions pour les beaux yeux d'Emmanuel Macron". ZDNet France (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Ronfaut, Lucie (11 May 2017). "Mounir Mahjoubi, un spécialiste du numérique nommé au gouvernement". Le Figaro (in French). ISSN 0182-5852. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "Les premiers candidats de la révolution démocratique | En Marche !". En Marche !. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Ingrid Melander and Elizabeth Pineau (5 June 2017), Macron factor set to leap from presidency to parliament Reuters. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (13 June 2017). "Mounir Mahjoubi, the 'geek' who saved Macron's campaign: 'We knew we were going to be attacked'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Zachary Young (24 August 2018), Paris prosecutor launches probe into French culture minister Politico Europe. ^ "Nathalie Loiseau, Benjamin Griveaux et Mounir Mahjoubi quittent le gouvernement". L'express (in French). 27 March 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019. ^ Mounir Mahjoubi National Assembly. ^ Mathieu Rosemain and Ardee Napolitano (10 December 2020), Ex-French minister sneers at Amazon executive's justification of tax bill Reuters. ^ "Resultat CAP 2015 Paris / Versailles / Créteil lettre M page 3 pour le certificat d'aptitude professionnelle CAP. Résultats gratuits et sans inscription - Bankexam.fr". www.bankexam.fr. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ "French minister comes out as gay to fight homophobia". www.reuters.com. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018. vteSecond Philippe governmentPrime Minister: Édouard Philippe Édouard Philippe Élisabeth Borne Nicole Belloubet Jean-Yves Le Drian Florence Parly Jacques Mézard Agnès Buzyn Bruno Le Maire Franck Riester Muriel Pénicaud Jean-Michel Blanquer Didier Guillaume Gérald Darmanin Frédérique Vidal Annick Girardin Roxana Maracineanu Jacqueline Gourault Christophe Castaner Marlène Schiappa Sophie Cluzel Sébastien Lecornu Brune Poirson Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne Geneviève Darrieussecq Julien Denormandie Benjamin Griveaux Coat of Arms of France

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"La République En Marche!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Digital Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_for_the_Economy_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"Édouard Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"French Digital Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_du_num%C3%A9rique"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"Mounir Mahjoubi (born 1 March 1984) is a French entrepreneur[1] and politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as a member of the National Assembly from June to July 2017 and from 2019 to 2022.[2] From 2017 until 2019 was the Secretary of State for Digital Affairs in the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe.[3]A former President of the French Digital Council, Mahjoubi resigned in January 2017 to join the presidential campaign of Emmanuel Macron as digital manager.[4]","title":"Mounir Mahjoubi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12th arrondissement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Afourar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afourar"},{"link_name":"Beni Mellal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ni-Mellal_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Science et Vie Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_et_Vie_Junior"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CFDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Democratic_Confederation_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paris Institute of Political Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Olivaint Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_Olivaint"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Mahjoubi was born in the 12th arrondissement of Paris to working class Moroccan parents[5] who emigrated in the 1970s from Afourar, Beni Mellal. His father was a decorator and his mother a housekeeper.[6]Mahjoubi was very technological as a child and even won an Young Inventors competition organized by children's science magazine, Science et Vie Junior[7] He was employed by internet provider, Club Internet, when he was 16 and the company eventually training him to be a network technician.[8] He was also employed as a trade union representative for the union, CFDT.[9]Mahjoubi obtained a master's degree in finance and strategy from the Paris Institute of Political Studies in 2009.[10] He was a member of the Olivaint Conference, one of the oldest and private student societies in French history.[11]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Mahjoubi founded Equanum along with Guilhem Chéron and Marc-David Choukroun in 2010, a company which develops and gives farmers and artisans a dedicated Internet platform to sell their product. Mahjoubi left the company in 2012 to work on the Hollande campaign.[12]Mahjoubi was Deputy General Manager for BETC Digital from 2013 to 2016.[13] In September 2016, he founded the \"French Bureau\", a start-up company that aims to accompany major groups in their innovation process.[14]","title":"Private sector career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ségolène Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-16"},{"link_name":"Francois Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"2012 presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-16"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"Conseil national du numérique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_du_num%C3%A9rique"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Early political activities","text":"Mahjoubi joined the Socialist Party when he was 18.[15] In 2006, he helped create the \"Segosphere\" movement to assist 2007 Presidential candidate, Ségolène Royal.[16] He supported Francois Hollande's campaign for the 2012 presidential elections and even worked on it, assisting with the digital aspect.[16]Mahjoubi was nominated by President Hollande as Chairman of the Conseil national du numérique (French Digital Council) in 2016, succeeding Benoît Thieulin. The priority projects of the council under his guidance were the digital transformation of Small and medium-sized enterprises and universities.[17]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"En Marche!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Marche!"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"16th constituency of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_16th_constituency"},{"link_name":"La République en marche!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_en_marche!"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Cambadélis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Cambad%C3%A9lis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Digital Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_for_the_Economy_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Édouard Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippe_government"},{"link_name":"Bruno Le Maire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2020 Paris municipal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Paris_municipal_election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2022 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election"}],"sub_title":"La République En Marche! career","text":"In 2017, he resigned from the council and joined En Marche! serving as digital manager of Macron's campaign team.[18][19] On 6 April 2017, Mahjoubi was selected as candidate for the 16th constituency of Paris for the legislative elections, running under La République en marche! label.[20][21] He ran against Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party, who had represented the district as lawmaker for 20 straight years.[22] Mahjoubi later won the seat with 51% of the vote in the second round.[4]Mahjoubi was nominated Secretary of State for Digital Affairs by Édouard Philippe on 17 May 2017.[23] In a 2018 reshuffle of Philippe's government, Mahjoubi's department has been restructured; he now reports to Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire.[24]Mahjoubi announced on 6 March 2019 his candidacy as LREM candidate for the 2020 Paris municipal election. To be able to devote himself to this candidacy, he left the government on 27 March and thus reinstated his seat in the National Assembly.[25] He subsequently served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.[26] He did not compete in the 2022 legislative election.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"At a parliamentary hearing in 2020, Mahjoubi criticized the head of Amazon's France unit that the latter was \"taking the piss\" after telling a parliamentary committee that the company paid the French state 420 million euros ($508 million) in 2019 and had sales of 5.7 billion euros.[27]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_Against_Homophobia,_Transphobia_and_Biphobia"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2015, Mahjoubi became a qualified cook after completing a Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle cuisine course.[28] On the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (17 May) 2018, Mahjoubi came out as gay via Twitter.[29]","title":"Personal life"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Décret du 8 février 2016 portant nomination au Conseil national du numérique\" (in French). Légifrance (French government). Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000032000469","url_text":"\"Décret du 8 février 2016 portant nomination au Conseil national du numérique\""}]},{"reference":"Angelique Chrisafis in Paris (17 May 2017). \"France's Macron selects his government from left, right and centre | World news\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/17/france-macron-his-government-left-right-centre","url_text":"\"France's Macron selects his government from left, right and centre | World news\""}]},{"reference":"l'Intérieur, Ministère de. \"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\". www.interieur.gouv.fr (in French). 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Résultats gratuits et sans inscription - Bankexam.fr\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-politics-gay/french-minister-comes-out-as-gay-to-fight-homophobia-idUSKCN1IJ1YN","external_links_name":"\"French minister comes out as gay to fight homophobia\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception

Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception

["1 History","2 20th century","3 21st century","4 Statistics","5 Affiliated bishops","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

Roman Catholic clerical congregation Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin MaryCongregatio Clericorum Marianorum sub titulo Immaculatæ Conceptionis Bmæ Virginis (Latin)AbbreviationM.I.C. (post-nominal letters) NicknameMarian FathersFormation1673; 351 years ago (1673)FounderStanisław Papczyński, M.I.C.Founded atPuszcza Marianska, PolandTypeClerical Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right (for Men)HeadquartersGeneral Mother houseVia Corsica 1, 00198 Roma, ItalyMembership 482 (320 Priests) as of 2019MottoLatin:Pro Christo et EcclesiaEnglish: For Christ and the ChurchSuperior GeneralJoseph RoeschMinistryEducational, parochial, publication and missionary worksParent organizationRoman Catholic ChurchWebsitewww.padrimariani.org The Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary (Latin: Congregatio Clericorum Marianorum ab Immaculata Conceptionis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae) is a Catholic male clerical religious congregation founded, 1670, in Poland. It is also known as Marians of the Immaculate Conception. Its members add the post-nominal letters M.I.C. after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. The Congregation of about 500 priests and brothers has convents in 19 countries on 6 continents. Marians pledge support to the Pope and follow the official teachings of the Catholic Church and aim to spread devotion to Blessed Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception, pray for the souls in purgatory and undertake a variety of apostolic work. The Marians were the first Catholic religious institute for men dedicated to honor Mary’s Immaculate Conception. The community traces its roots to Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński who was beatified in Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń, Licheń Stary, Poland, in 2007, and canonized on 5 June 2016 at Saint Peter's Square in Vatican City by Pope Francis. As an Institute of consecrated life, their motto is Pro Christo et Ecclesia. They are also the official promoters of the Divine Mercy message since 1941. History Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński, founder of the Marians, on the oldest existing portrait from the end of the 17th century, Marian monastery in Skórzec, Poland. On December 11, 1670, Stanislaus Papczyński publicly announced in his Oblatio the desire to establish a community of men dedicated to spreading the honor to the Immacuate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1673, in Puszcza Korabiewska (today known as Puszcza Marianska/Marian Forest) near Skierniewice, Poland, the first religious house of the Marians was approved by the local bishop. The first members of the community based their life on the Rule of Life, written by Papczyński. He tempered his plans at first to establish a community active in the church's service. At the beginning, the Marian Fathers lived an eremitical rule of life as they pursued final recognition and approval by the Catholic Church. Within a short time, the new and still small institute received approval from their local ordinary, Bishop Stephen Wierzbowski of Poznan. Pope Innocent XII granted his approval for the young institute in 1699 with solemn vows under the French Rule of the Ten Virtues of the Blessed Virgin Mary, initially placing them within the Franciscans. With the death of the founder in 1701, however, the Marian Fathers found themselves in a critical period of transition. Internal factions divided the membership into one group favoring a strictly contemplative life, and a second group seeking to add missionary and pastoral outreach to the institute's contemplative spirit. The period known as the "Rostkowski Dispersion" followed, fired by internal conflict, as well as the negative attitude expressed by some bishops and lay dignitaries. In 1716, Bishop Adam Rostkowski decided to close the Marian novitiate, instructing Marians to leave the monastery and move out to assume pastoral work in parishes. In 1722, Bishop John Tarlo of Poznan called the scattered Marians back to their monasteries, and convened a general chapter. The man elected to serve as Superior General was Andrew of St. Matthew Deszpot, a Czech originally received into the institute by the founder Papczyński. At the same chapter, a general procurator was chosen, Joachim of St. Ann Kozłowski. He was given the mission of going to Rome to have the institute's constitutions confirmed, and to remove the institute from the jurisdiction of local bishops. In 1723, Pope Innocent XIII approved the Marian statutes and released the institute from the interference of local bishops. Casimir Wyszyński, Superior General of the Marians who established the institute in Portugal. Raymond Nowicki The rest of 18th century was marked by steady growth as the Marians expanded from Poland to Portugal and Italy thanks to the efforts of two outstanding Superiors General of the institute: Casimir Wyszyński (1700–1755) and Raymond Nowicki (1735–1801). Rapid changes in the European political situation by the end of the 18th and through 19th century led to the near destruction of the institute. With the complete failure of the Kosciuszko Uprising in 1795, Poland lost its independence. Now the Marian Fathers found themselves divided by virtually sealed borders. The partitioning of the Polish Republic was decreed by the occupying armies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Again, in 1798, after Napoleon seized Rome, he mandated that all foreigners be expelled from its borders. The exodus included the Marian Fathers removed from their monastery and Rome's St. Vitus Church. In 1834, the Portuguese government became hostile toward all religious, and finally closed all Marian monasteries in that nation. In Eastern Europe following the Vienna Congress of 1815, most of the Marian monasteries found themselves in the newly created Kingdom of Poland, which was part of Imperial Russia, whose Czarist regime was openly hostile to the Catholic Church. The defeat of two Polish national uprisings against Czarist Russia, one in November 1830, and another in January 1863, meant repression for religious institutes in Poland. The Czarist regime prohibited the acceptance of new candidates to the religious life, effectively stamping out the normal process of growth in vocations to the religious life for the Marian Fathers and other institutes. One of the most famous Marians in the 19th century was Christopher Szwernicki. In 1852, he was exiled to Irkutsk, where he built the church and an orphanage for the deportees’ children. In 1888 he was titled "Apostle of Siberia" by Pope Leo XIII. Vincent Sękowski By 1865, the Russian occupying forces allowed only one Marian monastery to remain open in Marijampole, Lithuania. All Marians were sent to Marijampole. Such rulings were nothing less than a death sentence for the religious institute. By the year 1904, that last Marian house closed, since so few Marians remained. By 1908, only one Marian remained, Vincent Sękowski (Senkus). He was the last Superior General. All other Marians had died, or asked to leave to join the ranks of the diocesan clergy. For all appearances, the Czarist persecutions had succeeded. The Marian Fathers seemed to have come to the end of the line. At this critical moment in the history of the Marian institute, an ardent and energetic Lithuanian priest came to visit Sękowski, with the aim of secretly renewing it. The priest was George Matulaitis-Matulewicz, and at that time he was a professor at the Academy of Theology in St. Petersburg, Russia. Matulaitis had a profound understanding of the contributions and significance of religious life to society, although Catholic monasteries were being suppressed at that time. He believed it was important to do whatever needed to be done to revive Catholic religious life in the lands dominated by Imperial Russia. Archbishop George (Jurgis) Matulaitis-Matulewicz As a youth, he had been brought up in a village where the Marian Fathers staffed the local parish. The experience had left him with a lifelong respect and admiration for the Marian Fathers. And so Matulaitis, along with his friend Francis-Peter Bucys, who had also grown up with Marian religious influence, entered the Marian institute with the intention of saving it from disappearing into history, along with all its promise for God's work. They had to become Marians in secret in order to thwart Imperial Russian authorities, who continued to persecute the church. Matulaitis made his vows and was accepted into the Marian institute by Sękowski, and in the same year, 1909, Francis Peter Bucys became the first novice of the institute on its way to renewed life. Anthony Leszczewicz Matulaitis wrote the renewed institute's constitutions, inspired by the spirit of Stanislaus Papczyński and the desire to adapt his ideals to modern times. The new constitutions and revived form of Marian life were approved by Pope Pius X in 1910. Sękowski, who was the last of the "White Marians", lived on for five months after papal approval for Marian renewal. George Kaszyra To assure that the institute could continue to flourish without interference from the Imperial government, the secret Marian novitiate and house of studies were transferred from St. Petersburg in Russia to Fribourg in Switzerland. From this time on, the Marian Fathers began to experience consistent growth. In 1927, the year when Archbishop George Matulaitis-Matulewicz died, the congregation had grown to around 300 members (among them George Kaszyra and Anthony Leszczewicz, Eugene Kulesza, and Janis Mendriks). Bucys succeeded Matulaitis as the superior general of the renovated congregation. Thanks to Matulaitis's reforms, the Marian Fathers became a modern religious congregation. Yet Matulaitis did not change the main ideals of the religious community, such as spreading devotion to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and supplication for the souls suffering in Purgatory. However, he did expand the field of the Marian apostolate and introduced significant changes into the Marian Fathers' way of life, adapting it to the new conditions and needs of modern times. 20th century Although it is now an international organization, the Marians still have strong roots in Poland, (e.g. the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń) and place a great deal of emphasis on spreading the messages of Divine Mercy of Faustina Kowalska. Between 1959-78 when this particular devotion was under an interdict by the Holy See and was not to be promoted, the order preached on the scriptural foundations of Divine Mercy, without reference to the revelations to Faustina. Between 1950 and 1986 the Marian Fathers operated two boarding schools in England, at Lower Bullingham near Hereford and the second, Divine Mercy College, at Fawley Court, Buckinghamhire, (north of Henley-on-Thames). Though intended for boys of Polish origin, in particular the children of the 100,000+ Poles who found exile in Britain after the Second World War, a proportion of the boys accepted were non-Poles. In 1987, the Marians distributed the film Divine Mercy: No Escape, which depicted the life of Maria Faustina Kowalska and featured a presentation by Pope John Paul II. In 1996 the priests Seraphim Michalenko and George Kosicki formed the John Paul II Institute of Divine Mercy to provide instruction in Divine Mercy theology and spirituality to both parish leaders and clergy. At its inception, Pope John Paul II entrusted the institute with the task of providing "formation and research in The Divine Mercy message". Their role in spreading the Divine Mercy message was acknowledged by Pope John Paul II in a special papal blessing in 2001, the 70th anniversary of the revelation of the Divine Mercy Message and Devotion. 21st century The Licheń Basilica With a Polish Pope in the chair of St. Peter and the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the circumstances were ripe for a resurgence of the Marian order in Poland. The Fathers laid plans to erect an ambitious new shrine to Mary, to rival that of Czestochowa, in the village Licheń Stary, scene of a 19th-century Napoleonic soldier's devotion. The resulting basilica and visitor centre, designed by Barbara Bielecka and blessed in 1999 by John Paul II, was completed in 2004 and is said to be the largest church building in Poland. The construction was said to have been funded entirely by pilgrims' donations. In 2009 the Marian Fathers controversially sold the Grade I listed Fawley Court, which had previously served as a school, museum and focus for the Polish community in Britain. Statistics Part of a series on theMariologyof the Catholic ChurchImmaculate Conception by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (c. 1675) Overview Prayers Antiphons Titles Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Saints Societies Consecrations and entrustments Veneration Titles of Mary Theotokos (Mother of God) Mediatrix Mother of the Church Our Lady of Good Counsel Our Lady of Mount Carmel Our Lady of Sorrows Our Lady of Victory Our Lady, Star of the Sea Queen of Heaven Queen of Peace Queen of Poland Refugium Peccatorum (Refuge of Sinners) Untier of Knots Virgin of Mercy Prayers and hymns Angelus Fátima prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary, Mother of Grace Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Marian hymns Devotional practices Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Movements and societies Sodality of Our Lady Congregation of Marian Fathers Company of Mary (Montfort) Marianists (Society of Mary) Marist Fathers Marist Brothers Schoenstatt Movement Legion of Mary World Apostolate of Fátima (Blue Army) Mariological Society Our Lady's Rosary Makers Marian Movement of Priests Fatima Family Apostolate Queen of Angels Foundation Apparitions Approved, with widespread liturgicalveneration endorsed by the Holy See: Fátima Three Secrets of Fátima Guadalupe Knock La Salette Lourdes Miraculous Medal Walsingham Dowry of Mary Key Marian feast days Mother of God (1 January) Candlemas (2 February) Annunciation (25 March) Assumption (15 August) Nativity (8 September) Holy Name (12 September) Presentation (21 November) Immaculate Conception (8 December) Catholicism portalvte 2006: 350 priests 517 male religious 2007: 345 priests 506 male religious 2008: 348 priests 492 male religious 2010: 345 priests 472 male religious 2011: 350 priests 478 male religious 2012: 349 priests 471 male religious Affiliated bishops Fabijan Abrantovich Francis Brazys (Priest: 19 December 1942 to 22 December 1964) Francis-Peter Bucys (Priest: 25 March 1899; Superior General: 27 July 1927 to 21 July 1933) Andrei Tsikota Pranciskus Karevičius (Priest: 17 May 1886 to 27 February 1914) Andrei Katkoff (Priest: 30 July 1944 to 14 November 1958) Jan Paweł Lenga (Priest: 28 May 1980 to 13 April 1991) Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius (Priest: 20 November 1898; Superior General: 14 July 1911 to 23 October 1918) Jan Olszanski (Priest: 15 November 1942 to 16 January 1991) Liudas Povilonis Ceslao Sipovic (Priest: 16 June 1940 to 2 July 1960; Superior General: 2 July 1963 to 28 July 1969) Vincentas Sladkevičius (Priest: 25 March 1944 to 14 November 1957) Juozas Žemaitis (Priest: 25 September 1949) References ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (M.I.C.)". ^ a b c ""The History of the Marians", Marians of the Immaculate Conception". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2014-09-16. ^ "The Basilica - SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF LICHEN Sorrows IN OLD". SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF LICHEN Sorrows IN OLD. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ The Guardian; 20 June 1998. Texnews.com Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Historic England. "Name: FAWLEY COURT (DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE) (1125740)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "StackPath". ^ "Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary", Catholic Hierarchy Bibliography Andrew R. Mączyński, MIC and Maciej P.Talar Three Centuries with Mary Immaculate As Patroness. Marian Press Tadeusz Rogalewski, MIC Stanislaus Papczynski (1631-1701). Marian Press, ISBN 0-944203-62-0 External links Marians of the Immaculate Conception — Official Website Marians Fathers in the United States TheDivineMercy.org DivineMercyApostolate.co.uk Marianie.pl StanislawPapczynski.pl Matulaitis-Matulewicz.org vteCatholic religious institutesMaleandfemale Alexians Assumptionists (AA) Augustinian Recollects (OAR) Basilian Aleppians (BA) Basilian Chouerites (BC) Benedictines (OSB) Bridgettines (OSsS) Canossians (FDCC) Carmelites (OCarm) Carthusians (OCart) Cistercians (OCist) Congregation of Our Lady of Sion (NDS) Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SSCC) Discalced Carmelites (OCD) Dominicans (OP) Franciscans (OFM) Institute of the Incarnate Word (IVE) Mercedarians (O de M) Missionaries of Charity (MC) Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo (CS) Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno Premonstratensians (OPraem) Servants of Charity (SC) Servite Order (OSM) Society of the Atonement (SA) TOR 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Immaculate Conception (FHIC) Daughters of Divine Love Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary Faithful Companions of Jesus Felicians (CSSF) Filippini Sisters (MPF) Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Hijas de Jesús Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb Little Sisters of Jesus Little Sisters of the Poor Living the Gospel Community (LGC) Lovers of the Holy Cross Marianites of Holy Cross (MSC) Maryknoll Sisters (MM) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God (SMIC) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC) Oblate Sisters of Providence Oblates of Jesus the Priest Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima (OMVF) Order of Our Lady of Charity (ODNC) Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Poor Clares (OSC) Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament (MC) Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (RSCJ) Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) Servants of St. Joseph (SSJ) Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Sisters of Charity Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG) Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy (DC) Sisters of the Cross and Passion Sisters of the Destitute Sisters of the Good Shepherd (RGS) Sisters of Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters of Life (SV) Sisters of Mercy (RSM) Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods Sisters of the Sacred Heart Sisters of Saint Francis Sisters of Saint Joseph The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (RSJ) Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC) Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls Sisters of Social Service (sss) Servants of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS) Ursulines (OSU) White Sisters See also: Third orders of Catholic laity Catholicism portal Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Czech Republic 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"clerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"religious congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_congregation"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVM(RC)"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(spirit)"},{"link_name":"purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory"},{"link_name":"religious institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Papczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Liche%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Licheń Stary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liche%C5%84_Stary"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Institute of consecrated life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life"},{"link_name":"Divine Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Mercy_(Catholic_devotion)"}],"text":"The Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary (Latin: Congregatio Clericorum Marianorum ab Immaculata Conceptionis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae) is a Catholic male clerical religious congregation founded, 1670, in Poland. It is also known as Marians of the Immaculate Conception. Its members add the post-nominal letters M.I.C. after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation.The Congregation of about 500 priests and brothers has convents in 19 countries on 6 continents. Marians pledge support to the Pope and follow the official teachings of the Catholic Church and aim to spread devotion to Blessed Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception, pray for the souls in purgatory and undertake a variety of apostolic work.The Marians were the first Catholic religious institute for men dedicated to honor Mary’s Immaculate Conception. The community traces its roots to Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński who was beatified in Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń, Licheń Stary, Poland, in 2007, and canonized on 5 June 2016 at Saint Peter's Square in Vatican City by Pope Francis. As an Institute of consecrated life, their motto is Pro Christo et Ecclesia.They are also the official promoters of the Divine Mercy message since 1941.","title":"Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr_pap_shadow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Papczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus Papczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Papczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Puszcza Marianska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puszcza_Marianska"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marians-8"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marians-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marians-8"},{"link_name":"Andrew of St. Matthew Deszpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_of_St._Matthew_Deszpot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joachim of St. Ann Kozłowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_of_St._Ann_Koz%C5%82owski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Innocent XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_XIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wyszynski_10212008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr_raymond_nowicki_jpg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Casimir Wyszyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Wyszy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raymond Nowicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Nowicki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kosciuszko Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Vienna Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"Czarist Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Christopher Szwernicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Szwernicki"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wincenty_S%C4%99kowski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marijampole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijampole"},{"link_name":"Vincent Sękowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_S%C4%99kowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Matulaitis-Matulewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_Matulaitis-Matulevi%C4%8Dius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLGEORGECOLOR.jpg"},{"link_name":"George (Jurgis) Matulaitis-Matulewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_Matulaitis-Matulevi%C4%8Dius"},{"link_name":"Francis-Peter Bucys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis-Peter_Bucys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr_a_leszczewicz_jpg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FrJKaszyra3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"George Kaszyra and Anthony Leszczewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Kaszyra_and_Anthony_Leszczewicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eugene Kulesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Kulesza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janis Mendriks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Mendriks"}],"text":"Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński, founder of the Marians, on the oldest existing portrait from the end of the 17th century, Marian monastery in Skórzec, Poland.On December 11, 1670, Stanislaus Papczyński publicly announced in his Oblatio the desire to establish a community of men dedicated to spreading the honor to the Immacuate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1673, in Puszcza Korabiewska (today known as Puszcza Marianska/Marian Forest) near Skierniewice, Poland, the first religious house of the Marians was approved by the local bishop. The first members of the community based their life on the Rule of Life, written by Papczyński. He tempered his plans at first to establish a community active in the church's service. At the beginning, the Marian Fathers lived an eremitical rule of life as they pursued final recognition and approval by the Catholic Church. Within a short time, the new and still small institute received approval from their local ordinary, Bishop Stephen Wierzbowski of Poznan.[8]Pope Innocent XII granted his approval for the young institute in 1699 with solemn vows under the French Rule of the Ten Virtues of the Blessed Virgin Mary, initially placing them within the Franciscans.[8]With the death of the founder in 1701, however, the Marian Fathers found themselves in a critical period of transition. Internal factions divided the membership into one group favoring a strictly contemplative life, and a second group seeking to add missionary and pastoral outreach to the institute's contemplative spirit.[8] The period known as the \"Rostkowski Dispersion\" followed, fired by internal conflict, as well as the negative attitude expressed by some bishops and lay dignitaries. In 1716, Bishop Adam Rostkowski decided to close the Marian novitiate, instructing Marians to leave the monastery and move out to assume pastoral work in parishes.In 1722, Bishop John Tarlo of Poznan called the scattered Marians back to their monasteries, and convened a general chapter. The man elected to serve as Superior General was Andrew of St. Matthew Deszpot, a Czech originally received into the institute by the founder Papczyński. At the same chapter, a general procurator was chosen, Joachim of St. Ann Kozłowski. He was given the mission of going to Rome to have the institute's constitutions confirmed, and to remove the institute from the jurisdiction of local bishops. In 1723, Pope Innocent XIII approved the Marian statutes and released the institute from the interference of local bishops.Casimir Wyszyński, Superior General of the Marians who established the institute in Portugal.Raymond NowickiThe rest of 18th century was marked by steady growth as the Marians expanded from Poland to Portugal and Italy thanks to the efforts of two outstanding Superiors General of the institute: Casimir Wyszyński (1700–1755) and Raymond Nowicki (1735–1801).Rapid changes in the European political situation by the end of the 18th and through 19th century led to the near destruction of the institute.With the complete failure of the Kosciuszko Uprising in 1795, Poland lost its independence. Now the Marian Fathers found themselves divided by virtually sealed borders. The partitioning of the Polish Republic was decreed by the occupying armies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.Again, in 1798, after Napoleon seized Rome, he mandated that all foreigners be expelled from its borders. The exodus included the Marian Fathers removed from their monastery and Rome's St. Vitus Church.In 1834, the Portuguese government became hostile toward all religious, and finally closed all Marian monasteries in that nation.In Eastern Europe following the Vienna Congress of 1815, most of the Marian monasteries found themselves in the newly created Kingdom of Poland, which was part of Imperial Russia, whose Czarist regime was openly hostile to the Catholic Church.The defeat of two Polish national uprisings against Czarist Russia, one in November 1830, and another in January 1863, meant repression for religious institutes in Poland. The Czarist regime prohibited the acceptance of new candidates to the religious life, effectively stamping out the normal process of growth in vocations to the religious life for the Marian Fathers and other institutes.One of the most famous Marians in the 19th century was Christopher Szwernicki. In 1852, he was exiled to Irkutsk, where he built the church and an orphanage for the deportees’ children. In 1888 he was titled \"Apostle of Siberia\" by Pope Leo XIII.Vincent SękowskiBy 1865, the Russian occupying forces allowed only one Marian monastery to remain open in Marijampole, Lithuania. All Marians were sent to Marijampole. Such rulings were nothing less than a death sentence for the religious institute. By the year 1904, that last Marian house closed, since so few Marians remained. By 1908, only one Marian remained, Vincent Sękowski (Senkus). He was the last Superior General. All other Marians had died, or asked to leave to join the ranks of the diocesan clergy. For all appearances, the Czarist persecutions had succeeded. The Marian Fathers seemed to have come to the end of the line.At this critical moment in the history of the Marian institute, an ardent and energetic Lithuanian priest came to visit Sękowski, with the aim of secretly renewing it. The priest was George Matulaitis-Matulewicz, and at that time he was a professor at the Academy of Theology in St. Petersburg, Russia. Matulaitis had a profound understanding of the contributions and significance of religious life to society, although Catholic monasteries were being suppressed at that time. He believed it was important to do whatever needed to be done to revive Catholic religious life in the lands dominated by Imperial Russia.Archbishop George (Jurgis) Matulaitis-MatulewiczAs a youth, he had been brought up in a village where the Marian Fathers staffed the local parish. The experience had left him with a lifelong respect and admiration for the Marian Fathers. And so Matulaitis, along with his friend Francis-Peter Bucys, who had also grown up with Marian religious influence, entered the Marian institute with the intention of saving it from disappearing into history, along with all its promise for God's work. They had to become Marians in secret in order to thwart Imperial Russian authorities, who continued to persecute the church.Matulaitis made his vows and was accepted into the Marian institute by Sękowski, and in the same year, 1909, Francis Peter Bucys became the first novice of the institute on its way to renewed life.Anthony LeszczewiczMatulaitis wrote the renewed institute's constitutions, inspired by the spirit of Stanislaus Papczyński and the desire to adapt his ideals to modern times. The new constitutions and revived form of Marian life were approved by Pope Pius X in 1910. Sękowski, who was the last of the \"White Marians\", lived on for five months after papal approval for Marian renewal.George KaszyraTo assure that the institute could continue to flourish without interference from the Imperial government, the secret Marian novitiate and house of studies were transferred from St. Petersburg in Russia to Fribourg in Switzerland. From this time on, the Marian Fathers began to experience consistent growth. In 1927, the year when Archbishop George Matulaitis-Matulewicz died, the congregation had grown to around 300 members (among them George Kaszyra and Anthony Leszczewicz, Eugene Kulesza, and Janis Mendriks).Bucys succeeded Matulaitis as the superior general of the renovated congregation. Thanks to Matulaitis's reforms, the Marian Fathers became a modern religious congregation. Yet Matulaitis did not change the main ideals of the religious community, such as spreading devotion to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and supplication for the souls suffering in Purgatory. However, he did expand the field of the Marian apostolate and introduced significant changes into the Marian Fathers' way of life, adapting it to the new conditions and needs of modern times.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Liche%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Divine Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Mercy_(Catholic_devotion)"},{"link_name":"Faustina Kowalska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska"},{"link_name":"Bullingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullingham"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"Fawley Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawley_Court"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamhire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckinghamhire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henley-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Divine Mercy: No Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Mercy:_No_Escape"},{"link_name":"Maria Faustina Kowalska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"Although it is now an international organization, the Marians still have strong roots in Poland, (e.g. the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń) and place a great deal of emphasis on spreading the messages of Divine Mercy of Faustina Kowalska. Between 1959-78 when this particular devotion was under an interdict by the Holy See and was not to be promoted, the order preached on the scriptural foundations of Divine Mercy, without reference to the revelations to Faustina.Between 1950 and 1986 the Marian Fathers operated two boarding schools in England, at Lower Bullingham near Hereford and the second, Divine Mercy College, at Fawley Court, Buckinghamhire, (north of Henley-on-Thames). Though intended for boys of Polish origin, in particular the children of the 100,000+ Poles who found exile in Britain after the Second World War, a proportion of the boys accepted were non-Poles. In 1987, the Marians distributed the film Divine Mercy: No Escape, which depicted the life of Maria Faustina Kowalska and featured a presentation by Pope John Paul II.In 1996 the priests Seraphim Michalenko and George Kosicki formed the John Paul II Institute of Divine Mercy to provide instruction in Divine Mercy theology and spirituality to both parish leaders and clergy. At its inception, Pope John Paul II entrusted the institute with the task of providing \"formation and research in The Divine Mercy message\". Their role in spreading the Divine Mercy message was acknowledged by Pope John Paul II in a special papal blessing in 2001, the 70th anniversary of the revelation of the Divine Mercy Message and Devotion.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S6000734.JPG"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Czestochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czestochowa"},{"link_name":"Licheń Stary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liche%C5%84_Stary"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bielecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bielecka"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed"},{"link_name":"Fawley Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawley_Court"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Licheń BasilicaWith a Polish Pope in the chair of St. Peter and the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the circumstances were ripe for a resurgence of the Marian order in Poland. The Fathers laid plans to erect an ambitious new shrine to Mary, to rival that of Czestochowa, in the village Licheń Stary, scene of a 19th-century Napoleonic soldier's devotion. The resulting basilica and visitor centre, designed by Barbara Bielecka and blessed in 1999 by John Paul II, was completed in 2004 and is said to be the largest church building in Poland.[9] The construction was said to have been funded entirely by pilgrims' donations.[10]In 2009 the Marian Fathers controversially sold the Grade I listed Fawley Court, which had previously served as a school, museum and focus for the Polish community in Britain.[11][12]","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"2006: 350 priests 517 male religious\n2007: 345 priests 506 male religious\n2008: 348 priests 492 male religious\n2010: 345 priests 472 male religious\n2011: 350 priests 478 male religious\n2012: 349 priests 471 male religious[13]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabijan Abrantovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabijan_Abrantovich"},{"link_name":"Francis-Peter Bucys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis-Peter_Bucys"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tsikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tsikota"},{"link_name":"Jan Paweł Lenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pawe%C5%82_Lenga"},{"link_name":"Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_Matulaitis-Matulevi%C4%8Dius"},{"link_name":"Ceslao Sipovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceslao_Sipovic"},{"link_name":"Vincentas Sladkevičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincentas_Sladkevi%C4%8Dius"}],"text":"Fabijan Abrantovich\nFrancis Brazys (Priest: 19 December 1942 to 22 December 1964)\nFrancis-Peter Bucys (Priest: 25 March 1899; Superior General: 27 July 1927 to 21 July 1933)\nAndrei Tsikota\nPranciskus Karevičius (Priest: 17 May 1886 to 27 February 1914)\nAndrei Katkoff (Priest: 30 July 1944 to 14 November 1958)\nJan Paweł Lenga (Priest: 28 May 1980 to 13 April 1991)\nJurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius (Priest: 20 November 1898; Superior General: 14 July 1911 to 23 October 1918)\nJan Olszanski (Priest: 15 November 1942 to 16 January 1991)\nLiudas Povilonis\nCeslao Sipovic (Priest: 16 June 1940 to 2 July 1960; Superior General: 2 July 1963 to 28 July 1969)\nVincentas Sladkevičius (Priest: 25 March 1944 to 14 November 1957)\nJuozas Žemaitis (Priest: 25 September 1949)","title":"Affiliated bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-944203-62-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944203-62-0"}],"text":"Andrew R. Mączyński, MIC and Maciej P.Talar Three Centuries with Mary Immaculate As Patroness. Marian Press\nTadeusz Rogalewski, MIC Stanislaus Papczynski (1631-1701). Marian Press, ISBN 0-944203-62-0","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_School

Peak School

["1 History","2 Conservation","3 Accreditations and authorizations","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 22°16′2″N 114°9′10″E / 22.26722°N 114.15278°E / 22.26722; 114.15278Private school in Hong KongPeak School山頂小學Main gate of Peak SchoolLocation20 Plunkett's Rd, The PeakHong KongCoordinates22°16′2″N 114°9′10″E / 22.26722°N 114.15278°E / 22.26722; 114.15278InformationTypePrivateEstablished1911PrincipalBill GarnettGrades1–6Enrollment360LanguageEnglishWebsitewww.ps.edu.hk Former Peak School at No. 7, Gough Hill Path, Victoria Peak, now housing the Victoria Peak Fire Station. Peak School (Chinese: 山頂小學; Jyutping: Saan1 Deng2 Siu2 Hok6; pinyin: Shāndǐng xiǎoxué) is a coeducational preparatory school, located on Plunkett's Road on Victoria Peak, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The school is one of around twenty institutions in Hong Kong operated by the English Schools Foundation (ESF). Peak School teaches students from Year One to Year Six, and offers the International Baccalaureate programme. The principal of Peak School is Bill Garnett. History The school opened in 1911. Its first school building was built by the Public Works Department in 1915 at No.7 Gough Hill Path (歌賦山里). The building now houses the Victoria Peak Fire Station (山頂消防局). Construction of the current premises on Plunkett's Road was completed in 1954. The two campuses were initially operated in tandem, with younger children attending the older school. A few years later, the entire student body was consolidated in the new buildings. Conservation The Former Peak School at No. 7 Gough Hill Path has been listed as a Grade II historic building since 2009, while the Peak School at Plunkett's Road has been listed as a Grade III historic building since 2010. Accreditations and authorizations The Peak School is accredited, authorized, or a member of the following organizations: Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) Council of International Schools (CIS) The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Program Notable alumni Bill Anders, US astronaut Jack Avon, financial modelling expert Martin Booth, British novelist and poet Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece, Greek and Danish princess Hamish Harding, British explorer Sara Jane Ho, etiquette teacher Eleanor Sanger, American sports producer Hannah Wilson, Hong Kong swimmer Sir Denis Wright, British diplomat References ^ Dillon, Chris (2008). Landed : the expatriate's guide to buying and renovating property in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Dillon Communications. ISBN 978-9881714718. ^ IB world schools yearbook (2013 ed.). Woodbridge, UK: John Catt Educational Ltd. 2013. ISBN 978-1908095657. ^ Antiquities Advisory Board. Historic Building Appraisal. English Schools Foundation Peak School, No. 20 Plunkett's Road, The Peak ^ Antiquities Advisory Board. Historic Building Appraisal. Former Peak School (Victoria Peak Fire Station), No. 7 Gough Hill Path, The Peak ^ A brief history of Peak School Archived 2014-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, Peak School. ^ Antiquities Advisory Board. List of the 1,444 Historic Buildings with Assessment Results ^ "Peak School". International Baccalaureate®. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ Ingham, Michael (2007). Hong Kong: a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199724475. ^ John Graham: ‘Wright, Sir Denis Arthur Hepworth (1911–2005)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Jan 2009. Accessed 10 Dec 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peak School. Peak School website Antiquities Advisory Board. Pictures of the Former Peak School (Victoria Peak Fire Station) at No. 7 Gough Hill Path, The Peak Pictures of the English Schools Foundation Peak School, No. 20 Plunkett's Road, The Peak vteEnglish Schools FoundationKindergartens ESF Abacus International Kindergarten ESF Hillside International Kindergarten ESF Tsing Yi International Kindergarten ESF Tung Chung International Kindergarten ESF Wu Kai Sha International Kindergarten Primary schools Beacon Hill School Bradbury School Clearwater Bay School Glenealy School Jockey Club Sarah Roe School Kennedy School Kowloon Junior School Peak School Quarry Bay School Sha Tin Junior School Secondary schools Island School King George V School Sha Tin College South Island School West Island School All-through schools Discovery College Renaissance College Special needs schools Jockey Club Sarah Roe School Hong Kong portal Schools portal This Hong Kong school or sixth-form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Peak_Fire_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Peak"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"English Schools Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landed-1"},{"link_name":"Year One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_One_(education)"},{"link_name":"Year Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Six"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibyearbook-2"}],"text":"Private school in Hong KongFormer Peak School at No. 7, Gough Hill Path, Victoria Peak, now housing the Victoria Peak Fire Station.Peak School (Chinese: 山頂小學; Jyutping: Saan1 Deng2 Siu2 Hok6; pinyin: Shāndǐng xiǎoxué) is a coeducational preparatory school, located on Plunkett's Road on Victoria Peak, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The school is one of around twenty institutions in Hong Kong operated by the English Schools Foundation (ESF).[1]Peak School teaches students from Year One to Year Six, and offers the International Baccalaureate programme. The principal of Peak School is Bill Garnett.[2]","title":"Peak School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Department_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"山頂消防局","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%A0%82%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%80"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"}],"text":"The school opened in 1911.[citation needed] Its first school building was built by the Public Works Department in 1915 at No.7 Gough Hill Path (歌賦山里).[3] The building now houses the Victoria Peak Fire Station (山頂消防局).[4] Construction of the current premises on Plunkett's Road was completed in 1954. The two campuses were initially operated in tandem, with younger children attending the older school. A few years later, the entire student body was consolidated in the new buildings.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade II historic building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Former Peak School at No. 7 Gough Hill Path has been listed as a Grade II historic building since 2009, while the Peak School at Plunkett's Road has been listed as a Grade III historic building since 2010.[6]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Association of Schools and Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"Primary Years Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IB_Primary_Years_Programme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Peak School is accredited, authorized, or a member of the following organizations:Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)\nCouncil of International Schools (CIS)\nThe International Baccalaureate Primary Years Program[7]","title":"Accreditations and authorizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders"},{"link_name":"Jack Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Avon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martin Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Booth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booth-8"},{"link_name":"Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Chantal,_Crown_Princess_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hamish Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Harding"},{"link_name":"Sara Jane Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Jane_Ho"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Sanger"},{"link_name":"Hannah Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Sir Denis Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Wright"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-9"}],"text":"Bill Anders, US astronaut\nJack Avon, financial modelling expert\nMartin Booth, British novelist and poet[8]\nMarie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece, Greek and Danish princess\nHamish Harding, British explorer\nSara Jane Ho, etiquette teacher\nEleanor Sanger, American sports producer\nHannah Wilson, Hong Kong swimmer\nSir Denis Wright, British diplomat[9]","title":"Notable alumni"}]

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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peak_School&params=22_16_2_N_114_9_10_E_region:HK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"22°16′2″N 114°9′10″E / 22.26722°N 114.15278°E / 22.26722; 114.15278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peak_School&params=22_16_2_N_114_9_10_E_region:HK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"22°16′2″N 114°9′10″E / 22.26722°N 114.15278°E / 22.26722; 114.15278"},{"Link":"http://www.ps.edu.hk/","external_links_name":"www.ps.edu.hk"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ibworldschoolsye0000unse","external_links_name":"IB world schools yearbook"},{"Link":"https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/historicbuilding/en/768_Appraisal_En.pdf","external_links_name":"English Schools Foundation Peak School, No. 20 Plunkett's Road, The Peak"},{"Link":"https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/historicbuilding/en/489_Appraisal_En.pdf","external_links_name":"Former Peak School (Victoria Peak Fire Station), No. 7 Gough Hill Path, The Peak"},{"Link":"http://www.ps.edu.hk/about-us/alumni/brief-history-peak-school","external_links_name":"A brief history of Peak School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140218063819/http://www.ps.edu.hk/about-us/alumni/brief-history-peak-school","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/204meeting/List%20of%20the%201444%20Historic%20Buildings%20with%20Assessment%20Results%20(as%20of%207%20March%202024).pdf","external_links_name":"List of the 1,444 Historic Buildings with Assessment Results"},{"Link":"http://www.ibo.org/en/school/003691/","external_links_name":"\"Peak School\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/95839n","external_links_name":"‘Wright, Sir Denis Arthur Hepworth (1911–2005)’"},{"Link":"http://www.ps.edu.hk/","external_links_name":"Peak School website"},{"Link":"https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/historicbuilding/photo/489_Photo.pdf","external_links_name":"Pictures of the Former Peak School (Victoria Peak Fire Station) at No. 7 Gough Hill Path, The Peak"},{"Link":"https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/historicbuilding/photo/768_Photo.pdf","external_links_name":"Pictures of the English Schools Foundation Peak School, No. 20 Plunkett's Road, The Peak"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundown

Rundown

["1 Intentional rundown","2 Drilling","3 Strategy","4 References"]

Situation in baseball This article is about the situation in baseball. For other uses, see Rundown (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rundown" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A typical rundown situation in baseball showing a baserunner for the Texas Rangers as he attempts to evade the Chicago Cubs defense. In baseball, a rundown, informally known as a pickle, the hotbox, or goose chase is a situation that occurs when the baserunner is stranded between two bases, also known as no-man's land, and is in jeopardy of being tagged out. When the baserunner attempts to advance to the next base, he is cut off by the defensive player who has a live ball, and attempts to return to his previous base before being tagged out. As he is doing this, the defender throws the ball past the baserunner to the defender at the previous base, forcing the baserunner to reverse directions again. This is repeated until the runner is put out or reaches a base safely. A rundown can be escaped if a fielder makes an error, the runner gets around the fielder with the ball without running out of the baseline, a fielder throws the ball elsewhere (e.g., toward home plate if another runner is trying to score), or the runner manages to get by the fielder without the ball while there is no other fielder to cover the runner's destination base. Intentional rundown It is possible for a runner on one of the other bases to create an intentional rundown to allow a runner on third to score. Drilling Teams and players do practice for this situation in drills in practice or warmups. Strategy There are a variety of strategies for how the defense will deal with trying to get a runner out who has been caught in a pickle. Different teams, players, and coaches will follow different strategies. References ^ "High School Baseball; Intentional pickle to score a run". www.theoleballgame.com. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ "Baseball Pickle: How to Play Rundown or Hotbox". www.baseballmonkey.com. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ "Baseball Rundowns". www.theoleballgame.com. Retrieved 2021-08-28. vteBaseball and softball conceptsOutline · GlossaryRules Rules of baseball Ejections Ground rules Infield fly rule In flight Interference Pitch clock Protested game Strike zone Suspended game Unwritten rules Cheating Comparison of baseball and softball fastpitch softball 16-inch softball Ballpark/field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter's box Batter's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On-deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove (defense) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Innings extra innings Out Positions Run Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Batted ball Batting count Batting out of order Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Charging the mound Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Grand slam Inside-the-park Walk-off Moonshot Chinese Infield hit Leadoff hitter Lefty-righty switch Line drive Mendoza Line On-deck Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Pitching(softball) Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Vulcan changeup Curveball Eephus Emery ball Fastball two-seam four-seam cutter sinker split-finger Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional balk Intentional walk Knuckleball Maddux No-hitter Perfect game Pickoff Pitch count Pitching position Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Strike zone Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Hit and run Lead off Left on base Obstruction Rundown Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Tie goes to the runner Fielding(positioning) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Caught stealing Covering a base Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In-between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Neighborhood play Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Related Baseball card Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench-clearing brawl Dead ball Doubleheader Jargon Injured list List of baseball films Pepper Scorekeeping Series Seventh-inning stretch Shagging Sign stealing Slump Streak losing winning Variations of baseball Category Portal WikiProject

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rundown (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundown_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangersrundown.jpg"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"baserunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunner"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"hotbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotbox_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"baserunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunner"},{"link_name":"tagged out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_out"},{"link_name":"live ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_ball_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(baseball)"}],"text":"This article is about the situation in baseball. For other uses, see Rundown (disambiguation).A typical rundown situation in baseball showing a baserunner for the Texas Rangers as he attempts to evade the Chicago Cubs defense.In baseball, a rundown, informally known as a pickle, the hotbox, or goose chase is a situation that occurs when the baserunner is stranded between two bases, also known as no-man's land, and is in jeopardy of being tagged out. When the baserunner attempts to advance to the next base, he is cut off by the defensive player who has a live ball, and attempts to return to his previous base before being tagged out. As he is doing this, the defender throws the ball past the baserunner to the defender at the previous base, forcing the baserunner to reverse directions again. This is repeated until the runner is put out or reaches a base safely.A rundown can be escaped if a fielder makes an error, the runner gets around the fielder with the ball without running out of the baseline, a fielder throws the ball elsewhere (e.g., toward home plate if another runner is trying to score), or the runner manages to get by the fielder without the ball while there is no other fielder to cover the runner's destination base.","title":"Rundown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It is possible for a runner on one of the other bases to create an intentional rundown to allow a runner on third to score.[1]","title":"Intentional rundown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Teams and players do practice for this situation in drills in practice or warmups.[2]","title":"Drilling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"There are a variety of strategies for how the defense will deal with trying to get a runner out who has been caught in a pickle. Different teams, players, and coaches will follow different strategies.[3]","title":"Strategy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Saenredam

Jan Saenredam

["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]

Venus and Cupid The Foolish Virgins Jan Pieterszoon Saenredam (1565 – 6 April 1607) was a Dutch Northern Mannerist painter, printmaker in engraving, and cartographer, and father of the painter of church interiors, Pieter Jansz Saenredam. He is noted for the many allegorical images he created from classical mythology and the Bible. Biography Saenredam was born in Zaandam. As an orphan Jan lived with his uncle, Pieter de Jongh, a bailiff in Assendelft who first sent him to learn basket weaving as a profession. Being an apt student, he was taught reading and writing, but astonished his teachers when he proved already so accomplished in this that he decorated his texts with curled decorations. An example of his penmanship could once be seen on display at Assum House near Heemskerk (residence of the Lord of Assendelft), which was his copywork of the ten commandments. Despite a decision that he follow a career in a trade or farming, he showed such artistic talent that he started as an apprentice cartographer. His first map is dated 1589 and is of the province of Holland, which could be seen in the city book of Guiccardijn (referring to a 1593 work by Lodovico Guicciardini called The Description of the Low Countries). He was visited by a lawyer called Spoorwater tot Assendelft, who convinced his guardian to let him apply his gift, and thus young Saenredam was sent to learn drawing from Hendrick Goltzius in Haarlem, where he became a master at the age of 24 (in 1589). After working for some time with Goltzius, he encountered the almost inevitable professional rivalry and jealousy, prompting his departure to work in Amsterdam for two years. He then returned to Assendelft where he married and set up his own workshop. His first engraving was of the 12 apostles after a drawing by Karel van Mander. He produced prints after Goltzius, Abraham Bloemaert, Cornelis van Haarlem, Polidoro da Caravaggio, and his own invention. He made over 170 plates of which the last one was a history of Diana and Callisto by Paulus Moreelse in 1606. Two plates he was working on, after drawings by Bartholomeus Spranger and Willem Thibaut, were finished later by Jacob Matham. According to the Rijksmuseum, he returned in 1595 from Amsterdam to Assendelft, where he married Anna Pauwelsdochter. Jan left his wife a sizeable estate as a result of lucrative investments in the Dutch East India Company. He died of typhus on April 6, 1607, and was buried in the choir of the Saint Adolphus church at Assendelft, with the gravestone inscription Ioannis Saenredam Sculptoris celeberrimi. He died in Assendelft, aged about 41. References ^ a b c d e Het Gulden Cabinet p 498 ^ a b c d e Het Gulden Cabinet p 499 ^ "Rijksmuseum". Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-02-11. ^ Rijksmuseum Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine External links Media related to Jan Saenredam at Wikimedia Commons Spaightwood Galleries Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists Auckland South Australia Scientific illustrators KulturNav Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands 2 Deutsche Biographie Other Te Papa (New Zealand)

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As an orphan Jan lived with his uncle, Pieter de Jongh, a bailiff in Assendelft who first sent him to learn basket weaving as a profession.[1] Being an apt student, he was taught reading and writing, but astonished his teachers when he proved already so accomplished in this that he decorated his texts with curled decorations. An example of his penmanship could once be seen on display at Assum House near Heemskerk (residence of the Lord of Assendelft), which was his copywork of the ten commandments.[1] Despite a decision that he follow a career in a trade or farming, he showed such artistic talent that he started as an apprentice cartographer. His first map is dated 1589 and is of the province of Holland, which could be seen in the city book of Guiccardijn (referring to a 1593 work by Lodovico Guicciardini called The Description of the Low Countries).[1] He was visited by a lawyer called Spoorwater tot Assendelft, who convinced his guardian to let him apply his gift, and thus young Saenredam was sent to learn drawing from Hendrick Goltzius in Haarlem, where he became a master at the age of 24 (in 1589).[1]After working for some time with Goltzius, he encountered the almost inevitable professional rivalry and jealousy, prompting his departure to work in Amsterdam for two years.[1] He then returned to Assendelft where he married and set up his own workshop. His first engraving was of the 12 apostles after a drawing by Karel van Mander.[2] He produced prints after Goltzius, Abraham Bloemaert, Cornelis van Haarlem, Polidoro da Caravaggio, and his own invention.[2] He made over 170 plates of which the last one was a history of Diana and Callisto by Paulus Moreelse in 1606.[2] Two plates he was working on, after drawings by Bartholomeus Spranger and Willem Thibaut, were finished later by Jacob Matham.[2]According to the Rijksmuseum, he returned in 1595 from Amsterdam to Assendelft, where he married Anna Pauwelsdochter.[3] Jan left his wife a sizeable estate as a result of lucrative investments in the Dutch East India Company.[4] He died of typhus on April 6, 1607, and was buried in the choir of the Saint Adolphus church at Assendelft, with the gravestone inscription Ioannis Saenredam Sculptoris celeberrimi.[2] He died in Assendelft, aged about 41.","title":"Biography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Instruments

Smiths Group

["1 History","1.1 S Smith & Sons","1.2 First half of 20th century","1.3 Second half of 20th century","1.4 21st century","2 Operations","2.1 Smiths Detection","2.2 John Crane","2.3 Smiths Interconnect","2.4 Flex-Tek","3 Management","4 References","5 External links","6 Further reading"]

British engineering company Not to be confused with SmithGroup. Smiths Group plcCompany typePublic limited companyTraded asLSE: SMINFTSE 100 ComponentIndustryEngineeringFounded1851; 173 years ago (1851)(London)FounderSamuel SmithHeadquartersLondon, England, UKArea servedWorldwideKey peopleSteve Williams (Chairman)Roland Carter (CEO)ProductsSeal, bearing, filtration, and rotating productsSecurity sensorsElectronic connector, microwave, and protection productsHVAC and fluid management componentsRevenue £3,037 million (2023)Operating income £501 million (2023)Net income £232 million (2023)Number of employees15,000 (2024)DivisionsJohn Crane Inc., Smiths Detection, Smiths Interconnect, Flex-TekWebsitewww.smiths.com Smiths Group plc is a British, multinational, diversified engineering business headquartered in London, England. It operates in over 50 countries and employs 15,000 staff. Smiths Group is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Smiths Group has its origins in a jewellery shop, S Smith & Sons, which was founded by the watchmaker and businessman Samuel Smith. Supplying its precision watches to various clients, including the Admiralty, the business quickly grew and expanded into a major provider of timepieces, diamonds, and automotive instrumentation. On 21 July 1914, the business became a public limited company, holding onto this status for over a hundred years. Significant restructuring of Smiths Group took place during the 1950s, the foundations of Smiths Medical Systems division were laid while Smiths Aviation and Smiths Marine were organised as separate divisions. Throughout much of the twentieth century, Smiths Group was the principal supplier of instruments to the British motorcar and motorcycle industries, organising itself as Smiths Industries Ltd in 1960. By the late 1970s, the markets for clocks, watches, and automotive instruments had progressively decreased to the point where little of Smith's revenue came from these sources; Smiths Industries decided to cease its involvement as a direct supplier of Europe's automotive industry in the early 1980s. In 1984, Smiths Industries was reorganised into three principal operating divisions: Industrial, Medical Systems, and Aerospace and Defence. Smiths Aerospace became a key source of business for the wider group, supplying both military and civilian customers. The medical division of Smiths Group would ultimately by acquired by ICU Medical in January 2022. In the twenty-first century, the company's principal activities have been the manufacture of sensors that detect and identify explosives, products and services for the major process industries, products that connect, protect and control critical systems, and engineered components that heat and move fluids and gases. History S Smith & Sons Samuel Smith (1826–75), founder of Smiths Group The watch chronometer and instrument retailer's business was established by Samuel Smith as a jewellery shop at 12 Newington Causeway in south east London in 1851. In 1875, Samuel Smith died at the age of 49; during his time in control of the firm, it had experienced a rapid rate of growth. During 1872, it relocated the centre of its operations to 85 The Strand, next door to the premises of Charles Frodsham. In 1885, a large business operating as diamond merchants emerged, based at 6 Grand Hotel Buildings, Trafalgar Square, and from 1895 at 68 Piccadilly. The companies produced a range of high quality precision watches; perhaps the most major customer for these was the Admiralty. Its precision watches were typically manufactured by Nicole Nielsen of Soho Square. During 1904, retailing and wholesaling of Smiths-branded motor accessories was launched; Nicole Nielsen produced Smiths' initial speedometer, the Perfect Speed Indicator; the first of which was delivered to Edward VII, the reigning British monarch, for the Royal Mercedes. During 1907, in order to satisfy the high demands for its products, Nicole Nielsen had to open a new factory in Watford. Around this time, Smiths also began to manufacture some of their own motor products, particularly speedometers. Starting in 1913, all motor accessories activities were carried out from handsome purpose-built premises at Speedometer House, 179-185 Great Portland Street ("Motor Row"). The premises in the Strand became a Lyons tearoom, but the jewellers' establishments were retained at Trafalgar Square and 68 Piccadilly. By this time, motor accessories production included Smiths multiple-jet carburettors (designed by Trier & Martin), lighting sets, headlamps, sidelights, tail lights, dynamo and electric starters, generators and the Smith's Auto-Clear mechanical horn. On 21 July 1914, Smiths Group was floated on the London Stock Exchange; the organisation has been present on the exchange for over one hundred years. First half of 20th century Nicole Nielsen speedometer, badged for S. Smith & Son, c.1907 The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 contributed to Smiths Group making gains in multiple markets around the world that had been previously held by the German competition. By 1915, new contracts issued by the British War Office for aeroplane accessories, lighting sets, and munitions required the speedy erection of a new freehold factory. This new factory, known as Cricklewood Works, was built at Cricklewood, north London. In 1921, the firm's Great Portland Street activities were moved to Cricklewood following the purchase of the former Metallurgique works alongside their Cricklewood Works. During the Interwar period, the company's accessories became standard fittings in new cars all provided by the manufacturer. Smiths "Bombay" Wallclock, c.1920 At the start of the 20th century, the age of the early automobiles, Smith & Sons retailed one of the first British odometers ("mileometer") and speedometer. In the 1930s, Smiths agreed a trading deal with British rival manufacturer Lucas whereby the two would not compete in certain areas, while Lucas took on part of Smiths non-instrumentation assets. Instruments by Smiths Instruments 1955 Smiths became the dominant supplier of instruments to British motorcar and motorcycle firms. These later 20th century instruments carried a distinctive logo, the word "SMITHS" centred above the middle of the dial and silk screened onto it in a unique house font familiar to generations of drivers. During 1919, the distribution rights for the KLG Sparking Plug were purchased from Kenelm Lee Guinness. Smiths purchased 75 per cent of Ed. Jaeger (London) Ltd in 1927 (which became British Jaeger Instrument Company in 1932). Also in 1927, Smiths purchased the KLG Sparking Plug Company (Robinhood Engineering). The Jackall hydraulic jacking system was manufactured from 1935 by Smith's Jacking Systems and immediately became standard equipment in many popular cars. In 1937, a separate aircraft and marine department was created in the parent company and named Smiths Aircraft Instruments. It operated with Smiths subsidiary Henry Hughes and Son, who manufactured various instruments for the aviation and marine markets. In 1946, Smiths and the Ingersoll Watch Company founded the Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd., which produced watches in Wales. At one point, this venture was one of the largest producers of watches in Europe and employed as many as 1,420 employees at its height; however, the Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd. was closed down in 1980. Second half of 20th century 1949 de Havilland Comet instruments by S. Smith & Son One of Smiths' "De Luxe" wristwatches was worn by Edmund Hillary on his successful ascent of Mount Everest (Rolex also supplied watches but the only watch worn to the summit was a Smiths). The 1950s was a period of significant restructuring for Smiths Group; in 1958, Smiths Aviation and Smiths Marine were organised as separate divisions. During that same year, the business acquired a majority stake in Portland Plastics; the firm would become the foundations of Smiths Medical Systems division. In 1960, the company formed a new Industrial division, the principal focus of which was the development and production of industrial instrumentation. As a measure to reflect its increasing diversification and international operations, the name Smiths Industries Ltd was adopted for the company in 1967. At the time of this name change, the company's advertised product range comprised: automotive – aerospace – marine – building – medical – clocks – watches – appliance controls – industrial instruments – ceramics – electronics. By the late 1970s, the markets for clocks, watches, and automotive instruments had progressively decreased to the point where little of Smith's revenue came from these sources. The importance of the UK market was also diminishing for the company; by the early 1980s, 40 per cent of Smith Industry's profits were attributed to its overseas markets. In line with these business trends, the company embarked on a further round of restructuring during this period, leading to the adoption of a decentralised structure and looser management style.Amberly clock made by Smiths, view of the front with the door closed During 1983, Smiths Industries decided to cease its involvement as a direct supplier of Europe's automotive industry, selling on its automotive instrument division; the division was initially acquired by Lucas and subsequently by the factory employees themselves. They formed a new company, Caerbont Automotive Instruments, which has continued to produce classic Smiths-branded instruments for decades with the blessing of Smiths Group plc. In 1984, Smiths Industries was reorganised into three principal operating divisions: Industrial, Medical Systems, and Aerospace and Defence. To strengthen and grow these division, the company proceeded with multiple acquisitions throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. In 1987, Smiths Industries purchased Lear Siegler Holdings Corp, an American avionics specialist; during 1994, Deltec, an American medical devices business, was also acquired by the firm. 21st century On 30 November 2000, the company's name was changed to Smiths Group plc. On 4 December 2000, it was announced that Smiths had completed a merger with TI Group, which held interests in aerospace, industrial seals and automotive parts. During the following year, Smiths Group transferred its newly acquired automotive business into a separate corporate entity, creating TI Automotive, ahead of plans to dispose of it. In July 2002, Smiths Group established a fourth division, Smiths Detection, which specialised in producing sensors and other equipment for the detection of weapons, explosives, contraband, and various hazardous substances. At the start of the 2000s, Smith's aerospace subsidiary, Smiths Aerospace, was a growing sector of the group; it supplied both military and civilian aerospace markets, having deliberately aimed for a 50/50 split between the two sectors. By 2002, roughly half of the division's revenue was reportedly being sourced from the North American market. Historically, Smiths Group was positioned as a first-tier aerospace supplier, frequently seeking out relevant acquisition opportunities to further its presence in the field. In October 2004, Smiths Aerospace purchased Integrated Aerospace, an American equipment supplier. In early 2007, GE Aviation, a division of American conglomerate General Electric, announced that it was acquiring Smiths Aerospace for US$4.8 billion. Smiths Group stated that it chose to sell its aerospace division, which was profitable at the time, in order to invest in other areas of the business. This transference of ownership required approval from anti-trust regulators in both Europe and the US. In September 2011, Smiths Group acquired the American-based power technology enterprise, Power Holdings Inc., for £145 million. On 21 April 2016, it was announced that Smiths Group was in the process of acquiring Morpho Detection LLC, a US-based subsidiary of Safran; it was integrated into the Smiths Detection division. During the 2010s, Smiths Group substantially ramped up investment in its research and development programmes. As a part of these efforts, it has established a Digital Forge in California. By 2018, the company was reportedly deriving 15 per cent of its income from its new product development efforts; management has stated their intention for 40 per cent of future revenue to be gained through such sources. In January 2022, ICU Medical completed the acquisition of the medical division of Smiths Group. Smiths Group provided components for the landing of the Chandrayaan-3 mission on the dark side of the moon in August 2023. Operations Smiths Group is organised into four separate divisions, namely: Smiths Detection Smiths Detection designs and manufactures sensors that detect and identify explosives, weapons, chemical agents, biohazards, nuclear and radioactive material, narcotics and contraband. These sensors are widely used in airports, cargo screening at ports and borders, in government buildings and other critical infrastructure, as well as by the military and emergency responder services. Smiths Detection is the world's largest manufacturer of products in this sector. John Crane John Crane provides products and services for the major process industries, including the oil and gas, power generation, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper and mining sectors. Smiths Interconnect Smiths Interconnect designs and manufactures electronic components, subsystems, microwave and radio frequency products that connect, protect and control critical systems in the defence, aerospace, communications and industrial markets. Flex-Tek Flex-Tek supplies engineered components that heat and move fluids and gases for the aerospace, medical, industrial, construction and domestic appliance markets. Management In 2015, Smiths appointed Andrew Reynolds Smith its CEO. Smith replaced Philip Bowman. Immediately before joining Smiths, Smith was CEO of GKN Automotive. In May 2021, Smiths appointed Paul Keel as its CEO, replacing Andrew Reynolds Smith. Prior to joining Smiths, Keel was Group President of 3M's Consumer Division Group. In March 2024, Roland Carter replaced Keel as CEO: Carter had worked at the company for over 30 years and was previously President of Smiths Detection and Smiths Interconnect. References ^ "Smiths Group". Dun & Bradstreet. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ a b c "Annual Results 2023" (PDF). Smiths Group. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ "Who we are". Smiths Group. Retrieved 11 February 2024. ^ a b c d e f g Peters, Nick (7 November 2018). "Smiths Group: A history of innovation". The Manufacturer. ^ The Times, 7 August 1914. ^ "The Smith Office Building". The Office Group. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ Prospectus. S. Smith & Sons, Limited. The Times, 21 July 1914; pg. 20; Issue 40581. ^ "Smiths Group celebrates 100 years on London Stock Exchange". Smiths Group. 21 July 2014. ^ "London Stock Exchange welcomes Smiths Group plc to celebrate their centenary year". London Stock Exchange Group. 21 July 2014. ^ S. Smith & Sons (Motor Accessories), Limited. The Times, 9 September 1915; pg. 11; Issue 40955. ^ S. Smith & Sons (M.A.) Ltd. The Times, 25 February 1921; pg. 9; Issue 42654. ^ Company Results. The Times, 26 November 1931; pg. 21; Issue 45990. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Smiths Group". Smiths-medical.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011. ^ "History of Lucas" (PDF). UK Competition Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ Pook, Les (2015). British Domestic Synchronous Clocks 1930-1980: The Rise and Fall of a Technology. Spring. p. 28. ISBN 978-3319143873. ^ gibgo12. "Re: Smiths speedometer font?". BritBike Forum. Morgan Johansson. Retrieved 13 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ S. Smith And Sons (Motor Accessories). The Times, 9 December 1927; pg. 23; Issue 44760. ^ S. Smith & Sons (Motor Accessories). The Times, 19 November 1937; pg. 24; Issue 47846. ^ "Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd. 1". Powys Digital History Project. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ "Rolex vs. Smiths: Which Watch Summited Everest in 1953? Putting a Controversy to Rest". Outdoor Journal. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ "Smiths Industries Ltd". National Archives. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ Smiths Industries. The Times, 7 January 1966; pg. 7; Issue 56523. ^ E-comservices. "Caerbont Automotive Instruments". Caigauge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011. ^ Proposed Merger of Smiths Industries plc: "Smiths Industries" and "TI Group." Business Wire, 17 November 2000. ^ "Engineering rivals to merge". BBC News. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2006. ^ "TI Group plans to sell off auto suppliers." ^ "Smiths Division". Flight International. 23 July 2002. ^ Massy-Beresford, Helen (22 March 2005). "Smiths confident that growth will continue". Flight International. ^ "Smiths looks to defence sector sales". Flight International. 1 October 2002. ^ Gill, Tom (19 March 2002). "Smiths seeks further acquisitions". Flight International. ^ Massy-Beresford, Helen (21 November 2006). "Smiths' Pole position". Flight International. ^ Moxon, Julian (26 October 2004). "Smiths strengthens in US market with Integrated". Flight International. ^ "Smiths Agrees to Aerospace Sale." Singer, J. The Wall Street Journal. 15 January 2007. ^ Francis, Leithen (15 January 2007). "GE to buy Smiths Aerospace in $4.8bn deal, with $4.1bn returned to shareholders". Flight International. ^ "Smiths Group acquires US firm Power Holdings". Wales Online. 3 September 2011. ^ "Smiths Group to Boost Security Business With Purchase From Safran." Wall, R. The Wall Street Journal. 21 April 2016. ^ "ICU Medical completes $2.35B purchase of Smiths Medical". Medical Tubing and Extrusion. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ "Lift-off: Smiths Group travels from Everest's peak to the gas giant of Jupiter". The Times. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ "Our business". Smiths Group. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "DealTalk: Medical bid may herald long-awaited Smiths break-up". Reuters. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ Pirone, Sabine (28 September 2011). "Smiths Profit Holds Steady Amid 'Constrained' Markets". Bloomberg. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ "Smiths Interconnect". Military Aerospace. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ "Smiths Group appoints GKN's Andrew Reynolds Smith as CEO". The Telegraph. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "UPDATE 1-UK's Smiths Group appoints former 3M executive as new CEO". Reuters. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "UK engineer Smiths names Carter as CEO as half-year profit climbs". 26 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smiths Instruments. Official website Portals: Companies United Kingdom Further reading Nye, James (2014). A Long Time in Making - The History of Smiths. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198717256. vteSmiths GroupSubsidiaries John Crane Inc. Smiths Aerospace TI Group People Samuel Smith vte FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom   → FTSE 250 3i Admiral Group Airtel Africa Anglo American Antofagasta Ashtead Group Associated British Foods AstraZeneca Auto Trader Group Aviva B&M BAE Systems Barclays Barratt Developments Beazley Berkeley Group Holdings BP British American Tobacco BT Group Bunzl Burberry Centrica Coca-Cola HBC Compass Group Convatec Croda International DCC Diageo Diploma EasyJet Entain Experian F & C Investment Trust Frasers Group Fresnillo Glencore GSK Haleon Halma Hargreaves Lansdown Hikma Pharmaceuticals Howdens Joinery HSBC IHG Hotels & Resorts IMI Imperial Brands Informa Intermediate Capital Group International Airlines Group Intertek JD Sports Kingfisher Land Securities Legal & General Lloyds Banking Group London Stock Exchange Group M&G Marks & Spencer Melrose Industries Mondi National Grid NatWest Group Next Ocado Pearson Pershing Square Holdings Persimmon Phoenix Group Prudential Reckitt RELX Rentokil Initial Rightmove Rio Tinto Rolls-Royce RS Group Sage Group J Sainsbury Schroders Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Segro Severn Trent Shell DS Smith Smith & Nephew Smiths Group Smurfit Kappa Spirax-Sarco Engineering SSE Standard Chartered St. James's Place Taylor Wimpey Tesco Unilever United Utilities Unite Group Vodafone Weir Group Whitbread WPP Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

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It operates in over 50 countries and employs 15,000 staff. Smiths Group is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.Smiths Group has its origins in a jewellery shop, S Smith & Sons, which was founded by the watchmaker and businessman Samuel Smith. Supplying its precision watches to various clients, including the Admiralty, the business quickly grew and expanded into a major provider of timepieces, diamonds, and automotive instrumentation.[4] On 21 July 1914, the business became a public limited company, holding onto this status for over a hundred years. Significant restructuring of Smiths Group took place during the 1950s, the foundations of Smiths Medical Systems division were laid while Smiths Aviation and Smiths Marine were organised as separate divisions. Throughout much of the twentieth century, Smiths Group was the principal supplier of instruments to the British motorcar and motorcycle industries, organising itself as Smiths Industries Ltd in 1960.By the late 1970s, the markets for clocks, watches, and automotive instruments had progressively decreased to the point where little of Smith's revenue came from these sources; Smiths Industries decided to cease its involvement as a direct supplier of Europe's automotive industry in the early 1980s. In 1984, Smiths Industries was reorganised into three principal operating divisions: Industrial, Medical Systems, and Aerospace and Defence. Smiths Aerospace became a key source of business for the wider group, supplying both military and civilian customers. The medical division of Smiths Group would ultimately by acquired by ICU Medical in January 2022. In the twenty-first century, the company's principal activities have been the manufacture of sensors that detect and identify explosives, products and services for the major process industries, products that connect, protect and control critical systems, and engineered components that heat and move fluids and gases.","title":"Smiths Group"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Smith_senior.jpg"},{"link_name":"chronometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronometer_watch"},{"link_name":"Samuel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(watchmaker)"},{"link_name":"jewellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"The Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Charles Frodsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frodsham"},{"link_name":"diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"wholesaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesaler"},{"link_name":"speedometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometer"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_(marque)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford"},{"link_name":"(\"Motor Row\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street#Motor_cars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"Lyons tearoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"S Smith & Sons","text":"Samuel Smith (1826–75), founder of Smiths GroupThe watch chronometer and instrument retailer's business was established by Samuel Smith as a jewellery shop at 12 Newington Causeway in south east London in 1851.[4] In 1875, Samuel Smith died at the age of 49; during his time in control of the firm, it had experienced a rapid rate of growth.[4] During 1872, it relocated the centre of its operations to 85 The Strand, next door to the premises of Charles Frodsham. In 1885, a large business operating as diamond merchants emerged, based at 6 Grand Hotel Buildings, Trafalgar Square, and from 1895 at 68 Piccadilly.[5]The companies produced a range of high quality precision watches; perhaps the most major customer for these was the Admiralty. Its precision watches were typically manufactured by Nicole Nielsen of Soho Square. During 1904, retailing and wholesaling of Smiths-branded motor accessories was launched; Nicole Nielsen produced Smiths' initial speedometer, the Perfect Speed Indicator; the first of which was delivered to Edward VII, the reigning British monarch, for the Royal Mercedes.[4]During 1907, in order to satisfy the high demands for its products, Nicole Nielsen had to open a new factory in Watford. Around this time, Smiths also began to manufacture some of their own motor products, particularly speedometers. Starting in 1913, all motor accessories activities were carried out from handsome purpose-built premises at Speedometer House, 179-185 Great Portland Street (\"Motor Row\").[6][4] The premises in the Strand became a Lyons tearoom, but the jewellers' establishments were retained at Trafalgar Square and 68 Piccadilly. By this time, motor accessories production included Smiths multiple-jet carburettors (designed by Trier & Martin), lighting sets, headlamps, sidelights, tail lights, dynamo and electric starters, generators and the Smith's Auto-Clear mechanical horn.[7]On 21 July 1914, Smiths Group was floated on the London Stock Exchange; the organisation has been present on the exchange for over one hundred years.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regent_Street_Motor_Show,_2015_(23385987764)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"Cricklewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricklewood"},{"link_name":"north London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Metallurgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgique"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smiths_Bombay_walkclock.jpg"},{"link_name":"odometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometers"},{"link_name":"speedometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Automotive"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1955_Austin-Healey_1004.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"silk screened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_screen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMITHS_Typeface-16"},{"link_name":"Sparking Plug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug"},{"link_name":"Kenelm Lee Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenelm_Lee_Guinness"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ingersoll Watch Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Watch_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"First half of 20th century","text":"Nicole Nielsen speedometer, badged for S. Smith & Son, c.1907The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 contributed to Smiths Group making gains in multiple markets around the world that had been previously held by the German competition. By 1915, new contracts issued by the British War Office for aeroplane accessories, lighting sets, and munitions required the speedy erection of a new freehold factory. This new factory, known as Cricklewood Works, was built at Cricklewood, north London.[10] In 1921, the firm's Great Portland Street activities were moved to Cricklewood following the purchase of the former Metallurgique works alongside their Cricklewood Works.[11] During the Interwar period, the company's accessories became standard fittings in new cars all provided by the manufacturer.[12]Smiths \"Bombay\" Wallclock, c.1920At the start of the 20th century, the age of the early automobiles, Smith & Sons retailed one of the first British odometers (\"mileometer\") and speedometer.[13] In the 1930s, Smiths agreed a trading deal with British rival manufacturer Lucas whereby the two would not compete in certain areas, while Lucas took on part of Smiths non-instrumentation assets.[14]Instruments by Smiths Instruments 1955Smiths became the dominant supplier of instruments to British motorcar and motorcycle firms.[15] These later 20th century instruments carried a distinctive logo, the word \"SMITHS\" centred above the middle of the dial and silk screened onto it in a unique house font familiar to generations of drivers.[16]During 1919, the distribution rights for the KLG Sparking Plug were purchased from Kenelm Lee Guinness. Smiths purchased 75 per cent of Ed. Jaeger (London) Ltd in 1927 (which became British Jaeger Instrument Company in 1932). Also in 1927, Smiths purchased the KLG Sparking Plug Company (Robinhood Engineering).[17] The Jackall hydraulic jacking system was manufactured from 1935 by Smith's Jacking Systems and immediately became standard equipment in many popular cars. In 1937, a separate aircraft and marine department was created in the parent company and named Smiths Aircraft Instruments. It operated with Smiths subsidiary Henry Hughes and Son, who manufactured various instruments for the aviation and marine markets.[18]In 1946, Smiths and the Ingersoll Watch Company founded the Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd., which produced watches in Wales. At one point, this venture was one of the largest producers of watches in Europe and employed as many as 1,420 employees at its height; however, the Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd. was closed down in 1980.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Havilland_DH106_Comet_4_G-APDB_Cockpit.JPG"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"Edmund Hillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amberly_clock_made_by_Smiths,_Door_Closed_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"Lear Siegler Holdings Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lear_Siegler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"}],"sub_title":"Second half of 20th century","text":"1949 de Havilland Comet instruments by S. Smith & SonOne of Smiths' \"De Luxe\" wristwatches was worn by Edmund Hillary on his successful ascent of Mount Everest (Rolex also supplied watches but the only watch worn to the summit was a Smiths).[20]The 1950s was a period of significant restructuring for Smiths Group; in 1958, Smiths Aviation and Smiths Marine were organised as separate divisions.[13] During that same year, the business acquired a majority stake in Portland Plastics; the firm would become the foundations of Smiths Medical Systems division.[13]In 1960, the company formed a new Industrial division, the principal focus of which was the development and production of industrial instrumentation.[13] As a measure to reflect its increasing diversification and international operations, the name Smiths Industries Ltd was adopted for the company in 1967.[21] At the time of this name change, the company's advertised product range comprised: automotive – aerospace – marine – building – medical – clocks – watches – appliance controls – industrial instruments – ceramics – electronics.[22]By the late 1970s, the markets for clocks, watches, and automotive instruments had progressively decreased to the point where little of Smith's revenue came from these sources.[13] The importance of the UK market was also diminishing for the company; by the early 1980s, 40 per cent of Smith Industry's profits were attributed to its overseas markets. In line with these business trends, the company embarked on a further round of restructuring during this period, leading to the adoption of a decentralised structure and looser management style.[13]Amberly clock made by Smiths, view of the front with the door closedDuring 1983, Smiths Industries decided to cease its involvement as a direct supplier of Europe's automotive industry, selling on its automotive instrument division;[13] the division was initially acquired by Lucas and subsequently by the factory employees themselves. They formed a new company, Caerbont Automotive Instruments, which has continued to produce classic Smiths-branded instruments for decades with the blessing of Smiths Group plc.[23]In 1984, Smiths Industries was reorganised into three principal operating divisions: Industrial, Medical Systems, and Aerospace and Defence.[13] To strengthen and grow these division, the company proceeded with multiple acquisitions throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. In 1987, Smiths Industries purchased Lear Siegler Holdings Corp, an American avionics specialist; during 1994, Deltec, an American medical devices business, was also acquired by the firm.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"TI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Group"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"TI Automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Automotive"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"contraband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Smiths Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"GE Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aviation"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Safran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safran"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themanu_interview2018-4"},{"link_name":"ICU Medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICU_Medical"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chandrayaan-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"On 30 November 2000, the company's name was changed to Smiths Group plc.[24] On 4 December 2000, it was announced that Smiths had completed a merger with TI Group, which held interests in aerospace, industrial seals and automotive parts.[25] During the following year, Smiths Group transferred its newly acquired automotive business into a separate corporate entity, creating TI Automotive, ahead of plans to dispose of it.[26] In July 2002, Smiths Group established a fourth division, Smiths Detection, which specialised in producing sensors and other equipment for the detection of weapons, explosives, contraband, and various hazardous substances.[13][27]At the start of the 2000s, Smith's aerospace subsidiary, Smiths Aerospace, was a growing sector of the group; it supplied both military and civilian aerospace markets, having deliberately aimed for a 50/50 split between the two sectors.[28] By 2002, roughly half of the division's revenue was reportedly being sourced from the North American market.[29] Historically, Smiths Group was positioned as a first-tier aerospace supplier, frequently seeking out relevant acquisition opportunities to further its presence in the field.[30][31] In October 2004, Smiths Aerospace purchased Integrated Aerospace, an American equipment supplier.[32] In early 2007, GE Aviation, a division of American conglomerate General Electric, announced that it was acquiring Smiths Aerospace for US$4.8 billion.[33] Smiths Group stated that it chose to sell its aerospace division, which was profitable at the time, in order to invest in other areas of the business. This transference of ownership required approval from anti-trust regulators in both Europe and the US.[34]In September 2011, Smiths Group acquired the American-based power technology enterprise, Power Holdings Inc., for £145 million.[35] On 21 April 2016, it was announced that Smiths Group was in the process of acquiring Morpho Detection LLC, a US-based subsidiary of Safran; it was integrated into the Smiths Detection division.[36]During the 2010s, Smiths Group substantially ramped up investment in its research and development programmes.[4] As a part of these efforts, it has established a Digital Forge in California. By 2018, the company was reportedly deriving 15 per cent of its income from its new product development efforts; management has stated their intention for 40 per cent of future revenue to be gained through such sources.[4]In January 2022, ICU Medical completed the acquisition of the medical division of Smiths Group.[37]Smiths Group provided components for the landing of the Chandrayaan-3 mission on the dark side of the moon in August 2023.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters18111-40"}],"text":"Smiths Group is organised into four separate divisions, namely:[39][40]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors"},{"link_name":"emergency responder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_responder"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Smiths Detection","text":"Smiths Detection designs and manufactures sensors that detect and identify explosives, weapons, chemical agents, biohazards, nuclear and radioactive material, narcotics and contraband. These sensors are widely used in airports, cargo screening at ports and borders, in government buildings and other critical infrastructure, as well as by the military and emergency responder services. Smiths Detection is the world's largest manufacturer of products in this sector.[41]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crane_Inc."},{"link_name":"oil and gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas"},{"link_name":"power generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generation"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical"},{"link_name":"pulp and paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"}],"sub_title":"John Crane","text":"John Crane provides products and services for the major process industries, including the oil and gas, power generation, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper and mining sectors.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Smiths Interconnect","text":"Smiths Interconnect designs and manufactures electronic components, subsystems, microwave and radio frequency products that connect, protect and control critical systems in the defence, aerospace, communications and industrial markets.[42]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Flex-Tek","text":"Flex-Tek supplies engineered components that heat and move fluids and gases for the aerospace, medical, industrial, construction and domestic appliance markets.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKN"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"In 2015, Smiths appointed Andrew Reynolds Smith its CEO. Smith replaced Philip Bowman. Immediately before joining Smiths, Smith was CEO of GKN Automotive.[43] In May 2021, Smiths appointed Paul Keel as its CEO, replacing Andrew Reynolds Smith. Prior to joining Smiths, Keel was Group President of 3M's Consumer Division Group.[44] In March 2024, Roland Carter replaced Keel as CEO: Carter had worked at the company for over 30 years and was previously President of Smiths Detection and Smiths Interconnect.[45]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0198717256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198717256"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Smiths_Group"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Smiths_Group"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smiths_Group"},{"link_name":"Smiths Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John Crane Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crane_Group"},{"link_name":"Smiths Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems"},{"link_name":"TI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Group"},{"link_name":"Samuel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(watchmaker)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:FTSE_100_Index_constituents"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:FTSE_100_Index_constituents"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FTSE_100_Index_constituents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"FTSE 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100_Index"},{"link_name":"FTSE 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_250_Index"},{"link_name":"3i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3i"},{"link_name":"Admiral Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Group"},{"link_name":"Airtel Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtel_Africa"},{"link_name":"Anglo 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Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Group"},{"link_name":"Prudential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_plc"},{"link_name":"Reckitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckitt"},{"link_name":"RELX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELX"},{"link_name":"Rentokil Initial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentokil_Initial"},{"link_name":"Rightmove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rightmove"},{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings"},{"link_name":"RS Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS_Group_plc"},{"link_name":"Sage Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Group"},{"link_name":"J Sainsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"Schroders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroders"},{"link_name":"Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mortgage_Investment_Trust"},{"link_name":"Segro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segro"},{"link_name":"Severn Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Trent"},{"link_name":"Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_plc"},{"link_name":"DS Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS_Smith"},{"link_name":"Smith & Nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew"},{"link_name":"Smiths Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Smurfit Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Spirax-Sarco Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirax-Sarco_Engineering"},{"link_name":"SSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE_plc"},{"link_name":"Standard Chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered"},{"link_name":"St. James's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Place_plc"},{"link_name":"Taylor Wimpey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Wimpey"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"United Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Utilities"},{"link_name":"Unite Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_Students"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"Weir Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir_Group"},{"link_name":"Whitbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbread"},{"link_name":"WPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_plc"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295406#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000404224669"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/311466316"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2014024435"}],"text":"Nye, James (2014). A Long Time in Making - The History of Smiths. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198717256.vteSmiths GroupSubsidiaries\nJohn Crane Inc.\nSmiths Aerospace\nTI Group\nPeople\nSamuel Smithvte FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom   → FTSE 250\n3i\nAdmiral Group\nAirtel Africa\nAnglo American\nAntofagasta\nAshtead Group\nAssociated British Foods\nAstraZeneca\nAuto Trader Group\nAviva\nB&M\nBAE Systems\nBarclays\nBarratt Developments\nBeazley\nBerkeley Group Holdings\nBP\nBritish American Tobacco\nBT Group\nBunzl\nBurberry\nCentrica\nCoca-Cola HBC\nCompass Group\nConvatec\nCroda International\nDCC\nDiageo\nDiploma\nEasyJet\nEntain\nExperian\nF & C Investment Trust\nFrasers Group\nFresnillo\nGlencore\nGSK\nHaleon\nHalma\nHargreaves Lansdown\nHikma Pharmaceuticals\nHowdens Joinery\nHSBC\nIHG Hotels & Resorts\nIMI\nImperial Brands\nInforma\nIntermediate Capital Group\nInternational Airlines Group\nIntertek\nJD Sports\nKingfisher\nLand Securities\nLegal & General\nLloyds Banking Group\nLondon Stock Exchange Group\nM&G\nMarks & Spencer\nMelrose Industries\nMondi\nNational Grid\nNatWest Group\nNext\nOcado\nPearson\nPershing Square Holdings\nPersimmon\nPhoenix Group\nPrudential\nReckitt\nRELX\nRentokil Initial\nRightmove\nRio Tinto\nRolls-Royce\nRS Group\nSage Group\nJ Sainsbury\nSchroders\nScottish Mortgage Investment Trust\nSegro\nSevern Trent\nShell\nDS Smith\nSmith & Nephew\nSmiths Group\nSmurfit Kappa\nSpirax-Sarco Engineering\nSSE\nStandard Chartered\nSt. James's Place\nTaylor Wimpey\nTesco\nUnilever\nUnited Utilities\nUnite Group\nVodafone\nWeir Group\nWhitbread\nWPPAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Samuel Smith (1826–75), founder of Smiths Group","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Samuel_Smith_senior.jpg/220px-Samuel_Smith_senior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nicole Nielsen speedometer, badged for S. Smith & Son, c.1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Regent_Street_Motor_Show%2C_2015_%2823385987764%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Regent_Street_Motor_Show%2C_2015_%2823385987764%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smiths \"Bombay\" Wallclock, c.1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Smiths_Bombay_walkclock.jpg/220px-Smiths_Bombay_walkclock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Instruments by Smiths Instruments 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955_Austin-Healey_1004.jpg/220px-1955_Austin-Healey_1004.jpg"},{"image_text":"1949 de Havilland Comet instruments by S. Smith & Son","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/De_Havilland_DH106_Comet_4_G-APDB_Cockpit.JPG/220px-De_Havilland_DH106_Comet_4_G-APDB_Cockpit.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amberly clock made by Smiths, view of the front with the door closed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amberly_clock_made_by_Smiths%2C_Door_Closed_view.jpg/220px-Amberly_clock_made_by_Smiths%2C_Door_Closed_view.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Smiths Group\". Dun & Bradstreet. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.smiths_group_plc.b171247041b0e84b9348cb265e63c1ce.html","url_text":"\"Smiths Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Results 2023\" (PDF). Smiths Group. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smiths.com/media/saeflely/smiths-group-plc-annual-results-2023-press-release.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Results 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who we are\". Smiths Group. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smiths.com/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who we are\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Nick (7 November 2018). \"Smiths Group: A history of innovation\". The Manufacturer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/smiths-group-a-history-of-innovation/","url_text":"\"Smiths Group: A history of innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Smith Office Building\". The Office Group. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theofficegroup.co.uk/office/the-smiths-building/","url_text":"\"The Smith Office Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Group celebrates 100 years on London Stock Exchange\". Smiths Group. 21 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smiths.com/news-and-media/2014/07/smiths-group-celebrates-100-years-on-london-stock-exchange","url_text":"\"Smiths Group celebrates 100 years on London Stock Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Stock Exchange welcomes Smiths Group plc to celebrate their centenary year\". London Stock Exchange Group. 21 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lseg.com/markets-products-and-services/our-markets/london-stock-exchange/equities-markets/raising-equity-finance/market-open-ceremony/welcome-stories/london-stock-exchange-welcomes-smiths-group-plc-celebrate-their-centenary-year","url_text":"\"London Stock Exchange welcomes Smiths Group plc to celebrate their centenary year\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Smiths Group\". Smiths-medical.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smiths-medical.com/company-information/about-us/history-of-smiths-group","url_text":"\"History of Smiths Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Lucas\" (PDF). UK Competition Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726164814/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/025c03.pdf","url_text":"\"History of Lucas\""},{"url":"http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/025c03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pook, Les (2015). British Domestic Synchronous Clocks 1930-1980: The Rise and Fall of a Technology. Spring. p. 28. ISBN 978-3319143873.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P_dNBgAAQBAJ&q=smiths+motorcycle+firms&pg=PA28","url_text":"British Domestic Synchronous Clocks 1930-1980: The Rise and Fall of a Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319143873","url_text":"978-3319143873"}]},{"reference":"gibgo12. \"Re: Smiths speedometer font?\". BritBike Forum. Morgan Johansson. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britbike.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=226912#Post226912","url_text":"\"Re: Smiths speedometer font?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd. 1\". Powys Digital History Project. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.powys.org.uk/history/ystrad/anglo1.html","url_text":"\"Anglo-Celtic Watch Co. Ltd. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rolex vs. Smiths: Which Watch Summited Everest in 1953? Putting a Controversy to Rest\". Outdoor Journal. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outdoorjournal.com/featured/opinion-editorial/rolex-vs-smiths-which-watch-summited-everest-in-1953-putting-a-controversy-to-rest/","url_text":"\"Rolex vs. Smiths: Which Watch Summited Everest in 1953? Putting a Controversy to Rest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Industries Ltd\". National Archives. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C6084250","url_text":"\"Smiths Industries Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"E-comservices. \"Caerbont Automotive Instruments\". Caigauge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caigauge.com/","url_text":"\"Caerbont Automotive Instruments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engineering rivals to merge\". BBC News. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/930419.stm","url_text":"\"Engineering rivals to merge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Division\". Flight International. 23 July 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-division/43689.article","url_text":"\"Smiths Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"Massy-Beresford, Helen (22 March 2005). \"Smiths confident that growth will continue\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-confident-that-growth-will-continue/59410.article","url_text":"\"Smiths confident that growth will continue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths looks to defence sector sales\". Flight International. 1 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-looks-to-defence-sector-sales/45091.article","url_text":"\"Smiths looks to defence sector sales\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Tom (19 March 2002). \"Smiths seeks further acquisitions\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-seeks-further-acquisitions/41965.article","url_text":"\"Smiths seeks further acquisitions\""}]},{"reference":"Massy-Beresford, Helen (21 November 2006). \"Smiths' Pole position\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-pole-position/70718.article","url_text":"\"Smiths' Pole position\""}]},{"reference":"Moxon, Julian (26 October 2004). \"Smiths strengthens in US market with Integrated\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/smiths-strengthens-in-us-market-with-integrated-/57354.article","url_text":"\"Smiths strengthens in US market with Integrated\""}]},{"reference":"Francis, Leithen (15 January 2007). \"GE to buy Smiths Aerospace in $4.8bn deal, with $4.1bn returned to shareholders\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/ge-to-buy-smiths-aerospace-in-48bn-deal-with-41bn-returned-to-shareholders/71511.article","url_text":"\"GE to buy Smiths Aerospace in $4.8bn deal, with $4.1bn returned to shareholders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Group acquires US firm Power Holdings\". Wales Online. 3 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/smiths-group-acquires-firm-power-1808722","url_text":"\"Smiths Group acquires US firm Power Holdings\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICU Medical completes $2.35B purchase of Smiths Medical\". Medical Tubing and Extrusion. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicaltubingandextrusion.com/icu-medical-completes-2-35b-purchase-of-smiths-medical/","url_text":"\"ICU Medical completes $2.35B purchase of Smiths Medical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lift-off: Smiths Group travels from Everest's peak to the gas giant of Jupiter\". The Times. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/from-the-clouds-of-everest-to-the-surface-of-other-planets-0vsflljh8","url_text":"\"Lift-off: Smiths Group travels from Everest's peak to the gas giant of Jupiter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our business\". Smiths Group. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170411154837/http://smiths.com/our-business.aspx","url_text":"\"Our business\""},{"url":"https://www.smiths.com/our-business.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DealTalk: Medical bid may herald long-awaited Smiths break-up\". Reuters. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-smithsgroup-idUKTRE70H2YD20110118","url_text":"\"DealTalk: Medical bid may herald long-awaited Smiths break-up\""}]},{"reference":"Pirone, Sabine (28 September 2011). \"Smiths Profit Holds Steady Amid 'Constrained' Markets\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-28/smiths-annual-profit-rises-after-improving-margins.html","url_text":"\"Smiths Profit Holds Steady Amid 'Constrained' Markets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Interconnect\". Military Aerospace. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.militaryaerospace.com/directory/components-power-electronics-sensors/components-connectors/company/14116242/smiths-interconnect","url_text":"\"Smiths Interconnect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smiths Group appoints GKN's Andrew Reynolds Smith as CEO\". The Telegraph. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/11722537/Smiths-Group-appoints-GKNs-Andrew-Reynolds-Smith-as-CEO.html","url_text":"\"Smiths Group appoints GKN's Andrew Reynolds Smith as CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE 1-UK's Smiths Group appoints former 3M executive as new CEO\". Reuters. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/smiths-group-ceo-idUSL3N2NC1N0","url_text":"\"UPDATE 1-UK's Smiths Group appoints former 3M executive as new CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK engineer Smiths names Carter as CEO as half-year profit climbs\". 26 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/smiths-group-appoints-insider-roland-carter-new-ceo-2024-03-26/","url_text":"\"UK engineer Smiths names Carter as CEO as half-year profit climbs\""}]},{"reference":"Nye, James (2014). A Long Time in Making - The History of Smiths. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198717256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198717256","url_text":"978-0198717256"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byneset

Byneset

["1 History","1.1 Name","2 Government","2.1 Mayors","2.2 Municipal council","3 References"]

Coordinates: 63°22′34″N 10°08′10″E / 63.37611°N 10.13611°E / 63.37611; 10.13611Former municipality in Norway Former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag, NorwayByneset Municipality Byneset herredFormer municipalityView of southern Byneset, looking southSør-Trøndelag within NorwayByneset within Sør-TrøndelagCoordinates: 63°22′34″N 10°08′10″E / 63.37611°N 10.13611°E / 63.37611; 10.13611CountryNorwayCountySør-TrøndelagDistrictTrondheim RegionEstablished1 Jan 1838 • Created asFormannskapsdistriktDisestablished1 Jan 1964 • Succeeded byTrondheim MunicipalityAdministrative centreSpongdalArea (upon dissolution) • Total78.5 km2 (30.3 sq mi)Population (1964) • Total2,049 • Density26/km2 (68/sq mi)DemonymBynesingTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-1655Data from Statistics Norway Byneset is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 78.5-square-kilometre (30.3 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality of Byneset encompassed the western part of what is now Trondheim municipality in Trøndelag county. Byneset was located along an arm of the Trondheimsfjord and it was separated from the city of Trondheim by the Bymarka recreation area. The local Byneset Church is one of the oldest stone churches in Norway. The largest village in Byneset was Spongdal which was the administrative centre of the municipality. Other villages included Byneset and Langørjan. History Byneset Church The municipality of Byneset was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). According to the 1835 census, there were 2,143 people living in Byneset. In 1855, the southern parish of Buvik (population: 841) was separated from Byneset to form its own municipality. This left Byneset with a population of 2,109. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the neighboring municipalities of Byneset (population: 2,049), Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Strinda (population: 44,600), Tiller (population: 3,595), and the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982) were merged to form the new urban municipality of Trondheim which would have a total population of 111,419. Name The municipality is named Bynes or Byneset since this has been the name for the area since the mid-1400s. The first element is the name of the old By farm (Old Norse: býr) which means "farm". The last element is the old name (1400s and earlier) for the medieval parish for this area, Nes, which is the word for "headland" (because this area is located on a headland between the Trondheimsfjorden and Gaulosen fjord. Government While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor. Mayors The mayors of Byneset: 1838–1841: Christian Petersen 1842–1845: Christen Larsen Rye 1846–1849: Johan Lausen Koren Dahl 1850–1851: Christen Monsen Hangeraas 1852–1852: Lars Ingebretsen Skjøstad 1852–1859: Christen Larsen Rye 1860–1863: Lars Christensen Gaustad 1864–1871: Anders Olsen Vorset 1872–1873: Ingebrigt Andersen Brendsel 1874–1877: Ole Knutsen Haugan 1878–1887: Lars Christensen Gaustad (V) 1888–1893: Anders Larsen Bodsberg 1894–1897: Ole Larsen Risstad (H) 1898–1898: Ole Larsen Engen (V) 1899–1901: Ole Larsen Risstad (H) 1902–1907: Ole Gudmundsen Frøseth (V) 1908–1919: Ole Larsen Engen (V) 1920–1925: Ole Knutsen Rye (LL) 1926–1934: Axel Høyem (Bp) 1935–1940: Elling Larsen Opland (Bp) 1941–1945: Anders Skogstad (NS) 1945–1947: Elling Larsen Opland (Bp) 1948–1953: Lars Olsen Gaustad (Bp) 1954–1959: Kristoffer Rye (Bp) 1960–1963: Kristen Løvseth (Bp) Municipal council The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Byneset was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows: Byneset herredsstyre 1960–1963    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4   Conservative Party (Høyre) 2   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2   Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9 Total number of members:17 Byneset herredsstyre 1956–1959    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4   Conservative Party (Høyre) 1   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 9 Total number of members:17 Byneset herredsstyre 1952–1955    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3   Conservative Party (Høyre) 1   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 7  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2 Total number of members:16 Byneset herredsstyre 1948–1951    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3   Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 11 Total number of members:16 Byneset herredsstyre 1945–1947    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4   Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 9  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 3 Total number of members:16 Byneset herredsstyre 1938–1941*    Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives   Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3   Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 13 Total number of members:16Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945. References ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ Rosvold, Knut A., ed. (16 November 2017). "Byneset". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ Registreringssentral for historiske data. "Hjemmehørende folkemengde Sør-Trøndelag 1801-1960" (in Norwegian). University of Tromsø. ^ a b Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1901). Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt (in Norwegian) (14 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 320–322. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ Bratberg, Terje (1996). Trondheim byleksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 412. ISBN 9788257306427. ^ Aunan, Lars, ed. (1938). Byneset kommune 1837–1937. Minneskrift i anledning Formannskapslovens 100 årsjubileum (in Norwegian). Trondheim. pp. 17–21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Ordførere (in Norwegian). Byneset Historielag. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2023. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 20 April 2020. vteTrøndelag county, Norway Main article: Trøndelag Capital: Steinkjer County government: Trøndelag County Municipality County lists: County Governors Villages Churches Towns and cities Trondheim (997) Røros (1683) Namsos (1845) Steinkjer (1857) Levanger (1836-1961, 1997) Stjørdalshalsen (1997) Verdalsøra (1998) Kolvereid (2002) Brekstad (2005) Orkanger (2014) Rørvik (2020) MunicipalitiesNamdalen Flatanger Grong Høylandet Leka Lierne Namsos Namsskogan Nærøysund Overhalla Røyrvik Innherred Frosta Inderøy Levanger Snåsa Steinkjer Verdal Fosen Frøya Heim Hitra Indre Fosen Osen Ørland Åfjord Gauldalen/Trondheim Holtålen Malvik Melhus Midtre Gauldal Røros Trondheim Orkdalen Oppdal Orkland Rennebu Rindal Skaun Stjørdalen/Neadalen Meråker Selbu Stjørdal Tydal Former Municipalities in TrøndelagTrøndelag   Agdenes (1896-2020) Bjugn (1853-2020) Fosnes (1838-2020) Hemne (1838-2020) Klæbu (1838-2020) Meldal (1838-2020) Namdalseid (1838-2020) Nærøy (1838-2020) Orkdal (1838-2020) Roan (1892-2020) Snillfjord (1924-2020) Verran (1901-2020) Vikna (1869-2020) Nord-Trøndelag   Beitstad (1838-1964) Egge (1869-1964) Foldereid (1886-1964) Frol (1856-1962) Gravvik (1909-1964) Harran (1823-1964) Hegra (1874-1962) Klinga (1891-1964) Kolvereid (1838-1964) Kvam (1909-1964) Leksvik (1838-2018) Lånke (1902-1962) Malm (1913-1964) Mosvik og Verran (1867-1901) Mosvik (1901-2012) Nedre Stjørdal (1850-1902) Nordli (1915-1964) Ogndal (1885-1964) Otterøy (1913-1964) Røra (1907-1962) Sandvollan (1907-1962) Skatval (1902-1962) Skogn (1838-1962) Sparbu (1838-1964) Stjørdalen (1838-1850) Stod (1838-1964) Sørli (1915-1964) Vemundvik (1838-1964) Ytterøy (1838-1964) Øvre Stjørdal (1850-1874) Åsen (1838-1962) Sør-Trøndelag   Bjørnør (1838-1892) Brekken (1926-1964) Budal (1879-1964) Buvik (1855-1965) Byneset (1838-1964) Børsa (1838-1965) Fillan (1886-1964) Flå (1880-1964) Geitastrand (1905-1963) Glåmos (1926-1964) Haltdalen (1838-1972) Heim (1911-1964) Horg (1841-1964) Hølonda (1865-1964) Jøssund (1896-1964) Kvenvær (1913-1964) Leinstrand (1838-1964) Lensvik (1905-1964) Nes (1899-1964) Nord-Frøya (1906-1964) Orkanger (1920-1963) Orkland (1920-1963) Rissa (1860-2018) Røros landsogn (1926-1964) Sandstad (1914-1964) Singsås (1841-1964) Soknedal (1841-1964) Stadsbygd (1838-1964) Stjørna (1899-1964) Stoksund (1892-1964) Strinda (1838-1964) Støren (1838-1964) Sør-Frøya (1906-1964) Tiller (1899-1964) Vinje (1924-1964) Ålen (1855-1972) Note: The former counties of Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag were merged to form Trøndelag on 1 January 2018. Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"former municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Trondheimsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimsfjord"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Bymarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bymarka"},{"link_name":"Byneset Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byneset_Church"},{"link_name":"Spongdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongdal"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Langørjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang%C3%B8rjan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-3"}],"text":"Former municipality in NorwayFormer municipality in Sør-Trøndelag, NorwayByneset is a former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 78.5-square-kilometre (30.3 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality of Byneset encompassed the western part of what is now Trondheim municipality in Trøndelag county. Byneset was located along an arm of the Trondheimsfjord and it was separated from the city of Trondheim by the Bymarka recreation area. The local Byneset Church is one of the oldest stone churches in Norway. The largest village in Byneset was Spongdal which was the administrative centre of the municipality. Other villages included Byneset and Langørjan.[3]","title":"Byneset"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byneset_Kirke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Byneset Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byneset_Church"},{"link_name":"formannskapsdistrikt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Buvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvik"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dag-5"},{"link_name":"Schei Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schei_Committee"},{"link_name":"Leinstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinstrand"},{"link_name":"Strinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinda"},{"link_name":"Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiller,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dag-5"}],"text":"Byneset ChurchThe municipality of Byneset was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). According to the 1835 census, there were 2,143 people living in Byneset.[4] In 1855, the southern parish of Buvik (population: 841) was separated from Byneset to form its own municipality. This left Byneset with a population of 2,109.[5]During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the neighboring municipalities of Byneset (population: 2,049), Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Strinda (population: 44,600), Tiller (population: 3,595), and the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982) were merged to form the new urban municipality of Trondheim which would have a total population of 111,419.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"býr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%BDr#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"Nes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nes#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"headland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland"},{"link_name":"headland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland"},{"link_name":"Trondheimsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimsfjorden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The municipality is named Bynes or Byneset since this has been the name for the area since the mid-1400s. The first element is the name of the old By farm (Old Norse: býr) which means \"farm\". The last element is the old name (1400s and earlier) for the medieval parish for this area, Nes, which is the word for \"headland\" (because this area is located on a headland between the Trondheimsfjorden and Gaulosen fjord.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"health services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"senior citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"in turn elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-7"}],"text":"While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.[7]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"LL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"NS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Bp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"}],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"The mayors of Byneset:[8][9][10]1838–1841: Christian Petersen\n1842–1845: Christen Larsen Rye\n1846–1849: Johan Lausen Koren Dahl\n1850–1851: Christen Monsen Hangeraas\n1852–1852: Lars Ingebretsen Skjøstad\n1852–1859: Christen Larsen Rye\n1860–1863: Lars Christensen Gaustad\n1864–1871: Anders Olsen Vorset\n1872–1873: Ingebrigt Andersen Brendsel\n1874–1877: Ole Knutsen Haugan\n1878–1887: Lars Christensen Gaustad (V)\n1888–1893: Anders Larsen Bodsberg\n1894–1897: Ole Larsen Risstad (H)\n1898–1898: Ole Larsen Engen (V)\n1899–1901: Ole Larsen Risstad (H)\n1902–1907: Ole Gudmundsen Frøseth (V)\n1908–1919: Ole Larsen Engen (V)\n1920–1925: Ole Knutsen Rye (LL)\n1926–1934: Axel Høyem (Bp)\n1935–1940: Elling Larsen Opland (Bp)\n1941–1945: Anders Skogstad (NS)\n1945–1947: Elling Larsen Opland (Bp)\n1948–1953: Lars Olsen Gaustad (Bp)\n1954–1959: Kristoffer Rye (Bp)\n1960–1963: Kristen Løvseth (Bp)","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Municipal council","text":"The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Byneset was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:Byneset herredsstyre 1960–1963 [11]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n4\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n2\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n2\n \nCentre Party (Senterpartiet)\n9\nTotal number of members:17\n\n\nByneset herredsstyre 1956–1959 [12]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n4\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n1\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n3\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n9\nTotal number of members:17\n\n\nByneset herredsstyre 1952–1955 [13]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n3\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n1\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n3\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n7 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n2\nTotal number of members:16\n\n\nByneset herredsstyre 1948–1951 [14]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n3\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n2\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n11\nTotal number of members:16\n\n\nByneset herredsstyre 1945–1947 [15]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n4\n \nFarmers' Party (Bondepartiet)\n9 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n3\nTotal number of members:16\n\n\nByneset herredsstyre 1938–1941* [16]  \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n3\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n13\nTotal number of members:16Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.","title":"Government"}]

[{"image_text":"Byneset Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Byneset_Kirke.jpg/170px-Byneset_Kirke.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","url_text":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""}]},{"reference":"Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). \"Kommunenummer\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","url_text":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Rosvold, Knut A., ed. (16 November 2017). \"Byneset\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Byneset","url_text":"\"Byneset\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Registreringssentral for historiske data. \"Hjemmehørende folkemengde Sør-Trøndelag 1801-1960\" (in Norwegian). University of Tromsø.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhd.uit.no/dok/nos16.html","url_text":"\"Hjemmehørende folkemengde Sør-Trøndelag 1801-1960\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8","url_text":"University of Tromsø"}]},{"reference":"Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","url_text":"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788253746845","url_text":"9788253746845"}]},{"reference":"Rygh, Oluf (1901). Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt (in Norwegian) (14 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 320–322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluf_Rygh","url_text":"Rygh, Oluf"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGxBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","url_text":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Bratberg, Terje (1996). Trondheim byleksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 412. ISBN 9788257306427.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008080104041","url_text":"Trondheim byleksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788257306427","url_text":"9788257306427"}]},{"reference":"Aunan, Lars, ed. (1938). Byneset kommune 1837–1937. Minneskrift i anledning Formannskapslovens 100 årsjubileum (in Norwegian). Trondheim. pp. 17–21.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014080806104","url_text":"Byneset kommune 1837–1937. Minneskrift i anledning Formannskapslovens 100 årsjubileum"}]},{"reference":"Ordførere (in Norwegian). Byneset Historielag. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215909/http://www.byneset.net/historie/ordforere/","url_text":"Ordførere"},{"url":"http://www.byneset.net/historie/ordforere/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(1951_film)

Iron Man (1951 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Background","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

1951 film Iron ManFilm poster by Reynold BrownDirected byJoseph PevneyScreenplay byBorden ChaseGeorge ZuckermanBased onthe novelby W. R. BurnettProduced byAaron RosenbergStarringJeff ChandlerEvelyn KeyesStephen McNallyCinematographyCarl E. GuthrieEdited byRussell F. SchoengarthColor processBlack and whiteProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date September 20, 1951 (1951-09-20) Running time82 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$1 million (US rentals) Iron Man is a 1951 American film noir drama sport film directed by Joseph Pevney and starring Jeff Chandler, Evelyn Keyes and Stephen McNally. The film features an early appearance by Rock Hudson playing a competing boxer. The film is a remake of a film produced two decades earlier by director Tod Browning, also titled Iron Man. Plot Chandler plays a coal miner who is encouraged by his gambler brother (Stephen McNally) to become a boxer. The problem is when he boxes he is consumed by a murderous rage. Cast Jeff Chandler as Coke Mason Evelyn Keyes as Rose Warren Mason Stephen McNally as George Mason Rock Hudson as Tommy "Speed" O'Keefe aka Kosco Joyce Holden as 'Tiny' Ford – Photographer Jim Backus as Max Watkins James Arness as Alex Mallick (as Jim Arness) Steve Martin as Joe Savella Background Jeff Chandler trained as a boxer to play the role. "It's my chance to step right up there in a class with Kirk Douglas and Bob Ryan", said Chandler. "And that's pretty fast company." Filming started 3 January 1951. To promote the film, Jeff Chandler went two rounds with Jersey Joe Walcott at Polo Grounds in front of 25,000 spectators. Reception Critical response When the film was released, the staff at The New York Times gave the film a mixed review. They wrote, "... this story of a fighter, scared and defeated by his own killer instinct, is merely standard for the course. The cast, director and scenarist are professional and take their assignments seriously, but they are not creating a champion in their class. One is reminded of such noted predecessors as Champion but Iron Man is not of that blue-blooded company ... It is not the portrayals, however, that make the film less than memorable. The bouts are exciting enough, but the punches, which are fairly hard and straight, are telegraphed." Rock Hudson's appearance in the film attracted favorable publicity. See also List of American films of 1951 List of boxing films References ^ 'The Top Box Office Hits of 1951', Variety, January 2, 1952. ^ Iron Man at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films. ^ SCHEUER, PHLIP K. (Oct 29, 1950). "Jeff Chandler Finally Gets to 'Act His Age': Rising Young (31) Screens Player Considers Himself 'a Lucky Kid'". Los Angeles Times. p. D3. ^ THOMAS F. BRADY (Dec 25, 1950). "ROONEY TO APPEAR IN COLUMBIA FILM: He Will Play Role of a Clown in 'Center Ring,' Scheduled. for Production in April Of Local Origin". New York Times. p. 23. ^ "Thompson. Howard. The New York Times, "Random Notes on the Screen Scene: Hair Raising Scenes From a Pair of New Pictures". New York Times. Aug 19, 1951. p. 93. ^ Staff film review The New York Times, August 20, 1951. Accessed: July 28, 2013. ^ "Percy Kilbride Will Play New Stellar Role". Los Angeles Times. July 28, 1951. p. 14. External links Iron Man at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Iron Man at IMDb Iron Man at AllMovie Iron Man at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Joseph Pevney Shakedown (1950) Undercover Girl (1950) Iron Man (1951) Air Cadet (1951) The Lady from Texas (1951) The Strange Door (1951) Meet Danny Wilson (1952) Flesh and Fury (1952) Because of You (1952) Just Across the Street (1952) Back to God's Country (1953) It Happens Every Thursday (1953) Desert Legion (1953) Yankee Pasha (1954) 3 Ring Circus (1954) Six Bridges to Cross (1955) Foxfire (1955) Female on the Beach (1955) Congo Crossing (1956) Away All Boats (1956) Istanbul (1957) Tammy and the Bachelor (1957) The Midnight Story (1957) Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) Twilight for the Gods (1958) Torpedo Run (1958) The Crowded Sky (1960) Cash McCall (1960) The Plunderers (1960) Portrait of a Mobster (1961) The Night of the Grizzly (1966)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"sport film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_film"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pevney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pevney"},{"link_name":"Jeff Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Keyes"},{"link_name":"Stephen McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McNally"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Tod Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Browning"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Iron Man is a 1951 American film noir drama sport film directed by Joseph Pevney and starring Jeff Chandler, Evelyn Keyes and Stephen McNally. The film features an early appearance by Rock Hudson playing a competing boxer. The film is a remake of a film produced two decades earlier by director Tod Browning, also titled Iron Man.[2]","title":"Iron Man (1951 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McNally"}],"text":"Chandler plays a coal miner who is encouraged by his gambler brother (Stephen McNally) to become a boxer. The problem is when he boxes he is consumed by a murderous rage.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Keyes"},{"link_name":"Stephen McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McNally"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Joyce Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Holden"},{"link_name":"Jim Backus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Backus"},{"link_name":"James Arness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arness"}],"text":"Jeff Chandler as Coke Mason\nEvelyn Keyes as Rose Warren Mason\nStephen McNally as George Mason\nRock Hudson as Tommy \"Speed\" O'Keefe aka Kosco\nJoyce Holden as 'Tiny' Ford – Photographer\nJim Backus as Max Watkins\nJames Arness as Alex Mallick (as Jim Arness)\nSteve Martin as Joe Savella","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bob Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jersey Joe Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott"},{"link_name":"Polo Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jeff Chandler trained as a boxer to play the role. \"It's my chance to step right up there in a class with Kirk Douglas and Bob Ryan\", said Chandler. \"And that's pretty fast company.\"[3]Filming started 3 January 1951.[4]To promote the film, Jeff Chandler went two rounds with Jersey Joe Walcott at Polo Grounds in front of 25,000 spectators.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"When the film was released, the staff at The New York Times gave the film a mixed review. They wrote, \"... this story of a fighter, scared and defeated by his own killer instinct, is merely standard for the course. The cast, director and scenarist are professional and take their assignments seriously, but they are not creating a champion in their class. One is reminded of such noted predecessors as Champion but Iron Man is not of that blue-blooded company ... It is not the portrayals, however, that make the film less than memorable. The bouts are exciting enough, but the punches, which are fairly hard and straight, are telegraphed.\"[6]Rock Hudson's appearance in the film attracted favorable publicity.[7]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of American films of 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1951"},{"title":"List of boxing films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boxing_films"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowen_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base

Boise Airport

["1 Terminals and development","1.1 Concourse A","1.2 Parking garages","2 History","2.1 Jet service","3 Facilities","3.1 ATC tower","3.2 Gowen Field Air National Guard Base","3.3 First responder training area","4 Airlines and destinations","4.1 Passenger","4.2 Destinations map","4.3 Cargo","5 Statistics","5.1 Top destinations","5.2 Airline market share","5.3 Annual traffic","6 Accidents and incidents","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°33′52″N 116°13′22″W / 43.56444°N 116.22278°W / 43.56444; -116.22278Civil/military airport in Boise, Idaho, U.S. This article is about Boise, Idaho. For the airport serving Boise City, Oklahoma, see Boise City Airport. Boise AirportBoise Air TerminalGowen Field1998 USGS photoIATA: BOIICAO: KBOIFAA LID: BOIWMO: 72681SummaryAirport typePublic/MilitaryOwner/OperatorCity of BoiseServesTreasure ValleyOpened1936; 88 years ago (1936)Focus city forAlaska AirlinesElevation AMSL2,872 ft / 875 mCoordinates43°33′52″N 116°13′22″W / 43.56444°N 116.22278°W / 43.56444; -116.22278Websitewww.iflyboise.comMapsFAA Airport Diagram as of January 2021Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 10L/28R 10,000 3,048 Asphalt 10R/28L 9,763 2,976 Asphalt 9R/27L 5,000 1,524 Asphalt Statistics (2023)Aircraft operations (year ending 5/31/2023)139,983Based aircraft273Total Passengers4,752,757Gates23Sources: Federal Aviation AdministrationCity of Boise Boise Airport (IATA: BOI, ICAO: KBOI, FAA LID: BOI) (Boise Air Terminal or Gowen Field) is a joint civil-military airport in the western United States in Idaho, three miles (5 km) south of downtown Boise in Ada County. The airport is operated by the city of Boise Department of Aviation, overseen by an airport commission. The busiest airport in the state, it serves more passengers than all other Idaho airports combined and roughly ten times as many passengers as the next busiest airport at Idaho Falls. Boise is a landing rights airfield requiring international general aviation flights to receive permission from a Customs and Border Protection officer before landing. In addition to being a commercial and general aviation airport, Boise also functions concurrently as a USAF military facility as used by the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW) of the Idaho Air National Guard on the Gowen Field Air National Guard Base portion of the airport. The 124 FW operates the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft. The National Interagency Fire Center is based in the city of Boise and the Boise Airport is used for logistical support. The United States Forest Service (USFS) also uses Boise Airport as a base for aerial firefighting air tankers during the wildfire season. Boise Airport enplaned 2,248,435 passengers in 2022, an increase of 24% vs. 2021 when 1,806,838 passengers were enplaned. Terminals and development Boise Airport currently has one terminal with two concourses and servicing nine airlines. The terminal is a three-story building containing four baggage carousels, rental car counters on the ground floor, all of the ticketing counters, a consolidated security checkpoint including TSA PreCheck and CLEAR Security, offices and fast food outlets. The two concourses have a combined 24 gates with 13 total jet bridges. Concourse B has 13 gates and 11 jet bridges (with one jet bridge serving each of B21 a/b and B22a/b). Airline gate assignments are broken down as follows: B10, B11, B21a/b (United), B15, B17 (Southwest), B14, B16, B19 (Common Use), B18 (American), B20, B22a/b (Delta). The Common use gates are used as follows: B14 (United, Delta), B16 (Allegiant, southwest), B19 (American, Avelo, Spirit). Concourse C serves Alaska Airlines and has 11 gates; however, only gates C8a and C12 are equipped with jet bridges, with the rest having covered walkways. In 2016, Boise Airport released a new master plan outlining their short, medium, and long-term plans. Each of these terms would mark different stages of the airport's growth and renewal, with the largest projects being three new parking garages, upgrades to Concourse B, and a new Concourse A. Concourse A The new Concourse A would sit on the other side of the main terminal from concourses B and C in an existing employee parking lot. It would have ten new gates, all equipped with jet bridges and able to handle narrow-body aircraft. Long-term plans call for one of the new gates would be equipped to handle wide bodied aircraft, five equipped for narrowbody aircraft, and four equipped for regional jets up to an A220. Phase 1 of the new concourse is scheduled to begin construction by the end of 2022 and will include six gates, three for mainline aircraft and three for regional aircraft. The makeup of Phases 2 and 3 would depend on the needs of the airport and have not been determined yet. Parking garages Increasing passenger traffic at BOI requires the addition of parking. To this end, the airport is building three new parking garages. One will be a public garage for passengers with 940 spaces. This will be built on an existing surface lot. The other two garages, an employee garage and a rental car center garage, are being relocated to make room for Concourse A. The new employee garage will have 680 spaces and the rental car garage will have 880 spaces. The airport has begun construction on its first two of the three parking garages. In late January 2022, it broke ground on the construction for the new employee parking garage after several delays, and its new public parking garage expansion. Both these projects plan to be finished by the end of 2023. The airport also plans to break ground on a new 2 part rental car garage in 2023, this will make room for the new Concourse A. History Boise's first municipal airport, Booth Field, was built in 1926 on a gravel bed near the south bank of the Boise River, now the campus of Boise State University. The first commercial airmail flight in the United States passed through this airfield on April 26, 1926, carried by Varney Airlines. Varney began operating out of Boise in 1933, later merging with National Air Transport to become United Airlines. Since United traces its roots to Varney, United is recognized as the airline that has operated the longest out of Boise, 98 years as of 2024. Less than four months after his historic transatlantic flight, the airfield hosted Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis on September 4, 1927. The current airport has its origins in 1936 when Boise began buying and leasing land for the airport. By 1938, Boise had the longest runway in the United States at 8,800 feet (2,680 m), built as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project under sponsorship of the city. The steel hangar for Varney Airlines was moved to the present field in 1939. As aircraft grew the hangar was no longer big enough and was converted into a passenger terminal. It was part of the modern terminal facility until the completion of a new terminal in 2004. During World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces leased the field for use as a training base for B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bomber crews. More than six thousand men were stationed there during the war. The field was named Gowen Field in 1941 on July 23, after 1st Lt Paul R. Gowen. Born and raised in Caldwell, he attended the University of Idaho for two years, then obtained an appointment to West Point in 1929, and graduated ninth in his class in 1933. While piloting a twin-engine B-10 bomber in the Army Air Corps, Gowen was killed instantly in a crash in Panama in July 1938. The right engine failed shortly after take-off from Albrook Field, near Panama City. The other two crew members, navigator and radio operator, survived and crawled from the wreckage with burns. After the war the part of the field used by the Army Air Forces was returned to the city. The Idaho Air National Guard began leasing the airfield after the war and continues to do so. Jet service The jet age arrived in Boise during the mid-1960s. In 1966, United Airlines was operating Boeing 727-100 jetliners into the airport with round trip routings of Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Chicago (O'Hare, ORD)-Boston (BOS) and Seattle (SEA)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Denver (Stapleton, DEN)-Chicago (ORD)-New York (Newark, EWR). United was also serving the airport with Douglas DC-6 and DC-6B propliners at this time. West Coast Airlines introduced Douglas DC-9-10 jet service during the late 1960s and in 1968 was operating round trip routings of Seattle (Boeing Field, BFI)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) and Portland (PDX)-Seattle (BFI)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) with the DC-9. West Coast was also serving Boise with Fairchild F-27 turboprops and Douglas DC-3 prop aircraft in 1968. The same year West Coast merged with Bonanza Air Lines and Pacific Air Lines to form Air West which was subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest which, in turn, continued to serve Boise with Douglas DC-9 (-10, -30) jets. In 1972, Hughes Airwest was operating non-stop DC-9 service from Boise to Portland and Salt Lake City and was also flying direct DC-9 service to Los Angeles (LAX), Las Vegas (LAS), Phoenix (PHX), San Diego (SAN), Burbank (BUR), Santa Ana (SNA), Spokane (GEG) and other regional destinations. By 1976, Hughes Airwest and United were still the only two airlines operating jet service into Boise according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG). United had also expanded its Boise service by this time and was operating nonstop flights with Boeing 727 (-100, -200) and larger Douglas DC-8 jetliners to Chicago (O'Hare), Denver (Stapleton), Portland, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Reno, and Spokane as well as direct, no change of plane jet service to New York (LaGuardia), Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, D.C (National), San Diego, and Hartford, according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG). United and Hughes Airwest were operating all of their flights into Boise with jet aircraft at this time in 1976. Also according to the OAG, in early 1985 Cascade Airways was operating international service of a sorts into Boise with a direct flight once a week from Calgary via intermediate stops in Spokane and Lewiston, ID. Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, a number of air carriers operated jet service into the airport at different times over the years from the late 1970s through the 1990s. The following list of airlines is taken from OAG editions from 1979 to 1999: Alaska Airlines (mainline jet service) America West Airlines Cascade Airways Continental Airlines Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) Horizon Air Morris Air Mountain West Airlines Northwest Airlines Pacific Express Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) Republic Airlines (1979-1986) (acquired Hughes Airwest in 1980) Sunworld International Airways (operating as Sunworld Airlines) United Express operated by Air Wisconsin US Airways Western Airlines Wien Air Alaska Between 2001 and 2005, Boise Airport was remodeled with a new terminal and an elevated roadway for departures, constructed in two phases. Phase 1 considered amenities such as baggage claim, lobby, and food and beverage concession, which were completed in 2003. Phase 2 dealt with security checkpoints and a new concourse (Concourse C) and the remodeling of Concourse B, which were completed in 2005. Boise's passenger terminal in 2009 The Boise Airport Passenger Terminal designed by CSHQA is a three-story, steel-framed 378,000-square-foot (35,100 m2) state-of-the-art aviation facility. Curvilinear, steel trusses create the undulating ceiling plane of the ticket lobby and define the signature profile of the building. The terminal has garnered national attention for the beauty of its design and is considered a prototypical post-9/11 facility. The Boise Airport was fourth in passenger satisfaction in the J.D. Power and Associates 2004 Global Airport Satisfaction Index Study. Power no longer publishes a global listing, and the airport was not listed in the 2017 North American ranking. The Boise Airport was a hub for Horizon Air from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Horizon Air was acquired by the Alaska Air Group, the parent company of Alaska Airlines, in 1986 and began code sharing flights for Alaska Airlines at that time. During the summer of 1990, Horizon Air was operating up to 36 departures a day from the airport to destinations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as direct one stop service to Salt Lake City. By 1999, Horizon Air was operating up to 22 departures a day from Boise with Fokker F28 Fellowship jets with additional flights being operated with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops. The regional airline also previously operated Dornier 328, Fairchild F-27, and Swearingen Metroliner propjets. Boise is currently a focus city for Alaska Airlines service operated by both Horizon Air and code sharing partner SkyWest Airlines. Boise was also one of the primary destinations served by Cascade Airways which competed with Horizon Air. In 1985, Cascade was serving the airport with British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets and Swearingen Metroliner propjets with regional service in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Montana, as well as nonstop jet service to Reno, Nevada, and connecting flights to Canada at Calgary, Alberta. Facilities Boise Airport covers 5,000 acres (7.8 sq mi; 20 km2) at an elevation of 2,872 feet (875 m) at its east end. It has three runways: 10L/28R: 10,000 x 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m), asphalt, weight capacity: 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg)/single wheel; VASI system 10R/28L: 9,763 x 150 feet (2,976 x 46 m), asphalt, weight capacity: 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg)/single wheel; VASI, ILS/DME 09/27: 5,000 x 90 feet (1,524 x 27 m), asphalt, weight capacity: unspecified; restrictions: military only In the year ending May 31, 2023, the airport had 139,983 aircraft operations, average 383 per day: 46% general aviation, 39% airline, 9% air taxi, and 5% military. 273 aircraft were then based at this airport: 147 single-engine, 22 multi-engine, 37 jet, 17 helicopter and 50 military. Of the top 100 United States airports, BOI is among four airports that does not charge a PFC. The airport can handle minor maintenance and repairs through fixed-base operators Jackson Jet Center, Turbo Air and Western Aircraft. Law enforcement is handled by the Boise Police Department (BPD). In 2006, the Airport Division had an authorized strength of 1 lieutenant, 2 sergeants, and 28 officers, and there were five TSA certified K-9 units trained in explosive detection. The original layout was the primary runway (10R/28L) with two others at 6,000 feet (1,830 m), both are retired but still visible as taxiways. The north–south runway (offset slightly northeast) was aligned with present-day S. Zeppelin Street (approximately with Owyhee Street to the north), and the east–west runway was offset slightly southwest. The intersection point of the two former runways was on today's main taxiway, near the terminal. The second parallel runway (10L/28R) was extended 2,300 feet (700 m) to the east in 1998. ATC tower The new air traffic control tower under construction in 2009 In 2008, city officials broke ground for Boise Air Terminal's new airport traffic control tower, the latest facilities improvement. The tower's height at 295 feet (90 m) made it the tallest building in the state of Idaho until it was surpassed by the Zions Bank Idaho Headquarters Building in 2013 (at 323 ft (98 m)), and the Northwest's tallest control tower. It was relocated to the south side of the airport in order to control an existing Guard assault strip, runway 09/27, south of Gowen Field. The tower was planned and constructed when it was believed that the radar functions would be moved to Salt Lake City in Utah. After it was decided to leave the radar positions in Boise, the facility at the base of the tower was redesigned and partially remodeled to house the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON). The tower and TRACON opened on September 16, 2013, with updated electronics and equipment, including the STARS radar system; improving services and safety for pilots and the flying public. With the expanded facilities and new equipment, the TRACON operates the approach control for Boise Airport, and also remotely operates the approach control for the Bozeman Airport in Montana. The TRACON was then renamed Big Sky Approach to reflect the broader geographical coverage. The consolidation of Boise and Bozeman approach control facilities into Big Sky Approach is part of the FAA's continuing plan to consolidate approach control services across the nation. Boise's TRACON was designed with the option of adding additional radar scopes, and may offer approach control services to other airports in the future. Gowen Field Air National Guard Base C-130s previously operated by the Idaho ANG parked on the ramp at Gowen Field Gowen Field Air National Guard Base primarily refers to the military facilities on the south side of the runways, which includes Air National Guard, Army National Guard, and reserve units of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. The field is home to the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW), Idaho Air National Guard, which consists of one flying squadron operationally-gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC) and 12 additional support units. The aircraft based at Gowen Field ANGB is the A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support attack aircraft of the 190th Fighter Squadron (190 FS). The 124 FW was previously designated as the 124th Wing (124 WG), a composite Air Combat Command (ACC) and Air Mobility Command (AMC) unit that also operated C-130H Hercules transport aircraft in the 189th Airlift Squadron (189 AS), the 189 AS being operationally-gained by AMC. BRAC 2005 directed that the Idaho Air National Guard divest itself of the C-130 mission by 2009, transferring its C-130s to the Wyoming Air National Guard, while retaining its A-10 fighter mission. This action was completed in 2009 and the 124 WG was redesignated the 124 FW at that time. The 124 FW is composed of over 1000 military personnel, consisting of just over 300 full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technician (ART) personnel and over 700 traditional part-time Air National Guardsmen. First responder training area In February 2011, FedEx donated a surplus Boeing 727-200 cargo jet (tail number N275FE) to the City of Boise for use as a training tool for emergency first responders. The aircraft—stripped of engines—is parked near the southeastern end of Boise's third runway—a location more than a mile southeast of, and not visible from, the main passenger terminal. Several agencies use the plane for training purposes. Airlines and destinations Passenger AirlinesDestinations Alaska Airlines Burbank, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Pullman, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane Seasonal: Palm Springs Allegiant Air Las Vegas, Orange County, Phoenix/Mesa American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth, Phoenix–Sky Harbor Avelo Airlines Burbank, Santa Rosa Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Salt Lake City Delta Connection Los Angeles, Seattle/Tacoma Seasonal: Salt Lake City Gem Air Salmon Southwest Airlines Burbank, Denver, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Oakland, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Sacramento, San Jose (CA) Seasonal: Dallas–Love, San Diego Spirit Airlines Las Vegas Sun Country Airlines Seasonal: Minneapolis/St. Paul United Airlines Denver, San Francisco Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare United Express Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco Destinations map Destinations map BoiseAtlantaAustinSacramentoSpokanePullmanDenverSalt Lake CityPhoenix–Sky HarborPhoenix/MesaLas VegasPortland (OR)San JoseOaklandSan FranciscoSeattle/TacomaBurbankLos AngelesLong BeachOrange CountyPalm SpringsChicago–O'HareMinneapolis/St. PaulSalt Lake CitySalmonDallas/Fort WorthSan DiegoHouston-IntercontinentalSanta RosaDallas–Loveclass=notpageimage| Destinations from Boise Airport Red = Year-round destination Green = Seasonal destination Blue = Future destination Cargo This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AirlinesDestinations Alpine Air Express Salt Lake City Amazon Air Cincinnati, Fort Worth/Alliance, Riverside/March ARB Ameriflight Burns, Portland (OR), Salt Lake City, Seattle–Boeing FedEx Express Casper, Memphis, Oakland, Reno, Salt Lake City UPS Airlines Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Denver, Fresno, Louisville, Oakland, Ontario, Portland (OR), Sacramento–Mather, Salt Lake City, Seattle–Boeing, St. Louis Western Air Express Lewiston, Portland (OR), Salt Lake City, Spokane, Twin Falls Statistics Top destinations Busiest domestic routes from BOI(September 2022 - August 2023) Rank City Passengers Carriers 1 Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 366,000 Alaska, Delta 2 Denver, Colorado 281,000 Southwest, United 3 Salt Lake City, Utah 183,000 Delta 4 Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona 177,000 Alaska, American, Southwest 5 Las Vegas, Nevada 173,000 Alaska, Allegiant, Southwest, Spirit 6 Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota 114,000 Delta 7 Dallas/Ft. Worth, Texas 108,000 American 8 Sacramento, California 104,000 Alaska, Southwest 9 Los Angeles, California 99,000 Alaska, Delta, United 10 San Francisco, California 98,000 Alaska, United Airline market share Top airlines at BOI(September 2022 - August 2023) Rank Airline Passengers Share 1 SkyWest Airlines 1,171,000 24.93% 2 Southwest Airlines 1,111,000 23.65% 3 Delta Air Lines 645,000 13.72% 4 Horizon Air 477,000 10.15% 5 United Airlines 374,000 7.95% Other Airlines 920,000 19.59% Annual traffic Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Annual passenger traffic at BOI airport. See Wikidata query. Annual passenger traffic (enplaned + deplaned) at BOI Airport, 2006 through 2023 Year Passengers 2006 3,289,314 2007 3,365,303 2008 3,185,006 2009 2,795,297 2010 2,805,692 2011 2,781,708 2012 2,609,816 2013 2,612,457 2014 2,753,153 2015 2,978,281 2016 3,230,878 2017 3,513,377 2018 3,871,891 2019 4,111,151 2020 1,973,198 2021 3,607,283 2022 4,496,529 2023 4,752,757 Accidents and incidents On June 19, 1970, a Grumman TBM (N7026C) was on fire (engine, cockpit) and attempting to return to the airport when it crashed about three miles (5 km) southeast. A naval aviator and Vietnam War veteran, the pilot bailed out at low altitude, but his parachute failed to deploy, and he was killed. On December 28, 1970, a de Havilland DH125 (N36MK) made a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) about seven miles (11 km) northeast of the airport, at an elevation of approximately 5,700 feet (1,740 m) above sea level. The corporate jet of Morrison Knudsen was returning from Billings, Montana, where four passengers were dropped off. No passengers were on board at the time of the crash, more than an hour after sunset, which killed both experienced pilots. On August 1, 1974, a Douglas B-26B (N91354) and a Beechcraft M24R (N2529W) collided on the ground while both were taxiing. The pilot of the light plane was killed, crushed under the bomber after the bomber's nose gear collapsed. The B-26 had just arrived from Twin Falls, over an hour prior to sunset, and was headed for the Boise Interagency Fire Center; badly burned, its pilot was airlifted to Salt Lake City, but succumbed three days later. On November 16, 1991, a Cessna 402B (N29517) lost power in its starboard engine shortly after take-off from runway 10L, attempted to return, and crashed a mile (1.6 km) south of the airport, killing the pilot and his daughter, the only passenger. Bound for Pocatello, the air taxi cargo flight occurred over four hours prior to sunrise on Saturday. On December 9, 1996, a Douglas C-47A (N75142) of Emery Worldwide crashed on approach to runway 28(L/R), killing the only two crew members on board. The aircraft was on a cargo flight to Salt Lake City after sunset when the starboard engine caught fire shortly after take-off from runway 10L and the decision was made to return to Boise. On February 3, 2012, a Lancair IV-PT turboprop (N321LC) flown by Steve Appleton, CEO of Micron Technology, crashed shortly after take-off from runway 10R, killing the pilot. Attempting an emergency landing, Appleton had aborted an earlier take-off attempt for unknown reasons; the accident was attributed to pilot error. On January 31, 2024, a steel-framed hangar owned by Jackson Jet Center that was under construction collapsed at the airport, killing three people and injuring nine others. As of April 21, 2024 the OSHA investigation is on-going. On April 9, 2024, Air Canada Flight #997 from Mexico City, Mexico to Vancouver, Canada declared an in-flight emergency and made an unscheduled landing at the airport. Boise Airport staff deboarded the plane and assisted passengers through U.S. Customs, according to the city; border patrol officials were onsite to help assist with proper entry into the U.S. The city of Boise and the Boise Airport have not released what caused the unscheduled landing; no injuries were reported. References ^ a b c d e f g FAA Airport Form 5010 for BOI PDF, effective January 25, 2024 ^ "Statistics - City of Boise". www.iflyboise.com. ^ "FAQs". Boise Airport. City of Boise. 2005. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ a b c d Boise Airport (2005). "Airport Administration". City of Boise. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ a b "Gowen Field Air National Guard Base". GlobalSecurity.org. January 21, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ a b c "Master Plan | City of Boise". www.iflyboise.com. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ a b Hupp, Rebecca (October 2, 2019). "Boise Airport's $200 million upgrade plan will improve customer experience". Idaho Business Review. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ "Design firm sought for concourse upgrade project at Boise Airport". Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024. ^ "Lindbergh reaches Boise". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. September 5, 1927. p. 1. ^ "Lindbergh hops off". Eugene Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 5, 1927. p. 1. ^ a b "Boise's new 960-acre municipal airport as seen from the air". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). (photo). October 29, 1939. p. 4. ^ a b c "Lt. Paul R. Gowen" (PDF). Idaho Military Historical Society: Pass in Review. September 2003. pp. 5, 6. ^ "Beta Theta Pi". Gem of the Mountains. University of Idaho. 1928. p. 365. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ "Whence Came the Name . . . ?". Gowen Research Foundation Electronic Newsletter. 1 (7). July 1998. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ "Obituary: Lt. Paul Gowen (1909–1939)". rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, April 24, 1966, United Airlines system timetable ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, April 28, 1968, West Coast Airlines system timetable ^ http://www.departedflights.com, July 1, 1972, Hughes Airwest system timetable ^ February 1, 1976, North American Edition Official Airline Guide, Boise flight schedules ^ Feb 15 Official Airline Guide (OAG), North American edition, Boise flight schedules & OAG Flight Itineraries section, Cascade Airways flight 693 routing ^ http://www.departedflights.com, Official Airline Guide (OAG) editions, November 15, 1979, through June 1, 1999, Boise flight schedules ^ "History of BOI". City of Boise. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ CSHQA Architecture, Engineering, Planning, Boise Idaho Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Cshqa.com. ^ "2004 Global Airport Satisfaction Index Study" (PDF). J.D. Power and Associates. December 6, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ "Airport satisfaction survey 2017" (PDF). www.jdpower.com. ^ http://www.departedflights.com, July 1, 1990, Alaska Airlines/Horizon Air system timetable ^ http://www.departedflights.com, June 1, 1999, Official Airline Guide (OAG), Boise flight schedules ^ http://www.departedflights.com, February 15, 1985, through June 1, 1999, editions, Official Airline Guide (OAG), Boise flight schedules ^ http://www.cascadeairways.com, January 13, 1985 & April 4, 1985, Cascade Airways timetables ^ "BOI airport data at skyvector.com". skyvector.com. Retrieved September 4, 2022. ^ FAA and Airport Operations. Iflyboise.com. ^ "Stats". faa.gov. ^ "Airport Police". Boise Airport. City of Boise. 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ "Aviation Capacity Enhancement Plan". Federal Aviation Administration. (U.S. Department of Transportation). 1995. p. D-5 (appendix). ^ 124th Wing . Globalsecurity.org (December 31, 1952). ^ https://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/article/industrynews/avelo-adds-new-flights-from-sonoma-county-to-montana-idaho-oregon-washin/ ^ "Southwest Airlines Extends Flight Schedule With New International Options And Most-Ever Departures". October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023. ^ "Book Today: Southwest Airlines Extends Flight Schedule Through October". March 9, 2023. ^ "New Flight Schedules". ^ "March 2023 Flight Schedule now available on Southwest.com". Southwest Airlines. ^ "Las Vegas Travelers Hit Jackpot with Spirit Airlines' Entrance into Three New Western Markets". ^ "Sun Country Airlines". ^ a b "RITA - BTS - Transtats". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved November 22, 2023. ^ "Statistics". Iflyboise.com. ^ "Plane crash kills former resident Robert Bullock". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). June 20, 1970. p. 16. ^ "SEA70FXM20: Grumman TBM (N7026C)". NTSB. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "Plane wreckage found". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. December 29, 1970. p. 6. ^ "Plane wreckage found". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. December 29, 1970. p. 5. ^ "Power loss held likely crash cause". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. December 30, 1970. p. 7. ^ "SEA71AS031: DeHavilland DH125 (N36MK)". NTSB. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "SEA75AS006: Beech M24R (N2529W)". NTSB. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "SEA75AS006: Douglas B-26 (N91354)". NTSB. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "1 dies as planes collide at Boise". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. August 2, 1974. p. 1. ^ "Planes ram; Oregonian survives". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. August 2, 1974. p. 3A. ^ "Bomber, light plane collide; pilot killed". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). Associated Press. August 2, 1974. p. 8. ^ "Second pilot dies of burns from crash". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. August 5, 1974. p. 4A. ^ "Pilot dies after Boise collision". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. August 6, 1974. p. 2. ^ "Father, daughter die in light plane crash". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. November 17, 1991. p. 8C. ^ "SEA92FA019 : Cessna C-402B (N29517)". NTSB. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "N75142 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved June 25, 2010. ^ "Two die when freight plane crashes at Boise". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. December 10, 1996. p. 7A. ^ "Plane crash in Boise kills pilot, co-pilot". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. December 10, 1996. p. 14A. ^ Steve Appleton, CEO of Micron, dies in airplane crash at Boise Airport, IdahoStatesman.com, February 3, 2012. ^ Micron CEO Steve Appleton's final flight lasted 80 seconds, Idaho Statesman, February 4, 2012. ^ Hagadone, Zach (September 10, 2014). "Pilot error to blame in 2012 plane crash that killed Micron CEO Steve Appleton". Boise Weekly. (Idaho). Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ "3 people killed and 9 injured in hangar collapse on grounds of Boise, Idaho, airport". Associated Press. February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024. External links Official website FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 FAA Terminal Procedures for BOI, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: AirNav airport information for KBOI ASN accident history for BOI FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart for KBOI FAA current BOI delay information Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Boise, Ada County, ID: HAER No. ID-36-A, "Gowen Field, Heating Plant, Magazine Area", 7 photos, 13 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. ID-36-B, "Gowen Field, Ammunition Assembly Building, Magazine Area", 6 photos, 13 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. ID-36-C, "Gowen Field, Recreation Building", 7 photos, 25 data pages, 1 photo caption page Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Boise City Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_City_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-3"},{"link_name":"western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Boise"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Ada County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin-4"},{"link_name":"all other Idaho airports combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Falls_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"124th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/124th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Idaho Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Gowen Field Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowen_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"National Interagency Fire Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Interagency_Fire_Center"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"aerial firefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_firefighting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-5"}],"text":"Civil/military airport in Boise, Idaho, U.S.This article is about Boise, Idaho. For the airport serving Boise City, Oklahoma, see Boise City Airport.Boise Airport (IATA: BOI, ICAO: KBOI, FAA LID: BOI) (Boise Air Terminal or Gowen Field)[1][3] is a joint civil-military airport in the western United States in Idaho, three miles (5 km) south of downtown Boise in Ada County.[1] The airport is operated by the city of Boise Department of Aviation, overseen by an airport commission.[4] The busiest airport in the state, it serves more passengers than all other Idaho airports combined and roughly ten times as many passengers as the next busiest airport at Idaho Falls.[citation needed]Boise is a landing rights airfield requiring international general aviation flights to receive permission from a Customs and Border Protection officer before landing.In addition to being a commercial and general aviation airport, Boise also functions concurrently as a USAF military facility as used by the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW) of the Idaho Air National Guard on the Gowen Field Air National Guard Base portion of the airport. The 124 FW operates the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.The National Interagency Fire Center is based in the city of Boise and the Boise Airport is used for logistical support. The United States Forest Service (USFS) also uses Boise Airport as a base for aerial firefighting air tankers during the wildfire season.[5]Boise Airport enplaned 2,248,435 passengers in 2022, an increase of 24% vs. 2021 when 1,806,838 passengers were enplaned.","title":"Boise Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TSA PreCheck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSA_PreCheck"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MasterPlan-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBR-2019-7"}],"text":"Boise Airport currently has one terminal with two concourses and servicing nine airlines. The terminal is a three-story building containing four baggage carousels, rental car counters on the ground floor, all of the ticketing counters, a consolidated security checkpoint including TSA PreCheck and CLEAR Security, offices and fast food outlets.The two concourses have a combined 24 gates with 13 total jet bridges. Concourse B has 13 gates and 11 jet bridges (with one jet bridge serving each of B21 a/b and B22a/b). Airline gate assignments are broken down as follows: B10, B11, B21a/b (United), B15, B17 (Southwest), B14, B16, B19 (Common Use), B18 (American), B20, B22a/b (Delta). The Common use gates are used as follows: B14 (United, Delta), B16 (Allegiant, southwest), B19 (American, Avelo, Spirit).[6] Concourse C serves Alaska Airlines and has 11 gates; however, only gates C8a and C12 are equipped with jet bridges, with the rest having covered walkways.In 2016, Boise Airport released a new master plan outlining their short, medium, and long-term plans. Each of these terms would mark different stages of the airport's growth and renewal, with the largest projects being three new parking garages, upgrades to Concourse B, and a new Concourse A.[7]","title":"Terminals and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJC-8"},{"link_name":"A220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A220"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MasterPlan-6"}],"sub_title":"Concourse A","text":"The new Concourse A would sit on the other side of the main terminal from concourses B and C in an existing employee parking lot. It would have ten new gates, all equipped with jet bridges and able to handle narrow-body aircraft.[8] Long-term plans call for one of the new gates would be equipped to handle wide bodied aircraft, five equipped for narrowbody aircraft, and four equipped for regional jets up to an A220. Phase 1 of the new concourse is scheduled to begin construction by the end of 2022 and will include six gates, three for mainline aircraft and three for regional aircraft.[6] The makeup of Phases 2 and 3 would depend on the needs of the airport and have not been determined yet.","title":"Terminals and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBR-2019-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MasterPlan-6"}],"sub_title":"Parking garages","text":"Increasing passenger traffic at BOI requires the addition of parking. To this end, the airport is building three new parking garages.[7] One will be a public garage for passengers with 940 spaces. This will be built on an existing surface lot. The other two garages, an employee garage and a rental car center garage, are being relocated to make room for Concourse A. The new employee garage will have 680 spaces and the rental car garage will have 880 spaces.[6]\nThe airport has begun construction on its first two of the three parking garages. In late January 2022, it broke ground on the construction for the new employee parking garage after several delays, and its new public parking garage expansion. Both these projects plan to be finished by the end of 2023. The airport also plans to break ground on a new 2 part rental car garage in 2023, this will make room for the new Concourse A.","title":"Terminals and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_River"},{"link_name":"Boise State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_University"},{"link_name":"Varney Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varney_Airlines"},{"link_name":"National Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#New_York%E2%80%93Paris_flight"},{"link_name":"transatlantic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_flight"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrebosr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eugrdlho-10"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naffar-11"},{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_terminal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin-4"},{"link_name":"1st Lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant#U.S._Army,_U.S._Marine_Corps_and_U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imhspirprgn-12"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imhspirprgn-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"B-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-10"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imhspirprgn-12"},{"link_name":"Albrook Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrook_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Panama"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rootobitgwn-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin-4"},{"link_name":"Idaho Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin-4"}],"text":"Boise's first municipal airport, Booth Field, was built in 1926 on a gravel bed near the south bank of the Boise River, now the campus of Boise State University. The first commercial airmail flight in the United States passed through this airfield on April 26, 1926, carried by Varney Airlines. Varney began operating out of Boise in 1933, later merging with National Air Transport to become United Airlines. Since United traces its roots to Varney, United is recognized as the airline that has operated the longest out of Boise, 98 years as of 2024. Less than four months after his historic transatlantic flight, the airfield hosted Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis on September 4, 1927.[9][10]The current airport has its origins in 1936 when Boise began buying and leasing land for the airport. By 1938, Boise had the longest runway in the United States at 8,800 feet (2,680 m), built as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project under sponsorship of the city.[11] The steel hangar for Varney Airlines was moved to the present field in 1939. As aircraft grew the hangar was no longer big enough and was converted into a passenger terminal. It was part of the modern terminal facility until the completion of a new terminal in 2004.During World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces leased the field for use as a training base for B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bomber crews. More than six thousand men were stationed there during the war.[4]The field was named Gowen Field in 1941 on July 23, after 1st Lt Paul R. Gowen.[12] Born and raised in Caldwell, he attended the University of Idaho for two years, then obtained an appointment to West Point in 1929, and graduated ninth in his class in 1933.[12][13] While piloting a twin-engine B-10 bomber in the Army Air Corps, Gowen was killed instantly in a crash in Panama in July 1938.[12] The right engine failed shortly after take-off from Albrook Field, near Panama City. The other two crew members, navigator and radio operator, survived and crawled from the wreckage with burns.[14][15]After the war the part of the field used by the Army Air Forces was returned to the city.[4] The Idaho Air National Guard began leasing the airfield after the war and continues to do so.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 727-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-100"},{"link_name":"O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hare_Airport"},{"link_name":"Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"DC-6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6B"},{"link_name":"West Coast Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9-10"},{"link_name":"Boeing Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Field"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fairchild F-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F-27"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Bonanza Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Hughes Airwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Airwest"},{"link_name":"-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9#Series_30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Official Airline Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Airline_Guide"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727#727-200"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"Official Airline Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Airline_Guide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cascade Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Airways"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane"},{"link_name":"Lewiston, ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_ID"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Airline Deregulation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"America West Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_West_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cascade Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Airways"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Frontier Airlines (1950-1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950-1986)"},{"link_name":"Horizon Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Air"},{"link_name":"Morris Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Air"},{"link_name":"Mountain West Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Pacific Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Express"},{"link_name":"Pacific Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Republic Airlines (1979-1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979-1986)"},{"link_name":"Hughes Airwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Airwest"},{"link_name":"Sunworld International Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunworld_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"United Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Express"},{"link_name":"Air Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"US Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways"},{"link_name":"Western Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Wien Air Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_Air_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boise_airport_terminal_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"CSHQA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSHQA"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"J.D. Power and Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Power_and_Associates"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Horizon Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Air"},{"link_name":"Alaska Air Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Air_Group"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"code sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_sharing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fokker F28 Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-8_Dash_8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Dornier 328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_328"},{"link_name":"Fairchild F-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F-27"},{"link_name":"Swearingen Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swearingen_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"code sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_sharing"},{"link_name":"SkyWest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cascade Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Airways"},{"link_name":"British Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"Swearingen Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swearingen_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Jet service","text":"The jet age arrived in Boise during the mid-1960s. In 1966, United Airlines was operating Boeing 727-100 jetliners into the airport with round trip routings of Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Chicago (O'Hare, ORD)-Boston (BOS) and Seattle (SEA)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Denver (Stapleton, DEN)-Chicago (ORD)-New York (Newark, EWR).[16] United was also serving the airport with Douglas DC-6 and DC-6B propliners at this time. West Coast Airlines introduced Douglas DC-9-10 jet service during the late 1960s and in 1968 was operating round trip routings of Seattle (Boeing Field, BFI)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) and Portland (PDX)-Seattle (BFI)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) with the DC-9.[17] West Coast was also serving Boise with Fairchild F-27 turboprops and Douglas DC-3 prop aircraft in 1968. The same year West Coast merged with Bonanza Air Lines and Pacific Air Lines to form Air West which was subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest which, in turn, continued to serve Boise with Douglas DC-9 (-10, -30) jets. In 1972, Hughes Airwest was operating non-stop DC-9 service from Boise to Portland and Salt Lake City and was also flying direct DC-9 service to Los Angeles (LAX), Las Vegas (LAS), Phoenix (PHX), San Diego (SAN), Burbank (BUR), Santa Ana (SNA), Spokane (GEG) and other regional destinations.[18]By 1976, Hughes Airwest and United were still the only two airlines operating jet service into Boise according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG). United had also expanded its Boise service by this time and was operating nonstop flights with Boeing 727 (-100, -200) and larger Douglas DC-8 jetliners to Chicago (O'Hare), Denver (Stapleton), Portland, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Reno, and Spokane as well as direct, no change of plane jet service to New York (LaGuardia), Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, D.C (National), San Diego, and Hartford, according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG).[19] United and Hughes Airwest were operating all of their flights into Boise with jet aircraft at this time in 1976. Also according to the OAG, in early 1985 Cascade Airways was operating international service of a sorts into Boise with a direct flight once a week from Calgary via intermediate stops in Spokane and Lewiston, ID.[20]Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, a number of air carriers operated jet service into the airport at different times over the years from the late 1970s through the 1990s. The following list of airlines is taken from OAG editions from 1979 to 1999:[21]Alaska Airlines (mainline jet service)\nAmerica West Airlines\nCascade Airways\nContinental Airlines\nFrontier Airlines (1950-1986)\nHorizon Air\nMorris Air\nMountain West Airlines\nNorthwest Airlines\n\n\nPacific Express\nPacific Southwest Airlines (PSA)\nRepublic Airlines (1979-1986) (acquired Hughes Airwest in 1980)\nSunworld International Airways (operating as Sunworld Airlines)\nUnited Express operated by Air Wisconsin\nUS Airways\nWestern Airlines\nWien Air AlaskaBetween 2001 and 2005, Boise Airport was remodeled with a new terminal and an elevated roadway for departures, constructed in two phases. Phase 1 considered amenities such as baggage claim, lobby, and food and beverage concession, which were completed in 2003. Phase 2 dealt with security checkpoints and a new concourse (Concourse C) and the remodeling of Concourse B, which were completed in 2005.[22]Boise's passenger terminal in 2009The Boise Airport Passenger Terminal designed by CSHQA is a three-story, steel-framed 378,000-square-foot (35,100 m2) state-of-the-art aviation facility. Curvilinear, steel trusses create the undulating ceiling plane of the ticket lobby and define the signature profile of the building. The terminal has garnered national attention for the beauty of its design and is considered a prototypical post-9/11 facility.[23]The Boise Airport was fourth in passenger satisfaction in the J.D. Power and Associates 2004 Global Airport Satisfaction Index Study.[24] Power no longer publishes a global listing, and the airport was not listed in the 2017 North American ranking.[25]The Boise Airport was a hub for Horizon Air from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Horizon Air was acquired by the Alaska Air Group, the parent company of Alaska Airlines, in 1986 and began code sharing flights for Alaska Airlines at that time. During the summer of 1990, Horizon Air was operating up to 36 departures a day from the airport to destinations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as direct one stop service to Salt Lake City.[26] By 1999, Horizon Air was operating up to 22 departures a day from Boise with Fokker F28 Fellowship jets with additional flights being operated with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops.[27] The regional airline also previously operated Dornier 328, Fairchild F-27, and Swearingen Metroliner propjets.[28] Boise is currently a focus city for Alaska Airlines service operated by both Horizon Air and code sharing partner SkyWest Airlines.[citation needed]Boise was also one of the primary destinations served by Cascade Airways which competed with Horizon Air. In 1985, Cascade was serving the airport with British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets and Swearingen Metroliner propjets with regional service in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Montana, as well as nonstop jet service to Reno, Nevada, and connecting flights to Canada at Calgary, Alberta.[29][better source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"VASI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Approach_Slope_Indicator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"VASI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Approach_Slope_Indicator"},{"link_name":"ILS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System"},{"link_name":"DME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Measuring_Equipment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airport_operations-31"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"PFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_facility_charge"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"fixed-base operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-base_operator"},{"link_name":"K-9 units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_dog"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naffar-11"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aceusdot95-34"}],"text":"Boise Airport covers 5,000 acres (7.8 sq mi; 20 km2) at an elevation of 2,872 feet (875 m) at its east end. It has three runways:[1][30]10L/28R: 10,000 x 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m), asphalt, weight capacity: 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg)/single wheel; VASI system[1]\n10R/28L: 9,763 x 150 feet (2,976 x 46 m), asphalt, weight capacity: 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg)/single wheel; VASI, ILS/DME[1]\n09/27: 5,000 x 90 feet (1,524 x 27 m), asphalt, weight capacity: unspecified; restrictions: military only[31]In the year ending May 31, 2023, the airport had 139,983 aircraft operations, average 383 per day: 46% general aviation, 39% airline, 9% air taxi, and 5% military. 273 aircraft were then based at this airport: 147 single-engine, 22 multi-engine, 37 jet, 17 helicopter and 50 military.[1] Of the top 100 United States airports, BOI is among four airports that does not charge a PFC.[32]The airport can handle minor maintenance and repairs through fixed-base operators Jackson Jet Center, Turbo Air and Western Aircraft.Law enforcement is handled by the Boise Police Department (BPD). In 2006, the Airport Division had an authorized strength of 1 lieutenant, 2 sergeants, and 28 officers, and there were five TSA certified K-9 units trained in explosive detection.[33]The original layout was the primary runway (10R/28L) with two others at 6,000 feet (1,830 m),[11] both are retired but still visible as taxiways. The north–south runway (offset slightly northeast) was aligned with present-day S. Zeppelin Street (approximately with Owyhee Street to the north), and the east–west runway was offset slightly southwest. The intersection point of the two former runways was on today's main taxiway, near the terminal. The second parallel runway (10L/28R) was extended 2,300 feet (700 m) to the east in 1998.[34]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boise_new_tower_construction_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Zions Bank Idaho Headquarters Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_%26_Main"},{"link_name":"Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Air_Route_Traffic_Control_Center"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"TRACON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACON"},{"link_name":"STARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Terminal_Automation_Replacement_System"},{"link_name":"Bozeman Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozeman_Yellowstone_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"ATC tower","text":"The new air traffic control tower under construction in 2009In 2008, city officials broke ground for Boise Air Terminal's new airport traffic control tower, the latest facilities improvement. The tower's height at 295 feet (90 m) made it the tallest building in the state of Idaho until it was surpassed by the Zions Bank Idaho Headquarters Building in 2013 (at 323 ft (98 m)), and the Northwest's tallest control tower.[citation needed] It was relocated to the south side of the airport in order to control an existing Guard assault strip, runway 09/27, south of Gowen Field. The tower was planned and constructed when it was believed that the radar functions would be moved to Salt Lake City in Utah. After it was decided to leave the radar positions in Boise, the facility at the base of the tower was redesigned and partially remodeled to house the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON).The tower and TRACON opened on September 16, 2013, with updated electronics and equipment, including the STARS radar system; improving services and safety for pilots and the flying public. With the expanded facilities and new equipment, the TRACON operates the approach control for Boise Airport, and also remotely operates the approach control for the Bozeman Airport in Montana. The TRACON was then renamed Big Sky Approach to reflect the broader geographical coverage. The consolidation of Boise and Bozeman approach control facilities into Big Sky Approach is part of the FAA's continuing plan to consolidate approach control services across the nation.[citation needed] Boise's TRACON was designed with the option of adding additional radar scopes, and may offer approach control services to other airports in the future.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C130s_on_gowen_field_in_boise_idaho.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gowen Field Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowen_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Forces_Reserve"},{"link_name":"124th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/124th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Idaho Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"190th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/190th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"124th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/124th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"C-130H Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"189th Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/189th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"BRAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"Idaho Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Active Guard and Reserve (AGR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Guard_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Air Reserve Technician (ART)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Reserve_Technician_Program"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-5"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Gowen Field Air National Guard Base","text":"C-130s previously operated by the Idaho ANG parked on the ramp at Gowen FieldGowen Field Air National Guard Base primarily refers to the military facilities on the south side of the runways, which includes Air National Guard, Army National Guard, and reserve units of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. The field is home to the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW), Idaho Air National Guard, which consists of one flying squadron operationally-gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC) and 12 additional support units. The aircraft based at Gowen Field ANGB is the A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support attack aircraft of the 190th Fighter Squadron (190 FS).The 124 FW was previously designated as the 124th Wing (124 WG), a composite Air Combat Command (ACC) and Air Mobility Command (AMC) unit that also operated C-130H Hercules transport aircraft in the 189th Airlift Squadron (189 AS), the 189 AS being operationally-gained by AMC.BRAC 2005 directed that the Idaho Air National Guard divest itself of the C-130 mission by 2009, transferring its C-130s to the Wyoming Air National Guard, while retaining its A-10 fighter mission. This action was completed in 2009 and the 124 WG was redesignated the 124 FW at that time. The 124 FW is composed of over 1000 military personnel, consisting of just over 300 full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technician (ART) personnel and over 700 traditional part-time Air National Guardsmen.[5][35]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200"},{"link_name":"first responders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_responder"},{"link_name":"passenger terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_terminal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"First responder training area","text":"In February 2011, FedEx donated a surplus Boeing 727-200 cargo jet (tail number N275FE) to the City of Boise for use as a training tool for emergency first responders. The aircraft—stripped of engines—is parked near the southeastern end of Boise's third runway—a location more than a mile southeast of, and not visible from, the main passenger terminal. Several agencies use the plane for training purposes.[citation needed]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Destinations map","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22BOI%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Annual traffic","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at BOI airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumman TBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"naval aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frmresrb-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grmtbm-46"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_125"},{"link_name":"controlled flight into terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Morrison Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Knudsen"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdcpwf-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbupisvty-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plhlcc-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mkcfit-50"},{"link_name":"Douglas B-26B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft M24R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Musketeer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bch29w-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dginvdr-52"},{"link_name":"Twin Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Valley_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Boise Interagency Fire Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Interagency_Fire_Center"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lmtapsfr-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregsurv-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbappk-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spdifbu-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pdabc-57"},{"link_name":"Cessna 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_402"},{"link_name":"Pocatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocatello_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fddilpc-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntsbcessno-59"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Emery Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN091296-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tdsfpcab-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desnpcr-62"},{"link_name":"Lancair IV-P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancair_IV-P"},{"link_name":"Steve Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Appleton"},{"link_name":"Micron Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"pilot error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_error"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwapcr-65"},{"link_name":"OSHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSHA"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collapsed_hangar_KBOI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada"}],"text":"On June 19, 1970, a Grumman TBM (N7026C) was on fire (engine, cockpit) and attempting to return to the airport when it crashed about three miles (5 km) southeast. A naval aviator and Vietnam War veteran, the pilot bailed out at low altitude, but his parachute failed to deploy, and he was killed.[45][46]\nOn December 28, 1970, a de Havilland DH125 (N36MK) made a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) about seven miles (11 km) northeast of the airport, at an elevation of approximately 5,700 feet (1,740 m) above sea level. The corporate jet of Morrison Knudsen was returning from Billings, Montana, where four passengers were dropped off. No passengers were on board at the time of the crash, more than an hour after sunset, which killed both experienced pilots.[47][48][49][50]\nOn August 1, 1974, a Douglas B-26B (N91354) and a Beechcraft M24R (N2529W) collided on the ground while both were taxiing.[51][52] The pilot of the light plane was killed, crushed under the bomber after the bomber's nose gear collapsed. The B-26 had just arrived from Twin Falls, over an hour prior to sunset, and was headed for the Boise Interagency Fire Center; badly burned, its pilot was airlifted to Salt Lake City,[53][54][55] but succumbed three days later.[56][57]\nOn November 16, 1991, a Cessna 402B (N29517) lost power in its starboard engine shortly after take-off from runway 10L, attempted to return, and crashed a mile (1.6 km) south of the airport, killing the pilot and his daughter, the only passenger. Bound for Pocatello, the air taxi cargo flight occurred over four hours prior to sunrise on Saturday.[58][59]\nOn December 9, 1996, a Douglas C-47A (N75142) of Emery Worldwide crashed on approach to runway 28(L/R), killing the only two crew members on board. The aircraft was on a cargo flight to Salt Lake City after sunset when the starboard engine caught fire shortly after take-off from runway 10L and the decision was made to return to Boise.[60][61][62]\nOn February 3, 2012, a Lancair IV-PT turboprop (N321LC) flown by Steve Appleton, CEO of Micron Technology, crashed shortly after take-off from runway 10R, killing the pilot. Attempting an emergency landing, Appleton had aborted an earlier take-off attempt for unknown reasons;[63][64] the accident was attributed to pilot error.[65]On January 31, 2024, a steel-framed hangar owned by Jackson Jet Center that was under construction collapsed at the airport, killing three people and injuring nine others. As of April 21, 2024 the OSHA investigation is on-going.[66]On April 9, 2024, Air Canada Flight #997 from Mexico City, Mexico to Vancouver, Canada declared an in-flight emergency and made an unscheduled landing at the airport. Boise Airport staff deboarded the plane and assisted passengers through U.S. Customs, according to the city; border patrol officials were onsite to help assist with proper entry into the U.S. The city of Boise and the Boise Airport have not released what caused the unscheduled landing; no injuries were reported.","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]

[{"image_text":"Boise's passenger terminal in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Boise_airport_terminal_2009.jpg/220px-Boise_airport_terminal_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"The new air traffic control tower under construction in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boise_new_tower_construction_2009.jpg/220px-Boise_new_tower_construction_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"C-130s previously operated by the Idaho ANG parked on the ramp at Gowen Field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C130s_on_gowen_field_in_boise_idaho.jpg/250px-C130s_on_gowen_field_in_boise_idaho.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Collapsed_hangar_KBOI.jpg/220px-Collapsed_hangar_KBOI.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tnuctipun

List of Known Space characters

["1 Individual characters","1.1 Sigmund Ausfaller","1.2 Larchmont Bellamy","1.3 Teela Brown","1.4 Gil Hamilton","1.5 Emil Horne","1.6 Sharrol Janss","1.7 Alice Jordan","1.8 Nessus","1.9 Peter Nordbo","1.10 Gregory Pelton","1.11 Regional President of We Made It","1.12 Regional President of Jinx","1.13 Ulf Reichstein-Markham","1.14 Beowulf Shaeffer","1.15 Lit Shaeffer","1.16 Ander Smittarasheed","1.17 Nick Sohl","1.18 Speaker-to-Animals","1.19 Margo Tellefsen","1.20 Tanya Wilson","1.21 Carlos Wu","1.22 Louis Wu","2 Fictional alien species","2.1 Bandersnatch","2.2 Chunquen","2.3 Grogs","2.4 Gw'oth","2.5 Jotoki","2.6 Kdatlyno","2.7 Kzin","2.8 Martians","2.9 Morlocks","2.10 Outsiders","2.11 Pak Protectors","2.12 Pierin","2.13 Pierson's Puppeteers","2.14 Thrintun","2.15 Tnuctipun","2.16 Trinocs","2.17 Whrloo","2.18 Others","3 In-universe terms","3.1 Belters","3.2 Flatlanders","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Known Space characters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of fictional characters featured in the Known Space novels by Larry Niven. Individual characters Sigmund Ausfaller Sigmund Ausfaller, a native of Earth, is a member of the Amalgamated Regional Militia ("ARM"), working in the Bureau of Alien Affairs on Earth. To protect puppeteer (and Earth) interests, in "Neutron Star" Ausfaller plants a bomb in the lifesystem of Shaeffer's ship, the Skydiver, so that Shaeffer will not attempt to steal it. Years later, in The Borderlands of Sol, when Shaeffer encounters him on Jinx, he offers Shaeffer and Carlos Wu a ride home to Earth on his ship, Hobo Kelly, in hopes of attracting the attention of whoever or whatever was causing ships to disappear when entering or leaving Sol system. Some years later, Ausfaller, having almost caught up with Shaeffer on Fafnir, is killed by Ander Smittarasheed in order to protect Smittarasheed's interest in the special nanotechnology autodoc developed by Carlos Wu, left on Fafnir when Carlos escaped from Feather Filip as she shot Shaeffer in the chest with an ARM punchgun. He is later "resurrected" by Wu's Autodoc and taken to one of the Puppeteer farming worlds by Nessus. Ausfaller appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories "Neutron Star", The Borderland of Sol, and "Ghost", and is mentioned in the story "Procrustes". He also appears in the non-Shaeffer novel Fleet of Worlds and is the main human character in its sequels Juggler of Worlds and Destroyer of Worlds. Larchmont Bellamy Larchmont "Larch" Bellamy, a native of Earth, is a wealthy human who owns the ship Drunkard’s Walk. A lean man with a lean face, a sharp-edged nose, prominent cheekbones and dark, deep-set eyes with shaggy black eyebrows, Bellamy is in prime condition. He is 300 years old and takes boosterspice, although he was born before that drug became available; initially, like all humans before boosterspice, he relied on the organ banks to keep him healthy. An outgoing, interesting man, Bellamy talks well; he tells old jokes but does it well, and he has some new ones, too. While not xenophobic, Bellamy tends to not think of aliens as people; Shaeffer remembers that he had said they should wipe out the Kzinti for good and all. Bellamy is the leader of a hunting party visiting Gummidgy when the Kdatlyno touch-sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped. When Shaeffer discovers that Bellamy is part of the kidnap plot, he and Emil Horne are captured by the kidnappers who intend to stage their deaths as an accident. Lloobee creates a diversion, allowing Shaeffer to escape, and Bellamy pursues him. Shaeffer rams Bellamy's ship with his aircar, forcing Bellamy to land, but neither Shaeffer nor Bellamy notice that the front landing leg of his ship fails to deploy, leaving the ship balancing with its gyros alone. When Bellamy tries to save his ship, it flips end-for-end, throwing him into the air to his death. Bellamy probably had a romantic relationship with fellow kidnapper Tanya Wilson; Margo Tellefsen told Shaeffer that Wilson might attempt to kill him in revenge for Bellamy's death. He also wonders if Bellamy's age was a factor in his decision to kidnap Lloobee; when a person lives for hundreds of years and their politics and morals change over time, Shaeffer wondered, did they become indifferent to the idea of morality? Bellamy appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story "Grendel". Teela Brown Teela Brown is a member of the crew recruited by Puppeteer Nessus for an expedition to the Ringworld. Her sole qualification was that she was descended from six generations of "lucky" ancestors, winners of Earth's Birthright Lottery. She led such a charmed and worry-free life that she was emotionally immature and unprepared for "harsh reality." The Puppeteers had secretly been trying to breed humans for the psionic power of good luck. Nessus chooses Teela in the hope she would bring luck and success to his expedition. Teela is a descendant of a former lover of Louis Wu. Her age in Ringworld is given as twenty, though there are conflicting data in later books. She joins the Ringworld expedition, and eventually becomes separated from the group. She meets a Ringworld native called Seeker, and decides to remain with him on the Ringworld while the remainder of the crew departs. In The Ringworld Engineers, when a second expedition returns to the Ringworld, it is revealed that Teela has become a Protector-stage human. Her new instincts force her to protect the Ringworld population. When she realizes those instincts are driving her toward an unacceptable choice, she manipulates the other characters into killing her. Further details of her life become sketchy emerge in three more novels. Her story is the subject of guesswork and deduction by the other characters, and subject to inconsistent retconning among the works. The influence of her luck is a significant factor. According to the story in Ringworld (expanded in the Known Space novel Juggler of Worlds), the Puppeteers intervened with human reproduction for at least six generations, seeking to breed humans (finding them comfortable and profitable) for an inheritable psionic ability for luck. They suspected such an ability was latent in humans already, having come to regard humanity as an unusually lucky species. The plan worked by manipulating the reproductive laws of Earth. To stem overcrowding, there were strict birth control laws, limiting the number of children each person could have. The Puppeteers covertly maniupulated the Birthright Lottery (created to offset excess emigration and deaths), whereby anyone could win the right to have more children. Since the winners are chosen at random, luckier people would have more children, who would hopefully inherit that luck, which would become stronger with each generation of winners. In Ringworld's Children, it is revealed that Teela Brown and Seeker had a child, who remained on the Ringworld after the end of the Fringe War. Louis speculates that Teela's luck might work for the survival of her genes, rather than Teela herself. The existence and nature of Teela's luck is debated back and forth by the characters throughout the four-book series. For most of Ringworld, Louis is skeptical of the idea. But by the end of the series Louis says he believes the luck is real, because he sees no other explanation for the unlikely coincidences that have benefited her. Niven has described the problems that such a character and such a trait pose to his story and to his fictional universe. He calls it "Author Control" to illustrate the plot and story limitations it imposes on the creative process. The story "Safe at Any Speed" is set in a time when the Teela gene is more common among humans. Niven says there will not be more stories from this time: "Stories about infinitely lucky people tend to be dull." This indicates that the author felt constrained to develop story lines around Teela consistent with the view that luck is genetic and inheritable—any hardship inflicted upon Teela which appears unlucky on first glance must thereafter be revealed as concealing a silver lining of greater import in order to maintain indeterminacy, at the expense of dissipating plot tension (Teela was never in any danger really)—regardless of the views expressed by various characters within the narrative. Teela can also be viewed as a lampshade trope, by bending narrativium to function as a plot device ("a hero will always win when outnumbered, since million-to-one chances are dramatic enough to crop up nine times out of ten"). Gil Hamilton Gilbert Gilgamesh Hamilton is a detective. He is often called "Gil the Arm", both due to his affiliation with the ARM world police force, and his unusual psychic ability. Born in Topeka, Kansas, to flatlander parents near the end of the 21st century (it is established he was born in the month of April, but 2086, 2091, 2093, and 2097 are all given as years in various stories), he emigrates to the Belt as soon as he becomes an adult. There he begins work on an arduous ten-year apprenticeship towards the acquisition of his singleship licence, working as a member of small, multi-person crews. After completing several successful trips, Gil is nearly killed. While attempting to move an asteroid with explosives, crew leader "Cubes" Forsythe miscalculates, which results in the destruction of the valuable rock. A fast moving piece of shrapnel penetrates the ship, slicing off Gil's arm and killing Forsythe. The remaining crewmember, Owen Jennison, stops Gil's bleeding and manages to get him to life-saving medical facilities in time. While recuperating from his injury, Gil broods over his future as a Belter. In the low gravity of Ceres base, Gil discovers that he has a psi power. His brain, still remembering the "image" of his lost arm, can use it much as he did the flesh-and-blood arm. He can feel and manipulate objects via ESP and telekinesis, respectively. Finding a third crewman, Homer Chandrasekhar, they make several highly profitable trips over the following year. Gil finds his "imaginary arm", though not strong, to be a valuable asset, as he can reach through walls and even into vacuum. After six months, Gil has earned enough to repay all his medical fees, with a comfortable cash reserve left over. Despite much disapproval from Owen and Homer, Gil decides to return to Earth and seek to get his citizenship back. On Earth, he can easily get a transplant to replace his missing arm. In the Belt he would have to pay exorbitantly high fees for a transplant, or settle for a prosthetic. Gil, by a quirk of his own nature, can not live with a prosthetic. Gil receives his new arm, but finds he can still dissociate his imaginary arm from his real one, and reach through walls, flesh, and even vidphone screens to manipulate objects he sees in them. Shortly afterward, Gil finds out that his new arm had not come from a condemned criminal as he had hoped, but from the captured stock of "organleggers", black market dealers in illicit organ transplants. To make amends, Gil joins the ARM, the elite global police force. As an ARM, Hamilton is a high-tech detective, who hunts organleggers and other criminals for a living. With his unusual psi power, he is formidable and highly feared among his enemies. His exploits are detailed in six "Gil 'the Arm' Hamilton" stories. The stories are noir style, told in first person, and frequently involve exotic technology and locked room mysteries: "Death by Ecstasy" (1968) "The Defenseless Dead" (1973) "ARM" (1975): Hamilton is called to the scene of a murder. The victim is Dr. Raymond Sinclair, a brilliant scientist who has invented a mysterious device that creates a bubble of accelerated time. The murder scene is a locked apartment at the top of a high-rise, where the prime suspect is a beautiful young woman who Gil refuses to believe is the killer. The Patchwork Girl (1980) The Woman in Del Rey Crater (1995) Sacred Cow (2022) written with Steven Barnes The Long Arm of Gil Hamilton (1976) contains the first three novellas. Flatlander (1995) (ISBN 0-345-39480-1) is a collection of the first five Gil Hamilton novellas and novels. Emil Horne Emil Horne, a native of Jinx, is a top-flight computer programmer. He meets Shaeffer on a trip from Down to Gummidgy and they struck up a quick friendship. Horne is short and strongly built like most natives of Jinx, a high-gravity world. His ability to ask the right questions when programming complex problems also helps him deduce the probable identities of the kidnappers when the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped from the Argos as it was about to enter Gummidgy system. Despite Shaeffer's caution and some misleading comments that led Horne to believe he was wrong about Larchmont Bellamy and his crew being the kidnappers (Horne wasn't wrong but Shaeffer didn't want him running in with stun-guns blazing), they are taken prisoner when they attempt to infiltrate the location where Lloobee is being held, a cave created with a Slaver disintegrator tool, which Horne locates by having Shaeffer fly high above the ground to see the dust created by the tool. When he attempts to enter the cave, however, a stun-gun set in the "on" position and facing the door renders Horne unconscious. He is returned along with Lloobee after Shaeffer escapes from the kidnappers with Lloobee's help. Emil Horne appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story "Grendel" and is mentioned in the story The Borderland of Sol. Sharrol Janss Sharrol Janss, a native of Earth, is Beowulf Shaeffer's wife and the mother of their daughter Jeena and another child, name unknown, whom she was pregnant with when Shaeffer encountered Ander Smittarasheed on Fafnir in 2655. Sharrol first met Shaeffer on Earth when she picked his pocket, and was later formally introduced to him by Dianna and Elephant as a fourth for bridge. Sharrol also has two children by Carlos Wu, Tanya and Louis, as part of an arrangement between the three so that Bey and Sharrol could raise children together on Earth. Sharrol suffers from Flatland Phobia, a fear of changes to a person's environment, gravity, etc. which makes them psychologically unable to bear space travel or being away from Earth. She was employed at the time she met Shaeffer as a computer analyst for Donovan's Brains, Inc. She had been previously employed by the Epcot-Atlanta police. During her childhood her father ran a lobster ranch in Boston. She was able to travel to Fafnir asleep inside Carlos Wu's special autodoc and later was frozen for travel to Home when Smittarasheed located Shaeffer on Fafnir. Sharrol Janss appears in the stories Flatlander, Procrustes and Ghost, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and The Borderland of Sol. Alice Jordan Alice Jordan is a Belter and a Goldskin, a member of the Belt Police in the mid-twenty-fourth century. Together with flatlander Roy Truesdale, they set out for the Kuiper Belt in search of Jack Brennan, a human turned Protector who has been abducting humans for study. In Destroyer of Worlds (by Niven and Edward M. Lerner), Alice is found by Outsiders in a stasis field in a singleship. They sell the singleship containing her to Sigmund Ausfaller, who releases her from stasis. Ausfaller deduces that Brennan put Alice in stasis and sent her far from the danger described in Protector because she is pregnant with his descendant. Alice later becomes involved with Louis Wu, in (by the same authorial team) Betrayer of Worlds and Fate of Worlds. Nessus Nessus is a member of the technologically advanced alien race known to humans as Pierson's Puppeteers, and amongst themselves as Citizens. Nessus, like almost all Puppeteers ever met by humans, is insane by Puppeteer standards. Sane Puppeteers are far too cautious (cowardly from the human perspective) to go off-world or interact with non-Puppeteers, so only insane individuals like Nessus can manage to act as business liaisons or ambassadors to other species, as he does with humans and others. Nessus demonstrates traits that in humans would be diagnosed as manic-depressive disorder, displacement, and at times, extreme suggestibility. His interactions with humans cause him to be one of the few Puppeteers to ever show any support for Human interests as coequal to Puppeteer interests. He is also directly responsible for the presence of Sigmund Ausfaller on New Terra Nessus is featured in the short story "The Soft Weapon" (printed in the 1968 collection Neutron Star) and is one of the expeditionaries to the Ringworld in the 1970 book of the same name. Nessus is also a central character of the Fleet of Worlds series of Ringworld companion novels (Fleet of Worlds, Juggler of Worlds, Destroyer of Worlds, Betrayer of Worlds, and Fate of Worlds), which opens about 200 years before Ringworld and ends following Ringworld's Children. Peter Nordbo Peter Nordbo is an astronomer and noble on Wunderland, who during the First Man-Kzin War was pressed into service for the Kzin following their occupation of the world. At the height of the occupation, he discovered a source of bizarre radiation on a world many lightyears away, and was taken to investigate by the scientifically minded Kzin who oversaw him. During the flight, forces under Buford Early and Ulf Reichstein Markham liberated Wunderland, and Nordbo was convicted of collaboration and stripped of all of his possessions. In order to secure his release and clear his name, his daughter Tyra secured the help of Robert Saxtorph and his ship to investigate. They found that Peter had discovered a remnant of the Tnuctipun, a black hole powered hyperdrive that could also be used as a powerful Hawking radiation beam weapon. Peter had freed himself from the Kzinti and was reunited with Tyra, and after the weapon was destroyed by the Kzin, returned to Wunderland to free his name. Gregory Pelton Gregory Pelton, (aka "Elephant" for a certain anatomical resemblance to a feature of the large Earth land animal), a native of Earth, is probably the richest human alive. His great-to-the-eighth grandmother invented the transfer booth. It is rumored that he actually owns known space, and gets income from renting it out, and that General Products Corporation is actually a front for him. Pelton lives in a house on the side of a cliff in the Rocky Mountains on Earth, and having spent a lot of time in space resents being called a flatlander. Pelton is of average height but strongly built, looking not so much overweight as solid. Most humans in this period of time on Earth are in excellent health, with autodocs to maintain their bodies and boosterspice to prevent aging; Pelton presumably uses both. Pelton and Shaeffer's personalities tend to complement each other, and they quickly made friends when Shaeffer first encountered him aboard the Lensman, bound for Earth from Jinx after Shaeffer's fateful trip to the core of the Milky Way galaxy. Pelton can be cordial and pleasant but also very direct and blunt when it suits him. He is patient but his patience has limits, and while he is as cautious as anyone he can sometimes act without thinking, a trait that would have gotten him killed if Shaeffer had not talked him out of landing on the protosun's planet when they visited it in 2645: the planet, which they named "Cannonball Express", was composed of antimatter, which would have destroyed even Pelton's General Products-hulled ship, the Slower Than Infinity. Indeed, the hull eventually disintegrated due to annihilations by exposure to antimatter particles from the Fast Protosun's solar wind, but Pelton and Shaeffer were able to escape and managed to return to Jinx. After Shaeffer and Pelton returned from Cannonball Express, Pelton made plans to revisit it but when government agencies became involved the plan bogged down in details. Ander Smittarasheed told Shaeffer that as of 2655 it was unclear whether Pelton was still involved in the project at all. Shaeffer and Pelton maintained contact after the trip to Cannonball Express; when Shaeffer secretly emigrated to Fafnir with Sharrol, their children, and Carlos Wu and Feather Filip, Elephant gave him the money he had received from General Products Corporation for the indemnity on his General Products hull. The money was deposited on accounts in Fafnir and Home, where the group planned to emigrate to, using assumed identities, after secretly arriving on Fafnir. Gregory Pelton appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Flatlander and was mentioned in the stories Grendel, The Borderland of Sol and Ghost. In Juggler of Worlds, Pelton is powerful enough to control the SecGen of the fictional UN, and becomes a wanted criminal on the run, the authors' way of explaining why he never returns to the Known Space universe. Regional President of We Made It This Pierson's Puppeteer, a native of the Fleet-of-Worlds working for General Products in Known Space, contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a spaceship in a close fly-by of newly discovered neutron star BVS-1 to discover what killed the first two explorers to make the attempt, Peter and Sonya Laskin. After Shaeffer's return from BVS-1, the puppeteer also agreed to pay Shaeffer one million stars in return for his silence concerning whether the puppeteer homeworld had a moon. The Regional President of We Made It appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Neutron Star. Regional President of Jinx This puppeteer (called "Honey" by an overly tired Shaeffer at one point, due to his female-sounding voice), also worked for General Products. He contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a Quantum II hyperdrive ship (named Long Shot by Shaeffer) to the core of the Milky Way galaxy, where Shaeffer discovers the core explosion. The Regional President of Jinx appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story At the Core. Ulf Reichstein-Markham Ulf Reichstein-Markham was born on Wunderland in 2390, the son of a Solar System Belter. Following the occupation of Wunderland by the Kzinti in the First Man-Kzin War, at the age of 18 he joined the "Free Wunderland Navy," what purported to be a resistance group but was little more than a band of space pirates occupying the Serpent Swarm (Alpha Centauri's asteroid belt). He was responsible for the capture of the United Nations spaceship Catskinner, whose crew later were responsible for the assassination of Chuut-Riit. He also came under the control of a Thrint who escaped its Slaver stasis field before being destroyed by the Catskinner AI. By the time Wunderland was liberated in 2420, Reichstein-Markham had become an admiral, and then was chosen to be Minister of War for the free Wunderlander government. He finally died in the year 2443 after being selected to chair the Interworld Commission, an early form of pan-Human government established after the peace treaty with the Kzin was signed. Prior to his death, he had used his position to give the secret of hyperdrive to the Kzin disguised as a diplomatic packet, in the hopes of creating a lasting peace of equality between the two races. Although he did not live to see it, Reichstein-Markham's treachery meant that, far from his intentions, the Kzin would grow strong enough to launch four additional wars of conquest against the Human worlds. Beowulf Shaeffer Main article: Beowulf Shaeffer Lit Shaeffer Charles Martin Shaeffer is nicknamed "Little" Shaeffer and is known to most of his friends simply as "Lit". A Belter, born in the late 21st century, he is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Kzanol the thrint is revived from stasis in the early 22nd century. He is friends with Lucas Garner and has visited with him at least once on Farmer's Asteroid, one of the Belt Bubbleworlds. Lit's nickname comes from the fact that he spent a good deal of time in low and zero-g during his body's growth period, and is now unusually tall. The Shaeffer family is very active in Belt politics, and are likely ancestors of Beowulf Shaeffer, but this is never established definitively. Lit Shaeffer is featured in the novels World of Ptavvs, Protector and in the short story "At the Bottom of a Hole". Ander Smittarasheed Ander Smittarasheed, a native of Earth, was hired by Shaeffer to ghostwrite his neutron star story, and again four years later to write his galactic core story. Athletic and well-built, easily able to have any woman for the asking, Ander tends to dress in wild flatlander style even when offworld. He has a square face, thin blond hair and a solid-looking jaw that Shaeffer compared to a prey turtle's. Ander presents himself as cool yet affable, but manages to come off (at least to Shaeffer) as being smug. When Shaeffer advertised for a ghostwriter after his neutron star episode, Ander answered and managed to push himself into the situation before Shaeffer's guard was completely up. He was a very competent writer, which surprised Shaeffer, and the neutron star recording sold well, as did the core piece they did together four years later. That was the last Shaeffer saw of Ander until he appeared on Fafnir ten years later, looking for him. Ander is in the employ of Sigmund Ausfaller, an ARM and agent for the Bureau of Alien Affairs. Ander was tasked with finding Shaeffer and questioning him about the threat level of certain alien races, notably the puppeteers. This may have been done to delay Shaeffer until Ausfaller could arrive and take him into custody, but Ander did not have time to contact Ausfaller until after his initial interview with the crashlander. However, when Shaeffer offers to sell Ander the location of Carlos Wu's nanotech autodoc, Ander understands the impact of such technology (evidenced by Shaeffer's altered appearance) and is interested in spite of himself. The lure of Carlos Wu's special autodoc proves too tempting for Ander. When Ausfaller appears to take Shaeffer into custody, along with local money (probably for bribing local officials; he never intended to give it to Shaeffer), Ander kills him with the ARM punchgun that Sharrol left in Shaeffer's hotel room and Ander took, and offers to split the money with Shaeffer for the location of Carlos's autodoc. Shaeffer agrees but leaves Fafnir without the money, knowing that the Fafnir police can link the punchgun to another crime, a survival jacket with a ragged hole through it, made by the same weapon. In Ander's possession, the weapon would be link him to that death as well as Ausfaller's. And Ander did not reckon, Shaeffer knew, on just how many Fafnir police were Kzinti who had elected to stay on that world when it was acquired by Earth in the Fourth Man-Kzin War. Ander's final fate is revealed in “Juggler of Worlds”, where he is killed in a firefight with Kzinti Fafnir police. Ander Smittarasheed appears in the framing story Ghost. Nick Sohl Nicholas Brewster Sohl is a Belter, born in the mid 21st century. He is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Phssthpok the Pak Protector arrives in the Solar System in the early 22nd century. Sohl and Lucas Garner track Phssthpok and Jack Brennan to Mars, where they find that Brennan has become a Protector himself (and has killed Phssthpok). Speaker-to-Animals Speaker-to-Animals (later known as Chmeee) is a junior diplomat who is trained to deal with other species without reflexively killing them. He is recruited by Nessus, a Pierson's Puppeteer, as a member of an expedition to explore the Ringworld. Speaker is a Kzin, a member of an extraterrestrial race of large tiger-like beings. He is a trained diplomat posted to the United Nations. His title (in place of a name he has yet to earn) is a polite reference to how Kzinti refer to non-Kzin races. Following their return to Known Space, he is given the name of "Chmeee" (the "ch" is pronounced like a guttural German "ch", as in "ach") and given breeding rights by the Kzinti Patriarch. In the sequel The Ringworld Engineers Chmeee, along with Louis Wu, is kidnapped by the Hindmost (the exiled leader of the Puppeteers), who wants Louis and Chmeee to uncover the secret behind the creation of the Ringworld. Chmeee appears briefly in The Ringworld Throne and Ringworld's Children. His son, Acolyte, is a supporting character in these novels. As a member of the Kzin species, Speaker-to-Animals is extremely dangerous and always ready to fight despite the fact that he is a diplomat. He was the one that caused the most damage to the Ringworld village of Zignamuclikclik, and were he not a part of the Docile Kzinti project, he probably would have leveled the village to the ground. He is also responsible for the expedition's safety on Ringworld and therefore is in charge most of the time. Chmeee is approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and weighs 400–500 pounds (180–230 kg). He, like all kzinti, is covered with a thick coat of long fur that comes in various combinations of orange, yellow, and black. His face has black fur across the eyes resembling a bandit's mask, or the facial markings of a raccoon. His tail is naked and similar in appearance to a rat's tail. Kzinti ears are hairless, pink, and shaped liked a segment of a Chinese parasol (or cocktail umbrella); they can fold back flat against the head for protection during a fight. Chmeee was badly burned during Ringworld; and as a result, his body was covered with scars. After he involuntarily received an injection of the Kzinti analog of boosterspice, his scarring gradually disappeared. However, he acquired new scars after a fight with a Pak protector in The Ringworld Engineers. Margo Tellefsen Margo Tellefsen, a native of Earth, is the captain of the Argos, bound for Gummidgy, when it is boarded and one of its passengers is kidnapped. She is slim and lovely with long, dark hair that she wears in a "free fall" effect. She has green eyes. Beowulf Shaeffer considers her lovely enough (by flatlander standards) to make a fast fortune on tridee if she wanted to. He believes that Margo is in collusion with the kidnappers, which she confirms when Shaeffer confronts her after his escape. Margo reveals that she is Bellamy's mother and therefore well over 300 years old. She asks him to stay with her for two years while Sharrol and Carlos Wu are having children for Bey and Sharrol to raise on Earth; intrigued by this request, Schaeffer agrees. Margo Tellefsen appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel. Tanya Wilson Tanya Wilson, a native of Earth, is a companion of Larch Bellamy and one of the four people who kidnap the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee from the spaceship Argos. Shaeffer meets her when he arrives at Elephant's house during lush-hour one day. She is about 300 years old. Details on her physical appearance are sparse. She has a voice that is rich and fruity, according to Shaeffer, with a flatlander accent that doesn't ring quite true and is probably displaced in time. When Emil Horne attempts to storm the cave where Lloobee is being held, he stuns Wilson before being stunned himself. After Shaeffer is captured she returns to the campsite, the cover story for her injury being that she was scratched by one of the native species of Gummidgy. After Bellamy's death, Margo Tellefsen, who is Bellamy's mother, warns Shaeffer that Tanya Wilson had been in love with her son and will probably try to kill him. Tanya Wilson appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel. Carlos Wu Carlos Wu, a native of Earth, is one of only about 120 people with an unlimited parenthood license due to his incredible genius and resistance to disease and injury. His intelligence allowed him to solve the Sealeyham Limits Problem, and to design a new autodoc based on nanotechnology. Along with being a genius mathematician, he is also a playwright and composer. Wu is an easygoing and pleasant fellow, although he broods over feeling trapped by the ARM keeping constant track of his whereabouts and activities. He is reluctant to disclose his thoughts on the cause of ships disappearing near Sol system, even when the hyperdrive in Sigmund Ausfaller's ship, Hobo Kelly, completely disappears as they approach Earth. Carlos and Beowulf Sheaffer are returning to Earth: Bey in order to be with his love, Sharrol Janss, and their two children, Tanya and Louis (both of whom were fathered by Carlos). Carlos, perhaps having a resurgence of flatland phobia, has agreed to return there with Ausfaller. Carlos and Bey meet with Dr. Julian Forward and discover that he has found a quantum black hole and is using it to make ships in hyperdrive disappear. Forward takes them hostage and attempts to destroy the Hobo Kelly, but Ausfaller fires on his ships and Shaeffer manages to damage his equipment, causing Forward to temporarily lose control of the quantum black hole; sensing defeat, Forward allows himself to be drawn into it. Ausfaller rescues Bey and Carlos and they continue on to Earth where Bey rejoins Sharrol and their children and Carlos resumes his own life on Earth. Carlos and Sharrol Janss had a casual sexual relationship before Sharrol met Shaeffer, although Carlos may have been more interested in her than she in him, since he tried to convince her at one point to leave Earth with him because he felt smothered by the overprotective ARMs who were tasked with protecting his life. When Shaeffer and Janss decided to have children but Shaeffer was denied a parenthood license due to his albinism, they agreed that Carlos would father two children with Sharrol and she and Bey would raise them. Eventually Wu formed a relationship with Feather Filip, an ARM agent tasked to protect him, and he and she created a plan to secretly emigrate from Earth. To minimize the chance of being found out they planned to bring others along to disguise the size of their group (the ARM would presumably be looking for two people, not a larger group). They brought Bey and Sharrol into the plan. Feather had located a ship that would transport them to Fafnir. From there, they would take the place of a family named Graynor, a group of two men, two women and two children. That family would secretly emigrate to Wunderland, where Feather had set up funding for them, while they would move on to Home. However, after reaching Fafnir, Feather turned on them, shooting Shaeffer in the chest with the punchgun, to show Carlos what she was capable of, so he would stay with her. Instead, Carlos ran with the children, Tanya and Louis, and managed to emigrate to Home without Feather's help. A year and a half later, when Ander Smittarasheed caught up to Bey and Sharrol on Fafnir, she was frozen for shipment to Home along with their daughter Jeena and their unborn child. While on Earth, Carlos lived underwater at the United Nations-protected Great Barrier Reef. Carlos Wu appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories The Borderland of Sol and Procrustes, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and Ghost. Louis Wu Main article: Louis Wu Fictional alien species In the process of exploring space, humankind encounters several intelligent alien species, including the following (in alphabetical order): Bandersnatch The Bandersnatch (plural bandersnatchi) is a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe. The species is named for Lewis Carroll's Bandersnatch. Niven's first story to discuss the Bandersnatchi was World of Ptavvs, published in 1966. That story relates the way that they were named as follows: Winston Doheny, our biologist, took one look at these monsters and dubbed them frumious bandersnatch. This species name is now in the goddam log.— World of Ptavvs, Larry Niven Bandersnatchi are described as enormous herd animals, twice the size of an Apatosaurus with a slug-like shape and completely white, slick skin. A sauropod-like neck, with no head, extends about as high as the bandersnatch's body. The tip is thick and rounded, entirely featureless, other than two tufts of black bristles (sense organs). At the front of the body, low to the ground, is a large mouth adapted to scooping a form of mutated yeast out of shallow ocean-like yeast colonies. Niven's works describe Bandersnatchi as one giant cell with long chromosomes as thick as a human finger, rendering them impervious to the mutagenitive effects of radiation and therefore unable to mutate. As single cells, they reproduce asexually by budding. Their nerves have no cell body and no nuclei; nothing to separate them from other specialized protoplasm. The Bandersnatchi also have 6 large hearts, each weighing about 11 pounds. The brain is large, shaped long and narrow, and is encased in a bony cage. The skull is one end of this jointless, flexible, very strong cage that keeps them from ever shifting position. In the Known Space universe, the Bandersnatchi were created by the Tnuctipun during the Thrintun empire (~1.5 billion BCE) as a food source with a flavor nearly irresistible to the predatory Thrintun. As such, the Thrintun had no objection to their large size. While the Thrintun believed that the Bandersnatchi possessed no intelligence, they were actually sentient beings resistant to the Thrintun's telepathic mind control abilities and were used by the Tnuctipun to spy on the Thrintun until a slave rebellion. This immunity to the Thrintun psychic abilities also allowed them to survive the mass-suicide command used at the end of the Tnuctipun-Thrintun war. However, because Bandersnatchi chromosomes are so thick and resilient that they never mutate, they therefore cannot evolve, and have remained biologically unchanged for the past two billion years. Bandersnatchi are portrayed as surviving on the planet Jinx, with isolated populations also scattered throughout the galaxy, including the planet Beanstalk and the 'Maps of Jinx' in the Great Oceans of the Ringworld. On Jinx, Bandersnatchi allow themselves to be hunted in exchange for specialized tools and devices, such as mechanical 'arms' specifically designed for their massive bodies, along with keeping the Bandersnatchi population in check and providing the humans with something to fight. The Hunter's equipment is restricted by agreement to make things more equal; about 40% of the hunters do not return. Along with Grogs and Dolphins, Bandersnatchi are described as a "Handicapped" (with a capital "H") race, in that they are sentient but do not possess any prehensile limbs. Chunquen The Chunquen were a slave species of the Kzinti, remarkable to their captors for the sentience of both sexes. ("They fought constantly.") Their homeworld is watery; they resisted the Kzinti invasion with missiles fired from submarines. Apparently they were exterminated before the Kzinti first encountered humans. Grogs The Grogs are sessile sentient creatures, shaped like furry cones. They are eyeless, earless, and have a prehensile tongue. They can also control animals telepathically. The Grogs are thought by some to be the descendants of the Thrintun species, after 1.5 billion years of atrophy. Gw'oth The Gw'oth (singular Gw'o) are alien creatures first encountered in Larry Niven and Edward M. Lerner's collaborative Fleet of Worlds series of novels (a subset of Niven's Known Space future history). The Gw'oth resemble starfish and inhabit the ocean under the ice of their home world, the moon Jm'ho. When linked together – using a vestigial talent that few Gw'oth retain – they can form a powerful biological computer. One such instance is named Ol't'ro. Ol't'ro is composed of 16 Gw'oth individuals who link themselves together into a 'meld' or ensemble mind called a Gw'otesht. Ol't'ro is featured prominently throughout the Fleet of Worlds series. Ol't'ro's ultimate fate is unknown after Fate of Worlds. Whether Ol't'ro died in the explosion of planets or somehow escaped is left unanswered. Ol't'ro had just solved the mystery of Type II hyperspatial travel so it is possible but unknown that the Gw'otesht managed to escape in that fashion. Jotoki The Jotoki (singular Jotok) are a fictional alien race, first described in the novelette "The Survivor" by Donald Kingsbury, in Man-Kzin Wars IV. Jotoki resemble large, spindly starfish. They have a torochord (ring-shaped) instead of a notochord, with five "self-sections" (apparently semi-independent brains) that operate the Jotok's body cooperatively. The Jotoki begin life as small aquatic swimmers, most of which are eaten by predators; in time, five of the survivors will merge to form one collective organism, which grows into an arboreal adolescent form; its tails become arms, and its fins differentiate into fingers. When it grows large enough, the Jotok imprints itself on an adult (if one is available) and enters a stage of rapid learning and brain growth. A Jotok who desires a family can simply go into the wilderness and "harvest" an adolescent of the proper age (a property that Kzin slavers later exploit). Unimprinted adult Jotoki are considered feral, and regarded as little more than animals. Since the five subunits that make up one Jotok individual are not necessarily genetically related, reproduction does not require sex; a Jotok can simply find a pond and deposit its offspring to begin the cycle again. Before their enslavement, Jotoki operated in groups called "clanpods", as part of their former planet-wide tradeweb. Details of this arrangement are not known. Jotok technological specialties included gravity polarizers, linguistics and biotechnology. They had the ability to force-grow clones to adulthood. The Jotoki were also experts at trade. Their interstellar trade empire was quite developed for its time, but after Kzinti were used as mercenaries for many years, the Kzinti revolted and conquered the Jotoki. The Jotoki became the slaves and food-animals of the ferocious Kzinti. In "modern" times (i.e. during most of the Known Space stories), Jotoki are a seldom-seen slave race of the Kzinti. The Kzinti believe that there is a free Jotoki fleet wandering amongst the stars, which would have provided their most strenuous opposition (excepting humans). In Man-Kzin Wars XI, it is established that surviving Jotoki swimmers inhabited a Wunderland swamp near a crashed Kzin cruiser. Although the swamp was rendered uninhabitable, by the end of the book it is established that humans recovered some Jotoki and are attempting to breed a free Jotok species. The success of this is unknown, since earlier-written but chronologically later Niven works do not mention free Jotoki. Kdatlyno The Kdatlyno are chiefly known for their touch sculpture and their sonar "vision". Their race was formerly subjugated by the Kzinti until freed by the humans. In appearance they are a physically large and powerful bipedal species with muscular build, rough scaly skin, retractile claws and thick hides, growing up to eight feet tall. They have no eyes, having evolved on a world which instead drove the development of echolocation rather than vision. Kdatlyno are one of the few sentient races that can physically intimidate an adult Kzin, and there is at least one mention of them being used as elite imperial guards for the Kzinti Patriarch, presumably due to both their great strength and their uninvolvement in Kzin imperial court politics. The short story "Grendel" features the Kdatlyno Lloobee, a touch-sculptor who works primarily for a human audience. Kzin Main article: Kzin Martians The Martians are primitive but intelligent humanoids who lived beneath the sands. Martians burst into flames when brought in contact with water. Martians killed many of the early human explorers on Mars, principally because they concealed their existence, and they weren't suspected. In the novel Protector, the Martians were wiped out when Jack Brennan caused an ice asteroid to crash into the surface of Mars, raising the average humidity of the atmosphere. Some Martians still exist on the "Map of Mars" on the Ringworld. Morlocks The Morlocks are semi-sentient humanoid cave dwellers on Wunderland. They, like humans, descended from a failed attempt by Pak Protectors to colonize Sol and nearby star systems. Named by humans for the creatures in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine. Outsiders The Outsiders are many-limbed beings that are invariably described as a cat o'nine tails with a fattened handle. Their body composition includes ultra-cold superfluid helium. Outsiders are estimated to be the most advanced species in Known Space, possibly the Galaxy, but the extent of their development remains unknown. Though they have the technology to produce advanced faster-than-light drives, they rarely use them, preferring to travel the "slow" way, just below the speed of light. They do possess a "reactionless drive" technology that allows them to reach this speed almost instantaneously. In Ringworld's Children Louis Wu says that the Outsiders have "something better" than hyperdrive but this is not elaborated on. They spend all of their time following starseeds and acting as information brokers to space-faring sentient races throughout the Milky Way. Their prices can be very high and scaled to the estimated impact the information will have on the civilization of the client race. Their most common wares are interstellar propulsion systems of various types. The Outsiders maintain a strict commercial ethos regarding any form of knowledge, which shrouds them in a secrecy only wealth can penetrate. They do not haggle. They will answer any question, even those about themselves, if the questioner is willing to pay the price. Personal questions about the Outsiders have been priced beyond the ability of any individual or government to pay (on the order of a trillion credits). In "Peace and Freedom", it is revealed that starseeds are in fact packages of microorganisms designed to seed new planets with life, thus creating new customers for the Outsiders. They are reluctant to reveal this information because they are ashamed, since one of their starseeds created the Thrintun, a species which destroyed nearly all intelligent life in the galaxy several billion years ago. Another theory behind the Outsiders-Starseed connection is that Starseeds actually carry Outsider 'spores'; as the Outsiders are a small-numbered species their offspring are of great importance to them. The Outsiders are thought to have evolved on a cold world with no atmosphere, similar to Neptune's moon Nereid, which they lease from the Earth government. They live on thermoelectricity by lying with their heads in sunlight and their tails in shadow; the temperature difference sets up a current. In some of the later Known Space stories it has been suggested that the Outsiders do not use hyperspace as its conditions are lethal to them because they would be unable to generate thermoelectricity. Outsider 'ships' are equipped with an artificial 'sun' for their journeys between systems, but because of the nature of their 'ships' the hyperspace 'blind spot' would absorb this artificial light, killing Outsiders who remained in hyperspace too long. (The canonicity of this material is debatable as it was not written by Niven.) The novel A Darker Geometry by Gregory Benford and Mark O. Martin revealed that the Outsiders were created by a race of extra-dimensional aliens seeking to escape the heat death of their own universe. Edward M. Lerner revealed in an online chat (as 'EML') that Larry Niven had ruled A Darker Geometry as definitely non-canonical and incompatible with the then forthcoming Juggler of Worlds, which was co-authored by Niven and Lerner. Juggler of Worlds introduces a number of possible retcons to established Outsider history. While in most of the Known Space Series, the name "Outsiders" refers to the aforementioned species, in stories that happen before the discovery of aliens the term "Outsider" refers to any alien that might make contact with mankind. The Outsiders may have inspired the Melnorme, from Star Control 2, another highly advanced and very mysterious species. The Investor species in Shaper/Mechanist stories by Bruce Sterling have a similar ethos but an altogether different biology. Pak Protectors Main article: Pak Protector Pierin The Pierin are a rare multi-limbed species which developed on a planet with lower gravity than Earth, thus Pierin spend much time in the air. They have horns on their heads and wide membranous wings. They speak in raspy screeches and atonal clicks. Pierin are described as curious and friendly to the point of being nosy. They were able to develop a small space-faring civilization before being enslaved by the Kzin. Their planet of origin is known as Pierin, orbiting a star in the constellation Reticulum. At some point Human beings tried to ally with them against the Kzin. They eventually were liberated from slavery during the Man-Kzin wars. Pierson's Puppeteers Main article: Pierson's Puppeteers Thrintun The Thrintun (singular Thrint; also, Slavers) are an ancient species that ruled a large empire, including the region of Known Space, through telepathic mind control about 1.5 billion years ago. A technology created by one of their slave races was the stasis field, which makes its contents impervious to harm and provides indefinite suspended animation, and which has figured in several Known Space stories. Thrintun were small (approximately 1.25 meters tall), highly telepathic but not particularly intelligent (with their mind control, they did not need to be), reptilian, with green scaly skin, pointed teeth, and a single eye. The species was depicted in Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials. Tnuctipun The Tnuctipun (singular Tnuctip) were small, arboreal pack predators, averaging about 3–4 feet long. Their heads were long and lean, and their eyes opened laterally. They were highly intelligent (IQ estimated around 130–140, according to the short story "In the Hall of the Mountain King") and social. As befits their carnivorous nature, they were also ruthless, aggressive, and cunning. Their word for alien most closely translates to "food that talks". Two billion years before humans evolved, the galaxy was ruled by the Thrintun, who telepathically enslaved the Tnuctipun and other species. The Tnuctipun invented most of the technologies from that era, including stage trees (trees containing solid rocket fuel in their trunks, originally used as cheap rocket boosters, which in the present era of the Known Space universe had evolved to seed themselves across star systems), sunflowers (flowers with integral parabolic mirrors that can focus sunlight to deadly effect), and stasis fields (a time dilation device). They were also known to have direct conversion of mass to energy and a telepathy shield (these two technologies are lost by the time most Niven stories take place). In order for the Tnuctipun to think creatively, the Thrintun allowed them some limited mental freedom. The Tnuctipun used that freedom to stage a rebellion against their masters, the culmination of a carefully thought out, centuries-long plan. In the novel World of Ptavvs, the protagonist Larry Greenberg, a telepath who reads the mind of a Thrint, theorizes that some of their inventions were traps: Bandersnatchi, thought to be non-sentient livestock, were in fact intelligent, created as spies immune to telepathy. Sunflowers turned against their masters and burned Thrint homes to the ground. Other Tnuctip inventions were designed to shape Thrint society to weaken it. Sunflowers encouraged a trend for the slavers to live in isolated manors, surrounded by slaves. Mutated racing viprin (fast-running creatures raced for entertainment and gambling) ruined the existing viprin herding business, which along with other similar inventions led to an economic depression prior to the Tnuctip revolt. The war escalated until the Thrintun, rather than accept defeat, employed a device that amplified the sphere of influence of a Thrint's mind control to encompass the entire galaxy. And they gave a simple command: Die. And everything in the galaxy that had evolved a backbone perished, including any Thrintun not protected by a stasis field. The Bandersnatchi were one of the only sentient races that survived this on a large scale, because they were already immune to telepathic commands. This course of events is alluded to in the novel World of Ptavvs and a still functioning suicide amplifier itself is discovered in the short story "Peter Robinson" by Hal Colebach, at which point it is destroyed. Several other Tnuctip inventions are inadvertently discovered in the various known space novels, including a prototype hyperspace shunt, discovered during the first Man-Kzin War (in the novelette Inconstant Star by Poul Anderson). The Kzinti lose the war before they can bring news of it home, and the device itself is lost. A recent Man-Kzin Wars short story – "Teacher's Pet" by Matthew Joseph Harrington, in Man-Kzin Wars XI – claimed that the Tnuctipun are responsible for creating the Pak Protectors. As with most Man-Kzin Wars material, its canonicity has not been confirmed by Niven. In 1968, Niven worked with Norman Spinrad to draft a story outline entitled Down In Flames, in which much of the history of Known Space is revealed to be a hoax, and in which it is revealed that the Kzin are the Tnuctipun. The outline was published in Tom Reamy's fanzine Trumpet, and released on the internet, but was never intended to be completed or published, and was superseded by the Ringworld series of novels. Trinocs The Trinocs are named for their three eyes; they also have three fingers on each hand and a triangular mouth. They are described as 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) bipedal humanoids, with long legs, short torsos, and improbably flexible neck vertebrae. An unconfirmed source states that they breathe a "primordial reducing atmosphere" mainly composed of methane and ammonia, and are culturally paranoid, at least by human standards. First encountered by Louis Wu in the short story "There is a Tide". Whrloo The Whrloo are meter-tall insectoids with long eyestalks; their homeworld has low gravity with a thick, dense atmosphere. They never saw the stars until they were enslaved by the Kzinti. Others Also figuring in some stories are dolphins and other intelligent cetaceans, and various offshoots of Homo sapiens including the associate lineage of the hominids of the Ringworld. Most life in Known Space shares similar biochemistries, since they evolved from the Thrintun practice of seeding barren worlds with food yeast which they used to feed their slaves. Over a billion years, the Thrintun food yeast evolved into the different life forms in Known Space. In-universe terms Belters A Belter refers to a resident of the Asteroid Belt around Sol, sometimes known as the Sol Belt to differentiate it from Alpha Centauri's Serpent Swarm. Rugged and highly individualistic, Belters make their living by mining the ores from the asteroidal rocks. Belters inhabit the main belt, trojan asteroids of the outer planets, centaur planetoids and NEA's. Transient by nature, the only home they typically own is their pressure suit, and perhaps their singleship. As a form of heraldry, Belters decorate their skintight suits with elaborate (and often expensive) torso paintings. Most Belters, male and female, sport what is known as the Belter Crest: shaving their heads on the sides, leaving a strip of hair down the center resembling a mohawk. However, the hair in the back can be of any length, particularly for women. In lieu of (or perhaps in addition to) a wake for their dead, Belters have a custom known as the ceremonial drunk. When a Belter dies, his or her close friends will typically get intoxicated (either alone or in groups according to one's nature or circumstance) and reminisce about the deceased. The Belt Government collects a 30% tax on all cargo sold within the belt. However, one can avoid paying the tax by smuggling one's cargo to an Earth facility, which collects no taxes. The caveat is that, if one is caught smuggling by the Belt police (known as goldskins due to the color of their spacesuits), one will forfeit all of one's cargo to the Belt Government. To a Belter, smuggling is considered "illegal but not immoral". It is considered equivalent to a parking violation on Earth. If caught, one simply pays the fine and that is the end of it. According to the novel Protector, the Belt government is a meritocracy; Lit Shaeffer was chosen for a leadership position by aptitude test, and "worked way up". Flatlanders Flatlander refers to any human born on Earth, in contrast to those who live on other planets or space habitats. The derogatory term was coined by Belters, whose space habitats are either enclosed, or located on large asteroids with visibly curving horizons, whereas from any point on the surface of Earth the horizon looks flat. Of the stable population of approximately eighteen billion people living on Earth from about the 23rd century onwards, very few wind up leaving the planet for any length of time. Many suffer from the so-called flatland phobia, a chronic fear of leaving the confines of the environment in which humans evolved. Their reaction to changes in gravity, atmospheric composition, and sunlight hue can include nausea and continual panic attacks. Those who do venture into space, of course, tend to take exception to the word, as they have left the planet with no ill effects, and even relish partaking of the same adventures and benefits of space travel that non-Earthbound humans enjoy. Gregory Pelton is one of these, goading Beowulf Shaeffer into calling him a flatlander even after Pelton had traveled to a number of planets in Known Space. References ^ Niven, Larry (1972). "Chapter Two AND HIS MOTLEY CREW". Ringworld. Sphere Books Ltd. p. 23. ISBN 0-7221-6406-8. ^ Introduction to "Safe at Any Speed" as published in Tales of Known Space (Del Rey Books 1975) ^ "Gil Hamilton". thrillingdetective.com. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ "The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1976". nesfa.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ "Analog, November/December 2022 – Tangent Online". 30 October 2022. ^ T. A. Shippey (1996). Magill's Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Salem Press. p. 785. ISBN 0-89356-909-7. ^ Kirk H. Beetz (1996). Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction. Beacham Pub. p. 3582. ISBN 0-933833-38-5. ^ John J. Pierce (1987), Great themes of science fiction: a study in imagination and evolution, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-25456-7 ^ Larry Niven. "Known Space Bibliography". larryniven.org. ^ Niven, Larry (1968), "A Relic of the Empire", Neutron Star, New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 29–50 ^ Peter Nicholls (1978), Foundation, Gregg Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-0-8398-2442-8 ^ Larry Niven, "The Warriors", Tales of Known Space (Del Rey, 1985), 261. ^ Hal Colebatch and Jessica Q. Fox, A Man Named Saul, in Man-Kzin Wars XIV, Baen Books, 2013 : ""We kzin," he continued, "have at times destroyed species in our wars, but never willingly or wantonly. Even when the Chunquen fired missiles at us from their submerged sea-ships, we only boiled part of their seas."" ^ "The Survivor", Donald Kingsbury, The Man-Kizin Wars IV, 1991, Baen (August 1, 1991), ISBN 0-671-72079-1. ^ "The Survivor", Donald Kingsbury, in The Man-Kizin Wars IV, 1991, Baen (August 1, 1991). ISBN 0-671-72079-1. ^ Hal Colebatch, "Catspaws", in Man-Kzin Wars XI. ^ "Chat: 4th March 2007". Known Space: The Future Worlds of Larry Niven. ^ The Ringworld Engineers, Larry Niven, Del Rey; 9th THUS edition (November 12, 1985) ^ Barlowe, 100. ^ "Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven". slashdot.org. Slashdot interviews. 10 March 2003. ^ "Future Histories". The Bulletin of the Science Fiction Writers of America. Vol. 23, no. 2. Summer 1989. issue 104. ^ Niven, Larry (1977). "Down in flames". larryniven.net (story outline). Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2019-06-24. ^ Paul Chafe, Destiny's Forge. vteThe Ringworld series by Larry NivenKnown SpaceOriginal novels Ringworld The Ringworld Engineers The Ringworld Throne Ringworld's Children Companion novels Fleet of Worlds (2007) Juggler of Worlds (2008) Destroyer of Worlds (2009) Betrayer of Worlds (2010) Fate of Worlds (2012) Games based on the series Ringworld RPG Ringworld: Revenge of the Patriarch Return to Ringworld Concepts Long Shot Kzin Pierson's Puppeteers Characters Louis Wu Beowulf Shaeffer

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"}],"text":"This is a list of fictional characters featured in the Known Space novels by Larry Niven.","title":"List of Known Space characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amalgamated Regional Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Regional_Militia"},{"link_name":"puppeteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteers"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"farming worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"\"Neutron Star\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_Star_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Borderland of Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol_(story)"},{"link_name":"\"Ghost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"\"Procrustes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes_(story)"},{"link_name":"Fleet of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Juggler of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggler_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Destroyer of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_of_Worlds_(novel)"}],"sub_title":"Sigmund Ausfaller","text":"Sigmund Ausfaller, a native of Earth, is a member of the Amalgamated Regional Militia (\"ARM\"), working in the Bureau of Alien Affairs on Earth. To protect puppeteer (and Earth) interests, in \"Neutron Star\" Ausfaller plants a bomb in the lifesystem of Shaeffer's ship, the Skydiver, so that Shaeffer will not attempt to steal it. Years later, in The Borderlands of Sol, when Shaeffer encounters him on Jinx, he offers Shaeffer and Carlos Wu a ride home to Earth on his ship, Hobo Kelly, in hopes of attracting the attention of whoever or whatever was causing ships to disappear when entering or leaving Sol system. Some years later, Ausfaller, having almost caught up with Shaeffer on Fafnir, is killed by Ander Smittarasheed in order to protect Smittarasheed's interest in the special nanotechnology autodoc developed by Carlos Wu, left on Fafnir when Carlos escaped from Feather Filip as she shot Shaeffer in the chest with an ARM punchgun. He is later \"resurrected\" by Wu's Autodoc and taken to one of the Puppeteer farming worlds by Nessus.Ausfaller appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories \"Neutron Star\", The Borderland of Sol, and \"Ghost\", and is mentioned in the story \"Procrustes\". He also appears in the non-Shaeffer novel Fleet of Worlds and is the main human character in its sequels Juggler of Worlds and Destroyer of Worlds.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Grendel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"}],"sub_title":"Larchmont Bellamy","text":"Larchmont \"Larch\" Bellamy, a native of Earth, is a wealthy human who owns the ship Drunkard’s Walk. A lean man with a lean face, a sharp-edged nose, prominent cheekbones and dark, deep-set eyes with shaggy black eyebrows, Bellamy is in prime condition. He is 300 years old and takes boosterspice, although he was born before that drug became available; initially, like all humans before boosterspice, he relied on the organ banks to keep him healthy. An outgoing, interesting man, Bellamy talks well; he tells old jokes but does it well, and he has some new ones, too. While not xenophobic, Bellamy tends to not think of aliens as people; Shaeffer remembers that he had said they should wipe out the Kzinti for good and all.Bellamy is the leader of a hunting party visiting Gummidgy when the Kdatlyno touch-sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped. When Shaeffer discovers that Bellamy is part of the kidnap plot, he and Emil Horne are captured by the kidnappers who intend to stage their deaths as an accident. Lloobee creates a diversion, allowing Shaeffer to escape, and Bellamy pursues him. Shaeffer rams Bellamy's ship with his aircar, forcing Bellamy to land, but neither Shaeffer nor Bellamy notice that the front landing leg of his ship fails to deploy, leaving the ship balancing with its gyros alone. When Bellamy tries to save his ship, it flips end-for-end, throwing him into the air to his death. Bellamy probably had a romantic relationship with fellow kidnapper Tanya Wilson; Margo Tellefsen told Shaeffer that Wilson might attempt to kill him in revenge for Bellamy's death. He also wonders if Bellamy's age was a factor in his decision to kidnap Lloobee; when a person lives for hundreds of years and their politics and morals change over time, Shaeffer wondered, did they become indifferent to the idea of morality?Bellamy appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story \"Grendel\".","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puppeteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteer"},{"link_name":"Nessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessus_(Pierson%27s_Puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Louis Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Protector-stage human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Protector"},{"link_name":"retconning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"Juggler of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggler_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"psionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psionic"},{"link_name":"overcrowding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcrowding"},{"link_name":"Ringworld's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld%27s_Children"},{"link_name":"Fringe War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringe_War&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"indeterminacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminacy_(literature)"},{"link_name":"narrativium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativium"}],"sub_title":"Teela Brown","text":"Teela Brown is a member of the crew recruited by Puppeteer Nessus for an expedition to the Ringworld. Her sole qualification was that she was descended from six generations of \"lucky\" ancestors, winners of Earth's Birthright Lottery. She led such a charmed and worry-free life that she was emotionally immature and unprepared for \"harsh reality.\" The Puppeteers had secretly been trying to breed humans for the psionic power of good luck. Nessus chooses Teela in the hope she would bring luck and success to his expedition.Teela is a descendant of a former lover of Louis Wu.[1] Her age in Ringworld is given as twenty, though there are conflicting data in later books. She joins the Ringworld expedition, and eventually becomes separated from the group. She meets a Ringworld native called Seeker, and decides to remain with him on the Ringworld while the remainder of the crew departs.In The Ringworld Engineers, when a second expedition returns to the Ringworld, it is revealed that Teela has become a Protector-stage human. Her new instincts force her to protect the Ringworld population. When she realizes those instincts are driving her toward an unacceptable choice, she manipulates the other characters into killing her.Further details of her life become sketchy emerge in three more novels. Her story is the subject of guesswork and deduction by the other characters, and subject to inconsistent retconning among the works. The influence of her luck is a significant factor.According to the story in Ringworld (expanded in the Known Space novel Juggler of Worlds), the Puppeteers intervened with human reproduction for at least six generations, seeking to breed humans (finding them comfortable and profitable) for an inheritable psionic ability for luck. They suspected such an ability was latent in humans already, having come to regard humanity as an unusually lucky species. The plan worked by manipulating the reproductive laws of Earth. To stem overcrowding, there were strict birth control laws, limiting the number of children each person could have. The Puppeteers covertly maniupulated the Birthright Lottery (created to offset excess emigration and deaths), whereby anyone could win the right to have more children. Since the winners are chosen at random, luckier people would have more children, who would hopefully inherit that luck, which would become stronger with each generation of winners.In Ringworld's Children, it is revealed that Teela Brown and Seeker had a child, who remained on the Ringworld after the end of the Fringe War. Louis speculates that Teela's luck might work for the survival of her genes, rather than Teela herself.The existence and nature of Teela's luck is debated back and forth by the characters throughout the four-book series. For most of Ringworld, Louis is skeptical of the idea. But by the end of the series Louis says he believes the luck is real, because he sees no other explanation for the unlikely coincidences that have benefited her.Niven has described the problems that such a character and such a trait pose to his story and to his fictional universe.[citation needed] He calls it \"Author Control\" to illustrate the plot and story limitations it imposes on the creative process. The story \"Safe at Any Speed\" is set in a time when the Teela gene is more common among humans. Niven says there will not be more stories from this time: \"Stories about infinitely lucky people tend to be dull.\"[2] This indicates that the author felt constrained to develop story lines around Teela consistent with the view that luck is genetic and inheritable—any hardship inflicted upon Teela which appears unlucky on first glance must thereafter be revealed as concealing a silver lining of greater import in order to maintain indeterminacy, at the expense of dissipating plot tension (Teela was never in any danger really)—regardless of the views expressed by various characters within the narrative.Teela can also be viewed as a lampshade trope, by bending narrativium to function as a plot device (\"a hero will always win when outnumbered, since million-to-one chances are dramatic enough to crop up nine times out of ten\").","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space#ARM"},{"link_name":"psychic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic"},{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"flatlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlander_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"emigrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration"},{"link_name":"Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_Belt"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"singleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleship_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_(fragment)"},{"link_name":"Belter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belter_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"psi power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psionics"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_limb"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Sensory_Perception"},{"link_name":"telekinesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekinesis"},{"link_name":"transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"prosthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic"},{"link_name":"vidphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone"},{"link_name":"criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal"},{"link_name":"organleggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organlegging"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Regional_Militia"},{"link_name":"noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_fiction"},{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"locked room mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_room_mystery"},{"link_name":"Death by Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_Ecstasy"},{"link_name":"The Defenseless Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defenseless_Dead"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_(novella)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-detective-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesfa-4"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"locked apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_room_mystery"},{"link_name":"The Patchwork Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Woman in Del Rey Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Woman_in_Del_Rey_Crater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Cow_(Larry_Niven_and_Steven_Barnes_story)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Steven Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Flatlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlander_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-39480-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-39480-1"}],"sub_title":"Gil Hamilton","text":"Gilbert Gilgamesh Hamilton is a detective. He is often called \"Gil the Arm\", both due to his affiliation with the ARM world police force, and his unusual psychic ability.Born in Topeka, Kansas, to flatlander parents near the end of the 21st century (it is established he was born in the month of April, but 2086, 2091, 2093, and 2097 are all given as years in various stories), he emigrates to the Belt as soon as he becomes an adult. There he begins work on an arduous ten-year apprenticeship towards the acquisition of his singleship licence, working as a member of small, multi-person crews.After completing several successful trips, Gil is nearly killed. While attempting to move an asteroid with explosives, crew leader \"Cubes\" Forsythe miscalculates, which results in the destruction of the valuable rock. A fast moving piece of shrapnel penetrates the ship, slicing off Gil's arm and killing Forsythe. The remaining crewmember, Owen Jennison, stops Gil's bleeding and manages to get him to life-saving medical facilities in time. While recuperating from his injury, Gil broods over his future as a Belter.In the low gravity of Ceres base, Gil discovers that he has a psi power. His brain, still remembering the \"image\" of his lost arm, can use it much as he did the flesh-and-blood arm. He can feel and manipulate objects via ESP and telekinesis, respectively. Finding a third crewman, Homer Chandrasekhar, they make several highly profitable trips over the following year. Gil finds his \"imaginary arm\", though not strong, to be a valuable asset, as he can reach through walls and even into vacuum. After six months, Gil has earned enough to repay all his medical fees, with a comfortable cash reserve left over.Despite much disapproval from Owen and Homer, Gil decides to return to Earth and seek to get his citizenship back. On Earth, he can easily get a transplant to replace his missing arm. In the Belt he would have to pay exorbitantly high fees for a transplant, or settle for a prosthetic. Gil, by a quirk of his own nature, can not live with a prosthetic.Gil receives his new arm, but finds he can still dissociate his imaginary arm from his real one, and reach through walls, flesh, and even vidphone screens to manipulate objects he sees in them. Shortly afterward, Gil finds out that his new arm had not come from a condemned criminal as he had hoped, but from the captured stock of \"organleggers\", black market dealers in illicit organ transplants. To make amends, Gil joins the ARM, the elite global police force.As an ARM, Hamilton is a high-tech detective, who hunts organleggers and other criminals for a living. With his unusual psi power, he is formidable and highly feared among his enemies.His exploits are detailed in six \"Gil 'the Arm' Hamilton\" stories. The stories are noir style, told in first person, and frequently involve exotic technology and locked room mysteries:\"Death by Ecstasy\" (1968)\n\"The Defenseless Dead\" (1973)\n\"ARM\" (1975):[3][4] Hamilton is called to the scene of a murder. The victim is Dr. Raymond Sinclair, a brilliant scientist who has invented a mysterious device that creates a bubble of accelerated time. The murder scene is a locked apartment at the top of a high-rise, where the prime suspect is a beautiful young woman who Gil refuses to believe is the killer.\nThe Patchwork Girl (1980)\nThe Woman in Del Rey Crater (1995)\nSacred Cow[5] (2022) written with Steven BarnesThe Long Arm of Gil Hamilton (1976) contains the first three novellas. Flatlander (1995) (ISBN 0-345-39480-1) is a collection of the first five Gil Hamilton novellas and novels.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"\"Grendel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"The Borderland of Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol_(story)"}],"sub_title":"Emil Horne","text":"Emil Horne, a native of Jinx, is a top-flight computer programmer. He meets Shaeffer on a trip from Down to Gummidgy and they struck up a quick friendship. Horne is short and strongly built like most natives of Jinx, a high-gravity world. His ability to ask the right questions when programming complex problems also helps him deduce the probable identities of the kidnappers when the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped from the Argos as it was about to enter Gummidgy system. Despite Shaeffer's caution and some misleading comments that led Horne to believe he was wrong about Larchmont Bellamy and his crew being the kidnappers (Horne wasn't wrong but Shaeffer didn't want him running in with stun-guns blazing), they are taken prisoner when they attempt to infiltrate the location where Lloobee is being held, a cave created with a Slaver disintegrator tool, which Horne locates by having Shaeffer fly high above the ground to see the dust created by the tool. When he attempts to enter the cave, however, a stun-gun set in the \"on\" position and facing the door renders Horne unconscious. He is returned along with Lloobee after Shaeffer escapes from the kidnappers with Lloobee's help.Emil Horne appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story \"Grendel\" and is mentioned in the story The Borderland of Sol.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Pelton"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"Flatlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlander_(story)"},{"link_name":"Procrustes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes_(story)"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"The Borderland of Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol_(story)"}],"sub_title":"Sharrol Janss","text":"Sharrol Janss, a native of Earth, is Beowulf Shaeffer's wife and the mother of their daughter Jeena and another child, name unknown, whom she was pregnant with when Shaeffer encountered Ander Smittarasheed on Fafnir in 2655. Sharrol first met Shaeffer on Earth when she picked his pocket, and was later formally introduced to him by Dianna and Elephant as a fourth for bridge. Sharrol also has two children by Carlos Wu, Tanya and Louis, as part of an arrangement between the three so that Bey and Sharrol could raise children together on Earth. Sharrol suffers from Flatland Phobia, a fear of changes to a person's environment, gravity, etc. which makes them psychologically unable to bear space travel or being away from Earth. She was employed at the time she met Shaeffer as a computer analyst for Donovan's Brains, Inc. She had been previously employed by the Epcot-Atlanta police. During her childhood her father ran a lobster ranch in Boston. She was able to travel to Fafnir asleep inside Carlos Wu's special autodoc and later was frozen for travel to Home when Smittarasheed located Shaeffer on Fafnir.Sharrol Janss appears in the stories Flatlander, Procrustes and Ghost, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and The Borderland of Sol.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flatlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlander_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"Kuiper Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Belt"},{"link_name":"Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Protector"},{"link_name":"Destroyer of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_of_Worlds_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Lerner"},{"link_name":"Outsiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Ausfaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Ausfaller"},{"link_name":"Louis Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"Betrayer of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayer_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Fate of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_of_Worlds"}],"sub_title":"Alice Jordan","text":"Alice Jordan is a Belter and a Goldskin, a member of the Belt Police in the mid-twenty-fourth century. Together with flatlander Roy Truesdale, they set out for the Kuiper Belt in search of Jack Brennan, a human turned Protector who has been abducting humans for study.In Destroyer of Worlds (by Niven and Edward M. Lerner), Alice is found by Outsiders in a stasis field in a singleship. They sell the singleship containing her to Sigmund Ausfaller, who releases her from stasis. Ausfaller deduces that Brennan put Alice in stasis and sent her far from the danger described in Protector because she is pregnant with his descendant. Alice later becomes involved with Louis Wu, in (by the same authorial team) Betrayer of Worlds and Fate of Worlds.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierson's Puppeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteers"},{"link_name":"insane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity"},{"link_name":"manic-depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"suggestibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestibility"},{"link_name":"The Soft Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soft_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Ringworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld"},{"link_name":"Fleet of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Juggler of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggler_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Destroyer of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_of_Worlds_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Betrayer of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayer_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Fate of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Ringworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld"},{"link_name":"Ringworld's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld%27s_Children"}],"sub_title":"Nessus","text":"Nessus is a member of the technologically advanced alien race known to humans as Pierson's Puppeteers, and amongst themselves as Citizens.Nessus, like almost all Puppeteers ever met by humans, is insane by Puppeteer standards. Sane Puppeteers are far too cautious (cowardly from the human perspective) to go off-world or interact with non-Puppeteers, so only insane individuals like Nessus can manage to act as business liaisons or ambassadors to other species, as he does with humans and others. Nessus demonstrates traits that in humans would be diagnosed as manic-depressive disorder, displacement, and at times, extreme suggestibility. His interactions with humans cause him to be one of the few Puppeteers to ever show any support for Human interests as coequal to Puppeteer interests. He is also directly responsible for the presence of Sigmund Ausfaller on New TerraNessus is featured in the short story \"The Soft Weapon\" (printed in the 1968 collection Neutron Star) and is one of the expeditionaries to the Ringworld in the 1970 book of the same name. Nessus is also a central character of the Fleet of Worlds series of Ringworld companion novels (Fleet of Worlds, Juggler of Worlds, Destroyer of Worlds, Betrayer of Worlds, and Fate of Worlds), which opens about 200 years before Ringworld and ends following Ringworld's Children.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"First Man-Kzin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man-Kzin_War"},{"link_name":"Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"Buford Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buford_Early"},{"link_name":"Ulf Reichstein Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Reichstein_Markham"},{"link_name":"Tyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyra_Nordbo"},{"link_name":"Robert Saxtorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Saxtorph&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tnuctipun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tnuctipun"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"Hawking radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation"}],"sub_title":"Peter Nordbo","text":"Peter Nordbo is an astronomer and noble on Wunderland, who during the First Man-Kzin War was pressed into service for the Kzin following their occupation of the world. At the height of the occupation, he discovered a source of bizarre radiation on a world many lightyears away, and was taken to investigate by the scientifically minded Kzin who oversaw him.During the flight, forces under Buford Early and Ulf Reichstein Markham liberated Wunderland, and Nordbo was convicted of collaboration and stripped of all of his possessions. In order to secure his release and clear his name, his daughter Tyra secured the help of Robert Saxtorph and his ship to investigate. They found that Peter had discovered a remnant of the Tnuctipun, a black hole powered hyperdrive that could also be used as a powerful Hawking radiation beam weapon. Peter had freed himself from the Kzinti and was reunited with Tyra, and after the weapon was destroyed by the Kzin, returned to Wunderland to free his name.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transfer booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_booth"},{"link_name":"indemnity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#antimatter"},{"link_name":"Flatlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatlander_(story)"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"The Borderland of Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol_(story)"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Gregory Pelton","text":"Gregory Pelton, (aka \"Elephant\" for a certain anatomical resemblance to a feature of the large Earth land animal), a native of Earth, is probably the richest human alive. His great-to-the-eighth grandmother invented the transfer booth. It is rumored that he actually owns known space, and gets income from renting it out, and that General Products Corporation is actually a front for him.Pelton lives in a house on the side of a cliff in the Rocky Mountains on Earth, and having spent a lot of time in space resents being called a flatlander. Pelton is of average height but strongly built, looking not so much overweight as solid. Most humans in this period of time on Earth are in excellent health, with autodocs to maintain their bodies and boosterspice to prevent aging; Pelton presumably uses both.Pelton and Shaeffer's personalities tend to complement each other, and they quickly made friends when Shaeffer first encountered him aboard the Lensman, bound for Earth from Jinx after Shaeffer's fateful trip to the core of the Milky Way galaxy. Pelton can be cordial and pleasant but also very direct and blunt when it suits him. He is patient but his patience has limits, and while he is as cautious as anyone he can sometimes act without thinking, a trait that would have gotten him killed if Shaeffer had not talked him out of landing on the protosun's planet when they visited it in 2645: the planet, which they named \"Cannonball Express\", was composed of antimatter, which would have destroyed even Pelton's General Products-hulled ship, the Slower Than Infinity. Indeed, the hull eventually disintegrated due to annihilations by exposure to antimatter particles from the Fast Protosun's solar wind, but Pelton and Shaeffer were able to escape and managed to return to Jinx.After Shaeffer and Pelton returned from Cannonball Express, Pelton made plans to revisit it but when government agencies became involved the plan bogged down in details. Ander Smittarasheed told Shaeffer that as of 2655 it was unclear whether Pelton was still involved in the project at all. Shaeffer and Pelton maintained contact after the trip to Cannonball Express; when Shaeffer secretly emigrated to Fafnir with Sharrol, their children, and Carlos Wu and Feather Filip, Elephant gave him the money he had received from General Products Corporation for the indemnity on his General Products hull. The money was deposited on accounts in Fafnir and Home, where the group planned to emigrate to, using assumed identities, after secretly arriving on Fafnir.Gregory Pelton appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Flatlander and was mentioned in the stories Grendel, The Borderland of Sol and Ghost.In Juggler of Worlds, Pelton is powerful enough to control the SecGen of the fictional UN, and becomes a wanted criminal on the run, the authors' way of explaining why he never returns to the Known Space universe.[citation needed]","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierson's Puppeteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteer"},{"link_name":"General Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Products_(Larry_Niven)"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"homeworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteers#Homeworld_%E2%80%94_The_Fleet_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Neutron Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_Star_(short_story)"}],"sub_title":"Regional President of We Made It","text":"This Pierson's Puppeteer, a native of the Fleet-of-Worlds working for General Products in Known Space, contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a spaceship in a close fly-by of newly discovered neutron star BVS-1 to discover what killed the first two explorers to make the attempt, Peter and Sonya Laskin. After Shaeffer's return from BVS-1, the puppeteer also agreed to pay Shaeffer one million stars in return for his silence concerning whether the puppeteer homeworld had a moon.The Regional President of We Made It appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Neutron Star.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puppeteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteer"},{"link_name":"General Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Products_(Larry_Niven)"},{"link_name":"At the Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Core_(story)"}],"sub_title":"Regional President of Jinx","text":"This puppeteer (called \"Honey\" by an overly tired Shaeffer at one point, due to his female-sounding voice), also worked for General Products. He contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a Quantum II hyperdrive ship (named Long Shot by Shaeffer) to the core of the Milky Way galaxy, where Shaeffer discovers the core explosion.The Regional President of Jinx appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story At the Core.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"2390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2390"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"Belter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belter_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"Kzinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"First Man-Kzin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man-Kzin_War"},{"link_name":"space pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_pirate"},{"link_name":"Alpha Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri"},{"link_name":"asteroid belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Thrint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"Slaver stasis field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaver_stasis_field"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_War"},{"link_name":"2443","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2443"}],"sub_title":"Ulf Reichstein-Markham","text":"Ulf Reichstein-Markham was born on Wunderland in 2390, the son of a Solar System Belter. Following the occupation of Wunderland by the Kzinti in the First Man-Kzin War, at the age of 18 he joined the \"Free Wunderland Navy,\" what purported to be a resistance group but was little more than a band of space pirates occupying the Serpent Swarm (Alpha Centauri's asteroid belt). He was responsible for the capture of the United Nations spaceship Catskinner, whose crew later were responsible for the assassination of Chuut-Riit. He also came under the control of a Thrint who escaped its Slaver stasis field before being destroyed by the Catskinner AI.By the time Wunderland was liberated in 2420, Reichstein-Markham had become an admiral, and then was chosen to be Minister of War for the free Wunderlander government. He finally died in the year 2443 after being selected to chair the Interworld Commission, an early form of pan-Human government established after the peace treaty with the Kzin was signed. Prior to his death, he had used his position to give the secret of hyperdrive to the Kzin disguised as a diplomatic packet, in the hopes of creating a lasting peace of equality between the two races. Although he did not live to see it, Reichstein-Markham's treachery meant that, far from his intentions, the Kzin would grow strong enough to launch four additional wars of conquest against the Human worlds.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beowulf Shaeffer","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kzanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzanol"},{"link_name":"thrint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"stasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasis_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Lucas Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Garner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor"},{"link_name":"Beowulf Shaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_Shaeffer"},{"link_name":"World of Ptavvs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Ptavvs"},{"link_name":"Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)"},{"link_name":"At the Bottom of a Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconstant_Moon#At_the_Bottom_of_a_Hole"}],"sub_title":"Lit Shaeffer","text":"Charles Martin Shaeffer is nicknamed \"Little\" Shaeffer and is known to most of his friends simply as \"Lit\". A Belter, born in the late 21st century, he is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Kzanol the thrint is revived from stasis in the early 22nd century. He is friends with Lucas Garner and has visited with him at least once on Farmer's Asteroid, one of the Belt Bubbleworlds. Lit's nickname comes from the fact that he spent a good deal of time in low and zero-g during his body's growth period, and is now unusually tall. The Shaeffer family is very active in Belt politics, and are likely ancestors of Beowulf Shaeffer, but this is never established definitively.Lit Shaeffer is featured in the novels World of Ptavvs, Protector and in the short story \"At the Bottom of a Hole\".","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Regional_Militia"},{"link_name":"puppeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteer"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Niven)"}],"sub_title":"Ander Smittarasheed","text":"Ander Smittarasheed, a native of Earth, was hired by Shaeffer to ghostwrite his neutron star story, and again four years later to write his galactic core story. Athletic and well-built, easily able to have any woman for the asking, Ander tends to dress in wild flatlander style even when offworld. He has a square face, thin blond hair and a solid-looking jaw that Shaeffer compared to a prey turtle's.Ander presents himself as cool yet affable, but manages to come off (at least to Shaeffer) as being smug. When Shaeffer advertised for a ghostwriter after his neutron star episode, Ander answered and managed to push himself into the situation before Shaeffer's guard was completely up. He was a very competent writer, which surprised Shaeffer, and the neutron star recording sold well, as did the core piece they did together four years later. That was the last Shaeffer saw of Ander until he appeared on Fafnir ten years later, looking for him.Ander is in the employ of Sigmund Ausfaller, an ARM and agent for the Bureau of Alien Affairs. Ander was tasked with finding Shaeffer and questioning him about the threat level of certain alien races, notably the puppeteers. This may have been done to delay Shaeffer until Ausfaller could arrive and take him into custody, but Ander did not have time to contact Ausfaller until after his initial interview with the crashlander. However, when Shaeffer offers to sell Ander the location of Carlos Wu's nanotech autodoc, Ander understands the impact of such technology (evidenced by Shaeffer's altered appearance) and is interested in spite of himself.The lure of Carlos Wu's special autodoc proves too tempting for Ander. When Ausfaller appears to take Shaeffer into custody, along with local money (probably for bribing local officials; he never intended to give it to Shaeffer), Ander kills him with the ARM punchgun that Sharrol left in Shaeffer's hotel room and Ander took, and offers to split the money with Shaeffer for the location of Carlos's autodoc. Shaeffer agrees but leaves Fafnir without the money, knowing that the Fafnir police can link the punchgun to another crime, a survival jacket with a ragged hole through it, made by the same weapon. In Ander's possession, the weapon would be link him to that death as well as Ausfaller's. And Ander did not reckon, Shaeffer knew, on just how many Fafnir police were Kzinti who had elected to stay on that world when it was acquired by Earth in the Fourth Man-Kzin War. Ander's final fate is revealed in “Juggler of Worlds”, where he is killed in a firefight with Kzinti Fafnir police.Ander Smittarasheed appears in the framing story Ghost.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phssthpok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)#Phssthpok"},{"link_name":"Pak Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Protector"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"}],"sub_title":"Nick Sohl","text":"Nicholas Brewster Sohl is a Belter, born in the mid 21st century. He is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Phssthpok the Pak Protector arrives in the Solar System in the early 22nd century.Sohl and Lucas Garner track Phssthpok and Jack Brennan to Mars, where they find that Brennan has become a Protector himself (and has killed Phssthpok).","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nessus"},{"link_name":"Pierson's Puppeteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Kzinti Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzinti_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"The Ringworld Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringworld_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Louis Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"Puppeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson%27s_Puppeteer"},{"link_name":"The Ringworld Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringworld_Throne"},{"link_name":"Ringworld's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld%27s_Children"},{"link_name":"parasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella#Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"cocktail umbrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella"},{"link_name":"boosterspice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosterspice"},{"link_name":"The Ringworld Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringworld_Engineers"}],"sub_title":"Speaker-to-Animals","text":"Speaker-to-Animals (later known as Chmeee) is a junior diplomat who is trained to deal with other species without reflexively killing them. He is recruited by Nessus, a Pierson's Puppeteer, as a member of an expedition to explore the Ringworld.[6][7]Speaker is a Kzin, a member of an extraterrestrial race of large tiger-like beings. He is a trained diplomat posted to the United Nations. His title (in place of a name he has yet to earn) is a polite reference to how Kzinti refer to non-Kzin races. Following their return to Known Space, he is given the name of \"Chmeee\" (the \"ch\" is pronounced like a guttural German \"ch\", as in \"ach\") and given breeding rights by the Kzinti Patriarch. In the sequel The Ringworld Engineers Chmeee, along with Louis Wu, is kidnapped by the Hindmost (the exiled leader of the Puppeteers), who wants Louis and Chmeee to uncover the secret behind the creation of the Ringworld. Chmeee appears briefly in The Ringworld Throne and Ringworld's Children. His son, Acolyte, is a supporting character in these novels. As a member of the Kzin species, Speaker-to-Animals is extremely dangerous and always ready to fight despite the fact that he is a diplomat. He was the one that caused the most damage to the Ringworld village of Zignamuclikclik, and were he not a part of the Docile Kzinti project, he probably would have leveled the village to the ground. He is also responsible for the expedition's safety on Ringworld and therefore is in charge most of the time.Chmeee is approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and weighs 400–500 pounds (180–230 kg). He, like all kzinti, is covered with a thick coat of long fur that comes in various combinations of orange, yellow, and black. His face has black fur across the eyes resembling a bandit's mask, or the facial markings of a raccoon. His tail is naked and similar in appearance to a rat's tail. Kzinti ears are hairless, pink, and shaped liked a segment of a Chinese parasol (or cocktail umbrella); they can fold back flat against the head for protection during a fight. Chmeee was badly burned during Ringworld; and as a result, his body was covered with scars. After he involuntarily received an injection of the Kzinti analog of boosterspice, his scarring gradually disappeared. However, he acquired new scars after a fight with a Pak protector in The Ringworld Engineers.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"}],"sub_title":"Margo Tellefsen","text":"Margo Tellefsen, a native of Earth, is the captain of the Argos, bound for Gummidgy, when it is boarded and one of its passengers is kidnapped. She is slim and lovely with long, dark hair that she wears in a \"free fall\" effect. She has green eyes. Beowulf Shaeffer considers her lovely enough (by flatlander standards) to make a fast fortune on tridee if she wanted to. He believes that Margo is in collusion with the kidnappers, which she confirms when Shaeffer confronts her after his escape. Margo reveals that she is Bellamy's mother and therefore well over 300 years old. She asks him to stay with her for two years while Sharrol and Carlos Wu are having children for Bey and Sharrol to raise on Earth; intrigued by this request, Schaeffer agrees.Margo Tellefsen appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"}],"sub_title":"Tanya Wilson","text":"Tanya Wilson, a native of Earth, is a companion of Larch Bellamy and one of the four people who kidnap the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee from the spaceship Argos. Shaeffer meets her when he arrives at Elephant's house during lush-hour one day. She is about 300 years old.Details on her physical appearance are sparse. She has a voice that is rich and fruity, according to Shaeffer, with a flatlander accent that doesn't ring quite true and is probably displaced in time.When Emil Horne attempts to storm the cave where Lloobee is being held, he stuns Wilson before being stunned himself. After Shaeffer is captured she returns to the campsite, the cover story for her injury being that she was scratched by one of the native species of Gummidgy. After Bellamy's death, Margo Tellefsen, who is Bellamy's mother, warns Shaeffer that Tanya Wilson had been in love with her son and will probably try to kill him.Tanya Wilson appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Regional_Militia"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space#Locations"},{"link_name":"The Borderland of Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol_(story)"},{"link_name":"Procrustes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes_(story)"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Niven)"}],"sub_title":"Carlos Wu","text":"Carlos Wu, a native of Earth, is one of only about 120 people with an unlimited parenthood license due to his incredible genius and resistance to disease and injury. His intelligence allowed him to solve the Sealeyham Limits Problem, and to design a new autodoc based on nanotechnology. Along with being a genius mathematician, he is also a playwright and composer. Wu is an easygoing and pleasant fellow, although he broods over feeling trapped by the ARM keeping constant track of his whereabouts and activities. He is reluctant to disclose his thoughts on the cause of ships disappearing near Sol system, even when the hyperdrive in Sigmund Ausfaller's ship, Hobo Kelly, completely disappears as they approach Earth. Carlos and Beowulf Sheaffer are returning to Earth: Bey in order to be with his love, Sharrol Janss, and their two children, Tanya and Louis (both of whom were fathered by Carlos). Carlos, perhaps having a resurgence of flatland phobia, has agreed to return there with Ausfaller. Carlos and Bey meet with Dr. Julian Forward and discover that he has found a quantum black hole and is using it to make ships in hyperdrive disappear. Forward takes them hostage and attempts to destroy the Hobo Kelly, but Ausfaller fires on his ships and Shaeffer manages to damage his equipment, causing Forward to temporarily lose control of the quantum black hole; sensing defeat, Forward allows himself to be drawn into it. Ausfaller rescues Bey and Carlos and they continue on to Earth where Bey rejoins Sharrol and their children and Carlos resumes his own life on Earth.Carlos and Sharrol Janss had a casual sexual relationship before Sharrol met Shaeffer, although Carlos may have been more interested in her than she in him, since he tried to convince her at one point to leave Earth with him because he felt smothered by the overprotective ARMs who were tasked with protecting his life. When Shaeffer and Janss decided to have children but Shaeffer was denied a parenthood license due to his albinism, they agreed that Carlos would father two children with Sharrol and she and Bey would raise them.Eventually Wu formed a relationship with Feather Filip, an ARM agent tasked to protect him, and he and she created a plan to secretly emigrate from Earth. To minimize the chance of being found out they planned to bring others along to disguise the size of their group (the ARM would presumably be looking for two people, not a larger group). They brought Bey and Sharrol into the plan. Feather had located a ship that would transport them to Fafnir. From there, they would take the place of a family named Graynor, a group of two men, two women and two children. That family would secretly emigrate to Wunderland, where Feather had set up funding for them, while they would move on to Home. However, after reaching Fafnir, Feather turned on them, shooting Shaeffer in the chest with the punchgun, to show Carlos what she was capable of, so he would stay with her. Instead, Carlos ran with the children, Tanya and Louis, and managed to emigrate to Home without Feather's help. A year and a half later, when Ander Smittarasheed caught up to Bey and Sharrol on Fafnir, she was frozen for shipment to Home along with their daughter Jeena and their unborn child.While on Earth, Carlos lived underwater at the United Nations-protected Great Barrier Reef.Carlos Wu appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories The Borderland of Sol and Procrustes, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and Ghost.","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Louis Wu","title":"Individual characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"}],"text":"In the process of exploring space, humankind encounters several intelligent alien species, including the following (in alphabetical order):","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bandersnatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandersnatch"},{"link_name":"World of Ptavvs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Ptavvs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Apatosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatosaurus"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"budding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budding"},{"link_name":"cell body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_body"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"protoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasm"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"Tnuctipun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tnuctip"},{"link_name":"Thrintun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"sentient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"Ringworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld"},{"link_name":"Grogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grogs_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Handicapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapped"}],"sub_title":"Bandersnatch","text":"The Bandersnatch (plural bandersnatchi) is a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe.[8] The species is named for Lewis Carroll's Bandersnatch.Niven's first story to discuss the Bandersnatchi was World of Ptavvs, published in 1966.[9] That story relates the way that they were named as follows:Winston Doheny, our biologist, took one look at these monsters and dubbed them frumious bandersnatch. This species name is now in the goddam log.— World of Ptavvs, Larry NivenBandersnatchi are described as enormous herd animals, twice the size of an Apatosaurus with a slug-like shape and completely white, slick skin. A sauropod-like neck, with no head, extends about as high as the bandersnatch's body. The tip is thick and rounded, entirely featureless, other than two tufts of black bristles (sense organs). At the front of the body, low to the ground, is a large mouth adapted to scooping a form of mutated yeast out of shallow ocean-like yeast colonies.Niven's works describe Bandersnatchi as one giant cell with long chromosomes as thick as a human finger, rendering them impervious to the mutagenitive effects of radiation and therefore unable to mutate.[10] As single cells, they reproduce asexually by budding. Their nerves have no cell body and no nuclei; nothing to separate them from other specialized protoplasm. The Bandersnatchi also have 6 large hearts, each weighing about 11 pounds. The brain is large, shaped long and narrow, and is encased in a bony cage. The skull is one end of this jointless, flexible, very strong cage that keeps them from ever shifting position.In the Known Space universe, the Bandersnatchi were created by the Tnuctipun during the Thrintun empire (~1.5 billion BCE) as a food source with a flavor nearly irresistible to the predatory Thrintun. As such, the Thrintun had no objection to their large size. While the Thrintun believed that the Bandersnatchi possessed no intelligence, they were actually sentient beings resistant to the Thrintun's telepathic mind control abilities[11] and were used by the Tnuctipun to spy on the Thrintun until a slave rebellion. This immunity to the Thrintun psychic abilities also allowed them to survive the mass-suicide command used at the end of the Tnuctipun-Thrintun war. However, because Bandersnatchi chromosomes are so thick and resilient that they never mutate, they therefore cannot evolve, and have remained biologically unchanged for the past two billion years.Bandersnatchi are portrayed as surviving on the planet Jinx, with isolated populations also scattered throughout the galaxy, including the planet Beanstalk and the 'Maps of Jinx' in the Great Oceans of the Ringworld. On Jinx, Bandersnatchi allow themselves to be hunted in exchange for specialized tools and devices, such as mechanical 'arms' specifically designed for their massive bodies, along with keeping the Bandersnatchi population in check and providing the humans with something to fight. The Hunter's equipment is restricted by agreement to make things more equal; about 40% of the hunters do not return.Along with Grogs and Dolphins, Bandersnatchi are described as a \"Handicapped\" (with a capital \"H\") race, in that they are sentient but do not possess any prehensile limbs.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Chunquen","text":"The Chunquen were a slave species of the Kzinti, remarkable to their captors for the sentience of both sexes. (\"They fought constantly.\")[12] Their homeworld is watery; they resisted the Kzinti invasion with missiles fired from submarines.[13] Apparently they were exterminated before the Kzinti first encountered humans.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"telepathically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepath"}],"sub_title":"Grogs","text":"The Grogs are sessile sentient creatures, shaped like furry cones. They are eyeless, earless, and have a prehensile tongue. They can also control animals telepathically. The Grogs are thought by some to be the descendants of the Thrintun species, after 1.5 billion years of atrophy.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Lerner"},{"link_name":"Fleet of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"biological computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_computer"},{"link_name":"Fate of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_of_Worlds"}],"sub_title":"Gw'oth","text":"The Gw'oth (singular Gw'o) are alien creatures first encountered in Larry Niven and Edward M. Lerner's collaborative Fleet of Worlds series of novels (a subset of Niven's Known Space future history).The Gw'oth resemble starfish and inhabit the ocean under the ice of their home world, the moon Jm'ho. When linked together – using a vestigial talent that few Gw'oth retain – they can form a powerful biological computer. One such instance is named Ol't'ro. Ol't'ro is composed of 16 Gw'oth individuals who link themselves together into a 'meld' or ensemble mind called a Gw'otesht. Ol't'ro is featured prominently throughout the Fleet of Worlds series.Ol't'ro's ultimate fate is unknown after Fate of Worlds. Whether Ol't'ro died in the explosion of planets or somehow escaped is left unanswered. Ol't'ro had just solved the mystery of Type II hyperspatial travel so it is possible but unknown that the Gw'otesht managed to escape in that fashion.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Kingsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kingsbury"},{"link_name":"Man-Kzin Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Kzin_Wars"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"spindly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_star"},{"link_name":"starfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"notochord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notochord"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"imprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral"},{"link_name":"interstellar trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_trade"},{"link_name":"Kzinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzinti"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Jotoki","text":"The Jotoki (singular Jotok) are a fictional alien race, first described in the novelette \"The Survivor\" by Donald Kingsbury, in Man-Kzin Wars IV.[14]Jotoki resemble large, spindly starfish. They have a torochord (ring-shaped) instead of a notochord, with five \"self-sections\" (apparently semi-independent brains) that operate the Jotok's body cooperatively. The Jotoki begin life as small aquatic swimmers, most of which are eaten by predators; in time, five of the survivors will merge to form one collective organism, which grows into an arboreal adolescent form; its tails become arms, and its fins differentiate into fingers. When it grows large enough, the Jotok imprints itself on an adult (if one is available) and enters a stage of rapid learning and brain growth. A Jotok who desires a family can simply go into the wilderness and \"harvest\" an adolescent of the proper age (a property that Kzin slavers later exploit). Unimprinted adult Jotoki are considered feral, and regarded as little more than animals. Since the five subunits that make up one Jotok individual are not necessarily genetically related, reproduction does not require sex; a Jotok can simply find a pond and deposit its offspring to begin the cycle again. Before their enslavement, Jotoki operated in groups called \"clanpods\", as part of their former planet-wide tradeweb. Details of this arrangement are not known. Jotok technological specialties included gravity polarizers, linguistics and biotechnology. They had the ability to force-grow clones to adulthood.The Jotoki were also experts at trade. Their interstellar trade empire was quite developed for its time, but after Kzinti were used as mercenaries for many years, the Kzinti revolted and conquered the Jotoki. The Jotoki became the slaves and food-animals of the ferocious Kzinti. In \"modern\" times (i.e. during most of the Known Space stories), Jotoki are a seldom-seen slave race of the Kzinti. The Kzinti believe that there is a free Jotoki fleet wandering amongst the stars, which would have provided their most strenuous opposition (excepting humans).In Man-Kzin Wars XI, it is established that surviving Jotoki swimmers inhabited a Wunderland swamp near a crashed Kzin cruiser. Although the swamp was rendered uninhabitable, by the end of the book it is established that humans recovered some Jotoki and are attempting to breed a free Jotok species. The success of this is unknown, since earlier-written but chronologically later Niven works do not mention free Jotoki.[15]","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_location"},{"link_name":"Kzinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"bipedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biped"},{"link_name":"sentient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience"},{"link_name":"imperial guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_guard"},{"link_name":"Kzinti Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzinti_Patriarch"}],"sub_title":"Kdatlyno","text":"The Kdatlyno are chiefly known for their touch sculpture and their sonar \"vision\". Their race was formerly subjugated by the Kzinti until freed by the humans.In appearance they are a physically large and powerful bipedal species with muscular build, rough scaly skin, retractile claws and thick hides, growing up to eight feet tall. They have no eyes, having evolved on a world which instead drove the development of echolocation rather than vision.Kdatlyno are one of the few sentient races that can physically intimidate an adult Kzin, and there is at least one mention of them being used as elite imperial guards for the Kzinti Patriarch, presumably due to both their great strength and their uninvolvement in Kzin imperial court politics.The short story \"Grendel\" features the Kdatlyno Lloobee, a touch-sculptor who works primarily for a human audience.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kzin","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_in_fiction#Mars_in_fiction_after_Mariner"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"humanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid"},{"link_name":"Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jack Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ringworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld"}],"sub_title":"Martians","text":"The Martians[broken anchor] are primitive but intelligent humanoids who lived beneath the sands. Martians burst into flames when brought in contact with water. Martians killed many of the early human explorers on Mars, principally because they concealed their existence, and they weren't suspected. In the novel Protector, the Martians were wiped out when Jack Brennan caused an ice asteroid to crash into the surface of Mars, raising the average humidity of the atmosphere. Some Martians still exist on the \"Map of Mars\" on the Ringworld.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"the creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlock"},{"link_name":"The Time Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Machine"}],"sub_title":"Morlocks","text":"The Morlocks are semi-sentient humanoid cave dwellers on Wunderland. They, like humans, descended from a failed attempt by Pak Protectors to colonize Sol and nearby star systems.[16] Named by humans for the creatures in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cat o'nine tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_o%27nine_tails"},{"link_name":"superfluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"faster-than-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"Ringworld's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld%27s_Children"},{"link_name":"Louis Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"},{"link_name":"information brokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_brokers"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"haggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggling"},{"link_name":"Thrintun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Nereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereid_(moon)"},{"link_name":"thermoelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectricity"},{"link_name":"A Darker Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Darker_Geometry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gregory Benford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Benford"},{"link_name":"Mark O. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_O._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"heat death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Juggler of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggler_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"retcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"link_name":"Melnorme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnorme"},{"link_name":"Star Control 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Control_2"},{"link_name":"Shaper/Mechanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaper/Mechanist"},{"link_name":"Bruce Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling"}],"sub_title":"Outsiders","text":"The Outsiders are many-limbed beings that are invariably described as a cat o'nine tails with a fattened handle. Their body composition includes ultra-cold superfluid helium. Outsiders are estimated to be the most advanced species in Known Space, possibly the Galaxy, but the extent of their development remains unknown. Though they have the technology to produce advanced faster-than-light drives, they rarely use them, preferring to travel the \"slow\" way, just below the speed of light. They do possess a \"reactionless drive\" technology that allows them to reach this speed almost instantaneously. In Ringworld's Children Louis Wu says that the Outsiders have \"something better\" than hyperdrive but this is not elaborated on.They spend all of their time following starseeds and acting as information brokers to space-faring sentient races throughout the Milky Way. Their prices can be very high and scaled to the estimated impact the information will have on the civilization of the client race. Their most common wares are interstellar propulsion systems of various types. The Outsiders maintain a strict commercial ethos regarding any form of knowledge, which shrouds them in a secrecy only wealth can penetrate. They do not haggle. They will answer any question, even those about themselves, if the questioner is willing to pay the price. Personal questions about the Outsiders have been priced beyond the ability of any individual or government to pay (on the order of a trillion credits). In \"Peace and Freedom\", it is revealed that starseeds are in fact packages of microorganisms designed to seed new planets with life, thus creating new customers for the Outsiders. They are reluctant to reveal this information because they are ashamed, since one of their starseeds created the Thrintun, a species which destroyed nearly all intelligent life in the galaxy several billion years ago.\nAnother theory behind the Outsiders-Starseed connection is that Starseeds actually carry Outsider 'spores'; as the Outsiders are a small-numbered species their offspring are of great importance to them.The Outsiders are thought to have evolved on a cold world with no atmosphere, similar to Neptune's moon Nereid, which they lease from the Earth government. They live on thermoelectricity by lying with their heads in sunlight and their tails in shadow; the temperature difference sets up a current. In some of the later Known Space stories it has been suggested that the Outsiders do not use hyperspace as its conditions are lethal to them because they would be unable to generate thermoelectricity. Outsider 'ships' are equipped with an artificial 'sun' for their journeys between systems, but because of the nature of their 'ships' the hyperspace 'blind spot' would absorb this artificial light, killing Outsiders who remained in hyperspace too long. (The canonicity of this material is debatable as it was not written by Niven.)The novel A Darker Geometry by Gregory Benford and Mark O. Martin revealed that the Outsiders were created by a race of extra-dimensional aliens seeking to escape the heat death of their own universe. Edward M. Lerner revealed in an online chat (as 'EML') that Larry Niven had ruled A Darker Geometry as definitely non-canonical and incompatible with the then forthcoming Juggler of Worlds, which was co-authored by Niven and Lerner.[17] Juggler of Worlds introduces a number of possible retcons to established Outsider history.While in most of the Known Space Series, the name \"Outsiders\" refers to the aforementioned species, in stories that happen before the discovery of aliens the term \"Outsider\" refers to any alien that might make contact with mankind.The Outsiders may have inspired the Melnorme, from Star Control 2, another highly advanced and very mysterious species. The Investor species in Shaper/Mechanist stories by Bruce Sterling have a similar ethos but an altogether different biology.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pak Protectors","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"Man-Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Kzin_Wars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Pierin","text":"The Pierin are a rare multi-limbed species which developed on a planet with lower gravity than Earth, thus Pierin spend much time in the air. They have horns on their heads and wide membranous wings. They speak in raspy screeches and atonal clicks. Pierin are described as curious and friendly to the point of being nosy. They were able to develop a small space-faring civilization before being enslaved by the Kzin.Their planet of origin is known as Pierin, orbiting a star in the constellation Reticulum. At some point Human beings tried to ally with them against the Kzin. They eventually were liberated from slavery during the Man-Kzin wars.[18]","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pierson's Puppeteers","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telepathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathic"},{"link_name":"mind control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing"},{"link_name":"stasis field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasis_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlowe%27s_Guide_to_Extraterrestrials"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Thrintun","text":"The Thrintun (singular Thrint; also, Slavers) are an ancient species that ruled a large empire, including the region of Known Space, through telepathic mind control about 1.5 billion years ago. A technology created by one of their slave races was the stasis field, which makes its contents impervious to harm and provides indefinite suspended animation, and which has figured in several Known Space stories. Thrintun were small (approximately 1.25 meters tall), highly telepathic but not particularly intelligent (with their mind control, they did not need to be), reptilian, with green scaly skin, pointed teeth, and a single eye. The species was depicted in Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials.[19]","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"Thrintun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"telepathically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"parabolic mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirror"},{"link_name":"stasis fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasis_field"},{"link_name":"World of Ptavvs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Ptavvs"},{"link_name":"Bandersnatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandersnatchi_(Known_Space)"},{"link_name":"sentient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"backbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Man-Kzin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Kzin_Wars"},{"link_name":"Inconstant Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconstant_Star"},{"link_name":"Poul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Kzinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"Pak Protectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Protectors"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norman Spinrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Spinrad"},{"link_name":"Down In Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Down_in_Flames_(story)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kzin"},{"link_name":"Tom Reamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Reamy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ringworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Tnuctipun","text":"The Tnuctipun (singular Tnuctip) were small, arboreal pack predators, averaging about 3–4 feet long. Their heads were long and lean, and their eyes opened laterally. They were highly intelligent (IQ estimated around 130–140, according to the short story \"In the Hall of the Mountain King\") and social. As befits their carnivorous nature, they were also ruthless, aggressive, and cunning. Their word for alien most closely translates to \"food that talks\". Two billion years before humans evolved, the galaxy was ruled by the Thrintun, who telepathically enslaved the Tnuctipun and other species.The Tnuctipun invented most of the technologies from that era, including stage trees (trees containing solid rocket fuel in their trunks, originally used as cheap rocket boosters, which in the present era of the Known Space universe had evolved to seed themselves across star systems), sunflowers (flowers with integral parabolic mirrors that can focus sunlight to deadly effect), and stasis fields (a time dilation device). They were also known to have direct conversion of mass to energy and a telepathy shield (these two technologies are lost by the time most Niven stories take place). In order for the Tnuctipun to think creatively, the Thrintun allowed them some limited mental freedom. The Tnuctipun used that freedom to stage a rebellion against their masters, the culmination of a carefully thought out, centuries-long plan.In the novel World of Ptavvs, the protagonist Larry Greenberg, a telepath who reads the mind of a Thrint, theorizes that some of their inventions were traps: Bandersnatchi, thought to be non-sentient livestock, were in fact intelligent, created as spies immune to telepathy. Sunflowers turned against their masters and burned Thrint homes to the ground. Other Tnuctip inventions were designed to shape Thrint society to weaken it. Sunflowers encouraged a trend for the slavers to live in isolated manors, surrounded by slaves. Mutated racing viprin (fast-running creatures raced for entertainment and gambling) ruined the existing viprin herding business, which along with other similar inventions led to an economic depression prior to the Tnuctip revolt.The war escalated until the Thrintun, rather than accept defeat, employed a device that amplified the sphere of influence of a Thrint's mind control to encompass the entire galaxy. And they gave a simple command: Die. And everything in the galaxy that had evolved a backbone perished, including any Thrintun not protected by a stasis field. The Bandersnatchi were one of the only sentient races that survived this on a large scale, because they were already immune to telepathic commands. This course of events is alluded to in the novel World of Ptavvs and a still functioning suicide amplifier itself is discovered in the short story \"Peter Robinson\" by Hal Colebach, at which point it is destroyed.Several other Tnuctip inventions are inadvertently discovered in the various known space novels, including a prototype hyperspace shunt, discovered during the first Man-Kzin War (in the novelette Inconstant Star by Poul Anderson). The Kzinti lose the war before they can bring news of it home, and the device itself is lost.A recent Man-Kzin Wars short story – \"Teacher's Pet\" by Matthew Joseph Harrington, in Man-Kzin Wars XI – claimed that the Tnuctipun are responsible for creating the Pak Protectors. As with most Man-Kzin Wars material, its canonicity has not been confirmed by Niven.[citation needed]In 1968, Niven worked with Norman Spinrad to draft a story outline entitled Down In Flames, in which much of the history of Known Space is revealed to be a hoax, and in which it is revealed that the Kzin are the Tnuctipun. The outline was published in Tom Reamy's fanzine Trumpet, and released on the internet,[20] but was never intended to be completed or published,[21] and was superseded by the Ringworld series of novels.[22]","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Wu"}],"sub_title":"Trinocs","text":"The Trinocs are named for their three eyes; they also have three fingers on each hand and a triangular mouth. They are described as 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) bipedal humanoids, with long legs, short torsos, and improbably flexible neck vertebrae. An unconfirmed source states that they breathe a \"primordial reducing atmosphere\" mainly composed of methane and ammonia, and are culturally paranoid, at least by human standards. First encountered by Louis Wu in the short story \"There is a Tide\".","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Whrloo","text":"The Whrloo are meter-tall insectoids with long eyestalks;[23] their homeworld has low gravity with a thick, dense atmosphere. They never saw the stars until they were enslaved by the Kzinti.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaceans"},{"link_name":"Thrintun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"},{"link_name":"Thrintun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrint"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Also figuring in some stories are dolphins and other intelligent cetaceans, and various offshoots of Homo sapiens including the associate lineage of the hominids of the Ringworld. Most life in Known Space shares similar biochemistries, since they evolved from the Thrintun practice of seeding barren worlds with food yeast which they used to feed their slaves. Over a billion years, the Thrintun food yeast evolved into the different life forms in Known Space.","title":"Fictional alien species"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In-universe terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asteroid Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_Belt"},{"link_name":"Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Alpha Centauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri"},{"link_name":"ores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_Point#L4_and_L5"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(planetoid)"},{"link_name":"NEA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Earth_Asteroids"},{"link_name":"pressure suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacesuit"},{"link_name":"singleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleship_(Niven)"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"skintight suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_activity_suit"},{"link_name":"mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle"},{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"caveat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caveat"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_prohibitum"},{"link_name":"immoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_in_se"},{"link_name":"parking violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_violation"},{"link_name":"fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)"},{"link_name":"meritocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy"},{"link_name":"Lit Shaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit_Shaeffer"},{"link_name":"aptitude test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptitude_test"}],"sub_title":"Belters","text":"A Belter refers to a resident of the Asteroid Belt around Sol, sometimes known as the Sol Belt to differentiate it from Alpha Centauri's Serpent Swarm.Rugged and highly individualistic, Belters make their living by mining the ores from the asteroidal rocks. Belters inhabit the main belt, trojan asteroids of the outer planets, centaur planetoids and NEA's.Transient by nature, the only home they typically own is their pressure suit, and perhaps their singleship. As a form of heraldry, Belters decorate their skintight suits with elaborate (and often expensive) torso paintings. Most Belters, male and female, sport what is known as the Belter Crest: shaving their heads on the sides, leaving a strip of hair down the center resembling a mohawk. However, the hair in the back can be of any length, particularly for women.In lieu of (or perhaps in addition to) a wake for their dead, Belters have a custom known as the ceremonial drunk. When a Belter dies, his or her close friends will typically get intoxicated (either alone or in groups according to one's nature or circumstance) and reminisce about the deceased.The Belt Government collects a 30% tax on all cargo sold within the belt. However, one can avoid paying the tax by smuggling one's cargo to an Earth facility, which collects no taxes. The caveat is that, if one is caught smuggling by the Belt police (known as goldskins due to the color of their spacesuits), one will forfeit all of one's cargo to the Belt Government. To a Belter, smuggling is considered \"illegal but not immoral\". It is considered equivalent to a parking violation on Earth. If caught, one simply pays the fine and that is the end of it.According to the novel Protector, the Belt government is a meritocracy; Lit Shaeffer was chosen for a leadership position by aptitude test, and \"worked [his] way up\".","title":"In-universe terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"atmospheric composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"sunlight hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"panic attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"Beowulf Shaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_Shaeffer"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"}],"sub_title":"Flatlanders","text":"Flatlander refers to any human born on Earth, in contrast to those who live on other planets or space habitats. The derogatory term was coined by Belters, whose space habitats are either enclosed, or located on large asteroids with visibly curving horizons, whereas from any point on the surface of Earth the horizon looks flat.Of the stable population of approximately eighteen billion people living on Earth from about the 23rd century onwards, very few wind up leaving the planet for any length of time. Many suffer from the so-called flatland phobia, a chronic fear of leaving the confines of the environment in which humans evolved. Their reaction to changes in gravity, atmospheric composition, and sunlight hue can include nausea and continual panic attacks.Those who do venture into space, of course, tend to take exception to the word, as they have left the planet with no ill effects, and even relish partaking of the same adventures and benefits of space travel that non-Earthbound humans enjoy. Gregory Pelton is one of these, goading Beowulf Shaeffer into calling him a flatlander even after Pelton had traveled to a number of planets in Known Space.","title":"In-universe terms"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Niven, Larry (1972). \"Chapter Two AND HIS MOTLEY CREW\". Ringworld. Sphere Books Ltd. p. 23. ISBN 0-7221-6406-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7221-6406-8","url_text":"0-7221-6406-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Gil Hamilton\". thrillingdetective.com. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thrillingdetective.com/hamilton.html","url_text":"\"Gil Hamilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1976\". nesfa.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101212425/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1976.html","url_text":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1976\""},{"url":"http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1976.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Analog, November/December 2022 – Tangent Online\". 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tangentonline.com/print-bi-monthly/analog-november-december-2022/","url_text":"\"Analog, November/December 2022 – Tangent Online\""}]},{"reference":"T. A. Shippey (1996). Magill's Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Salem Press. p. 785. ISBN 0-89356-909-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetosc0000unse/page/785","url_text":"Magill's Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetosc0000unse/page/785","url_text":"785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-909-7","url_text":"0-89356-909-7"}]},{"reference":"Kirk H. Beetz (1996). Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction. Beacham Pub. p. 3582. ISBN 0-933833-38-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beachamsencyclop00beet/page/3582","url_text":"Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beachamsencyclop00beet/page/3582","url_text":"3582"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933833-38-5","url_text":"0-933833-38-5"}]},{"reference":"John J. Pierce (1987), Great themes of science fiction: a study in imagination and evolution, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-25456-7","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatthemesofsci00pier","url_text":"Great themes of science fiction: a study in imagination and evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25456-7","url_text":"978-0-313-25456-7"}]},{"reference":"Larry Niven. \"Known Space Bibliography\". larryniven.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.larryniven.org/biblio/","url_text":"\"Known Space Bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Niven, Larry (1968), \"A Relic of the Empire\", Neutron Star, New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 29–50","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peter Nicholls (1978), Foundation, Gregg Press, p. 52, ISBN 978-0-8398-2442-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8398-2442-8","url_text":"978-0-8398-2442-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Chat: 4th March 2007\". Known Space: The Future Worlds of Larry Niven.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.larryniven.net/chatlogs/04-march-07.shtml","url_text":"\"Chat: 4th March 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven\". slashdot.org. Slashdot interviews. 10 March 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://interviews.slashdot.org/story/03/03/10/167206/ladies-and-gentlemen-dr-larry-niven","url_text":"\"Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Future Histories\". The Bulletin of the Science Fiction Writers of America. Vol. 23, no. 2. Summer 1989. issue 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Niven, Larry (1977). \"Down in flames\". larryniven.net (story outline). Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2019-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130917132644/http://www.larryniven.net/stories/downinflames.shtml","url_text":"\"Down in flames\""},{"url":"http://www.larryniven.net/stories/downinflames.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Known Space characters\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Known+Space+characters%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.thrillingdetective.com/hamilton.html","external_links_name":"\"Gil Hamilton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101212425/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1976.html","external_links_name":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1976\""},{"Link":"http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1976.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tangentonline.com/print-bi-monthly/analog-november-december-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Analog, November/December 2022 – Tangent Online\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetosc0000unse/page/785","external_links_name":"Magill's Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetosc0000unse/page/785","external_links_name":"785"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beachamsencyclop00beet/page/3582","external_links_name":"Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beachamsencyclop00beet/page/3582","external_links_name":"3582"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatthemesofsci00pier","external_links_name":"Great themes of science fiction: a study in imagination and evolution"},{"Link":"http://www.larryniven.org/biblio/","external_links_name":"\"Known Space Bibliography\""},{"Link":"http://www.baenebooks.com/chapters/9781451639384/9781451639384.htm","external_links_name":"A Man Named Saul"},{"Link":"http://www.larryniven.net/chatlogs/04-march-07.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Chat: 4th March 2007\""},{"Link":"http://interviews.slashdot.org/story/03/03/10/167206/ladies-and-gentlemen-dr-larry-niven","external_links_name":"\"Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130917132644/http://www.larryniven.net/stories/downinflames.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Down in flames\""},{"Link":"http://www.larryniven.net/stories/downinflames.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Museum_Houston

Contemporary Arts Museum Houston

["1 History","1.1 Beginning","1.2 Going pro","1.3 Continued growth","2 Modern museum","3 Directors","4 References","5 External links"]

Contemporary Arts Museum HoustonEstablished1948 (1948)Location5216 Montrose Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77006Coordinates29°43′35.0″N 95°23′29.5″W / 29.726389°N 95.391528°W / 29.726389; -95.391528Executive directorHesse McGrawPresidentDillon A. KyleWebsitecamh.org Contemporary Arts Museum Houston is a not-for-profit institution in the Museum District, Houston, Texas, founded in 1948, dedicated to presenting contemporary art to the public. As a non-collecting museum, it strives to provide a forum for visual arts of the present and recent past and document new directions in art, while engaging the public and encouraging a greater understanding of contemporary art through education programs. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston opened in 1972, in a building designed by Gunnar Birkerts. History Beginning In 1948, a group of seven Houston citizens founded the Contemporary Arts Museum with the goal of presenting new art to the community and to document arts role in modern life through exhibitions, lectures and other activities. The museum initially presented exhibitions at various locations throughout the city, sometimes using The Museum of Fine Arts. These first presentations included "This is Contemporary Art" and "László Moholy-Nagy: Memorial Exhibition." By 1950, the success of these efforts allowed the museum to build of a small, professionally equipped facility where ambitious exhibitions of the work of Vincent van Gogh, Joan Miró, Alexander Calder, Max Ernst, and John T. Biggers and his students from the then-fledgling Texas Negro College (now Texas Southern University). Houstonians were receptive to new ideas. Going pro Another major change occurred in 1957, when the previously all-volunteer Museum hired Jermayne MacAgy as its first professional director. Ms. MacAgy wasted no time and soon organized several definitive exhibitions, including "The Sphere of Mondrian," "The Disquieting Muse: Surrealism," "Totems Not Taboo: Primitive Art" and Mark Rothko's second museum exhibition. During the 1960s the museum continued its dedication to thematic exhibitions, architecture and design, and studies individual artists. Landmark exhibitions included "The Emerging Figure" and the influential combine paintings of Robert Rauschenberg. By the end of the decade, the Contemporary Arts Museum had outgrown the original 1950 facility, so the trustees raised funds to purchase a prominent site on the corner of Montrose and Bissonnet, where the new building, designed by Gunnar Birkerts, was built. In 1972, the present building opened with a controversial exhibition called Ten, featuring several artists working in non-traditional media. The museum continued to showcase new national and regional art, throughout the 1970s, including such presentations as John Chamberlain, Dalé Gas (one of the first surveys of Hispanic artists in the U.S.), and a major thematic exhibition, American Narrative/Story Art. In addition, exhibitions of new Texas talent provided early venues for works of James Surls, John Alexander, and Luis Jimenez, among others. Continued growth In the 1980s, the museum grew significantly, extending its sphere of influence with exhibitions that presented and toured surveys of installations for performance art; contemporary still-life painting; a group exhibition of work by Texas artists; and single-artist shows of artists like Ida Applebroog, Robert Morris, Pat Steir, Bill Viola and Frank Stella, as well as Texans Earl Staley, Melissa Miller and Vernon Fisher. In addition, Director Linda L. Cathcart established Perspectives in the museum's lower gallery—a fast-paced series of exhibitions focusing on cycles of work by emerging and well-known artists that had not previously shown in Houston. As of 2011, over 175 exhibitions have taken place within the innovative series. In the 1990s, the museum adjusted its focus to concentrate only on art made created within the past 40 years. It also worked to extend its reach internationally. Major single-artist exhibitions at the end of the 20th century included Art Guys: Think Twice, Tony Cragg: Sculpture, Ann Hamilton: kaph, Richard Long: Circles Cycles Mud Stone, Nic Nicosia: Real Pictures, Introjection: Tony Oursler: 1976-1999, Lari Pittman, Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective, James Turrell: Spirit and Light, William Wegman: Paintings and Drawings, Photographs and Videotapes and Robert Wilson's Vision. Modern museum The museum temporarily closed on January 1, 1997, for the building's first major renovation in 25 years. The museum reopened to the public on May 10, 1997, with the presentation of "Finders/Keepers." This exhibition documented the institution's relationship with its community and friends, borrowing important works of art back from private collectors that had remained in the region after first being presented at the Contemporary Arts Museum. Other important presentations since have included "Elvis + Marilyn: Two Times Immortal," "Abstract Painting Once Removed" and "Other Narratives." As the new millennium began, the museum celebrated the change with a look back at some of the exhibitions of the previous decade in "Outbound: Passages from the Nineties." Other exhibitions of the fledgling century have included "Afterimage: Drawing Through Process", "Subject Plural" and "The Inward Eye." Single-artist shows have focused on a variety of media and have included "When One is Two: The Art of Alighiero e Boetti," William Kentridge, Uta Barth, and Juan Muñoz. Directors 1979-1989: Linda L. Cathcart 2009–2018: Bill Arning 2020–present: Hesse McGraw References ^ "History & Mission". History & Mission, Contemporary Arts Museum - Houston, camh.org. Retrieved 2017-08-09. ^ "Museum history". Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h "Museum History". Visitor Info, Contemporary Arts Museum - Houston, camh.org. Archived from the original on 2007-04-15. Retrieved 2007-05-07. ^ Andrew Russeth (October 29, 2018), Bill Arning Resigns Suddenly as Director of Contemporary Arts Museum Houston ARTnews. ^ Wallace Ludel (December 5, 2019), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston names new director The Art Newspaper. External links Texas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston website Exhibition History timeline vteHouston Museum DistrictInstitutions Children's Museum of Houston Contemporary Arts Museum Houston The Health Museum Holocaust Museum Houston Houston Museum of Natural Science Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden First Presbyterian Church Logue House (Italian Cultural and Community Center) Asia Society Texas Center METRORail stations Museum District Education Houston Public Library Houston Independent School District Presbyterian School Post Oak High School This list is incomplete. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Academics CiNii Other IdRef

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The museum reopened to the public on May 10, 1997, with the presentation of \"Finders/Keepers.\" This exhibition documented the institution's relationship with its community and friends, borrowing important works of art back from private collectors that had remained in the region after first being presented at the Contemporary Arts Museum. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eduard_Neugebauer

Otto E. Neugebauer

["1 Career","2 Prizes and honors","3 Select publications","3.1 Articles","3.2 Books","4 References","5 External links"]

Austrian-American mathematician (1899–1990) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Otto E. NeugebauerBorn(1899-05-26)May 26, 1899Innsbruck, Austria-HungaryDiedFebruary 19, 1990(1990-02-19) (aged 90)Princeton, New JerseySpouseGrete BruckChildrenMargo Neugebauer, Gerry NeugebauerParentRudolph Neugebauer Otto Eduard Neugebauer (May 26, 1899 – February 19, 1990) was an Austrian-American mathematician and historian of science who became known for his research on the history of astronomy and the other exact sciences as they were practiced in antiquity and the Middle Ages. By studying clay tablets, he discovered that the ancient Babylonians knew much more about mathematics and astronomy than had been previously realized. The National Academy of Sciences has called Neugebauer "the most original and productive scholar of the history of the exact sciences, perhaps of the history of science, of our age." Career Neugebauer was born in Innsbruck, Austria. His father Rudolph Neugebauer was a railroad construction engineer and a collector and scholar of Oriental carpets. His parents died when he was quite young. During World War I, Neugebauer enlisted in the Austrian Army and served as an artillery lieutenant on the Italian front and then in an Italian prisoner-of-war camp alongside fellow countryman Ludwig Wittgenstein. In 1919, he entered the University of Graz in electrical engineering and physics and in 1921 he transferred to the University of Munich. From 1922 to 1924, he studied mathematics at the University of Göttingen under Richard Courant, Edmund Landau, and Emmy Noether. During 1924–1925, he was at the University of Copenhagen, where his interests changed to the history of Egyptian mathematics. He returned to Göttingen and remained there until 1933. His thesis Die Grundlagen der ägyptischen Bruchrechnung ("The Fundamentals of Egyptian Calculation with Fractions") (Springer, 1926) was a mathematical analysis of the table in the Rhind Papyrus. In 1927, he received his venia legendi for the history of mathematics and served as Privatdozent. In 1927, his first paper on Babylonian mathematics was an account of the origin of the sexagesimal system. In 1929, Neugebauer founded Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik (QS), a Springer series devoted to the history of the mathematical sciences, in which he published extended papers on Egyptian computational techniques in arithmetic and geometry, including the Moscow Papyrus, the most important text for geometry. Neugebauer had worked on the Moscow Papyrus in Leningrad in 1928. In 1931, he founded the review journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete (Zbl), his most important contribution to modern mathematics. When Adolf Hitler became chancellor in 1933, Neugebauer was asked to sign an oath of loyalty to the new German government, but he refused and was promptly suspended from employment. In 1934, he joined the University of Copenhagen as a full professor of mathematics. In 1936, he published a paper on the method of dating and analyzing texts using diophantine equations. During 1935–1937, he published a corpus of texts named Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte (MKT). MKT was a colossal work, in size, detail, and depth, and its contents showed that Babylonian mathematics far surpassed anything one could imagine from a knowledge of Egyptian and Greek mathematics. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 in Bologna and a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo. In 1939, after the Zentralblatt was taken over by the Nazis, he moved to the United States, joined the mathematics department at Brown University, and founded Mathematical Reviews. He became an American citizen and remained at Brown for most of his career, founding the History of Mathematics Department there in 1947 and becoming University Professor. Jointly with the American Assyriologist Abraham Sachs, he published Mathematical Cuneiform Texts in 1945, which has remained a standard English-language work on Babylonian mathematics. In 1967, he was awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship by the American Astronomical Society. In 1977, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1979, he received the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America. In 1984, he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he had been a member since 1950. Neugebauer was also interested in chronology. He was able to reconstruct the Alexandrian Christian calendar and its origin from the Alexandrian Jewish calendar as of about the 4th century, at least 200 years prior to any other source for either calendar. Thus, the Jewish calendar was derived by combining the 19-year cycle using the Alexandrian year with the seven-day week, and was then slightly modified by the Christians to prevent Easter from ever coinciding with Passover. The ecclesiastical calendar, considered by church historians to be highly scientific and deeply complex, turned out to be quite simple. In 1988, by studying a scrap of Greek papyrus, Neugebauer discovered the most important single piece of evidence to date for the extensive transmission of Babylonian astronomy to the Greeks and for the continuing use of Babylonian methods for 400 years even after Ptolemy wrote the Almagest. His last paper, "From Assyriology to Renaissance Art", published in 1989, detailed the history of a single astronomical parameter, the mean length of the synodic month, from cuneiform tablets, to the papyrus fragment just mentioned, to the Jewish calendar, to an early 15th-century book of hours. In 1986, Neugebauer was awarded the Balzan Prize "for his fundamental research into the exact sciences in the ancient world, in particular, on ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy, which has put our understanding of ancient science on a new footing and illuminated its transmission to the classical and medieval worlds. For his outstanding success in promoting interest and further research in the history of science" (Motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). Neugebauer donated the prize money of 250,000 Swiss francs to the Institute for Advanced Study. Neugebauer began his career as a mathematician, then turned to Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, and then took up the history of mathematical astronomy. In a career which spanned sixty-five years, he largely created modern understanding of mathematical astronomy in Babylon and Egypt, through Greco-Roman antiquity, to India, the Islamic world, and Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The noted physicist and astronomer Gerry Neugebauer at Caltech was his son. Prizes and honors John F. Lewis Prize (American Philosophical Society, 1952) Heineman Prize for the Exact Sciences, 1953 American Council of Learned Societies' Award (1961) Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1967) Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1973) Pfizer Award (1975 and 1985; History of Science Society) Distinguished Service Award, Mathematical Association of America (1979) Balzan Prize (1986) for pioneering studies in the field of exact sciences in antiquity, especially Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society, 1987) Susan Culver Rosenberger Medal of Honor (Brown University, 1987) Honorary doctorates from University of St Andrews (1938), Princeton University (1957) and Brown University (1971) Member of various scientific academies in Vienna, Paris, Copenhagen and Brussels, the British Academy, the Irish Academy, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society In 1936, he gave a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo. This was about pre-Greek mathematics and its position relative to the Greek. Select publications Articles 'The Chronology of the Hammurabi Age', in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. lxi (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941). "The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 (1945): 1–38. "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy." Isis, Vol. 37, No. 1/2, pp. 37–43. (May, 1947). JSTOR link. Reprinted in Neugebauer (1983), pp. 239–245 (*). "The Early History of the Astrolabe." Isis 40 (1949): 240–56. "The Study of Wretched Subjects." Isis 42 (1951): 111. "On the 'Hippopede' of Eudoxus." Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953): 225–29. "Apollonius' Planetary Theory." Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 8 (1955): 641–48. "The Equivalence of Eccentric and Epicyclic Motion According to Apollonius." Scripta Mathematica 24 (1959): 5–21. "Thabit Ben Qurra 'On the Solar Year' and 'On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere.'" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962): 264–98. (with Richard A. Parker) "Egyptian Astronomical Texts: III. Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs." (Brown University Press, 1969) "On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus." American Journal of Philology 93 (1973): 600–601. "Notes on Autolycus." Centaurus 18 (1973): 66–69. Books (with Abraham Sachs, eds.). Mathematical Cuneiform Texts. American Oriental Series, vol. 29. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1945. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2 Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. 3 volumes. London:1956; 2nd edition, New York: Springer, 1983. (Commonly abbreviated as ACT) The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi. Historiskfilosofiske Skrifter udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Bind 4, nr. 2. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1962. Ethiopic Astronomy and Computus. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1979. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols. Berlin: Springer, 1975. (Commonly abbreviated as HAMA.) Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer, 1983. (with Noel Swerdlow) Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus. New York: Springer, 1984. ISBN 978-1-4613-8262-1 References ^ "Otto E. Neugebauer". National Academy of Sciences. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ Neugebauer, O. (1937). "Über griechische Mathematik und ihr Verhältnis zur Vorgriechischen". In: Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936. Vol. 1. pp. 157–170. External links Otto E. Neugebauer at the Database of Classical Scholars Swerdlow, N. M. (1998), Otto E. Neugebauer 1899–1990 (PDF), United States National Academy of Sciences Otto E. Neugebauer — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences Masters of Math, From Old Babylon (November 26, 2010 New York Times article on exhibition honoring Neugebauer) Otto Neugebauer – Institute for Advanced Study Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics – Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Otto E. Neugebauer", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Otto E. Neugebauer at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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His father Rudolph Neugebauer was a railroad construction engineer and a collector and scholar of Oriental carpets. His parents died when he was quite young. During World War I, Neugebauer enlisted in the Austrian Army and served as an artillery lieutenant on the Italian front and then in an Italian prisoner-of-war camp alongside fellow countryman Ludwig Wittgenstein. In 1919, he entered the University of Graz in electrical engineering and physics and in 1921 he transferred to the University of Munich. From 1922 to 1924, he studied mathematics at the University of Göttingen under Richard Courant, Edmund Landau, and Emmy Noether. During 1924–1925, he was at the University of Copenhagen, where his interests changed to the history of Egyptian mathematics.He returned to Göttingen and remained there until 1933. His thesis Die Grundlagen der ägyptischen Bruchrechnung (\"The Fundamentals of Egyptian Calculation with Fractions\") (Springer, 1926) was a mathematical analysis of the table in the Rhind Papyrus. In 1927, he received his venia legendi for the history of mathematics and served as Privatdozent. In 1927, his first paper on Babylonian mathematics was an account of the origin of the sexagesimal system.In 1929, Neugebauer founded Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik (QS), a Springer series devoted to the history of the mathematical sciences, in which he published extended papers on Egyptian computational techniques in arithmetic and geometry, including the Moscow Papyrus, the most important text for geometry. Neugebauer had worked on the Moscow Papyrus in Leningrad in 1928.In 1931, he founded the review journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete (Zbl), his most important contribution to modern mathematics.[citation needed][1] When Adolf Hitler became chancellor in 1933, Neugebauer was asked to sign an oath of loyalty to the new German government, but he refused and was promptly suspended from employment. In 1934, he joined the University of Copenhagen as a full professor of mathematics. In 1936, he published a paper on the method of dating and analyzing texts using diophantine equations. During 1935–1937, he published a corpus of texts named Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte (MKT). MKT was a colossal work, in size, detail, and depth, and its contents showed that Babylonian mathematics far surpassed anything one could imagine from a knowledge of Egyptian and Greek mathematics. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 in Bologna and a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.[2]In 1939, after the Zentralblatt was taken over by the Nazis, he moved to the United States, joined the mathematics department at Brown University, and founded Mathematical Reviews. He became an American citizen and remained at Brown for most of his career, founding the History of Mathematics Department there in 1947 and becoming University Professor. Jointly with the American Assyriologist Abraham Sachs, he published Mathematical Cuneiform Texts in 1945, which has remained a standard English-language work on Babylonian mathematics. In 1967, he was awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship by the American Astronomical Society. In 1977, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1979, he received the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America. In 1984, he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he had been a member since 1950.Neugebauer was also interested in chronology. He was able to reconstruct the Alexandrian Christian calendar and its origin from the Alexandrian Jewish calendar as of about the 4th century, at least 200 years prior to any other source for either calendar. Thus, the Jewish calendar was derived by combining the 19-year cycle using the Alexandrian year with the seven-day week, and was then slightly modified by the Christians to prevent Easter from ever coinciding with Passover. The ecclesiastical calendar, considered by church historians to be highly scientific and deeply complex, turned out to be quite simple.In 1988, by studying a scrap of Greek papyrus, Neugebauer discovered the most important single piece of evidence to date for the extensive transmission of Babylonian astronomy to the Greeks and for the continuing use of Babylonian methods for 400 years even after Ptolemy wrote the Almagest. His last paper, \"From Assyriology to Renaissance Art\", published in 1989, detailed the history of a single astronomical parameter, the mean length of the synodic month, from cuneiform tablets, to the papyrus fragment just mentioned, to the Jewish calendar, to an early 15th-century book of hours.In 1986, Neugebauer was awarded the Balzan Prize \"for his fundamental research into the exact sciences in the ancient world, in particular, on ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy, which has put our understanding of ancient science on a new footing and illuminated its transmission to the classical and medieval worlds. For his outstanding success in promoting interest and further research in the history of science\" (Motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). Neugebauer donated the prize money of 250,000 Swiss francs to the Institute for Advanced Study.Neugebauer began his career as a mathematician, then turned to Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, and then took up the history of mathematical astronomy. In a career which spanned sixty-five years, he largely created modern understanding of mathematical astronomy in Babylon and Egypt, through Greco-Roman antiquity, to India, the Islamic world, and Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The noted physicist and astronomer Gerry Neugebauer at Caltech was his son.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Heineman Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heineman_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Council of Learned Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies"},{"link_name":"Henry Norris Russell Lectureship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship"},{"link_name":"Austrian Decoration for Science and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art"},{"link_name":"Pfizer Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award"},{"link_name":"History of Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Society"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Balzan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzan_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Congresses_of_Mathematicians_Plenary_and_Invited_Speakers"}],"text":"John F. Lewis Prize (American Philosophical Society, 1952)\nHeineman Prize for the Exact Sciences, 1953\nAmerican Council of Learned Societies' Award (1961)\nHenry Norris Russell Lectureship (1967)\nAustrian Decoration for Science and Art (1973)\nPfizer Award (1975 and 1985; History of Science Society)\nDistinguished Service Award, Mathematical Association of America (1979)\nBalzan Prize (1986) for pioneering studies in the field of exact sciences in antiquity, especially Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy\nFranklin Medal (American Philosophical Society, 1987)\nSusan Culver Rosenberger Medal of Honor (Brown University, 1987)\nHonorary doctorates from University of St Andrews (1938), Princeton University (1957) and Brown University (1971)\nMember of various scientific academies in Vienna, Paris, Copenhagen and Brussels, the British Academy, the Irish Academy, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical SocietyIn 1936, he gave a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo. This was about pre-Greek mathematics and its position relative to the Greek.","title":"Prizes and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/542323"},{"link_name":"Scripta Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_on_Pure_and_Applied_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Scripta Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Parker"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"'The Chronology of the Hammurabi Age', in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. lxi (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941).\n\"The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods.\" Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 (1945): 1–38.\n\"Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy.\" Isis, Vol. 37, No. 1/2, pp. 37–43. (May, 1947). JSTOR link. Reprinted in Neugebauer (1983), pp. 239–245 (*).\n\"The Early History of the Astrolabe.\" Isis 40 (1949): 240–56.\n\"The Study of Wretched Subjects.\" Isis 42 (1951): 111.\n\"On the 'Hippopede' of Eudoxus.\" Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953): 225–29.\n\"Apollonius' Planetary Theory.\" Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 8 (1955): 641–48.\n\"The Equivalence of Eccentric and Epicyclic Motion According to Apollonius.\" Scripta Mathematica 24 (1959): 5–21.\n\"Thabit Ben Qurra 'On the Solar Year' and 'On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere.'\" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962): 264–98.\n(with Richard A. Parker) \"Egyptian Astronomical Texts: III. Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs.\" (Brown University Press, 1969)\n\"On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus.\" American Journal of Philology 93 (1973): 600–601.\n\"Notes on Autolycus.\" Centaurus 18 (1973): 66–69.","title":"Select publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematical Cuneiform Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i-juAAAAMAAJ&dq"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-22332-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22332-2"},{"link_name":"Noel Swerdlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Swerdlow"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4613-8262-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8262-1"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"(with Abraham Sachs, eds.). Mathematical Cuneiform Texts. American Oriental Series, vol. 29. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1945.\nThe Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2\nAstronomical Cuneiform Texts. 3 volumes. London:1956; 2nd edition, New York: Springer, 1983. (Commonly abbreviated as ACT)\nThe Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi. Historiskfilosofiske Skrifter udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Bind 4, nr. 2. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1962.\nEthiopic Astronomy and Computus. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1979.\nA History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols. Berlin: Springer, 1975. (Commonly abbreviated as HAMA.)\nAstronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer, 1983.\n(with Noel Swerdlow) Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus. New York: Springer, 1984. ISBN 978-1-4613-8262-1","title":"Select publications"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_vortex_signature

Tornado vortex signature

["1 Display","2 Intensity","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

Weather radar pattern Strong mesocyclone on a thunderstorm near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, that was analyzed as fitting the characteristics of a TVS. It was associated with a tornado. A tornadic vortex signature, abbreviated TVS, is a Pulse-Doppler radar weather radar detected rotation algorithm that indicates the likely presence of a strong mesocyclone that is in some stage of tornadogenesis. It may give meteorologists the ability to pinpoint and track the location of tornadic rotation within a larger storm, and is one component of the National Weather Service's warning operations. The tornadic vortex signature was first identified by Donald W. Burgess, Leslie R. Lemon, and Rodger A. Brown in the 1970s using experimental Doppler radar at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma. The National Weather Service (NWS) now uses an updated algorithm developed by NSSL, the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) based on data from its WSR-88D system of radars. NSSL also developed the mesocyclone detection algorithm (MDA). Display Typical display of a tornado vortex signature (the upside-down triangle near the mesocyclone) on a National Weather Service Doppler weather radar display (here the case of the 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado). The conditions causing a TVS are often visible on the Doppler weather radar storm relative velocity (SRV) product as adjacent inbound and outbound velocities, a signature known as a velocity couplet or "gate-to-gate" shear. In most cases, the TVS is a strong mesocyclone aloft, not an actual tornado, although the presence of an actual tornado on the ground can occasionally be inferred based on a strong couplet in concert with a tornadic debris signature (TDS) (i.e. a "debris ball" on reflectivity or certain polarimetric characteristics), or through confirmation from storm spotters. When the algorithm is tripped, a TVS icon (typically a triangle representing a vortex) and pertinent information appear. Radar analysis of the velocity couplet as well as the automated TVS are very significant to issuing tornado warnings and can suggest the strength and location of possible tornadoes. Although many tornadoes, especially the stronger ones, coincide with a TVS, many weak EF0-EF1 tornadoes can and do occur without a TVS, especially if they are not produced from an identified mesocyclone. Likewise, phenomena such as "fair-weather" waterspouts, landspouts, and gustnadoes, though cyclonic and occasionally damaging, do not normally produce a signature identifiable by a TVS. Rotation associated with quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) or squall lines can trip the TVS but do so less reliably as the couplets typically are more transient, are shallower, smaller, and weaker. This rotation may be considered a mesovortex rather than a mesocyclone but these do produce tornadoes and damaging straight-line winds. Intensity A TVS can be measured by intense gate to gate wind shear, which is the change of wind speed and/or direction across the two gates of inbound and outbound velocities. Gates are the individual pixels on the radar display. For example, if the inbound velocity is −48 knots (−89 km/h) and the outbound is 39 knots (72 km/h), then there is 87 knots (161 km/h) of gate to gate shear. The impressiveness of a TVS not only has to do with the strength of the gate to gate shear, but it also incorporates the size and depth of the TVS, and the strength of any surrounding mesocyclone, among other factors, including several vertically-polarized variables with the advent of dual-polarization. See also Convective storm detection Hook echo Bounded weak echo region (BWER) Warning Decision Training Branch, Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, Advanced Radar Research Center Notes ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slides 3 & 4 ^ "NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions". National Weather Service. ^ "Tornado Detection". Severe Weather 101. National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-05-17. ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slides 3 & 4 ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 13 ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 30 ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 4 ^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 9 References Paul Schlatter (September 2009). "WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course; Topic 5, Lesson 21". Online. Retrieved 2009-11-29. Rodger Brown; Vincent Wood (April 2012). "The Tornadic Vortex Signature: An Update". Weather and Forecasting. 27 (2). Online: 525–530. Bibcode:2012WtFor..27..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1. S2CID 122590037. Retrieved 2020-03-26. Rodger Brown; Leslie R. Lemon; Donald W. Burgess (January 1978). "Tornado Detection by Pulsed Doppler Radar". Monthly Weather Review. 106 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0029:TDBPDR>2.0.CO;2. External links Tornado Vortex Signatures in Doppler radial velocity patterns

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Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_W._Burgess"},{"link_name":"Doppler radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar#Velocity"},{"link_name":"National Severe Storms Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Severe_Storms_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Norman, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXRAD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Strong mesocyclone on a thunderstorm near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, that was analyzed as fitting the characteristics of a TVS. It was associated with a tornado.A tornadic vortex signature, abbreviated TVS, is a Pulse-Doppler radar weather radar detected rotation algorithm that indicates the likely presence of a strong mesocyclone that is in some stage of tornadogenesis.[1] It may give meteorologists the ability to pinpoint and track the location of tornadic rotation within a larger storm, and is one component of the National Weather Service's warning operations.[2]The tornadic vortex signature was first identified by Donald W. Burgess, Leslie R. Lemon, and Rodger A. Brown in the 1970s using experimental Doppler radar at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma. The National Weather Service (NWS) now uses an updated algorithm developed by NSSL, the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) based on data from its WSR-88D system of radars. NSSL also developed the mesocyclone detection algorithm (MDA).[3]","title":"Tornado vortex signature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tornado-vortex-signature.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"Doppler weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"},{"link_name":"1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek%E2%80%93Moore_tornado"},{"link_name":"Doppler weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar#Velocity"},{"link_name":"velocities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"tornadic debris signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadic_debris_signature"},{"link_name":"storm spotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_spotting"},{"link_name":"vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tornado warnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_warning"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"EF0-EF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"\"fair-weather\" waterspouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspout#Types"},{"link_name":"landspouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landspout"},{"link_name":"gustnadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustnado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"squall lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall_line"},{"link_name":"mesovortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesovortex"},{"link_name":"straight-line winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-line_wind"}],"text":"Typical display of a tornado vortex signature (the upside-down triangle near the mesocyclone) on a National Weather Service Doppler weather radar display (here the case of the 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado).The conditions causing a TVS are often visible on the Doppler weather radar storm relative velocity (SRV) product as adjacent inbound and outbound velocities, a signature known as a velocity couplet or \"gate-to-gate\" shear.[4] In most cases, the TVS is a strong mesocyclone aloft, not an actual tornado, although the presence of an actual tornado on the ground can occasionally be inferred based on a strong couplet in concert with a tornadic debris signature (TDS) (i.e. a \"debris ball\" on reflectivity or certain polarimetric characteristics), or through confirmation from storm spotters. When the algorithm is tripped, a TVS icon (typically a triangle representing a vortex) and pertinent information appear.[5] Radar analysis of the velocity couplet as well as the automated TVS are very significant to issuing tornado warnings and can suggest the strength and location of possible tornadoes.[citation needed] Although many tornadoes, especially the stronger ones, coincide with a TVS, many weak EF0-EF1 tornadoes can and do occur without a TVS, especially if they are not produced from an identified mesocyclone. Likewise, phenomena such as \"fair-weather\" waterspouts, landspouts, and gustnadoes, though cyclonic and occasionally damaging, do not normally produce a signature identifiable by a TVS.[6] Rotation associated with quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) or squall lines can trip the TVS but do so less reliably as the couplets typically are more transient, are shallower, smaller, and weaker. This rotation may be considered a mesovortex rather than a mesocyclone but these do produce tornadoes and damaging straight-line winds.","title":"Display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wind shear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear"},{"link_name":"wind speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_speed"},{"link_name":"direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_direction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A TVS can be measured by intense gate to gate wind shear, which is the change of wind speed and/or direction across the two gates of inbound and outbound velocities. Gates are the individual pixels on the radar display. For example, if the inbound velocity is −48 knots (−89 km/h) and the outbound is 39 knots (72 km/h), then there is 87 knots (161 km/h) of gate to gate shear.[7] The impressiveness of a TVS not only has to do with the strength of the gate to gate shear, but it also incorporates the size and depth of the TVS, and the strength of any surrounding mesocyclone, among other factors, including several vertically-polarized variables with the advent of dual-polarization.[8]","title":"Intensity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.weather.gov/bmx/radar_aboutnwsradar_keyindicators"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Tornado Detection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/detection/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWSR-88D_Distance_Learning_Operations_Course"}],"text":"^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slides 3 & 4\n\n^ \"NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions\". National Weather Service.\n\n^ \"Tornado Detection\". Severe Weather 101. National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-05-17.\n\n^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slides 3 & 4\n\n^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 13\n\n^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 30\n\n^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 4\n\n^ WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course, slide 9","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Strong mesocyclone on a thunderstorm near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, that was analyzed as fitting the characteristics of a TVS. It was associated with a tornado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tornado_Vortex_Sig%2C_tuscaloosa.png/220px-Tornado_Vortex_Sig%2C_tuscaloosa.png"},{"image_text":"Typical display of a tornado vortex signature (the upside-down triangle near the mesocyclone) on a National Weather Service Doppler weather radar display (here the case of the 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tornado-vortex-signature.jpg/220px-Tornado-vortex-signature.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Convective storm detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_storm_detection"},{"title":"Hook echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_echo"},{"title":"Bounded weak echo region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_weak_echo_region"},{"title":"Warning Decision Training Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warning_Decision_Training_Branch"},{"title":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Institute_for_Mesoscale_Meteorological_Studies"},{"title":"Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Analysis_and_Prediction_of_Storms"},{"title":"Advanced Radar Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Radar_Research_Center"}]

[{"reference":"\"NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions\". National Weather Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/bmx/radar_aboutnwsradar_keyindicators","url_text":"\"NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado Detection\". Severe Weather 101. National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/detection/","url_text":"\"Tornado Detection\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Schlatter (September 2009). \"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course; Topic 5, Lesson 21\". Online. Retrieved 2009-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdtb.noaa.gov/courses/dloc/topic5/lesson21/player.html","url_text":"\"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course; Topic 5, Lesson 21\""}]},{"reference":"Rodger Brown; Vincent Wood (April 2012). \"The Tornadic Vortex Signature: An Update\". Weather and Forecasting. 27 (2). Online: 525–530. Bibcode:2012WtFor..27..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1. S2CID 122590037. Retrieved 2020-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1","url_text":"\"The Tornadic Vortex Signature: An Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012WtFor..27..525B","url_text":"2012WtFor..27..525B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FWAF-D-11-00111.1","url_text":"10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122590037","url_text":"122590037"}]},{"reference":"Rodger Brown; Leslie R. Lemon; Donald W. Burgess (January 1978). \"Tornado Detection by Pulsed Doppler Radar\". Monthly Weather Review. 106 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0029:TDBPDR>2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/106/1/1520-0493_1978_106_0029_tdbpdr_2_0_co_2.xml","url_text":"\"Tornado Detection by Pulsed Doppler Radar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281978%29106%3C0029%3ATDBPDR%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0029:TDBPDR>2.0.CO;2"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/bmx/radar_aboutnwsradar_keyindicators","external_links_name":"\"NWS Radar: Key Indicators in Warning Decisions\""},{"Link":"http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/detection/","external_links_name":"\"Tornado Detection\""},{"Link":"http://www.wdtb.noaa.gov/courses/dloc/topic5/lesson21/player.html","external_links_name":"\"WSR-88D Distance Learning Operations Course; Topic 5, Lesson 21\""},{"Link":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1","external_links_name":"\"The Tornadic Vortex Signature: An Update\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012WtFor..27..525B","external_links_name":"2012WtFor..27..525B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FWAF-D-11-00111.1","external_links_name":"10.1175/WAF-D-11-00111.1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122590037","external_links_name":"122590037"},{"Link":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/106/1/1520-0493_1978_106_0029_tdbpdr_2_0_co_2.xml","external_links_name":"\"Tornado Detection by Pulsed Doppler Radar\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281978%29106%3C0029%3ATDBPDR%3E2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0029:TDBPDR>2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gl)/wwhlpr/tvs.rxml","external_links_name":"Tornado Vortex Signatures in Doppler radial velocity patterns"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K204DQ

CSN International translators

["1 Alabama","2 Alaska","3 Arizona","4 Arkansas","5 California","6 Colorado","7 Florida","8 Georgia","9 Hawaii","10 Idaho","11 Illinois","12 Indiana","13 Iowa","14 Kansas","15 Kentucky","16 Louisiana","17 Maryland","18 Michigan","19 Minnesota","20 Mississippi","21 Missouri","22 Montana","23 Nebraska","24 Nevada","25 New Jersey","26 New Mexico","27 New York","28 North Carolina","29 North Dakota","30 Ohio","31 Oklahoma","32 Oregon","33 Pennsylvania","34 South Carolina","35 South Dakota","36 Tennessee","37 Texas","38 Utah","39 Virginia","40 Washington","41 Wisconsin","42 Wyoming"]

Main article: CSN International This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CSN International translators" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CSN International is relayed by numerous low-powered translators nationwide. As a religious station, CSN International flagship KAWZ is allowed to place translators anywhere in the United States, regardless of distance from its parent station's coverage area. Alabama Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W273AJ 102.5 FM Athens, AL FMQ W213BY 90.5 FM Huntsville, AL FMQ W214BN 90.7 FM Malbis, AL FMQ Alaska Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K216DG 91.1 FM Ketchikan, AK FMQ K216DF 91.1 FM Kodiak, AK FMQ K220FY 91.9 FM Sitka, AK FMQ Arizona Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K210DY 89.9 FM Black Canyon City, AZ FMQ K220GI 91.9 FM Camp Verde, AZ FMQ K281BO 104.1 FM Clifton, AZ FMQ K217FX 91.3 FM Groom Creek, AZ FMQ K214EL 90.7 FM Holbrook, AZ FMQ K219KQ 91.7 FM Payson, AZ FMQ K271BH 102.1 FM Pinetop, AZ FMQ K206DH 89.1 FM Winslow, AZ FMQ K211DD 90.1 FM Yuma, AZ FMQ Arkansas Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K295BS 106.9 FM Bentonville, AR FMQ K213EU 90.5 FM Fayetteville, AR FMQ K258CE 99.5 FM Fort Smith, AR FMQ K218DE 91.5 FM Jonesboro, AR FMQ K203BO 88.5 FM Mena, AR FMQ K204DN 88.7 FM Paragould, AR FMQ K207CW 89.3 FM Paris, AR FMQ K204DO 88.7 FM Pine Bluff, AR FMQ California Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K214ED 90.7 FM Bakersfield, CA FMQ K212BD 90.3 FM Barstow, CA FMQ K251BI 98.1 FM Belleview, Humboldt County, California FMQ K209CY 89.7 FM Blythe, CA FMQ K220GJ 91.9 FM Borrego Springs, CA FMQ K207ER 89.3 FM Burney, CA FMQ K220JV 91.9 FM Byron, CA FMQ K213EH 90.5 FM Chico, CA FMQ K212DJ 90.3 FM Clearlake, CA FMQ K217EQ 91.3 FM Coalinga, CA FMQ K272AY 102.3 FM Crescent City, CA FMQ K288DR 105.5 FM Desert Hot Springs, CA FMQ K237GK 95.5 FM Dorris, CA FMQ K229AF 93.7 FM Eureka, CA FMQ K219LS 91.7 FM Garberville, CA FMQ K272DX 102.3 FM Grass Valley, CA FMQ K218FK 91.5 FM Happy Camp, CA FMQ K238AJ 95.5 FM Hayfork, CA FMQ K205DT 88.9 FM Indio, CA FMQ K279BV 103.7 FM Johnstonville, CA FMQ K210EN 89.9 FM Joshua Tree, CA FMQ K207DJ 89.3 FM Lake Isabella, CA FMQ K207CT 89.3 FM Lakehead, CA FMQ K275BO 102.9 FM Las Cruces, CA FMQ K216AX 91.1 FM Laurel, CA FMQ K215EQ 90.9 FM Lompoc, CA FMQ K201FW 88.1 FM Los Gatos, CA FMQ K220IA 91.9 FM Maple Creek, CA FMQ K214CT 90.7 FM Mariposa, CA FMQ Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K217GD 91.3 FM Marysville, CA FMQ K267AJ 101.3 FM Mt. Shasta, CA FMQ K276EF 103.1 FM Muscoy, CA FMQ K201IH 88.1 FM Napa, CA FMQ K218EU 91.5 FM North San Juan, CA FMQ K254BF 98.7 FM Oroville, CA FMQ K288BO 105.5 FM Paso Robles, CA FMQ K210EV 89.9 FM Pine Grove, CA FMQ K216FA 91.1 FM Quartz Hill, CA FMQ K212DF 90.3 FM Red Bluff, CA FMQ K220IR 91.9 FM Redding, CA FMQ K218DU 91.5 FM Ridgecrest, CA FMQ K201IS 88.1 FM Rincon, CA FMQ K238AY 95.5 FM Rio Linda, CA FMQ K252CK 98.3 FM Salinas, CA FMQ K249AQ 97.7 FM San Ardo, CA FMQ K214ET 90.7 FM San Luis Obispo, CA FMQ K285EW 104.9 FM San Luis Obispo, CA FMQ K218CP 91.5 FM Santa Barbara, CA FMQ K216FQ 91.1 FM Santa Maria, CA FMQ K271CJ 102.1 FM Scotia, CA FMQ K249EW 97.7 FM Shasta, CA FMQ K298AF 107.5 FM Shasta, CA FMQ K240AK 95.9 FM Soledad, CA FMQ K234AL 94.7 FM Sonora, CA FMQ K240CD 95.9 FM Soquel, CA FMQ K207CP 89.3 FM South Lake Tahoe, CA FMQ K259AU 99.7 FM Stockton, CA FMQ K205EK 88.9 FM Susanville, CA FMQ K206DF 89.1 FM Talmage, CA FMQ Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K254AR 98.7 FM Truckee, CA FMQ K212EK 90.3 FM Victorville, CA FMQ K212DK 90.3 FM Westwood, CA FMQ K214EE 90.7 FM Yankee Hill, CA FMQ K204DM 88.7 FM Yreka, CA FMQ K216CX 91.1 FM Yucca Valley, CA FMQ Colorado Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K201FK 88.1 FM Burlington, CO FMQ K208FS 89.5 FM Fort Morgan, CO FMQ K205CK 88.9 FM Grand Junction, CO FMQ K211EI 90.1 FM Lamar, CO FMQ K220IK 91.9 FM Limon, CO FMQ K213CK 90.5 FM Montrose, CO FMQ K201IP 88.1 FM Sterling, CO FMQ K220IJ 91.9 FM Yuma, CO FMQ Florida Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W229AH 93.7 FM Eastport, FL FMQ W203AY 88.5 FM Golden Lakes, FL FMQ W204BW 88.7 FM Gulf Breeze, FL FMQ W217BL 91.3 FM Jacksonville, FL FMQ W207CE 89.3 FM Key West, FL FMQ W204CD 88.7 FM Panama City, FL FMQ W283AW 104.5 FM Tallahassee, FL FMQ Georgia Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W203BO 88.5 FM Athens, GA FMQ W207CH 89.3 FM Blue Ridge, GA FMQ W219DU 91.7 FM Brunswick, GA FMQ W201CC 88.1 FM Buford, GA FMQ W220EH 91.9 FM Gainesville, GA FMQ W211CG 90.1 FM Macon, GA FMQ W215CF 90.9 FM Milledgeville, GA FMQ W206AT 89.1 FM Savannah, GA FMQ W213BE 90.5 FM Snellville, GA FMQ W298BL 107.5 FM Thomasville, GA FMQ W203BY 88.5 FM Warner Robins, GA FMQ W201DM 88.1 FM Woodstock, GA FMQ Hawaii Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K201FQ 88.1 FM Hilo, HI FMQ K216FI 91.1 FM Honolulu, HI FMQ K215EH 90.9 FM Kailua, HI FMQ K217GG 91.3 FM Kalaoa, HI FMQ K217GE 91.3 FM Kihei, HI FMQ K205EB 88.9 FM Lanai, HI FMQ Idaho Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K206CX 89.1 FM Ammon, ID FMQ K239AC 95.7 FM Boise, ID FMQ K266BJ 101.1 FM Burley, ID FMQ K224CV 92.7 FM Cascade, ID FMQ K206ET 89.1 FM Grangeville, ID FMQ K258BV 99.5 FM Ketchum/Hailey, ID FMQ K256AN 99.1 FM McCall, ID FMQ K206CY 89.1 FM Pocatello, ID FMQ K212FQ 90.3 FM Salmon, ID FMQ K212EY 90.3 FM Sandpoint, ID FMQ Illinois Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W213BI 90.5 FM Decatur, IL FMQ K203EF 88.5 FM Mount Vernon, IL FMQ Indiana Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W216BW 91.1 FM Hamburg, IN FMQ Iowa Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K208DS 89.5 FM Cherokee, IA FMQ K206DW 89.1 FM Creston, IA FMQ K215FN 90.9 FM Des Moines, IA FMQ K218CE 91.5 FM Marshalltown, IA FMQ Kansas Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K207EI 89.3 FM Emporia, KS FMQ K203EU 88.5 FM Hutchinson, KS FMQ K208EK 89.5 FM Parsons, KS FMQ K208FE 89.5 FM Topeka, KS FMQ K204DQ 88.7 FM Wichita, KS FMQ Kentucky Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W207CG 89.3 FM Bowling Green, KY FMQ W213CB 90.5 FM Covington, KY FMQ W218CM 91.5 FM Glasgow, KY FMQ W274AM 102.7 FM Louisville, KY FMQ W213BP 90.5 FM South Portsmouth, KY FMQ W204CP 88.7 FM Westport, KY FMQ Louisiana Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K279AL 103.7 FM Baton Rouge, LA FMQ K275AL 102.9 FM Denham Springs, LA FMQ K220EU 91.9 FM Erwinville, LA FMQ K201FO 88.1 FM Jennings, LA FMQ K237EW 95.3 FM Port Allen, LA FMQ Maryland Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W206AY 89.1 FM Fruitland, MD FMQ Michigan Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W201CF 88.1 FM Baldwin, MI FMQ W216BX 91.1 FM Benton Harbor, MI FMQ W218CU 91.5 FM Caro, MI FMQ W214AY 90.7 FM Walker, MI FMQ Minnesota Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K204ES 88.7 FM Brainerd, MN FMQ K201IQ 88.1 FM Fergus Falls, MN FMQ K213FA 90.5 FM Grand Rapids, MN FMQ Mississippi Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W215BE 90.9 FM D'Iberville/Biloxi, MS FMQ W218BV 91.5 FM Waynesboro, MS FMQ Missouri Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K256BQ 99.1 FM Branson, MO FMQ K212FW 90.3 FM Joplin, MO FMQ K217GC 91.3 FM Nevada, MO FMQ K204DT 88.7 FM Rogersville, MO FMQ K220HT 91.9 FM St. Louis, MO FMQ Montana Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K217EM 91.3 FM Billings, MT FMQ K296EM 107.1 FM Billings, MT FMQ K268AS 101.5 FM Bozeman, MT FMQ K201FG 88.1 FM Culbertson, MT FMQ K218DN 91.5 FM Gallatin Gateway, MT FMQ K215CW 90.9 FM Glendive, MT FMQ K295CG 106.9 FM Great Falls, MT FMQ K201IN 88.1 FM Hamilton, MT FMQ K216GJ 91.1 FM Helena, MT FMQ K201EY 88.1 FM Kalispell, MT FMQ K266BK 101.1 FM Missoula, MT FMQ K266BI 101.1 FM Polson, MT FMQ K261FH 100.1 FM Whitefish, MT FMQ Nebraska Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K220HX 91.9 FM Franklin, NE FMQ K217FM 91.3 FM Norfolk, NE FMQ K220FK 91.9 FM Scottsbluff, NE FMQ Nevada Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K218EV 91.5 FM Battle Mountain, NV FMQ K259AK 99.7 FM Carson City, NV FMQ K220HG 91.9 FM Elko, NV FMQ K264CG 100.7 FM Fernley, NV FMQ K211DC 90.1 FM Las Vegas, NV FMQ K204FR 88.7 FM Lovelock, NV FMQ K277BW 103.3 FM Reno, NV FMQ K217DN 91.3 FM Riepetown/Ely, NV FMQ K215DX 90.9 FM Round Mountain, NV FMQ K207CP 89.3 FM South Lake Tahoe, NV FMQ K200AA 87.9 FM Sun Valley, NV FMQ K208ET 89.5 FM Tonopah, NV FMQ K223AM 92.5 FM Wells, NV FMQ K201FF 88.1 FM Winnemucca, NV FMQ The Sun Valley translator is unusual in that translators are not normally allowed on the 87.9 frequency. The translator was originally licensed at 88.1 MHz, but was allowed to move to 87.9 MHz to avoid interfering with 88.3 in Sparks, Nevada. New Jersey Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W215CE 90.9 FM Cape May, NJ FMQ New Mexico Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K203EB 88.5 FM Farmington, NM FMQ K215EG 90.9 FM Gallup, NM FMQ K212GF 90.3 FM Las Cruces, NM FMQ K206EG 89.1 FM Portales, NM FMQ K213EA 90.5 FM Roswell, NM FMQ New York Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W285DI 104.9 FM Binghamton, NY FMQ W214AR 90.7 FM Oswego, NY FMQ W296DI 107.1 FM Seneca Falls, NY FMQ North Carolina Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W219DX 91.7 FM Asheville, NC FMQ W244CD 96.7 FM Browns Summit, NC FMQ W224BC 92.7 FM Burlington, NC FMQ W291AN 106.1 FM Eden, NC FMQ W219DN 91.7 FM Elizabeth City, NC FMQ W220CD 91.9 FM Enka, NC FMQ W224CP 92.7 FM High Point, NC FMQ W205BY 88.9 FM Lexington, NC FMQ W219BY 91.7 FM Mount Olive, NC FMQ W236AL 95.1 FM Summerfield, NC FMQ W228BE 93.5 FM Winston-Salem, NC FMQ North Dakota Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K201FN 88.1 FM Dickinson, ND FMQ K201FJ 88.1 FM Williston, ND FMQ Ohio Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W207CD 89.3 FM Hamler, OH FMQ W258BT 99.5 FM Perrysburg, OH FMQ Oklahoma Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K201FP 88.1 FM Arapaho, OK FMQ K218ER 91.5 FM Berlin, OK FMQ K272EY 102.3 FM Chickasha, OK FMQ K214EM 90.7 FM Durant, OK FMQ K266BG 101.1 FM Edmond, OK FMQ K208CG 89.5 FM Oklahoma City, OK FMQ K207DS 89.3 FM Wister, OK FMQ K204EQ 88.7 FM Woodward, OK FMQ Oregon Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K247AQ 97.3 FM Ashland, OR FMQ K203DY 88.5 FM Baker City, OR FMQ K295DB 106.9 FM Bend, OR FMQ K201DV 88.1 FM Brookings, OR FMQ K202DT 88.3 FM Canyonville, OR FMQ K218DP 91.5 FM Cave Junction, OR FMQ K258AR 99.5 FM Cloverdale, OR FMQ K216EH 91.1 FM Colton, OR FMQ K271AR 102.1 FM Coos Bay, OR FMQ K212AK 90.3 FM Corvallis, OR FMQ K273AJ 102.5 FM Elwood, OR FMQ K207DQ 89.3 FM Florence, OR FMQ K205DM 88.9 FM Glide, OR FMQ K202EH 88.3 FM Gold Beach, OR FMQ K213CF 90.5 FM Grants Pass, OR FMQ K246BB 97.1 FM Keno, OR FMQ K220II 91.9 FM Lakeview, OR FMQ K296BS 107.1 FM Medford, OR FMQ K276EO 103.1 FM Merlin, OR FMQ K201DH 88.1 FM Pendleton, OR FMQ K220IN 91.9 FM Portland, OR FMQ K288FT 105.5 FM Portland, OR FMQ K205CJ 88.9 FM Prairie City, OR FMQ K238AL 95.5 FM Reedsport, OR FMQ K214CM 90.7 FM Roseburg, OR FMQ K280BK 103.9 FM Selma, OR FMQ K206EH 89.1 FM Sprague River, OR FMQ K205EG 88.9 FM The Dalles, OR FMQ Pennsylvania Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W209CS 89.7 FM Erie, PA FMQ W220BX 91.9 FM York, PA FMQ South Carolina Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W218BX 91.5 FM Bluffton, SC FMQ W212CN 90.3 FM Charleston, SC FMQ W207BQ 89.3 FM Columbia, SC FMQ W203BG 88.5 FM Conway, SC FMQ W206AR 89.1 FM Florence, SC FMQ W214CE 90.7 FM Greenville, SC FMQ W204AL 88.7 FM Kingstree, SC FMQ W211BV 90.1 FM Lexington, SC FMQ W208BA 89.5 FM Myrtle Beach, SC FMQ W246AS 97.1 FM Olympia, SC FMQ W225AJ 92.9 FM Johns Island, SC FMQ South Dakota Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K201HB 88.1 FM Aberdeen, SD FMQ K260BT 99.9 FM Rapid City, SD FMQ Tennessee Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W214BQ 90.7 FM Brentwood, TN FMQ W203AZ 88.5 FM Chattanooga, TN FMQ W206BO 89.1 FM Dickson, TN FMQ W287DO 105.3 FM Lebanon, TN FMQ W288CI 105.5 FM Nashville, TN FMQ W220CC 91.9 FM New Johnsonville, TN FMQ Texas Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K211FZ 90.1 FM Austin, TX FMQ K212DG 90.3 FM Bushland, TX FMQ K212EO 90.3 FM El Paso, TX FMQ K220JK 91.9 FM Gardendale, TX FMQ K220KA 91.9 FM Kerrville, TX FMQ K225AV 92.9 FM Midland, TX FMQ K218CF 91.5 FM New Braunfels, TX FMQ K220JY 91.9 FM Odessa, TX FMQ K211DS 90.1 FM Paris, TX FMQ K220GL 91.9 FM Pleasanton, TX FMQ K204DX 88.7 FM San Antonio, TX FMQ K292FF 106.3 FM Terrell Wells, TX FMQ Utah Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K220HI 91.9 FM Clarkston, UT FMQ K209FP 89.7 FM Ephraim, UT FMQ K201CW 88.1 FM Moab, UT FMQ K213CQ 90.5 FM Salt Lake City, UT FMQ K201DP 88.1 FM St. George, UT FMQ K203CQ 88.5 FM Tooele, UT FMQ K202EJ 88.3 FM Wellsville, UT FMQ Virginia Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W204BH 88.7 FM Boones Mill, VA FMQ W218CV 91.5 FM Fredericksburg, VA FMQ W237DR 95.3 FM Martinsville, VA FMQ W219CX 91.7 FM Richmond, VA FMQ W224BS 92.7 FM Roanoke, VA FMQ Washington Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K204ET 88.7 FM Aberdeen, Washington FMQ K273AI 102.5 FM Ariel, Washington FMQ K210CN 89.9 FM Bellingham, Washington FMQ K206DM 89.1 FM Bremerton, Washington FMQ K220HE 91.9 FM Chehalis, Washington FMQ K206CL 89.1 FM Chinook, Washington FMQ K228DU 93.5 FM Clarkston, Washington FMQ K218DF 91.5 FM Cle Elum, Washington FMQ K201FD 88.1 FM Forks, Washington FMQ K279AK 103.7 FM Granger, Washington FMQ K206DL 89.1 FM Granite Falls, Washingtonshington FMQ K297BD 107.3 FM Greenwater, Washington FMQ K206CJ 89.1 FM Issaquah, Washington FMQ K221DV 92.1 FM Kamilche, Washington FMQ K212DB 90.3 FM Moses Lake, Washington FMQ K202ED 88.3 FM Mount Vernon, Washington FMQ K297BH 107.3 FM Mount Vernon, Washington FMQ K223BC 92.5 FM Naches, Washington FMQ K209FO 89.7 FM Olympia, Washington FMQ K289AK 105.7 FM Orting, Washington FMQ K202DS 88.3 FM Port Angeles, Washington FMQ K275BW 102.9 FM Sequim, Washington FMQ K209FQ 89.7 FM Shelton, Washington FMQ K208FX 89.5 FM Twisp, Washington FMQ K208EY 89.5 FM Wenatchee, Washington FMQ K218CX 91.5 FM Yakima, Washington FMQ Wisconsin Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info W209BM 89.7 FM De Pere, WI FMQ W204BP 88.7 FM Eau Claire, WI FMQ W205CM 88.9 FM Manitowoc, WI FMQ W211AY 90.1 FM Menomonie, WI FMQ W204BK 88.7 FM Sherwood, WI FMQ Wyoming Call sign Frequency City of license FCC info K212GA 90.3 FM Evanston, WY FMQ K262AI 100.3 FM Laramie, WY FMQ K217DG 91.3 FM Rawlins, WY FMQ K228ED 93.5 FM Thermopolis, WY FMQ K201HS 88.1 FM Worland, WY FMQ

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Rieger

Ladislav Rieger

[]

Czechoslovak mathematician Ladislav Svante RiegerBorn1916Died1963NationalityCzechOccupationMathematician Ladislav Svante Rieger (1916–1963) was a Czechoslovak mathematician who worked in the areas of algebra, mathematical logic, and axiomatic set theory. He is considered to be the founder of mathematical logic in Czechoslovakia, having begun his work around 1957. Notes ^ Pecinová-Kozáková 2005, pp. 191–192. ^ Pecinová-Kozáková 2005, pp. 190. ^ Bukovský 1997, p. 452. References Pecinová-Kozáková, Eliška (2005), "Ladislav Svante Rieger and His Algebraic Work", in Safrankova, Jana (ed.), WDS 2005 - Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part I, Prague: Matfyzpress, pp. 190–197, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.90.2398, ISBN 80-86732-59-2 Bukovský, Lev (1997), "Logic in Czechoslovakia and Hungary", in Chiara, M.L.; Doets, K.; Mundici, D.; van Benthem, J. (eds.), Logic and Scientific Methods: Volume One of the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995, Synthese Library, vol. 259, Kluwer, pp. 451–456, ISBN 0-7923-4383-2 Further reading Čulík, Karel (1964), "O životě, díle a osobnosti L. Riegra (Life, works and personality of L. Rieger)", Časopis Pro Pěstování Matematiky (in Czech), 89 (4): 492–495, doi:10.21136/CPM.1964.117524, hdl:10338.dmlcz/117524 Hájek, Petr (1976), "K nedožitým šedesátinám Ladislava Riegra (On the unattained sixtieth birthday of Ladislav Rieger)", Časopis Pro Pěstování Matematiky (in Czech), 101 (4): 417–418, doi:10.21136/CPM.1976.117928, hdl:10338.dmlcz/117928 Bilova, Štěpánka (2005), "Lattice theory in Czech and Slovak mathematics until 1963", in Fuchs, Eduard (ed.), Mathematics throughout the ages II, Praha: Výzkumné centrum pro dějiny vědy, pp. 185–346, hdl:10338.dmlcz/401176, ISBN 80-7285-046-6, especially "3.5 Ladislav Rieger and lattices", pp. 238–250 Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2007), Logic's lost genius: the life of Gerhard Gentzen, History of Mathematics, vol. 33, AMS Bookstore, p. 264, ISBN 978-0-8218-3550-0 External links Ladislav Rieger at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef This article about a European mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someshwar_Beach

Someshwar Beach

["1 Rudra Paadhe","2 References"]

Beach in Mangalore, UllalSomeshwar BeachBeachSomeshwar BeachLocationUllalCityMangaloreCountryIndiaNear by interestsShree Somanatha TempleGovernment • BodyUllal Town MunicipalSomeshwar Beach (Tulu/Kannada :Someshwara) is a beach located in Ullal in the city of Mangalore, India. The name 'Someshwara beach' is derived from the name of Lord Somanatha, whose temple is located on the sea shore dating back centuries. The hidden rocks and currents along this stretch of coast make this beach unsuitable for swimming. Close to this beach there is a hill called 'Ottinene Hill'. There is vegetation and a number of medicinal plants that grow naturally on this hill. Rudra Paadhe Someshwara beach is known for large rocks on the beach called Rudra Shile or Rudra Paadhe, Rudra is Lord Shiva and "Shile" or "Paadhe" means rock in Tulu. Rudra Padhe at Someshwara Beach, Ullal, Mangalore References ^ "Someshwar Beach Mangalore (Location, Activities, Night Life, Images, Facts & Things to do) - Mangalore Tourism 2023". mangaloretourism.in. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ a b "Someshwara Temple and Beach at Ullal, Mangalore - Review of Someshwara Temple and Beach, Mangalore, India - TripAdvisor". www.tripadvisor.in. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ "Someshwar Beach, Mangalore (2021) | Photos, Best Time & More Info". www.holidify.com. Retrieved 27 December 2021. ^ "Someshwara Beach | Mangalore Beach | Ullal". 2 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2016. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Someshwar Beach. vteHydrography of KarnatakaRivers Amarja Arkavathi Bhadra Bhima Chakra Chitravathi Chulki Nala Dandavati Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Karanja Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Kumudvathi Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira Markandeya Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna (Uttara Pinakini) Ponnaiyar (Dakshina Pinakini) Shambhavi Sharavati Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyala Maduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Lake, Bangalore Hebbal Lake, Mysore Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Malpe Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagara Bhadra Dam Gorur Harangi Kabini Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagouda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Vani Vilasa Sagara This article about a location in Mangalore taluk, Karnataka, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e

Chênée

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Glass manufacturing","4 People from Chênée","5 External links","6 Gallery","7 References"]

Coordinates: 50°36′42″N 5°36′58″E / 50.61167°N 5.61611°E / 50.61167; 5.61611Sub-municipality of the city of Liège, Belgium Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sub-municipality of Liège in French Community, BelgiumChênée Tchinnêye (Walloon)Sub-municipality of LiègeChurch of Saint-Pierre Coat of armsLocation of Chênée Location in LiègeChênéeShow map of BelgiumChênéeShow map of Liège ProvinceCoordinates: 50°36′42″N 5°36′58″E / 50.61167°N 5.61611°E / 50.61167; 5.61611Country BelgiumCommunity French CommunityRegion WalloniaProvince LiègeArrondissementLiègeMunicipalityLiègeArea • Total3.28 km2 (1.27 sq mi)Population (2020-01-01) • Total9,030 • Density2,800/km2 (7,100/sq mi)Postal codes4032Area codes04 The confluent streams of Vesdre and Ourthe. The red and white building behind the bridge is the old Hôtel de Ville (town hall) Chênée (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Walloon: Tchinnêye) is a sub-municipality of the city of Liège located in the province of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Liège. Chênée lays at the river mouth of the two rivers Vesdre and Ourthe. It had around 9,101 inhabitants in 2015. The postal code of Chênée is 4032 and is situated around 72 meters above sea level. Etymology The coat of arms of Chênée The name Chênée comes from the French chênaie (oak-grove, a place many oak trees grew). The three diamonds in the coat of arms symbolize oak leaves or grains of sand, reflecting the city's history as a site of glass production. History Industrial quarter, Rue du Gravier, 1 "Chênée - Rue du Moulin et Verrerie, (1850)" USA 3070551 of 3rd Armored Division is welcomed by inhabitants of Chênè, September 8th, 1944 Chênée originated at the crossing of two Roman roads; the first leading from Trier to Tongeren, the second from Jupille over Theux to Stavelot. The crossing was also close to a ford, which was important to pass cows over the Ourth before the Pont de Lhoneux (the bridge of Lhonneux) was built. Chênée was mentioned the first time in a 12th-century document under the name of Kesneies. Until 1266 Chênée was part of the Vogtei of Jupille, which was subordinated to the diocese of Verdun. At that year it was affiliated into the principality of Liège. The bishop of Verdun, Haimo of Verdun got the village as a gift from the German Emperor Henry II in the year 1008. In 1266 the Bishopric of Verdun Robert II of Médidan donated the Vogtei Jupille to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, Henry III of Geldern. That meant, that all the villages and villagers became property of Henry III and fell under his jurisdiction. Because of his unworthy and extravagant way of life, Henry III was deposed by Gregory X. In 1318 Chênée was burned down by John of Bohemia while being at war with prince-bishop Adolph II of the Mark. 1691 it was burned, again, this time by the army of Louis XIV of France under its lieutenant-general under the king in person Louis-François de Boufflers. Chênée also had to suffer from the retreating Austrian army after the lost Battle of Fleurus in 1794. During the French epoch at the end of the 18th century, Chênée became an independent commune. The Battle of Liège (French: Bataille de Liège) was the opening engagement of the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of the First World War. In World War II Chênée was liberated from Nazi occupation by troops of the 36th Infantry Regiment on September 8, 1944. In 1977 Chênée became a sub-municipality of the city of Liège. 2008 the roof of the Saint-Albert elementary school of Chênée collapsed overnight. Nobody was hurt. At the junction of Vesder and Ourthe the building of a mill still stands. Glass manufacturing External videos A silent video of glass production in Chênée in the year of 1931. There were three glass manufactures in Chênée in 1758: Grandchamps & Coune, Bonniver and Cambresier & Co. In 1872, the glass factory of Van Steenacker was founded by the entrepreneurs Amiable, Belleflamme, Louvet and Berneau. Around the same time the company S.A. of the Verreries de Vaux-sous-Chèvremont  was founded under the direction of Cochet. In the course of the closure of the glassworks Bougart in Manage 1875 one of the sons of Bougart and the production manager Auguste Van Steenacker came to Vaux. They founded the Verrerie Bougart, Sortia et Cie with Cochet, Sortia and Colin. When the company Belleflamme, Louvet et Berneau gave up its glassworks in Chênée in February 1888, it was taken over by the Verrerie de Vaux. After François Delhaize and Herman Dethier had succeeded their parents, Auguste Van Steenacker took over the glassworks of Vaux in February 1895 and founded with his sons François-Charles and William the Société anonyme des Verreries de Vaux. The glassworks of Chênée was then led by François Delhaize. World War I interrupted production. In 1919, production was resumed, but meanwhile the competition had grown abroad. Many old markets were completely or almost completely lost. The glassworks of Vaux ran into considerable financial difficulties and could not find the urgently needed investor. In 1930, the hut was abandoned, the land and buildings were taken over by Magotteaux. In the end Verrerie Grandchamps stayed as the local manufacturer. They produced the bottles for the mineral water brand Spa. Verrerie Grandchamps succeeded Verreries d'Amblève, who were founded 1721 in Aywaille. People from Chênée Clélie Lamberty, Artist, painter (1930–2013) Charles Descardre, Mayor (1882-1891) Lucien François, Judge at the Belgian Constitutional Court (1989–2004) (born in 1934) Jean-Louis Lejaxhe, Writer Nicolas Gilsoul, Rally Racer (born in 1982) Some ancestors of Kate Bolduan, the family Rousselle, emigrated from Chênée to America in 1912. External links Postcards with images of Chênées in the 19th century. 36th Armored Infantry Regiment frees Chênèe during WWII - images Glass works from Chênée Gallery Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chênée. The former parish hall of Chênée. The river mouth of Vesdre (from the left) into the Ourthe. View on the Ourthe Clélie Lamberty painted by Robert Liard, 1977 Tous les pouvoirs émanent de la Nation - All powers come from within the nation, Article 33 of the Constitution of Belgium 3e régiment du génie (in the French Wikipedia), The 3rd French Regiment of Pioneers are building a Pontoon Bridge, 1930's. References ^ Quinet, Aude (12 January 2024). "Liège, ardente et attractive, va accroître son parc de logements". La Libre.be (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f "Bref historique de Chênée". www.ecoles.cfwb.be (in French). Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ a b c d "Belgique - Chênée". fr.geneawiki.com (in French). Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "Chênée". 36thair3ad.homestead.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018. ^ "Chênée : le toit d'une école s'effondre". www.rtc.be (in French). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ Musée de la Vie wallonne (26 July 2018). "Travail de fantaisie du verrier Miesen à Chênée (1931) - Enquête du Musée de la Vie wallonne" . www.viewallonne.be (in French). Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ a b Jacques Schoumakers (July 2011). "Jadis à Aywaille, une ancienne verrerie était établie au pied des ruines du château d'Amblève". www.aywaille1.be (in French). Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "Verrerie de Chênée" (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ "Vases Belges" (in French). Retrieved 18 November 2018. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chênée. vtePopulated places in LiègeSub-municipalities Angleur Bressoux Chênée Glain Grivegnée Jupille-sur-Meuse Liège Rocourt Sclessin Wandre Quarters Amercœur Burenville Bois-de-Breux Centre Cointe Droixhe Guillemins Kinkempois Laveu Longdoz Nord Outremeuse Saint-Laurent Sainte-Marguerite Sainte-Walburge Sart Tilman Sclessin Thier-à-Liège Vennes This Liège Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110613_liege023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ʃɛne]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Fr.Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.ogg/Fr.Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr.Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.ogg"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language"},{"link_name":"sub-municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-municipality"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"province of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_of_the_Belgian_municipalities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"river mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth"},{"link_name":"Vesdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_(Ourthe)"},{"link_name":"Ourthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourthe"}],"text":"Sub-municipality of the city of Liège, BelgiumSub-municipality of Liège in French Community, BelgiumThe confluent streams of Vesdre and Ourthe. The red and white building behind the bridge is the old Hôtel de Ville (town hall)Chênée (French pronunciation: [ʃɛne] ⓘ; Walloon: Tchinnêye) is a sub-municipality of the city of Liège located in the province of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Liège.[1]Chênée lays at the river mouth of the two rivers Vesdre and Ourthe. It had around 9,101 inhabitants in 2015. The postal code of Chênée is 4032 and is situated around 72 meters above sea level.","title":"Chênée"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_de_Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.svg"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"glass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_production"}],"text":"The coat of arms of ChênéeThe name Chênée comes from the French chênaie (oak-grove, a place many oak trees grew). The three diamonds in the coat of arms symbolize oak leaves or grains of sand, reflecting the city's history as a site of glass production.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rue_du_Gravier,_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_3070551_of_the_3rd_Armored_Division_in_Chenee,_Belgium,_September_8,_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Jupille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupille"},{"link_name":"Theux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theux"},{"link_name":"Stavelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelot"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"Vogtei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Jupille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupille"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun"},{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-3"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Geldern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldern"},{"link_name":"Gregory X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-3"},{"link_name":"John of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"prince-bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-bishop"},{"link_name":"Adolph II of the Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_II_de_la_Marck_(Bishop)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis-François de Boufflers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Boufflers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bref-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"36th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sub-municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-municipality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Industrial quarter, Rue du Gravier, 1 \"Chênée - Rue du Moulin et Verrerie, (1850)\"USA 3070551 of 3rd Armored Division is welcomed by inhabitants of Chênè, September 8th, 1944Chênée originated at the crossing of two Roman roads; the first leading from Trier to Tongeren, the second from Jupille over Theux to Stavelot. The crossing was also close to a ford, which was important to pass cows over the Ourth before the Pont de Lhoneux (the bridge of Lhonneux) was built.[2]Chênée was mentioned the first time in a 12th-century document under the name of Kesneies. Until 1266 Chênée was part of the Vogtei of Jupille, which was subordinated to the diocese of Verdun. At that year it was affiliated into the principality of Liège. The bishop of Verdun, Haimo of Verdun got the village as a gift from the German Emperor Henry II in the year 1008.[2][3]In 1266 the Bishopric of Verdun Robert II of Médidan donated the Vogtei Jupille to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, Henry III of Geldern. That meant, that all the villages and villagers became property of Henry III and fell under his jurisdiction. Because of his unworthy and extravagant way of life, Henry III was deposed by Gregory X.[2][3]In 1318 Chênée was burned down by John of Bohemia while being at war with prince-bishop Adolph II of the Mark.[2]1691 it was burned, again, this time by the army of Louis XIV of France under its lieutenant-general under the king in person Louis-François de Boufflers.[2]Chênée also had to suffer from the retreating Austrian army after the lost Battle of Fleurus in 1794. During the French epoch at the end of the 18th century, Chênée became an independent commune.[3][2]The Battle of Liège (French: Bataille de Liège) was the opening engagement of the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of the First World War.In World War II Chênée was liberated from Nazi occupation by troops of the 36th Infantry Regiment on September 8, 1944.[4]In 1977 Chênée became a sub-municipality of the city of Liège.[3]2008 the roof of the Saint-Albert elementary school of Chênée collapsed overnight. Nobody was hurt.[5]At the junction of Vesder and Ourthe the building of a mill still stands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glas-7"},{"link_name":"Vaux-sous-Chèvremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaux-sous-Ch%C3%A8vremont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-sous-Ch%C3%A8vremont"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-sous-Ch%C3%A8vremont"},{"link_name":"Manage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glas_detail_de-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glas_detail_fr-9"},{"link_name":"mineral water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water"},{"link_name":"Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(mineral_water)"},{"link_name":"Aywaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aywaille"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glas-7"}],"text":"There were three glass manufactures in Chênée in 1758: Grandchamps & Coune, Bonniver and Cambresier & Co.[7]In 1872, the glass factory of Van Steenacker was founded by the entrepreneurs Amiable, Belleflamme, Louvet and Berneau. Around the same time the company S.A. of the Verreries de Vaux-sous-Chèvremont [fr; nl] was founded under the direction of Cochet. In the course of the closure of the glassworks Bougart in Manage 1875 one of the sons of Bougart and the production manager Auguste Van Steenacker came to Vaux. They founded the Verrerie Bougart, Sortia et Cie with Cochet, Sortia and Colin.When the company Belleflamme, Louvet et Berneau gave up its glassworks in Chênée in February 1888, it was taken over by the Verrerie de Vaux.After François Delhaize and Herman Dethier had succeeded their parents, Auguste Van Steenacker took over the glassworks of Vaux in February 1895 and founded with his sons François-Charles and William the Société anonyme des Verreries de Vaux.The glassworks of Chênée was then led by François Delhaize. World War I interrupted production. In 1919, production was resumed, but meanwhile the competition had grown abroad.Many old markets were completely or almost completely lost. The glassworks of Vaux ran into considerable financial difficulties and could not find the urgently needed investor. In 1930, the hut was abandoned, the land and buildings were taken over by Magotteaux.[8][9]In the end Verrerie Grandchamps stayed as the local manufacturer. They produced the bottles for the mineral water brand Spa. Verrerie Grandchamps succeeded Verreries d'Amblève, who were founded 1721 in Aywaille.[7]","title":"Glass manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucien François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Belgian Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Constitutional_Court"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Gilsoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Gilsoul"},{"link_name":"Kate Bolduan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bolduan"}],"text":"Clélie Lamberty, Artist, painter (1930–2013)\nCharles Descardre, Mayor (1882-1891)\nLucien François, Judge at the Belgian Constitutional Court (1989–2004) (born in 1934)\nJean-Louis Lejaxhe, Writer\nNicolas Gilsoul, Rally Racer (born in 1982)\nSome ancestors of Kate Bolduan, the family Rousselle, emigrated from Chênée to America in 1912.","title":"People from Chênée"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chênée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e_-_maison_communale.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aiguabarreig-Ourthe-Weser.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110613_liege031.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clelie_Lamberty_by_Robert_Liard.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e_-_Tous_les_pouvoirs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium#The_Powers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3e_r%C3%A9giment_du_g%C3%A9nie.jpg"},{"link_name":"3e régiment du génie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3e_r%C3%A9giment_du_g%C3%A9nie"},{"link_name":"Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"Pontoon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_Bridge"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chênée.The former parish hall of Chênée.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe river mouth of Vesdre (from the left) into the Ourthe.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView on the Ourthe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClélie Lamberty painted by Robert Liard, 1977\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTous les pouvoirs émanent de la Nation - All powers come from within the nation, Article 33 of the Constitution of Belgium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3e régiment du génie (in the French Wikipedia), The 3rd French Regiment of Pioneers are building a Pontoon Bridge, 1930's.","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The confluent streams of Vesdre and Ourthe. The red and white building behind the bridge is the old Hôtel de Ville (town hall)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/20110613_liege023.jpg/220px-20110613_liege023.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coat of arms of Chênée","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Blason_de_Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.svg/100px-Blason_de_Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Industrial quarter, Rue du Gravier, 1 \"Chênée - Rue du Moulin et Verrerie, (1850)\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rue_du_Gravier%2C_1.jpg/220px-Rue_du_Gravier%2C_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"USA 3070551 of 3rd Armored Division is welcomed by inhabitants of Chênè, September 8th, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/USA_3070551_of_the_3rd_Armored_Division_in_Chenee%2C_Belgium%2C_September_8%2C_1944.jpg/220px-USA_3070551_of_the_3rd_Armored_Division_in_Chenee%2C_Belgium%2C_September_8%2C_1944.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Quinet, Aude (12 January 2024). \"Liège, ardente et attractive, va accroître son parc de logements\". La Libre.be (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lalibre.be/economie/immo/2018/11/15/liege-ardente-et-attractive-va-accroitre-son-parc-de-logements-NLI2K37MZZBMRKV3OHTEJUMJAE/","url_text":"\"Liège, ardente et attractive, va accroître son parc de logements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bref historique de Chênée\". www.ecoles.cfwb.be (in French). Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906014121/http://www.ecoles.cfwb.be/archenee/cheneehi.html","url_text":"\"Bref historique de Chênée\""},{"url":"http://www.ecoles.cfwb.be/archenee/cheneehi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgique - Chênée\". fr.geneawiki.com (in French). Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214847/https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Belgique_-_Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e","url_text":"\"Belgique - Chênée\""},{"url":"https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Belgique_-_Ch%C3%AAn%C3%A9e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chênée\". 36thair3ad.homestead.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://36thair3ad.homestead.com/Chenee.html","url_text":"\"Chênée\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chênée : le toit d'une école s'effondre\". www.rtc.be (in French). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtc.be/video/info/faits-divers/chenee-le-toit-d-une-ecole-s-effondre_6862_325.html","url_text":"\"Chênée : le toit d'une école s'effondre\""}]},{"reference":"Musée de la Vie wallonne (26 July 2018). \"Travail de fantaisie du verrier Miesen à Chênée (1931) - Enquête du Musée de la Vie wallonne\" [A silent video of glass production in Chênée in the year of 1931]. www.viewallonne.be (in French). Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vArZveklV0","url_text":"\"Travail de fantaisie du verrier Miesen à Chênée (1931) - Enquête du Musée de la Vie wallonne\""}]},{"reference":"Jacques Schoumakers (July 2011). \"Jadis à Aywaille, une ancienne verrerie était établie au pied des ruines du château d'Amblève\". www.aywaille1.be (in French). Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aywaille1.be/Aywaille/Verrerie_Ambleve.htm","url_text":"\"Jadis à Aywaille, une ancienne verrerie était établie au pied des ruines du château d'Amblève\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verrerie de Chênée\" (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://gr-atlas.uni.lu/index.php/de/articles/wi55/gl103/wa122/li364/ch432","url_text":"\"Verrerie de Chênée\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vases Belges\" (in French). Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.skynet.be/oberst/glass/belge_global_fr.htm","url_text":"\"Vases Belges\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deceiver_(film)

The Deceiver (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

1931 film Not to be confused with Deceiver (film) or The Deceivers (film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Deceiver" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The DeceiverBroadwayDirected byLouis KingWritten byJack Cunningham (script)Abem Finkel and Bella Muni (original short story)StarringLloyd HughesIan KeithDorothy SebastianCinematographyJoseph WalkerEdited byGene HavlickDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date November 21, 1931 (1931-11-21) Running time66 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Deceiver is a 1931 American pre-Code mystery film directed by Louis King. It was written by Jack Cunningham, based on a short story called "It Might Have Happened" by Bella Muni and Abem Finkel. The film stars Lloyd Hughes, Ian Keith and Dorothy Sebastian. John Wayne makes a minor appearance as a stand-in playing Ian Keith's corpse. It featured songs and tap dance numbers in an act billed as "Hot Harlem". The film premiered on November 21, 1931. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Lloyd Hughes as Tony Hill Dorothy Sebastian as Ina Fontanne Ian Keith as Reginald Thorpe Natalie Moorhead as Mrs. Lawton Richard Tucker as Mr. Lawton George Byron as Speedy Greta Granstedt as Celia Adams Murray Kinnell as Breckinridge DeWitt Jennings as Inspector Dunn Al Ernest Garcia as Payne Harvey Clark as Nat Phillips Sidney Bracey as Barney Frank Holliday as Thomas Colin Campbell as Dr. Schulz Nick Copeland as Stage manager John Wayne as Reginald Thorpe as a corpse See also List of American films of 1931 References ^ Hall, Mordaunt (November 23, 1931). "THE SCREEN; Humor and Excitement. Romance in the Abruzzi. Movietone News". The New York Times. External links The Deceiver at IMDb The Deceiver at AllMovie vteWilliam Shakespeare's OthelloCharacters Othello Desdemona Iago Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Source Della descrittione dell’Africa (1550) by Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Cintio Stageadaptations The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011) Opera and balletadaptations Otello (1816; opera by Rossini) Otello (1887; opera by Verdi) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Films 1922 1951 1955 1965 1995 TV 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001 Filmadaptations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Paintings Othello Phrases "Beast with two backs" Related Othello error Filming Othello Story withina story Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film) Related Cultural references to Othello This 1930s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of American films of 1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1931"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Hawke

Maya Hawke

["1 Early and personal life","2 Career","2.1 Modeling","2.2 Acting","2.3 Music","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Music videos","3.4 Podcast","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Singles","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]

American actress and singer (born 1998) Maya HawkeHawke in 2019BornMaya Ray Thurman Hawke (1998-07-08) July 8, 1998 (age 25)New York City, U.S.EducationJuilliard SchoolOccupationsActresssinger-songwriterYears active2016–presentParentsEthan Hawke (father)Uma Thurman (mother)Relatives Levon Hawke (brother) Robert Thurman (maternal grandfather) Nena von Schlebrügge (maternal grandmother) Maya Ray Thurman Hawke (born July 8, 1998) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is the daughter of Hollywood actors Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman. She began her career in modelling, and subsequently made her screen debut as Jo March in the 2017 BBC adaptation of Little Women. Hawke gained recognition for starring as Robin Buckley in the Netflix science fiction series Stranger Things (2019–present), and has appeared in the films Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), Fear Street Part One: 1994 (2021), Do Revenge (2022), Asteroid City (2023), and Inside Out 2 (2024). As a musician, she has released the albums Blush (2020), Moss (2022), and Chaos Angel (2024). Early and personal life Hawke was born on July 8, 1998, in New York City, the older of two children born to actors Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman. Her parents met on the set of Gattaca (1997), married in May 1998, and divorced in 2005. Hawke has a brother. She also has two half-sisters by her father's second wife, Ryan Shawhughes. She has another half-sister from her mother's ex-fiancé, financier Arpad Busson. On her father's side, Hawke is a distant cousin of playwright Tennessee Williams. On her mother's side, she is a granddaughter of Buddhist scholar Robert Thurman and model Nena von Schlebrügge. Schlebrügge's mother, Birgit Holmquist, was also a model, having posed for Axel Ebbe's  statue Famntaget, currently in Smygehuk in Sweden. Hawke has dyslexia, which resulted in her changing schools frequently during her primary education before she was finally enrolled at Saint Ann's School, a private school in Brooklyn, New York that emphasizes artistic creativity and does not grade work. The artistic environment eventually led her to acting. Hawke also took part in summer studies at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York. She studied toward a BFA in acting at the Juilliard School for one year before dropping out after accepting her role in Little Women. Career Modeling Like both her mother and grandmother, Hawke modelled for Vogue at the beginning of her career. She was also chosen as the face of the British fashion retailer AllSaints' 2016/2017 collection. In 2017, she starred as one of several faces in a video campaign for Calvin Klein's underwear range, directed by Sofia Coppola. In September, 2022, Hawke modelled for Calvin Klein's FW22 Underwear campaign. Acting Hawke was Sofia Coppola's choice to play the title role of The Little Mermaid in Universal Pictures's live-action adaptation. However, the producers preferred actress Chloë Grace Moretz. This and other conflicts ultimately led to Coppola leaving the project. Moretz eventually dropped out as well. Hawke at the 2019 Toronto Film Festival premiere of Human Capital Hawke made her acting debut in 2017 as Jo March in the BBC miniseries adaptation of Little Women. In September 2018, she starred in thriller Ladyworld, directed by Amanda Kramer. Hawke later broke out with her performance as Robin Buckley in the third season of Netflix's Stranger Things, which released in 2019. Also that year, Hawke played Linda Kasabian/'Flowerchild' in Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, and co-starred in Marc Meyers' thriller film Human Capital, which is based on Stephen Amidon's 2004 novel of the same name. In 2020, Hawke starred in Gia Coppola's sophomore film, Mainstream, alongside Andrew Garfield. In the same year, she guest starred in the fifth episode of the miniseries The Good Lord Bird, which stars her father, Ethan Hawke. She stars as Annie Brown, the daughter of her father's character. In June, she appeared in Italian Studies, written and directed by Adam Leon and co-starring Vanessa Kirby. It premiered in the Tribeca Film Festival and later released on January 14, 2022. Later that month, she appeared as Heather in the Netflix horror film Fear Street Part One: 1994. In 2021, she also starred in a spin-off podcast series based on her Stranger Things character, Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins. She starred in another scripted podcast series, The Playboy Interview, in which she plays Helen Gurley Brown. In 2022, Hawke starred in Netflix's dark comedy film Do Revenge alongside Camila Mendes. In April 2022, she was cast in Bradley Cooper's biographical film about Leonard Bernstein, Maestro, co-starring Cooper and Carey Mulligan. In May, it was reported that she had been cast in the upcoming film The Kill Room alongside her mother Uma Thurman and Samuel L. Jackson. In July, it was announced that she would guest star in Disney's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, which premiered in 2023. She appeared in the Wes Anderson romantic dramedy Asteroid City (2023) which premiered at the 76th Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews. She voiced the character Anixety in the 2024 Pixar animated film Inside Out 2, the sequel to the 2015 film Inside Out. In February 2024, it was reported that Hawke would be set to star in a Billy Wilder biopic titled Wilder & Me. Music Hawke has said that folk music has influenced her music career including artists like Leonard Cohen, Patti Smith and Joni Mitchell. She takes inspiration from "great lyricists" like Cohen and Bob Dylan as, according to her, "music is the best way to communicate poetry". In August 2019, Hawke released her first two singles, "To Love a Boy" and "Stay Open". The songs were written and recorded by Hawke and Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Jesse Harris. Hawke performed a series of headlining gigs around New York City in early 2020, her first ever solo live performances as a musician. In each of these shows, Hawke was supported by Benjamin Lazar Davis, Tōth, Will Graefe and Nick Cianci respectively. On March 18, 2020, Hawke released the first single "By Myself" and announced her debut album titled Blush amid the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. Hawke wrote, "I feel like this is not a time for self-promotion. It is a time for activation, education and self-examination." The album's second single, "Coverage", was released on April 22, 2020, before its music video directed by Maya's father Ethan Hawke was released on the 28th. Initially set for release on June 19, 2020, Blush was delayed to August 21, 2020. To support the release of Blush, Hawke appeared as a musical guest for the first time in her career on The Today Show in late August 2020. On June 29, 2022, alongside the release of the single "Thérèse", Hawke announced her second album Moss, which was released on September 23, 2022. Filmography † Denotes productions that have not yet been released Film Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2018 Ladyworld Romy 2019 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood "Flower Child" Human Capital Shannon Hagel As They Slept Margaret Short film Memory Xperiment: Kathy Acker Kathy Acker 2020 Mainstream Frankie 2021 Italian Studies Erin Fear Street Part One: 1994 Heather Watkins 2022 Bay of Cadiz Woman Short film Do Revenge Eleanor Levetan 2023 Asteroid City June Douglas Maestro Jamie Bernstein Wildcat Flannery O'Connor Also producer The Kill Room Grace 2024 Inside Out 2 Anxiety (voice) Television Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2017 Little Women Jo March Main role 2018 Orchard House: Home of Little Women Herself Documentary special 2019–present Stranger Things Robin Buckley Main role (season 3–present) 2020 The Good Lord Bird Annie Brown Miniseries 2022 The Last Movie Stars Herself TV documentary 2023 Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur Abyss (voice) Episode: "Moon Girl's Day Off" Music videos Year Title Artist Album Notes Ref. 2020 "By Myself" Maya Hawke Blush "Is There Something in the Movies?" Samia The Baby "Generous Heart" Maya Hawke Blush Also co-director 2021 "Blue Hippo" Maya Hawke Non-album single 2022 "Thérèse" Maya Hawke Moss "Sweet Tooth" Maya Hawke Moss 2024 "Missing Out" Maya Hawke Chaos Angel Podcast Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2021 Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins Robin Buckley Main role The Playboy Interview Helen Gurley Brown Discography Studio albums Blush (2020) Moss (2022) Chaos Angel (2024) Singles Year Title Album Ref. 2019 "To Love a Boy" / "Stay Open" Non-album single 2020 "By Myself" Blush "Coverage" "So Long" "Generous Heart" 2021 "Blue Hippo" Non-album single 2022 "Thérèse" Moss "Sweet Tooth" "Luna Moth" 2023 "Coming Around Again" Non-album single 2024 "Missing Out" Chaos Angel Awards and nominations For her work on Stranger Things, Hawke was nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards. Year Award Category Work Result Ref 2019 45th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress in Streaming Presentation Stranger Things Won 2019 Hunter Mountain Film Festival Best Actress As They Slept Won 2019 Women's Image Network Awards Best Actress in a MFT Movie / Mini-Series Little Women Won 2022 2nd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Series, Drama Stranger Things Nominated 2023 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Duo (with Camila Mendes) Do Revenge Nominated References ^ Marissa O. Miller (2016). "Maya Hawke Stars in AllSaints Fashion Campaign". Teen Vogue. Retrieved February 9, 2024. ^ a b Chestang, Raphael (February 21, 2017). "Uma Thurman Opens Up About the 'Worst Decision' She's Made in Turning Down a Role". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. ^ a b Markes, Olivia (December 26, 2017). "Maya Hawke On Little Women And Following Her Parents Footsteps". Vogue. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Cheng, Kipp; Chang, Suna (May 15, 1998). "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2011. ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (October 7, 2005). "Uma Calls Split from Ethan 'Excruciating'". People. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ Blair, Olivia (January 21, 2020). "Uma Thurman Attended The Dior Show With Her Grown Up Son And We Can See The Resemblance". Elle. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ a b c d e Mulkerrins, Jane (December 22, 2017). "Maya Hawke, daughter of Hollywood royalty, on scaring men and making Little Women". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ "Ethan Hawke and wife welcome daughter Clementine". USA Today. Associated Press. July 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2009. ^ "Report: Ethan Hawke Welcomes A Baby Girl". Access Hollywood. August 6, 2011. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2011. ^ "Uma Thurman Daughter's Name Revealed". People. October 17, 2012. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013. 'I would like to announce Uma and Arki's daughter's name for the first time officially: Rosalind Arusha Arkadina Altalune Florence Thurman-Busson, better known to family and friends as Luna,' the actress's rep Gabrielle Kachman tells People exclusively. ^ Carr, David (January 10, 2013). "In His Comfort Zone". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013. ^ Kamenetz, Rodger (May 5, 1996). "Robert Thurman Doesn't Look Buddhist". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016. ^ "Well Known Swedish Americans". Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. 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"Maya Hawke on what makes The Good Lord Bird so important to her family". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ "Italian Studies". Archived from the original on January 14, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b Blistein, Jon (June 30, 2021). "Maya Hawke Flees a Knife-Wielding Maniac in Clip From 'Fear Street Part One: 1994'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ Armitage, Helen (January 28, 2022). "What Happens On Stranger Things' Spinoff Podcast Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ White, Peter (June 24, 2021). "Rosanna Arquette, Taye Diggs, Gael Garcia Bernal, Maya Hawke To Star In 'Playboy Interview' Podcast". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (November 10, 2020). "Camila Mendes & Maya Hawke To Star In Netflix Movie 'Strangers' From 'Someone Great' Helmer Jennifer Kaytin Robinson". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ a b Kit, Borys (April 28, 2022). "Maya Hawke Joins Bradley Cooper's Leonard Bernstein Biopic Maestro (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022. ^ a b Ritman, Alex (May 18, 2022). "Maya Hawke Joins Uma Thurman, Samuel L. Jackson in Yale's 'The Kill Room' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022. ^ Ng, Philiana (July 21, 2022). "Wesley Snipes, Alison Brie to Guest on Disney's 'Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur': See First Look (Exclusive)". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ a b Hogan, Michael (October 31, 2021). "Maya Hawke: 'My parents didn't want to have me do bit-parts in their movies'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ a b "'Inside Out 2' Trailer: Amy Poehler's Joy Meets a New Teenage Emotion — Anxiety, Voiced by Maya Hawke". Peoplemag. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (February 2, 2024). "Christoph Waltz, Maya Hawke, John Turturro & Jon Hamm To Star In Billy Wilder Movie 'Wilder & Me' For Director Stephen Frears & Producer Jeremy Thomas; HanWay & CAA Launch EFM Buzz Package". Deadline. Retrieved February 2, 2024. ^ Ruiz, Michelle (August 16, 2019). "Maya Hawke on Her Dreamy New Folk Songs and Her Breakout Summer". Vogue. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ Truong, Kimberly (August 16, 2019). "Maya Hawke Would Like to Clear a Few Things Up". InStyle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ Sawyer, Jonathan (August 22, 2019). 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"'Blush': Maya Hawke's debut album presents gorgeously mellow and emotional folk-rock gems that has fans in tears". Meaww. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ^ a b Strauss, Matthew (April 22, 2020). "Listen to Maya Hawke's New Song "Coverage"". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ Darmon, Aynslee (April 28, 2020). "Maya Hawke Enlists Dad Ethan Hawke To Direct 'Coverage' Music Video During Coronavirus Quarantine". ET Canada. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ Jack, Henry (April 22, 2022). "Want To Know Some Stranger And Amazing Things About Maya Hawke?". TechRepublish Inc. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ Cantor, Brian (August 29, 2020). "Maya Hawke, Jameson Rodgers, Easton Corbin Scheduled To Perform On NBC's TODAY Show". Headline Planet. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ^ Graves, Wren (June 29, 2022). "Maya Hawke announces new album Moss, shares "Thérèse": Stream". Consequence. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022. ^ a b Weir, Keziah (April 2, 2018). "Maya Hawke Gets Into the Family Business With the Literary Role of a Lifetime: Jo March". Elle. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018. ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (July 31, 2018). "Fantastic Fest 2018 Sets 'Overlord', 'Apostle', & 'The Night Comes For Us' In First Wave Of Programming". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (November 14, 2018). "Peter Sarsgaard, Maya Hawke & 'Get Out's Betty Gabriel Are 'Human Capital'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ "As They Slept (2019)". IMDb. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. 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Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ "Maya Hawke Films Asteroid City in Madrid, Plus Benedict Cumberbatch, Bella Hadid and More". People. October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2021. ^ "Ethan Hawke Directing Maya Hawke, Laura Linney, Steve Zahn, Cooper Hoffman, Alessandro Nivola and More in 'Wildcat'(EXCLUSIVE)". January 23, 2023. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (September 25, 2020). "The Gospel According to Ethan Hawke". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020. ^ Ng, Philiana (July 21, 2022). "Wesley Snipes, Alison Brie to Guest on Disney's 'Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur': See First Look (Exclusive)". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022. ^ "Disney Channel March 2023 Highlights". Disney ABC Press. February 17, 2023. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ Bloom, Madison (April 29, 2020). "Samia Shares New Video Starring Stranger Things' Maya Hawke and Charlie Plummer: Watch". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ Garcia, Thania (July 18, 2022). "Maya Hawke's Forest Orgy Gets Busted Up By Police In NSFW 'Thérèse' Music Video". Variety. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022. ^ Daly, Rhian (August 16, 2022). "Maya Hawke takes a trip to the dentist in reflective 'Sweet Tooth' video". NME. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ Dunworth, Liberty (February 15, 2024). "Maya Hawke announces new album 'Chaos Angel' with reflective single 'Missing Out'". NME. Retrieved March 6, 2024. ^ White, Peter (June 24, 2021). "Rosanna Arquette, Taye Diggs, Gael Garcia Bernal, Maya Hawke To Star In 'Playboy Interview' Podcast". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ Almeida, Nicole (August 26, 2019). "Today's Song: Maya Hawke Revinents the Love Song in "To Love A Boy"". Atwood Magazine. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ Bloom, Madison (August 19, 2019). ""Stranger Things"' Maya Hawke Shares Video for New Song "To Love a Boy": Watch". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ DeLeo, Isabella (March 18, 2020). "Maya Hawke Announces Her Debut Album Blush, Shares New Single "By Myself"". Paste. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Graves, Shahlin (August 20, 2020). "Maya Hawke releases new song 'Generous Heart'". Coup de Main Magazine. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ Kenneally, Cerys (December 9, 2021). "Maya Hawke returns with new single "Blue Hippo"". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ Kenneally, Cerys (June 30, 2022). "Maya Hawke announces second album with new song "Thérèse"". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ Kenneally, Cerys (August 16, 2022). "Maya Hawke unveils new cut "Sweet Tooth"". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022. ^ Holden, Finlay (September 21, 2022). "Maya Hawke has shared a new single, 'Luna Moth', ahead of her second album, 'MOSS'". Dork. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ Hawke, Maya (June 25, 2023). "Coming Around Again". Bandcamp. Retrieved September 23, 2022. ^ Hawke, Maya (February 14, 2024). "Missing Out". Bandcamp. Retrieved September 23, 2022. ^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Lewis, Hilary; Howard, Annie; Chuba, Kirsten (January 19, 2020). "SAG Awards: 'Parasite' Wins Top Film Prize; 'Crown' and 'Mrs. Maisel' Named Best Drama, Comedy Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2020. ^ Boucher, Geoff (September 13, 2019). "Saturn Awards Winners List 2019". deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019. ^ a b c d e "Maya Hawke Awards". IMDB (Index source only). Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022. ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (December 21, 2018). "The Women's Image Awards has announced its 2018 nominations". goldderby.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022. ^ a b Verhoeven, Beatrice (July 7, 2022). "'This Is Us,' 'Succession,' 'Severance' Lead 2022 HCA TV Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya Hawke. Maya Hawke at IMDb  Official website Portals: USA Biography TV Film Fashion Music vteSaturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on TelevisionMerged(1990s-2010s) Justina Vail (1999) Jeri Ryan (2000) Jolene Blalock (2001) Alyson Hannigan (2002) Amy Acker (2003) Amanda Tapping (2004) Katee Sackhoff (2005) Hayden Panettiere (2006) Summer Glau/Elizabeth Mitchell (2007) Jennifer Carpenter (2008) Julie Benz (2009) Lucy Lawless (2010) Michelle Forbes (2011) Laurie Holden (2012) Melissa McBride (2013) Melissa McBride (2014) Danai Gurira (2015) Candice Patton (2016) Rhea Seehorn (2017) Danielle Panabaker (2019/2020) Network/Cable Danai Gurira (2018/2019) Lauren Cohan (2021/2022) Streaming Maya Hawke (2018/2019) Moses Ingram (2021/2022) Merged(2020s) Jeri Ryan (2022/2023) vteEthan Hawke Performances Awards and nominations Films directed Chelsea Walls (2001) The Hottest State (2006) Seymour: An Introduction (2014) Blaze (2018) Wildcat (2023) MiniseriesCreatedThe Good Lord Bird (2020)DirectedThe Last Movie Stars (2022)Related Maya Hawke Malaparte Young Lions Fiction Award Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-Online-2"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Uma Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Thurman"},{"link_name":"Jo March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_March"},{"link_name":"BBC adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women"},{"link_name":"Robin Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stranger_Things_characters#Robin_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Stranger Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_Things"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Fear Street Part One: 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Street_Part_One:_1994"},{"link_name":"Do Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Asteroid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_City"},{"link_name":"Inside Out 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Out_2"},{"link_name":"Blush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"Chaos Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Angel"}],"text":"Maya Ray Thurman Hawke (born July 8, 1998)[2] is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is the daughter of Hollywood actors Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman. She began her career in modelling, and subsequently made her screen debut as Jo March in the 2017 BBC adaptation of Little Women.Hawke gained recognition for starring as Robin Buckley in the Netflix science fiction series Stranger Things (2019–present), and has appeared in the films Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), Fear Street Part One: 1994 (2021), Do Revenge (2022), Asteroid City (2023), and Inside Out 2 (2024). As a musician, she has released the albums Blush (2020), Moss (2022), and Chaos Angel (2024).","title":"Maya Hawke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-Online-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Uma Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Thurman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogue-3"},{"link_name":"Gattaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people2005-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydney-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"financier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financier"},{"link_name":"Arpad Busson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpad_Busson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Robert Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thurman"},{"link_name":"Nena von Schlebrügge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nena_von_Schlebr%C3%BCgge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Axel Ebbe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Ebbe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Ebbe"},{"link_name":"Smygehuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smygehuk"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"dyslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Saint Ann's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ann%27s_School_(Brooklyn)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydney-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Stella Adler Studio of Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Adler_Studio_of_Acting"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydney-7"}],"text":"Hawke was born on July 8, 1998,[2] in New York City, the older of two children born to actors Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman.[3] Her parents met on the set of Gattaca (1997), married in May 1998,[4] and divorced in 2005.[5] Hawke has a brother.[6][7] She also has two half-sisters by her father's second wife, Ryan Shawhughes.[8][9] She has another half-sister from her mother's ex-fiancé, financier Arpad Busson.[10]On her father's side, Hawke is a distant cousin of playwright Tennessee Williams.[11] On her mother's side, she is a granddaughter of Buddhist scholar Robert Thurman and model Nena von Schlebrügge.[12][13] Schlebrügge's mother, Birgit Holmquist, was also a model, having posed for Axel Ebbe's [sv] statue Famntaget, currently in Smygehuk in Sweden.[14]Hawke has dyslexia,[15] which resulted in her changing schools frequently during her primary education before she was finally enrolled at Saint Ann's School, a private school in Brooklyn, New York that emphasizes artistic creativity and does not grade work. The artistic environment eventually led her to acting.[7] Hawke also took part in summer studies at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York.[16] She studied toward a BFA in acting at the Juilliard School for one year before dropping out after accepting her role in Little Women.[7]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogue-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"AllSaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllSaints"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydney-7"},{"link_name":"Calvin Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein"},{"link_name":"Sofia 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Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUaTiH-26"},{"link_name":"Marc Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Human Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Capital_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amidon"},{"link_name":"Gia Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Garfield"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Good Lord Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tglb-29"},{"link_name":"Italian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Studies_(film)"},{"link_name":"Adam Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Leon"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italianstudies-30"},{"link_name":"Fear Street Part One: 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Street_Part_One:_1994"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fear_Street-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Helen Gurley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Do 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However, the producers preferred actress Chloë Grace Moretz. This and other conflicts ultimately led to Coppola leaving the project.[20] Moretz eventually dropped out as well.[21]Hawke at the 2019 Toronto Film Festival premiere of Human CapitalHawke made her acting debut in 2017 as Jo March in the BBC miniseries adaptation of Little Women.[22][7] In September 2018, she starred in thriller Ladyworld, directed by Amanda Kramer.[23] Hawke later broke out with her performance as Robin Buckley in the third season of Netflix's Stranger Things, which released in 2019.[24][25] Also that year, Hawke played Linda Kasabian/'Flowerchild' in Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood,[26] and co-starred in Marc Meyers' thriller film Human Capital, which is based on Stephen Amidon's 2004 novel of the same name.In 2020, Hawke starred in Gia Coppola's sophomore film, Mainstream, alongside Andrew Garfield.[27][28] In the same year, she guest starred in the fifth episode of the miniseries The Good Lord Bird, which stars her father, Ethan Hawke. She stars as Annie Brown, the daughter of her father's character.[29] In June, she appeared in Italian Studies, written and directed by Adam Leon and co-starring Vanessa Kirby. It premiered in the Tribeca Film Festival and later released on January 14, 2022.[30] Later that month, she appeared as Heather in the Netflix horror film Fear Street Part One: 1994.[31] In 2021, she also starred in a spin-off podcast series based on her Stranger Things character, Rebel Robin: Surviving Hawkins.[32] She starred in another scripted podcast series, The Playboy Interview, in which she plays Helen Gurley Brown.[33]In 2022, Hawke starred in Netflix's dark comedy film Do Revenge alongside Camila Mendes.[34] In April 2022, she was cast in Bradley Cooper's biographical film about Leonard Bernstein, Maestro, co-starring Cooper and Carey Mulligan.[35] In May, it was reported that she had been cast in the upcoming film The Kill Room alongside her mother Uma Thurman and Samuel L. Jackson.[36] In July, it was announced that she would guest star in Disney's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, which premiered in 2023.[37] She appeared in the Wes Anderson romantic dramedy Asteroid City (2023) which premiered at the 76th Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews.[38] She voiced the character Anixety in the 2024 Pixar animated film Inside Out 2, the sequel to the 2015 film Inside Out.[39] In February 2024, it was reported that Hawke would be set to star in a Billy Wilder biopic titled Wilder & Me.[40]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogan_2021-38"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debut-43"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Jesse Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Harris"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-46"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lazar Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lazar_Davis"},{"link_name":"Tōth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubblebucket"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-46"},{"link_name":"Blush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-48"},{"link_name":"2020 Black Lives Matter protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Black_Lives_Matter_protests"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strauss_2020-50"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Blush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-46"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Hawke has said that folk music has influenced her music career including artists like Leonard Cohen, Patti Smith and Joni Mitchell.[41][38] She takes inspiration from \"great lyricists\" like Cohen and Bob Dylan as, according to her, \"music is the best way to communicate poetry\".[42]In August 2019, Hawke released her first two singles, \"To Love a Boy\" and \"Stay Open\".[43] The songs were written and recorded by Hawke and Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Jesse Harris.[44] Hawke performed a series of headlining gigs around New York City in early 2020, her first ever solo live performances as a musician.[45][46] In each of these shows, Hawke was supported by Benjamin Lazar Davis, Tōth, Will Graefe and Nick Cianci respectively.[47][46] On March 18, 2020, Hawke released the first single \"By Myself\" and announced her debut album titled Blush[48] amid the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. Hawke wrote, \"I feel like this is not a time for self-promotion. It is a time for activation, education and self-examination.\"[49] The album's second single, \"Coverage\", was released on April 22, 2020,[50] before its music video directed by Maya's father Ethan Hawke was released on the 28th.[51] Initially set for release on June 19, 2020, Blush was delayed to August 21, 2020.[52][46] To support the release of Blush, Hawke appeared as a musical guest for the first time in her career on The Today Show in late August 2020.[53]On June 29, 2022, alongside the release of the single \"Thérèse\", Hawke announced her second album Moss, which was released on September 23, 2022.[54]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podcast","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blush_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_(Maya_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"Chaos Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Angel"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Blush (2020)\nMoss (2022)\nChaos Angel (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stranger Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_Things"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"26th Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26th-SAGW-85"}],"text":"For her work on Stranger Things, Hawke was nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[85]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]

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Jackson in Yale's 'The Kill Room' (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621033744/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/maya-hawke-uma-thurman-samuel-l-jackson-kill-room-cannes-2022-1235149380/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Philiana (July 21, 2022). \"Wesley Snipes, Alison Brie to Guest on Disney's 'Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur': See First Look (Exclusive)\". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(disambiguation)

List of Jewish museums

["1 Albania","2 Australia","3 Austria","4 Belarus","5 Belgium","6 Bosnia and Herzegovina","7 Brazil","8 Canada","9 China","10 Czech Republic","11 Denmark","12 France","13 Georgia","14 Germany","15 Greece","16 Guatemala","17 Hungary","18 Ireland","19 Israel","20 Italy","21 Latvia","22 Lithuania","23 Morocco","24 Netherlands","25 Norway","26 Poland","27 Portugal","28 Romania","29 Russia","30 Serbia","31 Slovakia","32 Spain","33 Sweden","34 Switzerland","35 Turkey","36 Ukraine","37 United Kingdom","38 United States","39 See also","40 References"]

A Jewish museum is a museum which focuses upon Jews and may refer seek to explore and share the Jewish experience in a given area. Jewish Museum of Belgium, in Brussels. Notable Jewish museums include: Albania Solomon Museum, Berat Australia Jewish Museum of Australia, Melbourne, Victoria Sydney Jewish Museum Austria Jewish Museum Vienna Austrian Jewish Museum, Eisenstadt Jewish Museum of Hohenems Belarus Museum of Jewish History and Culture in Belarus Belgium Jewish Museum of Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Museum of the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muzej Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine) in Sarajevo Brazil Jewish Museum of São Paulo Canada Montreal Holocaust Museum Jewish Heritage Centre (Winnipeg) Saint John Jewish Historical Museum in New Brunswick China Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum Czech Republic Jewish Museum in Prague Denmark Danish Jewish Museum, Copenhagen France Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme, (Museum of Jewish Art and History), Paris, and its predecessor Musée d'Art Juif Musée judéo-alsacien de Bouxwiller, Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin Georgia David Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia, Tbilisi Germany Jewish Museum Berlin Jewish Museum Emmendingen Jewish Museum Frankfurt Jewish Museum Munich Greece Jewish Museum of Greece, Athens Jewish Museum of Rhodes Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki Guatemala Museum of the Holocaust (Guatemala) in Guatemala City Hungary Hungarian Jewish Museum and Archives, Budapest Miskolc Jewish Museum and Visitor's Center, Miskolc Ireland Irish Jewish Museum, Dublin Israel Further information: List of Israeli museums Italy Palazzo Pannolini, Bologna Synagogue of Casale Monferrato Museum of Italian Judaism and the Shoah, Ferrara Jewish Museum of Florence Jewish Museum of Rome Jewish Museum of Venice Jewish Museum Carlo e Vera Wagner, Trieste Latvia Jews in Latvia (museum), Riga Lithuania Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum (Vilnius) Morocco Moroccan Jewish Museum, Casablanca Beit Yehuda Museum, Tangier Netherlands Joods Historisch Museum, Amsterdam Norway Jewish Museum in Oslo Poland Galicia Jewish Museum (Kraków) Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (Warsaw) Warsaw Ghetto Museum The Judaica collection of Maksymilian Goldstein, once an independent museum, now part of the collection of the Lviv Crafts Museum Portugal Jewish Museum of Belmonte Portuguese Jewish Museum Romania Jewish Museum (Bucharest) Northern Transylvania Holocaust Memorial Museum Muzeon - Jewish History Museum (Cluj) Russia Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, Moscow Serbia Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade Slovakia Museum of Jewish Culture, Bratislava Spain Palace of the Forgotten, Granada Sephardic Museum (Granada) Sephardic Museum, Toledo Sweden Jewish Museum of Sweden Switzerland Jewish Museum of Switzerland, Basel Turkey Jewish Museum of Turkey, Istanbul Ukraine Museum of the History of Odesa Jews, Odesa Museum of Jewish History and the Holocaust in Ukraine in Menorah center, Dnipro. United Kingdom Jewish Museum London, England Manchester Jewish Museum, England United States Jewish History Museum (Tucson), Tucson, Arizona Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life, Berkeley, California Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, California The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience, New Orleans, Louisiana Jewish Museum of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland Jewish Children's Museum, Brooklyn, New York Herbert & Eileen Bernard Museum of Judaica at Congregation Emanu-El of New York, Manhattan, New York Jewish Museum (Manhattan), Manhattan, New York Museum of Jewish Heritage, Manhattan, New York National Museum of American Jewish History, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Lillian & Albert Small Capital Jewish Museum Washington DC Jewish Museum Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin See also List of Holocaust memorials and museums References Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).

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collection of the Lviv Crafts Museum","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Belmonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Museum_of_Belmonte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Jewish Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue_of_Tomar"}],"text":"Jewish Museum of Belmonte\nPortuguese Jewish Museum","title":"Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum (Bucharest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Bucharest)"},{"link_name":"Northern Transylvania Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Transylvania_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Muzeon - Jewish History Museum (Cluj)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzeon_-_Jewish_History_Museum_(Cluj)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Jewish Museum (Bucharest)\nNorthern Transylvania Holocaust Memorial Museum\nMuzeon - Jewish History Museum (Cluj)","title":"Romania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_and_Tolerance_Center"}],"text":"Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, Moscow","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Historical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Historical_Museum,_Belgrade"}],"text":"Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade","title":"Serbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Jewish Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Culture"}],"text":"Museum of Jewish Culture, Bratislava","title":"Slovakia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of the Forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Forgotten"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Museum (Granada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Museum_(Granada)"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Museum"}],"text":"Palace of the Forgotten, Granada\nSephardic Museum (Granada)\nSephardic Museum, Toledo","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Sweden"}],"text":"Jewish Museum of Sweden","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland"}],"text":"Jewish Museum of Switzerland, Basel","title":"Switzerland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Turkey"}],"text":"Jewish Museum of Turkey, Istanbul","title":"Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of the History of Odesa Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Odesa_Jews"},{"link_name":"Menorah center, Dnipro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_center,_Dnipro"}],"text":"Museum of the History of Odesa Jews, Odesa\nMuseum of Jewish History and the Holocaust in Ukraine in Menorah center, Dnipro.","title":"Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_London"},{"link_name":"Manchester Jewish Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Jewish_Museum"}],"text":"Jewish Museum London, England\nManchester Jewish Museum, England","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish History Museum (Tucson)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_History_Museum_(Tucson)"},{"link_name":"Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes_Collection_of_Jewish_Art_and_Life"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Jewish Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Jewish_Museum"},{"link_name":"The Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Museum_of_the_Southern_Jewish_Experience&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Jewish Children's Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Children%27s_Museum"},{"link_name":"Congregation Emanu-El of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum (Manhattan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Museum of Jewish Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage"},{"link_name":"National Museum of American Jewish History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Jewish_History"},{"link_name":"Lillian & Albert Small Capital Jewish Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_%26_Albert_Small_Capital_Jewish_Museum"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Milwaukee"}],"text":"Jewish History Museum (Tucson), Tucson, Arizona\nMagnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life, Berkeley, California\nContemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, California\nThe Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience, New Orleans, Louisiana\nJewish Museum of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland\nJewish Children's Museum, Brooklyn, New York\nHerbert & Eileen Bernard Museum of Judaica at Congregation Emanu-El of New York, Manhattan, New York\nJewish Museum (Manhattan), Manhattan, New York\nMuseum of Jewish Heritage, Manhattan, New York\nNational Museum of American Jewish History, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nLillian & Albert Small Capital Jewish Museum Washington DC\nJewish Museum Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","title":"United States"}]

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[{"title":"List of Holocaust memorials and museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums"}]

[]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartlett_Gregg

Richard Gregg (social philosopher)

["1 Life and work","1.1 Law & labor relations","1.2 Gandhi's Satyagraha","1.3 Ecology and farming","1.4 Martin Luther King Jr.","2 Publications","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Richard Bartlett Gregg (1885–1974) was an American social philosopher said to be "the first American to develop a substantial theory of nonviolent resistance" based on the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, and so influenced the thinking of Martin Luther King Jr., Aldous Huxley, civil-rights theorist Bayard Rustin, the pacifist and socialist reformer Jessie Wallace Hughan, and the Peace Pledge Union. Life and work Law & labor relations After graduating from Harvard Law in 1911, Gregg worked at several law firms in Boston. He joined Robert G. Valentine and Ordway Tead of Boston in the pioneering consulting firm of Valentine, Tead and Gregg who billed themselves as industrial counselors until Valentine's untimely death in November 1916. In 1916 he was employed in labor management by a private firm in Chicago. From 1917 to 1921 in Washington, D.C., at the NWLB, Gregg became the 'examiner in charge' for the Bethlehem Steel strike, publishing a 1919 law article. He then obtained a position at the Railway Department Employees Union. It involved traveling in support of its 400,000 workers during a time of strikes and labor disputes. These seven years in industrial relations he described as "investigation, conciliation, arbitration, publicity and statistical work for trade unions." The Union eventually was forced to capitulate. In an October 4, 1924 letter to his family Gregg explained his reasons for leaving the USA to take up residence in India. He indicated that over the previous decade he had worked in industry, government, and labor unions opposing strikes, running and settling strikes. This unique experience led him to conclude that government and industrialism were based on violence and that labor unions were ineffective as they worked within this framework and could not change it. He thought that there might be another approach to creating a humane social system in work of Gandhi in India. Gandhi's Satyagraha Disillusioned, he worked as a farmhand and took courses in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. He wrote to Mohandas K. Gandhi who was then in jail. C. F. Andrews replied, inviting him to stay at the Sabarmati Ashram. He sailed to India on January 1,1925 for the study of Indian culture and to seek out Gandhi. First he lived at the ashram with Gandhi's family and his many followers (itinerant and permanent, many who were already well-known, or became so). He engaged in farming and spinning in local villages. Gandhi's spinning wheel later became an icon of the Swadeshi movement. Absorbing and integrating the nonviolent philosophy, Gregg became able to spread its teachings. He then taught on various subjects connected with Gandhi's activism, e.g., for three years the school run by Samuel Evans Stokes of Simla. Gregg corresponded with African-American leader W. E. B. Du Bois. After about four years in India, he returned to Boston. The next year he married. Drawing on his learning and experience with Gandhi's Satyagraha, he published pamphlets, essays, books. One of his titles later helped transmit Gandhi's inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr. Ecology and farming In the 1940s Gregg became involved in ecology and organic farming. He then worked eight years at the innovative farms in New England owned by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing. In 1954 his first wife died, following a long illness. He remarried. In India from 1956 to 1958, he taught ecology and economics at Gandhigram Rural University in Tamil Nadu (near Madurai), a school associated with G. Ramachandran whom Gregg had met in 1925 at Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram. Martin Luther King Jr. Also in 1956 Gregg began correspondence with Dr. King, which was during the Montgomery bus boycott. About the book The Power of Non-Violence King wrote to Gregg, "I don't know when I have read anything... that has given the idea of non-violence a more realistic and depthful interpretation." Gregg was "thrilled by the revival of Gandhi's method in Montgomery." For King's 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom Gregg provided some Gandhi background. He also aided King with scheduling and contacts when he and his wife visited in India in 1959. Gregg also took part in "nonviolent training sessions" for Black civil rights workers. King after the bus boycott listed his top five books: Gandhi's autobiography, Fischer's biography of Gandhi, Thoreau on "civil disobedience", Rauschenbusch on the social gospel, and Gregg. Publications His most widely-known book, The Power of Non-Violence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1934), was a presentation of Gandhi's teachings addressed to the western reader. He revised it for a 2d ed. in 1944, and again for a 3d ed. in 1959 with a 'Foreword' by Martin Luther King Jr. His other writings referencing Gandhi include The Economics of Khaddar (1928), The Psychology and Strategy of Gandhi's Non-violent Resistance (1930), Gandhiji's Satyagraha (1930). In a 1939 pamphlet, Pacifist Program in Time of War, Threatened War or Fascism, he discussed a program for how American pacifists could use non-violence to oppose war and fascism in the United States. An influential 1936 essay, "Simplified Living", his philosophical espousal of its need and benefit, was originally published in an Indian journal. He coined the term "voluntary simplicity". A Preparation for Science (1928) was aimed to prepare primary school teachers in rural India, to instruct village children helped by use of locally available materials. Gregg authored A Compass for Civilization (Ahmedabad: Navajivan 1956), which was published under several titles. References ^ Ansbro, John J. (1982). Martin Luther King, Jr: The Making of a Mind. Orbis Books. pp. 146-7, 149. ^ Huxley, Aldous and Baker, Robert S. (ed.) (2002). Complete Essays, 1936–1938. Volume 4. I.R. Dee. pp. 240, 248. See also the reference to Gregg's The Power of Non-Violence in Huxley's Ends and Means (1937). ^ a b Kosek, Joseph Kip (March 2005). "Richard Gregg, Mohandas Gandhi, and the Strategy of Nonviolence". The Journal of American History. 91 (4): 1318–1348. doi:10.2307/3660175. JSTOR 3660175. ^ Bennett, Scott H. Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963, Syracuse University Press, 2003, p. 47. ^ Ceadel, Martin (1980). Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith. Clarendon Press. pp. 250–257; PPU differs (p. 256). ^ a b McCartin, Joseph Anthony (1997). Labor's great war: the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912 - 1921. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8078-4679-7. ^ Gregg, Richard B. (1919). "The National War Labor Board". Harvard Law Review. 33 (1): 39–63. doi:10.2307/1328084. JSTOR 1328084. ^ Preface to The Power of Non-Violence (Philadelphia: Lippincott 1934). ^ Tully, "Chronology" pp. x-xi, "Editor's introduction" p. xxii, in Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence (Cambridge University 2018), edited by James Tully. ^ "Bio". Richard Bartlett Gregg. 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2023-09-21. ^ Sudarshan Kapur, Raising up a Prophet (Boston: Beacon 1992), p.47 (Gregg & Du Bois). ^ Tully (2018), pp. xi-xii, xvii-xx, xxxi-xxxiii. ^ Kosek, Joseph Kip. (2009) Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy, Columbia University Press. pp. 224. ^ Tully (2018), pp. x1i-xiv. ^ Cf., Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence (1959, 2018), pp. 41-47 (Montgomery bus boycott). ^ Letter of King to Gregg, May 1, 1956, in Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., v.3, pp. 244-245. Quoted in Kosek (2009), Acts, p.224 (298,n78). ^ Kosek (2009) Acts, p.224 (quote). ^ Tully (2018), pp. xiv-xv, xxviii, xxxii. ^ Kosek (2009) Acts, p. 224 (King's trip), 229 (training; ten books). ^ Kosek (March 2005), "Richard Gregg", p.1318 (the five books). ^ Tully (2018), The Power of Non-Violence: analysis (xxi-xxvii), available in five languages (xvii). ^ Tully (2018), author of 66 works (xvii), Gregg bibliography (xvii-xx). ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States. Routledge. pp. 81–2. ISBN 9781317474418. ^ Visva-Bharati Quarterly, August 1936. ^ Kosek (March 2005), "Richard Gregg", p. 1324. ^ Tully (2018): The Self beyond Yourself (Lippincott), Spirit through Body (Boston), Self-Transcendence (Victor Gollancz). Further reading Richard Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence (1960s pamphlet) with King's foreword, at Wayback Machine archive. Richard Gregg, "Voluntary Simplicity" (1936), as edited in the MANAS Journal (Sept. 1974). (pdf) John Wooding (2020) The Power of Non-Violence. The enduring legacy of Richard Gregg (Loom Press). External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Richard Gregg. Gregg website at Richardgregg.org Richard Gregg materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) Finding aid to the Richard Bartlett Gregg papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries Fox, Richard G. (Jan–Feb 1998). "Passage from India: How Westerners Rewrote Gandhi's Message". Humanities. 19 (1). vteSimple livingPractices Barter Cord-cutting DIY ethic Downshifting Dry toilet Fasting Forest gardening Freeganism Frugality Gift economy Intentional community Local currency Low-impact development No frills Off-the-grid Permaculture Regift Sattvic diet Self-sufficiency Subsistence agriculture Sustainable living Sustainable sanitation Veganism Vegetarianism War tax resistance WWOOF Religious and spiritual Amish Aparigraha Asceticism Detachment Distributism Jesus movement Mendicant Mindfulness Monasticism New Monasticism Plain dress Plain people Quakers Rastafari Temperance Testimony of simplicity Tolstoyan movement Twelve Tribes communities Secular movements Back-to-the-land Car-free Environmental Hippie Open Source Ecology Slow Small house Tiny house Transition town Notable writers Wendell Berry Ernest Callenbach G. K. Chesterton Duane Elgin Mahatma Gandhi Richard Gregg Tom Hodgkinson Harlan Hubbard Satish Kumar Helen Nearing Scott Nearing Peace Pilgrim Nick Rosen Dugald Semple E. F. Schumacher George Skene Keith Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Valluvar Modern-day adherents Mark Boyle Robin Greenfield Ted Kaczynski Pentti Linkola Jim Merkel Peace Pilgrim Suelo Thomas Media "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral" Escape from Affluenza The Good Life The Moon and the Sledgehammer Mother Earth News The Power of Half Small Is Beautiful Walden Related Affluenza Agrarianism Amateurism Anarcho-primitivism Anti-consumerism Appropriate technology Bohemianism Consumerism Critique of work Deep ecology Degrowth Ecological footprint Food miles Front Porch Republic Green anarchism The good life Global warming Hedonophobia Intentional living commune Rainbow Gathering Itinerant Low-technology Nonviolence Peak oil Sustainability Work–life interface Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef

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He joined Robert G. Valentine and Ordway Tead of Boston in the pioneering consulting firm of Valentine, Tead and Gregg who billed themselves as industrial counselors until Valentine's untimely death in November 1916.[6] In 1916 he was employed in labor management by a private firm in Chicago. From 1917 to 1921 in Washington, D.C., at the NWLB,[6] Gregg became the 'examiner in charge' for the Bethlehem Steel strike, publishing a 1919 law article.[7] He then obtained a position at the Railway Department Employees Union. It involved traveling in support of its 400,000 workers during a time of strikes and labor disputes. These seven years in industrial relations he described as \"investigation, conciliation, arbitration, publicity and statistical work for trade unions.\"[8] The Union eventually was forced to capitulate.[9] In an October 4, 1924 letter to his family Gregg explained his reasons for leaving the USA to take up residence in India. He indicated that over the previous decade he had worked in industry, government, and labor unions opposing strikes, running and settling strikes. This unique experience led him to conclude that government and industrialism were based on violence and that labor unions were ineffective as they worked within this framework and could not change it. He thought that there might be another approach to creating a humane social system in work of Gandhi in India.[10]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_WI"},{"link_name":"C. F. 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Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Gandhi's Satyagraha","text":"Disillusioned, he worked as a farmhand and took courses in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. He wrote to Mohandas K. Gandhi who was then in jail. C. F. Andrews replied, inviting him to stay at the Sabarmati Ashram.He sailed to India on January 1,1925 for the study of Indian culture and to seek out Gandhi.[3] First he lived at the ashram with Gandhi's family and his many followers (itinerant and permanent, many who were already well-known, or became so). He engaged in farming and spinning in local villages. Gandhi's spinning wheel later became an icon of the Swadeshi movement. Absorbing and integrating the nonviolent philosophy, Gregg became able to spread its teachings. He then taught on various subjects connected with Gandhi's activism, e.g., for three years the school run by Samuel Evans Stokes of Simla. Gregg corresponded with African-American leader W. E. B. Du Bois.[11] After about four years in India, he returned to Boston. The next year he married. Drawing on his learning and experience with Gandhi's Satyagraha, he published pamphlets, essays, books.[12] One of his titles later helped transmit Gandhi's inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"organic farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming"},{"link_name":"Helen Nearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Nearing"},{"link_name":"Scott Nearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Nearing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gandhigram Rural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhigram_Rural_University"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ramachandran_(social_reformer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ecology and farming","text":"In the 1940s Gregg became involved in ecology and organic farming. He then worked eight years at the innovative farms in New England owned by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing.[13] In 1954 his first wife died, following a long illness. He remarried. In India from 1956 to 1958, he taught ecology and economics at Gandhigram Rural University in Tamil Nadu (near Madurai), a school associated with G. Ramachandran whom Gregg had met in 1925 at Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram.[14]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery bus boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Stride Toward Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_With_Truth"},{"link_name":"Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"\"civil disobedience\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)"},{"link_name":"Rauschenbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch"},{"link_name":"social gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_gospel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Martin Luther King Jr.","text":"Also in 1956 Gregg began correspondence with Dr. King, which was during the Montgomery bus boycott.[15] About the book The Power of Non-Violence King wrote to Gregg, \"I don't know when I have read anything... that has given the idea of non-violence a more realistic and depthful interpretation.\"[16] Gregg was \"thrilled by the revival of Gandhi's method in Montgomery.\"[17] For King's 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom Gregg provided some Gandhi background. He also aided King with scheduling and contacts when he and his wife visited in India in 1959.[18] Gregg also took part in \"nonviolent training sessions\" for Black civil rights workers.[19] King after the bus boycott listed his top five books: Gandhi's autobiography, Fischer's biography of Gandhi, Thoreau on \"civil disobedience\", Rauschenbusch on the social gospel, and Gregg.[20]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Khaddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"\"Simplified Living\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.manasjournal.org/pdf_library/VolumeXXVII_1974/XXVII-36.pdf"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"voluntary simplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_simplicity"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"His most widely-known book, The Power of Non-Violence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott 1934), was a presentation of Gandhi's teachings addressed to the western reader. He revised it for a 2d ed. in 1944, and again for a 3d ed. in 1959 with a 'Foreword' by Martin Luther King Jr.[21]His other writings referencing Gandhi include The Economics of Khaddar (1928), The Psychology and Strategy of Gandhi's Non-violent Resistance (1930), Gandhiji's Satyagraha (1930).[22] In a 1939 pamphlet, Pacifist Program in Time of War, Threatened War or Fascism, he discussed a program for how American pacifists could use non-violence to oppose war and fascism in the United States.[23]An influential 1936 essay, \"Simplified Living\", his philosophical espousal of its need and benefit, was originally published in an Indian journal.[24] He coined the term \"voluntary simplicity\". A Preparation for Science (1928) was aimed to prepare primary school teachers in rural India, to instruct village children helped by use of locally available materials.[25]Gregg authored A Compass for Civilization (Ahmedabad: Navajivan 1956), which was published under several titles.[26]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Power of Nonviolence (1960s pamphlet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051215190358/http://jesusradicals.com/library/gregg.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"Voluntary Simplicity\" (1936)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.manasjournal.org/pdf_library/VolumeXXVII_1974/XXVII-36.pdf"},{"link_name":"MANAS Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANAS_Journal"}],"text":"Richard Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence (1960s pamphlet) with King's foreword, at Wayback Machine archive.\nRichard Gregg, \"Voluntary Simplicity\" (1936), as edited in the MANAS Journal (Sept. 1974). (pdf)\nJohn Wooding (2020) The Power of Non-Violence. The enduring legacy of Richard Gregg (Loom Press).","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Kosek, Joseph Kip (March 2005). \"Richard Gregg, Mohandas Gandhi, and the Strategy of Nonviolence\". The Journal of American History. 91 (4): 1318–1348. doi:10.2307/3660175. JSTOR 3660175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History","url_text":"The Journal of American History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3660175","url_text":"10.2307/3660175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3660175","url_text":"3660175"}]},{"reference":"McCartin, Joseph Anthony (1997). Labor's great war: the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912 - 1921. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8078-4679-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4679-7","url_text":"978-0-8078-4679-7"}]},{"reference":"Gregg, Richard B. (1919). \"The National War Labor Board\". Harvard Law Review. 33 (1): 39–63. doi:10.2307/1328084. JSTOR 1328084.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1328084","url_text":"\"The National War Labor Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1328084","url_text":"10.2307/1328084"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1328084","url_text":"1328084"}]},{"reference":"\"Bio\". Richard Bartlett Gregg. 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2023-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardgregg.org/bio","url_text":"\"Bio\""}]},{"reference":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States. Routledge. pp. 81–2. ISBN 9781317474418.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mGrxBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317474418","url_text":"9781317474418"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Richard G. (Jan–Feb 1998). \"Passage from India: How Westerners Rewrote Gandhi's Message\". Humanities. 19 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1998-01/gandhi.html","url_text":"\"Passage from India: How Westerners Rewrote Gandhi's Message\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities_(journal)","url_text":"Humanities"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Coupe_de_France_Final

2008 Coupe de France final

["1 Road to the final","2 Match information","3 Match details","4 References"]

Final of the 2007–08 edition of the Coupe de France Football match2008 Coupe de France finalEvent2007–08 Coupe de France Lyon Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1 Ligue 1 1 0 After extra timeDate24 May 2008VenueStade de France, Saint-DenisMan of the MatchSidney GovouRefereePhilippe KaltAttendance79,204← 2007 2009 → The 2008 Coupe de France final was a football match that was held at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, France on 24 May 2008. It was the 90th final in the Coupe de France's history. The final was contested between Paris Saint-Germain and Olympique Lyonnais. This was PSG's 10th appearance in the Coupe de France final, having won the cup in 1982, 1983, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2004, and 2006. They also lost in the final twice in 1985 and 2003. With a win in this year's final, PSG would have been granted the rare cup double with their last double coming in 1998. This was Olympique Lyonnais's 7th appearance in the final having won in 1964, 1967, and 1973. They lost in the final three times in 1963, 1971, and 1976. Road to the final Paris Saint-Germain Round Lyon Opponent H/A Result 2007–08 Coupe de France Opponent H/A Result Épinal A 2–0 Round of 64 Créteil A 4–0 Le Poiré-sur-Vie A 3–1 Round of 32 Croix de Savoie A 1–0 Bastia H 2–1 Round of 16 Sochaux H 2–1 Carquefou A 1–0 Quarter-finals Metz H 1–0 Amiens A 1–0 Semi-finals Sedan H 1–0 Match information Lyon supporters at the 2008 Coupe de France Final. In front of a sell-out crowd of 80,000+ fans, Olympique Lyonnais and Paris Saint-Germain stepped on the pitch of the Stade de France to contest the 90th Coupe de France. PSG tore Lyon's defense ragged for most of the game and had a goal by Sylvain Armand incorrectly ruled offside. Olympique Lyonnais held on to 0–0 after 90 minutes, winning the match in extra time. The majority of the first half was mainly dominated by PSG who thrived on Lyon's turnovers using them in order to counterattack. Lyon players, becoming frustrated, committed several malicious challenges leading to the likes of Anthony Réveillère and Sébastien Squillaci picking up yellow cards. The second half was partially even with both teams attempting to counterattack each other with both displaying fatigue as the second half moved forward. Both PSG and Lyon had several chances. Lyon's primary chances were as a result of Juninho's free kicks, while PSG probably had the best chance of the night when Amara Diané got through in the box and had a great chance, however it was miraculously saved by Grégory Coupet, who was playing his last match in a Lyon jersey, leaving the match up for grabs as they headed to extra time. One notable moment of the second half was the substitution of Pauleta, who was playing his final match for PSG. He was given a standing ovation by PSG supporters. The first half of extra time was progressively slow with both clubs trying to get a strategic view of each other. It wasn't until the end of the first half of extra time when a goal was finally conceded. Following a cross by Karim Benzema, Sidney Govou pounced on the loose ball in the box after it went off Kader Keïta to give Lyon the lead after 102 minutes of play. Following the goal, Lyon finally settled down and opted to a more defensive style of play utilizing the offside trap and holding on to the ball more turning the tables on PSG, who were now becoming frustrated, with Mario Yepes delivering a questionable elbow on Benzema. Sidney Govou's goal would eventually be the only goal of the match giving Lyon their first Coupe de France title victory in 35 years. With the win in the final, Lyon were also granted their first ever double having won Ligue 1 this past season. Since both clubs have automatically qualified for European competitions, PSG via the Coupe de la Ligue, Lyon via Ligue 1, the Coupe de France European place was reverted to the league. The spot was awarded to AS Saint-Étienne, ironically Lyon's primary rivals. Match details 24 May 200821:00 Lyon1–0 (a.e.t.)Paris Saint-Germain Govou 102' Report Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 79,204Referee: Philippe Kalt Lyon PSG Lyon: GK 1 Grégory Coupet RB 2 Anthony Réveillère  41' CB 4 Jean-Alain Boumsong CB 5 Sébastien Squillaci  45' LB 11 Fabio Grosso RM 7 Sidney Govou CM 3 Jérémy Toulalan CM 8 Juninho (c)  117' LM 6 Kim Källström  68' FW 10 Karim Benzema FW 9 Fred  73' Substitutes: GK 18 Rémy Vercoutre DF 13 François Clerc  117' MF 12 Mathieu Bodmer  68' MF 17 Marc Crosas MF 14 César Delgado FW 15 Hatem Ben Arfa FW 16 Kader Keïta  110'  73' Manager: Alain Perrin PSG: GK 1 Jérôme Alonzo RB 2 Ceará CB 6 Mario Yepes CB 4 Zoumana Camara  40' LB 3 Sylvain Armand RM 10 Clément Chantôme  83' CM 5 Grégory Bourillon  105' CM 8 Jérémy Clément CM 7 Jérôme Rothen  65' LM 11 Amara Diané FW 9 Pauleta (c)  80' Substitutes: GK 18 Apoula Edima Bete Edel DF 15 Bernard Mendy  113'  83' DF 17 Mamadou Sakho MF 13 Souza  105' FW 12 Péguy Luyindula  80' FW 14 Yannick Boli FW 16 Loris Arnaud Manager: Paul Le Guen MATCH OFFICIALS Assistant referees: Fourth official: MAN OF THE MATCH MATCH RULES 90 minutes. 30 minutes extra-time (15-minute intervals) Penalty shoot-out if scores level after extra time. Seven named substitutes Maximum of 3 substitutions. References Coupe de France official homepage on FFF site Coupe de France Page on LFP site Coupe de France Results vte2007–08 in French football « 2006–07 2008–09 » Domestic leagues Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National CFA (Group A, B, C, D) Domestic cups Coupe de France (Final) Coupe de la Ligue (Final) Trophée des Champions European Champions League Men Women UEFA Cup Club seasonsLigue 1 Auxerre Bordeaux Caen Le Mans Lens Lille Lorient Lyon Marseille Metz Monaco Nancy Nice Paris Saint-Germain Rennes Saint-Étienne Sochaux Strasbourg Toulouse Valenciennes Ligue 2 Ajaccio Amiens Angers Bastia Boulogne Brest Châteauroux Clermont Foot Dijon Guingamp Gueugnon Grenoble Le Havre Libourne Montpellier Nantes Niort Reims Sedan Troyes Division 1 Féminine Paris Saint-Germain International competitionMen 2008 Africa Cup of Nations 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Championship UEFA Euro 2008 Women 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup vteCoupe de FranceSeasons 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Preliminary rounds 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of finals Participants from Overseas territories vteOlympique Lyonnais matchesNationalCoupe de France finals 1963 1964 1967 1971 1973 1976 2008 2012 2024 Coupe de la Ligue finals 1996 2001 2007 2012 2014 2020 Trophée des Champions 1967 1973 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012 2015 2016 InternationalUEFA Intertoto Cup final 1997 vteParis Saint-Germain F.C. matchesNationalCoupe de France finals 1982 1983 1985 1993 1995 1998 2003 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2024 Coupe de la Ligue finals 1995 1998 2000 2008 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 Trophée des Champions 1995 1998 2004 2006 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 InternationalUEFA Champions LeagueFinal 2020 Knockout Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain (2017) UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals 1996 1997 UEFA Intertoto Cup final 2001 UEFA Super Cup 1996

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They lost in the final three times in 1963, 1971, and 1976.","title":"2008 Coupe de France final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Road to the final"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virage_lyonnais_CF_2007-2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Armand"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"counterattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterattack"},{"link_name":"Anthony Réveillère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_R%C3%A9veill%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Squillaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Squillaci"},{"link_name":"Juninho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juninho_Pernambucano"},{"link_name":"Amara Diané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Dian%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Grégory Coupet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory_Coupet"},{"link_name":"Pauleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauleta"},{"link_name":"Karim Benzema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Benzema"},{"link_name":"Sidney Govou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Govou"},{"link_name":"Kader Keïta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kader_Ke%C3%AFta"},{"link_name":"Mario Yepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Yepes"},{"link_name":"double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"AS Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"}],"text":"Lyon supporters at the 2008 Coupe de France Final.In front of a sell-out crowd of 80,000+ fans, Olympique Lyonnais and Paris Saint-Germain stepped on the pitch of the Stade de France to contest the 90th Coupe de France. PSG tore Lyon's defense ragged for most of the game and had a goal by Sylvain Armand incorrectly ruled offside. Olympique Lyonnais held on to 0–0 after 90 minutes, winning the match in extra time.The majority of the first half was mainly dominated by PSG who thrived on Lyon's turnovers using them in order to counterattack. Lyon players, becoming frustrated, committed several malicious challenges leading to the likes of Anthony Réveillère and Sébastien Squillaci picking up yellow cards. The second half was partially even with both teams attempting to counterattack each other with both displaying fatigue as the second half moved forward. Both PSG and Lyon had several chances. Lyon's primary chances were as a result of Juninho's free kicks, while PSG probably had the best chance of the night when Amara Diané got through in the box and had a great chance, however it was miraculously saved by Grégory Coupet, who was playing his last match in a Lyon jersey, leaving the match up for grabs as they headed to extra time. One notable moment of the second half was the substitution of Pauleta, who was playing his final match for PSG. He was given a standing ovation by PSG supporters.The first half of extra time was progressively slow with both clubs trying to get a strategic view of each other. It wasn't until the end of the first half of extra time when a goal was finally conceded. Following a cross by Karim Benzema, Sidney Govou pounced on the loose ball in the box after it went off Kader Keïta to give Lyon the lead after 102 minutes of play. 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The spot was awarded to AS Saint-Étienne, ironically Lyon's primary rivals.","title":"Match information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Govou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Govou"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.footballdatabase.eu/en/match/overview/1089231-paris_sg-lyon"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Philippe Kalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Kalt"}],"text":"24 May 200821:00\nLyon1–0 (a.e.t.)Paris Saint-Germain\nGovou 102'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 79,204Referee: Philippe Kalt","title":"Match details"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2195_aluminum_alloy

2195 aluminium alloy

["1 Properties","2 Applications","3 Chemical Composition","4 References","5 Aluminium alloy table"]

Alloy of aluminium and lithium 2195 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-copper family (2000 or 2xxx series). It is one of the Weldalite family of Aluminium–lithium alloys. It is one of the most complex grades in the 2000 series, with at least 91.9% aluminium by weight. 2195 aluminium can be alternately referred to by the UNS designation A92195. Properties Like most other aluminium-copper alloys, 2195 is a high-strength alloy, with bad workability, and poor corrosion resistance. Being highly alloyed, it tends to fall on the higher strength and lower corrosion resistance side. As a wrought alloy, it is not used in casting. It can be welded, particularly by friction stir welding, and is fracture resistant at cryogenic temperatures. Applications The high strength to weight ratio of this alloy has resulted in its aerospace applications such as the Space Shuttle Super Lightweight external tank. It is 30 % stronger and 5 % less dense than the 2219 alloy used in the original Space Shuttle external tank. 2195 is used for the propellant tanks of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust orbital launcher, and for the new ULA Vulcan first stage. Chemical Composition The alloy composition of 2195 aluminium is: Aluminium: 91.9 to 94.9% Copper: 3.7 to 4.3% Lithium: 0.8 to 1.2% Magnesium: 0.25 to 0.8% Silver: 0.25 to 0.6% Zirconium: 0.08 to 0.16% Iron: 0.15% max Silicon: 0.12% max Titanium: 0.1% max Zinc: 0.25% max Residuals: 0.15% max References ^ a b c d Super Lightweight External Tank, NASA, retrieved 12 Dec 2013. ^ "How Light Metals Help SpaceX Land Falcon 9 Rockets with Astonishing Accuracy". Light Metal Age. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ^ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-06. ^ Häusler, Ines; Schwarze, Christian; Bilal, Muhammad; Ramirez, Daniela; Hetaba, Walid; Kamachali, Reza; Skrotzki, Birgit (2017). "Precipitation of T1 and θ′ Phase in Al-4Cu-1Li-0.25Mn During Age Hardening: Microstructural Investigation and Phase-Field Simulation". Materials. 10 (2) 117. doi:10.3390/ma10020117. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 5459132. PMID 28772481. ^ "2195 Aluminum Composition Spec". www.matweb.com. Retrieved 2024-02-18. Aluminium alloy table vteAluminium alloysIntroduction Aluminium Aluminium alloys History of aluminium Al 1000 series (pure) 1050 1060 1070 1100 1145 1199 1200 1230 1350 1370 1420 1421 1424 1430 1440 1441 1445 1450 1460 1461 1464 1469 Al-Cu 2000 series 2004 2011 2014 2017 2020 2024 2025 2029 2036 2048 2055 2080 2090 2091 2094 2095 2097 2098 2099 2124 2195 2196 2197 2198 2218 2219 2224&2324 2297 2319 2397 2519 2524 2618 Al-Mn 3000 series 3003 3004 3005 3102 3102&3303 3105 3203 Al-Si 4000 series 4006 4007 4015 4032 4043 4047 4543 Al-Mg 5000 series 5005&5657 5010 5019 5024 5026 5050 5052&5652 5056 5059 5083 5086 5154&5254 5182 5252 5356 5454 5456 5457 5557 5754 Al-Mg-Si 6000 series 6005 (6005A) 6009 6010 6013 6022 6060 6061 6063 6065 6066 6070 6081 6082 6101 6105 6113 6151 6162 6201 6205 6262 6351 6463 6951 Al-Zn 7000 series 7005 7010 7022 7034 7039 7046 7050 7055 7065 7068 7072 7075 7079 7085 7090 7091 7093 7116 7129 7150 7178 7255 7475 8000 series (misc.) 8006 8009 8011 8014 8019 8025 8030 8090 8091 8093 8176 Named alloys Aluminium–lithium alloys AlBeMet Alclad Alnico AlSiC Alumel Aluminium granules Alusil Birmabright Devarda's alloy Duralumin Hiduminium (aka R.R. alloys) Hydronalium Italma Lo-Ex Magnalium Magnox (alloy) MKM steel Nickel aluminide Aluminium–scandium alloys Y alloy Al-Ca composite Hypereutectic piston Aluminium bronze AlSi10Mg

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It is one of the Weldalite family of Aluminium–lithium alloys.[1] It is one of the most complex grades in the 2000 series, with at least 91.9% aluminium by weight. 2195 aluminium can be alternately referred to by the UNS designation A92195.","title":"2195 aluminium alloy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"friction stir welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_stir_welding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nasa-SLW-1"}],"text":"Like most other aluminium-copper alloys, 2195 is a high-strength alloy, with bad workability, and poor corrosion resistance. Being highly alloyed, it tends to fall on the higher strength and lower corrosion resistance side. As a wrought alloy, it is not used in casting. It can be welded, particularly by friction stir welding, and is fracture resistant at cryogenic temperatures.[1]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Super Lightweight external tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank#Super_Lightweight_Tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nasa-SLW-1"},{"link_name":"2219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle external tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nasa-SLW-1"},{"link_name":"Falcon 9 Full Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sxf920131206-3"},{"link_name":"ULA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The high strength to weight ratio of this alloy has resulted in its aerospace applications such as the Space Shuttle Super Lightweight external tank.[1]\nIt is 30 % stronger and 5 % less dense than the 2219 alloy used in the original Space Shuttle external tank.[1]2195 is used for the propellant tanks of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust orbital launcher,[2][3] and for the new ULA Vulcan first stage.[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Lithium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium"},{"link_name":"Magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"Zirconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"},{"link_name":"Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"Titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"Zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"}],"text":"The alloy composition of 2195 aluminium is:[4][5]Aluminium: 91.9 to 94.9%\nCopper: 3.7 to 4.3%\nLithium: 0.8 to 1.2%\nMagnesium: 0.25 to 0.8%\nSilver: 0.25 to 0.6%\nZirconium: 0.08 to 0.16%\nIron: 0.15% max\nSilicon: 0.12% max\nTitanium: 0.1% max\nZinc: 0.25% max\nResiduals: 0.15% max","title":"Chemical Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aluminium_alloys"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aluminium_alloys"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aluminium_alloys"},{"link_name":"Aluminium alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloys"},{"link_name":"Aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Aluminium alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"History of 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series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_8000_alloys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8006_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8009_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8011_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8014_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8019_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8025_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8030_aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"8090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8090_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8091_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8093_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8176_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aluminium–lithium alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93lithium_alloys"},{"link_name":"AlBeMet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlBeMet"},{"link_name":"Alclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alclad"},{"link_name":"Alnico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnico"},{"link_name":"AlSiC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlSiC"},{"link_name":"Alumel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumel"},{"link_name":"Aluminium granules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_granules"},{"link_name":"Alusil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusil"},{"link_name":"Birmabright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmabright"},{"link_name":"Devarda's alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devarda%27s_alloy"},{"link_name":"Duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"Hiduminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduminium"},{"link_name":"Hydronalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronalium"},{"link_name":"Italma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italma"},{"link_name":"Lo-Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-Ex"},{"link_name":"Magnalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnalium"},{"link_name":"Magnox (alloy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)"},{"link_name":"MKM steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKM_steel"},{"link_name":"Nickel aluminide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_aluminide"},{"link_name":"Aluminium–scandium alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93scandium_alloys"},{"link_name":"Y alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_alloy"},{"link_name":"Al-Ca composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ca_composite"},{"link_name":"Hypereutectic piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypereutectic_piston"},{"link_name":"Aluminium bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze"},{"link_name":"AlSi10Mg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlSi10Mg"}],"text":"vteAluminium alloysIntroduction\nAluminium\nAluminium alloys\nHistory of aluminium\nAl 1000 series (pure)\n1050\n1060\n1070\n1100\n1145\n1199\n1200\n1230\n1350\n1370\n1420\n1421\n1424\n1430\n1440\n1441\n1445\n1450\n1460\n1461\n1464\n1469\nAl-Cu 2000 series\n2004\n2011\n2014\n2017\n2020\n2024\n2025\n2029\n2036\n2048\n2055\n2080\n2090\n2091\n2094\n2095\n2097\n2098\n2099\n2124\n2195\n2196\n2197\n2198\n2218\n2219\n2224&2324\n2297\n2319\n2397\n2519\n2524\n2618\nAl-Mn 3000 series\n3003\n3004\n3005\n3102\n3102&3303\n3105\n3203\nAl-Si 4000 series\n4006\n4007\n4015\n4032\n4043\n4047\n4543\nAl-Mg 5000 series\n5005&5657\n5010\n5019\n5024\n5026\n5050\n5052&5652\n5056\n5059\n5083\n5086\n5154&5254\n5182\n5252\n5356\n5454\n5456\n5457\n5557\n5754\nAl-Mg-Si 6000 series\n6005 (6005A)\n6009\n6010\n6013\n6022\n6060\n6061\n6063\n6065\n6066\n6070\n6081\n6082\n6101\n6105\n6113\n6151\n6162\n6201\n6205\n6262\n6351\n6463\n6951\nAl-Zn 7000 series\n7005\n7010\n7022\n7034\n7039\n7046\n7050\n7055\n7065\n7068\n7072\n7075\n7079\n7085\n7090\n7091\n7093\n7116\n7129\n7150\n7178\n7255\n7475\n8000 series (misc.)\n8006\n8009\n8011\n8014\n8019\n8025\n8030\n8090\n8091\n8093\n8176\nNamed alloys\nAluminium–lithium alloys\nAlBeMet\nAlclad\nAlnico\nAlSiC\nAlumel\nAluminium granules\nAlusil\nBirmabright\nDevarda's alloy\nDuralumin\nHiduminium (aka R.R. alloys)\nHydronalium\nItalma\nLo-Ex\nMagnalium\nMagnox (alloy)\nMKM steel\nNickel aluminide\nAluminium–scandium alloys\nY alloy\nAl-Ca composite\nHypereutectic piston\nAluminium bronze\nAlSi10Mg","title":"Aluminium alloy table"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"How Light Metals Help SpaceX Land Falcon 9 Rockets with Astonishing Accuracy\". Light Metal Age. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lightmetalage.com/news/industry-news/aerospace/how-light-metals-help-spacex-land-falcon-9-rockets-with-astonishing-accuracy/","url_text":"\"How Light Metals Help SpaceX Land Falcon 9 Rockets with Astonishing Accuracy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230828003048/https://www.lightmetalage.com/news/industry-news/aerospace/how-light-metals-help-spacex-land-falcon-9-rockets-with-astonishing-accuracy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Falcon 9\". SpaceX. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130924104819/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9","url_text":"\"Falcon 9\""},{"url":"http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Häusler, Ines; Schwarze, Christian; Bilal, Muhammad; Ramirez, Daniela; Hetaba, Walid; Kamachali, Reza; Skrotzki, Birgit (2017). \"Precipitation of T1 and θ′ Phase in Al-4Cu-1Li-0.25Mn During Age Hardening: Microstructural Investigation and Phase-Field Simulation\". Materials. 10 (2) 117. doi:10.3390/ma10020117. ISSN 1996-1944. PMC 5459132. PMID 28772481.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/2/117","url_text":"\"Precipitation of T1 and θ′ Phase in Al-4Cu-1Li-0.25Mn During Age Hardening: Microstructural Investigation and Phase-Field Simulation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma10020117","url_text":"10.3390/ma10020117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1996-1944","url_text":"1996-1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5459132","url_text":"5459132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28772481","url_text":"28772481"}]},{"reference":"\"2195 Aluminum Composition Spec\". www.matweb.com. Retrieved 2024-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=4363dafc7f5545688506d8b4af1e9468","url_text":"\"2195 Aluminum Composition Spec\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsoKarhu

IsoKarhu

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 61°29′04.063″N 21°47′52.728″E / 61.48446194°N 21.79798000°E / 61.48446194; 21.79798000Shopping mall in Pori, FinlandIsoKarhu Shopping CenterKauppakeskus IsoKarhuExterior of IsoKarhu in 2020LocationPori, FinlandCoordinates61°29′04.063″N 21°47′52.728″E / 61.48446194°N 21.79798000°E / 61.48446194; 21.79798000AddressYrjönkatu 14Opening date1991OwnerCitycon OyjArchitectJouko Ylihannu & Osmo SolansuuNo. of stores and services34No. of anchor tenants5Total retail floor area14,700 m²No. of floors3Parking220Websitewww.isokarhu.fi IsoKarhu (literally translated "BigBear") is a shopping center owned by Citycon, which was opened in 1991. It is located in the city center of Pori, Finland, along the Yrjönkatu pedestrian street between Karhunpää, Linna and Itätulli districts. The oldest part of IsoKarhu was renovated in 1991 into a property where the Centrum department store, originally owned by Osuusliike Kansa, operated. The department store property, completed in 1973, was designed by Jouko Ylihannu, an architect of Osuustukkukauppa (OTK). In 2001–2004, IsoKarhu expanded to cover the entire block. Initially, the shopping center building in Pori, completed in 1978 and designed by architect Osmo Solansuu, was renovated for the use of the shopping center. The extension was introduced in October 2001. In 2004, the last extension to the corner estate of the Liisankatu and Isolinnankatu streets was built. At the same time, a driveway and footbridge connecting the parking lot of IsoKarhu and the Sokos department store in the adjacent block was completed. In the summer of 2017, Citycon said that it will open Finland's third Irti Maasta climbing and adventure park in IsoKarhu next winter. In November 2018, Citycon said it was planning to have business premises on the street level of Isokarhu, but other floors could include apartments or hotel space, for example. On the other hand, there could even be high-rise buildings on top of the IsoKarhu parking lot in the future. In 2018, the mall had more than 40 specialty stores, the most significant of which were: KappAhl, Gina Tricot and Burger King. References ^ a b c d Vuosikertomus 2001 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kiinteistösijoitus Oyj Citycon. 2002. pp. 16–17. ^ a b c Liisa Nummelin, Liisa (2019). Porin ruutukaavakeskusta : modernin rakennusperinnön inventointi 2019 (in Finnish). Pori: Satakunnan Museo. p. 60. ^ a b c "Kauppakeskukset 2019" (PDF) (in Finnish). Suomen Kauppakeskusyhdistys ry. Retrieved June 27, 2021. ^ "Citycon jalostaa kiinteistöomaisuuttaan". Citycon (in Finnish). February 27, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2021. ^ Risto Ennekari (2007). Oma sen olla pitää : torin laidalta satakuntalaisten omaksi kaupaksi. Satakunnan Osuuskauppa 1917–2007 (in Finnish). Pori: Satakunnan Osuuskauppa. p. 182. ISBN 978-952-92260-1-6. ^ "Isokarhuun kiipeily- ja seikkailupuisto". Radio Pori (in Finnish). June 19, 2017. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2021. ^ "IL: Isokarhuun suunnitteilla asuntorakentamista – jopa tornitaloja pohditaan". Radio Pori (in Finnish). November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2021. ^ Pyykkö. "Kauppakeskus Iso Karhu Pori - Etusivu". www.isokarhu.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2022-01-29. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to IsoKarhu. IsoKarhu Official Site vte Shopping centres in FinlandEspoo Ainoa Entresse Galleria Heikintori Iso Omena Länsiviitta Sello Helsinki Arabia Columbus Easton Helsinki Forum Hertsi Itis Kamppi Center Kluuvi Lauttis Mall of Tripla Munkkivuori Redi Ristikko Ruoholahti Kuopio IsoCee Matkus Minna Tampere Duo Koskikeskus Like Ratina Tullintori Westeri Turku Hansa Skanssi Vantaa Dixi Flamingo Jumbo Myyrmanni Elsewhere Chydenia Goodman Grani Ideapark Mylly Puuvilla Torikeskus (Jyväskylä) Torikeskus (Seinäjoki) Valkea Veska Viiri Zeppelin This article about a Finnish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Philadelphia_Eagles_season

1980 Philadelphia Eagles season

["1 Offseason","1.1 NFL draft","2 Personnel","2.1 Staff","2.2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Schedule","4 Game summaries","4.1 Week 1","4.2 Week 2","4.3 Week 3","4.4 Week 4","4.5 Week 5","4.6 Week 6","4.7 Week 7","4.8 Week 8","4.9 Week 9","4.10 Week 10","4.11 Week 11","4.12 Week 12","4.13 Week 13","4.14 Week 14","4.15 Week 15","4.16 Week 16","5 Standings","6 Playoffs","6.1 Divisional","6.2 Conference Championship","6.3 Super Bowl","7 Awards and honors","8 References","9 External links"]

NFL team season 1980 Philadelphia Eagles seasonOwnerLeonard ToseGeneral managerJim MurrayHead coachDick VermeilHome fieldVeterans StadiumResultsRecord12–4Division place1st NFC EastPlayoff finishWon Divisional Playoffs(vs. Vikings) 31–16Won NFC Championship(vs. Cowboys) 20–7Lost Super Bowl XV(vs. Raiders) 10–27 ← 1979 Eagles seasons 1981 → The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance. The 1980 Philadelphia Eagles season was the team's 48th season in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles won twelve of their sixteen games, winning their division for the first time in twenty years. The Eagles started the season winning eleven of their first twelve games, only to finish the season losing three of their final four. Still, the 12–4 record (the best finish in the Vermeil era) was good enough to win the NFC East division title for the first time in franchise history since the NFC East had been formed. The 1980 season marked the Eagles' third consecutive playoff appearance under coach Dick Vermeil, and culminated in the team's first Super Bowl appearance, where they were defeated by the Oakland Raiders 27–10. The 1980 NFC Championship long stood as the proudest moment of the Super Bowl era in Eagles history until they won Super Bowl LII 37 years later. Offseason NFL draft After going 11–5 in the 1979 season and making the playoffs as a wildcard team, the Eagles found themselves looking to improve in 1980 through the NFL Draft. The 1980 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 29–30, 1979. As was started with the 1977 NFL Draft, this consisted of 12 rounds over two days. ESPN covered all 12 rounds live for the first time. The Philadelphia Eagles had the 23rd to 25th pick in each of the 12 rounds. The Eagles drafted 10 players. 1980 Philadelphia Eagles Draft Round Selection Player Position College 1 23 Roynell Young DB Alcorn State University 2 53 Perry Harrington RB Jackson State University 5 135 Nate Rivers WR South Carolina State 6 161 Greg Murtha T University of Minnesota 7 188 Terrell Ward DB San Diego State 8 218 Mike Curcio LB Temple University 9 245 Bob Harris T Bowling Green 11 298 Lee Jukes WR North Carolina State 302 Thomas Brown DE Baylor University 12 329 Howard Fields DB Baylor Personnel Staff 1980 Philadelphia Eagles staff Front office Owner – Leonard Tose General Manager – Jim Murray Director of Player Personnel – Carl Peterson Head coaches Head Coach – Dick Vermeil Offensive coaches Quarterbacks – Sid Gillman Running Backs – Billy Joe Receivers – Dick Coury Tight Ends – Lynn Stiles Offensive Line – Ken Iman Offensive Line – Jerry Wampfler Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator – Marion Campbell Defensive Line – Chuck Clausen Linebackers – George Hill Defensive Backs – Fred Bruney Special teams coaches Special Teams – Lynn Stiles Roster 1980 Philadelphia Eagles roster Quarterbacks 16 Rob Hertel  7 Ron Jaworski  9 Joe Pisarcik Running backs 37 Billy Campfield KR 33 Louie Giammona 35 Perry Harrington FB 20 Leroy Harris FB 31 Wilbert Montgomery 39 Bob Torrey Wide receivers 80 Luther Blue 17 Harold Carmichael 81 Scott Fitzkee 89 Wally Henry 83 Rodney Parker 85 Charlie Smith Tight ends 86 Ken Dunek 86 Lewis Gilbert 84 Keith Krepfle 88 John Spagnola Offensive linemen 63 Ron Baker G 73 Steve Kenney T 50 Guy Morriss C 69 Woody Peoples G 62 Petey Perot G 76 Jerry Sisemore T 61 Mark Slater C 75 Stan Walters T Defensive linemen 97 Thomas Brown DE 71 Ken Clarke NT 78 Carl Hairston DE 68 Dennis Harrison DE 87 Claude Humphrey DE 65 Charlie Johnson NT Linebackers 66 Bill Bergey ILB 95 John Bunting OLB 59 Al Chesley ILB 55 Frank LeMaster ILB 52 Ray Phillips OLB 56 Jerry Robinson OLB 51 Reggie Wilkes OLB Defensive backs 27 Richard Blackmore CB 46 Herman Edwards CB 24 Zac Henderson DB 41 Randy Logan SS 21 John Sciarra DB/PR 22 Brenard Wilson FS 43 Roynell Young CB Special teams  1 Tony Franklin K  4 Max Runager P Reserve lists 30 Mike Hogan RB (IRTooltip Injured reserve) -- Ray Sydnor TE (IRTooltip Injured reserve) 42 Steve Wagner S (IRTooltip Injured reserve) Practice squad Rookies in italics Regular season The 1980 season schedule was set based on how the Eagles finished the previous season: 2nd in NFC East. The way the schedule was laid out, 4 of the 5 teams in the same division could end up having 10 to 14 common opponents during the 1980 season. Also, when the last regular-season game was over, each team knew who its opponents would be the next year. A home and away series vs the teams in its own division: Cowboys, Giants, Cardinals and Redskins = 8 games Each of the top 4 teams in the NFC East from the previous season played the top 4 teams in the AFC West from the previous season: Chargers, Broncos, Seahawks and Raiders = 4 games Each of the 2nd and 3rd place teams in the NFC East from the previous season (Eagles and Redskins) played the 2nd and 3rd place teams in the NFC Central and NFC West from the previous season: Bears, Vikings, Saints and Falcons = 4 games Schedule Week Date Opponent Result Record Location Attendance 1 September 7, 1980 Denver Broncos W 27–6 1–0 Veterans Stadium 70,307 2 September 14, 1980 at Minnesota Vikings W 42–7 2–0 Metropolitan Stadium 46,460 3 September 22, 1980 New York Giants W 35–3 3–0 Veterans Stadium 70,767 4 September 28, 1980 at St. Louis Cardinals L 24–14 3–1 Busch Memorial Stadium 49,079 5 October 5, 1980 Washington Redskins W 24–14 4–1 Veterans Stadium 69,044 6 October 12, 1980 at New York Giants W 31–16 5–1 Giants Stadium 71,051 7 October 19, 1980 Dallas Cowboys W 17–10 6–1 Veterans Stadium 70,696 8 October 26, 1980 Chicago Bears W 17–14 7–1 Veterans Stadium 68,752 9 November 2, 1980 at Seattle Seahawks W 27–20 8–1 Kingdome 61,047 10 November 9, 1980 at New Orleans Saints W 34–21 9–1 Louisiana Superdome 44,340 11 November 16, 1980 at Washington Redskins W 24–0 10–1 RFK Stadium 51,897 12 November 23, 1980 Oakland Raiders W 10–7 11–1 Veterans Stadium 68,535 13 November 30, 1980 at San Diego Chargers L 22–21 11–2 Jack Murphy Stadium 51,567 14 December 7, 1980 Atlanta Falcons L 20–17 11–3 Veterans Stadium 70,205 15 December 14, 1980 St. Louis Cardinals W 17–3 12–3 Veterans Stadium 68,969 16 December 21, 1980 at Dallas Cowboys L 35–27 12–4 Texas Stadium 62,548 Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1 1 234Total Broncos 0 060 6 • Eagles 7 1307 27 Date: September 7Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 70,307Game weather: Partly cloudy; 82 °F (28 °C)Referee: Chuck Heberling Scoring summaryQ1PHICarmichael 56 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 7–0 Q2PHIFranklin 17 yard field goalPHI 10–0 Q2PHIFranklin 35 yard field goalPHI 13–0 Q2PHIFitzkee 16 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 20–0 Q3DENSteinfort 44 yard field goalPHI 20–3 Q3DENSteinfort 43 yard field goalPHI 20–6 Q4PHISpagnola 11 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 27–6 Week 2 1 234Total • Eagles 14 01414 42 Vikings 0 700 7 Date: September 14Location: Metropolitan StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 46,460Game weather: Rain, 57 °F (14 °C); wind 12 mph (19 km/h)Referee: Red CashionTV announcers (CBS): Vin Scully and George Allen Scoring summaryQ1PHIHarris 2 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 7–0 Q1PHIMontgomery 72 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 14–0 Q2MINRashad 16 yard pass from Kramer (Danmeier kick)PHI 14–7 Q3PHIHarris 4 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 21–7 Q3PHIMontgomery 1 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 28–7 Q4PHIFitzkee 45 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 35–7 Q4PHICarmichael 13 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 42–7 Week 3 1 234Total Giants 3 000 3 • Eagles 7 1477 35 Date: September 22Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 9:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 70,767Game weather: Partly cloudy; 78 °F (26 °C)Referee: Bob FredericTV announcers (ABC): Howard Cosell, Frank Gifford and Fran Tarkenton Scoring summaryQ1NYGDanelo 50 yard field goalNYG 3–0 Q1PHIMontgomery 3 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 7–3 Q2PHICarmichael 22 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 14–3 Q2PHIHarris 2 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 21–3 Q3PHISmith 12 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 28–3 Q4PHIMontgomery 1 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 35–3 Week 4 1 234Total Eagles 0 707 14 • Cardinals 7 377 24 Date: September 28Location: Busch StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 49,079Game weather: 63 °F (17 °C); wind 7 mph (11 km/h)Referee: Gordon McCarterTV announcers (CBS): Gary Bender and John Madden Scoring summaryQ1STL70 yard interception return (Little kick)STL 7–0 Q2PHIJaworski 1 yard run (Franklin kick)Tie 7–7 Q2STLLittle 31 yard field goalSTL 10–7 Q3STLAnderson 14 yard run (Little kick)STL 17–7 Q4STLAnderson 37 yard run (Little kick)STL 24–7 Q4PHIKrepfle 9 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)STL 24–14 Week 5 1 234Total Redskins 7 007 14 • Eagles 7 1430 24 Date: October 5Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 69,044Game weather: Cloudy; 61 °F (16 °C)Referee: Pat HaggertyTV announcers (CBS): Gary Bender and John Madden Scoring summaryQ1WSHThompson 54 yard pass from Theismann (Moseley kick)WSH 7–0 Q1PHIHarris 51 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)Tie 7–7 Q2PHIMontgomery 3 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 14–7 Q2PHICarmichael 6 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 21–7 Q3PHIFranklin 39 yard field goalPHI 24–7 Q4WSHClaitt 10 yard run (Moseley kick)PHI 24–14 Week 6 1 234Total • Eagles 0 31414 31 Giants 7 900 16 Date: October 12Location: Giants StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 71,051Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C); wind 16 mph (26 km/h)Referee: Gene BarthTV announcers (CBS): Vin Scully and George Allen Scoring summaryQ1NYGSimms 1 yard run (Danelo kick)NYG 7–0 Q2NYGPerkins 15 yard pass from Simms (kick failed)NYG 13–0 Q2PHIFranklin 41 yard field goalNYG 13–3 Q2NYGDanelo 42 yard field goalNYG 16–3 Q3PHIGiammona 1 yard run (Franklin kick)NYG 16–10 Q3PHIHarrington 19 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 17–16 Q4PHIGiammona 3 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 24–16 Q4PHIKrepfle 6 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 31–16 Week 7 1 234Total Cowboys 7 300 10 • Eagles 0 1007 17 Date: October 19Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 70,696Game weather: Sunny; 69 °F (21 °C)Referee: Cal LeporeTV announcers (CBS): Pat Summerall and Tom Brookshier Scoring summaryQ1DALHegman recovered fumble in end zone (Septien kick)DAL 7–0 Q2PHIFranklin 35 yard field goalDAL 7–3 Q2PHICarmichael 5 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 10–7 Q2DALSeptien 33 yard field goalTie 10–10 Q4PHISmith 15 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 17–10 Week 8 1 234Total Bears 0 0140 14 • Eagles 7 073 17 Date: October 26Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 68,752Game weather: Cloudy; 46 °F (8 °C)Referee: Red CashionTV announcers (CBS): Pat Summerall and Tom Brookshier Scoring summaryQ1PHICampfield 2 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 7–0 Q3PHIGiammona 2 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 14–0 Q3CHIHarper 1 yard run (Thomas kick)PHI 14–7 Q3CHIEvans 3 yard run (Thomas kick)Tie 14–14 Q4PHIFranklin 18 yard field goalPHI 17–14 Week 9 1 234Total • Eagles 0 71010 27 Seahawks 6 077 20 Date: November 2Location: KingdomeGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 61,047Game weather: Indoors (dome)Referee: Jerry MarkbreitTV announcers (CBS): Gary Bender and John Madden Scoring summaryQ1SEAHerrera 21 yard field goalSEA 3–0 Q1SEAHerrera 31 yard field goalSEA 6–0 Q2PHICampfield 1 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 7–6 Q3SEALargent 27 yard pass from Zorn (Herrera kick)SEA 13–7 Q3PHISmith 15 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 14–13 Q3PHIFranklin 39 yard field goalPHI 17–13 Q4SEADoornik 9 yard run (Herrera kick)SEA 20–17 Q4PHICampfield 5 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 24–20 Q4PHIFranklin 25 yard field goalPHI 27–20 Week 10 1 234Total • Eagles 0 17710 34 Saints 7 770 21 Date: November 9Location: Louisiana SuperdomeGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 44,340Game weather: Indoors (dome)Referee: Gordon McCarterTV announcers (CBS): Curt Gowdy and Hank Stram Scoring summaryQ1NOWilliams 24 yard pass from Manning (Ricardo kick)NO 7–0 Q2PHICarmichael 10 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)Tie 7–7 Q2NOChandler 17 yard pass from Manning (Ricardo kick)NO 14–7 Q2PHIFranklin 32 yard field goalNO 14–10 Q2PHICarmichael 6 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 17–14 Q3PHICarmichael 25 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 24–14 Q3NOWilliams 8 yard pass from Manning (Ricardo kick)PHI 24–21 Q4PHIFranklin 30 yard field goalPHI 27–21 Q4PHIHogan 2 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 30–21 Week 11 1 234Total • Eagles 14 370 24 Redskins 0 000 0 Date: November 16Location: RFK StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 51,897Game weather: 45 °F (7 °C); wind 16 mph (26 km/h)Referee: Jerry SeemanTV announcers (CBS): Gary Bender and John Madden Scoring summaryQ1PHIKrepfle 8 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 7–0 Q1PHISpagnola 14 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 14–0 Q2PHIFranklin 38 yard field goalPHI 17–0 Q4PHIRobinson 59 yard fumble return (Franklin kick)PHI 24–0 Week 12 1 234Total Raiders 0 007 7 • Eagles 0 037 10 Date: November 23Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 68,535Game weather: Cloudy; 44 °F (7 °C)Referee: Jim TunneyTV announcers (NBC): Dick Enberg and Bob Trumpy Scoring summaryQ3PHIFranklin 51 yard field goalPHI 3–0 Q4OAKBranch 86 yard pass from Plunkett (Bahr kick)OAK 7–3 Q4PHIMontgomery 3 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 10–7 Week 13 1 234Total Eagles 0 0714 21 • Chargers 9 1003 22 Date: November 30Location: Jack Murphy StadiumGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 51,567Game weather: 61 °F (16 °C); wind 6 mph (9.7 km/h)Referee: Chuck HeberlingTV announcers (CBS): Curt Gowdy and Hank Stram Scoring summaryQ1SDWinslow 14 yard pass from Fouts (kick failed)SD 6–0 Q1SDBenirschke 34 yard field goalSD 9–0 Q2SDWinslow 17 yard pass from Fouts (Benirschke kick)SD 16–0 Q2SDBenirschke 45 yard field goalSD 19–0 Q3PHIMontgomery 1 yard run (Franklin kick)SD 19–7 Q4SDBenirschke 42 yard field goalSD 22–7 Q4PHIKrepfle 16 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)SD 22–14 Q4PHIMontgomery 11 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)SD 22–21 Week 14 1 234Total • Falcons 3 773 20 Eagles 0 1403 17 Date: December 7Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 70,205Game weather: Light rain; 55 °F (13 °C)Referee: Pat Haggerty Scoring summaryQ1ATLMazzetti 26 yard field goalATL 3–0 Q2PHICarmichael 22 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)PHI 7–3 Q2PHISpagnola 15 yard pass from Giammona (Franklin kick)PHI 14–3 Q2ATLFrancis 11 yard pass from Bartkowski (Mazzetti kick)PHI 14–10 Q3ATLCain 12 yard pass from Bartkowski (Mazzetti kick)ATL 17–14 Q4PHIFranklin 40 yard field goalTie 17–17 Q4ATLMazzetti 37 yard field goalATL 20–17 Week 15 1 234Total Cardinals 0 003 3 • Eagles 0 0710 17 Date: December 14Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 68,969Game weather: Sunny; 44 °F (7 °C)Referee: Bob FredericTV announcers (CBS): Vin Scully and George Allen Scoring summaryQ3PHIMontgomery 9 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 7–0 Q4PHIFranklin 19 yard field goalPHI 10–0 Q4STLO'Donoghue 25 yard field goalPHI 10–3 Q4PHIGiammona 1 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 17–3 Week 16 1 234Total Eagles 0 01017 27 • Cowboys 7 1477 35 Date: December 21Location: Texas StadiumGame start: 4:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 62,548Game weather: 28 °F (−2 °C); wind 9 mph (14 km/h)Referee: Dick JorgensenTV announcers (CBS): Pat Summerall and Tom Brookshier Scoring summaryQ1DALWhite 1 yard run (Septien kick)DAL 7–0 Q2DALHill 36 yard pass from White (Septien kick)DAL 14–0 Q2DALP. Pearson 9 yard pass from White (Septien kick)DAL 21–0 Q3PHIGiammona 1 yard run (Franklin kick)DAL 21–7 Q3DALD. Pearson 11 yard pass from White (Septien kick)DAL 28–7 Q3PHIFranklin 29 yard field goalDAL 28–10 Q4DALDuPree 15 yard pass from White (Septien kick)DAL 35–10 Q4PHIParker 30 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)DAL 35–17 Q4PHIFranklin 19 yard field goalDAL 35–20 Q4PHIMontgomery 6 yard run (Franklin kick)DAL 35–27 Harold Carmichael's streak of games with a pass caught is stopped. Despite losing this game, the Eagles clinched the NFC East Division on a quirky tie-breaker scenario because they lost by less than 25 points. The only caveat to losing by less than 25 points compared to winning this game outright was that the Eagles conceded the number one seed in the NFC to the Atlanta Falcons (who had also lost during this same week). The close defeat however proved to be less significant compared to winning this game outright as their eventual run to the Super Bowl would not have changed due to restrictions regarding teams from the same division meeting in the Divisional Round, and Dallas defeating both the Rams in the Wild Card Round (Dallas could only face Atlanta regardless of seeding), and the Falcons in the Divisional Round (the NFC Championship Game would have still been held in Philadelphia). Standings NFC East viewtalkedit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles(2) 12 4 0 .750 6–2 9–3 384 222 L1 Dallas Cowboys(4) 12 4 0 .750 6–2 9–3 454 311 W1 Washington Redskins 6 10 0 .375 4–4 5–7 261 293 W3 St. Louis Cardinals 5 11 0 .313 2–6 4–10 299 350 L2 New York Giants 4 12 0 .250 2–6 3–9 249 425 L2 Playoffs Round Date Opponent Result Record Location Attendance Divisional January 3, 1981 Minnesota Vikings W 31–16 1–0 Veterans Stadium 68,434 Conference Championship January 11, 1981 Dallas Cowboys W 20–7 2–0 Veterans Stadium 70,696 Super Bowl January 25, 1981 Oakland Raiders L 27–10 2–1 Louisiana Superdome 75,500 Divisional 1 234Total Vikings 7 720 16 • Eagles 0 71410 31 Date: January 3Location: Veterans StadiumGame start: 1:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 68,434Game weather: Cloudy; 26 °F (−3 °C)Referee: Jim Tunney Scoring summaryQ1MINWhite 30 yard pass from Kramer (Danmeier kick)MIN 7–0 Q2MINBrown 1 yard run (Danmeier kick)MIN 14–0 Q2PHICarmichael 9 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)MIN 14–7 Q3PHIMontgomery 8 yard run (Franklin kick)Tie 14–14 Q3MINSafety, Jaworski tackled in end zoneMIN 16–14 Q3PHIMontgomery 5 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 21–16 Q4PHIFranklin 33 yard field goalPHI 24–16 Q4PHIHarrington 2 yard run (Franklin kick)PHI 31–16 Conference Championship NFC Championship: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles Period 1 2 34Total Cowboys 0 7 007 Eagles 7 0 10320 at Veterans Stadium • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Date: January 11, 1981Game time: 1:00 p.m.Game weather: Sunny; 12 °F (−11 °C); wind 3 mph (4.8 km/h)Game attendance: 70,696Referee: Jerry MarkbreitTV announcers (CBS): Pat Summerall, Tom Brookshier, and Irv CrossPro-Football-Reference.com Game information Cowboys Danny White12/31, 127 Yds, INT Robert Newhouse7 Rush, 44 Yds Preston Pearson2 Rec, 32 Yds Eagles Ron Jaworski9/29, 91 Yds, 2 INT Wilbert Montgomery26 Rush, 194 Yds, TD Rodney Parker4 Rec, 31 Yds Veterans Stadium during the 1980 NFC Championship Game against the Dallas Cowboys, January 11, 1981. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP DAL PHI 1 Eagles Montgomery 42-yard touchdown run, Franklin kick good 0 7 2 Cowboys Dorsett 3-yard touchdown run, Septien kick good 7 7 3 Eagles 26-yard field goal by Franklin 7 10 3 Eagles Harris 9-yard touchdown run, Franklin kick good 7 17 4 Eagles 20-yard field goal by Franklin 7 20 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 7 20 Super Bowl Main article: Super Bowl XV 1 234Total • Raiders 14 0103 27 Eagles 0 307 10 Date: January 25Location: Louisiana SuperdomeGame start: 6:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 75,500Game weather: Indoors (dome)Referee: Ben DreithTV announcers (NBC): Dick Enberg, Merlin Olsen Scoring summaryQ1OAKBranch 2 yard pass from Plunkett (Bahr kick)OAK 7–0 Q1OAKKing 80 yard pass from Plunkett (Bahr kick)OAK 14–0 Q2PHIFranklin 30 yard field goalOAK 14–3 Q3OAKBranch 29 yard pass from Plunkett (Bahr kick)OAK 21–3 Q3OAKBahr 46 yard field goalOAK 24–3 Q4PHIKrepfle 8 yard pass from Jaworski (Franklin kick)OAK 24–10 Q4OAKBahr 35 yard field goalOAK 27–10 Awards and honors Ron Jaworski, Bert Bell Award References ^ "1980 Philadelphia Eagles starters and roster". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved November 10, 2014. ^ "1980 Philadelphia Eagles Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. ^ "Bert Bell Award – Professional Player of the Year: Past Recipients". Maxwell Football Club. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2022. External links 1980 Philadelphia Eagles at Pro-Football-Reference.com vtePhiladelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Draft Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture "Fly, Eagles Fly" Swoop Curse of Billy Penn Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr. Dan Baker Cheerleaders Dom DiSandro Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Pattison station South Philadelphia Sports Complex Boy Meets World It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia "No one likes us, we don't care" A Philly Special Christmas A Philly Special Christmas Special Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners "Pennsylvania Polka" Steagles "Happy Hundred" Chuck Bednarik's hit on Frank Gifford Santa Claus incident Miracle at the Meadowlands 46 defense Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game Pickle Juice Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Double Doink Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Pittsburgh Steelers Washington Commanders Division championships (15) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2010 2013 2017 2019 2022 Conference championships (5) 1960 1980 2004 2017 2022 League championships (4) 1948 1949 1960 2017 (LII) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WIP-FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Howard Eskin Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division vtePhiladelphia Eagles seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Bold indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–) victoryItalics indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–) appearance vte1980 NFL season AFCEast CentralWestEastCentralWest NFC Baltimore CincinnatiDenverDallasChicagoAtlanta Buffalo ClevelandKansas CityNY GiantsDetroitLos Angeles Miami HoustonOaklandPhiladelphiaGreen BayNew Orleans New England PittsburghSan DiegoSt. LouisMinnesotaSan Francisco NY Jets SeattleWashingtonTampa Bay 1980 NFL Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XV

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1986_Jeno%27s_Pizza_-_05_-_Wilbert_Montgomery.jpg"},{"link_name":"1980 NFC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_NFL_playoffs#Conference_championships"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Eagles_seasons"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"in twenty years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Philadelphia_Eagles_season"},{"link_name":"Dick Vermeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Vermeil"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XV"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Oakland_Raiders_season"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII"}],"text":"The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance.The 1980 Philadelphia Eagles season was the team's 48th season in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles won twelve of their sixteen games, winning their division for the first time in twenty years. The Eagles started the season winning eleven of their first twelve games, only to finish the season losing three of their final four. Still, the 12–4 record (the best finish in the Vermeil era) was good enough to win the NFC East division title for the first time in franchise history since the NFC East had been formed.The 1980 season marked the Eagles' third consecutive playoff appearance under coach Dick Vermeil, and culminated in the team's first Super Bowl appearance, where they were defeated by the Oakland Raiders 27–10. The 1980 NFC Championship long stood as the proudest moment of the Super Bowl era in Eagles history until they won Super Bowl LII 37 years later.","title":"1980 Philadelphia Eagles season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"}],"sub_title":"NFL draft","text":"After going 11–5 in the 1979 season and making the playoffs as a wildcard team, the Eagles found themselves looking to improve in 1980 through the NFL Draft.The 1980 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 29–30, 1979. As was started with the 1977 NFL Draft, this consisted of 12 rounds over two days. ESPN covered all 12 rounds live for the first time.The Philadelphia Eagles had the 23rd to 25th pick in each of the 12 rounds. The Eagles drafted 10 players.","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Staff","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Roster","text":"[1]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 1980 season schedule was set based on how the Eagles finished the previous season: 2nd in NFC East. The way the schedule was laid out, 4 of the 5 teams in the same division could end up having 10 to 14 common opponents during the 1980 season. Also, when the last regular-season game was over, each team knew who its opponents would be the next year.A home and away series vs the teams in its own division: Cowboys, Giants, Cardinals and Redskins = 8 games\nEach of the top 4 teams in the NFC East from the previous season played the top 4 teams in the AFC West from the previous season: Chargers, Broncos, Seahawks and Raiders = 4 games\nEach of the 2nd and 3rd place teams in the NFC East from the previous season (Eagles and Redskins) played the 2nd and 3rd place teams in the NFC Central and NFC West from the previous season: Bears, Vikings, Saints and Falcons = 4 games","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schedule","text":"Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 1","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 2","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 3","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 4","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 5","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 6","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 7","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 8","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 9","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 10","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 11","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 12","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 13","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 14","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 15","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 16","text":"Harold Carmichael's streak of games with a pass caught is stopped. Despite losing this game, the Eagles clinched the NFC East Division on a quirky tie-breaker scenario because they lost by less than 25 points. The only caveat to losing by less than 25 points compared to winning this game outright was that the Eagles conceded the number one seed in the NFC to the Atlanta Falcons (who had also lost during this same week). The close defeat however proved to be less significant compared to winning this game outright as their eventual run to the Super Bowl would not have changed due to restrictions regarding teams from the same division meeting in the Divisional Round, and Dallas defeating both the Rams in the Wild Card Round (Dallas could only face Atlanta regardless of seeding), and the Falcons in the Divisional Round (the NFC Championship Game would have still been held in Philadelphia).","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Divisional","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veterans Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jerry Markbreit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Markbreit"},{"link_name":"Pat Summerall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Summerall"},{"link_name":"Tom Brookshier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brookshier"},{"link_name":"Irv Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irv_Cross"},{"link_name":"Pro-Football-Reference.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198101110phi.htm"},{"link_name":"Danny White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_White"},{"link_name":"Robert Newhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Newhouse"},{"link_name":"Preston Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Ron Jaworski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Jaworski"},{"link_name":"Wilbert Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbert_Montgomery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VeteransStadium1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"1980 NFC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_NFL_playoffs#Conference_championships"}],"sub_title":"Conference Championship","text":"NFC Championship: Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCowboys\n0\n7\n007\n\nEagles\n7\n0\n10320\n\nat Veterans Stadium • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n\nDate: January 11, 1981Game time: 1:00 p.m.Game weather: Sunny; 12 °F (−11 °C); wind 3 mph (4.8 km/h)Game attendance: 70,696Referee: Jerry MarkbreitTV announcers (CBS): Pat Summerall, Tom Brookshier, and Irv CrossPro-Football-Reference.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCowboys\nDanny White12/31, 127 Yds, INT\nRobert Newhouse7 Rush, 44 Yds\nPreston Pearson2 Rec, 32 Yds\n\n\nEagles\nRon Jaworski9/29, 91 Yds, 2 INT\nWilbert Montgomery26 Rush, 194 Yds, TD\nRodney Parker4 Rec, 31 YdsVeterans Stadium during the 1980 NFC Championship Game against the Dallas Cowboys, January 11, 1981.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Super Bowl","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bert Bell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Bell_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ron Jaworski, Bert Bell Award[3]","title":"Awards and honors"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-horn_sheep

Bighorn sheep

["1 Taxonomy and genetics","1.1 Former subspecies","1.2 Current subspecies","2 Description","3 Natural history","3.1 Ecology","3.2 Social structure and reproduction","3.3 Infectious disease","4 Relationship with humans","4.1 Conservation","4.2 In culture","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Species of sheep native to North America This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Big Horn (disambiguation). Bighorn sheepTemporal range: 0.7–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Middle Pleistocene – recent Male (ram), Wheeler Peak, New Mexico Female (ewe), Greater Vancouver Zoo Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix II (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Caprinae Tribe: Caprini Genus: Ovis Species: O. canadensis Binomial name Ovis canadensisShaw, 1804 Bighorn sheep range Synonyms O. cervina Desmarest O. montana Cuvier The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a species of sheep native to North America. It is named for its large horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to 14 kg (30 lb); the sheep typically weigh up to 143 kg (315 lb). Recent genetic testing indicates three distinct subspecies of Ovis canadensis, one of which is endangered: O. c. sierrae. Sheep originally crossed to North America over the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia; the population in North America peaked in the millions, and the bighorn sheep entered into the mythology of Native Americans. By 1900, the population had crashed to several thousand due to diseases introduced through European livestock and overhunting. Taxonomy and genetics Ovis canadensis is one of two species of mountain sheep in North America; the other species being O. dalli, the Dall sheep. Wild sheep crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia into Alaska during the Pleistocene (about 750,000 years ago); subsequently, they spread through western North America as far south as Baja California and northwestern mainland Mexico. Divergence from their closest Asian ancestor (snow sheep) occurred about 600,000 years ago. In North America, wild sheep diverged into two extant species — Dall sheep, which occupy Alaska and northwestern Canada, and bighorn sheep, which range from southwestern Canada to Mexico. However, the status of these species is questionable given that hybridization has occurred between them in their recent evolutionary history. Former subspecies In 1940, Ian McTaggart-Cowan split the species into seven subspecies, with the first three being mountain bighorns and the last four being desert bighorns: Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, O. c. canadensis, found from British Columbia to Arizona. †Badlands bighorn sheep (or Audubon's bighorn sheep), O. c. auduboni, occurred in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Nebraska. This subspecies has been extinct since 1925. California bighorn sheep, O. c. californiana, found from British Columbia south to California and east to North Dakota. The definition of this subspecies has been updated (see below). Desert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni, the most common desert bighorn sheep, ranges from California through Arizona. Mexican bighorn sheep, O. c. mexicana, ranges from Arizona and New Mexico south to Sonora and Chihuahua. Peninsular bighorn sheep O. c. cremnobates, occur in the Peninsular Ranges of California and Baja California Weems' bighorn sheep, O. c. weemsi, found in southern Baja California. Current subspecies Female Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) in Yellowstone National Park Starting in 1993, Ramey and colleagues, using DNA testing, have shown this division into seven subspecies is largely illusory. Most scientists currently recognize three subspecies of bighorn. This taxonomy is supported by the most extensive genetics (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA) study to date (2016) which found high divergence between Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, and that these two subspecies both diverged from desert bighorn before or during the Illinoian glaciation (about 315–94 thousand years ago). Thus, the three subspecies of O. canadensis are: Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) – occupying the U.S. and Canadian Rocky Mountains, and the Northwestern United States. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae) – formerly California bighorn sheep, a genetically distinct subspecies that only occurs in the Sierra Nevada in California. However, historic observer records suggest that bighorn sheep may have ranged as far west as the California Coastal Ranges, which are contiguous to the Sierra Nevada via the Transverse Ranges. An account of "wild sheep" in the vicinity of the Mission San Antonio near Jolon, California and the mountains around San Francisco Bay dates to circa 1769. Desert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni) – occurring throughout the desert regions of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. The 2016 genetics study suggested a more modest divergence of this desert bighorn sheep into three lineages consistent with the earlier work of Cowan: Nelson's (O. c. nelsoni), Mexican (O. c. mexicana), and Peninsular (O. c. cremnobates). These three lineages occupy desert biomes that vary significantly in climate, suggesting exposure to different selection regimens. In addition, two populations are currently considered endangered by the United States government: Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae), Peninsular bighorn sheep, a distinct population segment of desert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni) Description A juvenile (lamb) Bighorn sheep are named for the large, curved horns borne by the rams (males). Ewes (females) also have horns, but they are shorter and straighter. They range in color from light brown to grayish or dark, chocolate brown, with a white rump and lining on the backs of all four legs. Males typically weigh 58–143 kg (128–315 lb), are 90–105 cm (35–41 in) tall at the shoulder, and 1.6–1.85 m (63–73 in) long from the nose to the tail. Females are typically 34–91 kg (75–201 lb), 75–90 cm (30–35 in) tall, and 1.28–1.58 m (50–62 in) long. Male bighorn sheep have large horn cores, enlarged cornual and frontal sinuses, and internal bony septa. These adaptations serve to protect the brain by absorbing the impact of clashes. Bighorn sheep have preorbital glands on the anterior corner of each eye, inguinal glands in the groin, and pedal glands on each foot. Secretions from these glands may support dominance behaviors. Bighorns from the Rocky Mountains are relatively large, with males that occasionally exceed 230 kg (500 lb) and females that exceed 90 kg (200 lb). In contrast, Sierra Nevada bighorn males weigh up to only 90 kg (198 lb) and females to 60 kg (132 lb). Males' horns can weigh up to 14 kg (30 lb), as much as all the bones in the male's body. Natural history Ecology Bighorn rams The Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep occupy the cooler mountainous regions of Canada and the United States. In contrast, the desert bighorn sheep subspecies are indigenous to the hot desert ecosystems of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Bighorn sheep inhabit alpine meadows, grassy mountain slopes, and foothill country near rugged, rocky cliffs and bluffs. Since bighorn sheep cannot move through deep snow, they prefer drier slopes, where the annual snowfall is less than about 150 cm (60 in) per year. A bighorn's winter range usually has lower elevations than its summer range. Bighorn sheep are highly susceptible to certain diseases carried by domestic sheep, such as psoroptic scabies and pneumonia; additional mortality occurs as a result of accidents involving rock falls or falling off cliffs (a hazard of living in steep, rugged terrain). Bighorns are well adapted to climbing steep terrain, where they seek cover from predators. Predation primarily occurs with lambs, which are hunted by coyotes, bobcats, gray foxes, wolverines, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, and golden eagles. Bighorn sheep of all ages are threatened by black bears, grizzly bears, wolves, and especially mountain lions, which are perhaps best equipped with the agility to prey on them in uneven, rocky habitats. Fire suppression techniques may limit visibility through shrublands, and therefore increase cover and predation rates by mountain lions. Bighorn sheep are considered good indicators of land health because the species is sensitive to many human-induced environmental problems. In addition to their aesthetic value, bighorn sheep are considered desirable game animals by hunters. Bighorn sheep graze on grasses and browse shrubs, particularly in fall and winter, and seek minerals at natural salt licks. Females tend to forage and walk, possibly to avoid predators and protect lambs, while males tend to eat and then rest and ruminate, which lends to more effective digestion and greater increase in body size. Social structure and reproduction A bighorn ram near Jasper, Alberta Bighorn sheep live in large herds and do not typically follow a single leader ram, unlike the mouflon, the ancestor of the domestic sheep, which has a strict dominance hierarchy. Before the mating season or "rut", the rams attempt to establish a dominance hierarchy to determine access to ewes for mating. During the prerut period, most of the characteristic horn clashing occurs between rams, although this behavior may occur to a limited extent throughout the year. Bighorn sheep exhibit agonistic behavior: two competitors walk away from each other and then turn to face each other before jumping and lunging into headbutts. Rams' horns can frequently exhibit damage from repeated clashes. Females exhibit a stable, nonlinear hierarchy that correlates with age. Females may fight for high social status when they are integrated into the hierarchy at one to two years of age. Rocky Mountain bighorn rams employ at least three different courting strategies. The most common and successful is the tending strategy, in which a ram follows and defends an estrous ewe. Tending takes considerable strength and vigilance, and ewes are most receptive to tending males, presumably feeling they are the most fit. Another tactic is coursing, when rams fight for an already tended ewe. Ewes typically avoid coursing males, so the strategy is ineffective. The rams also employ a blocking strategy. They prevent a ewe from accessing tending areas before she even enters estrus. Bighorn ewes have a six-month gestation. In temperate climates, the peak of the rut occurs in November, with one, or rarely two, lambs being born in May. Most births occur in the first two weeks of the lambing period. Pregnant ewes of the Rocky Mountains migrate to alpine areas in spring, presumably to give birth in areas safer from predation, but are away from areas with good quality forage. Lambs born earlier in the season are more likely to survive than lambs born later. Lambs born late may not have access to sufficient milk, as their mothers are lactating at a time when food quality is lower. Newborn lambs weigh from 3.6 to 4.5 kg (8 to 10 lb) and can walk within hours. The lambs are then weaned when they reach four to six months old. The lifespan of ewes is typically 10–14 years and 9–12 years for rams. Infectious disease Many bighorn sheep populations in the United States experience regular outbreaks of infectious pneumonia, which likely result from the introduction of bacterial pathogens (in particular, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, and some strains of Mannheimia haemolytica) carried asymptomatically in domestic sheep. Once introduced, pathogens can transmit rapidly through a bighorn population, resulting in all-age die-offs that sometimes kill up to 90% of the population. In the years following pathogen introduction, bighorn populations frequently experience multiple years of lamb pneumonia outbreaks. These outbreaks can severely limit recruitment and likely play a powerful role in slowing population growth. Relationship with humans Bighorn ram skull Conservation Bighorn sheep were widespread throughout the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico two hundred years ago. The population was estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000. Unregulated hunting, habitat destruction, overgrazing of rangelands, and diseases contracted from domestic livestock all contributed to the decline, the most drastic occurring from about 1870 through 1950. In 1936, the Arizona Boy Scouts mounted a statewide campaign to save the bighorn sheep. The scouts first became interested in the sheep through the efforts of Major Frederick Russell Burnham. Burnham observed that fewer than 150 of these sheep still lived in the Arizona mountains. The National Wildlife Federation, the Izaak Walton League, and the National Audubon Society also joined the effort. On January 18, 1939, over 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) of land were set aside to create the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge and the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge. Many state and federal agencies have actively pursued the restoration of bighorn sheep since the 1940s. However, these efforts have met with limited success, and most of the historical range of bighorns remains unoccupied. Hunting for male bighorn sheep is allowed, but heavily regulated, in Canada and the United States. In culture A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab, Utah, United States, a common theme in glyphs from the desert southwest Bighorn sheep were among the most admired animals of the Apsaalooka (Crow) people, and what is today called the Bighorn Mountain Range was central to the Apsaalooka tribal lands. In the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area book, storyteller Old Coyote describes a legend related to the bighorn sheep. A man possessed by evil spirits attempts to kill his heir by pushing the young man over a cliff, but the victim is saved by getting caught in trees. Rescued by bighorn sheep, the man takes the name of their leader, Big Metal. The other sheep grant him power, wisdom, sharp eyes, sure-footedness, keen ears, great strength, and a strong heart. Big Metal returns to his people with the message that the Apsaalooka people will survive only so long as the river winding out of the mountains is known as the Bighorn River. Bighorn sheep are hunted for their meat and horns, used in ceremonies, as food, and as hunting trophies. They also serve as a source of ecotourism, as tourists come to see the bighorn sheep in their native habitat. The Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep is the provincial mammal of Alberta and the state animal of Colorado and, as such, is incorporated into the symbol for the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife. The Desert bighorn sheep is the state mammal of Nevada. The Bighorn sheep was featured in the children's book Buford the Little Bighorn (1967) by Bill Peet. The Bighorn sheep named Buford has a huge pair of horns in the Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, similar to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Bighorn sheep were once known by the scientific identification "argali" or "argalia" due to assumption that they were the same animal as the Asiatic argali (Ovis ammon). Lewis and Clark recorded numerous sightings of O. canadensis in the journals of their exploration—sometimes using the name argalia. In addition, they recorded the use of bighorn sheep horns by the Shoshone in making composite bows. William Clark's Track Map produced after the expedition in 1814 indicated a tributary of the Yellowstone River named Argalia Creek and a tributary of the Missouri River named Argalia River, both in what is today Montana. Neither of these tributaries retained these names, however. 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ovis canadensis (category) Photos & Information on Wild Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep in Nevada BIGHORN.org Rocky Mountain bighorn research Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide – Bighorn Sheep Desert Bighorn Sheep Facts Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine California Department of Fish and Game Smithsonian Museum of Natural History: Ovis canadensis vteExtant Artiodactyla species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Suborder RuminantiaAntilocapridaeAntilocapra Pronghorn (A. americana) GiraffidaeOkapia Okapi (O. johnstoni) Giraffa Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi) MoschidaeMoschus Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis) Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii) Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus) Black musk deer (M. fuscus) Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) TragulidaeHyemoschus Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna) Tragulus Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus) Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni) CervidaeLarge family listed belowBovidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CervidaeCervinaeMuntiacus Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes) Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's muntjac (M. feae) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus) Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak) Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis) Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis) Elaphodus Tufted deer (E. cephalophus) Dama European fallow deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica) Axis Chital (A. axis) Calamian deer (A. calamianensis) Bawean deer (A. kuhlii) Hog deer (A. porcinus) Rucervus Barasingha (R. duvaucelii) Eld's deer (R. eldii) Elaphurus Père David's deer (E. davidianus) Rusa Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi) Philippine sambar (R. mariannus) Rusa deer (R. timorensis) Sambar (R. unicolor) Cervus Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Red deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu) Sika deer (C. nippon) CapreolinaeAlces Moose (A. alces) Hydropotes Water deer (H. inermis) Capreolus European roe deer (C. capreolus) Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) Rangifer Reindeer (R. tarandus) Hippocamelus Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean deer (H. bisulcus) Mazama Red brocket (M. americana) Small red brocket (M. bororo) Merida brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi) Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira) Pygmy brocket (M. nana) Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga) Little red brocket (M. rufina) Central American red brocket (M. temama) Ozotoceros Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus) Blastocerus Marsh deer (B. dichotomus) Pudu Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)? Southern pudu (P. pudu) Pudella? Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae) Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles) Odocoileus Mule deer (O. hemionus) Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora) White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) Family BovidaeHippotraginaeHippotragus Roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (H. niger) Oryx East African oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx) Addax Addax (A. nasomaculatus) ReduncinaeKobus Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (K. kob) Lechwe (K. leche) Nile lechwe (K. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii) Redunca Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca) AepycerotinaeAepyceros Impala (A. melampus) PeleinaePelea Grey rhebok (P. capreolus) AlcelaphinaeBeatragus Hirola (B. hunteri) Damaliscus Common tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus) Alcelaphus Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) Connochaetes Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus) PantholopinaePantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) CaprinaeLarge subfamily listed belowBovinaeLarge subfamily listed belowAntilopinaeLarge subfamily listed belowFamily Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)Ammotragus Barbary sheep (A. lervia) Arabitragus Arabian tahr (A. jayakari) Budorcas Takin (B. taxicolor) Capra Wild goat (C. aegagrus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Domestic goat (C. hircus) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie) Capricornis Japanese serow (C. crispus) Red serow (C. rubidus) Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis) Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei) Hemitragus Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus) Naemorhedus Red goral (N. baileyi) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Chinese goral (N. griseus) Oreamnos Mountain goat (O. americanus) Ovibos Muskox (O. moschatus) Nilgiritragus Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius) Ovis Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis) Dall sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. gmelini) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. vignei) Pseudois Bharal (P. nayaur) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra) Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)BoselaphiniTetracerus Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis) Boselaphus Nilgai (B. tragocamelus) BoviniBubalus Wild water buffalo (B. arnee) Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis) Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi) Bos American bison (B. bison) European bison (B. bonasus) Bali cattle (B. domesticus) Gayal (B. frontalis) Gaur (B. gaurus) Domestic yak (B. grunniens) Zebu (B. indicus) Banteng (B. javanicus) Wild yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus) Pseudoryx Saola (P. nghetinhensis) Syncerus African buffalo (S. caffer) TragelaphiniTragelaphus(including kudus) Nyala (T. angasii) Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni) Bongo (T. eurycerus) Lesser kudu (T. imberbis) Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus) Taurotragus Giant eland (T. derbianus) Common eland (T. oryx) Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)AntilopiniAmmodorcas Dibatag (A. clarkei) Antidorcas Springbok (A. marsupialis) Antilope Blackbuck (A. cervicapra) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons) Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura) Gazella Chinkara (G. bennettii) Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri) Mountain gazelle (G. gazella) Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros) Speke's gazelle (G. spekei) Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa) Litocranius Gerenuk (L. walleri) Nanger Dama gazelle (N. dama) Grant's gazelle (N. granti) Bright's gazelle (N. notatus) Peter's gazelle (N. petersii) Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii) Procapra Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii) SaiginiPantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) Saiga Saiga antelope (S. tatarica) NeotraginiDorcatragus Beira (D. megalotis) Madoqua Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana) Neotragus Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus) Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus) Oreotragus Klipspringer (O. oreotragus) Ourebia Oribi (O. ourebi) Raphicerus Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei) CephalophiniCephalophus Aders's duiker (C. adersi) Brooke's duiker (C. brookei) Peters' duiker (C. callipygus) White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum) Bay duiker (C. dorsalis) Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki) White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster) Red forest duiker (C. natalensis) Black duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons) Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi) Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis) Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus) Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor) Abbott's duiker (C. spadix) Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi) Zebra duiker (C. zebra) Philantomba Blue duiker (P. monticola) Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii) Walter's duiker (P. walteri) Sylvicapra Common duiker (S. grimmia) Suborder SuinaSuidaeBabyrousa Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni) Phacochoerus Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) Common warthog (P. africanus) Porcula Pygmy hog (P. salvania) Potamochoerus Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red river hog (P. porcus) Sus Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis) Domestic pig (S. domesticus) Flores warty pig (S. heureni) Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri) Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis) Wild boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus) TayassuidaeTayassu White-lipped peccary (T. pecari) Catagonus Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri) Dicotyles Collared peccary (D. tajacu) Suborder TylopodaCamelidaeLama Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe) Alpaca (L. pacos) Vicuña (L. vicugna) Camelus Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) Suborder WhippomorphaHippopotamidaeHippopotamus Hippopotamus (H. amphibius) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis) Cetacea see Cetacea vteGame animals and shooting in North AmericaGame birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring-necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp-tailed grouse Snipe (common snipe) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl huntersWaterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison (buffalo) Caribou Cougar (mountain lion) Elk Moose White-tailed deer Wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Whales Other quarry American alligator Badger Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Raccoon Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big-game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Fox hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Authority control databases National Israel Japan Other NARA Taxon identifiersOvis canadensis Wikidata: Q189466 Wikispecies: Ovis canadensis ADW: Ovis_canadensis ARKive: ovis-canadensis BioLib: 33770 BOLD: 12419 CoL: 4B9VG EoL: 328658 EPPO: OVISCA FEIS: ovca GBIF: 2441119 iNaturalist: 42391 IRMNG: 10197226 ITIS: 180711 IUCN: 15735 MDD: 1006205 MSW: 14200835 NatureServe: 2.102557 NCBI: 37174 Observation.org: 79946 Open Tree of Life: 123206 Paleobiology Database: 49517 Species+: 3036

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Horn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Horn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-8"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eNature-10"},{"link_name":"O. c. sierrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"Bering Land Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Big Horn (disambiguation).The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)[6] is a species of sheep native to North America.[7] It is named for its large horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to 14 kg (30 lb);[8] the sheep typically weigh up to 143 kg (315 lb).[9] Recent genetic testing indicates three distinct subspecies of Ovis canadensis, one of which is endangered: O. c. sierrae.Sheep originally crossed to North America over the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia; the population in North America peaked in the millions, and the bighorn sheep entered into the mythology of Native Americans. By 1900, the population had crashed to several thousand due to diseases introduced through European livestock and overhunting.[10]","title":"Bighorn sheep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovis"},{"link_name":"Dall sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall_sheep"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan-12"},{"link_name":"snow sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_sheep"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramey-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fws-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Ovis canadensis is one of two species of mountain sheep in North America; the other species being O. dalli, the Dall sheep. Wild sheep crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia into Alaska during the Pleistocene (about 750,000 years ago); subsequently, they spread through western North America as far south as Baja California and northwestern mainland Mexico.[11] Divergence from their closest Asian ancestor (snow sheep) occurred about 600,000 years ago.[12] In North America, wild sheep diverged into two extant species — Dall sheep, which occupy Alaska and northwestern Canada, and bighorn sheep, which range from southwestern Canada to Mexico.[13] However, the status of these species is questionable given that hybridization has occurred between them in their recent evolutionary history.[14]","title":"Taxonomy and genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian McTaggart-Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McTaggart-Cowan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cowan-12"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Badlands bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_bighorn"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Desert bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"}],"sub_title":"Former subspecies","text":"In 1940, Ian McTaggart-Cowan split the species into seven subspecies, with the first three being mountain bighorns and the last four being desert bighorns:[11]Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, O. c. canadensis, found from British Columbia to Arizona.\n†Badlands bighorn sheep (or Audubon's bighorn sheep), O. c. auduboni, occurred in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Nebraska. This subspecies has been extinct since 1925.\nCalifornia bighorn sheep, O. c. californiana, found from British Columbia south to California and east to North Dakota. The definition of this subspecies has been updated (see below).\nDesert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni, the most common desert bighorn sheep, ranges from California through Arizona.\nMexican bighorn sheep, O. c. mexicana, ranges from Arizona and New Mexico south to Sonora and Chihuahua.\nPeninsular bighorn sheep O. c. cremnobates, occur in the Peninsular Ranges of California and Baja California\nWeems' bighorn sheep, O. c. weemsi, found in southern Baja California.","title":"Taxonomy and genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bighorn_sheep_in_Yellowstone_National_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramey-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wehausen05-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchalski-19"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Northwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wehausen05-18"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"California Coastal Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Coastal_Ranges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Transverse Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Mission San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Antonio_de_Padua"},{"link_name":"Jolon, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolon,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Desert bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchalski-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"distinct population segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinct_population_segment"}],"sub_title":"Current subspecies","text":"Female Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) in Yellowstone National ParkStarting in 1993, Ramey and colleagues,[12][15] using DNA testing, have shown this division into seven subspecies is largely illusory. Most scientists currently recognize three subspecies of bighorn.[16][17] This taxonomy is supported by the most extensive genetics (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA) study to date (2016) which found high divergence between Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, and that these two subspecies both diverged from desert bighorn before or during the Illinoian glaciation (about 315–94 thousand years ago).[18] Thus, the three subspecies of O. canadensis are:Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) – occupying the U.S. and Canadian Rocky Mountains, and the Northwestern United States.\nSierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae) – formerly California bighorn sheep,[17] a genetically distinct subspecies that only occurs in the Sierra Nevada in California. However, historic observer records suggest that bighorn sheep may have ranged as far west as the California Coastal Ranges, which are contiguous to the Sierra Nevada via the Transverse Ranges. An account of \"wild sheep\" in the vicinity of the Mission San Antonio near Jolon, California and the mountains around San Francisco Bay dates to circa 1769.[19]\nDesert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni) – occurring throughout the desert regions of the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. The 2016 genetics study suggested a more modest divergence of this desert bighorn sheep into three lineages consistent with the earlier work of Cowan: Nelson's (O. c. nelsoni), Mexican (O. c. mexicana), and Peninsular (O. c. cremnobates). These three lineages occupy desert biomes that vary significantly in climate, suggesting exposure to different selection regimens.[18]In addition, two populations are currently considered endangered by the United States government:[1]Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (O. c. sierrae),\nPeninsular bighorn sheep, a distinct population segment of desert bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni)","title":"Taxonomy and genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eNature-10"},{"link_name":"septa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwood%27s_septa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geist_1971-22"},{"link_name":"preorbital glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preorbital_gland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geist_1971-22"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-9"}],"text":"A juvenile (lamb)Bighorn sheep are named for the large, curved horns borne by the rams (males). Ewes (females) also have horns, but they are shorter and straighter.[20] They range in color from light brown to grayish or dark, chocolate brown, with a white rump and lining on the backs of all four legs. Males typically weigh 58–143 kg (128–315 lb), are 90–105 cm (35–41 in) tall at the shoulder, and 1.6–1.85 m (63–73 in) long from the nose to the tail. Females are typically 34–91 kg (75–201 lb), 75–90 cm (30–35 in) tall, and 1.28–1.58 m (50–62 in) long.[9] Male bighorn sheep have large horn cores, enlarged cornual and frontal sinuses, and internal bony septa. These adaptations serve to protect the brain by absorbing the impact of clashes.[21] Bighorn sheep have preorbital glands on the anterior corner of each eye, inguinal glands in the groin, and pedal glands on each foot. Secretions from these glands may support dominance behaviors.[21]Bighorns from the Rocky Mountains are relatively large, with males that occasionally exceed 230 kg (500 lb) and females that exceed 90 kg (200 lb). In contrast, Sierra Nevada bighorn males weigh up to only 90 kg (198 lb) and females to 60 kg (132 lb). Males' horns can weigh up to 14 kg (30 lb), as much as all the bones in the male's body.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USGS_ovis_canadensis_GNP_bighorn_rams_0.jpg"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"psoroptic scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoroptes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"bobcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"gray foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fox"},{"link_name":"wolverines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine"},{"link_name":"jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar"},{"link_name":"ocelots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"lynxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx"},{"link_name":"golden eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"grizzly bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"mountain lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellowstone-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fire suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire_suppression"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(food)"},{"link_name":"hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"graze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"salt licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lick"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellowstone-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruckstuhl_1998-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruckstuhl_1998-29"}],"sub_title":"Ecology","text":"Bighorn ramsThe Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep occupy the cooler mountainous regions of Canada and the United States. In contrast, the desert bighorn sheep subspecies are indigenous to the hot desert ecosystems of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Bighorn sheep inhabit alpine meadows, grassy mountain slopes, and foothill country near rugged, rocky cliffs and bluffs.[8] Since bighorn sheep cannot move through deep snow, they prefer drier slopes, where the annual snowfall is less than about 150 cm (60 in) per year.[8] A bighorn's winter range usually has lower elevations than its summer range.[22]Bighorn sheep are highly susceptible to certain diseases carried by domestic sheep, such as psoroptic scabies[23] and pneumonia; additional mortality occurs as a result of accidents involving rock falls or falling off cliffs (a hazard of living in steep, rugged terrain). Bighorns are well adapted to climbing steep terrain, where they seek cover from predators. Predation primarily occurs with lambs, which are hunted by coyotes, bobcats, gray foxes, wolverines, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, and golden eagles.[24]Bighorn sheep of all ages are threatened by black bears, grizzly bears, wolves, and especially mountain lions, which are perhaps best equipped with the agility to prey on them in uneven, rocky habitats.[20][25][26] Fire suppression techniques may limit visibility through shrublands, and therefore increase cover and predation rates by mountain lions.[27] Bighorn sheep are considered good indicators of land health because the species is sensitive to many human-induced environmental problems. In addition to their aesthetic value, bighorn sheep are considered desirable game animals by hunters.Bighorn sheep graze on grasses and browse shrubs, particularly in fall and winter, and seek minerals at natural salt licks.[25] Females tend to forage and walk, possibly to avoid predators and protect lambs,[28] while males tend to eat and then rest and ruminate, which lends to more effective digestion and greater increase in body size.[28]","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Horn_Sheep.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jasper, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"mouflon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouflon"},{"link_name":"dominance hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"rut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellowstone-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hass_1991-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hass_1991-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogg_1984-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogg_1984-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogg_1984-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogg_1984-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruckstuhl_1998_again-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruckstuhl_1998_again-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bianchet_1988-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bianchet_1988-35"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-21"}],"sub_title":"Social structure and reproduction","text":"A bighorn ram near Jasper, AlbertaBighorn sheep live in large herds and do not typically follow a single leader ram, unlike the mouflon, the ancestor of the domestic sheep, which has a strict dominance hierarchy. Before the mating season or \"rut\", the rams attempt to establish a dominance hierarchy to determine access to ewes for mating. During the prerut period, most of the characteristic horn clashing occurs between rams, although this behavior may occur to a limited extent throughout the year.[29] Bighorn sheep exhibit agonistic behavior: two competitors walk away from each other and then turn to face each other before jumping and lunging into headbutts.[30] Rams' horns can frequently exhibit damage from repeated clashes.[25] Females exhibit a stable, nonlinear hierarchy that correlates with age.[31] Females may fight for high social status when they are integrated into the hierarchy at one to two years of age.[31]Rocky Mountain bighorn rams employ at least three different courting strategies.[32] The most common and successful is the tending strategy, in which a ram follows and defends an estrous ewe.[32] Tending takes considerable strength and vigilance, and ewes are most receptive to tending males, presumably feeling they are the most fit. Another tactic is coursing, when rams fight for an already tended ewe.[32] Ewes typically avoid coursing males, so the strategy is ineffective. The rams also employ a blocking strategy. They prevent a ewe from accessing tending areas before she even enters estrus.[32]Bighorn ewes have a six-month gestation. In temperate climates, the peak of the rut occurs in November, with one, or rarely two, lambs being born in May. Most births occur in the first two weeks of the lambing period. Pregnant ewes of the Rocky Mountains migrate to alpine areas in spring, presumably to give birth in areas safer from predation,[33] but are away from areas with good quality forage.[33] Lambs born earlier in the season are more likely to survive than lambs born later.[34] Lambs born late may not have access to sufficient milk, as their mothers are lactating at a time when food quality is lower.[34] Newborn lambs weigh from 3.6 to 4.5 kg (8 to 10 lb) and can walk within hours. The lambs are then weaned when they reach four to six months old. The lifespan of ewes is typically 10–14 years and 9–12 years for rams.[20]","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gross_2000-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassirer_2007-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce_2011-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassirer_2013-39"},{"link_name":"Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_ovipneumoniae"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besser_2008-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dassanayake_2010-41"},{"link_name":"Mannheimia haemolytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannheimia_haemolytica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanthalingam_2014-42"},{"link_name":"asymptomatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besser_2012-43"},{"link_name":"recruitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassirer_2013-39"}],"sub_title":"Infectious disease","text":"Many bighorn sheep populations in the United States experience regular outbreaks of infectious pneumonia,[35][36][37][38] which likely result from the introduction of bacterial pathogens (in particular, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae,[39][40] and some strains of Mannheimia haemolytica)[41] carried asymptomatically in domestic sheep.[42] Once introduced, pathogens can transmit rapidly through a bighorn population, resulting in all-age die-offs that sometimes kill up to 90% of the population. In the years following pathogen introduction, bighorn populations frequently experience multiple years of lamb pneumonia outbreaks. These outbreaks can severely limit recruitment and likely play a powerful role in slowing population growth.[38]","title":"Natural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAPElNorte023.JPG"}],"text":"Bighorn ram skull","title":"Relationship with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-46"},{"link_name":"Arizona Boy Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Frederick Russell Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petervanwyk-47"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation"},{"link_name":"Izaak Walton League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton_League"},{"link_name":"National Audubon Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desertmagazine1978-48"},{"link_name":"Kofa National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofa_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeza_Prieta_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desertmagazine1978-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-46"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"sub_title":"Conservation","text":"Bighorn sheep were widespread throughout the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico two hundred years ago. The population was estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000.[43][44] Unregulated hunting, habitat destruction, overgrazing of rangelands, and diseases contracted from domestic livestock all contributed to the decline, the most drastic occurring from about 1870 through 1950.[45]In 1936, the Arizona Boy Scouts mounted a statewide campaign to save the bighorn sheep. The scouts first became interested in the sheep through the efforts of Major Frederick Russell Burnham.[46] Burnham observed that fewer than 150 of these sheep still lived in the Arizona mountains. The National Wildlife Federation, the Izaak Walton League, and the National Audubon Society also joined the effort.[47] On January 18, 1939, over 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) of land were set aside to create the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge and the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge.[47]Many state and federal agencies have actively pursued the restoration of bighorn sheep since the 1940s. However, these efforts have met with limited success, and most of the historical range of bighorns remains unoccupied.[45] Hunting for male bighorn sheep is allowed, but heavily regulated, in Canada and the United States.[1]","title":"Relationship with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MtnSheepPetroglyph.jpg"},{"link_name":"petroglyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"Moab, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Apsaalooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Nation"},{"link_name":"sure-footedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sure-footedness"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"ecotourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheep_in_Glacier_Park-50"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Desert bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Buford the Little Bighorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buford_the_Little_Bighorn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Peet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Peet"},{"link_name":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer"},{"link_name":"argali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argali"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Bighorn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_River"},{"link_name":"Little Bighorn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Little Bighorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973"},{"link_name":"Siberian Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tiger"},{"link_name":"Bald Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"Giant Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"In culture","text":"A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab, Utah, United States, a common theme in glyphs from the desert southwestBighorn sheep were among the most admired animals of the Apsaalooka (Crow) people, and what is today called the Bighorn Mountain Range was central to the Apsaalooka tribal lands. In the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area book, storyteller Old Coyote describes a legend related to the bighorn sheep. A man possessed by evil spirits attempts to kill his heir by pushing the young man over a cliff, but the victim is saved by getting caught in trees. Rescued by bighorn sheep, the man takes the name of their leader, Big Metal. The other sheep grant him power, wisdom, sharp eyes, sure-footedness, keen ears, great strength, and a strong heart. Big Metal returns to his people with the message that the Apsaalooka people will survive only so long as the river winding out of the mountains is known as the Bighorn River.[48]Bighorn sheep are hunted for their meat and horns, used in ceremonies, as food, and as hunting trophies. They also serve as a source of ecotourism, as tourists come to see the bighorn sheep in their native habitat.[49]The Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep is the provincial mammal of Alberta and the state animal of Colorado and, as such, is incorporated into the symbol for the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife.[50] The Desert bighorn sheep is the state mammal of Nevada.[51]The Bighorn sheep was featured in the children's book Buford the Little Bighorn (1967) by Bill Peet. The Bighorn sheep named Buford has a huge pair of horns in the Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, similar to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.Bighorn sheep were once known by the scientific identification \"argali\" or \"argalia\" due to assumption that they were the same animal as the Asiatic argali (Ovis ammon).[52] Lewis and Clark recorded numerous sightings of O. canadensis in the journals of their exploration—sometimes using the name argalia. In addition, they recorded the use of bighorn sheep horns by the Shoshone in making composite bows.[53] William Clark's Track Map produced after the expedition in 1814 indicated a tributary of the Yellowstone River named Argalia Creek and a tributary of the Missouri River named Argalia River, both in what is today Montana. Neither of these tributaries retained these names, however. The Bighorn River, another tributary of the Yellowstone, and its tributary stream, the Little Bighorn River, were both indicated on Clark's map and did retain their names, the latter being the namesake of the Battle of the Little Bighorn.[54]The Bighorn Ram was featured in a series of prints by artist Andy Warhol. In 1983, the artist was commissioned to create a portfolio of ten endangered species to raise environmental awareness. The portfolio, known as \"Endangered Species\" was created in support of the Endangered Species Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1973. Other animals within the portfolio include the Siberian Tiger, Bald Eagle and the Giant Panda.[55]","title":"Relationship with humans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Only the population of Mexico.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Female Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis) in Yellowstone National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bighorn_sheep_in_Yellowstone_National_Park.jpg/170px-Bighorn_sheep_in_Yellowstone_National_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"A juvenile (lamb)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg/220px-Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bighorn rams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/USGS_ovis_canadensis_GNP_bighorn_rams_0.jpg/220px-USGS_ovis_canadensis_GNP_bighorn_rams_0.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bighorn ram near Jasper, Alberta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Big_Horn_Sheep.jpg/170px-Big_Horn_Sheep.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bighorn ram skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MAPElNorte023.JPG/220px-MAPElNorte023.JPG"},{"image_text":"A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab, Utah, United States, a common theme in glyphs from the desert southwest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MtnSheepPetroglyph.jpg/220px-MtnSheepPetroglyph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waterfowl hunters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). \"Ovis canadensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15735A22146699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15735A22146699.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15735/22146699","url_text":"\"Ovis canadensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15735A22146699.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T15735A22146699.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ovis canadensis\". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2008. Version 2016-2. Retrieved 2016-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=15735","url_text":"\"Ovis canadensis\""}]},{"reference":"Hastings, D; Dunbar, PK (1999). Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) (Map). 1. National Geophysical Data Center. NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS. Retrieved 2015-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html","url_text":"Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV52R3PMS","url_text":"10.7289/V52R3PMS"}]},{"reference":"Allen, JA (1912). \"Historical and nomenclatorial notes on North American sheep\". Bulletin of the AMNH. 31. hdl:2246/1793. article 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F1793","url_text":"2246/1793"}]},{"reference":"\"Ovis canadensis\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_cuffs

Bondage cuffs

["1 Safety considerations","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]

Restraints used for BDSM A model bound with bondage cuffs at wrists and a spreader bar at the ankles. Bondage cuffs are restraints designed for use in sexual bondage situations. Compared to conventional handcuffs, they are wide wrist and ankle restraints generally made of leather, often padded with soft leather or fake fur. Bondage cuffs may be fastened at the wrists and/or ankles by a locking mechanism, by a buckle or by velcro. They are secured around the wrist or ankle, and the cuffs may then be attached to each other or another object. They may be fitted with D-ring attachments or buckles to which nylon webbing, chain or another restraining strap may be attached. The straps may have a loop mechanism to allow the tightening of the straps. Bondage cuffs are typically secured to each wrist and ankle, and to each other and other objects depending on the needs of each play. A set of cuffs may be used to create a hogtie, and a pair of ankle cuffs can be used together with thigh-width straps to create a frogtie. They are typically used in conjunction with other bondage equipment, such as leg spreader bars. Safety considerations Bondage cuffs are designed to be safer than conventional handcuffs. Unlike bondage cuffs, the primary design goals of handcuffs are not comfort and safety, but immobilization and prevention of escape, and they are not padded to try to reduce the risk of nerve damage and other injuries. Nevertheless, as with all restraint devices, it is still possible for the use of bondage cuffs to cause serious injuries if misused or not monitored carefully. Ordinary bondage cuffs are not designed to be safe when used to carry any significant load. Suspension cuffs are a specialized form of bondage cuffs, designed to be used to suspend the body during suspension bondage. Gallery Wrists encased in suspension cuffs. Hands restrained behind back using bondage cuffs. An assortment of bondage cuffs with buckles. Hogtie with bondage cuffs on ankles. An armbinder consisting of cuffs and bondage mittens. See also Bondage collar Bondage positions and methods BDSM Harness gag Legcuffs Testicle cuffs Thumbcuffs References ^ Wiseman, Jay (1998). Sm 101: a Realistic Introduction. City: Greenery Press (CA). p. 159. ISBN 0-9639763-8-9. ^ Brame, Gloria (2000). Come Hither. New York: Fireside Book. p. 102. ISBN 0-684-85462-7. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bondage cuffs. vteBDSM Outline Glossary Bondage and disciplineB&D or B/D Animal roleplay Bondage hood Bondage positions and methods Bondage suit Collar Equipment Erotic sexual denial Erotic tickling Forced orgasm Head bondage Hogtie bondage Human furniture In culture and media Interrogation scene Japanese bondage Law Metal bondage Mummification Organizations Positions Predicament bondage Rope bondage Self-bondage Sensation play Spreadeagle position Suspension bondage Total enclosure Dominance and submissionD&S or D/S Ageplay Bladder desperation Body worship Boot worship Chastity Dominatrix Facesitting Fear play Female submission Feminization Male dominance Male submission Master/slave Medical fetishism Rape fantasy Forced seduction Service-oriented submission SadomasochismS&M or S/M Breast torture Caning Cock and ball torture Erotic asphyxiation Erotic electrostimulation Erotic spanking Figging Impact play Knife play Play piercing Temperature play Urethral sounding Violet wand Wax play Erotic humiliation In fiction Related topics Consent Dungeon monitor Edgeplay Edging Feminist views on BDSM Gorean subculture International Fetish Day Kink Leathermen Leather Pride flag Limits Munch Pegging Play Play party Risk-aware consensual kink Safeword Sexual fetishism Sexual roleplay Top, bottom, switch Writers Laura Antoniou Pauline Réage Anne Rice Catherine Robbe-Grillet Leopold von Sacher-Masoch Ariel Sands Commentators and theorists Gloria Brame Patrick Califia Dossie Easton Janet Hardy Trevor Jacques Fakir Musafar Gayle Rubin Organizations Eulenspiegel Society FetLife Samois Society of Janus Universities with BDSM clubs Category This BDSM-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Attie

Shimon Attie

["1 Life","2 Critical reaction","3 Exhibitions","4 In public collections","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

American visual artist This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (January 2019) Shimon Attie, Nov 2021. Shimon Attie (born in Los Angeles in 1957) is an American visual artist. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2008, The Rome Prize in 2001 and a Visual Artist Fellowship from Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advance Study in 2007. His work spans a variety of media, including photography, site-specific installation, multiple channel immersive video installation, performance, and new media. Much of Attie's practice explores how a wide range of contemporary media may be used to re-imagine new relationships between space, time, place, and identity. Much of Attie's works in the 90s dealt with the history of World War II. He first garnered significant international attention by slide projecting images of past Jewish life onto contemporary locations in Berlin. More recent projects have involved using a range of media to engage local communities to find new ways of representing their history, memory and potential futures. Attie's artworks and interventions are site-specific and immersive in nature, and tend to engage subject matter that is both social, political and psychological. In 2013, five monographs have been published on Attie's work, which has also been the subject of a number of films aired on PBS, BBC, and ARD. Since receiving his MFA in 1991, Attie has realized approximately 25 major projects in ten countries around the world. Most recently, in 2013-14, Shimon Attie was awarded the Lee Krasner Lifetime Achievement Award in Art. Life Shimon Attie was born in 1957 and received an MFA in 1991. In 1991, he moved to Germany from his previous home in Northern California, and began to make work initially about Jewish identity and the history of the second World War. His work later evolved to engage broader issues of memory, place and identity more generally. Attie moved to New York City in 1997. Critical reaction Shimon Attie's work has been extensively reviewed by a wide variety of publications, including features and/or reviews in The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, Art in America, ARTnews, Artforum, The Village Voice, The Boston Globe, and many others. Samples include: Yasaman Alipour, writing in "The Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Arts, Politics, and Culture", on Attie's solo exhibition "Facts on the Ground" at Jack Shainman Gallery in New York City: "Celebrated for his approach, which blurs the line between installation and photography, Attie has spent his career moving from one city to the next to explore the trauma and history of the marginalized and to reflect on social memory and the construction of Identity. Seductive, daring, and clever, Facts on the Ground dives into the inherently charged and polarized politics of its subject matter. Attie achieves something profound: he presents a unique opportunity to contemplate Israel/Palestine without the distraction that is simultaneously a manifestation of the limitations of visual of written language and the possibilities of their alliance." June 3, 2016 Holland Cotter, writing in The New York Times on one of Attie's works in the traveling exhibition "Art, AIDS, America": "…Less familiar work makes the strongest impression, benefiting from the element of surprise. A beautiful 1998 photograph by Shimon Attie of a life-size projection of a male's image on a bed, is one." July 28, 2016 Norman Kleeblatt, writing in a cover story for Art in America on Attie's survey exhibition at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston: "Like many other artists in the wake of Marcel Broodthaers, Attie is first and foremost an artist-anthropologist, a practitioner who digs into archives and then reconfigures his nonartistic source material into complicated art works." June 2000 Amei Wallach, writing a feature in a Sunday New York Times on Shimon Attie's public art installation, "Between Dreams and History", in Manhattan's Lower East Side: "…like the best of evanescent public projects, from Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Wrapped Reichstag to Mr. Attie's "Writing on the Wall," this one will animate real anxieties in real time. Not to mention a sense of wonder." Sept 13, 1998 Laura Hodes in Forward felt his 2012 show at Northwestern succeeded in creating a space that was at once dream like and a memorial to the dead, involving the viewer in the historical situation: "we become simultaneously the hidden Jew, the marching Nazi, the Dutch passersby, the voyeur and even the medium itself." Exhibitions Selected Solo Exhibitions include: 2019 Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Madison, WI; 2017 The Saint Louis Art Museum; 2017 Kunstkraftwerk, Leipzig, Germany; 2016 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY; 2016 National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK; 2013 Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio; 2012 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY; 2011 The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, CT; 2008 de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA; 2006 Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL; 2005 Numark Gallery, Washington, D.C.; 2004 Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, IL; 2002 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY; 2001 Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, CA; 2000 Galerie Claude Samuel, Paris, France; 1999/00 The Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA), Boston, MA; 1998 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY; 1996 Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH; 1995 Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, NY; 1995 Ruth Bloom Gallery, Los Angeles, California; 1995 Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway Selected Group Exhibitions include: 2016/7 The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; 2013 Art Institute of Chicago; 2011 Kunst Museum Bonn; 1994/5, 2000-01 The Museum of Modern Art, NY; 2001, 2005, 2008, 2013 The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; 2007 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; 2003 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA; 2001 Printemps de September a Toulouse In public collections His photographs Almstadtstrasse 43, Berlin (1930) (car parked in front of Hebrew bookstore) (1991) and Mulackstrasse 37, Berlin (1932) (children and tower) (1991) are owned by the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Other collections include The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., The Miami Art Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, and the Art Institute of Chicago, among many others. References ^ a b "Shimon Attie". Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life, Rutgers. Retrieved 5 December 2013. ^ a b Hodes, Laura (November 16, 2012). "Shimon Attie Projects Past Into Present". Forward. ^ "The Collection: Shimon Attie (American, born 1957)". MoMA. Retrieved 5 December 2013. Further reading Peter Muir, Shimon Attie's Writing on the Wall: History, Memory, Aesthetics, Ashgate, 2010. External links Shimon Attie's official website Jack Shainman gallery Guggenheim Fellow profile Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands Artists Museum of Modern Art Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimon_Attie,_GLOBE_Tv,_Nov_24,_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers-1"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship in 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_2008"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Institute for Advance Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hodes-2"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"MFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"}],"text":"Shimon Attie, Nov 2021.Shimon Attie (born in Los Angeles in 1957[1]) is an American visual artist. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2008, The Rome Prize in 2001 and a Visual Artist Fellowship from Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advance Study in 2007. His work spans a variety of media, including photography, site-specific installation, multiple channel immersive video installation, performance, and new media. Much of Attie's practice explores how a wide range of contemporary media may be used to re-imagine new relationships between space, time, place, and identity. Much of Attie's works in the 90s dealt with the history of World War II. He first garnered significant international attention by slide projecting images of past Jewish life onto contemporary locations in Berlin.[2] More recent projects have involved using a range of media to engage local communities to find new ways of representing their history, memory and potential futures. Attie's artworks and interventions are site-specific and immersive in nature, and tend to engage subject matter that is both social, political and psychological. In 2013, five monographs have been published on Attie's work, which has also been the subject of a number of films aired on PBS, BBC, and ARD. Since receiving his MFA in 1991, Attie has realized approximately 25 major projects in ten countries around the world. Most recently, in 2013-14, Shimon Attie was awarded the Lee Krasner Lifetime Achievement Award in Art.","title":"Shimon Attie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rutgers-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"Jewish identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity"},{"link_name":"the second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Shimon Attie was born in 1957 and received an MFA in 1991.[1] In 1991, he moved to Germany from his previous home in Northern California, and began to make work initially about Jewish identity and the history of the second World War. His work later evolved to engage broader issues of memory, place and identity more generally. Attie moved to New York City in 1997.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Art in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America"},{"link_name":"ARTnews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTnews"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"The Brooklyn Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Holland Cotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Cotter"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Norman Kleeblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kleeblatt"},{"link_name":"Art in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude"},{"link_name":"Wrapped Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrapped_Reichstag"},{"link_name":"Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hodes-2"}],"text":"Shimon Attie's work has been extensively reviewed by a wide variety of publications, including features and/or reviews in The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, Art in America, ARTnews, Artforum, The Village Voice, The Boston Globe, and many others.Samples include:Yasaman Alipour, writing in \"The Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Arts, Politics, and Culture\", on Attie's solo exhibition \"Facts on the Ground\" at Jack Shainman Gallery in New York City:\"Celebrated for his approach, which blurs the line between installation and photography, Attie has spent his career moving from one city to the next to explore the trauma and history of the marginalized and to reflect on social memory and the construction of Identity. Seductive, daring, and clever, Facts on the Ground dives into the inherently charged and polarized politics of its subject matter. Attie achieves something profound: he presents a unique opportunity to contemplate Israel/Palestine without the distraction that is simultaneously a manifestation of the limitations of visual of written language and the possibilities of their alliance.\" June 3, 2016Holland Cotter, writing in The New York Times on one of Attie's works in the traveling exhibition \"Art, AIDS, America\":\"…Less familiar work makes the strongest impression, benefiting from the element of surprise. A beautiful 1998 photograph by Shimon Attie of a life-size projection of a male's image on a bed, is one.\" July 28, 2016Norman Kleeblatt, writing in a cover story for Art in America on Attie's survey exhibition at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston:\"Like many other artists in the wake of Marcel Broodthaers, Attie is first and foremost an artist-anthropologist, a practitioner who digs into archives and then reconfigures his nonartistic source material into complicated art works.\" June 2000Amei Wallach, writing a feature in a Sunday New York Times on Shimon Attie's public art installation, \"Between Dreams and History\", in Manhattan's Lower East Side:\"…like the best of evanescent public projects, from Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Wrapped Reichstag to Mr. Attie's \"Writing on the Wall,\" this one will animate real anxieties in real time. Not to mention a sense of wonder.\" Sept 13, 1998Laura Hodes in Forward felt his 2012 show at Northwestern succeeded in creating a space that was at once dream like and a memorial to the dead, involving the viewer in the historical situation: \"we become simultaneously the hidden Jew, the marching Nazi, the Dutch passersby, the voyeur and even the medium itself.\"[2]","title":"Critical reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Jack Shainman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shainman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wexner Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Jack Shainman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shainman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Contemporary_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"de Young Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Young_Museum"},{"link_name":"Miami Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography"},{"link_name":"Jack Shainman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shainman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Gallery Paule Anglim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglim_Gilbert_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Jack Shainman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shainman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kunst Museum Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art"}],"text":"Selected Solo Exhibitions include:2019 Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Madison, WI;\n2017 The Saint Louis Art Museum;\n2017 Kunstkraftwerk, Leipzig, Germany;\n2016 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY;\n2016 National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK;\n2013 Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio;\n2012 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY;\n2011 The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, CT;\n2008\t de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA;\n2006 Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL;\n2005 Numark Gallery, Washington, D.C.;\n2004\t Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, IL;\n2002 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY;\n2001 Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, CA;\n2000 Galerie Claude Samuel, Paris, France;\n1999/00 The Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA), Boston, MA;\n1998 Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, NY;\n1996\t Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH;\n1995\t Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, NY;\n1995\t Ruth Bloom Gallery, Los Angeles, California;\n1995 Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, NorwaySelected Group Exhibitions include:2016/7 The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;\n2013 Art Institute of Chicago;\n2011 Kunst Museum Bonn;\n1994/5, 2000-01 The Museum of Modern Art, NY;\n2001, 2005, 2008, 2013 The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;\n2007 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris;\n2003 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA;\n2001 Printemps de September a Toulouse","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"The Miami Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Berlinische Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinische_Galerie"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"}],"text":"His photographs Almstadtstrasse 43, Berlin (1930) (car parked in front of Hebrew bookstore) (1991) and Mulackstrasse 37, Berlin (1932) (children and tower) (1991) are owned by the Museum of Modern Art in New York.[3]\nOther collections include The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., The Miami Art Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, and the Art Institute of Chicago, among many others.","title":"In public collections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Peter Muir, Shimon Attie's Writing on the Wall: History, Memory, Aesthetics, Ashgate, 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Shimon Attie, Nov 2021.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shimon_Attie%2C_GLOBE_Tv%2C_Nov_24%2C_2021.jpg/220px-Shimon_Attie%2C_GLOBE_Tv%2C_Nov_24%2C_2021.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(1947_film)

Christmas Eve (1947 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Critical","4.2 Box office","5 1986 remake","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

1947 film by Edwin L. Marin Christmas EveOriginal Film posterDirected byEdwin L. MarinScreenplay byLaurence StallingsStory byLaurence StallingsRichard H. LandauProduced byBenedict BogeausStarringGeorge RaftGeorge BrentRandolph ScottCinematographyGordon AvilEdited byJames SmithMusic byHeinz RoemheldProductioncompanyBenedict Bogeaus ProductionsDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date October 31, 1947 (1947-10-31) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$1 million Christmas Eve is a 1947 American portmanteau comedy drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin and starring George Raft, George Brent and Randolph Scott. It is based on a story by Laurence Stallings and Richard H. Landau. An independent production by Benedict Bogeaus it was distributed by United Artists. It was re-released under the alternative title title Sinner's Holiday. It was one of several films Raft made with Edwin Marin and Benedict Bogeaus. Plot Phillip Hastings is the greedy nephew of eccentric Matilda Reed and seeks to have her judged incompetent so he can administer her wealth. In an informal meeting with Philip and Dr. Doremus, Judge Alston rules that she will be saved if her three long-lost adopted sons, whom she can trust, appear for a Christmas Eve reunion. Separate stories reveal with the help of Private Detective Gimlet that: Michael is a bankrupt playboy loved by loyal Ann Nelson; Mario is a seemingly shady character tangling with a Nazi war criminal in South America and a beautiful lady, Claire; Jonathan is a hard-drinking rodeo rider who falls for a flirtatious woman, Jean Bradford, at the station. She's revealed to be a policewoman in disguise, chasing after an orphanage that doesn't seem to do right. Finally, the gathering at Christmas Eve happens, featuring the three sons and Jean. Jonathan and Jean, end up bringing three girl orphans from the orphanage that is a front for human trafficking. Mario confronts Phillip about taking the rap for a bad deal in New Orleans ten years ago, for which he makes sure to have each leave town before Matilda gets hurt. Aunt Matilda feels like the day she got the three little boys for adoption. Cast Ann Harding as Aunt Matilda Reed Reginald Denny as Phillip Hastings Clarence Kolb as Judge Alston Carl Harbord as Dr. Doremus Joe Sawyer as Private Detective Gimlet George Raft as Mario Torio George Brent as Michael Brooks Randolph Scott as Jonathan "Johnny" Joan Blondell as Ann Nelson Virginia Field as Claire Dolores Moran as Jean Bradford Douglass Dumbrille as Dr. Bunyan Claire Whitney as Mrs. Bunyan Marie Blake as Reporter Dennis Hoey as Williams-Butler Molly Lamont as Harriet Rhodes John Litel as Joe Bland, FBI Agent Walter Sande as Mario's Hood Konstantin Shayne as Gustav Reichman Andrew Tombes as Auctioneer Production The film was produced by Benedict Bogeaus who had previously made an episodic film On Our Merry Way. This involved using multiple stars in different storylines so they could be filmed at different times. In November 1946 Bogeaus announced that Raft, Scott and Brent would star. Each star would film for two weeks individually and then act together for one week. Filming started 18 November with the Brent-Joan Blondell sequence. Dolores Moran, who appeared in the cast, was Bogeaus' wife at the time. The film marked Ann Harding's first appearance since It Happened on Fifth Avenue. The film was financed through money from Walter E. Heller & Co, a finance company. During filming, George Raft suffered first-degree burns in his right leg when a maritime engine caught fire and set his clothes alight. Reception Critical The Los Angeles Times said the premise of the film had "considerable appeal" but the "plot lacked cohesion" and the story was done in by its "slow pace". Box office The film did not do very well at the box office. According to Variety it earned an estimated $1 million. Walter Heller and Co initiated foreclosure proceedings to recover money for the film, claiming they were owed $223,000. (They also did this for Bachelor's Daughters.) This was rare in Hollywood at the time. 1986 remake The film was remade as a made-for-TV movie that first aired on NBC, December 22, 1986. It was directed by Stuart Cooper and starred Loretta Young, Trevor Howard, Arthur Hill, Ron Leibman, Patrick Cassidy, and Season Hubley. See also List of Christmas films References ^ a b "Stars Alone Not Enough". Variety. 7 January 1948. p. 62. ^ Vagg, Stephen (February 9, 2020). "Why Stars Stop Being Stars: George Raft". Filmink. ^ "RAFT, SCOTT, BRENT IN BOGEAUS PICTURE". New York Times. Nov 7, 1946. ProQuest 107537066. ^ "BLONDELL TO PLAY ROLE FOR BOGEAUS". New York Times. Nov 19, 1946. ProQuest 107729372. ^ "ACTRESS TO DOUBLE AS PRODUCER, STAR". New York Times. Dec 3, 1946. ProQuest 107604061. ^ a b T. F. (Jul 31, 1949). "FORECLOSURE ACTION". New York Times. ProQuest 105781820. ^ "George raft suffers burns". New York Times. Dec 2, 1946. ProQuest 107581934. ^ Scott, J. L. (1948). "'Christmas eve' screens". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165814966. ^ Everett Aaker, The Films of George Raft, McFarland & Company, 2013 p 126 ^ Terry, Clifford (December 22, 1986). "Loretta Young the Only Gift of 'Christmas Eve'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2018. External links Christmas Eve at IMDb Christmas Eve at AllMovie Christmas Eve at the TCM Movie Database Christmas Eve at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Review of film at Variety vteFilms directed by Edwin L. Marin The Death Kiss (1932) A Study in Scarlet (1933) The Avenger (1933) The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi (1933) Bombay Mail (1934) The Crosby Case (1934) Affairs of a Gentleman (1934) Paris Interlude (1934) The Casino Murder Case (1935) Pursuit (1935) Moonlight Murder (1936) Speed (1936) I'd Give My Life (1936) Sworn Enemy (1936) All American Chump (1936) Married Before Breakfast (1937) Man of the People (1937) Everybody Sing (1938) Listen, Darling (1938) A Christmas Carol (1938) Fast and Loose (1939) Society Lawyer (1939) Maisie (1939) Henry Goes Arizona (1939) Florian (1940) Gold Rush Maisie (1940) Hullabaloo (1940) Maisie Was a Lady (1941) Ringside Maisie (1941) Paris Calling (1941) A Gentleman After Dark (1942) Miss Annie Rooney (1942) Invisible Agent (1942) Two Tickets to London (1943) Show Business (1944) Tall in the Saddle (1944) Johnny Angel (1945) Abilene Town (1946) Young Widow (1946) Mr. Ace (1946) Lady Luck (1946) Nocturne (1946) Christmas Eve (1947) Intrigue (1947) Race Street (1948) The Younger Brothers (1949) Canadian Pacific (1949) Fighting Man of the Plains (1949) Colt .45 (1950) The Cariboo Trail (1950) Sugarfoot (1951) Raton Pass (1951) Fort Worth (1951)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau_film"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Edwin L. Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_L._Marin"},{"link_name":"George Raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft"},{"link_name":"George Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brent"},{"link_name":"Randolph Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Scott"},{"link_name":"Laurence Stallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Stallings"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"Benedict Bogeaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Bogeaus"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"alternative title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_title"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Christmas Eve is a 1947 American portmanteau comedy drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin and starring George Raft, George Brent and Randolph Scott. It is based on a story by Laurence Stallings and Richard H. Landau. An independent production by Benedict Bogeaus it was distributed by United Artists. It was re-released under the alternative title title Sinner's Holiday. It was one of several films Raft made with Edwin Marin and Benedict Bogeaus.[2]","title":"Christmas Eve (1947 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodeo rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodeo_rider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"}],"text":"Phillip Hastings is the greedy nephew of eccentric Matilda Reed and seeks to have her judged incompetent so he can administer her wealth. In an informal meeting with Philip and Dr. Doremus, Judge Alston rules that she will be saved if her three long-lost adopted sons, whom she can trust, appear for a Christmas Eve reunion.Separate stories reveal with the help of Private Detective Gimlet that:Michael is a bankrupt playboy loved by loyal Ann Nelson;\nMario is a seemingly shady character tangling with a Nazi war criminal in South America and a beautiful lady, Claire;\nJonathan is a hard-drinking rodeo rider who falls for a flirtatious woman, Jean Bradford, at the station. She's revealed to be a policewoman in disguise, chasing after an orphanage that doesn't seem to do right.Finally, the gathering at Christmas Eve happens, featuring the three sons and Jean. Jonathan and Jean, end up bringing three girl orphans from the orphanage that is a front for human trafficking. Mario confronts Phillip about taking the rap for a bad deal in New Orleans ten years ago, for which he makes sure to have each leave town before Matilda gets hurt. Aunt Matilda feels like the day she got the three little boys for adoption.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Harding"},{"link_name":"Reginald Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denny_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Kolb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Kolb"},{"link_name":"Carl Harbord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Harbord"},{"link_name":"Joe Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"George Raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft"},{"link_name":"George Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brent"},{"link_name":"Randolph Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Scott"},{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"Virginia Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Field"},{"link_name":"Dolores Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Moran"},{"link_name":"Douglass Dumbrille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_Dumbrille"},{"link_name":"Claire Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Marie Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Blake"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hoey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hoey"},{"link_name":"Molly Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Lamont"},{"link_name":"John Litel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Litel"},{"link_name":"Walter Sande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sande"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Shayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Shayne"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tombes"}],"text":"Ann Harding as Aunt Matilda Reed\nReginald Denny as Phillip Hastings\nClarence Kolb as Judge Alston\nCarl Harbord as Dr. Doremus\nJoe Sawyer as Private Detective Gimlet\nGeorge Raft as Mario Torio\nGeorge Brent as Michael Brooks\nRandolph Scott as Jonathan \"Johnny\"\nJoan Blondell as Ann Nelson\nVirginia Field as Claire\nDolores Moran as Jean Bradford\nDouglass Dumbrille as Dr. Bunyan\nClaire Whitney as Mrs. Bunyan\nMarie Blake as Reporter\nDennis Hoey as Williams-Butler\nMolly Lamont as Harriet Rhodes\nJohn Litel as Joe Bland, FBI Agent\nWalter Sande as Mario's Hood\nKonstantin Shayne as Gustav Reichman\nAndrew Tombes as Auctioneer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On Our Merry Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Our_Merry_Way"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"It Happened on Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Happened_on_Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film was produced by Benedict Bogeaus who had previously made an episodic film On Our Merry Way. This involved using multiple stars in different storylines so they could be filmed at different times. In November 1946 Bogeaus announced that Raft, Scott and Brent would star. Each star would film for two weeks individually and then act together for one week.[3] Filming started 18 November with the Brent-Joan Blondell sequence.[4]Dolores Moran, who appeared in the cast, was Bogeaus' wife at the time. The film marked Ann Harding's first appearance since It Happened on Fifth Avenue.[5]The film was financed through money from Walter E. Heller & Co, a finance company.[6]During filming, George Raft suffered first-degree burns in his right leg when a maritime engine caught fire and set his clothes alight.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"The Los Angeles Times said the premise of the film had \"considerable appeal\" but the \"plot lacked cohesion\" and the story was done in by its \"slow pace\".[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raft-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gross-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor%27s_Daughters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-6"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film did not do very well at the box office.[9] According to Variety it earned an estimated $1 million.[1]Walter Heller and Co initiated foreclosure proceedings to recover money for the film, claiming they were owed $223,000. (They also did this for Bachelor's Daughters.) This was rare in Hollywood at the time.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-TV movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Stuart Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Loretta Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Young"},{"link_name":"Trevor Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Howard"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hill_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Ron Leibman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Leibman"},{"link_name":"Patrick Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cassidy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Season Hubley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_Hubley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The film was remade as a made-for-TV movie that first aired on NBC, December 22, 1986. It was directed by Stuart Cooper and starred Loretta Young, Trevor Howard, Arthur Hill, Ron Leibman, Patrick Cassidy, and Season Hubley.[10]","title":"1986 remake"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzyki

Krzyki

["1 Subdivision","2 Notable residents","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 51°04′48″N 17°03′12″E / 51.08000°N 17.05333°E / 51.08000; 17.05333Former borough of Wrocław in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandKrzyki German: KrieternFormer borough of WrocławLocation of Krzyki within WrocławCountry PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCounty/CityWrocławEstablished1952Dissolved1990Population (2022) • Total170,877 Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Area code+48 71 Former borough in Wrocław, Poland Krzyki (Polish pronunciation: , German: Krietern, ) is a former borough of Wrocław located in the southern part of the city. On March 21, 1991, the newly created City Office of Wrocław assumed many of the functions previously carried out within the borough. The name, though, remained in use, mainly for statistical and administrative purposes. Subdivision Since 1991, Krzyki has been divided into 14 districts: Przedmieście Oławskie Tarnogaj Huby Powstańców Śląskich Gaj Borek Księże Brochów Bieńkowice Jagodno Wojszyce Ołtaszyn Krzyki-Partynice Klecina Notable residents Prince Heinrich I Reuss of Köstritz (1910–1982) See also Districts of Wrocław References ^ "Liczba mieszkańców zameldowanych we Wrocławiu w podziale na Osiedla – stan na 31 grudnia 2022 r." ^ "System Informacji Przestrzennej Wrocławia- Granice osiedli Wrocławia". www.geoportal.wroclaw.pl. Retrieved 2021-03-24. vteWrocławBoroughs Old Town Downtown Krzyki Fabryczna Psie Pole AttractionsHistoriccity center Racławice Panorama Renoma Wrocław Dwarfs Wrocław Old Town Market Square Wrocław Town Hall Bear Fountain Aleksander Fredro Monument St. Elizabeth's Church Cathedral Island Wrocław Cathedral Sand Island Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene Four Denominations District White Stork Synagogue Wrocław University Royal Palace Cupid on the Pegasus National Forum of Music Elsewhere Sky Tower Szczytnicki Park Wrocław Exhibition Grounds Centennial Hall Wrocław Multimedia Fountain Wrocław Zoo Africarium Wroclavia Wrocław Stadium Museums Hydropolis Museum of Architecture Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław Museum of the University of Wrocław National Museum Ossolineum Transport Wrocław Airport Trams in Wrocław Wrocław Główny railway station Wrocław central bus station Other History of Wrocław Timeline Siege of Breslau vte Districts of WrocławInner city districtsOld Town Old Town Przedmieście Świdnickie Szczepin Downtown Nadodrze Kleczków Ołbin Grunwald Square Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice Krzyki Przedmieście Oławskie Tarnogaj Huby Powstańców Śląskich Gaj Borek Księże Brochów Bieńkowice Jagodno Wojszyce Ołtaszyn Krzyki-Partynice Klecina Fabryczna Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Płn. Gądów-Popowice Płd. Muchobór Mały Gajowice Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek Oporów Muchobór Wielki Nowy Dwór Kuźniki Żerniki Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec Leśnica Maślice Pracze Odrzańskie Psie Pole Karłowice-Różanka Kowale Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów Psie Pole-Zawidawie Pawłowice Sołtysowice Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota Widawa Lipa Piotrowska Świniary Osobowice-Rędzin 51°04′48″N 17°03′12″E / 51.08000°N 17.05333°E / 51.08000; 17.05333 This Lower Silesian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkʂɨki]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkʁiːtɛɐ̯n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzielnica"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Former borough of Wrocław in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandFormer borough in Wrocław, PolandKrzyki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkʂɨki], German: Krietern, [ˈkʁiːtɛɐ̯n]) is a former borough of Wrocław located in the southern part of the city.On March 21, 1991, the newly created City Office of Wrocław assumed many of the functions previously carried out within the borough. The name, though, remained in use, mainly for statistical and administrative purposes.[2]","title":"Krzyki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Przedmieście Oławskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_O%C5%82awskie"},{"link_name":"Tarnogaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogaj"},{"link_name":"Huby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Powstańców Śląskich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85skich_(district)"},{"link_name":"Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Borek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borek,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Księże","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCe"},{"link_name":"Brochów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bieńkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bie%C5%84kowice,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Jagodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagodno,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Wojszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojszyce"},{"link_name":"Ołtaszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82taszyn"},{"link_name":"Krzyki-Partynice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzyki-Partynice"},{"link_name":"Klecina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klecina"}],"text":"Since 1991, Krzyki has been divided into 14 districts:Przedmieście Oławskie\nTarnogaj\nHuby\nPowstańców Śląskich\nGaj\nBorek\nKsięże\nBrochów\nBieńkowice\nJagodno\nWojszyce\nOłtaszyn\nKrzyki-Partynice\nKlecina","title":"Subdivision"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prince Heinrich I Reuss of Köstritz (1910–1982)","title":"Notable residents"}]

[]

[{"title":"Districts of Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochailort_railway_station

Lochailort railway station

["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Passenger volume","4 Services","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 56°52′53″N 5°39′48″W / 56.8814°N 5.6634°W / 56.8814; -5.6634Railway station in the Highlands of Scotland LochailortScottish Gaelic: Loch AilleartLooking towards MallaigGeneral informationLocationLochailort, HighlandScotlandCoordinates56°52′53″N 5°39′48″W / 56.8814°N 5.6634°W / 56.8814; -5.6634Grid referenceNM768826Managed byScotRailPlatforms1Other informationStation codeLCLHistoryOriginal companyMallaig Extension Railway of West Highland RailwayPre-groupingNorth British RailwayPost-groupingLNERKey dates1 April 1901Station openedPassengers2018/19 1,5462019/20 1,5862020/21 2542021/22 1,1162022/23 1,220 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Lochailort railway station is a railway station serving the village of Lochailort in the Highland Council area in Scotland. This station is on the West Highland Line, between Glenfinnan and Beasdale, 28 miles 49 chains (46.0 km) from the former Banavie Junction. ScotRail manage the station and operate all services. History The station seen in 1984 Lochailort station was opened on 1 April 1901 when the Mallaig Extension Railway opened. The station was constructed with two platforms and was an electric token block post, working to Glenfinnan on one side and Arisaig on the other, until the Up loop was lifted in 1966. The loops were lengthened during the Second World War and a new brick signal box erected, the foundations of which now can still be seen at the Arisaig end of the single platform now in use. The second platform fell into disuse in the 1970s. A camping coach was positioned here by the Scottish Region from 1960 to 1965, the first year a standard camping coach was used, then it was replaced with a Pullman camping coach. Facilities The facilities here are very basic, consisting of just a shelter, a bench, a help point, some bike racks and a small car park. The station is step-free. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train. Passenger volume Passenger Volume at Lochailort 2002–03 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 Entries and exits 1,707 1,802 1,888 1,592 1,621 1,658 2,102 2,146 2,830 2,830 2,186 1,960 1,706 1,696 1,844 1,546 1,586 254 1,116 1,220 The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April. Services Four services call here on request each way on weekdays and Saturdays, and three each way on Sundays. These are mostly through trains between Mallaig and Glasgow Queen Street, through one each way only runs between Mallaig and Fort William. Preceding station National Rail Following station Glenfinnan   ScotRailWest Highland Line   Beasdale   Historical railways   GlenfinnanLine and Station open   North British RailwayMallaig Extension Railway of West Highland Railway   BeasdaleLine and Station open References ^ Brailsford 2017, Gaelic/English Station Index. ^ Deaves, Phil. "Railway Codes". railwaycodes.org.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ Bridge, Mike, ed. (2017). TRACKatlas of Mainland Britain: A Comprehensive Geographic Atlas Showing the Rail Network of Great Britain (3rd ed.). Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 978-1909431-26-3. ^ Butt (1995), page 147 ^ Thomas & Turnock (1989), pages 279 - 280 & 317 ^ Wills, Dixe (2014). Tiny Stations (Paperback, 1st reprint ed.). Basingstoke: AA Publishing. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7495-7732-2. ^ McRae (1998), page 28 ^ "National Rail Enquiries -". www.nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ "Estimates of station usage | ORR Data Portal". dataportal.orr.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2022. ^ eNRT May 2022 Edition, Table 218 ^ eNRT December 2021 Edition, Table 218 Bibliography Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) . Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8. Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. McRae, Andrew (1998). British Railways Camping Coach Holidays: A Tour of Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part Two). Foxline. ISBN 1-870119-53-3. Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 15 The North of Scotland (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-03-8. Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137. Jowett, Alan (2000). Jowett's Nationalised Railway Atlas (1st ed.). Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 978-0-906899-99-1. OCLC 228266687. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lochailort railway station. Train times and station information for Lochailort railway station from National Rail RAILSCOT on Mallaig Extension Railway vteRailway stations served by ScotRailStations listed in italics are request stops.A Aberdeen Aberdour Achanalt Achnasheen Achnashellach Addiewell Airbles Airdrie Alexandra Parade Alexandria Alloa Alness Altnabreac Anderston Annan Anniesland Arbroath Ardgay Ardlui Ardrossan Harbour Ardrossan South Beach Ardrossan Town Argyle Street Arisaig Armadale (West Lothian) Arrochar & Tarbet Ashfield Attadale Auchinleck Aviemore Ayr B Baillieston Balloch Balmossie Banavie Barassie Bargeddie Barnhill Barrhead Barrhill Barry Links Bathgate Bearsden Beasdale Beauly Bellgrove Bellshill Bishopbriggs Bishopton Blackridge Blair Atholl Blairhill Blantyre Bogston Bowling Branchton Breich Bridge of Allan Bridge of Orchy Bridgeton Brora Broughty Ferry Brunstane Burnside Burntisland Busby C Caldercruix Cambuslang Camelon Cameron Bridge Cardenden Cardonald Cardross Carfin Carlisle Carluke Carmyle Carnoustie Carntyne Carrbridge Carstairs Cartsdyke Cathcart Charing Cross (Glasgow) Chatelherault Clarkston Cleland Clydebank Coatbridge Central Coatbridge Sunnyside Coatdyke Connel Ferry Conon Bridge Corkerhill Corpach Corrour Cowdenbeath Craigendoran Crianlarich Croftfoot Crookston Crosshill Crossmyloof Croy Culrain Cumbernauld Cupar Curriehill D Dalgety Bay Dalmally Dalmarnock Dalmeny Dalmuir Dalreoch Dalry Dalwhinnie Dingwall Drem Drumchapel Drumfrochar Drumgelloch Drumry Duirinish Duke Street Dumbarton Central Dumbarton East Dumbreck Dumfries Dunbar Dunblane Duncraig Dundee Dunfermline City Dunfermline Queen Margaret Dunkeld & Birnam Dunlop Dunrobin Castle Dyce E East Kilbride East Linton Easterhouse Edinburgh Gateway Edinburgh Park Edinburgh Waverley Elgin Eskbank Exhibition Centre F Fairlie Falkirk Grahamston Falkirk High Falls of Cruachan Fauldhouse Fearn Forres Forsinard Fort Matilda Fort William G Galashiels Garelochhead Garrowhill Garscadden Gartcosh Garve Georgemas Junction Giffnock Gilshochill Girvan Glasgow Central Glasgow Queen Street Gleneagles Glenfinnan Glengarnock Glenrothes with Thornton Golf Street Golspie Gorebridge Gourock Greenfaulds Greenock Central Greenock West Gretna Green H Hairmyres Hamilton Central Hamilton West Hartwood Hawkhead Haymarket Helensburgh Central Helensburgh Upper Helmsdale High Street (Glasgow) Hillfoot Hillington East Hillington West Holytown Howwood Huntly Hyndland I Insch Invergordon Invergowrie Inverkeithing Inverkip Inverness Inverness Airport Invershin Inverurie Irvine J Johnstone Jordanhill K Keith Kelvindale Kennishead Kildonan Kilmarnock Kilmaurs Kilpatrick Kilwinning Kinbrace Kinghorn King's Park Kingsknowe Kingussie Kintore Kirkcaldy Kirkconnel Kirkhill Kirknewton Kirkwood Kyle of Lochalsh L Ladybank Lairg Lanark Langbank Langside Larbert Largs Larkhall Laurencekirk Lenzie Leuchars Leven Linlithgow Livingston North Livingston South Loch Awe Loch Eil Outward Bound Lochailort Locheilside Lochgelly Lochluichart Lochwinnoch Longniddry M Mallaig Markinch Maryhill Maxwell Park Maybole Merryton Milliken Park Milngavie Monifieth Montrose Morar Mosspark Motherwell Mount Florida Mount Vernon Muir of Ord Muirend Musselburgh N Nairn Neilston New Cumnock Newcraighall Newton (Lanark) Newtongrange Newtonmore Newton-on-Ayr Nitshill North Berwick North Queensferry O Oban P Paisley Canal Paisley Gilmour Street Paisley St James Partick Patterton Perth Pitlochry Plockton Pollokshaws East Pollokshaws West Pollokshields East Pollokshields West Polmont Port Glasgow Portlethen Possilpark & Parkhouse Prestonpans Prestwick International Airport Prestwick Town Priesthill & Darnley Q Queens Park (Glasgow) R Rannoch Renton Robroyston Rogart Rosyth Roy Bridge Rutherglen S Saltcoats Sanquhar Scotscalder Scotstounhill Shawfair Shawlands Shettleston Shieldmuir Shotts Singer Slateford South Gyle Spean Bridge Springburn Springfield Stepps Stevenston Stewarton Stirling Stonehaven Stow Stranraer Strathcarron Stromeferry Summerston T Tain Taynuilt Thornliebank Thorntonhall Thurso Troon Tulloch Tweedbank Tyndrum Lower U Uddingston Uphall Upper Tyndrum W Wallyford Wemyss Bay West Calder West Kilbride Wester Hailes Westerton Whifflet Whinhill Whitecraigs Wick Williamwood Wishaw Woodhall Y Yoker Rail transport in the United Kingdom This article about a railway station in the Highland council area of Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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The station is step-free.[8] As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.","title":"Passenger volume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Four services call here on request each way on weekdays and Saturdays, and three each way on Sundays. These are mostly through trains between Mallaig and Glasgow Queen Street, through one each way only runs between Mallaig and Fort William.[10][11]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9549866-9-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-9-8"},{"link_name":"Butt, R. V. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt"},{"link_name":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Sparkford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-508-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60251199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11956311M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-870119-53-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870119-53-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-946537-03-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-03-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85260-086-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-086-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22311137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22311137"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-906899-99-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906899-99-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"228266687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/228266687"}],"text":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) [1987]. Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.\nButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.\nMcRae, Andrew (1998). British Railways Camping Coach Holidays: A Tour of Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part Two). Foxline. ISBN 1-870119-53-3.\nThomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 15 The North of Scotland (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-03-8.\nJowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.\nJowett, Alan (2000). Jowett's Nationalised Railway Atlas (1st ed.). Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 978-0-906899-99-1. OCLC 228266687.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[{"reference":"Deaves, Phil. \"Railway Codes\". railwaycodes.org.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaycodes.org.uk/crs/crsl.shtm","url_text":"\"Railway Codes\""}]},{"reference":"Bridge, Mike, ed. (2017). TRACKatlas of Mainland Britain: A Comprehensive Geographic Atlas Showing the Rail Network of Great Britain (3rd ed.). Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 978-1909431-26-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909431-26-3","url_text":"978-1909431-26-3"}]},{"reference":"Wills, Dixe (2014). Tiny Stations (Paperback, 1st reprint ed.). Basingstoke: AA Publishing. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7495-7732-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7495-7732-2","url_text":"978-0-7495-7732-2"}]},{"reference":"\"National Rail Enquiries -\". www.nationalrail.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/lochailort-station-plan","url_text":"\"National Rail Enquiries -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage | ORR Data Portal\". dataportal.orr.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage | ORR Data Portal\""}]},{"reference":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) [1987]. Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-9-8","url_text":"978-0-9549866-9-8"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford","url_text":"Sparkford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7","url_text":"978-1-85260-508-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","url_text":"60251199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","url_text":"11956311M"}]},{"reference":"McRae, Andrew (1998). British Railways Camping Coach Holidays: A Tour of Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part Two). Foxline. ISBN 1-870119-53-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870119-53-3","url_text":"1-870119-53-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 15 The North of Scotland (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-03-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-03-8","url_text":"0-946537-03-8"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-086-0","url_text":"978-1-85260-086-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22311137","url_text":"22311137"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Alan (2000). Jowett's Nationalised Railway Atlas (1st ed.). Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 978-0-906899-99-1. OCLC 228266687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906899-99-1","url_text":"978-0-906899-99-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228266687","url_text":"228266687"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_la_Mayor

Sanlúcar la Mayor

["1 References"]

Municipality in Andalusia, SpainSanlúcar la MayorMunicipalityChurch of St. Mary FlagCoat of armsSanlúcar la MayorLocation in SpainShow map of Province of SevilleSanlúcar la MayorSanlúcar la Mayor (Andalusia)Show map of AndalusiaSanlúcar la MayorSanlúcar la Mayor (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 37°22′59″N 6°12′00″W / 37.38306°N 6.20000°W / 37.38306; -6.20000Country SpainAutonomous community AndalusiaProvinceSevilleComarcaEl AljarafeGovernment • MayorJuan Antonio Naranjo Rioja (Alternativa por Sanlúcar)Area • Total135.41 km2 (52.28 sq mi)Elevation148 m (486 ft)Population (2018) • Total13,683 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)DemonymSanluqueñosTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)WebsiteOfficial websiteSanlúcar la Mayor is a municipality in the province of Seville, southern Spain. The municipality is the location of the Solucar Complex. Gaspar de Guzmán, Count of Olivares was created Duke of Sanlúcar la Mayor by Philip IV. He wished to retain his inherited title and so became known as el conde-duque. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. vteMunicipalities in the province of SevilleAljarafe Albaida del Aljarafe Aznalcázar Benacazón Bollullos de la Mitación Carrión de los Céspedes Castilleja del Campo Gelves Huévar del Aljarafe Olivares Pilas Sanlúcar la Mayor San Juan de Aznalfarache Umbrete Villamanrique de la Condesa Villanueva del Ariscal Bajo Guadalquivir Las Cabezas de San Juan El Coronil El Cuervo de Sevilla Lebrija Los Molares Los Palacios y Villafranca El Palmar de Troya Utrera Campiña de Carmona Carmona El Viso del Alcor La Campana Mairena del Alcor Campiña de Morón y Marchena Arahal Coripe Marchena Montellano Morón de la Frontera Paradas La Puebla de Cazalla Écija Cañada Rosal Écija Fuentes de Andalucía La Luisiana Metropolitana Alcalá de Guadaíra Almensilla Bormujos Camas Castilleja de Guzmán Castilleja de la Cuesta Coria del Río Dos Hermanas Espartinas Gelves Gines Isla Mayor La Puebla del Río Mairena del Aljarafe Palomares del Río Salteras San Juan de Aznalfarache Santiponce Sevilla Tomares Valencina de la Concepción Sierra Norte Alanís Almadén de la Plata Aznalcóllar Castilblanco de los Arroyos El Castillo de las Guardas Cazalla de la Sierra Constantina El Garrobo Gerena Guadalcanal Guillena El Madroño Las Navas de la Concepción El Pedroso La Puebla de los Infantes El Real de la Jara El Ronquillo San Nicolás del Puerto Sierra Sur Aguadulce Algámitas Badolatosa Casariche Estepa Gilena Herrera Lantejuela Lora de Estepa Los Corrales Marinaleda Martín de la Jara Osuna Pedrera Pruna La Roda de Andalucía El Rubio El Saucejo Villanueva de San Juan Vega del Guadalquivir Alcalá del Río Alcolea del Río La Algaba Brenes Burguillos Cantillana Lora del Río Peñaflor La Rinconada Tocina Villanueva del Río y Minas Villaverde del Río Authority control databases VIAF This article about a location in Andalusia, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Airlines_(Guam)

Asia Pacific Airlines (Guam)

["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","3.1 Current fleet","3.2 Former fleet","4 Accidents and incidents","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

This article is about a Guam airline. For other airlines with similar names, see Asia Pacific Airlines (disambiguation). This airline is not to be confused with Asia Pacific Airline which has its hub in Tabubil, Papua New Guinea. Airline of the United States Asia Pacific Airlines IATA ICAO Callsign P9 MGE MAGELLAN FoundedJune 5, 1998Commenced operationsJune 3, 1999AOC #I5PA400IOperating bases Guam Honolulu Fleet size4Destinations12Parent companyTan Holdings CorporationHeadquartersTamuning, Guam, United StatesWebsiteasiapacificairlines.com Asia Pacific Airlines is a cargo airline headquartered in Tamuning, Guam, United States. It operates cargo charter services from Guam and Honolulu. Its main base is Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. History The airline was established on June 5, 1998, and started operations with the Boeing 727-200 on June 3, 1999. It was formed as Aero Micronesia, Inc. and is an affiliate company of the Tan Holdings Corporation. The primary aspect of the airline's operation was transport for the US Postal Service, and other cargo, throughout Micronesia, as well as the importation of fresh high grade tuna for transshipment to worldwide fish markets. As of January 2015 the airline has begun the process of bringing the Boeing 757-200 into service as part of fleet modernization and expansion. In February 2023, the US Federal Aviation Administration suspended the operating authority of the airline, after they "failed to produce records showing that the two individuals who provide proficiency checks for company pilots were properly trained and qualified for the past two years," making any approvals of the airline's pilots invalid. The grounding led to supply chain disruptions across Micronesia, particularly in the Marshall Islands, where the airline was the sole air cargo carrier. Mail disruptions and shortages of medical supplies were reported, leading to state of emergency being declared by President David Kabua. The airline resumed operations on May 5, 2023. Destinations Asia Pacific Airlines flies to the following destinations: Country City Airport Notes  American Samoa Pago Pago Pago Pago International Airport  Guam Hagåtña Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport Hub  Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Pohnpei International Airport Weno Chuuk International Airport Kosrae Kosrae International Airport Yap Yap International Airport  Marshall Islands Kwajalein Bucholz Army Airfield Majuro Marshall Islands International Airport  Palau Koror Roman Tmetuchl International Airport Philippines Manila Manila International Airport  United States Greensboro/High Point Piedmont Triad International Airport Honolulu Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Hub Ontario Ontario International Airport Portland Portland International Airport Seattle King County International Airport Spokane Spokane International Airport Fleet Current fleet A former Asia Pacific Airlines Boeing 727-200F parked in Guam The Asia Pacific Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2021): Asia Pacific Airlines fleet Aircraft In service Orders Notes Boeing 757-200PCF 3 — Boeing 757-200PF 1 — Total 4 — Former fleet The airline previously operated the following aircraft as of August 2016: 2 Boeing 727-200F 1 Boeing 727-200F Super27 1 Boeing 757-200 Accidents and incidents On February 26, 2016, a Boeing 727-200F (registered N86425) landed in Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport from Guam to Pohnpei without a nose wheel landing gear. See also List of airlines of the United States References ^ "Federal Aviation Administration - Airline Certificate Information - Detail View". av-info.faa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-27. ^ a b Flight International. March 27, 2007 ^ Randy Quimpo (23 April 2008). "NORPAC". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ Randy Quimpo (30 June 2014). "TUNA FOR CHINA ENG 20June2013 long version Q2 H 264 2100". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ "Guam's cargo operator Asia Pacific starts fleet renewal with B757". Ch-aviation.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ "FAA Statement on Aero Micronesia Inc". faa.gov. Retrieved 7 February 2023. ^ "State of emergency declared in Marshall Islands after US grounds Micronesian air freight operator". RNZ. 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-19. ^ "Asia Pacific Airlines mid-May 2023 Operations". Aeroroutes. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ "Network". Asiapacificairlines.com. ^ "Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)". Airliner World. October 2019: 15. ^ "Asia Pacific Airlines Fleet Details and History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ^ "Global Airline Guide 2016 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2016): 15. ^ "Accident: Asia Pacific B727 at Guam on Feb 26th 2016, nose gear up landing". Retrieved February 27, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asia Pacific Airlines (United States). Official website (in English) vteAirlines of the United StatesMainline Alaska Airlines Allegiant Air American Airlines Avelo Airlines Breeze Airways Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Southwest Airlines Spirit Airlines Sun Country Airlines United Airlines RegionalAffiliated Air Wisconsin CommuteAir Endeavor Air Envoy Air GoJet Airlines Horizon Air Mesa Airlines Piedmont Airlines PSA Airlines Republic Airways SkyWest Airlines Independent Advanced Air Air Flamenco Aleutian Airways Bering Air Boutique Air Cape Air Contour Airlines Denver Air Connection Everts Air Grand Canyon Airlines Grant Aviation Island Airways JSX Kenmore Air Mokulele Airlines New England Airlines Penobscot Island Air Reliant Air Salmon Air San Juan Airlines Seaborne Airlines Silver Airways Southern Airways Express Star Marianas Air Surf Air Taquan Air Tradewind Aviation Tropic Ocean Airways Ultimate Jet Vieques Air Link Warbelow's Air Ventures Wright Air Service Cargo ABX Air Air Cargo Carriers Air Transport International AirNet Express Alaska Central Express Aloha Air Cargo Alpine Air Express Amazon Air Ameriflight Amerijet International Ameristar Jet Charter Asia Pacific Airlines Atlas Air Baron Aviation Services Bemidji Airlines Castle Aviation Corporate Air CSA Air Empire Airlines Everts Air Cargo FedEx Express Freight Runners Express Kalitta Air Kalitta Charters II Lynden Air Cargo Martinaire Merlin Airways Mountain Air Cargo National Airlines Northern Air Cargo Polar Air Cargo Royal Air Freight Ryan Air Services Sky Lease Cargo Transair UPS Airlines USA Jet Airlines West Air Western Global Airlines Wiggins Airways Charter Air Charter Bahamas Airstream Jets Alerion Aviation Berry Aviation Bighorn Airways Choice Airways Contour Aviation Eastern Airlines ExcelAire Gryphon Airlines Hillwood Airways IBC Airways KaiserAir L-3 Flight International Aviation NetJets New Pacific Airlines Omni Air International Pacific Coast Jet Pentastar Aviation Phoenix Air PlaneSense Presidential Airways Regional Sky Sierra Pacific Airlines Skymax Superior Air Charter Superior Aviation Tailwind Air Talkeetna Air Taxi Wheels Up World Atlantic Airlines XOJET Air taxi and tours Gem Air Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines Griffing Flying Service Utah Airways Air ambulance Air Evac Lifeteam AirMed International Air Methods Boston MedFlight Critical Air Medicine Life Flight Network Lifestar Petroleum Helicopters International Government Comco Janet JPATS Patriot Express List of airline holding companies List of airline mergers and acquisitions List of defunct airlines of the United States Portals: United States Companies Aviation This article relating to an Oceanian airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Guam-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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For other airlines with similar names, see Asia Pacific Airlines (disambiguation).This airline is not to be confused with Asia Pacific Airline which has its hub in Tabubil, Papua New Guinea.Airline of the United StatesAsia Pacific Airlines is a cargo airline headquartered in Tamuning, Guam, United States. It operates cargo charter services from Guam and Honolulu. Its main base is Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport.[2]","title":"Asia Pacific Airlines (Guam)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-2"},{"link_name":"Tan Holdings Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Holdings_Corporation"},{"link_name":"US Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757-200"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"US Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"David Kabua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kabua"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The airline was established on June 5, 1998, and started operations with the Boeing 727-200 on June 3, 1999. It was formed as Aero Micronesia, Inc.[2] and is an affiliate company of the Tan Holdings Corporation. The primary aspect of the airline's operation was transport for the US Postal Service, and other cargo, throughout Micronesia, as well as the importation of fresh high grade tuna for transshipment to worldwide fish markets.[3][4]As of January 2015 the airline has begun the process of bringing the Boeing 757-200 into service as part of fleet modernization and expansion.[5]In February 2023, the US Federal Aviation Administration suspended the operating authority of the airline, after they \"failed to produce records showing that the two individuals who provide proficiency checks for company pilots were properly trained and qualified for the past two years,\" making any approvals of the airline's pilots invalid.[6] The grounding led to supply chain disruptions across Micronesia, particularly in the Marshall Islands, where the airline was the sole air cargo carrier. Mail disruptions and shortages of medical supplies were reported, leading to state of emergency being declared by President David Kabua.[7] The airline resumed operations on May 5, 2023.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Asia Pacific Airlines flies to the following destinations:[9]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Asia_Pacific_727-212AdvF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200F"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"A former Asia Pacific Airlines Boeing 727-200F parked in GuamThe Asia Pacific Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2021):[10][11]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200F Super27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757-200"}],"sub_title":"Former fleet","text":"The airline previously operated the following aircraft as of August 2016:[12]2 Boeing 727-200F\n1 Boeing 727-200F Super27\n1 Boeing 757-200","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200F"},{"link_name":"Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_B._Won_Pat_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Pohnpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"On February 26, 2016, a Boeing 727-200F (registered N86425) landed in Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport from Guam to Pohnpei without a nose wheel landing gear.[13]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]

[{"image_text":"A former Asia Pacific Airlines Boeing 727-200F parked in Guam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Air_Asia_Pacific_727-212AdvF.jpg/220px-Air_Asia_Pacific_727-212AdvF.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States"}]

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